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For success in the legal profession an advocate should have acquaintance with the human nature, human motives and human mind. He should be able to understand the judge and his nature. He should try to win the confidence of the judge. For this purpose, he should behave decently and should never attempt to misguide the Court, He should create an impression in the mind of the judge that he is assisting the Court in arriving at the correct decision and not merely trying to win the case in any manner and at any cost. Judge Abbot Parry' has mentioned seven lamps of advocay—honesty, courage, industry, wit, eloquence, judgment and fellowship. Mr. Justice Raj Kishore Prasad’ has added one more to these seven lamps of advocacy and that is tact. He has observed that many people of unquestioned ability have failed to achieve a fair measure of success in life for want of tact, It does not pay at all to an advocate to quarrel with the Court or to lose temper over trifle nothing.* Presentation of case plays important role in winning the case. According to Honb'le Justice Raj Kishore Prasad an advocate should first present his best point. In presenting arguments it is always expected that an advocate should quote chapter and verses in support of his submission.* For success in the advocacy profession an advocate must be fully aware of drafting the plaint and written statement and art of arguing the case and of cross-examination ete. He should also be aware in art of dealing with the client. Negotiation, counselling and Office Management all plays important role in success of advocacy profession. Besides, the maintenance of good library, good staff and knowledge of use of computer ete. are also are helpful for success in the advocacy profession. 3. LAW OFFICE MANAGEMENT (1) Library and Staff. An advocate should maintain a good chamber and office so that he may have reasonable contact with his clients. He should be very quick in communicating relevant informations to his client. This is possible only when he is himself careful and has a good staff. Every lawyer is required to maintain a library of his own. The books are the basis of the legal profession. The law reports enable him to have the Knowledge of the judicial decisions and views of the courts on different issues relating to different laws. The reference books are necessary for the knowledge of the statutory laws. Therefore, there should be reference books, law reports and bare Act in the personal library of the advocate, These books will help the advocate to know the law and precedents. 1. Quoted in the article, ‘What do I expect from an Advocate’ by Justice Raj Kishore Prasad, published in Art of Advocacy Edited by Dr. B. Malik, CJ., p. 318, 319. 2. ‘What I do expect from an Advocate’, Ibid. 3. Ibid. 4, Ibid.180 PUBLIC INTEREST LAWYERING, LEGAL AID & PARA-LEGAL SERVICE Citation of relevant cases plays important role in winning the case and therefore, an advocate should know all the relevant cases on the point involved in the case. He must keep in mind the past decisions, the law laid down in the cases and also facts on which the law has been laid down. An advocate should always keep in mind that his opponent may cite the precedent in favour of his client and therefore, he should always be prepared to face such a situation and he can meet such a situation successfully if he himself knows fully the precedent on the issues involved in the case Hon'ble Chief Justice V.G. Oak,' has said that having mastered the facts the advocate has to address himself to question of law. Not only the advocate has to keep ready the decisions which support him but he has also to study the authorities that his adversary is likely to cite. Many statutes have been amended from time to time, the lawyers must be acquainted with the latest amendments. It is risky to refer to old editions of books or statute law, the advocate has to present the case of his client in the best light and thereby help the court to arrive at the correct decision. ‘The precedents, thus, plays important role in winning the case but it should be cited after stating and explaining the relevant statutory provisions. It is better to state and explain the relevant statutory provisions and thereafter give reasons including the judicial decisions in support of the interpretation adopted. The full report of the case should be thoroughly studied to get the principles of law laid down in the case. He should cite the latest authority on the particular point he wants to press. An advocate is expected that he should cogently and correctly enunciate and expound the law and refer to the volume, number and page on which he wants to rely for his proposition of law.? For this purpose a good personal library is necessary. The