W/irme- und Stoffiibertragung 28, 497-503 (1993) W~rme-

u nd Stofffiber t r a g u n g
© Springer-Verlag 1993

Dynamic analysis of double-pipe heat exchangers

subjected to periodic inlet temperature disturbances
E Scofano Neto and R . M . Cotta, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Abstract. A mixed lumped-differential formulation is employed to kk k = 1, 2 thermal conductivities of inner and outer
model the transient energy equations for fully developed laminar- fluids
laminar or laminar-turbulent flow situations in concurrent or coun- L* exchanger length
tercurrent double-pipe heat exchangers. The temperature distribu- rhk k = 1, 2 mass flow rates
tion in the outer annular channel is radially lumped, providing a R dimensionless radial coordinate
more general boundary condition for the inner channel differential T1 temperature distribution of inner stream,
energy equation, coupled through the interface condition. The case dimensional
of periodically varying inlet temperatures is more closely consid- u1 velocity profile of inner stream, dimensional
ered, and the dynamic response of the exchanger is established in ~ik k = 1, 2 average velocities
terms of the governing dimensionless parameters, such as heat ca- U~ (R) velocity profile of inner stream, dimensionless
pacity flow rate ratio, dimensionless inlet temperature oscillation r radial coordinate, dimensional
frequency, and relative wall thermal resistence. The ideas in the z axial coordinate, dimensional
generalized integral transform technique are extended to yield ana- Z axial coordinate, dimensionless
lytical solutions to the related periodic problem defined in the com-
plex domain, and offer highly accurate numerical results for quanti- Greek symbols
ties of practical interest, such as fluids bulk temperatures.
ak k=l, 2 thermal diffusivities
frequency of inlet temperature oscillations
01 (R, Z) temperature distribution of inner stream,
Dynamische Untersuchuug yon Doppelrohr-Wiirmetauschern dimensionless
bei periodisch schwankenden Zulauftemperaturen Ok, ao k=l,2 bulk temperatures, dimensionless
# eigenvalues of Sturm-Liouville problem,
Zusammenfassung. Die nichtstation~ire Energiegleichung fiir voll- Eqs. (9)
ausgebildete Laminar-Laminarstr6mung bzw. Laminar-Turbulent- Qk k=l, 2 densities
str6mung in Gleich- oder Gegenstrom-Doppelrohrw~irmetauschern 2 eigenvalues of matrix A, Eq. (16b)
wird mit einem teils diskreten, tells differentiellen Formalismus
gel6st. Die Temperaturverteilung im/iugeren Ringspalt wird diskre-
tisiert, wodurch sich eine allgemeine Randbedingung fiir die dutch
die Trennwandbedingung angekoppette Energiedifferentialglei-
chung im Innenrohr vorgeben 1/iBt. Der Fall periodisch veffinderli- I Introduction
cher Einlauftemperaturen wird nLlaer untersucht und die System-
antwort des W/irmetauschers beschrieben als Funktion der The prediction of the dynamic response of heat exchange
charakteristischen dimensionslosen Kenngr6Ben, wie W/irmekapa-
zit/it-Volumenstromverh/iltnis, dimensionslose Frequenz der Ein- equipment to different transient situations is of m a j o r inter-
lauftemperaturschwingungen und bezogener W/irmewiderstand der est to the a p p r o p r i a t e design of control devices and to a
Wand. Die Grnndkonzeptionen der generalisierten Integral-Trans- better understanding of the physical p h e n o m e n a involved.
formationstechnik werden erweitert, um analytische L6sungen ffir An i m p o r t a n t class of transient internal forced convection
das zugeordnete, in der komplexen Ebene definierte periodische
problems is that related to periodic inlet temperature distur-
Problem zu finden. Diese liefern sehr genaue numerische Ergebnisse
von praktischem Interesse, wie z. B. die gemittelten Fluidtemperatu- bances, which was first analysed in the w o r k of Sparrow and
ren. de F a r i a s [1] for slug flow situation and parallel-plates geom-
etry. The inlet temperature disturbances were then repre-
sented through a sinusoidal time variation and quasi-steady
Nomenclature solutions were analytically obtained. Several works followed
[2-11] that extend the analysis of [1] in different aspects. F o r
ak k=l, 2 inner and outer tubes radii
b interfacial wall thickness instances, in Ref. [5], the generalized integral transform tech-
Ck k=l, 2 specific heats of inner and outer fluids nique is employed to avoid the related complex eigenvalue
Ck k=l,2 heat capacities of inner and outer fluids p r o b l e m that appears in [1-4], a n d allow for the solution of
498
