Lecture 02

Analog and digital, transfer

function, analysis of data

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

 Analog and digital
Instrumentation components can be in
analog or digital

Digital – absolute shaft encoder

Analog - Tachometer

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

Transfer function
-the relationship between the output and input
u y
F(u,y,t)

-Static part
The relationship between input and output
where the input is not change with time

-Dynamic part
The relationship is given in differential equation
Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation
• For example, the relationship between
temperature sensor T and voltage v is
give by

v = 0.005T

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

 Example 1.7
Suppose the temperature range 200 to 1200
is linearly converted to the standard current
range of 4 to 20 mA. What current will result
from 660C? What temperature does 6.5 mA
represent

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

 Example 1.7 – ANS.
Linear equation relating temperature and
current:
T = Im + To

Given, I = 4mA when T = 20ºC and I = 20mA

when T = 120ºC, therefore,
(20ºC) = (4mA)m + To ..….. [1]

(120ºC) = (20mA)m + To ….... [2]

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation
 Example 1.7 – ANS.
Substarcting eq.[1] from eq.[2] gives:

(100ºC) = (16mA)m
or m = (100ºC) /(16mA)
= 6.25 ºC/mA

Subtitute m = 6.25 ºC/mA into eq. [1]:

To = (20ºC) - (4mA)(6.25 ºC/mA)
= (-5ºC)
Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation
 Example 1.7 – ANS.
Hence, equation relating temperature and
current is:
T = (6.25 ºC/mA)I - (5ºC)

Therefore, for T = 66ºC :

(66ºC) = (6.25 ºC/mA)I - (5ºC)
i.e. I = [(66ºC) + (5ºC)]/ (6.25 ºC/mA)
= 11.36 mA
Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation
 Example 1.7 – ANS.

For I = 6.5mA :
T = (6.25 ºC/mA) (6.5 mA) - (5ºC)
= 35.63ºC

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

Current signal
The most common current transmission signal –
4 to 20mA
Current is used instead of voltage – system is
less dependent on load
Voltage is not used for transmission – its
susceptibility to changes of resistance on the
line
Pneumatic signal
Standard for pneumatic signal transmission – 3
to 15 psi (20 to 100kPa –SI)

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

FIGURE 1.19 Electric current and pneumatic pressures are
the most common means of information transmission in the
industrial environment.

Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Curtis Johnson
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation All rights reserved.
FIGURE 1.20 One of the advantages of current as a
transmission signal is that it is nearly independent of line
resistance.

Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Curtis Johnson
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation All rights reserved.
 Significance and Statistics
Significant figures
The significant figures are the digits
(places) actually read or known from a
measurement or calculation

Refer to Example 1.16

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

 Statistical Analysis of Data
n
Mean, xmin= x
i 1
i

Deviation, di = xi - xmin

Variance, V = = 2

Standard deviation,  =

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

 Standard Deviation (RMS)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation
Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation
 Example 1.18

Temperature was measured in eight

locations in a room, and the values
obtained were 21.20C, 25.00C, 18.50C,
21.10C, 19.70C, 27.10C, 19.00C and
20.00C. Find the arithmetic mean of the
temperature and the standard deviation

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

 Example
Consider the measurement of the
temperature of hot gas flowing through
a duct. Due to factors outside the
experimenter’s control, the temperature
shows variability when measured over a
period of an hour. Table 1 shows the
results of a set of 60 measurements of
air temperature in the duct

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

# of readings Temperature(0C)

1 1089
1 1092
2 1094
4 1095
8 1098
9 1100
12 1104
4 1105
5 1107
5 1108
4 1110
3 1112
2 1115
# of readings # of measurement

1085 T  1090 1
1090  T  1095 3
1095  T  1100 12
1110  T  1105 21
1105  T  1110 14
1110  T  1115 7
1115  T  1120 2

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation
ANS:
Mean=11030C
Median = 11040C
Variance=33.490C
Standard deviation=5.790C

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

End of Lecture 02

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation