On

In
Advanced Enzymes Technologies Ltd.,
Malegaon (M.I.D.C.) Sinner, Nasik.
By

Mr. YOGESH SANJAY PATIL

Dept.:-Chemical Engineering

SIR VISVESVARAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,CHINCHOLI,

SINNER, NASHIK.

[2017-2018]

1
 SIR VISVESVARAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

CHINCHOLI, NASHIK

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF PUNE

This is certified that, Industrial Training Report Entitled

PRODUCTION OF ENZYME

Has been submitted by:- Mr. Patil Yogesh Sanjay

In the partial fulfillment of the term work for TE-CHEMICLAL 2017-2018

DR.V.D.TALNIKAR EXAMINER DR.B.L.PANGARKAR

(Head of Dept.)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 Successful training cannot be accomplished by singular person to whom the

training is assigned, but also demands help &guardian- ship of some person

2
 who by their divine knowledge & active participation help to completing

training.

 We are indeed indebted to Dr.B.R.Patil who has constantly advised us on

this training.

 I would like to take this opportunity to express our thanks to Mr. Gore, HR

director, Advanced Enzymes Ltd. for following us to do training in their

organization. We would also like to thanks Mr. Arvin Arote & head of

respected dept. to providing us all the information, guidance, valuable

suggestion &encouragement.

 I am thankful to the Ltd, Advanced Enyme Tech.Ltd. , malega-

on(MIDC),Sinner for providing opportunity to learn the
operations in their production and Engineering facility.

Details of Training

Sr.No. Particular’s Detail

1. Name of the Industry Advanced Enzymestech. Ltd.

2. Present Location Plot No.A-61/62, MIDC,Male-

gaon,Sinner,Nasik,422113,Ma-

3
 harashtra,India

3. Training Period 1 SEPT-15 SEPT 2016

4. Total days of training 15 Days

5. Specialization Production of enzymes (ecofriendly)

6. Trainer Mr.Arvind Arote sir,Mr. Kesa

-wlekar sir
Fermenter,RO,Boilers,Plate &
7. type of equipments
Frame Filter Press
Tanks, Ultra Filters, Micro Filter,
Spray Dryer,CMS etc.

8. Overall Cost of equipments 70-80Crores

9. Plant production Textiles,Leather, Brewery, Bakery,

agriculture,Poultry, Pharma etc.

10. Name of raw materials Wheat bran, Ricebran, Sodium

sulphate etc.

11. Name of the products Fungal Diastase,Serratio

peptidases,Cellulose,
amylase etc.

12. Plant capacity 50-70tonnes/month

13. Energy Requirement/month 1800Kv

14. Payback period Within 10 years(1990-2000)

15. Cost of construction of plant 118Crores

4
 CONTENT

Sr.No. Title Page No.

1. Introduction

2. Objective of Training

3. Production Department

3.1 Lab Scale

3.2 Flask Scale

3.3 large Scale

4. Recovery Of Enzymes

4.1 Isolation

4.2 Filtration

4.3 Purification

5. Store & Dispatch Department

6. Maintenance & Utility

7. quality assurance Department

8. Market analysis

9. Conclusion

5
Chapter1.0:- Introduction

1.1Company Profile

Advanced Enzymes Technologies Ltd. is research driven company having

global leadership in manufacturing enzymes , probiotics & dedicated to

marketing eco-safe solutions to wide variety of industries like Pharmaceuticals,

Nutraceuticals, Animal Healthcare, Baking ,Agriculture, Waste Management

,Textiles, Leather, Distilling ,Grain Processing,Brewing,Juice processing

etc.Advanced enzyme Tech.Ltd. Was established with a purpose of providing

ecofriendly product for various industries .It has today emerged as world leaders

in production of industrial enzymes.

The vision to form this company came from our founder Mr.L.C.Rathi,

who is the forefather of the Indian Enzyme Industry. This industry has carried

forth the tradition of the entrepreneurial spirit since 1990. Its extensive biotech

experience has led to development of hundreds of unique enzymes solutions

addressing the need of customers in 25 industries and over 30 countries.

Advanced Enzymes Tech. Ltd. prides itself on being one of the

Few manufacturers in the worlds that produce a full spectrum of industrial

enzymes derived from all four natural origins: plant, vegetable, fungus, &

bacteria. They use both solid state & liquid state of fermentation. The research &

development team at Advanced Enzymes Technologies Ltd specializes in

developing tailored enzymes solutions for individualcustomers.