reference books should be alphabetically arranged and journals and law reports should be arranged year-wise, The reference books contains the principles of law and detailed facts are usually not stated and discussed. It is better to read the text book and collect the references of the relevant cases and study the cases from relevant. Journals or law reports. The facts of the cases enables the readers to understand the principles of law laid down by the Court. The context in which the principle have been laid down is very helpful in understanding the real nature and effect of the principles. The Act, statutes and relevant cases play important role in winning the case. The advocate citing the relevant case-law should always be ready to present the law reports, or journal containing the cases before the Court. The Judge usually reads the cases cited in the Journals or law reports presented before him and thereafter derives a conclusion. The case should be taken to present before the Court such journals or reports which are considered to be reliable and recognised by the Judges. ‘Thus, the maintenance of good library and staff plays important role in 1, What do I expect from an Advocate, published in Art of Advocacy, Edited by Dr. B Malik, C.J., p. 130, 2. Hon'ble Justice Raj Kishore Prasad, What do I expect from an Advocate, published in Art of Advocacy, Edited by Dr. B. Malik, CJ. p. 323.LAW OFFICE MANAGEMENT 151 becoming a successful Advocate, therefore, he should pay full attention thereto. (2) Use of Telephone, typewriter, internet and computer. Now-a-days typewriter, telephone, computer and internet play significant role in the advocacy profession. The plaint, briefs, arguments and notes, ete. may be typed. Besides, the telephone saves the time of the advocates and enables him to have a direct contact with his client. Sometimes the information as to the client’s case are required to be communicated to him quickly, in such condition the telephone proves very useful. Thus, telephone enables an advocate to give information to his client and receive informations from the client and thereby it speeds up the professional work of an advocate. By telephone the client may get appointment from the advocates. Thus it saves time, money and physical strain. Now-a-days internet facilities are available. A proper use of the connection of internet will enable the advocate in collection of legal materials useful in advocacy profession. It is better for an advocate to have internet connection. Besides, the use of computer is also beneficial in various ways. It may be useful as a typewriter. The pleading, briefs, points of argument, questions to be arises during cross-examination etc. may:be typed by the computer. ‘The information received by the client may be stored in the computer. He can also feed the relevant cases in the computer and can find quickly at any time he needs them. The compact discs (CDs) and VCDs are- now-a-days, used for knowing the statutory laws and precedents. In addition to other benefits, it will also save the space of advocate’s room as the CDs and VCDs can be stored in a small almirah, The advocate may be advised to learn the use of computer and for this purpose they may join the institution imparting the education as to the handling and using the computer. 4, RIGHTS, DUTIES AND LIABILITIES OF ADVOCATES For the purposes of good management of the law office an advocate should be aware of his rights and duties. He should bear in mind that for the breach of his duties, he may be punished and even his licence to practice legal profession may be suspended or cancelled. The Bar Council of India has made several rules in relation to the duty of an advocate towards his client, court, opponent and colleague ete. The rules prohibit an advocate to solicit work or advertise. The rules also makes provisions in respect of the size of the sign-board or name-plate etc. The rules have been made in relation to the client’s money in possession of the advocate, advocate-fees, right of lien for the fees payable by the client, nature of his relation with client, ete, In managing the legal profession an advocate should have full knowledge of the rules dealing with the duties and liabilities. He should also be aware of his rights. ‘The rights, duties and liabilities of an advocate have been stated below.4 CHAPTER 10 LEGAL LITERACY OR LEGAL EDUCATION IN INDIA SYNOPSIS . Development . Role of University Education Commission and University Grant Commission in the promotion of Legal Literacy or Legal Education 3. Bar Council of india and Legal Education Suggestions for improvements 1. DEVELOPMENT Logal education is the basis of an efficient legal profession which is the basis of a well organised and sound judicial system. The legal practitioners help the courts in