G U I D E

READING THE H EBREW TEXT ;

FOR TH E

U SE OF BEGINNER S .

BY TH E

R EV . W . H . VIBBER T, M A , . .

P RO FE S SO R O F H EB REW I N TH E BE RK EL EY D I VI N I T Y S C H OO L .

3 m m
1 ”

W ARR EN F D R AP ER , PUBLI SH ER
. .

M AI N S T R E E T .

18 7 2 .
Entere d acco rd in g to A ct of Con gress, in th e year 1872 , b
y
W AR R EN F . D R AP ER ,

I n th e Omoe of th e Li b
rar ian of Co ngress, at W ash ingt on .

P RI NTED BY W A RRE N F . D R A P ER .

P RES S , B AN D , AVE RY , a 00 .
 CO N T EN T S

In troduc tion ,

§ 1 . TH E AL P H AB E T ;
Exer ises I II
c .

TH E V0 W EL S

I 1
. ong Vo els
. L w ,

Exer ises III VII c .

—
.
,

3 Q ui es e n t L e tt ers
. c ,

Exer ise V III c

5 C oi n id e n e of C holem wi th th e D i cri t i Poi

.
,

. c c n t of 1U a c ,

Exer ises IX X c . .
,

II Short Vo els
. w ,

Exerc is e XI XIII .
-
.
,

$3 . SE
’
VA

Simple Sh ’
va,

C omp ound Sh ’
v a,

Exer ises XI V c . XV , .

4 . S Y L L AB L E S ,
Exer ise XVI c .
,

§ 5 . D AG E S H L EN E AN D FO R T E ,
Exer ises XVII : XVIII
c .
,

§ 6 . PA T T A C H FU R TI V E,
Exer ise c XIX .
,

7 . MAPP I K, M AKK E F , AN D ME TH EG,

§ 8 . KA M E TS AN D KA M E T S - CH AT O O F ,

Exer ises c X X XXL, .

§ 9 . VAV AN D YO T H E As CO N S O NAN TS ,

Exercise XXII .
,

5 03 9 8
 CO NTENT S .

10 . TH E ACC EN T ,
Exer i e XXI II
c s .
,

K RI K TH
’ ’
11 . AN D EEV ,

D i e tion s to the Studen t for the use of the C hres t m thy

r c o a ,

Ge n esis C h p ters I II III X L , a .

, .
, .
,
.
,

APP E N D I X
I Form tion of the Verb
. a ,

Form tio n of C onjug tion l Stems a a a ,

Form tion of In fini ti e Absolu t a v e,

For tion of I nfi niti e C ons tru t

m a v c ,

Form tion of Future Tenses a ,

For tion of Imper ti es m a a v ,

Form tio n f P rti i ples a o a c ,

II C h r teristi of the Verb

. a ac cs

Ch r teris ti s of th Tenses a ac c e ,

2 C h r t eris ti s of th e C onju g tio ns

. a ac c a

A
( ) F u t u re T e n s e ,

T ble f Vo el under Future Prefix es

a o w s ,

B
( ) P re ter i t e T e n e s ,

w C h r t eris ti s o f th e P erso ns
a ac c ,

b C h r teris ti s of Numbers
b a ac c ,.

C h r t risti s of I fi iti d Im p er ti es
i

v a ac e c n n ve s an a v ,

Ch r teristi s of P rti i ples

b
O a ac c a c ,

III C h r teri ti s of the Noun

. a ac s c

I V Ch r terist i of the Prono i n l S fii

. a ac cs m a u
'

x e s,

T ble of Nomi n l Forms

a a ,

Form for P rsing s a ,

To fi d W ords i the L e xi on
n n c ,

T bul r Vie of the Ch r teris tic of the Verb

a a w a ac s ,
 I NTR O D UCTI O N .

Tw o re aso n s w ill acc ou n t fo r the app e aran ce o f th i s e l e

m e n t ary w o rk . I n the fi r st p l ac e abi l i ty t o re ad the H e b re w
,

te x t o f the Ol d T e st am e n t is n o w a re qu i i te fo r a d m i ssio n s

t o m an y o f o u r T he ol o gi c al S e m i n ari e s ; p arti c u l arly is it

re qu i re d o f the c an did ate s fo r a d m i ssio n t o the Ber keley
D ivinity S choo l fo r w h o m th i s tre at i se is e sp e c i all y p re
,

p are d In m a n y c ase s h appi ly b e c o m i n g l e ss every d ay

.
—
,

fr o m the i n c re asi n g i n tere st i n H e b re w the stu d e n t fr u i t

l e ssl y seek s fo r so m e o n e c ap abl e o f i n str u cti n g h im i n the
r u di m e n t s o f the l an g u ag e a n d the task o f l e ar n i n g t o re a d
,

the te x t w i th the he l p o f a Gra m m a r al o n e see m s a di ffi c u l t

o n e A n d i t is i n d ee d di ffi c u l t b e c au e the Gra m m ar s do
.
,
s

n o t tre a t th i s m a tter i n su ffi c i e n t d et ai l o r i ll u str a te i t w i th

,

e n ou gh e x am p l e s In fac t they do n o t see m t o app rec i ate

.
,

the b e gi nn er s ch i e f tr o u b l e an d so do n o t p r ovid e fo r i t
’
,
.

A n d yet te n e ar s e x p er i e n c e i n te ac h i n g th i s l an g u ag e
y
’

d e m o n strate s th at the fl u e n t re adi n g o f the te x t is o n e o f the

g re ate st di ffi c ul ti e s wh i c h the l e ar n er h as t o e n c o un ter an d ,

wh i ch i n d ee d is r are l y th o r ou ghl y ov er c o m e I t is n o t .

str a n g e th a t 1 the n a cc u st o m e d fo r m s o f the l etter s ;

( ) u

2
( ) the m eth od o f re a di n g fr o m r i g ht t o l e ft b a ck w a r d a s
,

i t w ere ; ( 3 ) the vo w el s ab ove b elo w ,

an d in the l i n e th u s
, ,
 INT R O D U CTION .

m a ki n g vi rtuall y three l i n e s t o b e c arri e d i n the eye at o n ce

( )
4 the vo c al a n d si l e n t’
sh va s ; 5
( ) the do u b t fu l vo w e l s etc ,
.
,

in vi e w o f al l the se th i n g s i t is n o t str an g e th at the re a di n g

,

o f the te x t see m s t o the b e gi nn er an ard u o u s t ask A n d yet .

i f i t is n o t perfe c tly acqu i re d the stu d e n t as he go e s o n

, , ,

fi n d s h is tro u bl e s m u c h i n c re ase d fr o m h is i n abi l i ty t o rec

o gn iz e a n d p r o n o u n c e at o n c e the p r in te d fo r m s o f w o r d s .

2 T o m eet th i s di ffi c u l ty is the se c o n d re aso n fo r the

.

pu bl i c atio n o f th i s l i ttl e book A th o ro u ghl y el e m e n t ary

‘

Gram m ar w i th e x erc i se s by w ay o f i ll u stra t i n g e a c h su bje c t

'

p re se n te d w as so u ght fo r i n v ai n Mo st o f the Gram m ar s

,
.

m erel y g iv e the g e n er al p r i n c ip l e s o r ab stra c t r u l e s w i th ,

fe w o r n o e x am pl e s t o i ll u strate the m Kal isch s Gram m ar

.
’
,

h o w e v er ( pu bl i she d i n En gl an d ) is c o n str u c te d o n the pl a n

,

o f ill u stra ti n g the p ri n c ipl e s w i th e x er c i se s an d so see m s t o

,

m eet the w an t all u d e d t o b etter th a n a ny o ther ; b u t the

e l e m e n tary poi n ts are n o t as fully ill u str ate d i n d etail as

see m s d e si r ab l e. T he e x p e n se o f th i s Gr a m m ar al so p u t s i t

b ey o n d the re ac h o f m o st the ol o gi c al stu d e n ts .

T he aim o f th i s w o rk is t o giv e the st u d e n t al l th at is

n e e d fl ul t o e n ab l e h im t o re ad the te x t o f the Ol d T e st am e n t ,

k ee pi n g ri g o r o u sl y t o th e p l a n o f st at i n g c l e arl y an d p re
cise l y e v eryth i n g th a t is esse ntia l t o th i s p u r po se T hi s .

w o r k is n o t a H e b r ew Gra m m a r b u t i t is a g uid e an d a
,

hel p t o the re adi n g o f the te x t o f the H eb re w Bibl e On e .

th i n g is give n at a ti m e w i th e x er c i se s fo r p rac ti c e so th at
, ,

e ac h poi n t m ay b e p erfe c tl y c o m p rehe n d e d I t is h op e d .

th at the book is so c o n stru c te d as t o e n ab l e the l e ar n er t o

re a d the H eb re w te x t w i th ou t the ser vi c e s o f the l ivi n g
te ac her . T he au th o r h as t ak e n n o th i n g fo r g r a n t e d o n the
 INTR O D U CT I O N .
vii
pa rt o f the stu d e n t By a sy ste m ati c an d p r o gre ssiv e pl an o f
.

a rr an g e m e n t w h i ch he m ust foll o w cl o sely an d ste adi l y

, ,

he is l e d o n fr o m sectio n t o sectio n N o section m u st b

’

. e

b eg un u n til the p r ece d in g o n e is tho r o ughly m aste re d No th .

i n g at all is gain e d by h aste o r sk im m i n g Th e e x er c i se s

. .

u n d er e ac h se c t io n ar e t o b e w r i tte n n o t m ere ly o n c e o r
,

twi c e b u t m an y t i m e s ov er u n t i l p er fe c t fam i l i a r i ty w i th the

, ,

fo rm s an d so u n d s o f the ch ara cter s a n d si g n s is a cqu i re d .

T he e x er c i se s sh o u l d al w ay s b e re a d a lo ud ov er an d ov er ,

a g ai n u n t i l e a ch w o r d can b e p r o n o u n c e d a t si g ht w i th o u t
, ,

st a m m er i n g o r he si t at io n Fl u e n c y o f re a di n g w i ll o nl y b e
.

the re sul t o f c o n stan t p r ac ti ce .

I n o r d er t o w r i te the En g l i sh w o r d s i n H e b re w c h ar ac ter s

the stu d e n t w ill b e c are ful t o n o te h o w e ac h c o n so n an t an d

vo w el is re p re se n te d T he e qu iv al e n ts here i n a dop te d di ffer
.

so m e w h a t fr o m th o se w h i c h ar e c om m o nl y m ad e u se o f
e g Tsa r a is u su all y re p re se n te d b y w h i c h m i ght b e p r o
”

. . e

n o u n ce d l i k e 6 i n m ete I t is here re p re se n te d b y d a s i n
.

f a te an
,
d so is n o t l i ab l e t o b e p r o n o u n ce d g r a v e it o r sh r t a o ,
'

o r l ik e ee .

I n g ivi n g the p r o n u n c i at io n o f the n a m es o f the c o n so

n an t s o f the vo w el s an d o f the o ther si g n s aff e c ti n g the

, ,

te x t p h o n eti c sp ell i n g h as b ee n a dop te d w h i ch tho u gh

, , ,

l ooki n g awk war d t o a sch ol ar w i ll p re v e n t w ro n g pron u n

,

ciation o n the part o f the l e a r n er W here v er ch o cc u r s i t

.
,

is al w ay s ha r d as i n chasm cho le m
,
T he book is l ab e ll e d
,
.

fo r b e g i nn er s bu t i t is h op e d th at the advan c e d sch ol ar

”
,

w ill n o t b e ab l e t o ch arg e i t wi th i n accu rac y o r l ack o f

p er spi cu i ty .

Ho w f ar w e h av e su ccee d e d i n e n ab l i n g the st u d e n t to
 IN T R OD U CTION .

re ad fl u e n tl y the te x t the H e b re w Bibl e m u st b e asoer

o f

tain e d by a f a ithf u l an d r egula r u se o f the book i t se l f

.

i t i n its hu m bl e w ay so h av e assi ste d h im i n l ay i n g the

, ,

fo u n d atio n s o f his He b re w l e ar n i n g th at he m ay m o re e asily

,

a dv an ce in th e p r o sec u tio n o f so sacre d a stu d y .

 G U I D E

R EAD I NG TH E H EBR EW TEXT .

§ 1 . TH E ALPH ABET .

H E BRE W wr i tt e n an d re ad fr o m r ight t o
is
l eft . T h e l e tter s w h i ch are tw e n ty tw o i n
,
-

n um b er are e x cl u siv e l y c o n so n an t s th o ugh

, ,

s o m e o f th e m h ave al so th e po w er o f v ow e l s .

T h e s e l e tt er s wi th th e i r re spe cti v e n am e s an d
,

so un ds are g i v e n o n pag e 1 1
,
.

I t will b e n o t i c e d th at tw o o f th e m n am e l y , ,

al ef an d ayin ar e re pre s e n t e d b E
‘
g l is h
’

, y n o n

equ i v al e n t Ah l ef is u s u al l y l i k e n e d t o th e
.

sp ir itu s l enis o f th e Gree k s o r t o th e silen t ,

h in o ur wo r d ho ur He n ce pr acti call y it h as
.

n o so u n d .

wh i ch w a s pr ob
‘ ‘
T h e tru e s o u n d o f ayin —
a

bl y sim il ar to th e Ar abi c Ain is s aid t o b e

u n pr o n o un c e able b y o ur o r g an s o f s ee ch
p I t .

is re pre s e n t e d in th e Se ptu ag in t s o m e t im e s b y
y , s o m e t i m e s by th e sp ir itu s a s
p e r s o m e t i m e s ,

b y th e s ir itus l enis
p A tt e m p t s o f g r a mm
. a r i an s
10 GUIDE TO RE A D ING TH E HE B RE W TEX T .

to e xh ib i t i t s pow er b y 9 c h h g,n r g
, e,t c , , , .
,

m ere l y s h o w th e im po ssib i l i ty O f a d e qu at e l y
re pre s e n ti n g i t I n th e m ids t O f s u ch di ffi cul ty
.

an d u n c er t a i n ty O f d e si g n at i n g i t s pr o n u n c i

at io n th e m e th od o f pa ssi n g i t o v er al t o g e th e r
,

as h av i n g n o s o un d h a s b ee n a d o pte d afte r ,

th e e x am pl e O f th e Ge rm an u n i v er si ti e s an d ,

On th e auth o r i ty O f m an y g r am m ar i an s .

In th e l a s t c o l um n O f th e T ab l e o n th e o p
p o si te p a g e th e si m i l a r l e t te r s a r e p l a c e d sid e
b y s i d e i n o,
r d er th a t th e s t u d e n t a t a g l a n c e , ,

m ay n o te b o th th e ir po i n t s o f re s e m b l an c e an d
o f di ff ere n c e .

At th e b o tt o m O f th e s am e c o l um n are g i v e n

th e fi v e l e tter s ( c al l e d d ila ta b ile s) w h i ch are

u s e d in m an u s cr ipt s an d Ol d e di ti o n s O f th e
Bib l e in o r d er t o av o id th e b l an k spa c e w h i ch
w o ul d o th erw is e o cca si o n all y re m ain in th e
l i n e fr o m th e fa c t th a t n o w o r d is e v er all o w e d
,

to b e di v id e d at th e e n d O f a lin e Su ch di .

v isi on is n o w av o id e d in m o d er n pr i n t i n g b y
j u di c i o u s s p a c i n g .

NO TE l .
—
Th e n a m es Of th e le tter s are m o n os yll b i c e x ce p t
a ,

th os e Of a hlef , g e em e l, d a hle th, za

y in , l a h m e th, sa h m eh,
’

a
y in, an d

tsa hth ay .

NO TE 2 Th e le rn er
.
—
q u
a i re f m i l i r i
can a c ty w i th thae foar m s d an

so und s O f th e s e le tt r s o n l y by w ri ti n g th e m d o w n d u tt eri n g th e
e , an

so un d o f e ch O fte n h e w ri te s i t This p r c ti ce
a as as . t bp a m us e er

i t d i un ti l e h c o n so n n t
s s e n ac b e rec ogn i e d w i th f ci l i ty d
a c an z a , an

p ro n o un ced re d i l y d wi th o u t th e s l ighte s t h e i t tio n

a an s a .
G UIDE TO RE ADING TH E HE B RE W T E X T .
11
12 GU IDE T O RE ADING TH E H EB RE W T EX T .

Th e e ch r c ter s
R EM 1 . . Ch ld
s t H e b re w
a a Th e p ro p er
ar e a ee , n o .

H e b re w le tter s fo un d o n ly m o nu m e n t s d c oi n s
a re on an .

R M 2 In w r i t i n g th e s e h r c t er s O b s er e th t th e h o r i o n t l
E . . c a a , v a z a

s troke s h e y w h i le th e p er p e n d i ul r o n e s l ight
ar e av ,
c a ar e .

R M 3 Th e l tt
E . d th e i r
. d
e fi r s t t b e th o r o u gh l y
er s an so u n s ar e o

le rn t d fter w rd s th e i r
a , an a s h o ul d b c qu red
a na m es e a i .

2 . I t wi ll be n o te d th at e ach
th e l e tt er s If of ,

s t th an d 1; h a v e tw o e qu i v al e n t s in He b
, , ,
re w .

Th e l e ar n er w i ll th er e fo re c areful l y n o t e th at
w h e n t h e fo ll o w i n g He bre w l e t ter s are i n te n d e d
to b e e x pre ss e d t h e E n gli s h e qu i v al e nt s in th e
,

E x er cis e s are pri n t e d in ita lics .

l a a t; w k;
"

a e; s

A s c er tain O f th e l e tter s cl o s e l y re s e m b
3 . le
e ach o th er th e b e g i n n er m u s t t ak e care n o t to
“ “
,

c o n fo un d 3 wi th D 3 w i th J ; i w i th 1 ; r w i th
‘

“
w i th n ; I" w i th n ; n w ith n ; w w ith fl ;
. .

W w ith 1 w i th 7 ; T w ith J ; 1 w i th 1; D w i th
‘

3 w i th D ; 37 w i th 31 ; 37 w i th w ith in .

Z
Wh at is th e di ff e re n c e in fo rm b e t w ee n
D ah l e th an d fi n al K af be tw ee n ayi n an d
fi n al No o n ? H ay an d Gh ay th ? Vah v an d fi n al
N o o n ? Gh ay th a n d Tah v ? Bayth a n d Kaf ?
H ay an d Tah v ? Ge e m e l an d No o n ? S am e k
an d fi n al Ma i m ? D ahl e th an d R ays h ? Ayi n an d

fi n al Tsah thay ? Vah v an d Y o the ? Vah v an d

R ays h ? Ayi n an d Tsa thay ? Sh ee n an d Se e n ?
’

R M Th e d o t o er
E d is is c lle d th e D i
. iti l P i t
v an a a cr ca o n .

