Introduction

 Every power system has three major

components:
generation: source of power, ideally with a
specified voltage and frequency
transmission system: transmits power; ideally
as a perfect conductor
load: consumes power; ideally with a constant
resistive value

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 No ideal voltage sources exist
 Loads are seldom constant
 Transmission system has resistance, inductance,
and capacitance
 Simple system has no redundancy so power
system will not work if any component fails

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 Power: Instantaneous consumption of energy
 Power Units
Watts = voltage x current for dc (W)
kW – 1 x 103 Watt
MW – 1 x 106 Watt
GW – 1 x 109 Watt

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 Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is
what people really want from a power system
 Energy Units
Joule = 1 Watt-second (J)
kWh – Kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J)
Btu – 1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh

 U.S. electric energy consumption is about 3800

million MWh/yr

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 Electric utility: can range from quite small, such as
an island, to one covering half the continent
 there are four major interconnected ac power
systems in North American, each operating at 60
Hz ac; 50 Hz is used in some other countries.
 Airplanes and Spaceships: reduction in weight is
primary consideration; frequency is 400 Hz.
 Ships and submarines
 Automobiles: dc with 12 volts standard
 Battery operated portable systems

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Coal

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 Electric generating technologies involve a tradeoff
between fixed costs (costs to build them) and
operating costs

 Nuclear and solar high fixed costs, but low operating

costs

 Natural gas/oil have low fixed costs but high

operating costs (dependent upon fuel prices)

 Coal, wind, hydro are in between

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Nuclear: $15/MWh
Coal: $22/MWh
Wind: $50/MWh
Hydro: varies but usually water constrained
Solar: $200/MWh

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 wind DC/DC DC/AC
rectifier utility line
generator converter inverter

The grid-connected application

wind DC/DC DC/AC AC load

rectifier
generator converter inverter

DC-DC DC load
Converter

battery

The stand-alone application 20

 Supply load (users) with electricity at

 Specified voltage (110 - 220 ac volts

common for residential)

 Specified frequency (50 – 60Hz)

 With minimum cost (usually)

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 Load is constantly changing

 Power system is subject to disturbances, such

as lightning strikes

 Engineering tradeoffs between reliability and

cost
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 MW Load

10000
15000
20000
25000

0
5000
1
518
1035
1552
2069
2586
3103
3620
4137
4654
Hour of Year
5171
5688
6205
6722
7239
7756
8273
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