the administration of justice by providing the best legal arguments for and against the case. Such help to the court is possible only when the legal practitioners have sufficient legal knowledge. For a sound judicial administration; the judges and the person in legal profession must have thorough knowledge of the law. For this purpose the legal education should be well organised and modernized. Unfortunately the legal education was not paid due attention during British Period and even after independence; It has-been the most neglected branch of the education. Farlier the LL.B. degree course was of two years. This period was not sufficient to cover the important branches of law. Subsequently, this period was extended to three years. Even this period was not found sufficient for covering the important branches of law. This period has been extended to 5 years. Extension of the period would not be sufficient for improving the legal education unless its syllabus is prepared taking into account the relevancy and practical importance of the law. The five year’s LL.B. degree course has not been adopted by all the Universities. At present the three year’s LL.B. course and five year’s LL.B. degree course both are in existence. 2. ROLE OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION COMMISSION AND UNIVERSITY GRANT COMMISSION IN THE PROMOTION OF LEGAL LITERACY OR LEGAL EDUCATION University Education Commission In 1948, the University Education Commission was established with the object to examine the quality of the University Education including the legal education. The Commission examined the quality of the legal education and submitted its report containing some suggestions for the improvement y 5430 PUBLIC INTEREST LAWYERING, LEGAL AID & PARALEGAL SERVICE of the legal education. The Commission recommended three years degree. It also recommended that practical training should be given to every law student. The Commission suggested that the legal History of India, jurisprudence, Constitutional law, International law should be given more attention. ‘The Commission recommended two years Master of Laws after LL.B. course. The recommendations of Commission have been taken into consideration at the time of introduction of the three years degree course in the place of the two year’s degree course. University Grant Commission The University Grant Commission recommended that graduation qualification in Arts, Science or Commerce should be prescribed for admission in three year’s LL.B. course. It recommended that the LL.B. course should be imparted by separate law colleges preferably University. The institutions imparting legal education should possess adequate library. In the opinion of the Commission the LL.B. degree should be treated as a post graduate degree. 3. BAR COUNCIL OF INDIA AND LEGAL EDUCATION The Bar Council of India plays important role in the development of legal education. For this purpose it has been conferred on various powers. According to Section 7 of the Advocates Act he functions of the Bar Council of India shall be to promote legal education and to lay-down standards of such education in consultation with the Universities in India imparting such education and the State Bar Council and to recognise Universities whose degree in law shall be a qualification for enrolments as an advocate and for that purpose to visit and inspect Universities or cause the State Bar Councils to visit and inspect Universities in accordance with such directions as it may give in this behalf. The Bar Council of India conducts seminars and organises talks on legal topics by eminent jurists and publish journals and papers of legal interest. Section 49 of the Advocates Act empowers the Bar Council of India to make rules for discharging its function under this Act. It provides that the Bar Council of India can make rules so as to prescribe the standards of legal education to be observed by the Universities in India and inspection of the Universities for this purpose. It also empowers the Bar Council of India to make rules so as to prescribe the minimum qualifications required for admission to a course of degree in law in any recognised University and the class or category of persons entitled to be enrolled as advocates and the conditions subject to which an advocate shall have the right to practice as an advocate. In the case of V; Sudeer v. Bar Council of India, the rule made by the Bar Council of India so as to prescribe pre-enrolment training and apprenticeship, was challenged. The Court held that the rules was ultra vires the rule-making power of the Bar Council of India available to it under the LER. 1999 8.0. 1167.LEGAL LITERACY OR LEGAL EDUCATION IN INDIA 431 Act. In this case’ the Supreme Court has opined that it is the statutor funetion of the Bar Council of India to promote legal education and it is to be discharged in consultation with the University. Section 7 of the Advocates Act does not entitle the Bar Council itself to frame rules laying down pre-enrolment training for fresh law graduates secking enrolment as advocates, The Court opined that the question of imparting legal education has been entrusted to the Universities in India and not to the Bar Council of India. All that the Bar Council can do is to suggest ways and means to promote such legal education to be imparted by the Universities and for that purpose it may lay down the standards of education with the Universities in India. Prior to 1998-99 there were eighteen subjects in the LL.B. (three year’s degree course). From 1998-99 as per the direction or instruction of the Bar Council of India new syllabus has been introduced for LL.B. (three year’s degree course). There are twenty eight subjects therefor. Thereafter the subjects have been further increased. At present the three year’s LL.B. degree course after graduation and five year’s LL.B. degree course after intermediate (Tenth Class + 2) both are allowed and both exist simultaneously. The educational institution can adopt any of the two system or even both the systems. The five year’s LL.B. degree course is considered better and therefore it is better to introduce this system informally, throughout India and the three year’s LL.B. degree course should be abolished. 4, SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT The success of the legal education depends mainly on teaching staff, libraries, law reports, syllabus for law students, research facilities, ete. ‘To attract good teachers the teachers should be provided reasonably good salaries and other facilities. The libraries should be provided sufficient financial assistant for purchasing relevant books, law reports etc. It should be properly seen that the relevant books are purchased and the grant is not misused, Besides, as far as possible, the part-time teachers should be avoided. The syllabus should be uniform throughout the country. The emphasis should be on the inclusion of the laws of practical importance in the syllabus. The law students should have not only theoretical knowledge but also practical knowledge. The Bar Council of India has been entrusted with the functions of promoting legal education and laying down the standards of such education in consultation with the university imparting such education and the State Bar Council. It has been entrusted with recognising the Universities whose degree in law shall be a qualification for enrolment as an advocate and for that purpose inspecting the Universities. The Bar Council of India should pay more attention to the legal education. It should be given more power with respect to the legal education. The teaching in the institution imparting legal education should be r. Bar Council of India, ALR, 1999 8.0. 1167. /, Sudeer432 PUBLIC INTEREST LAWYERING, LEGAL AID & PARA-LEGAL SERVICE improved. Actually, good teaching creates. interest in the students for the subject and inspire them to have a deep knowledge of the subject. For promoting good teaching there should be provision for awarding and promoting the good teachers. The quality of teaching should be given due importance in the promotion of the teachers to the higher posts. The administrative works in the educational institutions usually attract the teachers because of being lucrative and possessing powers. The teachers busy in the administrative works usually do not find time to concentrate on teaching. The neglect of teaching develops among the students a kind of disinterest in the class-teaching which leads them to take the shelter of guides and question-answer series at the time of examination. Therefore, it is better to keep the administrative works out of the hands of the teachers so that they may concentrate on the teaching which is their main function. Besides, good books are necessary for promoting legal education. Several teachers and lawyers have written treatises and papers. However, the books published are not sufficient. The writing of books should be promoted. Many teachers wish to write good books but they do not find the publishers. The Government and the Bar Council of India should come forward for providing financial assistance for the publication of such books. ‘The research facilities should be increased. Usually the research scholars in the field of law who are not in employment do not bear to continue the research work for long time. The scholarships provided to them are not sufficient. The research scholars who are not in employment should be provided adequate financial assistance. The law reports play important role in the legal education. The number of law reports is not adequate. It should