SEMINAR REPORT

ON
FIBER OPTICS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY: MANYA SUBMITTED TO: Dr. VIVEK SHARMA

ROLL NO: 16205
BATCH: 2016-2020
 I would like to express my
deep gratitude to Dr. VIVEK SHARMA for giving me
this opportunity to express my view regarding the
topic OPTICAL FIBERS. I also came to know about a
lot of stuff through this seminar.
And at last I would like to thank
all the people who were directly or indirectly
guided and helped me to complete my seminar
report within the limited time.

MANYA

B.TECH 3RD YEAR

EED
 Abstract
 Introduction to optical fibers
 Classification
 Categories of cabling
 Advantages and disadvantages
 Hybrid cables
 Underwater or submarine cables
 Recent developments
 Application
 Reference
The current state of the art of fiber optics
components is reviewed and projected uses of fiber
optical technology are detailed. A brief discussion is
presented describing the fundamentals of light
guiding and the factors which affect the performance
of light guides. Current fiber Optics capabilities in
terms of attenuation, information capacity, fiber
strength and fabrication are discussed. The status of
optical cables, sources, detectors, and couplers is
presented, and proposed and demonstrated
systems are described. Trends in the development
of fiber optics are outlined, and discussion and
comparisons are given with other technologies
which indicate the economic and technical viability of
fiber optics. Concluding remarks summarize the
technology status and indicate where the technology
is expected to find application.
 INTRODUCTION
Optical fibers are the thin cylindrical strands
of fibers which are used to transmit or send
the information from one end to the other.
They are very thin and flexible and are
made up of drawing glass/silica. They can
transmit the light as well as the information
from one end to the other end.

Mainly the optical fiber contain the following

parts which are as follows:
 Core: The core of an optical fiber cable is
cylinder of plastic that runs all along the fiber
cable’s length which offers protection by cladding.
The diameter of the core depends on the
application of its.

 Cladding: Cladding is an outer optical

material that protects the core. The main purpose
of cladding is that it reflects the light back into the
core. It also works on the principle of TIR.

 Buffer: The main function of the buffer is to

protect the fiber from damage and thousands of
optical fibers arranged in hundreds of optical
cables. These bundles are protected by an outer
covering which is called jacket.

 Jacket: Fiber optic cables jackets are

available in different colors that can easily make
us recognize the exact color of the cable we are
using.
The diameter of the core and cladding are as
follows:

Mainly the optical fiber works on the principle of

TIR (total internal reflection) it is the complete
reflection of light when the angle of incidence is
greater than the critical angle.
Generally optical fibers are of 4 types:
(1) On the basis of no. of modes
-Single mode fiber (SMF).
-Multi mode fiber (MMF).
(2) On the basis of reflective index
-Step index optical fiber.
-Graded index optical fiber.
 Less transmission losses.
 It can utilize immense bandwidth.
 Less weight and small size.
 They have high signal security.
 They consume a very little power.
 Speed of transmission is very high.
 Cheap equipment.
 They have a long lifespan even of 100 years.

 Installation cost is quite high.

 Point to point communication is possible.
 For boosting the signal distance must be kept
small.
20 | P a g e
vdvdvvgd
A hybrid cable is also known as co-axial
cables that are the medium of communication
that combines fiber optic and coaxial cable-
based transmission
Modes into a unified path. Hybrid cables
incorporate mixed optical fiber with copper
Cable. This multifunctional cable is used for
power and data transmission. It delivers
voice, internet cables tv cables etc. these
cables are ideal for the networks which
involves real time image transportation and
for sharing large files.
The Copper cables are inexpensive and thus
its installation is very easier. If w want to send
the data over the copper cable, every 30Kms
we need the repeaters to avoid the power
drop. Whereas in the case of optical fibers
have lower transmission losses as compared
to the normal copper wire transmissions thus
the data can be sent over the long distances
and thus the use intermediate repeaters are
reduced.
22 | P a g e
cables from there to the customer’s home
or office. This combination of fiber and

Advantages
 Cost – Less maintenance costs due
to fewer amplifiers required and less
1. Less maintenance cost.
2. Immune to noise factors.
3. High bandwidth capabilities.
4. Flexible
5. Secure mode of communication
6. Cable connections are easily available.

Disadvantages
1 .More expensive than coaxial cable
2 More skills are required
3signal quality may get reduces.
Under water cables are also known as the
submarine cables which are mainly used for the
underwater transmission of the data or
information. The first submarine communication
cable was laid in 1850s and it contained telegraphy
traffic.
In the present scenario Antarctica is the only
continent in which this type of transmission of
information is not used it is because of the
glaciers also the temperature out there is very
low which is -80 ˚ C.
The first trans-Atlantic cables were laid in the
1860s, and trans-Pacific cables which was
followed in the 1900s because of the noisy voltage
which caused disturbances in the transmission
process.
 Figure showing the submarine cables laid
through India

26 | P a g e
The submarine fiber optic cable contains the
same components as a land cable, except it
has more protection.
1 – Polyethylene
2 – Mylar tape
3 – Stranded steel wires
4 – Aluminum water barrier
5 – Polycarbonate
6 – Copper or aluminum tube
7 – Petroleum jelly
8 – Optical fibers
Importance of submarine cables:

The reliability of submarine cables is very

high, especially when multiple paths are
available in the event of cable break also the
total carrying capacity of the submarine cable
is in terabits per second while satellite
typically offers only 1000 megabits per
second and display higher latency.

Future prospects: As of 2014, there are 285

communications cables at the bottom of the
ocean, and 22 expectancy of more than 25
years during which time they are considered
economically feasible. The new techniques in
the phase modulation and improvement in the
submarine line have boosted the capacity.
of them are not yet in use. These are called
―dark cables.‖ Submarine cables have a life
Recent Developments in optical communication
dynamic-single-mode lasers, low-loss single-mode
fibers of low dispersion and sensitive InGaAsP-
avalanche photodiodes with fast response lead to
fiber systems with pulse rate regenerator distance
products of 25 Gbit km/s per fiber. With the
wavelength multiplexing more than 3 Tbit km/s
have shown to be feasible. Future developments in
coherent optical transmission, low-loss mid-
infrared fibers, soliton transmission, and integrated
optics may allow even more transmission capacity
and longer distances.
 Medical field.
 Defense
 Data storage
 Telecommunications
 Networking
 Commercial purpose
 Broadcasting
 Sensors and lasers
In the present scenario the optical fibers are
replacing the previous modes of communication
thus it is very important to introduce such new
technologies which are in the favor of the mankind.
This type of transmission is thus very useful in our
day to day life it have made or life much easier and
much simpler. This type of communication has a
vast application in the computer system. There are
a number of essential points about fiber optics that
have been mentioned throughout this report. The
slow speed of communication in earlier time had
brought on by the small bandwidth available to
existing communications networks based on the
propagation of electrical signals through metallic
lines but now due to the use of optical fibers it
becomes easier.
Thus the optical fibers are considered as the
boon to the digital world.
Optical communication ONT Prof. Dr. Ing.
G.wenke(report)
Proceedings of IEEE(volume 66 Issue 7th July
1978)
Introduction to fiber optics by Ajoy
Ghatak(book)
 Digital telephony by John. C. Bellamy.