Detailed Table of Contents

Chapter 1
Introduction

The Concept of Intellectual Property 3

The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 4

History 4
Mission and Activities 5
Structure 7
Administration 8
Membership 9
Constitutional Reform 9
Wider Consultation and Outreach 12

Chapter 2
Fields of Intellectual Property Protection

Patents 17
Introduction 17
Conditions of Patentability 17
Drafting and Filing a Patent Application 22
Examination of a Patent Application 24
Infringement 27
Exploitation of the Patented Invention 33
Compulsory Licenses 34
Utility Models 40
ii WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use

Copyright and Related Rights 40

Introduction 40
Copyright Protection 41
Subject Matter of Copyright Protection 42
Rights Comprised in Copyright 43
Related Rights 46
Ownership of Copyright 49
Limitations on Copyright Protection 50
Piracy and Infringement 51
Remedies 52
Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions 56
Trends and Experiences in the Protection of TCEs 64
Conceptual and Policy Questions 66
Recent and Possible Future Developments 67

Trademarks 67
Introduction 67
Definitions 68
Signs Which May Serve as Trademarks 70
Criteria of Protectability 71
Protection of Trademark Rights 77
Use Requirements 77
Trademark Registration 79
Removal of the Trademark from the Register 82
Trademark Piracy, Counterfeiting and Imitation of Labels and Packaging 90
Change of Ownership 92
Trademark Licensing 94
Trade Names 96
Franchising 97
Character Merchandising 105

Industrial Designs and Integrated Circuits 112

Industrial Designs 112
Integrated Circuits 118

Geographical Indications 120

Introduction 120
Protection of Geographical Indications on the National Level 122
Protection of Geographical Indications on the International Level through
Multilateral Treaties 124
Protection of Geographical Indications on the International Level through
the Provisions of Bilateral Agreements 129

Protection Against Unfair Competition 130

Introduction 130
The Need for Protection 132
The Legal Basis for Protection 133
The Acts of Unfair Competition 136
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Chapter 3
The Role of Intellectual Property in Development and WIPO’s Development
Cooperation Program

Objectives of Developing Countries 163

Industrial Property and Development 164

Industrial Property Protection and Development 164
Inventions, Technology and Development 166

The Promotion of Innovation 168

Introduction 168
A Global Approach to Establishing Innovation and Invention Support
Structures or Services 169
Implementing and Managing Innovation and Invention Support
Structures and Services 170
Innovation Center or Innovation Support Network 170

Licensing and the Transfer of Technology 172

Introduction 172
The Commercial Transfer and Acquisition of Technology 172
Negotiation of Licensing Agreements 178
Remuneration 184
Types of Intellectual Property Licenses 188
Government Control of Licensing Agreements 193

Copyright and Development 195

The Development Cooperation Program of WIPO 196

Introduction 196
Objectives 196
Development Cooperation in Relation to Intellectual Property 197
The WIPO Worldwide Academy 202

Chapter 4
Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights

Enforcement of Industrial Property Rights, Copyright and

Related Rights 207
Introduction 207
Enforcement of Industrial Property Rights in General 208
Enforcement of Patent Rights 211
Enforcement of Copyright and Related Rights 213
Activities Within WIPO Concerning Enforcement 219
Enforcement Provisions of the TRIPS Agreement 220
iv WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use

Intellectual Property Litigation 220

Introduction 220
Review of Industrial Property Office Decisions 220
Infringement Actions 225
Remedies 228

Arbitration and Mediation of Intellectual Property Disputes 230

Alternative Dispute Resolution 230
Enforcement in the International Context 231
WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center 232
WIPO Internet Domain Name Dispute Resolution 234

Chapter 5
International Treaties and Conventions on Intellectual Property

The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 241

History 241
Principal Provisions 242
Administrative and Financial Provisions 259

The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and

Artistic Works 262
History 262
Principal Provisions 262
The Latest (Paris) Act of the Convention 265
Administration 266
Developing Countries and the Berne Convention 267

The WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) 269

Introduction 269
Legal Nature of the WCT and its Relationship with Other International
Treaties 269
Substantive Provisions of the WCT 270
Administrative Provisions 276

The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) 276

Introduction 276
The Functioning of the PCT System 278
Advantages of the PCT System 282
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The Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit

of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure 285
Background to the Treaty 285
Summary of the Treaty 285
Main Advantages of the Treaty 286

The Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of

Marks and the Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement 287
Introduction 287
The Functioning of the System of International Registration 288
Becoming Party to the Agreement or Protocol 292
Advantages of the System 292

The Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit

of Industrial Designs 293
Introduction 293
The Principle of International Deposit 293
Main Provisions of the Hague Agreement 293
Benefits of Accession to the Hague Agreement 295
The Geneva Act of the Hague Agreement 296

The Trademark Law Treaty (TLT) 297

Introduction 297
Provisions of the Treaty and the Regulations 297

The Patent Law Treaty (PLT) 301

Introduction 301
Provisions of the Treaty and the Regulations 301
Advantages of the PLT 305

Treaties on Classification 305

Introduction 305
The Strasbourg Agreement Concerning the International Patent
Classification 305
The Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods
and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks 308
The Vienna Agreement Establishing an International Classification of
the Figurative Elements of Marks 311
The Locarno Agreement Establishing an International Classification
for Industrial Designs 313

Special Conventions in the Field of Related Rights: The International

Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms
and Broadcasting Organizations (the “Rome Convention”) 314
Introduction 314
Relation Between the Protection of Related Rights and Copyright 315
Principal Provisions 316
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The Implementation of the Rome Convention 319

The Rome Convention and Developing Countries 319

Other Special Conventions in the Field of Related Rights 320

The Other Special Conventions 320
Reasons for and Purposes of the Special Conventions 321
Main Features of the Special Conventions 322
Substantive Provisions of the Phonograms Convention 323
Substantive Provisions of the Satellites Convention 323
The Phonograms and Satellites Conventions and Developing Countries 324

The WIPO Performance and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) 325

Introduction 325
Legal Nature of the WPPT and its Relationship with Other International
Treaties 325
Substantive Provisions of the WPPT 326
Administrative Provisions 331
Audiovisual Performances 331

The International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties

of Plants 331
Introduction 331
The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants
(UPOV) 332
The 1991 Act of the UPOV Convention 335
Developments in Plant Variety Protection 345

The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

(“TRIPS”) and WIPO-WTO Cooperation 345
Introduction 345
General Provisions, Basic Principles and Final Provisions (Parts I and VII) 347
Standards Concerning the Availability, Scope and Use of Intellectual
Property Rights (Part II) 349
Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights (Part III) 355
Acquisition and Maintenance of Intellectual Property Rights and Related
Procedures (Part IV) 356
Dispute Prevention and Settlement (Part V) 357
Cooperation between the World Intellectual Property Organization and the
World Trade Organization 357

Progressive Development of International Intellectual Property Law 360

Introduction 360
The Joint Recommendation Concerning Provisions for the Protection of
Well-Known Marks 361
The Joint Recommendation Concerning Trademark Licenses 361
The Joint Recommendation Concerning the Protection of Marks, and Other
Industrial Property Rights in Signs, on the Internet 362
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Chapter 6
Administration and Teaching of Intellectual Property

Administration of Industrial Property 367

Introduction 367
Administrative Structure in the Industrial Property Office 368
The Patent Office 369
The Trademark Office 372
The Industrial Designs Office 375
Intergovernmental Cooperation 376

Administration Of Copyright and Related Rights 386

The Role of Public Authorities in Copyright and Related Rights 386
Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights 387

The Patent and Trademark Attorney 401

Introduction 401
The Functions of a Patent Agent 401
Corporate Patent Attorneys 411
Associations of Patent Agents 413
The Functions of a Trademark Agent 415
Skills and Knowledge of a Patent Agent 420

The Teaching of Intellectual Property Law 421

Introduction 421
Intellectual Property Teaching Programs 422
Selecting Intellectual Property Courses 425
Choosing Teaching Materials and Writing a Syllabus 426
Teaching Methods and Educational Strategies 428
The Role of Teachers in the Legislative Process 429
Training and Research Institutes for Intellectual Property 430
Conclusion 431

Chapter 7
Technological and Legal Developments in Intellectual Property

Computer Programs 435

Introduction 435
Brief History of the Protection of Computer Programs 436
Protection of Computer Programs under Patents 436
Protection of Computer Programs under Copyright 436
International Norms Concerning Copyright Protection of Computer Programs 437
National Legislation on the Protection of Computer Programs 437
Creation and Use of Works by Means of Computers 439
Databases 441
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Biotechnology 442
Introduction 442
Adoption and Dissemination 443
Need for Protection 444
Existing Protection 445
Traditional Knowledge 446

Reprography 448
Reprography and Intellectual Property 448
Audio and Video Recording 449

Communication Technologies 450

Introduction 450
Satellites 451
Cable Distribution 453
Digital Distribution Systems 454
The Internet 455
Electronic Commerce 455

A Complementary Approach to the Development of Intellectual Property

Norms 457
WIPO Internet Domain Name Processes 457
WIPO’s Global Network 459
Standing Committees and Advisory Bodies 459

Bibliography