be increased. The law reporting should be in simple language and precise. Sometimes the reporting is found to be very lengthy and complicated and it becomes very difficult for the law students to grasp the principles laid down in the cases. This defect in the reporting should be avoided. MP. Dixit! has rightly suggested that the law colleges should be attached to the Courts in the same way as the medical colleges are attached to hospitals. This will also be useful in imparting practical training to the students. The Committee headed by the Hon'ble Chief Justice of India AM. Ahmedi, in 1993, has extended several suggestions for improvement of the Legal Education in India. It has suggested for the introduction of 5 year’s degree course. Besides it has suggested that the emphasis should be given on practical training methods, case methods, elimination of copying and entrance examination. These suggestions are no doubt valuable and useful and must be paid due attention. The Bar Council of India should play more creative role in the improvement of legal education in India. The new syllabus for LL.B, is no doubt appreciable. The due emphasis has been given on the practical aspect. However, the practical aspect of the law teaching in the colleges or . Problems and Challenges of Legal Education—A Bird Eye View, p. 3.LEGAL LITERACY OR LEGAL EDUCATION IN INDIA 433 Universities should also be taken into consideration. Subjects have been increased while the teaching staff will be the same. Besides, in most of the Universities and college the vacant posts are not filled quickly. Besides, the number of students admitted in the law colleges or Law Department of the Universities is increasing day by day. In such circumstances the implementation of the scheme made by the Bar Council is very difficult. The Bar Council, the Government and the Universities should look into this problem and try to solve it by increasing the law teachers and providing the financial assistance. The All India Law Teachers Congress organised in January, 1999, resolved to call upon Government of India to pass a legislation for the following purposes— (@ to constitute All India Legal Education Council to control and monitor legal education in India; i) to give statutory status to the Legal Education Council; (iii) to authorise Legal Education Council to take all decisions in the matters of legal education in the country; (iv) to declare law teaching as professional course and experience of law teaching be considered as professional experience for all practical purposes; (v) to provide for payment of non-practicing allowance to all full time law teachers in the country.’ In the opinion of the author only the basic laws including the practical training papers should be included in the syllabus so that full attention may be paid to these laws. Needless to say that all the laws cannot be taught in the class-room. The students should be attached to the courts and advocates so that they may have practical knowledge of the court proceedings, The procedural subjects should be taught by the advocates of at least ten years standing. It is better to establish a Legal Education Committee in every State and an All India Education Committee at the National level. ‘The State Committee should function under the control of the All India Legal Education Committee. The State Committee should supervise the functioning of the educational institution imparting legal education in the State. The State Committee should have power to do needful for the fair examination. It should have power to determine the number of the students to be admitted in a particular law college or law department of a University. The All India Legal Education Committee should have power to supervise the function of the State Legal Education Committees. It should act as a quasi-judicial body. It should deal with the cases of unfair means also, The complaints relating to the admission and examination should be first dealt with by the State Committee and an appeal against its order or decision should be allowed to the All India Commiftee. The State Legal Education Committee should consist of four member of State Bar Council, four Judges of the High Court of the State concerned, four professors of law 1. Legal Education in India in 2ist Century, Problems and Prospects, p, 495 (Annexure—).434 PUBLIC INTEREST LAWYERING, LEGAL AID & PARALEGAL SERVICE and four representatives of the concerned State Government. The All India Legal Education Committee should consist of four members of the Bar Council of India, four Judges of the Supreme Court, four professors of law and four representatives of the Government of India. The syllabus of LL.B. degree should be prescribed by the All India Legal Education Committee. - aa‘S00 xopuoo Sfpusonxe we stones ap een sum sures samen ‘amp ison sou2jor 0 Sonpey st eta ssousnopsuod ,=qqeppnony aan i sepmoub uyORPpuRyY SOU9H TUaUAAOKT MeCN, pot jo 2se> ap uf ay ‘Sigfir Jo vonsese sume sive unos verp sore soypany 9 yf Jo womsDsse ypns or e pur ‘us samp 30 ,sueliey, Jo vonzesse dq poxzTut seis zucuruop sep shes af So8eqHA UPUT p suondoorod seed uy 380eyp 2oge nf8o0u9 2q ue> wR ‘sands pur, jo voRss>> aim Squo ‘orPpeaH Yonnyoss ands aearp 0 5003 empooaid Sam fa ‘poked aney sane ein ops xp sours ospe a} sammpaord pu ss20xd voneSny x2}dwo> o¢p puoaas pur Swsurypous watno9% ‘sty suosear ons 0 amp Afarq Supa! oer Yaar ‘oupoy mip sondie af poy rorpal uspur 99 jo wouidojsop ap Buresqruy urate ploy oft 2PPEX H=q0Y PEF LyOD prEuIDg Jo SosDKp 3p KHER, JORDPUOTY wares ENP i pury ajdoad uasasaq szandsp jo asm wound urew ay 30240 -wonnyoss NVYL TYIIOS NV AWT TA.colonial legal system, © land-related litigation, especially lkgation litigation in the judicial syste, idelsohn attempts in doctinire approach that wa adopted, instead ofa more pragmatic one. Trough ‘ase studies, he poins out how rehabilitation didnot really wotk, no did the confusion 1 AIRT984 SC 0a, Book Reviews 108 bonded labour”. He argues thatthe Ted to the condition of quarry wor hhecome the most powerful instnation in the country. He ateibutes this development to the fulure of the other insrusions, nd atthe same time the changing approach of 1 book is 2 valuable and understanding of law and social change in India. audiko to the understanding of the legal developments in India Reanbir Singh Vice-Chancellor, National Law Universi, Del The author acknowledges the reset inputs of Maia Satish or the reviewuo womans0e7 WapOu ay FAHEY JO VORMEHVED 34 “Ge00 et 011 es ¥ seme sree f fay Ler evans ean amr 9 oe “cue fey wo paste) umnp2u sop ‘alan won pot wonrport ‘won ‘dyson ny oqaq oranda hor jo Inversnempeyencsond a name REY HHMIPHCED JO NRL OS, OS ‘worry tne 2 330;29 pur anomoddo Jo's Jo Aine qanyod pos gunouese eS {rbot ‘sonml wpur Jo ajdcod aga ot pounds pur paver 3q ey, ‘mean “wp vonrantuen = Amunos 2p yo 2ateuss0§ arany wo pardope uonnyosas aansalgo monnide Word 2 HT ae m+ rnmmwihisigteroe | HO eerie wy mer meg ait 21m tony a a os "G002) 20pm fe memes mr Nadas HIMHNG 2 are wo Bra pow vonmnneeg apo tu Boe mr a jondee0 002) ‘quoi atuos on pazmjg wane soy sa PauouRpUN sroword poe assiexd 03 pun sey “auaunsu! YS UeUINY eUOREEIDLT YOR prow 2q Sew af -uoneemegors jo 28¢ ayp w Sunesoypond 100 (ROONEN Sepa E30 “28 juouepun jouoneDop Jo 9p, sp po nes foe Aa pourey 96 sys wewny sow ayn Jo suo sdewiad sumo wopransuoy 24(1] Sura sex vay eas wronaayy axa ssanddns on sou _pPeazasgo desusey 3 yseygng ‘vonmnsUOD, 3 suns ysong ays panoy oe aexp sayz snowes sup 03 SupI2}>y, 2 rey fu Jo mq, © Buperodzoouy 209 ssouanyey soleus 1 mu rsa jo vonmper orca 2765 parm ax JO UonmansUO" I9pay ay PHOM 242 yaransuoz 2yp 01 abun you ‘st3n09 ju ueumy 24g Bureno035 Jo wap Su, "IpUL sopun pooiuezen aq aur snup “auf ue sopisuo> axe 2 sys feomod pur pap uAEI27 ret taoudsorqusid 9 0 NHSALT NI “ 0 pejX0 2A vonesuNDOG sy Vid NtsaauNvavno siiore m saan 300g noe12 Journal ofthe Indian Law Insite (Wot 56:1 Politicalxights and the second generation socio-economic and ic some of the rights falling into the latter category also come 1 be enforced under the garb of fundamental right in India. II but also second generation inthe form of direesve principles of state policy B Notwithstanding the constitutional goarant not yet become living reali ly ceasing and meanisgh 8 alte a8 per the wishes of “(Whe the people of India". The book some of those road blocks. testo Cl Rights Guarantes in India is the wotk of the South Asian Human Rights Documentation Centre (SAHRDO). Inspirations forthe contents of the book have suggests, maps some of the major challenges forthe civil ‘ocuses on both traditional and emerging challenges. The ‘maps ae: () Preventive detention, (i) Extra judicial kings, * (iv) Death penalty, (#) Narcoanalysis, (v) Under trials and ) Anti-conversion laws, (vii) Impunity, and (x) Armed Forces book consists of nine incisive essays examining exch of “ative Detention’ narrates history of preventive detention the British period and how provisions providing for preventive detentions came to be incorporated into the lesan account of preventive detention laws enacted ‘ofthe Constitution of India. The essay isthe most important component of the e —_— #9 AG Noor, SAHBING Chat Ci Rg Gant indi (OUR. 201) 10 mxand i, 2014) Book Reviews m3 contended tha increasing use of preventive detention laws and lack of adequate safeguards are the major challenge to civil Uberties in the country. In order vo provide ‘dequate protection for ei uber, in the opinion of the author, significant reforms ‘need to be introduced tothe existing preventive detention segime and safeguards