4 . Wh e n Kaf Maim No o n Pay , , , , or Tsah th ay

 GUIDE TO RE A DING T HE HE B RE W T E X T .
13

o ccur th e end of w or d s th e y are wr itte n as

at
“
,

in th e col u m n h e ad e d F i n al ”
.

5 I n He b. re w th e l e tter s an d wo r d s foll ow
e ach o th er fr om r ight to left Th u s o ur w o r d .

MO U TH wr i tt e n He b,
re w w is e w o ul d b e H TU OM -
,
.

NO m u s t b e re p re s e n t e d b y 1 m t b y m ; S b y
TE —
TE or , no a H

n e er by no ; by 2 n e er by o n
v Ts , v

E X ERC IS E I .

Wri t e in He b re w ch ar act er s th e fo ll ow ing

c o n s o n an t s

[ W h e n e i th er M o c u r s t th e d f w o r d i n th i '

“
N K s , , , F , or a c a en O s s

d o th er E x erc is e s t k e c re t o gi e i t it fi n l fo r m ]
”
an , a a v s a .

r sh th 1 h y m t s
B , , , , , , , , , p r f
ch , th t ,
n, , , , ,

k sh E g t s v k s d r h
, , , , , , , , , , ,
t s fi n al k m s th , , , , ,

ch th r bh n n l y t s h
, , , , , , , , , , ,
g t k d s 11 fin al
, , , , , ,

z m p t s y bth 111 fin al
, , , , , , , ,
h s g r f fi n al d
, , , , , ,

th t l k fi n al y z v b s
, , , , , , , , ,
t g h k f p th It
, , , , , , , ,

i) n r b t s th ch h g t
, , , , , , , , , ,
z d s l n f th m
, , , , , , , ,

s, k , ch , k , ptr, ym s, yh u , m th , m rk , l k , h b rv s ,

th sl n s, l yh , trm , th sn , m ss, d kf , t sch y, sh pl , prf ,

rt sr , sh rg , ch sh l , h sh m ,
’

b
lk b
t sm y h vh
, , ,
m sh pt,

t sthhh , gz l , gth l , m y th , y th v m ,
k m u ,
k m v ,
l m n k ,

k l m , h rs , sprt s, b ch n , r ch f , sh l f , rk , sr , v rh m , b b
v k sh o , yt sch k s l d n k c h sh m n , h th hl
, y r , ,
r , y ,
r c ,

s h ol ,
l tu , b
lh n btn srg , , , yh sh n , h tu , m z m r ,

m k tl , sn .

N O TE Th i E x erc is e s h u ld b e w r itte n m n y t i me un ti l
—
s o a s,

p erfec t f m i l i r i ty w i th th e fo rm d oun d i c qu i red

a a s an s s s a .
14 GUIDE T O RE ADIN G TH E H E B RE W T E X T .

E X ERC IS E II .

Writ e th e E n gl is h e qu i v al e nt s fo r th e c on
so n an t s in Ge n e sis i s ee p 4 5 pa ssi n g o v er N .
,
.
,

an d 37 w h e n th e y o ccur a s h av i n g n o so un d , .

P r a ct i c e b o th wr i ti n g an d pr o n o un ci n g th e
c o n so n ant s in th is ch apt er u n t i l an y an d e v er y

l e tter c an b e pr o n ou n c e d at sight .

NO Th e le rn er Ought n o t to g
TE —
a t o th e foll w ing x o on o e er

c is e s un ti l h e is th o r o ugh ly f m i li r w i th th e form d o und

as a a s an s s

of th e le tt er f th H bre w l p h b t
s O e h e i w i th hi
e AB C a a e as s s ow n .

§ 2 . TH E VOW ELS .

I TH E LONG Vow EL s
. .

1 Fo r c o n ve n i e n c e an d si m pl i c ity w e m ay
.

di vid e th e v ow e l s in t o tw o cl a ss e s v iz five l o ng ,
.

an d five s h o r t Th e l o ng v ow e l s are .

S o un d e d as R e prese nte d b
y

Kah é ts fath er a in
’
-
m a ,

Tsay ray -
a i n fa te a ,

“
C h ee rek ’
-
c c in fe e t cc ,

Ch O l é m I or O I n o ver
'
-
0 ,

S h oo rek O O i n foo l
’
11 -
OO ,
.

NO T h e h o r i n t l l i n e re p re s e n t s th e co n n n t t w h i c h
TE —
zo a so a o

th e o w el b el on gs ;
v m e n th ere fo re th t th e o wel t n d a s, , a v , s a s

b th th e c o n so n n t ; 1 th t th e o w el s t n d s
e n ea a th e c n o n n t
a v a o ver o s a .

C h s h o u ld b e p r o n o un ced h rd i n h m a , as c as .

2 . T h e v ow e l s are m os tl y pr o n o un ce d after
th e o
c n s n an o t und er w h i ch th e y s tan d e g ,
. .

a = b
a; 5
3 =ba; fi zz - m a ;
fl
a = kee .
 GUIDE TO RE ADING TH E HE B RE W T E X T .
15

Wh e n cho lem ( d efectively w r i tt e n L) f ollow s a .

c o n so n ant i t is pl ac e d over it e g I
3
“
bo ; ,
. .
1

E = p0 ; EBZ GO P .

C h o l e m ( fu lly w r i tt e n 5) an d Sh o ore k “
a s t an d
,

in the lin e wi th th e o th er c o n so nant s e g m p ,

. .

h cm ; m p k oo m .

E X ERC IS E III .

Pr o n o u n ce an d wr i te in E n gl i sh l e tt er s th e
,

f oll o w m g He b re w syl l ab le s .

[ A al f s d ay i n h e
e an so un d th e y av
y fo r t h s k e
no f co n ,
m a , e a O

b e re p re e n te d b s h th u s b i tt n
r

i
v e n e n ce , y d ( s t x y e w r e a m a ; a a m a —

my; m a t s a 1 5
233 as o E g 1 a? al t ) -
th
'

y o y b e g m -
, e c , or e
'

m a

left un e x p re ss ed ] .

h n, W , 3 53 ,
“
s
i
in , n n, b3
, ,

“
"
EA , m a n, in is in , ,
”7
-4
7;
i
s
3 ,

- ‘
"D
n unr, an , 3 n, E a, s in
; fip
“
, , ,

w
”

3 , 3 w 1 , ,
i
s, 3 , an , H: n, n
o, a ,
i:

1 , a , 711 , L
3 ,
i n 13 , a3 ,
i
s
}, E
“
m
“ , , is ,
3
c,

m an na fin -
1 H
e , in , "
ru n;

g
-
r
a a L ia g ng m,
HB,
‘
w
’

as, “
3 3 73
“
n s i in
E
“
, , , , ,

I, "
e na s m r

en g in e , 1 73 ,
i
n , N,

51 m m ,
16 GUID E TO R E AD ING T HE HE B RE W T E X T .

E X ERC IS E IV .

Pr o n o un c e an d w r i t e in E nglish l e tter s th e
foll owin g Heb re w wo r ds .

1
13 ,

73 ,
v an , an , i s , m ,
3 , 3m , D115,

w , m 5 , 11 3 3
, 7 3, 73 , pa , an, pp , 711 2 , Tm ,

"
ha , Bar , 3 17 , 33
3 , W , nn , pa , EN , cats,

3
7
1 3,
z fis ,
i
n, "
in ,
v an , 531 am m u yfip
, ,

w in , win
-
ma z 1, ms e
, W D, m 3
E , nfi: , s
g , , m3 ,

‘
r 53 m
’

ru, mo In , m in, c an
"

p; , 73 , , 3
3, a ,

3m 1 3s
“
fin ‘
D O mo , w
, , , , ,

w e , 32 , BE ,
yrs , 1 3
"
w , an , p1
-
it
, uh air ,

Ban
‘

, m p,
YE , T ,
1 qn , 1 53 , m , m , m m , 35 , i
rp ,

am m
“ 353 m ~
51n m a n,
, p ,
y rs, u p , , , p 1 , , ,

m a, an , m , an , 33 , 7 3
, m ,
o ab 12 , , an ,

E X ERC IS E v .

Pr o n o un ce th e fo l l o w in g Heb
re w wo r ds .

w e , w e , P53 , m , w e , an
7 55: m an , m a mn
‘

my , n, 7 3 s,
ya rn, D a
,
18 GUID E TO RE ADING T HE H E B RE W T E X T .

d ar, n at s l o o g po o l bOs see n h ats l o ol

, , , , , , ,

d ath ch ak h o n rah re e v po th b
, o ok ,l az , , , , , ,

ch e e sh bcr to o o ch o k l av d ar m o o t s eer
, , , , , , , ,

sok , t al , yath , h am , m o o sh , 330 01, ref , raz , Na v

‘

No n , no o th, m am , n oo n , Nach , Na m , r ash , 376 th

sh ee n yer ro o r , , , t ar , d Oo , poo k ban , , an

g , been ,

sh oor b ooz too l , , , pat s n eef yo,m , .

E XERCIS E VII .

Wr i te in He b re w c h ar ac te r s th e fo ll owing
wo r ds .

Kath o o v t ash ao b an o o a h al t are e th,

'

, , , y c ,

taf o o k , n ak o o m
'

,
bar at s , y a sh ao sh al e e m
‘

b
Oh OO h atOl ch athash , m al e e ts, t oboc
'

, , n e e sa n , ,

b ar ak sh al o m yalak h Ol Oth yah o om

, , , , ,
h em ah ,

re e sh On r ah ee m b as ar yOth ar h ate e v h Ol e e th,

'

, , , , ,

ak yah ar k al ee l , n aval ,
'

yam eem , yOn , ,

n o sa s ,

h an e e f , z ath an , z ak o o r , sh e e r an o o , tak e e m
' '

oo ,

m arach o h , h Ol e e thO, r athaf c o , k o cc a

'

yo n a e e m ,

n Oth , k t cf a f o th , yo z ao ath, k Ok ave e m ,

’

ya e e m oo,

h ar are c , y y
o a r e e v, yc ch an an , am O th a , s aree b ‘

so o k ath e e , sh e e rath an o o , tOsh e e o a n e e

' '

g e e m ,
.

3 Wh e n N is un pr o vid e d w i th a v o w e l si gn
.
,

an d foll o w s a ny l o n g v o w e l i t m ere l y s er v e s t o ,

pr o l o n g th e s o u n d O f s u ch v o w e l : e g N 7 3 . .
:

bare ; R aq = tfi tsa ; NW 3 = b 6 NH
E
= k aree ;
Nat e

;
= n asoo .
 GUIDE TO RE ADING TH E HE B RE W T E X T .
‘

19

7; m ay s er ve th e s am e prpos e w h e n i t
u ,

s tan ds at th e end of a w or d aft er

b
,

[or § 2 IL] ,
. e .
g .
a a z
g al a nba , g a l a 3 53 z
,

= g alo .

We h av e al re ady s ee n th at h av in g n o 1
,

v ow el Of i t s o w n after or ,s impl y s er ve s t o
m ak e th e pr o l o n g e d so u n d O f th e v o w e l T s a r a
o r Ch e e rek ; an d th at 1 wi th n o v ow e l u n d e r ,

i t o r i m m e di at e l y pre c e din g i t l os e s i t s con

, ,

so n an t al pow er e n t i re l y an d b e co m e s a m ere ,

h ol d er o f th e v ow e l Th e se l e tt er s th erefo re .

uiesce o r re s t in th e fo l l owi n g v ow e l s
q
N in a ny v ow e l ;

n in a
1 in 1 o r 1;
1 in 1 o r 1
( o r 1 2 . II Obs . .

4 . But
w h e n e i th er O f th e s e l e tt er s is pro
vid e d w i th a v ow e l si gn i t m u s t b e re g ar d e d ,

a s a conson a n t ; e g in N as it h as a
. .
,

v ow el un d er i t m u s t b e a c o n s o n an t ; so in
,

n m u st b e a c o n so n ant ; so in
“
111 ,

th e Vav an d Yo the are c o n so n an t s (cf 9 . .

,

E X ERCIS E V III .

Pr o n o un c e th e foll o wi n g w o r ds ; an d in e ach
c a s e s t at e w h e th er th e N n 1 o r 1 is qu i e s ce n t , , ,

or n o t .

1
N 3 , R 111, 3
3 , mg, s ag , N5 , N13 , N3 ,
20 GUIDE TO RE ADIN G T HE HE B RE W TE X T .

ENS
T zfis j ar a, i N3 13 113 , 15
"

,
3 , ,

N1 1
‘
UN E , e m
Z
'

"
, ma x , ENE, s w a n , n3 13

‘
,

13m m us 1 rim
’
-
11 m p
f ar
ug r1 1 N3
"
, , , , , r n , ,

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3
1
3 , ,
13

‘ L
as : m p , w am , t ,
"
D N D , ma x

PT] ” I5 11 1 m ”
3 I ” 33
1
7 NO R
T1
" " '
, , , ,

N10 , M1 1
, 3 12, 5 33 1
, 7 3 35 1
, ma y , use ,

l
M SQ , 3 1
1
5173 , m i e ma
rl , 7m , 321
115 3 ,

15 3 1 1
1
3
N1 1 11
.
, N :

( )
5 .W h e naC h o l e m ( )
w i th o u t 1 fo l l o w s o r
p re c e d e s d i t coin cid es w ith the d ia cr itica l
"
, p o in t

o f th e s e l e tt er s th e si ngl e d o t s er vi n g b o th as
,

th e v o w e l O an d as d e ter m in in g th e s o un d o f
,

In so th at 133 bo s h f or 133 ; Ds ' '

so m
:
, , ,

f or 5173 .

b
( ) I f C h o l e m ( d efe c t i v e l y wr i tt e n ) fo ll o w s

or pre c e d e s 1
23 i t is w r i tt e n o v er th e ,
opp osite

a r m ; so th at 11
“15 sh Oth ; vc sa .

E X ERCIS E IX .

Wri te in H e b re w ch ar act er s th e foll o w i n g

wo r ds (0 I n e v er y in s t an ce t o b e w r i tt e n

d ef ective ly i e wi th th e si m pl e
,
. .

Oh Osan ch o s h an yOsh av s h ol a m ch ascf

, , , , ,
 GUIDE TO RE ADING T HE HEB RE W T E X T .
21

taf 6 s, sh Of at, or ok m Osh ak , sh OrOs, sh Or at s,

’

s ,

s h al o sh sh Ok a v, k csh t, n o s h an sh oaal ,
‘ '

,
n o sa N , ,

b
v sah , a sh ar , t sh e e o , b b sok ar , yash Om , sh oma m ,

so n a N , n ash d s, sh Oyar , ya sh O h , s h Ok
so r a f ,
a n ,

h osh abg o sh e e , ,
scrah , m Osh ar ah , k o s h al , sck ak ,

sh n pa r o s h sh Oc e e , m e esh Or, sh Ok ak ah ,
yo a a , ,

d Osh ash , t a sh o on a h ,
‘ ’

bOsh ash O O , yah Osh te e .

E X ERC IS E X .

Pr on o un ce an d w rit e i n E ngl ish ch ar act er s

th e foll owin g wo r d s .

NO TEW h. n o t p rece d ed by
—
ow el 25 O h ; iii O
en a v 1 s s
.

W h e n 12: h n o vow el d i t iv o ; fi h o e x ce p t t th d
as un er z s z s , a e en

o
f d
w or w h e n
s,i t i O s s.

5
51, 11153
on , 1 0 1
, 13s , F1 1
3 , 1315
1

1 13 33, NM ,
33 , 1 3 13 , 3 3 ,

1151 3 , 1151135, 1151 3 , 15133

1
.

3 151 1
, 1753
3 , 3 3 115 , 1351 25, 3 115s 3
, 3 133 , 1
3 3
51 1
,

11153 , $ 153, 11 1335, 1 353, 1 1 35, 117513 , 1 511537 ,

155 155 , 1 mm,

“
53 5 13 3 1
“
21753 15353 cats
13 , 1 3
1 1
, , ,

3
p3 3155 ,
1
, 351 3, r3
t il l
-
, 33
5
3 , tac it , 351 15 , 1

1:5:5p, 11 1535, 3
3 3 s un, N3 13 353, 1 1 05 ,
5
7
37
,
3 ,

‘
15r53, i
fi
.

p gz ,

‘ ’

No nn Th e s tud e n t h o ul d t g t th fol l o w i ng E x erc i e s

.
s no o on o e s

un ti l h e h p erfe tl y m s tered th e p ri n ci p le lre d y p re s e n t d

as c a s a a e .

Th o r o ugh n e c nn o t b e t Ofte n t s tr o n glyi n is te d u p o n

ss a oo or oo s .
22 GUIDE TO RE AD ING TH E HE B RE W T E X T .

II Th e sh o r t v ow el s
. are
°

R epre sente d b
y

Pat -
tach a in d a sh ,

seg ol -
e m m et ,
‘
Gh e e Eek in i
’
-
1 n
p ,
Ka m é t s Ch a t oo f h ot
’
- -
0 m ,

KIN -
boo t s 11 m f iill ,
R EM 1 . . Ch e e re k , and b
Kibo o ts, in o
p en 4 .

a ccen ted y ll b le s h o w e er l g
s a are , v , on .

R M 2 K m e ts ( b r o d )
E . . d K m e t Ch t f ( s h o r t 6 ) h e
a a a an a s a oo av

th e s m e form ; th e r le f d is ti ng is h i ng th e
a fro m th e o th er
u or u o ne

w i ll b gi e n fu rth er
e v on

R M 3 S e go l o m e t i m
E .
q i
. e ce i d h e n ces s u m e s th e es u s s n 1 , an a s

R EM . 4 . P at tach an d S e go l at th e en d o f w or d s qu i e ce w i th
s n

e .
g
. m z m a ; 31 113 : SE .

E XE RCIS E X I .

Pr o n o un ce an d w r i te in E nglis h c h ar act er s
th e fo ll owing syll ab le s .

NO I this E x erc is e 7 is s h o r t o
TE —
h .