non-uniform flow velocity profiles. Such approach was then
applied to turbulent flow within parallel-plate channels [6]
and laminar flow with wall axial conduction effects [7]. By
extending the fully transient analysis of Ref. [12], an analysis
was made for periodic inlet disturbances of different shapes
[8]. Also of interest are the critical comparisons of theoretical
and experimental results for both laminar and turbulent
regimen, under sinusoidal time variations of inlet tempera-
ture within a parallel-plate channel [9-11], which validate
the model employed, including wall participation and non-
uniform inlet temperature effects. A common aspect in all
such studies is that a single channel configuration was con-
sidered, therefore disregarding the coupling with a second
fluid stream, such as in the case of a double-pipe heat ex-
changer, which could naturally and markedly affect the over-
all response to temperature transients. In part, the inherent
complexity of the resulting coupled partial differential equa-
tions for a multi-passage heat exchanger, explains why such
a situation has been avoided up to the present stage. It was
not until reasonably recently that a reliable analytical solu-
tion for the steady thermal entry region in a double-pipe
heat exchanger was offered [13], involving the solution of the
two coupled energy equations for laminar concurrent flow
situation. Also quite recently, an alternative hybrid lumped-
differential formulation for this problem was studied [14],
that considerably simplifies the mathematical model by radi-
ally lumping the temperature distribution in the outer annu-
lar channel, providing a more general boundary condition
for the inner tube energy equation, which was then handled
through the ideas in the generalized integral transform tech-
nique [15]. Applicability limits in terms of governing dimen-
sionless parameters for this simplified model were then es-
tablished, which allowed for the reliable analysis of the more
involved counterflow situation [16].
The present work is intended to fill the gap in the litera-
ture concerning the analysis of transients in double-pipe heat
exchangers due to periodic inlet temperature disturbances,
therefore advancing the basic understanding of such class of
transient forced convection problems when a second fluid
stream affects the dynamic response of the main stream
where the disturbances are initially generated. The hybrid
lumped-differential formulation of [14] is extended to the
transient case, by neglecting radial temperature gradients in
the outer stream, and the quasi-steady system response to
sinusoidal inlet temperature time variations is then estab-
INSULATED
O ~
T2(y,z)CHANNEL(~)I
l,
x u1(x! T](x,z)CHANNEL@ _~
lished. A combination of the ideas in Ref. [5-14] is employed
in order to provide an analytical solution to this more in-
volved problem in the complex domain, still through the
generalized integral transform technique. Numerical results
are then reported for quantities of practical interest, in par-
ticular average fluid temperature, in terms of the indepen-
dent variables and most relevant governing parameters,
providing material for an interpretation on physical
grounds.
2 Analysis
We consider laminar fully developed tube side flow and lam-
inar or turbulent shell side flow in a double-pipe heat ex-
changer, subjected to a periodically time varying inlet tem-
perature in the tube side for both concurrent and
countercurrent operation modes, according to Fig. 1. The
fully differential formulation for thermally developing flow
involves the two energy equations for each fluid stream,
coupled through the interface conditions, that have to be
solved simultaneously. A simplified lumped-differential for-
mulation [14-16] can be employed that approximately ac-
counts for heat transfer in the outer annular region, by radi-
ally lumping the temperature distribution. A single partial
differential equation for the inner stream then results, but
now involving a more general coupling condition at the
interface. Neglecting viscous dissipation, wall conduction
and natural convection effects, the transient version of the
hybrid lumped-differential model of a double-pipe heat ex-
changer is written as:
Inner tube:
(r,z,*) (r,z,t) _ a F OT1 (r,z,t)-]
(la)
in 0 < r < a ~ , 0 < z < L * , t>0
Outer annulus
Fsr2,a~ (z, t) 8T2,,,~(z, t!] (1 b)
e2e2A2 k St +(--1)P fi2
8z J
= --2~ a 1 k 1 ~T1 (r,z,t) ,~,, in O<z<L*, t>O
~z
Fig. 1. Geometry and coordinate system
O for double-pipe heat exchangers analysis
 499