to Prevent abuse snd careless use of preventive detention laws need tobe srengthened word esay on ‘Exua-juical Kings, che focus is on encounte lings rical overview of extra ~ judicial killings in India, It lence of encovnte the official and unofficial rn the judiciary in deating with the judicial system that allow examining the legality of emnational law, the essay the government India marks a clear 8s, and the most (he longstanding practice of encounter killing violation of international law, fondament basic conception of justice ‘The third major challenge to the protection of sin India isthe prevalence (of counter - terrorism laws Ie is dealt with in essay shee, The essay presents a brief ‘overview of India's experience with terroriem since independence, There isa detailed analysis of legislative measures undertaken in response and their enforcement. Ie focuses on the problems generated by such legislations. ‘The fourth essay on ‘Death Penalty wovides an account of laws that Provide for imposition of death penal nded that the continued imposition ‘of death penalty in India by following which is alibl, i a grave threat to protection of civ rights in the country. The chapter highlights how the broad diseron afforded by the mre of rare doctine leaves enormous scope for subjectivity in the ‘decision making process involving choice berween death penalty and other alternative punish ibed. Arbitrary application of the raat of rare doctrine by the iudiciay in several eases has also been elucidated inthe enssy. the police in the course of investigation and other aor threst tothe civil rights in India, Many ‘endorsed it ata scientific altenative to the tied ~ degre interrogation methods Aitbessaysddrestes the scien legal and ethical isseseelating wo narcoanalyss 1 cttcises the wide and frequent use of the test in the criminal investigation orwithstanding serious doubts on is scientife valty and reliability ofits results IeSiz M6 movsdes 9 "12082 6st) Ut ee FT 91 meen st oem Ht 'y wones jo wwowpusue ons —() sEVASAY 01 sy009 29 02 safuy> rurtEdu ons sis088ns so¥NNe neat ‘wonmupsuor) att Jo IZ apAsE JO saNEONA Asay st YaSAV Jo + WORD se pavensuowiop star Svotsbap pp snomes on Bssopas Aq 0 2809975, mreen 8 ingax2 [epnl-enss,"p wonaoe Sapun ozwowg a YnoUR Iz 2pa% ayo, 15g) s9ar0y powusy ain YER sTeap Sesea gpa 34, ymuaiy Jo joy suns pus saenqe sys uELNY pu ut Aanundt 30 wsashs uae a, “anda 30 wanes anea13 jun pronoead 2jdayeus pur Suostond imo) awardng “oyun WIaI9A08 Sanu suorswosd (ey snopes ‘wonmasv0> ap yo wonviquios ay suonejora gfe wey 5 rund oq 02 saneRIUOD ep sowemaadiad og, "po 3 augnao2 vojsnpu0> uy siz souapnadsunl sano auraidng ap 194 me] uo suossnosep oyun Sura spiosd Joan vonoos “om mou nua po ny oor nog een 2somea peop aos tron far Laon wenn por eajo spog Busou sae nea or osama am tecomee ae me heed mn saa yog tor 02 PO Loe wey ‘One 2 Sp BETUED 2 oH oxo Buoy noe poe me popaand poner geoy “p 2i\dwoo 3e95 sp Pues wrung aon 2 sosesonouny coef Pm salt tH09 fq parears uonerae AP or SEH one a rma, J mm, popn nfs =u ‘suoumnsy sy 3 Pu bonmnsuog 29 suoraosd 30 89 19 un pomnames $295 OFF ary ypeoudde Ten! pur sam Yans oeus on pumrade, ani “ep rine Worosuoo-aux Buuey 30 hs094 somnssuoe pornos suomi) ay eyo atp ut suowsnosip ogy 3 Goreuru>sip 43 adooe ane se nboun Ut “ese ayy 30 a3:n0 Freee A284 S001 LL A Pe Jo HOY, se yo04 ay ros Ne ns Sasen Bam os tarp tet we pouon re aay Tem Riser Lam SoRGAMNEOSON Jo eaaEaepCe py meee, "w}gord jemzapun ay npn 03 esodoxd rs Buso:ppe uw sumooys pepe! pur sre 3913029 19d 0, punore wep a10u 01 ss9ni09 A ano suonuorap yang word san Bo apun adosd Sunny nord 99 1 sqey> soles satpowye POUND AooHD w2og "30 uoddns wr suoneapos dono ‘ining ve reeene Sepesip 0 ana Yon pe amsor ny soy na 2p por ge pure fond “uo uote o 124 uoneunuy 2 say euonransvos PHF IE Jo sqUHU ¥ soxoHe asKerosie, Hep poponer Sqwowyen sy 195-104), 284) 67 wIpU 24 fo ousnop m16 Journal ofthe Indian Law Institute (ol. 56:1 (® _Sersing up of an independent appellate body to enterain complaints against ies much thought and ingly establish that a fine balance between ‘individual t been maintained in the constitutional and legal Tei ich in information and highty thought provoking, Ic undoubtedly makes the reader to understand the wide sap between highly advanced discourses on different generations of human sights snd the living rae. The challenges to civil rights identifies and addresses are only illustrative and not exhaustive, There are many more that exist. Usha Ramanathan, in 19 Cited in LM. Singh, Fedo o Trial 36 (Vika Publithing House Pe Lid 1994). promised to cover sequent volume, Hope the subsequent volume comes soon and throws jhe. SAHRDC deserves co be complimented for undertaking this exercise. P Panett 20 Ani hep rcerg/ content 103 pl as ited on Mat25, 2014,