3a , 525 51 . , 11 ,

Ba na "
l
, SN , 7 13 33 3 5 13 ,

33 , as

r m,
pm , 1
3 3 ,

h
T

31 .
 GUIDE TO RE ADING TH E HE B R E W T E X T .
23

33 11515 , 3 1
3
1
, ,

1 11
1 11 51
1
1 1 11
1 5 ,

31 , 1
1 7
3 , 11 73 , 13 , 11 , 1 3, 1 13 ,

13 , 3 13 , 1 11 , -

1 1 , 111 ,
1
F1 , 511 - , 13 3 1 2 3 1 11 0 119 ,

E X ERCIS E XII .

Pr o n o un ce an d wr i t e in E nglish ch a ac r ter s
th e foll owin g wo r ds .

NO T E —
In th is E xer is e th e tud e n t w i ll p y n o tte n tio n t o
c s a a

th is m rk a , b u t w r i te d p ro n o un ce th e w r d i f i t w ere b n t
an o as a se

al toge th er ; e .
g 1
. 3 3
3 1
7
al k1ah z
7 h ere imn is n o t s'

h o r t.5 .

363 11 s , , 3 131 , 11 1 1
3 , 31 1
, 11 3 3 , 13s
21
3 1
13 73 , 13 3
1 , 33
1 , 3 33 , 1111 51
, 131 173 3 1511 , 1 1311 ,
1

3 1 11 , 1 3 3 11 3 15, 1113 s L3 3 1
'

3 3 3 11 ,
1
,
1
,
1 ,

3 1 11 ,
3 1 11 13 11 , 131 1
, 3 11 11
1
; 11 1
1 1 3
1
, 13 1 13 , 11 1
1 3 11
, 1 13 ,

3113 11 ,
111 1 , $ 73 11 1 131 13 , 5131 , 11 3 13 , 1 33 , 1 31 ,
”
3 13
3 3 13
1 11 1
, 31
3 1 31 1 1 1 1
, , ,

7
11 1
53 . 3 3 63
11 , 53 3 , 3 11 53 3
1
, 3313 , 63 1 3 ,

3 131 3 3 , 13 1 13 1
11 3 , 1 13 1
, 3 13 1 , 53 53 ,

5
1 73 1 3 11 1
, 11 3 11 , 51153 13 11 15
1 1 3 ,
 24 G UIDE TO RE ADING TH E H E B RE W T EX T .

3 1 1 73 , m m Ri m,

3 1 13 , 13
1 31 ,
1
pm , 31 1 3 , 3 33 1 , 33 333 1

3 13 1 , 1313 , 53 53 , 33 1
,

3313 , 1 21 23 3 , 13 3 3 , 33 5 , 3
11 5 ,
3 1 3 371
,

1 11 1 1 1
353 3 3 5133 1 1 37 , 3 31133 3 1 1 37 ,
1 1 1 3
, ,

53 3 3 , 3 33 3 , 1 3 13 1 3
3
1
,
33 13 ,

12
1
33 3 3 ,
F3 1 3 , 11 3 3 , 1 2;

3 33 3 13 3 3 , 13 3 1
51112571 “
1 5 25 7
1 3 1 73 3 ,

E X ERC IS E XIII .

Wr ite in He b re w c h ar act er s th e foll owi n g

syl l ab
le s an d w o r ds .

‘
D ag , gath pen k af pach d a rn ch ok
’

m in , , , , , , ,

sh ath k ol gan y atia z iv b in k en b fi n d el

’

, , , , , , , ,
‘
z um d iv d ii n h im h ii l S al d ath h a r g é l yiz
, , , , , , , , , ,

y is h path yé sh n ir Nel Nak R im Nis h vim

, , , , , , , , ,

Pam va n Pil Mi r) t s in r at s s h e w
, ,
g e s h riv , , , , , , ,
‘

n é f e sh m e l é k h a l k l k l e h l h
’
-
g at ,
ata ot z s -
a e m , , , , ,

bak e m re gel Ino ra g ch al e k d é ré k t afe n

’

,
-
, , ,
-
, ,
‘

t sim d a k o vn o sh o o sh a n
,
sh ak av sh om rah , , , ,

tik tol t am ak to k tal h é l ev d al yo o b

‘

,
ot srah , ,
-
, , ,

h iish k a v, m fi kr ach ,
tach m otit , m ik n eh , yigl é h ,
r s o sh e h y a va n e l ach , l é
’

a
y y i n pa a h m
, , , ,
m - -
c hem ,

n at s al , ch 6 sh é k m u k d ash , s ifra a l k i
‘

, , me e , y n
‘’
tan , gu thl o, ch evr o n , r i sh pa, n ist ar , n a f sh e e ,
'

birk ath , ch iif sh e e , it te n , k il yoth , yir eh , b b b

il
 26 GUIDE To REA D IN G T HE H E B RE W T E X T .
"

( )
d Inth e m id d le o f a w o r d i t is so m e tim e s
v o cal s o m e ti m e s sil e n t
, .

( )
L I f pre c e d e d b y a n u n ac c e nt e d shor t

v o w e l i t is silent .

I t is h o w e v e r vo ca l i f pre ce d e d b
,
y ,

( )
a an u n ac c e n t e d l on g v ow e l ;
b
( ) a n o th er s h v a
’ '

( )
c D ag e s h F o r t e 5 2 , ,

( )
d Me th e g 7 ,

‘
() Vav
>I
er si v e j
'

e co n v ,

( f) th e A
f‘
r t ic l e a o r
>
, ,

(g ) i f i t s t an ds b e t w ee n t wo s im il ar
l e tter s ,

NO T E Th e s e occ u on l y t th e bgi i g f
. d ; g r
r m a e nn n o w or s e . .
a

is to b e re d a y h n o t ay h ee ; 0e h ay th n o t
a v -
’
-
ee , v -
"
°

11 -
80 ,

h ay -
so tlz .

w o Sh v a s o ccur in th e m id d le o f a
() f ’
I et
wo r d th e fir s t is sil e n t th e s e c o n d is s oun d e d
, , .

5 Th e sou nd o f v o c al Sh v a is th at o f th e
.
’

v er y s h o r t e m m ystery o r in ca techism Fi x ,
.

th e lips t o pr o n o u n c e a c o n s on an t e g b p ,
. .
, ,

o r t o pe n th e m o u th g e n tl y e x h al e th e b
,
re ath , ,

an d th e s o u n d o f Sh va is pr od u c e d I t is in ’
.
,

fact ju s t e n o u gh o f a so un d to g e t a l e tter o ut
,

o f th e m o u th P la n e i n He b re w w o ul d b
. e , ,

wr i tt e n 155 ; k ree bloom 5

D7 3 '
11
"

R EM . 1i n th e e x er is e s is re p re s e n te d th u
. Vo ca l S h ’
va g c s e . .

B k a S il t S h
’ '

(.th e m ere s
eny ll b le d i i d er
’

) is
va t d e si gn t e d a v no a

i n th e e xer is e s ; g yi l ok m u t b e w ri tt n 115
c e . . m w o uld s e 7:

b e e xp re ss e d by ik ta n v .
 GUID E T O RE AD IN G TH E HE B R E W TEX T .
27

R EM I t y i mpl ify th e m tter f d e ter mi n i n g o c l fr o m

. 2 . m a s a o v a

si le n t Sh i n th e id d l f w rd t re m e m b er th t f t
’
va m e o a o , o a a er a n u n

a cce n et d h t l s ort d l g Sh
vo w e is ge n er ll y
,
or an a c ce n e on on e,
’
va a

sil t ; i n o th er c e i t is l m o t l w y
en l as s a s a a s v oca .

R M 3 A E s pi r t e 5 1 ) w i th o u t D ge h L e n e 5 1) s h o w
. . n a a , a s , s

th t th e p rece d i n g S h is
a l
’
va vo ca .

6 T h e co m p ound Sh v a s (w h i ch are ch i e fl y
’
.

u s e d wi th th e guttur al l e tt er s v iz a r ms) are ,

.

C h it tel Pattach , er y sh o r t a Germ a ny

”

-
v , as i n .

Ch a t e f Sé g ol
’
- fi
,
ver y s h o r t 6 , as in im b
e cile .

Ch a t e f Kh m é ts, very s h o r t 5 in ivory

’ ’

fl -
as .
,

Th e s e c o m po u n d Sh v a s are a lw ays voca l ; an d ’

will b e re pre s e nt e d in th e e x er c is e s b
y a s m a l l
a e o r 0 w r itt e n ab

“
, ,
o ve th e l i n e ; e g . .
,

ch l e e f ah ;
a
W P boch re e ; pm yec h e
zak .
O
‘ ‘
.

E X E R CI S E X I V .

Wr i t e in He b re w ch ar acter s th e foll owing

wo r ds t ak i n g c are t o put in th e silent a s w el l
,

a s th e v o c al Sh v a s
’
.

E n a,
’
byath l y o m
’ ‘

,
’ '

,
l
’
m e eno , l
’
k a, k sh or
'
’
,
m
’
l e e t s,
s k an
’
l h d a l h’
ee f th z a l
’
o
’ ’ ’ ’ '

,
vo o s , v r , c , y o , m n ,
v ,

g
’
th ol v
’
g a m , N em ,
o r ,
l o ch O
Ie e ,
s ’
n e h , ra
th e n ,
t e s
r e
laf
’

,
b
ey ah Nemat s , ,
m ithyan , yit sch ak , sh or re e m ,
' '
’

h al l o o ’
,
l om the e m
’
,
b irch ath e e , d al th a, z ilpah ,
b il h ah ,
h im l e e k , sh iil ch a n , h ay Nor ,
’ '

l av m oth, a

ch l o m
a
, sh al ach t e e , h atal t , na rd , yi sr axal ,
n im

t so o , y h ov ah , sh om rah , N ch oz , e
’ ’
st n ch , n
’
t sor,
' '

a
r

b arak t, yar d , ravt, h in n o o ,

’
bil te e ,
28 GU IDE TO RE ADING T HE H E B RE W TEX T .

k ah , ya l k e e , t sov ve e , y or ah ,
’
n al
’ ’
vay th av ,
’ ’ '

a
m

k th avte e v , yavk , m é r ch ak , ol k e e , iik tar,

’ '

m m

sik sak t, yaft ,

h li throsh ,
a
N th o me
, c h n ok
a
, ch O
tha
‘
r o m m o o , m sh ot te e m sh ot
’ ’
sh e e m
’
, ,
fl
to o , sa rtEm ,
‘ ‘
k tas h k h ith k alk al t
’ ’
h ish
’

yir No o , yi r vo o , ,
v v
’

tach ve e th a
a
.

E X ERC IS E xv .

Pr o n o un c e th e fo ll owi n g wo r ds ; al so s t at e
w h i c h o f th e Sh v a s o c curr i n g in e a ch w o r d ar e
’

voca l an d w h ich sile nt ; an d f o r w h at re a s o n s

, .

7 m ap, 1153
-
111 , m e, 1 , m

11q .

, 17 m , 11151 1

j 11 1133
‘
qj u
g ,
1
33 2 2 5 1
, QR , 3
15 ,
13 1 7 1
, ,

fi a, t - “
q y7 11 7 1
1
m a 1
,
1
11 2 1 51
0
,

5
13 1 2 Ew an , 121, 1q nnn , 27 73 7 1 ,
3 3 q
1 1 1
23373 , 3713 5 0
,

mm
'

7 1m m , m 1
,
1
7 93 , n gr
gp, n
rw ,
s ,

4
1
, mi 1 -1
t am s , c ap, 11 q
r
1,

5
1 1
m cm 1m
”
1
33 , , , ,

‘ 35
7 15
'

nmm , nuis n,
319 ,
p ,

‘
s ci 11
-
3 , 11 1 1 111
9 , q m n , 5 2933
1
, 11u5 1
, 11m N ,

13 7 15115,
’ ‘

1
mm 11 1 111 1 , 1
mf r s 11m
,
g
“
,

‘ ‘
D s nn 5 5mm 1
11 12 37 5 fi nnn , Brim “ m UN ,
g g , , , r ,

'

"
w nnjs , 1 111s ,
 GUI D E T O R EAD I NG T H E H EBR EW TEX T .
29

b
ur an , 11 2211 1
, s ja
g
'

, 11011 , 335 521, m ay,

3
1
3 573 ,

m 1
15m , 153 5 3 1
, nui51 , m un cn
'

Sb
N ,
1
13391

ngfiw nm
' '

19 s , 11 1153 1
as ,
1
am ,

1 31 9337:

4 . SYLLABLES .

1 . E very syll ab l e th erefo re every wo r d , an d ,

mu st b e in wi th a co nsona n t
g T h e c o nj un ct i o n .

1 a n d prefi x e d t o w or d s w h o s e fir s t l e tt er is
, ,

v o w ell e ss o r is a l ab
,
i al 73 o r D is th e so l e , , ,

e x ce ptio n t o th is rul e ; e g . .

2 Op en syl l ab l e s are th o s e w h ich end i n a

“
.

vow el so u n d ; e g c a nee . .
-
.

3 Closed o r shut syl l ab

. l e s are th o se w h i ch
end in a consona n t ; D
E.

4 . L ong v o w e l s s t an d re gul arly in op en syll a

b
le s ; 1
1: 1 1am .

5 . Sh or t v ow e l s s t an d re g ul arl y in sha t syll a

b
le s ; m m .

6 . An a cc e nt
rever s e rul e s 7 3 , 1 0) m ay

4 an d 5 an d all o w a long v ow e l t o s t an d in a
,

shn t syl l abl e o r a shor t v ow e l in an op en o n e ;

,

i 5 l a a s h t a
’ '

1 1 3
e g y r o o
1 1 3 v - - -
. . .
,
5 ?

7 In re adin g He b
. re w Vo cal Sh va m ay b e ,
’

re g ar d e d as fo r m i ng a so r t o f op en syll ab le .

meg a leaf l a -
.

8 . No syll ab
le c an c o nt ai n m o re th an a sin
30 GUIDE To RE A DING T HE HEB RE W T E X T .

gl e v ow e l Tw o c o n curr ing v o w el s as e g in
“
. . .
, ,

o ur wo r d li o n n ever o ccur Se e R ul e 1 ,
”
. .

E X E R CI S E XVI .

D iv id e e ach wo r d in E x er cis e s V X XII .

, .
, ,

an d XV int o i t s c o m po n e n t syl l ab
. l e s ; g i ve th e
re a s o n w h y e ach syll ab l e is o pe n o r cl o s e d ; an d
al so w h e th er th e sy l l ab l e h a s i t s pr oper v owe l ,

t o g e th er with th e re a so n f or it .

5 . D AGESH .

l . Th e d o t in is call e d th e
n, E I, J , z
"
.

D AGES H LENE an d s er ve s t o g i ve t o th e s e
,

l e tter s cal l e d a sp ir a tes th e ir h ar d so u n d e g

, ,
. .

D = ph o r f w h i l e E = p ; n = th w h i l e m
, ,
t ,
z .

2 A DAGES H F ORTE is a s im pl e do t w h i ch
.

m ay b e pl ac e d in th e b oso m o f any l e tter ,

e x ce pt th e gu ttural s v iz a n 11 37 an d s om e ,
.
, , , ,

tim e s 1 .

3 I t s e fi e ct is to d oub
. le th e l e tt er i n w h i ch
i t s tan ds ; e g SUE h at ti l aim h ug gas h - -

“
.

“
. .
,

Kabb ath m u s t b
-
e wr i tte n 13 2 n o t 1 3 3 3 ,
.

4 I t is n e v er fo un d i n a vow elless fi n
. a l l e tt er

o f a w o r d e x ce pt in E R an d
,

5 I t is ver y r arel y fo u n d i n th e fi r st l e tter

.

o f a w or d
“
.

6 Wh e n i t o ccur s in an a spir at e
. 5 I J ,3 , , , ,

i t n o t o nl y d o u b
les i t b ut al so g i v e s it th e ha r d ,
 GUIDE To RE ADING T HE HE B RE W T E XT .
31

s o un d ; h e n ce i t is b o th for te an d lene ; e g . .

“
th e do t in I is o f c o ur s e lene b u t th e d o t i n 2 , ,
,

m ak e s th e l e tt er ban d al so do ub l e s it so th at , ,

th e wo r d is pr o n o un c e d d abb ar -
.

7 Th e D ag e s h in an a spi r a t e c an e a sil y b
. e

d e t er m i n e d I f a v ow e l s o un d pre ce d e i t i t
. ,

must b e D ag e s h For te i f a sil en t Sh va pre ce d e ’

,
‘

i t is D ag e s h L e ne ; e g 1 2 3 th e D ag e sh in 9 . .
,

m u st b e for te I n IQ 11 11 5 an d NBQ Eth e D a

" .
,
1
,

g e s h is lene .

8 D o ub
. l e Vav ( 1 ) h a s th e sam e fo r m as
Sh oo rek ( l)
- f Wh e n th e pre ce d i ng l e tter h as
.

a v ow e l n= do ub ,
l e v ; o th er wis e i t is 6 6 ; e g . .

my k i v vam ; b ut m h o om
? p
-
.

9 I n re g ar d t o syll ab
. i catio n th e l e tter in ,

w h i ch D ag e s h F o r t e s t an d s closes o n e syll ab l e , ,

an d al so b e ins an o th er
g .

E X E R CI S E XVII .

Writ e i n He b re w h ar act er s th e foll owing

c

wo r ds .

Rab b ‘ ‘
e em k al l ah , ,
n ittach , n iig gash , k l il l e e
y ittan
‘

, yik sh r enn e e , o t t e e m ,
k a v v a
’
n ,
k oll
’

o o b ,

t sivvah , h iyya m , m al l k o o , m il l a, g m al l e e m
’ ’
,

t f il l ah ,
’
sii b
bk o ,
’
i sh sh th
'

a, y sh
m ad d am ,
k o ll ah ,
’ ’ ' '

h ith pall at, h att l ah , h im m al l at, sh amm ah , tig

’
' '

sh e e , l th itte e , h in n e n n e e ,
’ ’
g h a ss e h , tittam m am ,

v att f al l tam k osso o ,

’ ’
n it tattem k
’
’
o, , y o o n n e nn o o ,

yad d k inn
’
ah ,
h i
’

nn a b
be e th a ,
vattissa b
bee .
32 GU IDE To RE ADING TH E HE B RE W TEX T .

E X E R CI S E XVIII .

D ivid e e ach w o r d in t o i t s c o m po n e n t syll a

b le s I f Sh v a o c cur s s tat e w h y i t is v o c al
.
’
,

o r si l e n t I n th e a s pir ate s s t at e w h e th er
.
,

D age s h is l e n e o r fo r te An d w h e n th e y h a ve .

n o D a g e s h gi v e re a s o n fo r i t s o m issi o n
, .