 Introduction to enzymes:-
Enzymes, we believe Enzyme is Life! Be it micro-organisms, plants,
animals or humans, enzymes are vital to function for any living being.
Enzymes have evolved over billions of years to become this meaningful
6
and we are here to bring the power of enzymes to the masses!The use of
enzymes in the diagnosis of disease is one of the important benefits
derived from the intensive research in biochemistry since the 1940's.
Enzymes have provided the basis for the field of clinical chemistry.
Enzymes are specific and catalyze a wide variety of reactions and have
been used widely as processing aids for improving the quality of the end
products while reducing energy costs and reducing the overall carbon
footprint of the process.
Enzymes are devoid of the side-effects typically associated with drugs and
have been used widely for the prevention and treatment of a wide variety
of disease

 Early Enzyme Discoveries:-

The existence of enzymes has been known for well over a century. Some
of the earliest studies were performed in 1835 by the Swedish chemist Jon
Jacob Berzelius who termed their chemical action catalytic. It was not
until 1926, however, that the first enzyme was obtained in pure form.
Sumner was able to isolate and crystallize the enzyme urease from the jack
bean. His work was to earn him the 1947 Nobel Prize.John H. Northrop
and Wendell M. Stanley of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
shared the 1947 Nobel Prize with Sumner. They discovered a complex
procedure for isolating pepsin. This precipitation technique devised by
Northrop and Stanley has been used to crystallize several enzymesShed by
James B. Sumner of Cornell University

Chemical Nature of Enzymes:-

All known enzymes are proteins. They are high molecular weight
compounds made up principally of chains of amino acids linked
together by peptide bonds. See Figure 1.

7
Enzyme Kinetics [Enzyme-substrate complex]:-

The substrate and enzyme formed some intermediate substance which

is known as the enzyme substrate complex. The reaction can be
represented as:

If this reaction is combined with the original reaction the following

results:

Effect Of pH:-

8
Enzymes are affected by changes in pH. The most favorable pH value
the point where the enzyme is most active - is known as the optimum
pH. This is graphically illustrated in Figure 14. Extremely high or
low pH values generally result in complete loss of activity for most
enzymes. pH is also a factor in the stability of enzymes. As with
activity, for each enzyme there is also a region of pH optimal
stability. In addition to temperature and pH there are other factors,
such as ionic strength, which can affect the enzymatic reaction. Each
of these physical and chemical parameters must be considered and
optimized in order for an enzymatic reaction to be accurate and
reproducible.

The optimum pH value will vary greatly from one enzyme to another,
as Table II
Table II: pH for Optimum Activity

Enzyme pH Optimum

Lipase (pancreas) 8.0

Lipase (stomach) 4.0 - 5.0

9
 Enzyme pH Optimum

Lipase (castor 4.7

oil)

Pepsin 1.5 - 1.6

Trypsin 7.8 - 8.7

Urease 7.0

Invertase 4.5

Maltase 6.1- 6.8

Amylase (pancreas) 6.7 -

7.0

Amylase (malt) 4.6 -

5.2

Effects of Inhibitors on Enzyme Activity:-

Enzyme inhibitors are substances which alter the catalytic action of

the enzyme and consequently slow down, or in some cases, stop
catalysis. There are three common types of enzyme inhibition -
competitive, non-competitive and substrate inhibition.

Competitive inhibition occurs when the substrate and a substance

resembling the substrate are both added to the enzyme. A theory
called the "lock-key theory" of enzyme catalysts can be used to

10
explain why inhibition occurs.
Most theories concerning inhibition mechanisms are based on the
existence of the enzyme-substrate complex ES. As mentioned earlier,
the existence of temporary ES structures has been verified in the
laboratory.

Chapter2.0:-Objective Of Training

Industrial training is a part of academic curriculumof T.E. (chemical).

It is mandatory to each student to undergo through industrial training.
The training which is part of our engineering course,it develops the
expertness to the forthcoming of the professionals.

This curriculum of the engineering course builds the students

confidence & make them understand themselves whereas do we lack
& the qualities to be added so as to spring up & more presentable as
well as more efficient.

The undercoat aim of the training is thatthe people come to know

about the actual working carried out in production. This also make the
students knowledge worth so as he/she can know the implementation
of the theoretical aspects in the actual working of the organization.