where,
K ~ = ~_ktln[ala+b], relative wall thermal resistance (4)
for concurrent flow •~,,v L I A

for countercurrent flow L = el L*

- 2 ~
dimensionless exchanger length
Hi a l
Inlet conditions
Ti(r,O,t)=Tel+(T~z--T~Oe ~i*', O<_r<_ai, t > 0 (lc) average velocities ratio
u2
T2,~(pL*,t)=T~2, t > 0 (ld)
and the velocity distribution for the inner stream is given by

Boundary conditions v l (R) = 2 (1 - R 2) (5)

A quasi-steady solution is proposed in the following form

OTl(r'z't) =0 0<z<L*, t>0 (le)
Or r=O ' 01 (R, Z, z)=01~ (R, Z) + Otp (R, Z) em~ (6a)
ki ln(al +b~ OT1 (r,z,t) 02 (Z, z)= 02s (Z)+ 02p (Z) e ia~ (6 b)
ri (al'z't) + ~k~ ai (l f)
2 ai / ~r ....
which is composed of a steady portion and a purely periodic
=T2,av(Z,t), 0<z<L*, t>0
contribution. The steady-state problem that yields tempera-
where the thermal storage at the interface wall has been ture distributions 01~ (R, Z) and 0z~ (Z) is written as
neglected, since such effect has been investigated elsewhere
[9-11]. Also, initial conditions are not required, once we R g I (R) ~Ols (R, Z) ~ F ~Ots (.R, Z ) - ]

seek a periodic solution only.

OZ oRE R -~ -J , (7a)
The following dimensionless variables are then consid- 0<R<I, 0<Z<L
ered:
R=--;
r
Z=--"
~1 z
Ut(R)=
u I (/')
(2) (-1)~ dOz'(Z)dz -t H*2 OOi~(R,Z
) O R a=l = 0 ' 0<Z<L (7b)
at ~1 a~' ti 1
ai t rj-- Tei , with j = {12', f°r Ti (r'z't) with inlet and boundary conditions
~= a~-; 0~-
Te2- T~i for T2,av (z,t)
0is(R,0)=0 , 0_<R_<I, 02~(PL)=l (7c, d)
which provide the dimensionless problem formulation below
00,~ (R,Z)
O01 (R, Z, ~) + (R,Z,z) i O [R OOil bR R:o =°; Ois(l'Z)+KwOO~(~ff
'z) R : I = ° ~ ( z )
O~ Ul (n) OOl OZ R ~-R~ ORA' (3a)
0<Z<L (7e, f)
0<R<I, 0<Z<L, ~>0
Problem (7) above has been analytically handled by ex-
~O02(Z,z) +(_I)v~O2(Z,'c ) 2 O01(R,Z,z ) tending the ideas in the so-called generalized integral trans-
0~ 0 ~ + H * ~-R R=l = 0 ' form technique [14, 16], so as to incorporate the more gener-
0<Z<L, z>0 (3b) al boundary condition type for the inner tube temperature
distribution, which involves the coupling with the outer fluid
Oi(R,O,'c)=e ir~, 0_<R_<I, r > 0 (3c) stream. The purely periodic problem is formulated as:

02 (P L, ~)=1, z>0 (3d) R U 1 (R) 001p (R, Z)

OZ
= ~ORLFROOiv-(R'oRZ)] -if2ROie (R,Z),
00 i (R, Z,"0
OR e=o=0, 0<Z<L, ~>0 (3e) 0<R<I, 0<Z<L. (8a)