7
1
71 7 13
11 3 1 11 137 3
3 7 1, 13 3
1

, 1,

11 3 3 73 13 1 , 13 3
1 113 1
3 73 i 3 3 3 71 , 1
1 333 1 31 7 3
1 1 1
, , ,
1 3
13 7 , 773 3 7 3 111
‘

3 73 1 33 3
1
, , 11 3 3 ,

3 3 3 71 , 3 11 71 7 1 , 3 13 1
1
31 , 7 3 73 17 ,
1
117
,

'

113 73 , 3 73 3 s , 1 73 3 s ,

7 7 7
3 3 7 17 1 171 1 13 2 3 7 1
1 ,
3 7, 7
1 7 1,
7323 1 , 73 n13 373 7 1 ,
7
1
33 23 1 1
, 1313 s , 7 117 1 , 373 71 .

13 1 37 , 13 ,
77 13 1 77173 37 , 71 3 1 ,
1
13 3 3 ,
7
11
3
1
1 11
1 3 ,

1
3 3 7-
33 3 ,

3 11 7 7 11311 11 3 57 1, 137 3 1 ,
7 7
53 13 1 , m ans t a r3 31
577 , 1 -
, ,

3 3 3 71 , 1s 3 3n , 7 1513711 , 71313 3 31733 7 5, 3 1

13 3 , 53 1 3 1
- 1
1

5 7311 11 1113 373 1 171

, ,
1
3 cm ,

6 . P ATTACH FU R T IV E .

1
Wh e n Pattach is w r i tte n u n d er e i th er o f
.

th e gu ttur al s 73 71 o r 9 s t an di n g at th e e n d , , ,

o f a w or d it is call e d fur tive an d is pr o

, ,
34 G UIDE T O RE AD IN G TH E HE B RE W T E X T .

§ 7 . MAP P IK , MAKKEF, AND METH EG .

1 Mappik is d o t ins erve s fin al 7 1 , an d

'

. a a

t o s h o w th at i t is a consona n t an d n o t a m ere ,

q u i e s c e n t l e tter Th u s i n. 7 1 is a co n so ,

n an t an d clo ses th e syll ab

,
le In 713 3 71 is a .
,

q u i e s c e n t a n d m ere,
l y p r o l o ng s th e so u n d o f
Kam e t s w h il e th e syl l ab
, l e is op en .

( )
a M a pp ik c ann o t b e c o n fo u n d e d wi th D a

g e s h F o r te as th e l atter n e v er o ccur s in gu t
,

ta ral s or fi n al l e tter s .

2 Ma k k é f is a s h o r t h o rizo ntal b
. ar ( o r h y

b
°

p h e n ) e t w e e n tw o 01 m o re wo r ds ; e
g . .

7 1 1117 15 7
1 138
- - - -
”
31 3 3 711 .

( )
a W h e n wo r d s a re so c o n n e c t e d o n l y th e ,

last w o r d h a s an acc e n t an d th e v o w e l in th e ,

fin al syl l ab l e o f th e wo r ds pre ce di n g th e Mak

k e f is g e n er al l y shor t .

3 Mé th é g is a s m all perpe n d icu l ar l i n e ( 1 )

.

p l a c e d o n t h e l ef t o f th e v ow e l w h i c h st an d s in

t h e second syl la b le b efor e the ton e .

( )
a I t s u s u a l p osi ti o n i s b y th e v ow e l o f th e
a n te ena lt I t c a n n ever o c cur in th e a ll o r
p .

p e nu l t e g ,
1 7 2
37 . 1 73.y 1 33
, .

b
3

f r e f co nd a ry acc e nt
( ) I t s o c 1 s th a t o a se ,

an al o g o u s t o th at o n th e fir s t syl l ab l e o f o ur
‘
w o r ds u nd er ta k e a n im a tl on
’
” f
.
, ,

c P o l ysyll ab r e e ve
( ) i c wo ds s o m t i m s h a t wo
o r m o re Me th e g s , e g . .

( )
d A v ow e l wi th M e th e g i s u s u all y l o ng .
 G UIDE To RE AD IN G T HE HE B RE W T E X T .
35

§ 8 . KA MET S AND KAMET S CH ATOOF —

.

T h e s ure s t g u id e f o r dis ti n gu is h i n g b e tw ee n
l o n g a an d sh o rt o (b o th re pre s e n t e d b y o n e

is th e gr a m m a mca l d er zva tzon o f a

'

si gn ,

wo r d .

F o r th e b e gm n e r th e f ol l ow m g rul e s will ,

s er v e a s a gu id e .

1 Th e si g n
. is s h o r t 0 i n a closed una ccente d
_

syll ab l e .

2 T h e si gn _ is sh o r t 0 i n an op en syll ab
. le
o nl y w h e n fo ll ow e d b y K a m e t s C h a t o o f o r b y
-

Ch ate f K am e t s -
.

3 Or t o e xpre ss th e ru l e s in a di ff ere nt
.
,

w ay th e si g n _ is s h o r t 0 w h e n fo l l ow e d b
,
3 y ,

( )
1 D a g e s h F o r t e 1
3 1 r o nn e e
“
3

( )
2 M a k k e f 7 3 11 5 1 3
,

( 3 ) K a m e t s C h a t o o f : 1
1 73 1 1
3
-
h o v o m th e e ;
b
3 3

( )
4 Ch a t e f K a m e t s 1
1 7 13 -
o c h r e e ;
O
3 3

Sh v a wi th o u t an i n t er v e n i n g Me the g
’
,

“1 1 73 5 sh o m rah ; o r
3 3 3 ,

( )
6 W h e n i t s t a n ds i n a c lo se d fi n a l sy l l a

b l e wi th th e a cc e n t o n th e p ena lt
,

va yyah om
’

R EM . C e ( 5 ) i th e o n ly o n e wh i ch c u e ny p er ple x i ty
1 . as s a s s a .

I t is n ece ss ry to d e ter m i n e wh e th er th e s y ll ble i n w h i c h s t n d s

a a a

is Op e n o r cl os e d ; t o d is c o er th is w e m u s t k n o w w h e th er th e S h
v
’
va

is o c l
v a sile n t T o tell w h e th er th e S h is oc l o r i le n t
or .
’
va
’

v a s

( un le ss i t is fo ll o w e d b y n d g h d s p i r t e 5 an1 )uw eam u s

es t e a a , ,

k n o w w h e th er th e p rece d i ng o w el i l o ng o hor t w hic h i th e v s r s , s

very p o i n t i n qu e stio n .
36 G UID E TO RE AD IN G TH E HEB RE W T E X T .

But a
g e n er l p r c t i c l r u le isat o re g r d th e a a a w h e n fo ll o w ed
by wi th o u t i n ter e n i n g M th g s h o r t 5 ;
an v e e as e .
g .
1 7 73 73 hotl e e ,
W h i le 2 leat l o o
’
.

A D ag e s
h F o r t e b e tw ee n th e d th e f c o u r s e d e t er m i n e s an o

th e soun d s h o r t 6 e e n th o ugh th e 7 b e cc o mp n i e d by M th g ;
as ,
v a a e e
’
e .
g 13. 71 r oz z ka .

R EM 2 . l so c o mm o n l y s t n d s b y th e K m e ts Ch t f
. M e t he g a a a -
a oo

w h e n i t i foll o w e d b y n o th er K m e ts Ch t f b y Ch t f K m e t s
s a a -
a oo or a e -
a

( C s e s
a 3 d I t is o n l y w h e n is foll o w e d by th t th e
an ‘’
l
a

M th g is f u s e t d e t r m i n e th e o un d
e e o a o e s as .

4 . Th e fir s t 3
th e t w o an o m al o u s wo r ds
_ in
13 1 1
311 3 an d 13 1 31 5 is s h o r t 6 Pr o n o un c e k b
tha
3 3
.

sh e e m , sh or ash e e m .

5 .th er ca s e s b
In e sid e s th os e ab
all ov e o

is l o n g a ; v iz in op en syll ab
“
m e n ti o n e d , le s .
,

w h e th er a c c e n te d o r n o t w h e th er th e y h a v e a ,

u i e s e n t l e tt er o r n o t n d i n a cce n ted syl l ab l e s

q c a ,

w h e th er th e y b e cl o sed o r fo ll o w e d b y D a g e s h
F o r te .

E X E R C I S E XX .

Wr it e in He b re w ch ar act er s th e foll owing

w o r ds .

N B c e fu l t o i n s r t M th g d sile n t S h i n th e i r ’
O TE —
e ar e e e an va

p r op er p l ce s a .

115 11 15 1 b otn e e m bb tt ak e m s h am
,
’

,
’

, ,

ro nn o o 116 17 1115 111 l ak g of re e th y ch on k a c h o n

’
’
0
, , , , ,

n anc o Nd z n a b alak t a h ab
, botte e m k dl , , ,
‘

k al h othk oth s h alo s h k b

‘’
sh r ah k ash rah y i s h
' ’
’
, , , , ,

m o rh e m h o l k e th vayy a
'

o o
’

ya s v p v m y,
o o m a , , ,

m o th a é kl ah h agg am al k ol b
‘

,
as ar 116 71 16 ,
-
,
7
,

kb
tbvk a, sh of k k a, iil l ak
’ ’ ’
’ ’
m m .
 G UID E TO REA D IN G TH E HE B RE W T E X T .
37

E X E R C I S E XX I .

Pr o n o u n ce an d wr i t e in E n gl is h ch ar acter s
th e fol l owin g w o r ds Gi v e th e re a s o n in e ach .
,

c a s e w h y th e si g n 1 s l o n g a o r sh o rt 6 .

Th e cce n t i o n th e
NOTE .
-
a s l a st sy ll ble e x ce p t h ere o th er
a , w

w is e m rk e d b y a

173 73 77
71 33 1
7
7
73 , 3
3
, 3 3
,

“
1
7 11 3 13
3 73 , , 71 71 1 , 13 33 73
7
1
3 ,
1 1 13 3 73 1 111
17
3 ,

“
3 33

13 1 3 , 7 13 7 7
3
3 3 ,
7
713 73 3 13 ,
7 3 73
7 3 7 3
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38 GUID E T O READ IN G T HE HE B RE W T EX T .

1
11 1 1 21 1
1 1 11
1 5 1111
5 17 1 "
11 1 1-1
, 1 1 1
11 ,

1
11 11
17 3 1 21 1
21 3 1 12 2 1, 101 71 "
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1 1

1 1 11 1 11 11 - ,

§ 9 . VAV AND Y OTH E AS CON ONA NT S S .

1 ( )
. W h e n eav er V a v is pre c e d e d b y a n y
o th er v o w e l th an Sh o o re k Kib bo o ts o r Ch o ‘

, ,

le m ; o r w h e n e v er Y o th e is pre c e d e d b y a n y
o th er v o w el th an Ch e e ré k T s ar a o r S e g ol ; o r
'

, ,

b
( ) w h e n e v er th e y re c e i v e D ag e s h F o r t e ; o r
( )
0 h av e a v o w e l o r v o c al Sh v a ; o r
( )
d s t d ’
an

at th e b e g i n n i n g o f a w o r d th e y are tre at e d a s ,

c o n so n ant s v iz v o r y ; th u s av a s in 1 ;
,
.

1 ,

1_ = a v, a s in 13 ; 1_ = a v , a s in 113 1 = e v, as

i n 17 115; 1 a s in 12 ; 1 1
( l i k e 1 ) = a v , as

in 1 23 1
3
, pr o n o u n c e d ban av .

"

Th u s 1_ or 1 ai , as in a is le
( not l ik e ai in
7

o y, s o un d e d n o t l i k e
)
‘
a il 1
1 51 t sar a i ; 1 1
p ,
:

b b
3
3

13 = g o e e ;
“
u t m o re l i k e o c e , e g
°

oy in o
y ,
1 . .

I o o y l ik e ,
u o y in b
uo
y ,
ie
. . ooe e ; e .
g .
11
73 3

g al o o e e .

A s th e fo r m s in w h i c h Y o th e t ak e s D a g e s h
F o r t e c a u s e th e b e g i n n e r s o m e pe r pl e x i ty th e ,

pr o n u n c i at i o n o f s o m e o f th e s e fo r m s is h e re

gi v e n .

W h e n e er v ai o urs
cc in th is s e tio n i t is l w y s t o b e
c , a a so

p r on oun ced .
 GUID E T O READ ING T HE HE B R E W T E XT .
39

e e ye e , e .
g . d x=
‘fl
t se e ye e rn -
.

e e yéth ,
‘
t se e yd h
7132; -
.

e e yo , 1
1 ;1 1 t se e yo n -
.

e e yeh , t se e yé h
’

rm ; -
.

5
1 3 t se e yo o n
e e yo o , 1 ;
-
.

“
c h ai yee m
“
ai ye e , D W I: -
.

ai ya l , n c h ar ye n -
.

c h ai yeth
'

-
.

a l yo , m n c h ai yo th -
.

o o yo , 11 7 3 5
7 7: m al k o c -
yo th .

2 .
( )
a W he n th e f u ll fo r m f o r Ch o l e m ( 1) h a s
a vo w el u n d er it, it is t o b e r e a d o v an d n o t ,

Sl m p l e o ; e g 11 16 l ov
. ah.
,
n o t l o ah -
.

b
( ) If t h e pr e c e d in g l e tt e r h a s a , v o w el or

v o c al Sh va ’
is t o b e r e ad V0 ; e g 1133 yal v o n
'

. .
, ,

n o t ya o n , f or tw o v o w e l s c an n e v e r th us c o n c ur .

E X E R CI S E XX I I .

Pr o n o u n c e the fo ll o w in g w o r d s .

“
S t at e W he the r 1 o r “ W he n e v e r e ithe r o f the m 1
,

o cc u r s is a c o n so n an t o r a qu ie sc e n t an d W h y ?

“
,
, ,

“
M m h sa
n s a
s aw aw ay 511573 1
1
5 , s , , , , ,

1 11 10 ,
1 1
o 1o , r r1 , 11 “1 1 11
37 -
1 21 1 11
3 5 , ,

173 7 5
1, n , mm
nj , r m: nug
g ,

an
1 031,
“
mv m
'

nna,
'

m m 1
2 7
-
o
s , ,

ig, -
'

5
-
nj a ap , n zjn , n w 1 10
'

j
1
j , ,

m y , 71 2 111 27 5
1 3 11314, ma y ] D m iv
3
1
jE y, 7
a
, , , ,
40 GUIDE To REA D IN G TH E H EBR E W T EXT .

5
'

1 1:1N 1 , 13 1 133 , 1
1 11 13 : 1
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1
1
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1
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1 11 1xp, 1 11 11
' '

11/ 13 1 , n1 1
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1 22751, 1
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10 . ACCENT .

1 dd it io n In t o th e v o w e
a l p o in t s D a g e sh , ,

Mappik Me t h e g e t c H ,
e b r e w w o r d s i n t h e ,
.
,

b e
Bi l ar e fu r n is he d w i t h a cc e n t s w h i c h i n d i ,

c ate e ithe r ( 1 ) th e t o n e syll ab l e o r ( 2 ) th e -

,

syn ta c t ic al r e l a t i o n w h i c h e a c h w o r d o f a

e
s nt e n c e b e a r s t o th e r e s t .

2 Th e o ll o f .
w i n g i s a l is t o f t h e v a r i o u s

for m s o f th e a cc e n t s w ith the ir n am e s ,

.

ht ee k
Z
’

1 T S il l k
“.
1 0 Pooa .
1 9 P . s a . . s .

2 7 Ath a h
.
1 1 1 a r
n k a c
2 0 M.
a h .
'

.
. o on c .

3 .Mé ka 1 2 Yr th
'

.
2 1 K a d m .
’
eev . . a.

b e M k

Z
4 .T if h ah 13 cGé é h
'

2 2
.
D l é .
"
r s .
. ou r a .

ak et K t o be M
Z
23 h k
i

14 D l G é
'
é h a p a
5 s
'

l
a n. .
l
ou r . . .

6 . k ef G th ol 15
a G re t T l i h a 2 4 S
a
h al h El.
Eth .
l
o
a
’
s .
. s .

7 S é ghb
.
lt l 16 L itt l e T l i h 2 5 '

a. D a r g a .
a ’
s a. . .

8 T 17 ’
K a
ve e r a F a r a .
2 6 7
Y a h . rm . .
’
r c .

F a er
’

18 ’
Q R a ve e . . z .
42 GU ID E T O RE AD IN G T HE HE B R E W T EXT .

th e la st w or d o f a v e r se , an d th e n a lw a
ys u n d er

the to n e l l ab
l w h il e Me th e g n ever t
s an ds
s
y e un
-
,

der th e t o n e syll ab l e
-
.

XX III E X E R CI S E .

S tat e upo n w h i ch syl l ab l e the str e ss o f v o ic e

is t o b e l aid in e a c h w o r d o f the fir st c h ap te r
o f Ge n e sis ; an d f o r w h at r e a so n s .

§ 11 . K R EE AND K TH EEV
’ ’
.

1 . K r ee ’
m e an s m a rg ina l r ea d in
g . K th e e v
’

m e an s the text A star . or c ir c l e o ve r wor d a

in th e t ex t d ir e c t s the a tt e n tio n to the fo o t o f

the p ag e .

2 . Th e v o w el s u n d e r the c o n so n an t s of the
word in th e tex t
b e l o n g to the co nso na n ts in the
m a rg in n o t t o the w o r d in th e t ex t
,
Th u s in .
,

J e r xl ii 6 the t ex t h a s IJ N th e m ar gin h a s
‘
. .
, ,

the r e fo r e UN is to b e pr o n o u n c e d flangN
‘
m
"
.
,

Th e pr o p e r v o w e l s f o r D N w o u l d b e 13N ; c f
‘ "
.

1 S am v 6 2 Kin g s x v ii 1 6
. .
,
. .

3 If a w o r d in th e t ex t h a s n o v o w e l s it is
.
,

r e g ar d e d as sup e rfl u o u s ; e g J e r l i 3 . . . . .

4 W he n v o w e l s al o n e are fo u n d in th e
.

t ex t th e c o n so n an t s t o w h ic h the y b e l o n g are
,

pr in t e d in th e m ar g in Th u s in J ud g e s xx .
,
.

st an d s in th e t ex t ; in the m ar g in w e

h av e c f 2 S am viii 3 ; 2 Kin g s xix 3 1 3 7

. . . .
,
.