Chapter3.0:- Production Department

Sources of Enzymes:- Biologically active enzymes may be

extracted from any living organism:

The hundred enzymes being used industrially,

 over a half are from fungi

11
  Over a third is from bacteria with the remainder divided
between animal (8%) and plant (4%) sources.

Microbes are preferred to plants and animals as sources of enzymes

because:

 They are generally cheaper to produce.

 Their enzyme contents are more predictable and
controllable.

Plant and animal tissues contain more potentially harmful materials

than microbes, including phenol compounds (from plants).There are
two type of method for production of enzymes as follows

1) Solid state fermentation &

2) Liquid state fermentation

1) Solid State fermentation:-

Definition: - In contrast to Submerged (liquid state) Fermentation,

Solid State Fermentation (SSF) is the cultivation of micro organisms
under controlled conditions in the absence of free water.
Examples of products of Solid State Fermentation include industrial
enzymes, fuels and nutrient enriched animal feeds. The application of
modern biotechnical knowledge and process control technologies can
lead to significant productivity increases from this ancient process.

OR

12
Solid-state (substrate) fermentation (SSF) has been defined as the
fermentation process occurring in the absence or near-absence of free
water. SSF processes generally employ a natural raw material as
carbon and energy source. SSF can also employ an inert material as
solid matrix, which requires supplementing a nutrient solution
containing necessary nutrients as well as a carbon source. Solid
substrate (matrix), however, must contain enough moisture.
Depending upon the nature of the substrate, the amount of water
absorbed could be one or several times more than its dry weight,
which leads relatively high water activity (a w) on the solid/gas

interface in order to allow higher rate of biochemical process.

E.g:-

A] Fungal alpha amylase

B] Papen

There are certain steps including for carrying out the solid state
fermentation those are as follows:-

 Seed fermentation:-
 Plant Preparation:-
 Sterilization is done at 121 degree Celsius for 25min.
 Culture Room:-
 Media is feed in trays at 30 degrees Celsius
 Extractor:-
 Addition of water on Koki, which is collected from trays
 Recovery proceed as follows:-
13
  Plate & Frame Filter Press
 Tanks
 Ultra Filters
 Micro Filter
 Spray Dryer
 Equipment Description is as follows:-

Using the Terrafors 15L bioreactor, MADEP SA developed a

thermopilesxyloniteproduction process using previously isolated
bacteria strains (Lyon, P-F, Biffa, T., Blanc, M., Auling, G. and
Aragon, M.Isolation and characterization of highly hemophilic
xylanolytic Thermusthermophilus
Strainsfrom hot composts.

 Product and production process characteristics:-

Microbial source: -Natural (not genetically modified) bacteria strain

Production process: - Solid state fermentationVolumetric8 time
greater than submerged fermentation productivity
productivity :- (submerged fermentation with pure xylem inducer
(expensive)and SSFwithout inducer). The only source Ofxylem in the
SSF process is the solid matrix material (Low cost food processing
waste product).
Formulation: -Crude fermentation product (bacteria, enzymes, water
and solid matrix) or crude enzyme extract in basic mineral Medium.
Enzyme pH optimum: - pH 6
Enzyme temperature: - 75 C
14
Optimum Cellulose activity: -< 10% by DNS assay using CMC as
substrate
Microbial purity: -100% at the end of fermentation Using 110 liter and
15 liter bioreactors, MADEP SA is currently prepared to supply dried
fermentation product and liquid crude enzyme extract.
The bacterial strains and production process are available for licensing
or partnership.

Solid state fermentationiscarried out in industry as shown in

figure shown below:-

15
3) Liquid state fermentation:-
 This process is same as solid state fermentation, but in this
process sterilized media is directly used for fermentation.
E.g. Bacterial fermentation.

 Product and production process characteristics:-

Microbial source Natural (not genetically modified) bacteria
strain
Liquid Medium Basic Mineral Medium
Inoculation 1 to 20% (w/w) of fungi or bacteria suspension
Temperature 5 to 95 C
Moisture content 50 to 85%
Agitation Intermittent or constant rotation
Aeration 0.5 to 5 vessel volumes per hour
Duration 1 to 5 days
Downstream processing none or centrifugation for many applications

Advantages of Solid State Fermentation over Submerged

Fermentation:-

 Higher volumetric productivity

 Usually simpler with lower energy requirements
 Might be easier to meet aeration requirements
 Resembles the natural habitat of some fungi and bacteria
 Easier downstream processing
The process for the liquid fermentation is described above & the fig.
is shown below: -

A TYPICAL FERMENTER FOR LSF

16
Chapter4.0:-Recovery of Enzymes

4.1) Isolation:-
17
 Disruption & homogenization of cells, tissues, etc
 Different technique: depending upon cell types.
 Isolation of organelles : solubilisation of membrane
 Execrated proteins

 Clearing of extracts :-
Cleared extracts should be used degree of purity required
depends on application.