0 i (1, Z, ~:)+Kw OO1~R

(R,Z,~) R = l - 0 2 (Z,~) =0, (-- 1)p dOzp(Z) 4 2 OOip(R'Z) R=l
(3f) dZ H* OR +iOUO2v(Z)=O'
O < Z < L , ,c>O 0<Z<L, (8b)

where additional dimensionless parameters are defined as with inlet and boundary conditions
O~v(R,O)=l, O<_R<I; 02p(PL)=O (8c, d)
£2= dimensionless frequency of inlet oscillations
(R, Z) R:o =0; Oip(1,Z)+ K ~ OOipOR
00tpOR (R, Z) R:I=02 p (z),
H * - rh2 C2
heat capacity-flow rate ratio
rhi C i ' 0<Z<L. (8e, f)
500

In order to solve problem (8) above for the periodic part Substituting Eq. (11 a) for the transformed potential de-
of the solution in Eq. (8), the ideas in Ref. [5, 14] are com- rivative into Eq. (12a) above, and then the resulting expres-
bined, so as to avoid consideration of a complex auxiliary sion into Eq. (8 b), the final ordinary differential equation for
eigenvalue problem when applying the generalized integral the outer fluid average temperature becomes:
transform technique [I 5]. Therefore, the following problem is
chosen: dO2p (z) F~li• 2 oo _ Cj ]
+(-1)p u+ ~ j~=lfj 02p (z)
d [ . d~j(R)]
dZ J
~-~ I I ~ j + # 2 R U I ( R ) IPs(R)=O, 0 < R < I (9c) 2
t~. [ ~ * - d ~ ] ~,j(z)
+(- ly ~ _J=l (13)
with boundary conditions
+j=l
~ k=l
~" [iflDikfJ]Ol"'k(Z)} =0
d~2 (R) dos (R)
dR R=0=0; ~S(1)+K~ ~-~ R=I=0 (9b, c) Equations (ll a) and (13) are to be solved simultaneously
with the appropriate transformed inlet conditions:
which allows definition of the usual integral transform pair
0~,,,s (0) = fj (14a)
O~p,s(z) = 1 ~ R U~ (R) ~s (R) 01v (R, Z) dR, transform
-../ 0 02v (pL)=0 (14b)
(10a)
The infinite system of ordinary differential equations rep-
01p (R, Z)= ~. ~ 1 ~s (R ) glp, S (Z) ' inversion (10b) resented by system (11) is then truncated, for computational
j=l lvj.-
purposes, to a sufficiently large finite order N, and the result-
where the normalization integral is given by ing finite coupled (N + 1) × (N + 1) system is rewritten in ma-
1
trix form as:
N S= ~ R U1 (g) ~2 (g) dR (10c) y'(Z)=Ay(Z), O<Z<L (15a)
0
The integral transformation of the original partial differ- with inlet conditions
ential system is then accomplished by operating on Eq. (8 a) ys (0)= fj, j=I, 2,...,N (15b)
with io ~~sj /(R)
d R , to obtain, after manipulation with the inter- YN+I (pL)=O (15c)
face equations:
where the solution vector is given by
dfflv, s (z) y (Z) = {Gp, 1 (Z), Gp, 2 (Z), .... Gp,~(Z),O2p(Z)} T 05d)
dZ k=1 "
0<Z<L (lla) and the elements of the coefficients matrix, A, are evaluated
from
where
'i~'lDsk--6jk#2, for j, kEN
l d~9s (R) = #2 fj (11 b) Cs, for j < N , K = N + 1 (lSe)
Cs = N 1/2 dR R=

~= r-~ i g UI (R) Os(R)dR (llc)

N s o 2(-I)P { - }
H* [it2(~*+DkkfD--~#2]+iO ~ ~Dk,
1 1 l=l
Dik -- N1./2?ffl/2 ~ R ~s (R) t~k (R) dR (11 d) for j = N + 1, k<N
--j ~ k O