5 The r e ar e a fe w stan d in g K r e e s wh ic h are

’
.
 G UIDE T O RE AD IN G T HE HE B RE W T E X T .
43

unn o tic e d in the m argin ; e g w : [in the Pe n t a

. .

te u c h ] sh o u l d al w ays b e pr o n o u n c e d Hee n o t ,

H eev 1 211319 i ak T h J e w u p e r
'

.
1 :
y s s ar. e s s

stitio u sl y r e fr ain fr o m pr o n o u n c in g th e D iv in e

Nam e m m b u t al w ays pr o n o u n c e it tlt o n al

,
a
,

wh o se v o w e l s it is p o in t e d w ith Ho w e v e r w e
.
,

u su ally r e ad it a s it is p o in t e d an d pr o n o u n c e
,

it J eh o v ah . If gfi N pr e c e d e it it is p o in t e d
"
,

m m , wh ic h a J e w w oul d pr on o un c e l oh e e m
'

e
.
 G U ID E TO RE AD IN G T HE HE B R E W T E X T

D IR ECT ION S TO TH E S T UD ENT .

No r m Th e f ll w i g h pt r
—
i t d f p r ti e i
o o n c a e s ar e n se r e or ac c n

re d i g th e t ex t d i pply i g th e f re g i g r l e The e
“
a n , an n a n o o n u s
. s

d ire ti c w ill i di te t th e t d e t th e ever l p i t t

o ns
”
n ca o s u n s a o n s o

w hi h tte ti h l d be p id
c a n on s ou a .

1 . Pr ac tic e
r e ad in g the se c h ap te r s a lo ud ,

u n til the y can b e r e ad with a cc u r ac y an d e ase .

2 D ivid e e ac h w o r d in to its c o m p o n e n t syl

.

l ab l e s an d giv e the r ul e f o r e a c h syll ab l e § 4

,
. .

3 Giv e r ul e f o r the u se o f e a c h v o w e l th a t
.

o cc u r s § 4 4 7 .
,
—
.

4 D ist in g ui sh th e v o c al an d sil e n t Sh va s
’
. .

5 In c a se o f e a c h Sh v a st ate w h y it is
’
.
,

v o c al o r sil e n t § 3 . .

6 D istin g u ish D ag e sh Le n e fr o m D ag e sh
.

Fo rte § 5 . .

7 No t e fi n a l l e t te r s an d d ila ted l e tt e r s
. .

8 No te th e qu ie sc e n t l e tte r s
. 2 3 4 .
,
—
.

9 S e l e c t th e w o r d s in w h ic h Mappik o cc u r s
. .

1 0 S e l e c t th e w o r d s in w h ic h Pattach F ur
.

t iv e o cc u r s 6 . .

1 1 F in d in stan c e s in w h ic h Ch o l e m c o in
.

c id e s w ith th e d ia c ritic al p o in t o f 13 2 5 .
,
.

1 2 Fin d th e w o r d s in w h ic h Kam e t s Ch a to o f
.
-

o cc u r s § 8 . .
 N E S
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 AP P E N D I X .

IN co m pl i
e w ith th e w i h e f me f m y t d e t I h ve h ere
an c s s o so o s u n s, a

add e d f p ge a t i i g me r l e f th e f rm ti f th e
ew a s co n a n n so u s or o a on o

reg l r verb t ge th er w ith th e h r teri ti f th e v ri p r t

u a , o c a ac s cs o a o us a s

of th e verb f th e d f th e
,
f fixe
o n o un , an o su s .

RM A TI ON O F T HE RE G UL AR V E R B
I . FO .

1 Th e. M f th e verb i th e th ir d
STE o i g p re t K l s d m asc . s n . . a , an

i t
co n s s s o f th ree r d i l l e tt er Th e e d r d i l i p i te d w ith
a ca s . s co n a ca s o n

th e v w e l f ti th e fir t r d i l re e iv i g p re t i K me t
o o ac o n, s a ca c n on c a s .

( G ree 8 2
n, 5 75 ,
74 .

I t iti
n r a ns verb t k e ve w ith th e e d r d i l
s a or s co n a ca .

F r m th e t em
o ex t f rme d th e ix j g ti l t
S are n o i S co n u a on a s em s : v z .

( )1 N A b y
IP H p fi i g N L a) t th
re e t em
x n S p ; wh
un i h o s to c

( G ree 6 1
n, 1 ) be me 5 315
,
5 co s 1 .

( 2 ) P I E L b y d b li g th e m idd l e r d i l b y D ge h F r t e ( th
, ou n a ca a s o us

d oub l i g i re i g th e f r e f th e verb ) d p i ti g th e fir t
n or nc as n o c o , an o n n s

r d i l w ith
a ca d th e e d w ith an s co n

3
( ) P A L b yU d b l i g th, m idd l e r
ou d i l d n p i t i g th
e e fir t a ca , an o n n s

r d i l w it h
a ca d th e d w ith - D an e s co n

b y th e t em r d er p r e
.

( )
4 H fi
I P H IL
p i g n t , re
( i x n t o s n o o onounc

th e v w e l m re t ro gl y) d p i ti g it w ith
o o s n l , pl i g
an o n n a so ac n
"
i

w ith th e e d r di l
s co n a ca .

( )
5 H A bO PH
y p fi x i g H pL, i t e d w ith re
( T) t n th e t em o n or o s .

( )
6 H I T H P AE L , b y p fi xi re n
g ( th e re fl ex ive pr o n o un ) to th e
o rig i n al fo rm of th e P ie l ; i v z . 573 13-
59 p “
m :

t r ryCo n a t o th e an a o l gy of al l th e o th r f rm
e o s of th e se Co nju g tia ons in
H b r w w ll
e e , as e as to a ll th e fo rm s of th ese Co nju g tia ons in ea ch of th e ki dr d
n e

l g g
an ua e s .
56 AP P END IX .

2 . F rm o e ac h of th e e eve s s n s e tm s is f o rme d an Infi nitive

a b
so l ut e,

( ) a th e KIn l b y h gi g th e l a t v w e l t i c an n as o o
"
.

b
( ) I th e N ipn b l ( me t ime b y h g
ai g th e lso t v w e l f it s c an n as o o s

s tem t go B a g )s g e er
e l l.y b
.
y p fi x i g h ( re l i nf ta re n a c o o

th e te s im il ti g th e 3
rn , ass d re p re e ti g it b y D g e h F r te
a n an s n n a s o

( S g
a a
) i er ti
, g p re t
ns i dner th e fir t r d i l
on c d un s a ca an

c h gi g th e l t v w e l f th e tem t Ch l em ; g
an n u . o o s o o e . .

( ) Ic th e P i nl d P l by h gi g th e l t v w el f th e tem
e an ua , c an n u . o o s s

to - 1 d i th e P i ] b y p l i g th e r igi l v w e l f it
, an n e tem ( i
ac n o na o o s s , v z.

P tt h )
a ac d er th e fir t r d i l ; e g St p 52 3
, un s a ca . . o , 3 3 .

( )
d I th e IIi pn h il d H p h l b y h g i g th e an l t v w e l o f th e a , c an n u . o o

s tem t T r s o d i th e H iph il b y re t r i g th e rigi l

sa a an n s o n o na

v wel i
o , t th e p refix n ;
. e .
g o5 231 13 55
5 99 3 7 e .
,
5
,

( ) I e th e H i
nt hp l b y h g i g th e l t v
ae w e l , f th e tcem tan n u . o o s o

Ch l em ; g 52 331511
o e . . 3 .

R E M AR K I t w il l be .
—
t ed th ere f re th t Ch l m i th lt no , o , a o e n e a .

u sua l ly m r k th e I fi iti a bl t
s n n ve a so u e .

3 F r m e h I fi itive b l t e i
. o ac ex t f rme d n I fi iti
n n a so u s n o a n n ve

co nstr uct,

( ) a th e K Inl b y reje t i g th e p re ta i K me t c n on c a s.

b
( ) I th e N ip hn l b y h g i g t a c an n o

( ) I c ll th e th
n a er C j g t i b y h
o g i g th e l t v
on uw e l a o ns c an n u . o so

as t rre p d w ith th e l t v w el f it
o co s on j g ti l t m u . o o s co n u a o na se .

4 F r m e h I nfi iti
. o t ac t i f rme d F tn ; b y p re
ve co n s r u c s o a u ur e

fi xi g th e p er l p f m ti n N 3 d r pp i g th e n f th e
"
n so n a re o r a ve s 1
, , , o n o

I f i N iph H iph H ph
n . n .d H ith p l
, .d gi v i g it v w e l t
, o .
, an ae , an n s o o

th e p r l p refix e so n a .

Th e e p refixe b tr tl y
s id ere d s, a f s r e p i te d w ith
ac co n s , a re o co u s o n

Sh v e
a .

5 F r m th e e
. o d p er f th e J i F t
s co n ( G ree 9 7
so n o 2 ) uss ve u ur e n, ,

in lla e f rme d th
c as s I p ar e ti ob y im pl y d r ppi g th e e m er a ve s, s o n

p r l prefix n ( h i h i perfl
e so n a th e Im p ) d re t ri g
w c s su uo u s III . an s o n

th e n if it r igi ll y t d th e I fi itive
o na tr ts oo 1n n n co n s uc .

Th e P l d H ph l be i g p re p ive h ve I m p er tive
ua an O a n u a ss s, a no a .

6 Th e p ti ip l
.
( be i g verb
ar l c
) es m t l y f r e d
n f r m a n o u ns are os o m o

th e I fi iti n nt t v e co n s r u c .

( ) Ia th e K t hn w ever th e rb it r r
a ,y f rm o e,
d a a o s are u s .

( 6) I th e N ip b l th e f rm Bg? ) ( f rme d f ter th e

n a l gy f th e
o a o a an a o o

p rt i ipl e f i t r itive verb i f r m th e j g ti l tem) i

a c s o n an s s, . e . o co n u a o na s .
s
58 AP P END IX .

th e e v w e l d er th e p refixe
As s o i th e v r i l e f
s un s ar e , n a o u s c ass s o

verb l i ble t m t ti
s, a e d by th e p re e e f w e k l e tter
o u a o ns c a us s nc o a s,

t
e c th f ll w i g t bl e
.
, e y beo f do e f l i m
n t e t l
a y m a o un us u n os c a s s, n o on

f d e term i i g i wh t nj g ti th e f t te e f verb i
or n n n a co u a on u ur e ns o a s

f d bt l t wh t l it be l g th ervi g th e t d e t
o un , u a so o a c a ss on s, us s n s u n as

g id e f t r i g t th e r t
u or ac n ou oo .

Reg V . erb ,

g u tt r l
u a ,

g tt r u u al ,

Th cc r l d r T h th r v w l i b r ck t cc r l y i
e se o u on y un e N . e o e o e s n a e s o u on n

e x c pti l f rm Wh r v w l
e o na o pri t d h v w l
s . h m
e e no o e s a re n e t e o e s a re t e sa e as

i
n t h R g l r V rb
e e u a e .

I t w ill be be b erve d th t th e v w e l d er th e p re fi xe f th
o s a o un s o e

F t re v rie
u u h iefl y i th e K l H iph il d H ph l C j g ti
a s c n a , ,
an O a on u a o ns .

T il l t r t e th e me th d f
o us i g th i t b l e t k e
a th e v w e lo o us n s a , a o
 APP ND X E I .
59

w ith th e p refix i 1 ; re f erri g t th e t bl e w e fi d th t th e j g

s n o a n a co n u a

t i i H iphil d ti g th e e y e t th e l ef t h d l m th t it
on s , an , ca s n o an co u n, a

is a E verb ;
" i th ere f re th e r t s o oo .

O t k e nap:
r, a Th e v w e l f th e p refix i 7 th ere f re by th e o o s , o ,

t bl e th f rm i i th e K l If iphil j g ti
a , e o s n d th verb a or co n u a o n s, a n e

bel g t th e l 3 3
on s o n Th e v w e l
c a ss d er th e d i l
1 1 or
"
i o 5
; or un ra ca ,

w ill re dily d i ti g i h th e H iphil f r m th e K l i th e e l e

a s n u s o a n s —
c ass s

o f verb ; g K sl m p1 H
e ip
. hil .
K la H iph il 3 9 3 ,
a .

B
( ) If th e verb ( h v i g fi x) be i th e P t it a n an a n r e er e,

p refixe d m r k th e M ph l a s
'

a ,

D g e h F r t e i th e m idd l e R d i l m rk th e P i l
a s o n d Pu l a ca a s e an a .

EX V erb y g tt r l f
C . r e m it th e D ge h bt l e gth e
s u u a , o co u s o a s , u n n

th e v we l d er th e fir t R di l to i th e P i ]
un d t s a ca o n e , an o

i th e P l;
n
g P i e l 5 3 3 P l 5 3
ua3 V erb 1 3 d u
eb l.e th e .
1
, ua . s 1 o

thi d R d i l wh i h f rm verb $ 3 b rr w
r a ca , c o s 1 o o .

n p refixe d m r k s th e H iphil d H ph l
a an o a .

1 11 p refixe d m r k th e H ithp l
3 a s ae .

3 . CH A R AC T ER I S TI C S OF T H E P ER SO N .

P RE T ER IT E T e n e s . Afi x d e te th e 1 t p er n
3 o r 3: no s s so .

Afi x In 3 13 d e te th e 2d p er
,
3 , no s so n .

Afi x 17 1 de te th e 3d p er
or 1 no s so n .

FU T RE T e e
U ns . Pr efix N n d e t e th
or e 1 t p er no s s so n .

P re fi x n d e t e th e 2 d p er no s so n .

P re fi x
( n ) nd e t eor th e 3 d p er no s so n .

4 . CH AR AC T ER I S TI C S OF NU M B ER .

Afi xe s n : de t e th P l ur a l
; , j ,
2
1 ,
7 no e l
.

5 HARAC T ER I S TI C S O T H E I N FI N ITI V E AN I M ER ATI V E

. C F D P .

I fi iti
n d I m p er tive h ve th
n ve s j
an g ti d e t e d i a s a e co n u a on no as n

th e P t it ex e pt th e l Viph l wh i h t ke th e p refix n d l
r e er e, c a , c a s an a so

D ge h F r t e i th e fir t R d i l ex e pt i verb : g tt r l
a s o n s a ca , c n s 1 u u a .

H R T ER I S TI C S O
G C A AC. F TH E R TI C I P L E S
PA .

l Viph l P r ti ipl e be g i
a w ith 5 a c ns
°
all th e re t ( ex e pt K l ) w ith s c a

73 d th e
an j g ti i d e te d co n u a on s no as i th e F u tu
n i by th e v w e l r e, . e. o

acc o mp y i g th e p refix
an n .
60 APP ND IX E .
‘

III . CHARACT E R I S T I CS OF T H E NOUN .

MA S C L IN E U .

Ab
so lu te h as t ri ti termin ti no ch arac e s c a on.

C t t i lik e th Ab
ons r u c so l te ; ex e pt i ca e th ere i
s m ut b
le
e u c n s s a a
v w e l i th e Ab l te it i ge er ll y ho r te e d reje te d
o n so u s n a s n or c .

NOTE K me t . d T r r rel y au in th on ts an
t sa a a occ r e c s r uc .

N i h m k e th e ir C n t r t i n
o un s n a o s uc n

N i
o un s m k e th eir C t t i
n
"
i a o n s r uc n "t

Ab
so lute e d n s
( r
in m re l y i 1 a n " or

No TE . So me m l i e m k e th e ir pl ural
a scu n s a in h i '

2 00
S egho la tes in s er t b
e f re o an ; e .
g m n
.
gn
’
.

Constr u c t e d i n s n H

F E M IN IN E .

“)
S ing u la r .

Ab
so lu te e d i h
n s n
?
or n? ( r re lay i n 3
7 , 7 , he .

Cons truc t e d i n n s n ( or

Ab
so lute b tit te d f th e e d i g f th e Si g l r
. M is su s u or n n o n u a .

S gh l t i er t
e o a esbe f re thi e d i g n i
ns o s n n
-

C t t l
o ns ru ce d i h be f re whi h S gh l te rever t t th eir
‘
a so n s n l o c e o a s o

origi l m yll b i f rm
na o no s a c o .

D l m k e th e ir Ab l t i n
ua s a the ir C n t t i B e f re so u e n u
, o s ru c n o

n flf em i i e i h ; be me n
n n s n co -
t
.

IV . C TE R I S T ICS O F TH E P R ONO MINAL S UFF IXE S

H
C AR A .

F ir t P er s I d i te d b y 3
so n I S n ca
‘
I or .

Se d P er i i di te d by 1
co n so n s n ca

Th ir d P er i i di te d b y 31 so n n 1 s n ca
7 ,
‘
I, or .

N OTE i er te d be tw ee
. nsd it fiix h w th t th e n a n o un an s su s o s a

n o un i i th e p l
s ln mber ; i th e fir t p er ur a i g l r hinu n s so n s n u a t s

i id e w ith th e h r teri ti
co n c s f th e f fix c a ac s c o su .

I f th e h r t eri ti c h ere give

a ac th r gh ly mmitt e d t
s c s as n ar e o ou co o

mem ry it i believe d th t i m t e th e t d e t ill w ith hi

o , s a , n os cas s, s u n w ,
s

p revi t dy f th e Gr mm r be b
o us s u le t
o ly e w rd t ight a a , a o an a z a o a s .
 AP P ND I E X .
61

T E R MI NAT I ON S O F N O M I NAL F O R M S .

L AL P UR . D AL U .

Ab l t C t r ct
so u e . ons u . Ab l t o t r ct
so u e . C ns u .

u _
m
( m un

Co n s t r ct
u .

IL
'

O ’
I

Th v ry r r
e se t rm i ti
e na o n s are e a e .

1N i n t tr
o un st d S gh l t n a re n o ea e as e o a es .

Th i T bl e give th e
s a l e di gs f th e N rdi g t it
u su a n n s o o u n a c co n o s

d iff ere t N m b G d
n u d St t
e r s, Th r gh th e e e di g
en e r s, an a es . ou s n n s

th e n o unm y be t r a e d b k t it Ab l te S i g l r
ac ac o s so u n u a .

N B. . Th e M li P l r l termi ti i d d d t th e Ab
—
a sc u ne u a na on s a e o so

l te S i g l r
u n Th e F m i i P l r l e d i g m i i btit t d f
u a . e n ne u a n n
‘
s su s u e or

th e F em i i e S i g l r t erm i ti
n n n u a na on .

B e f re m ki g
o a f th e T bl e l l
n u se o f fixe d p refixe m t be a a su s an s us

rem ve d f r m th e
o o N te th t ll noun wh i h
. r w ith
o ,
a a no un s c o cc u a

su ffix i th e C
are n t t S t te o ns r u c a .