4.2) Filtration:-

It is physical process used for separating the cells by using different

types of pore size filter

 Filter press:-
In this process sponge like materials of specific pore size is used .40-
45sheet of the material is the attached to each other & fermented
media passed through it & then pressed . Hence any other waste
remains on the side of filters & filtrate is come out & collected

18
The figure shown below is used for filtration & known as filter press:

Micro Filtration:-

In this process, filter of specific micronSize is used. Coils having

micro pores are fitted into vessels &Fermented product is passed
through it under pressure

 Ultra Filtration:-
In this process, the filter having pore size of ultra micron is
used. There are the columns of speed having ultra filter in it &
media passed through it.
 Centrifugation:-
Cell separated from the media usually by filtration or
something by centrifugation. thisis a process that uses centrifugal
forces to separates mixtures of particles of varying masses or
densities suspended in liquid? The net effect of spinning the
19
 centrifuge is that massive, small & dense particles move outward
fasters than less massive particles. A pellet may format the bottom
of the vessels. The remaining, noncompacted particles still
remaining mostly in liquid, called the supernatant. The rate of
centrifugation is specified by the angular acceleration applied to
the sample.

4.3) Purification & separation:

Depending on intra/extracellular nature of the enzyme, the cell or

fermentation broth is further processed.Extraction of single
enzymes /protein from cells, issues etc, which may contains more
than thousands different Proteins & lots of other bimolecular. Keeps
structure & activity intact.

Physical boundaries of enzymes stability depend upon is,

 pH
 Temperature
 Salt concentration
 Oxygen sensitivity
 Storage
 Mechanical forces
 Disruption of cells
 Removal of debris and nucleic acids
 Precipitation of proteins
 Ultrafiltration of the desired enzyme
 Chromatographic separation
20
  Crystallization
 Drying

Overall FIGURE FOR SPRAY DRYER of enzymes as shownbelow:-

The overall process for Enzymes production is shown below:-

21
Formulation Department:-

22
After processing of production department, this department plays an
importantrole.It is accordingly to the customer requirement & gives
product (enzymes) up to their satisfaction.

The enzymes are basically two types as follows –

1) Pharmacy based products – They are directly sold to Pharmacy

industries, without any dealer or distributors.

2) Other than Pharmacy based products –

a. Dairy industry

b. Food industry

c. Animal (leather)

d. Agro

e. Soap& detergent

f. Tea processing

g. Animal meat

There are 20-25 industries, each having 20-25 products. So they will
Manufacture around 500-625 products. They are not directly sold to
the industry. They have dealers &distributors

23
 Chapter5.0:-Store & dispatch Department

In this chapter we focused on about dispatching i.e. packing according

to the requirement of the customer & store department involves
storing the dispatched materials (i.e. product) & raw materials

 Dispatch Department:-

After forming, all type of products is sent to dispatch department.

In this,packing is done according to the customer requirement like
2kg, 5kg, 25kg, and 100kg.On packed materials tags are stocked
which at least must contain the following parameters

Date of manufacturing :-

 Date of manufacturing
 Date of expiry
 Batch number
 Product name
 Checked
 Optimum condition to be used
 Company name & address

 Store Department:-
1. Raw materials & products are stored in this area.
2. Raw material is degusted which is comes from outsides the
materials is then weighed & sent to the quality assurance lab
which gives the identification marks.
24
 3. In raw materials storages, there are two parts.
4. Batch Manufacture Record of a production department.
5. Stoke taking for per day consumption records, to get help for
rawmaterials procurement. For keeping these records, they use
SAP system.
6. SAP:-It is integrated software used for proper & easy
functioning of plant.

 Excise Department:-
1. It controls all type of taxation.
2. Direct tax-paid direct to the government.
3. Indirect tax –paid to the supplier.

 Engineering store department:-

All spare parts are stored which are required for maintenance.
E.g. Gaskets, Filter cloths, valves, nut bolts etc.

