Three Levels System:-

Let us consider a three level system having populations N1, N2 and N3 and energies E1, E2 and E3, respectively. let out
of the total number of atoms excited from level 1 to level 3, some of them return back to ground level through
spontaneous and stimulated emissions and some of them go to level 2 through radiative and non-radiative transitions and
finally into the level 1. The rate equations in steady state are
dN 3
=B13 N 1 ρ ( ν 13 ) −B 31 N 3 ρ ( ν 31 )− A 31 N 3−N 3 S 32− A 32 N 3=0
dt
dN 3
=B13 N 1 ρ ( ν 13 ) −B 13 N 3 ρ ( ν 31 ) −A 31 N 3−N 3 S32− A 32 N 3=0 (1)
dt
Where, (i) first terms represents the number of atoms excited at the level 3, per unit time per unit volume via induce absorption
(=WpN1) (ii) second term represent the number of atoms comes back to level 1 via stimulated emission (=WpN3) (iii) third term
represents the transition from level 3 to level 2 via spontaneous emission and (iv) the last term represent the transition from level 3
to level 2 via radiative and non-radiative means (S 32 is the probability of transition from level 3 to level 2 via radiative and non-
radiative processes), using B13=B31
From eq. (1), we have
W pN 1
N 3= (2)
W P+¿ A 31+S 32
+ A 32 ¿
dN 2
=N 3 S32 + B12 N 1 ρ ( ν 12 )− A 21 N 2−B21 N 2 ρ ( ν 21 ) + A 32 N 3−N 2 S 21=0
dt
dN 2
=N 3 S32 + B12 N 1 ρ ( ν 12 )− A 21 N 2−B12 N 2 ρ ( ν 21 ) + A 32 N 3−N 2 S 21=0 (3)
dt

Here, the second term represents the stimulated transition between level 1 and 2 (=W LN1) and the last term represent the stimulated
transition between level 2 and 1 due to presence of Laser radiation (=W LN2). B12=B21 and using eqs. (2) and (3), we have
W L N 1+ N 3 S 32+ A 32 N 3
N 2= =¿ (4)
A 21+W L + S 21
dN 1
=A 21 N 2+ A 31 N 3+ B 21 N 2 ρ ( ν 21 )+ B 31 N 3 ρ ( ν 31 )−B 13 N 1 ρ ( ν 13 )−B12 N 1 ρ ( ν 12 ) + N 2 S 21=0
dt
dN 1
=A 21 N 2+ A 31 N 3+ B 12 N 2 ρ ( ν 21 ) + B 13 N 3 ρ ( ν 31 )−B 13 N 1 ρ ( ν 13 )−B 12 N 1 ρ ( ν 12 ) + N 2 S 21=0 (5)
dt
dN 1
=A 21 N 2+ A 31 N 3+W L N 2+W p N 3−W p N 1−W L N 1+ N 2 S 21=0 (6)
dt
N0=N1+N2+N3 (7)
From eqs. (1) to (3), we have
dN 3 dN 2 dN 1
+ + =0 (8)
dt dt dt
Which, is consistent with eq. 7, on solving these equations, we get
From eq. (7), we get
WpN1
N 0=
W p S32 + A 32W p N1
W P+ ¿ A 31+ S 32 + A 32
(
+ W L+
) .
W P + A 31+S 32+ A 32 A 21+W L + S 21
+ N 1¿

W p A 21+W p W L +W p S 21+W L W P +W L A 31+S 32 W L +W L A 32+W p S32+ A 32W p +W P A 21+ A 31 A 21+ S32 A 21+ A 3
N 0= { W P W L +S 32 W L + A 31 W L +W P A 21+ S 32 A 21+ A 31 A 21+W P S 21+ A

3 W P W L +2 W L A 31+ 2 S32 W L +2W P A 21+W p S 32+2 W p S 21+2W L A 32+ A 32W p + A 32 A 21+ A 31 S 21+ S32 S 21+ A 3
N 0= { W P W L + S32 W L + A 31W L + W P A 21+ S32 A 21+ A 31 A 21+W P S 21+ A 31 S 21+S 32 S 21+ A 32 S 21+ A 32W
.(9)
From eq. (4), we have
W L W P +W L A 31+W L S 32+W p S32 + A 32W p N1
N 2−N 1= ( W P + A 31+ S32 + A 32
. )
A 21+W L + S 21
−N 1

W L W P +W L A 31+W L S 32+W p S32 + A 32W p−W P W L−S32 W L− A 31 W L−W P A 21−S32 A 21−A 31 A 21−W P S 2
N 2−N 1= { W P W L +S 32 W L + A 31 W L +W P A 21+ S 32 A 21+ A 31 A 21+W P S 21+ A 31 S 21+ S32 S 21+

W p S32 + A 32 W p−W P A 21−S32 A 21−A 31 A 21−W P S 21− A 31 S 21−S 32 S 21− A 32 S 21−A 32W L − A 32 A
N 2−N 1= { W P W L + S32 W L + A 31W L +W P A 21+S 32 A 21+ A 31 A 21+W P S 21+ A 31 S 21+ S 32 S 21+ A 32 S 21+ A 32W L + A 3
(10)
N 2−N 1
=¿ (11)
N0
N 2−N 1
=¿
N0