Th e C t t S i g M
o ns r u c d th e C n t .t Pl r l F m
asc .m yan on s r u c u a e . a

o f t e be d i ti g i h e d f r m th e Ab l ut e b y th e brev ity f th e v w e l
n s n u s o so o o s .

K me t e l d m
a s s d T r i f re q e tl y
o , an r i th e C t r t
sa a n u n o ccu n o ns uc .
62 AP P ND I X E .

rm f p r i g V b F ir t l y e th e f rm t ki g ff
Fo or a s n a er —
s an a z o , a n o

S ffixe V
u C v P re p
s, t Th e give R t ; S y p i f th e
av on .
,
.
, e c . n oo no s s o

seve C j g ti ; T e e ; P er ; N mber ; G e d er ; C j
n on u a o ns ns so n u n on u

g tia ; S y
ont x n a .

F rm f o prig N or A l y e ; g ive th e Ab S i g ; Ab
a s n a o un —
na z s . n . s.

and C t S i g d P l r l ; C e ; N mber ; S t te ; S y t x
o ns . n . an u a as u a n a .

F S ufi x
or Number ; P er ; Ge d er ; C e
es .
—
so n n as .

F P ti pl
or G ive S t m ; S y p i
ar ci f C j ; C j ; Ab
es —
e no s s o on . on . s.

and C t Si g d P l l ; N mber ; S t te ; S y t x
o ns .
,
n . an ur a u a n a .

th e
For ve ie e f th e t d e t th e h r teri ti f th e
co n n nc o s u n c a ac s cs o

v ri f rm f th e V erb d N
a o us o s give i de t il b ve
o an o u n , as n n a a o , ar e

sum me d p i th e T b l r Vie w
u n p 6 1 d pp 6 6 6 7 Th e a u a s on . an .
,
.

me th d f i g th e T b l r Vie w f th e Verb i i di te d
o o us n a u a o s n ca on

pp 5 8 5 9 ( f T bl e th ere g ive )
.
, c . a n .

W ith th e T b l e p e be f re hi th e t d e t
a t o l y d e t ern o m , s u n can no on

m i e th e t
n
jg ti t f l m
en se , co n u t y verb h e mee t w ith
a o n, e c .
, o a os an s

i th e H ebre w B ib l e bt i
n l g id ed t th e t f wh i h h e , u s a so u o r oo or c

i t s l t h i l ex i
o co n su Th e T bl e erve f l l l e f verb ;
s co n . a s s or a c a ss s o s

irre g l it ie u ar m lie t be i g f r e ex e pt d
s, a no a s, e c .
,
n , o co u s c e .

Th e T bl e f N m i l F rm ( p 6 1) wh il e givi g th e e d i g
a o o na o s . n n n s

f g
ore d e mber
n d
r, nut t e y l erve t i di t e th
,
e
anf rm s a ,
m a a so s o n ca o

wh i h i t c ght f i th e l ex i
s o so u or n co n.
 AP P N E D IX .
63

T O FIND W O R D S I N T H E L E XI CON .

I dd
n a it i t th eon T b l e o f V erb l d aN m i l
s o C h r t er i t i a an o na a ac s cs,

th e f w g
l l i
o
ro l e n il l pp luy th e s w t d e t w i
suth th e e e r y i f
s u n n c ssa n or

m ti f fi d g
a on i
or w nr d i th
n e L ex i o s n co n .

I NO. N S R Ueje t
.
f r m th e w r d cl l p refixe o ( g 5 o 5 na s e . .
,
73
, ,

115 l l f fixe d
a p l r su l d l term i tis, a n u a or ua na o ns .

II V .
ER B 1 A lSl .
verb l r . t t i l i t l a T oo s b t i th i
ar e r —
er a . o o a n s

r t oo ,

A
( ) R eje t f r m th e b gc i i g o f th e f rm ( 1e) l l p
nn n er l o o , a so n a

p refixe R ; ( 2)
s, ll j g ti l p f m ti a co n u a o na re o r a v e s,

h " }f ; ( )3 th
,
e p
i r t i ip i l p refix ( 4 ) a th e p refix
c a ,

p re p iti 2 os ; ( 5 ) th e r ti l e [
o n s, 1, me time p refixe d
73 a c so s

t th e p r ti ipl e ] d i terr g tive p r ti l e h ( 6) th e

o a c an n o a a c ,

rel tive 12 a d ( 7) 1 ,
p l tive
5
an ver ive Co u a o r co n s .

B
( ) R eje t f r m th e c d f th e f rm ll p er
o en l f fixe
o o a so n a a s

( r n t- 1f
1
,3 3 11 3 ,
n) ffi xe ,
L
1 d ,p r g g ia l e,tt er su s, a n a a o c s .

C
( ) R eje t ll i t d l e tt er
c a 1 n se r e s, as ,
"I H N

2 I f f t er th e f rm i th
. a d ive te d f it ervil e l e tter th
o s us s o s s s, r ee

l e tt er be l e f t th e y s th e r t ,
a re oo .

3 I f bt t . ul e tt er l e f t th e
w o th e verb i d e f e tive d
s are ,
n s c ,
an

w t ( 1 ) i iti l an s , a; ( 2 )
an n di l a ; ( 3) fi
or l a m e a
‘
1 or H na

3 ( ver y e l d m N)
1 th e e d r d i l m t be d bl e d
s o or s co n a ca us ou .

A k wl e dg e f th e P r d ig m f th e verb w il l e b l e
no o a a s o s na

th e t d e t t d e term i e ge er l ly th e Cl t wh i h th e
s u n o n n a a ss o c

verb be f re h i m t bel g D ge h F r t e h w ever i o m us on . a s o , o , n

th e fir t f th e rem i i g r di l ge er ll y d e te th e
s o a n n a ca s n a no s

b e e f i iti l ( r re l y )
a s nc o n a a H .

V ( i ava) f t er th 1 e p er , or l a j g t i l p refix so n a o r co n u a o na

ll y re p re e t i it i l
u su a s n s n a
"
5 .

Th e i er te d v w e l ( i H ns
) f t e o erve t i d
,
i t e , or L .
o n s o n ca

an w verb or s .

I f f t er reje ti a i ( A) ( B ) ( C) c o n , as rem i n th e , ,
"
1 a n s as

th ir d r di l th e verb i 31 5 a ca , s .

D ge h F r te i th e a s d f th e rem i i g r d i l
o n s e co n o a n n a ca s

w ill f re q e tl y p i t t w verb u n o n ou an .

4 If bt . l e tter i l e f t p refix
u one
( r re l y s d ,
d d n a an a .

NB W he
. .
—
C ver ive f th e F t re i rem ve d th e
n W on s o u u s o ,

p refix th t f l l w it m t l be rem v ed w ith it a o o s us a so o .

 AP P ND I E X .

w g m em i li e b y T g ll m y b
f o l lo in n on c n e f u d
s re e es a o n o f use

“ Th e ervil e l e tter
s t wy s cas a a ,

A d if be h i d th
n l e tt er
n ty r ee s s a

Y ll h ve th e r t w ith t d e l y
’
ou a oo ou a .

B t if y
u h ve t l e tt r th ree
ou a no e s ,

Th e r t w il l th e d e f e tive be
oo n c .

P erh p th e r t y
a s ee k i
oo ou s s o ne

W h i h d p i iti l Y tk
c ro s n N a o e or oo n

A d i l Y th
m e a V a m
ye h or av a s ow

Th e l e tter th ree y w t t k w
s ou an o no

P erh p th e l e tter wh i h t d
a s e d c s an s s co n ,

T m k e th e th ree
o a t t i b k d ,
m us w ce e r ec o n e

O fi ll y p er h p y
r, na ,
m y a s ou a

R e q ire t fi l H y
”
u dd o a a na a .
AP PP END I X .
 E D IX
AP P N .

t
s
l
 J U S T P ll B L l S H E D .

H AR M O N Y OF TH E FO U R G O S P EL S

I N G R E E K
AC C O R D I N G TO TH E TEXT O F TI S CH ER D O R F ; W ITH A C O LL A TI O N OF T H E
T E X TU S R C E E PTU S , AN D O F TH E TEXT S OF G RI E S BA H C , L A C H M AN N ,

A N D T R E G EL L E S .

BY

C G AR D I N E R D D FR ED ER I
“
RO E SSOR T H E R E LE “ N T S H OO L T H OR A O E NTA R O N TH E
. .
, ,

IN BE K Y D I VI I Y AU OF MM Y
E A H AR ON T H E OS E L S EN L SH
P F C C
E ST L E ST
,
” ”
PI OF . J UD , M Y OF G P IN G I , ET C .

8 ve . pp . l vi an d 268 . P i rc e,

d i ti ctiv f t r f thi H r y r
The s n e ea u es o s a m on a e,

l A c r it ic l t x t
. i th t x t f T i ch d rf
a e ig hth .l t d iti mb d yi g
v z . e e o s en o
’
s e or as e on, e o n

th l t t r
e lt f t x t l c r itici m T b t i th fi l p r ti f th i d iti
a es e su s o e ua s . o o a n e na o on s o s e on

h p b l ic t i
t e f th i w r k h
u a b d l y d v r l m th T h r d i g f
on o s o as een e a e se e a on s . e ea n s o

h t t
t e c p w h r th y d iff r f r m T i ch d rf t x t giv i f ll i
ex us re e tas, e e e e o s en o
’
s e ,
ar e en n u n

th em rgi ; th v ri t i b i g d ig t d by d iff r t typ T h t x t f

a n e a a o ns e n es na e a e en e . e e s o

G ri b ch L chm
es a d T g ll
,
ac r f ll y c ll t d T h r l t iv v l f
an , a n re e e s a re a e u o a e . e e a e a ue o

r di g
ea ntim t d by G ri b ch
s as e s t d d rigi l th rit i c it d i
a e es a a re no e ,
an o na au o es e n

im p r t tc o an a se s .

2 Al l d i t i ct q t t i f r m th O l d T t m t
s n giv i f ll i th
uo a ons o e es a en ar e en n u n e

m rg i cc rdi g Ti ch d rf d it i f th L X X t g th r w ith th
a n, a o n to s en o
’
s e on o e .
,
o e e e va r .

l ct
e f th Al x
. o dri t x t d f th C d S i i i
e e an d f h an v r l th r e an o e o ex . na t cus , a n o t e se e a o e

vri e s ons na m d i th titl e n e e .

3 A ch ic. l cti f p r ll l r f r c h b pl c d i th m rgi ch i fl y

o e se e on o a a e e e en es as ee n a e n e a n, e

to p i t t im il r l g g i cid t i th r p r t f th G p l p g
o n ou s a an ua e or n en s n o e a s o e o s e s, o r a ssa es

i
n t h Old T t m t
e w hich th l g g f th G p l y b f d d
es a en ,
on e an ua e o e os e s m a e o un e .

4 B ri f . t r l ti g t m tt r f h r m y h v b pl c d t th btt
e no e s e a n o a e s o a on a e ee n a e a e o om

o f h p g
t e a e .

5 S p c i l c r h b d v t d th ch r l gic l rd r f th G p l
. e a a e as een e o e to e o no o a o e o e os e

na rr t iv a es .

6 Th c l m
. e rr g d th p g t c mb i th gr t t cl r
o u n s are so a an e on e a e as o o ne e e a es e a n e ss

c i t t w ith h l t c t T h c l m
on s s en t e v r i t rw v
e as th pg os . e o u ns are n e e n e o en o n e a e .

7 A y . pt ic l t b l i giv f h rr g m t d pt d by v r l h rm i t
s no a a e s en o t e a an e en a o e se e a a o n s s,

h wi g t gl c h g r l gr m t t h m i p i t f ch r l gy d
s o n a a an e t e e ne a a ee en on e a n o n s o on o o ,
an

h p i t
t e f d iff r c w h r d iff r c
o n s O cc r Th i i
e en e f t r i th i e e e en e o u s . s s a new ea u e n s

w rk d w ill b f d v ry f l t h t d t
o ,
an e o un e u se u o t e s u en .

W ARR EN F D R APER , Pub

l ish e r, .

An d o v e r , M ass .
H AR M ONY O F TH E F O U R GO SPEL S
IN E N G L I S H,
ACC O RD IN G TO T H E AU Z
TH O R I E D V ER S I ON ; C OR R E CT E D BY TH E BE ST
CR I T I CA L E D I T I ON S O F TH E O R I GIN AL .

BY FR ED ER I C
GAR D INER , D D . .

P RO E SSOR
F IN T H E E R E LE
B K Y D I V I N I T Y S C OO ; A U T H OR O F
“
A H A RM ONY H L OF T HE
GOS E L S P IN G REE K,
”
ET C .

8 vo . pp x l iv
. an d 287 . P i rc e,

Th i H rm y i r p r d ct i i E gl i h f h th r H r y f h
s a on s a e o u on n n s o t e au o
’
s a m on o t e
F r G p l i Gr k B i g i t d d f E gl i h r d r m ch f h
”
ou os e s n ee . e n n en e or n s ea e s, so u o t e

I t d ct i
n ro d f hu t r q ir k w l dg f G r k i mitt d O th
o n an o t e n o e s as e u e a no e e o ee , s o e . er

t h v b b ridg d i m y c
no es a e e en a e n an ase s .

D I ATESSA R ON .

TH E

L I F E O F O U R L OR D ;

Th e W o rd s of th e G o sp e l s .

BY FR ED ER I C GAR D I NER , D D
H H “H
. .
,
P xo r xs so n IH
'

T H E B E R xE L E Y D I v I N I T r SC O O L , AU T OR or A AR M ON Y o r TH E GO S P E L " IN

GR EE K,
"
E TC . ET C .

16m o . pp . 2 59 . P i rc e,

Thi w rk c mb i i
s o c ti o r tiv h v t f h l if f Ch i t
ne s n o ne on n u o u s n ar a e t e e en s o t e e o r s

as r c rd d by ll h v g l i t H i g l gy c v r ti
e o e a t e di c r
e an e s s . s ene a o ,
on e sa o n s, s o u ses,

p r bl m ir cl h i t ri l d th r rr cti
a a e s, a e s, d c i s pl c d i h
a ,
ea , e su e o n , an as e n s o n , a re a e n t e

ord r f th ir cc rr c
e o d i
e h f to rfr c
u en emd p g i an n t e oo -
n o te s e e e n e s a re a e to a ssa es n

h O l d T t m t r l ti g
t e Ch ri t
es a q t d
en by h i e a n to s or uo e m .

T h l if f
e L rd he o b f l t y r pr
o ur t d i ch m ltit d f
o as e en o a e ea s e se n e n su a u u e o

f r m c l r d w ith h v i w
o s, o o e d th ri f ch m ltit d f mi d th t i i
t e e s an eo es o su a u u e o n s, a t s

h p d h p r t ff r t p r t th t l if i h x ct f r m f h i pir d r c rd
o e t e e se n e o to e se n a e n t e e a o o t e ns e e o ,

with t dditiou b t m t y t d h i cr
a on or a f h r l k w l dg
a e f en ,
m a en to t e n ease o t e ea no e e o

h l if
t e f h S vi r f m k i d
e o t e a ou o an n .

T h w r k i p ci ll y d pt d f i h f m il y d i S bb th ch l d n t an n a a s o o s an
-
e o s s e a a a e o r use e a

Bib l l e -c asses .

W . F . D R AP E R , P ubl i sh e r ,
An d o ve r , M a ss .
 M E D I ATI O N .

TH E FU N CTION OF T HOU GHT ;

16 m o . S m a l l P ic a T y pe .
pp . 2 13 . P r ic e ,

Thi v l m f rm p r t ch pt r f l r r p r p d w rk d r h t itl f
s o u e o s o ne a or a e o a a ge e o se o un e t e e o
Th ght M d i ti ; h R l t i f C hri t h W rl d T h th r
ou s on e a on o r, t e e a on o s to t e o
”
e au o
r th t Chri t d h i p tl cl im h r bl f h i d ct r i
.

e a so n s a as s an s a os es a t e e aso n a e ne ss o s o ne ,
an d pp l a h h
ea t c v ict i f
to t e f i cc pt c
ones y j tl y i q ir
on on o m en or ts a e an e , w e m a us n u e

for h t e l ti f thi p r b l m th t h t r th v l v d by h d ct ri f
so u on o s o e ; o r, a t e u s e o e t e o ne o
M d i t i w ill th r w t r g l ight
e a on v ry thi g t ch d by th m d g iv
o s on s on e e n ou e e an e new
s ig ific c
n ll c c iv d b f r
an e to a w e on e e e o e
,

th r p r p i thi v l m h w h b w h ich x i t i h rm l
.

Th e au o o o se s n s o u e to s o t e ase e s s n t e no a

c t it t i f h m ity f h d ctri f M d i t i
ons u on o u and l th t th b i or t e o ne o e a on an a so a is ase s

as w id d e an iv r l h wh l c p f h m th g ht H p r c d w it h
a s un e sa as t e o e s o e o u an ou e o ee s

p r f d d gg tiv d i c i f h f cti f th g ht i di ti
.

a o o un an su es e s u ss o n o t e un on o ou n m an as s n

g i h i g h i f r m ll th r
u s n im l
m l y i d gr b i k i d Th p c ifi c
o a o e an a s, n o t o n n e ee ut n n es e s e
cti cl d I Th t f L g II P r p r t i h r l ti
.

fun o n s ar e asse a s, f a o an g u a e e o on, o r t e e a on o

f rm b di v id d d r th r h d P r M th m tic Appl i d S c i c d
. . .

o s, su e un e ee ea s, u e a e a s, e e n e, an
A rt III J r i p r d c L uI ll s h ich u i en ely p ri r b or aw n a w m an s no t on su e o ut

ti ll y d iff r t f r m l l h im l B y l g g h h g r l id
. . .
,

e sse n a e en o a t e an a s an ua e e as e ne a e a s,
ci ty ; th r gh p r p r ti h h f r m b ty m th m tic ; f r m l
.

so e ou e o on e as o e au ar t , a e a s o aw
rd r g v r m t m r l
, , ,

o e ,
o e n en ,
o a s .

A M E MO R I A L

S AMU EL HA R VEY TAY L OR .

O M PIL E D BY H I S L AS T CL ASS
C .