System (11) for the transformed potentials, U~j(Z), is where,

coupled with the outer fluid stream temperature, Eq. (8 b),
through the temperature gradient at the wall in Eq. (8 b), 6 _ f 0 , forj#:k (150
Sk--[ 1, forj=k
which is evaluated in terms of the transformed potentials by
integrating the inner stream Eq. (8 a) over the tube cross System (15) is readily solved in terms of the related matrix
section. Therefore, eigenvalue problem, and the solution vector is given as
O01p(R,Z) N+I
eR ~ Y3*fflp, s(Z) + S=l~~dO~P's(Z)dz (12a)
IR=~=i(2 s=l y (Z)= Z C* ¢o) e~jZ (16a)
j=l

where, where the associated eigenvalues, 2fs, and corresponding

eigenvectors, ~ o, are computed from the algebraic problem
*= ~ ~ g % (R) ~R (12b)
-,1 0 (A--2/) ¢=0 (16b)
 501

and the constants in Eq. (16 a) are obtained from satisfaction

of the inlet conditions, Eq. (14), providing the linear system
of algebraic equations
N~'I
--. z o o 2. -/
Z C*~k)=~, j = l , 2. . . . . N
k=l

N+I
E CJ' r(k).
~N.~ e*~pL = 0 (16C) © H'~l \
k=l
.... CHANNEL 2 Kw=O
Well-known scientific subroutines packages are readily
available to accurately solve the complex algebraic problems
in Eqs. (16b, c), and the inversion formula (10b) is then re-
called to provide the desired original potential. Quantities of
practical interest are then evaluated from their definitions a -I.(3 ........ I ......... ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,~. .......
[14, 16], such as the average fluid temperature at the inner 1 . O ~
tube:
1
wl (R) 01 (R, Z) dR
0
01,a, (Z, z ) - i (17a)
W1 (R) dR
0
® o¥ .'., \',\
where,
W~(R)=R Ua (R) (17b)
from which various other quantities are derivable, such as
total heat exchange rate, overall average Nusselt number,
and heat exchanger effectiveness [14, 16].
It is also clear that the steady-state problem of Eqs. (7)
0 0.20 0.600.40 0.80 l.O0
can be easily solved as a special case of the more general b QT
system (8), by setting Q = 0 and replacing the transformed 2~
inlet conditions, Eqs. (14), by Fig. 2. a Averagefluid temperatures at different axial distances from
the inlet (concurrent flow), b average fluid temperatures at different
GI~,j (0)=0 (18a) axial distances from the inlet (countercurrent flow)
0z, (p L) = 1 (18 b)
and correspondingly altering the algebraic problem (16c).

temperature oscillations decrease with increasing axial dis-

3 Results and discussion
Numerical results for the average temperature in both fluid
streams were obtained by adding up the steady and purely
periodic contributions in Eqs. (8), for different combinations
of the governing parameters in ranges of practical interest.
More specifically, in the results that follow, we focus atten-
tion on the effects of axial distance from the inner duct inlet,
heat capacity flow rate ratio, and dimensionless frequency of
inlet oscillations. Our major concern is on observing the
dynamic response of the system, over one full period, to
sinusoidal inlet temperature disturbances at the inner tube,
in terms of the resulting amplitudes and phase lags of the
average fluid temperatures at various locations along the
exchanger length. The results presented in Figs. 2a, b for
concurrent and countercurrent flow configurations, respec-
tively, demonstrate that the amplitudes for the inner stream
tance from the duct inlet (Z=0). The amplitudes for the
outer fluid average temperature also increase with the axial
distance for concurrent flow, and obviously increase with
decreasing distance from the tube inlet for counterflow situ-
ation. The effect of the outer fluid stream is to attenuate the
inlet temperature disturbances along the tube length, and
such dampening is more pronounced in shorter distances
from the inlet for concurrent flow and in longer distances for
counterflow. Clearly, for concurrent flow, the two fluid
streams are essentially in equilibrium for a sufficiently large
axial distance, while in the countercurrent case, for larger
distances, the entering outer fluid stream is still very little
affected by the oscillating inner fluid, and exerts a stronger
attenuation effect there. Phase lags, represented by the dis-
placements of the relative maxima of each curve with respect
to the entering sinusoidal oscillation, noticeably increase as
the inner stream thermal wave progresses along the duct,
specially for the counterflow case.
502

].0, ]D

o.5-P/ / \\ 0.5

>
Y
'
/ .4

© 0
H =l.O
CHANNEL 1 z:O'5
.... CHANNEL 2
Kw : 0

- 0.5

a -1.0 + ~ , , In b + FTI LI II ~ +1 rTq in n i . . . . i ~ . . . . . . . + j i i i n i i i $ ;