Chapter6.0:-Maintenance & Utility

 Maintenance:-
It is kind of supporting process to sterilize all the materials &equipments.
Steam under pressure & filtered air is needed There are two boilers having
6 ton capacity & 4- ton capacity. There are 7- condensers in the plant.
Condensers suck the air; filter it by micro filter or ultrafilter as per need &
25
clean it, absorbs its moisture & store it in air reservoir. To get the required
pressure to fermented &culture rooms, if organism is aerobic or for
different purposes.

 Chilling Plant:-
Here water is cooled & it is required to Maintenance the temperature of the
fermented. There are three compressors, each of 40 tons capacity, &
electrical meters of 40hp. Compressors are run on electricity or by oil.
Ammonia is used as refrigerant.

 Electricity:-
It is part of maintenance department.1800kV electricity is
needed to run the whole plant, which is provided by MSEB. This
electricity from MSEB is gone through transformers of each 1000A
capacity to ACB section. Then it is joined to generator &ACB
generator section directly to APCC to MCC.

 Generator :-
 At the time of power failures, generator provides electricity. Here in
Advanced enzymes industries two generators having

26
capacity6000kV.

27
  Chapter7.0:-Quality Assurance Department
In this department,Quality of the product produced (finished product), raw
materials is checked &Quality certificate is issued to customer. Expiry
date is also calculated here. Microbial, chemical & physical methods are
used for the analysis.

 IPQC(In Process Quality Control):-

At regular interval, the Quality of intermediate product is also checked to

avoid loss of batches. For e.g., at seed, pressed level & during
fermentation, after fermentation & after & before packing.Enzymes
activity, probitics organisms, activity, shelf life are also determined here.

 Other department of company:-

Long with all these department of company have process microbiology
department, Formulation department, Effluent treatment plant &administrative
section.

 Process microbiologydepartment:-
This department nothing but the soul of the company. Here all research
&development activities are carried out.

Formulation department:-

This department always engaged with formulationactivities. It

receives informationabout product to be manufactured, prepare
formulas for it depending upon activity required & batch size order.

28
 Effluent Treatment Plant:-

No one industry in world that is fully pollution free. There is some

kind of hazardous waste created in particular industry. For treatment
of the effluent, this department is to be have engaged. The effluent is
coming out which is converted into hazardous less product & then
released to suitable sources.

About AETL Products:-

Advanced Enzymes
A] Health Care:-

 Pharmaceuticals
 Neutraceuticals
 Animals Nutrition & Healthcare
 AgricultureTechnologies Ltd.
B] Processing Industries:-

 Food:-Grains’, Bakery, Fruit juice, Brewery & Distillery,

Starch, Dairy, Plantation products, Extraction products.
 Nonfood:-Textiles, Bio fuels Industries, Environmental care etc.

Few applications’s of biochemical industry is as follows:-

Industry Application

Pharmaceutical As a Digestive aid, Anti- inflammatory.

industry

Fruit juice Bio- aids to improve yield & clarification of

juices.

29
Brewery & distillery Bio- aids for clarification, saccharification to
reduce viscosity & to increase filtrate rate.

Dairy Bio-aids for cheese making, natural enzymatic,

preservation dairy cleansing & effluent
treatment.

Textiles Bio-aids for de-sizing fading, biopolishing &

bioscouring

Leather industry Bio-aids in soaking, de- hearing, bating, de-

greasing, fat removal & conditioning of leather.

The Food enzymes market is in the growing stage of its product lifecycle.
Improved R&D, end-user awareness about the role of enzymes in
enhancing taste, quality, convenience, and finally, the natural way of
synthesizing enzymes are some of the key factors leading to the increasing
market for food and beverages enzymes.

The process used in industry for the production of enzymes is shown

below:-

30
 Chapter8.0:-Market analysis

Global Industrial Enzymes Market: An Analysis:-

The current report offers a detailed insight of the global industrial

enzymes market. Technological developments and product innovations
have fuelled the application of enzymes in various industrial sectors in the

31
past few years. Industrial enzymes can typically replace conventional
chemicals, getting more out of raw materials and increasing the efficiency
of production processes.