8 vo pp 12 7 P ic T y p aT i t d p p r ; cl th b v ll d gilt dg
e n e a e o e e e e es Pu bl i h d s e
by S b c ripti P ric
. . . . .
, ,

u s on . e,

Thi l g t l itl v l m i t rib t f ff cti d r p ct h l t P ri c i

s e e an e o u e s a u e o a e o n an es e to t e a e n
l f P h ill ip A d by h i l t S i r Cl I t c t i h Addr by em v, t e
gf
a O s ca s as en o a ss o n a ns e ss
P rk h F r l f D r T y l r ; h S l cti f r m h S c ript r
.

ro e sso r a at t e un e a o a o t e e e on o t e u es
r d h cc i by P r f J L T y l r ; S r m by P r f J W Ch rch ill
.
,

ea on t e o as o n o a o a e on o u
h C h p l f h Th l g ic l S m i ry h S bb t h f ll w i g
. . . . . .

h d at t t e t e
pg l i f h M mb r f h Ac d my d h Al m i w it h m cc t
e ac e e a e o eo o a e na on a a o o n ,
e
so u t o n s o t e e e s o t e a e an t e u n so e a o un
f h F r l S rv ic d R mi i c c b f rm r p p il A b tif l P h
,

O t e u ne a e e s, an e n s en es y a o e u e au u o

g ph c b i t i h l t t k f D r T y l r p r c d h t itl
.

tO rA a ne s ze , t e as o ne a en o a o e e es t e e
c pi ly f l
, .
,
.

Af ew o es o n a re o r sa e .

A N A D D R E S S ,

D E L VER E D I AT TH E

FUNER AL OF S AMU EL H AR VEY T AY LOR ,

LL D . .

E D WAR D S A P AR K BY . .

F r m th
o e B ib l i th c S c r f Ap r il 8 pp 3 3 P p r c v r
o e a a a or . vo . . . a e o e s P i rc e, 25 c t
en s.

W . F . D R A P ER , P u bl is h e r ,
An d o ve r , M a ss .
 L AT E L Y P U BL IS H ED .

C L ASSIC AL S T U D Y : Its U sef ul ne ss ill ustr a ted by Se lec tio n s f r o m t he

\Vr itin gs o f Em in e n t S cho l a rs Ed ite d w ith a n I n t r o d uc tio n b y S AM U E L .
, ,

H . L LL D P r i ip l f Phillip A de y 1 2
TAY OR ,
. .
, nc pp 4 1 5
a o s ca m . m o . . .

C l th x t P ri eo e r a, c ,

P r o f es so
J R r B
“
o ise , o t e f
. n i ver s it
h U
.

l ct a" Ch
ica g o ,
y m d by D r T yl
us t h w
i es in th e
o r is e
r t a
in e n
nu
m
M rc h
e o
u i io u s,tl yj d c
m b r f
th e I l li no is Te a ch e r : Th e se e io n 0 e s sa s
r t v w m y l d g w r t r b th E r p
a
an d p
e se n s t h e ie s o f an e a in i e s, o
a e

Ih ttr ryd ct cc ttr v rgy b t t hv rlty cl g ivc l fit r dt c c t h clv r r l kr tc h w hy in u o e a n d in

o n ise a n d
is o u n t h c t ry
Th e
of t h e
.

n o u io n , o n a in in a o u i pa e s , i es , s , a ea s e
is o o f th e o n th e a s u ie s an d
d m r ch d t h c t ry O t h l tt r
e n , se e a e a so n s
h g h t b fi t f cl c l t dy l
on o e s a ue 0 ass
;
th e i ass i a s u in is o u n n is a e
p pt k wk wl y Th c llb cttt r l fi dy byr md cdt l g t xrp ri c w h tl c h r
es e ne s o ar e s e o ea e .

o in , w e no of no o ne e e q ua i e e u a io n a n d on e e e n e as a e a e
to s e a ise is o e io n o f ess a s e in s u s o f o n e f e a u e in t h e o e co n
t ro v e is y
h r bl i w t h w h c h h v t b t r ck
i w e a e of en
c
.

t i fic t d Th r h v b
ee n s u : th e r d
e a in e ss o f
een f ew e
cl
assi a m e n t o
x
io ns t o c c
pt
l
on e e
t c
hi r l
c d
e po sn io n t o s ie n s u ie s
wht rr fi l dc i t c xcl h v v r rt h g tll y d m l d td t h r t rv rxtcl p r
an o no a e e a e e s u e .

e e as , s e n ifi m en a e n o t u n f e q ue n e an e for ei fa o i e u suit s t h e
en i e t t h s io n o f in e se ; a t e as , t o t h e e n i e e u sio n o f t h e
c
a n ie n
e
t
clpl c c l vt dy l
, o
a n ua e s g e
g e

w
u e e

rk D r T yl r b v ry w lc m I t h l d h v c p c
T o a l l w h o es ire t h e e s
.

o W l ll
o be t c ll ct y
io n o f e ss a s i n o ur a n u a e o n
a e a o n s i uo us
l g g
a ssi a s u , the of s ou
ry c h l l i b r ry pr v t l br r ry d c t r l
e
e
v d
o a e o e . .

, an d i n t h e i a e i a e u a o in o u r a n
”
a e in e e of e e
t h rc c i r B
s oo a
d N y t v l b l p rt vlm
- .

th e n I t r d ctd
In a n o
o u
e o n ne t o n P o f
io n , in w ch c hc Dptr T y l r bt l y wcl rkrl y h pp
i
o is e a d
a o
s :
so a ,
ot the
ea
e as
, and
a ua
fa
e a o f th e
irl y b l c
a an e s t h e a
.

y th gh t
o u e is
um e n s
. rg t
c rr d
i t h t h g d j dgm t w hi c h I l g l r d x p ct r m
o n t h e t w o si e s Th e o n e io n o f t h e e n ire
. o w as a a ou , a nd is a i e
o ut W at en on ag o e a n e to e e f o h im ”

I
oo u

r w rt v l x c d gl y y r dm r bl
.

Dr M Po sh , P r e s ul en t o f P i nce to n Co l l e i in i
w rk xc lll ct t mw rk fi tt bd j g m c h g d w h mwprr k wl t b yr t
o
. e
T h e se e io n se e
r usal is e
.

Th e
s to m e to e u
to d o
e
ic io us ,
es :
an d th e
a ue e
e nc ral
is
ee

it
i e ssio n
ou a
ef
in G
a
th e
e

r ita in , wh r th r
e en
e e e e is a s t r g t i l c l r ct . o
on
is
an -
e
c a s si a ea
u
io n
oo . e e no n ea

P ro f e ssor f r
Goo d w in , o H a r va d Un ive s ity , in a n o e t o t h e r
ppr cr t w ll gw drk c t rh ctv dg m c h xc ll g t r t m t t m l y c rl vt cl k w h c h
Y o u a e o ne a n e
u o , us e t e sse s h is A th r t h x pr
a e ia io n o i t h e o : e e n a nd a os i e se i e ; an d I
am s u e i t i d o oo in o f t h e i n o an a n d n o n se n si a i
w e h r b t cl c
e a a o u th e
pp r w h
in
a ssi s
o un e a
Th e
c
u
o s i no an f o
h y th
o se o f
m int g
i r t rm w h c h p p t
the o
a
o si io n t o t h e
F rr r
. as si s
rg m t g t y t m f
cl c
e n it use s s u e n s a a in s o u r s s e
’
e a s is
a
clt h m c l bt gdy d vAmr rg c t E cg l lhd b
as s i a s u in
e s sa s as
e i a ; a s if it ou
a
e a ff e
a s as a
e su
u
a ct d by c h rg t v ll w g
um e n s, e e n a o
ytm
in
o

t o e o o o e a a in s t h e is s s e
”
n

r D r T yl r p k
e

rf r B l tt w rk h
.

P Geo g e J ew e l l , in a M to s of th e t o st
e ff ec t ll
o e ssor
yh v b yy r
tchi vt l tlm r t r t imgr m bt j tbl y h v cl i cll l ttr dyt dw v tlh t
ua a
th e nu
e yo u , by iou t hr ow n
p r td
rj dc
pe n
io n s t o
e e
an d
.

th e
a o
w r it n
s
s of
ea

ic h
o e s, m e t a nd
ro u n d l e ss
o us :
ef u e in ,

e o us o i e is
r i t A fir t
s u
p
s o u e ec ass a a e u
ei e a yo u i th e a th e t
r w rk m i v lv m c h
n os no
o n s an
v d b l r p t i t w th t us ue 0
y ; a e a e u su . s
t h e pl a n o f y o u ed to m to o f un a oi io n i
i g c rr p d g d pt h mpr
n
se c o

c bv rc gdr tt d l p cp l rhr pxc t hll t c py c r pccl p d b y y ctr t h t l v t h g

o n in e
ur n
m e of the
a
e u ia e
o es
e en e of ou
on in
se e

a n , a n d , in f a a
er ig
it e a e s n o i n
h as of b e
ik e ss io n
o e
. B ut
u
a c ar c t ul
a
e ad n
e e
of
e
th e
,

oo
ou

to the s a e o u ie o w n pe n is s o re a t l y
b fir m
e , u n e ss
e e e
d i pr O po r t io n a t e t o
e
t h t w hi c h
a s, a

b c mi g w rih mv wbyw h crh pi t t rt t t h Itt m t c rrt k l d c p c

~
a yo u
i t s e e i io n s,
a e a a h v w rd d t h r
e
i t is qu i e
to o
,

e s
ou

a ei os o i
S o f a r is t h e o o f o
in t h e v r ty .

a ie and
e o

an
~
n e a so
f a c in a t io n o f t e ie s
an d w h o are
e

a a
i
e a
e se n s
a

cc didtl y l g v rc ph bml pc p pr c t c g m lti blrym dr c t d I tllw tllr t rv I t

e ia in
us
its
a
u fo
co n t io n t o a ll w h o
o o f s an
y i
i u s a io n s
ea w ll r d i t .

. .

f a i to i e a f e s i ul se t o t h e a u se it so a i
r p t ry f ct rg m t r m wh c h x h t bl p l b dr w f
an n o a v a es se e as a .

e o si o of s an d a en s f o i in e aus i ie s m ay e
d v di c t i t h r l y b d d p rtm t t dy r h g
a u e su p a n or
th e e f e n se a n d in a on of is so e of s u F o r f u n is in
th h t tl t h k en
t r v g pr m t
a use e a .

is st o re o use o n a re e n i e d t o t h e a n s o f a l l w h o a re s i in to o e t h e in
te re st o f so un ea n nd rig”
o

y I t m r t h m t m x p ct t I
.

A
P r e sid e nt
su e
a
i
ilee no Un io n ol le g e sa
r w ll r d r v l bl
en e
ri ch t r h
a a ua
s o e o use o f a u
e an d
f
im e ]
e n s an d rg m t
C
t l tr t rv i c c
th l r
b l v tg w y I t w ll pr v us
s:
se
a io n s f o r
o e
e to t h e
an
a u se o f
o se w
ee s
goo
ho e ie
e
e a n in
e in
e a
.
io n ,

e old
an d
i
”
am
o e

r T yl r m d g d fi gh t t h t pp t w ll h v m c h d
a s

D
.

VV t h in k h as an d i to
ti e
t th y c m pl t l y h r d
a e a
r o n en s
o a oo . a o a e u o
‘

n th e if
”
to s us a o n se e a re n o t o e e un o se P h il a d e lp h ia P ap e
c o m d b k v l b l c ll ct y h g h r m t h d
, . .

W th e f f io n s o n th e i
m t l tr i i g A m
r b
e en oo as a a ua e o e o e ssa e e o s o
”
en a a n n m er i c a n P es y ter ia n
g l d t h t ri d D r T yl r l r d m t r c l w h t
. .

W e a re a a f th e an d e in e n P in ip a o f
co n

to
cbriivg t gbth r w h cl m bv lt t g r h l mNr tEh gl t wd t y t t ht img h t w
e e to e, on th e
in t o
o ur
o e,
en
th e
e]
.

es
. a
ra in in
o ,

ie s o f
sc
ea n e
oo in ew n an , h as ou it
a w e
ise
n o e d
o u m e , a se o n ie s an
rg m t r m m b th k r v t h r g h cr t c l
e a o
u e n s, f e of the r e st in
o e
e s o f t h e ag e , in f a o
an
of
en
th e
es
i i a
t dy D r T y l r t h R m g t h r d t gp rt h r d mb y
a o so
an d c ti on n u o us s u of t h e C re e k
a
cand v
r p t t h gh t
c g o a n c l assw s e f ac e a n a pt a n d
o ou
on in in

r T r ch H g h L g r
d i s c u s sm n o f h i s o w n us h as e o f th e i es
m t v l b l gg t r ci
a o a e e o e
. e so .
ou s
an d os a ua e su e s io n s o f P in M ai J o n e s, P o f h ie s S
Drr h hw ll i hgt S t rt M Hll wr rd N rdh rr t r rp h l Dr r B EdLw r rdg
W. e e , J o n
P o f J o n Co n n o n W m
ua i , P of
r
oa o e , J o se
G a in e , Esq , P o f P i an s,
P a no , P o f
, u
B
e a é,
a s, .
. .

. .

G eo B o in ,
r S ll r r M rA D S b r r M H S r r
. o a , . . .

F ltmpb ll r ThBrr w crh rm b i g Tb h m p t r

p of e a , P es c C o sh , P o f E an o n , P o f as so n , H o n P e a s, P e s
l d d rt h t m v gr
. .
. . . . . . .

o , P e P of D rc y W
’
e n s o n , o so n , P o f G o w in S m i , a n d P o f L . . .
. .

Ca e e e is a in e n a l e t o n o e so re a d il t h e iff e e n o in f
m uc h bj ct
a
y i d p t h w ll gr t
o so
r
.

is ; as
’

m an n s u o n o ne s m fi ca n ce an d f o ce n t h e i
r ct which ch ry gr
su e as e as ea 8 g
ve d i in ”
su a ju a ee Co n g r e g a tiona lis t . .

W ARREN F D R APER , Pub

lisher , .

28 A N D O VE B , m a s s.
 Bo o ks P ub
lished b
y W . F . D ra
p er .

Go o d r ic h . B ibl e H i s to r y o f P r ayer . B y C A G O O D R I CH . . . 1 2m o.

pp ,
384 .

T he aim o f ttl l m
is l i e v o u e is to e mb dy
tho t
an acco un o f th e d el i ghtf ul a n d
su cc l t rc r b l v r w th h v
e ssf u in e o u se o f e ie e s i e a e n f o r so m r th
e f ou o u sandy rea s T he
th r d lg d dd l rr t v p g x pl g c rc m
.

au o h as in u e a g oo ea in n a a i e , o e n in an d e ain in th e i u
stan es c w h ch g v b r th
i a e i v r pr y r
to th e se e al a e s
d wr t tr t pr y r c mm t
.

T h e a u t o r oe s n o t aim to i e a e a ise o n a e , o r to o e n on al l th e
r c
re f e e n es t o p r y r ch l g c l rd r
a e in r o no o i a o e , b u t to d w ll
e tr
o n it s n a u e an d im

p o rt c
an e , a n d m k gg t
a e su e s io n s o n t h e m t m p r t t ll
os i o an a u sio ns to pr y r
a e , as

dc t d g
in i a e al l al o n f o r f o u r tho u san dy rea s H e e x plain s t h e c rc m t c
i u s an e s co n
d p r y r th h ly
.

R el igio us Un io n
”
h ee l e w i zli t h e a e s o f e se o m e n —
. .

H b
e E g li h P
rew lt n
— fi
bm m ne s Th e B k f P lm i sa er .
al . oo o sa s, n

H ebre w d E gl i h rr g e d i p r l l e li m 1 6
an n pp 1 9 4 s , a an n a a s . m o . . .

Th t l ittl v l m w h ich b r h b v titl y b b ri fl y ch c ri d

e ne a e o u e ea s t e a o e e m a e e ar a te ze

as a h ppy id b tif ll x c t d T h H b r w T x t f h P l m i divid d

a ea e au u y e e u e e e e e o t e sa s s e
c rd i g h i l p i t f h v r th t i p r i l i
.

ac o n to t e o e t ca a u se o n s o t e e se s, so a t a ea s n n e s as
sun g b h J wi t il l
e e h H b r w t x t cc rdi g
s can t h w ith R
a to rs e e e e a o n to a n, o se n
m ll r rr g m t i p r ll l cl cc p i c l m d h E gli h
.

u e s a an e en n a a e a u se s , o u e s o ne o u n, an t e n s

t x t f h C mm V r i th r ; h t di g id b id th t
,

e o t e o on e s on a no e t e tw o s an n s e e , so as
l g g d m it h c rr p di g H b r w d E g
s a
h id i m
,

far as t f h
e o s o t e tw o an ua es a t e o es on n e e an n
li l cl t d pp i ch th r I h f c w h r h d iff r t
,

s i a u se s s a n o os te to e a o e n t e ew ase s e e t e e en or
f ll w d i h v r i m k ch p ll li m im p ib l i i i d ic d by
.

d er o o e n t e e s on a e s su a ar a e s o ss e, t s n a te
b r c cl i g h r l t i
a es e n os n t e t ans a on

T h p r ch r i x p d i g h i c gr g t i f h P lm f D v id
.

e ea e n e o un n to s on e a o n o ne o t e sa s o a
il l f i d i v ry c v i t h v h rigi l by h id f h E g l i h v r i ,

w n t e on e n en to a e t e o na t e s e o t e n s e s on
p riv t r d i g d m d it t i l ch rr g m t w ill b f d v ry
.

F or a e ea n an e a o n , a so , su an a an e en e o un e
l d pr fit bl
e as an t a n lV f l c fid t th t th i littl v l m w ill b f v r
o a e e ee on en a s e o u e e a a o
wit h H b r w ch l d th t w h th y h v c b c m h bit t d i
.

i te e e s o a rs an a en e a e on e e o e a ua e to t,
i will b m y f th m d c
,

Bib
”
t e , to an o li h S e a va e m e u m —
ot eca acra

h d v t ch l r h l v th c r d g f h t m pl w r hip
.
, .

T o t e e ou s o a w o o es to see es e sa e so n so t e e e o s
wr itt th y w r ch t d d d ir
e n as e e e p c rr ct rr g m t f h
an e an es e s to o sse s s a o e a an e en o t e
l ph b t ic l P l m thi l ittl b k i i v l bl ch d Rfl c r
,

W
”
a a e a sa s, s e oo s n a ua e at ma n an e e to
T h b k i c m p ct w ll p r i t d d v y y d pt d p rp
.
.

e oo s o a i , e -
n e ,
an e er w a a a e to ts u o se .

L h d Bl s i
ut era n a n y i s o na r

A h pp y d ig d b tif l ly x c t d i i t
.