1.0
f ---.>

' "" ~ / O]
> 0.5

o oi x\\\
~, " \
/',
.'4o.o/ //
©':' 0
H +=LO

- - ' - - CHANNELI ,0.=0.10 // // - - CHANNEL 1 Kw= O #l=O.1

z=O.5

-°+l ":: \,k - - / / -0.5

.... CHANNEL 2:
L=]

t
l.O
o o. o 080 ,oo 0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
b AZ b £tT
zg
211
Fig. 3. a Influence of heat capacity flow rate ratio on average fluid Fig. 4. a Average fluid temperatures variation for different frequen-
temperatures response (concurrent flow),h influence of heat capacity cies of inlet oscillations (concurrent flow); b average fluid tempera-
flow rate ratio on average fluid temperatures response (countercur- tures variation for different frequencies of inlet oscillations (counter-
rent flow) current flow)

Figures 3 a, b show the influence of the heat capacity flow
rate ratio, H*, on the dynamic response of the double-pipe
heat exchanger, again in both concurrent and countercur-
rent operation modes. It should be here observed that the
two parameters, H* and [2, are to some extent coupled, and
allowing one to vary keeping the other fixed may induce
some incomplete conclusions. Therefore, the parameter in-
vestigation performed in Figs. 3 a,b was based on varying
the value of H* due to the corresponding variation in aver-
age velocities ratio, [7, which corresponds to considering
fixed the geometry and working fluids. Here, in order to
illustrate the pertinent effects, we have taken [_7= 0.5//-/* for
each case computed, which corresponds to a typical config-
uration. From observation of the results in Figs. 3 a,b for
different values of H*, it can be said that at the lower values
of the heat capacity flow rate ratio the outer fluid tempera-
ture essentially follows more closely the inner tube tempera-
ture oscillations and the attenuation effect is much less pro-
nounced for the same axial position. On the other hand,
when the product of mass flow rate and heat capacity of the
outer stream is large, the outer fluid temperature is restricted
within a narrow amplitude variation, while the fluid temper-
ature is markedly attenuated. At the axial location consid-
ered, the dampening effect is more pronounced for concur-
rent flow operation in all three values of H*.
Figures 4a, b illustrate the effects of dimensionless fre-
quency of inlet oscillations on the timewise variation of aver-
age fluid temperatures at a specific axial location. In the
value of Z considered, the amplitudes are almost unaffected
for different oscillation frequencies in the concurrent flow
situation. Phase lags increase with increasing values of fa in
both operation modes. If the dimensionless group ~ is
analysed in such a way that to the larger values of ~2 corre-
spond smaller values of the inner fluid thermal diffusivity,
this increase in phase lags can be interpreted as the net effect
of increased thermal storage in the fluid, therefore "delaying"
the transmission of the inlet information along the exchang-
er. For the relatively large value of Z examined, the two fluid

streams are essentially in equilibrium for the concurrent
case, as o p p o s e d to the m a r k e d l y different average tempera-
tures in counterflow, specially for the higher dimensionless
frequencies.
F r o m what has been presented, it becomes clear that
neglecting the participating outer fluid stream in the d y n a m -
ic analysis of double-pipe heat exchangers can yield com-
pletely erroneous results. F o r instances, the results in Ref. [5]
for a prescribed uniform temperature b o u n d a r y condition
could only be utilized in predicting the response of an ex-
changer such as those here considered, for significantly large
values of H*, when this uniform tube wall temperature con-
dition is approached, for b o t h operation modes. The results
in Figs. 3 a, b give a brief indication of the magnitude in the
error incoured for any other more realistic value of H*.
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503
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E Scofano Neto
Seg~o de Engenharia Mec~nica e Materiais
Instituto Militar de Eugenharia - IME
Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brasil
R. M. Cotta
Departamento de Engenharia Mec~nica - COPPE/EE/UFRJ
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
Cidade Universit/tria - C a i x a Postal 68.503
21945-970 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasit
Received on July 6, 1992