On the basis of application, industrial enzymes could be divided into four

major categories, i.e. detergent enzymes, technical enzymes, food enzymes
and feed enzymes. The technical enzymes segment could further be
divided into textile enzymes, leather enzymes, pulp and paper enzymes,
fuel ethanol enzymes and others. The major enzymes used in industrial
enzymes market are amylase, lipase, protease, ligase, phytase, cellulose,
xylanase etc. Food enzymes constitute the major market share of the all
four categories of industrial enzymes as of 2009. However the y-o-y
growth registered by technical enzymes segment was highest in past 4-5
years due to dramatic growth of the fuel ethanol enzymes segment. The
global fuel ethanol enzymes industry constituted about 11% of the global
industrial enzymes market in 2009 and the market has increased at an
annual growth rate of 15%-20% in the past few years.

Industrial enzymes operates in an oligopolistic market with the presence of

three major suppliers, Novozymes A/S (headquartered in Denmark),
GenencorInternational Inc. (headquartered in the U.S.), and DSM N.V
(headquartered in the Netherlands). Their main market segments are food
(e.g., dairy, baking, brewing, beverage), animal feed, and technical
applications. Novozymes is the largest supplier in each of these three
sectors, with an estimated market share of 47% of the industrial enzyme
market in 2009.

By combining SPSS Inc.’s data integration and analysis capabilities with

our relevant findings, we have predicted the future growth of the industry.
We employed various significant variables that have an impact on this
32
industry and created regression models with SPSS Base to determine the
future direction of the industry. Before deploying the regression model, the
relationship between several independent or predictor variables and the
dependent variable was analyzed using standard SPSS output, including
charts, tables and tests.

On the basis of application, industrial enzymes could be divided into

four major categories, i.e. detergent enzymes, technical enzymes, food
enzymes and feed enzymes. The technical enzymes segment could further
be divided into textile enzymes, leather enzymes, pulp and paper enzymes,
fuel ethanol enzymes and others. The major enzymes used in industrial
enzymes market are amylase, lipase, protease, ligase, phytase, cellulose,
xylanase etc. Food enzymes constitute the major market share of the all
four categories of industrial enzymes as of 2009. However the y-o-y
growth registered by technical enzymes segment was highest in past 4-5
years due to dramatic growth of the fuel ethanol enzymes segment. The
global fuel ethanol enzymes industry constituted about 11% of the global
industrial enzymes market in 2009 and the market has increased at an
annual growth rate of 15%-20% in the past few years.
Industrial enzymes operates in an oligopolistic market with the presence of
three major suppliers, Novozymes A/S (headquartered in Denmark),
Genencor International Inc. (headquartered in the U.S.), and DSM N.V
(headquartered in the Netherlands). Their main market segments are food
(e.g., dairy, baking, brewing, beverage), animal feed, and technical
applications. Novozymes is the largest supplier in each of these three
sectors, with an estimated market share of 47% of the industrial enzyme
market in 2009.Scope The current report offers a detailed insight of the
global industrial enzymes market. Technological developments and
product innovations have fuelled the application of enzymes in various
33
industrial sectors in the past few years. Industrial enzymes can typically
replace conventional chemicals, getting more out of raw materials and
increasing the efficiency of production processes. Reasons to Purchase
Provides input for strategic business planning Insights on competitive
positioning Identifies business opportunities & challenges
Analyzes market growth and future trends

Chemistry   Market study

Year:   01/2010
Publisher:   Advanced Enzymes Technologies Ltd.
Price:   850.00€

Chapter9.0:- Conclusion

Advanced Enzymes TechnologiesLtd. Is research driven company

having global leadership in manufacturing enzymes, probitics &
dedicated to marketing eco-safe solution to wide variety of industries.
All the training programs cond-ucted at present industry is found to be
relevant & is successful in fulfillment credits of training process of a
company is comparatively very good. Credits of success of the
industrial training goes to step by step approaches followed. Critical
analysis of the literature shows that production of industrial enzymes
by SSF offers several advantages. It has been well established that
enzyme titers produced in SSF systems are many-fold more than in
SSF systems. Although the reasons for this are not clear, this fact is
kept in mind while developing novel bioreactors for enzyme
production in SSF systems. It is hoped that enzyme production
processes based on SSF systems will be the technologies of the future.

34
Genetically improved strains, suitable for SSF processes, would play
an important role in this.

These examples are just a few of the many ways commercial enzymes
touch our lives. They are tools of nature that help provide everyday
products in an environmentally conscious manner. Current
commercial use of enzymes, with new applications, will continue to
play an important role in maintaining and enhancing the quality of life
enjoy today while protecting the environment for generation.

35