B
”
a es n , an ph y R i
ea u u e e u e n ts ra os ton e v ew
A h d m d i ti f h b k f P l m w hi w ill bq it f v rit with
.
.

an so e e on o t e oo o sa s, o e u e a a o e
cl “ rgy
e d th l g ic l
m en an d t N eo oE gl d r a st u en s
”
ew n an e

A v ry c v i t d d m ir b l m l d bg l v t th k
. .

e on en en an a a e an u a an w e e ea e o an ou r
A d v r f ri d f i Pr b r
,

Q
’
n o e en y i or ly t —
es ter an ua rte

Thi b tif ll y p r i t d w rk i ll b v ry p p l r with bib l ic l ch l r I t

. .

s e au u n e o W e e o u a a s o a s
i p rt bl
s o d
a h h
e , an bc m m to o n er b ly i d w ith h orig i l as e o e eas u a ac u a n te t e o
g
w na
i m t b v l bl d c ,
ll h d i Q
”
t us e a a ua e va e m e um —
l et o st ua r ter

h v h r b tif ll y cl r d y c mf rt i g diti f th H b r w
.

W e a e e e a e au u ea an e e- o o n e on o e e e
P lt r sa c rd i g H h
e ac o x b rr g d i v r m tl y cc rdi g
n to a n s
’
te t, ut a an e n e se os a o n to
E v ry l v r f h H b r w w ill d ir d b gr t f l f
,

R ill
o se n m i er e o e O t e e e es e an e a e u o r so
gr b l h lp h i t d d d v ti
.

C g g
” '

a eea e a e to s s u li ie s a n e o o ns on re a l zona st
T h v l m i b tif ll y p ri t d f c v i t i f d f d m ir b l
. .

e o u e s e au u n e o on en en s ze o r u se , a n o a a e
d pt t i rv i f h w h H b r w h b c m d i r mi i c c
,

a a a h o n to t e se ce o t o se o se e e as e o e a m e n s en e
”

ic R i
.

N hA oT m er an ev ew .

H b bht m b b L ib r P l T ex t rd i g -
e P
re w lt sa er .
a E . e sa m o ru m . ac co n

t H h o 32 a M r n . pp 1 7 7 m o . o o cc o . . .

Thi i h m ll t p ck t diti
s s t e s d ia lt g th r h
es tc v i tH
o e e o n , an s a o e e t e m os on en en e
b w P lt r v r p b l i h d i th i c
re sa e e e t ry I t i p ri t d i v ry cl r typ
u s e n s o un s n e n e ea e
T th h r d H b r w th i l ittl v l m w ill b p rf ct d i m d W
.
.

o o se w o ea e e s e o u e e a e e a on e
hv th i g f m y d y w hich h pl d f cy m r T h p p
.

a e see n n o n or an a a as e ase o ur an o e e a er
i x c ll t h p ri t i g r m r k b l y cl r d d i i ct r l pp r c
.

s e e en t e n d h
n e a a ea an st n an t e ene a
g a e a an e
f th b kl l ik f h fir t w t r w hich i i Chr i S r ry
, ,
”
o e oo g et e a em o t e s a e — t s . stia n ec eta .

H
 RE C EN T P U BLI C AT I O N S .

L ig h tf o o t. St . P aul s
’
E p i s tl e t o t h e G a l a ti a n s . A R evise d
T ex t w ith I tr d ti N te d D i er t ti
,
By J B L I HT
n o uc on, o s, a n ss a o ns . . . G

F OO T D D H l e P r f e r f D ivi ity d F e ll w f T ri ity

,
. .
, u s an o sso o n , an o o n

C l l e g e C mbr idg e 8
o pp 402 U if rm i tyl e w ith E ll i tt
,
a . vo . . . n o n s co

H e d er nd M r ph y so n an u .

Thi w rk im b d i m r p ct i m r c m pl t th
s o a y th r
s to e , an n so e es e s s, o e o e e an an o e
t r t i p h E p i tl i h E gl i h l g g Gr t l b r d l r i g
ea se u on t e s e n t e n s an ua e ea a o an ea n n a re

x p d d p c ll t r l d i c i I d d h c mm t ry h t x t f rm
.

e en e u on o a e a s u ss o n s n ee t e o en a on t e e o s
m ll r p r t f h v l m i v t d i i with l b r t d i r t ti
.
,

h
t e s a e a o d t e o u e, n es e as t s e a o a e sse a ons an
d t ch d t b f r d f t r d b t w
e a e n o e s, e o e an a e an e een
T h c mm t ry i l r d w ith t d i pl I t b r m rk th r gh t f
.

e o en a s e a ne ou s ay ea s a s ou ou o
wid d ch l rl y r rch h l d i t rict b rd i t i h p rp
.

e an s o a f p i e se a e n s su o na on to t e u o se o ex os
t i Al l th ri x c pt th wh ich d r c id r ti
on eo l ft t f h
es e e o se ese ve a o ns e a on are e ou o
”

t e
cc t P rh p h c ll t r l d i r t ti m ight h v b im il rl y
.

a oun e a s t e o a e a sse a ons a e een s a co m

p r d I t i i d p d t F c mm t ri b r m r cl r l y h t k f
.

e sse s n e en en ew o en a es ea o e ea t e o ens o
fr d m fr m c t r i t T h th r pp r tl y d w rv f r m h i c r
. .

ee o o ons a n e au o a a en oe s n o t s e e o s o u se
ith r gr w ith d iff r f r m y th r w ri r H d cid f h i
.

e to a ee or e o an o e te e e es or m se i i J
’

e p Ol l
h t xt ft r r vi i by W tc tt f h i A d th i l d
.

t e e a e a e y s on es o or s u se n s ea s us to sa
th t i i l rg l y m rk d by m l y i ight H r ch h i r lt l by th t
a t
,

s a e a e a an ns e ea es s e su s e ss a
p r c f x cl i w hic h ch r ct ri E ll ic tt d m r by d ir ct pp
.

o e ss o e us o n so a a e zes o an o e a e a re

ft h l d th m p rh p w ith m r f i t i ctiv c r t i ty
,

h i
ens o n d h an e o en o s e e a s, o e o an ns n e e a n
th Al f rd
an I t i p irit l d v g l ic l
o C g g i l R i s s ua
,

an e an e a
”
o n re a t o na e v ew

ch l r D r L ightf t C mm t ry i i v l b l H d B i h p
. . .

’ ’
F or a s o a s u se oo s o en a s n a ua e e an s o
E ll ic tt w rthil y ppl m t ch th r T h R v i d T x t i f h b t
. .

o o su e en ea o e e e se e s o ne o t e es
r c t c t rib t i c m pl t t x t h G r k N T t m t d h i i
.

e en on u o n s to a o e e e to t e ee ew es a en an t e cr t
h t xt c ci d h p i t A P b y ri
,

i
c sm s o n t e e R i
ar e on se a n to t e o n e tc —
m res te an e v ew

Tk wh l v tr y th t th i i h m t c m pl t
. . .
,

a en as a d o e, w e en u e to sa a s s t e os o e e an ex
h h E p i tl h G l ti th t h y pp r d E ll ic tt ’
i
au st v e co m m e n t ar on t e s e to t e a a an s a as et a ea e o s
no t e x c pt d i i e I ll ig c e .
”
r st a n nte e n er .
,

R eu be l t . Th e S cr ip tu r e D o c tr i n e o f th e P e r son o f Ch r ist .

By J . A R EU BEL T , D D
. . r f e r i I di U iver ity B l m
.
,
P o sso n n an a n s , oo

ing to n , I n d .
, b ed as on th e Germ f W F Ge 1 2 pp 45 6 an o . . ss . m o . . .

Cl o th
“
,

A w h l thi tr ti
s a y b b ri fl y
o e,ch r ct ri d t
s d b l ea se m a e e a a e ze a s an e ar n e s an a e
eff r t o p r t th t r d c i t t d ct ri f t h S cript r r p cti g th
to e se n e u e an ons s en o ne o e u es es e n e
p r f Ch ri t d t r c cil h v ryi g c f i l t t m t d v i w f
e so n o s an o e on e t e a n o n e ss o n a s a e e n s an e so
diff r t d m i ti by c r f ll y c m p ri g th m ith th l g g f th
,

e en e no na o n s, a e u o a n e w e an ua e o e
S c ript r th m l v T h i v tig ti i c d ct d i d v t c d id d
u es e se es e n es a on s on u e n a e ou an an
t th l vi g p iri t c mbi d with cc r t ch l r hip d th r gh t d y f th
.
,

ru -
o n s o ne a u a e s o a s an o ou s u o e
bj ct L h r Obr r
,
”
su e ut e a n se ve

T h tr l t r h x c t d h i t k w ith d m ir b l kill W hil p r rvi g

. .

e an s a o as e e u e s as a a e s e e se n
h i t gr ity f h r ig i l i li f th ght d rg m t h h cl th d
.

t e n e o t e o na as to ts ne o ou an a u en e as o e
i i x c ll t E gl i h
t n e e Ch i i enI llig c n s
”
r st a n n te en er
,

Th h h l d h d ct ri f t r l g r ti w ill h r fi d l b l id
. .

o se w o o t e o ne o e e na ene a on e e n a v a ua e a
i d iv t i
n th ir v i w f i c t m ry c r d
es ng e d b l im ti g f e y s o ts us o a u e n e ss, a n su a n as ar a s m a

b h i h r t c t r d ict i th t l i i h t w rd W c t t with ,

e t e n e en on a on a es n t e w o o s e are o n en
th t v i w f h ph r ly b g tt S which r g rd i tti g f r th by
.

”
a e o t e ase , on -
e o en o n, e a s t a s se n o
a h m r l t i hip (
u an l ) v ryw h r ig ifi c t bt p c i ll y
e a ons J a s u su a e e e e s n an u es e a so to a ew
it y f tr p p rp i t r t d ym p thy which ch r c ri
, ,

th e un i o n a u e, o sse ss o n , u o se , n e es an s a a a te ze

th F th r
,

“Th gh th ty l f th g ht i p c l i r d th gh th O pi i
d h S C g eg i l R i
’
e a e an t e on on r a t ona e v ew

ft
. .

ou e s e o ou s e u a an ou e n o n s ar e o en

m tim ch c mm d imm d i t t v ,

new d an yso e e s su as m a no t o an e a e asse n or e e n co m

d t t l l y th r i w k i g p w r i h b k d h d if t f it
, ,

m an a sse n a a et e e s an a a en n o e n t e oo an t e r o

right C gr g i
, ,
”
18 . li on e a t o na st .

W AR R E N F D R AP E R .
, P u bl is h e r ,

An d o v e r , M ass .
 Books P ub
lished b
y W . F . D r aper .

W ine r . A G r a m m a r of th e I d i o m o f th e N e w T e s ta m en t

p re p re d a d as a S o li th e t er p re t ti f th e N T
B asis f o r In a on o ew es

t me t B y D GE O R E BE N E D I C T W I N ER S eve th e diti
a n . R . G . n on,

e l rge d d impr ve d B y D G O TT L I E B L UN E MA N P
n a an o . R . N ,
ro

fe r f Th e l gy t th e U iver ity f Gotti ge R evi e d d

sse o o o a n s o n n . s an

A th ri e d T r
u o l ti z 8 pp 7 44 an s a on . vo . . .

Cl th h ee p h lf g t o , s , a oa ,

Af t r h i d th
e v th di i f h i G r mm r p b l i h d i 1 8 6 6 d r
s ea a se en e t on o s a a w as u s e n un e
d i ri l c r f D r L ii Thi dit r i c rp r t d i t th i d iti ,

h
t e e to a a e o ne m an n s e o n o o a e n o s e on
m m c ript t w hich W i r h d p r p r d f i With t lt r
. .

h
t e nu ero u s an u s no e s ne a e a e or t ou a e
h g r l d i t rib ti f m tt r i pp r d i th ix th diti h
.

i t e e ne a s u on o a e as t a ea e n s e on, e
egi r ] c t tl y im p r v d h b k i d t il by dditi
r e
ne o n s an o f gr t r
e l
t e oo n e a s, a o ns o ea e or e ss
e x t i m r th th r h dr d d f r ty pl c by r r
te n n o e an ee d r c un tr e an o a e s, e a su e s a n e ons ue
i
t o n s, by h m ltipl ic t i f p ll l p g f r m b ibl ic l d f r m p r f
t e u a on o ar a e a ssa es o a an o o an e
lit re at u e ,r by m r p r i d fi iti f th ght d x p r i
a o e ec se Pr f e r n on o ou s an e e ss o n s,
’
e tc o e sso
Lu m dd d h v th d iti l y th im p r v m t b l
.

ne hann as a e to t e se e n e on no t on e se o e e n s, u t a so
i
m f hi
ro v e m e n ts o ; d h th m d h v th diti m r f ll
s ow n an as us a e t e se e n e on o e u as
w e 1 asm cc r t th ith r f h p r c d i g
o re a u a e, an e e o t e e e n
,

Th fir t d it i G r mm r tr l t d i t E gl i h by P r f r
.

’
e f IVi
s e on o n er s a a w as an s a e n o n s o e sso s
S rt d R b i i 1 8 5 h f r th d iti by P r f r Ag w d E bbk
t ua an o n so n n 2 t e ou e on o e sso s ne an e e
i 18 3 9
n h ix th d it i
t e s t r l t d by P r f r M e on, p bl i h d E di i a ns a e o e sso asso n , w a s u s e at t

brgh d h i t r l t i f h ix th i h b i f Pr f r Th y r ’
u an s ans a on o l
t e s s t e as s o o e sso a e s tra n s a
v th [L ii ] d i ti Pr f r Th y r h w v r h i t r
,
’
i
t on o f h t e se en n e m an n s e on o e sso a e o e e as n o

mr d im p r t t c rr cti f M t l ti md
.
, ,
'

d uce d nu e o u s an o d h an o e o ns o a sso n s r an s a o n , an as a e
h pr
t e t d iti f h G r mm r d cid d ly p ri r t y f h p r c d i g
e se n e on o t e a a e e su e o o an o t e e e n
tr l t i
an s a H h
o ns m d i p i ll y c v i t f h
e as a e f E gl i ht e s ec a o n en en or t e u se s o an n s
t d t by ti g h t r m rg i f h p g th p gi g f h ix th d
.

s u en no n on t e ou e a n o t e a es e a n o t e s an
v th G rm d it i d l f Pr f rM t r l ti Th h
,
’
se en e an e o n s, a n a so o o e sso a sso n s an s a on us t e
d r f c mm t ry w h ich r f r h p g f ith r f h v l m
.

re a e o a o en a y e e to t e a es o e e o t e se o u e s, m a

il y fi d h r f r c by c lti g h m rgi f th i v l m G r t c r h
s

e as n t e e e en e o n su n t e a n o s o u e ea a e as
l b b twd h i d x f h pr t v l m w hich v ry
.

a so ee n es o e on t e n e es o t e e se n o u e, a re now e

a cc r t d c m pl t O f h i d x th t f p g i h N T t
u a e an o e e ne o t e n e e s, a o assa es n t e ew es a
m t x pl i d ci d cc p i ix ty p g t d i ti ct iv l y ly h
.

en e a ne or d te o u es s a e s, a n no e s s n e no t o n t e
t x t w h i ch m r l y c it d b l th wh ich c mm t d p F th i
e s are e e e u t a so o se are o en e u on or s,
m ch c r d it i d Pr f rG W W r f h B pt i t Th l g ic l S
.
,

u e s ue to o e sso a re n , o t e a s eo o a em

h c g th r d x fi ll ghty fi p d l rg l y g t
. .

i n ar y i C i
n T h i
a o i e ee n e es e -
ve ag e s, an a e au m en
h v l d ich f h v l m T h t y p g ph ic l x c t i f h b k
.

t e a u e an r n e ss o t e o u e e o ra a e e u on o t e oo
l d v pr i ; f h v x mi d i h v b rp ri d i
.

a so e se r es a se so ar as w e a e e a ne t, w e a e e e n su se at ts
c rr“ct i pl c wh r h t yp
o e ne ss n a es p B ib
li h
e e t S r e e s are a t to e rr
”
ot ec a ac a

T h w r k f h Am r ic d it r i d i th r g h d ch l rl y
. .

e o o t e e an e o s o ne n a o ou an s o a m an
C g g i l Q rly
o n re a t o na ua rte
W hil th i g h b d by ith r h Am ric G rm dit r lt r
.

e no n as ee n o ne e e t e e an o r e an e o to a e
t h ch r ct r
e a a d pl f h w rk
e an W i r l f t i f t r h l b r f l if th
an o t e o as ne e t a e t e a o o a e, n o
i g h
n b l ft d
as ee n c rr ct d c m pl t i d p r vid f i m r
e un o ne to o e an o e e t, an o e or ts o e ex
t “en dd f l
e P i c
u se u n es s R i
”
r n eton ev ew

T h wh l w r t d d c t c r l
. .

e p f
o e h a k i e a ra n c e o i i f d
t e o as t no w s an s n a es a a e u an
th r gh ch l r hip A c ritic l m p ri f v r l p g ith h rigi l
o ou s o a s a co a so n o se e a a es w t e o na
c fi m h im p r i m d by g r l x mi ti f h b k I i p r
.

on r s t e ess o n a e a ene a e a na on o t e oo n ts es

f rm th i t r l ti r mm d d w r th y pl c
.

en t o s
y b an s a on f m a i h n ow e ec o en e as o o a a e n t e
l ib r ry f v ry m i i t r h d ir t dy h N T t m t with h id f
,

a o e e n s e w o es es to s u t e ew es a en t e a o
h b t c r it ic l h lp T h l g ic l E cl c ic
”
t e es a e s eo o a e t
Gr t p i l h v b t k cr l c r cy
. .

ea a n s a so
g p hi
a e e en a en t o se u e o ra ca a cu a an ex
l y d if fi c lt th i g i w rk f th i k i d r j ic th t i v l bl
,

t re m e u n n a o o s n e e o e a so n a ua e a
w rk h th b m d rl y p rf t h p v r h v i It i
.

o as us ee n a e as n e a e ec as w e c an e e e e to a e t s a
w r k th t h rd l y f il f ili d i cr h r v r t d cc r t t dy
.

o a c an a a to ac t a t e an n e ase t e e e en an a u a e s u
o f h W rd f G d
t e o A r ic o Pr b y o i R . i me an es ter an e v ew .
R ETUR N TO th e t
c irc ula io n d e sk o f a ny

Unive rs i y o f t C a lifo rnia Libra ry

o r to th e

NO RTH ER N R EG IO NAL LIBR ARY FA ILITY C

Bld g 4 00 R ic h m o nd Fie ld S a io n
.
, t t
Unive rs i y o f t C a lifo rnia
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-
t
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y c a lling
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