International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems

ICICCS 2017

Architecture for IOT based Geriatric care

Fall Detection and Prevention

Sathish Kumar E, Sachin P, Vignesh B P, Mohammed Riyaz Ahmed

School of Electronics and Communication Engineering
REVA University, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India 560064
sathishkumar24696@gmail.com, sachinhyr7@gmail.com, bidrupanevinni@gmail.com, riyaz@reva.edu.in

Abstract—Increased longevity is a triumph for public health TABLE I

and the result of social and economic development. However
senior citizens will be suffering from one or the other chronic
disease and need assistance in every day activity. Fall is a crucial
issue as the physical consequences of fall are more fatal and the
risk increases with age. Geriatric care is a study of identifying
the movement-related problems in elders by quantification and
avoid falls by interpretation. Current solutions focus on robotic
environment, specialized sensors, tracking systems, and smart
devices yet there is no unified general architecture as how to
deploy these for the best use. This paper review the current
state-of-art of Geriatric care solutions with a focus on IOT.
We propose an architecture which will exploit the inherently
expansive and cascading nature of IOT, meanwhile being flexible
to accommodate other ICT based solutions.
Index Terms—Aging, Elderly care, Geriatric, IOT architecture.
I. I NTRODUCTION
Decline in fertility and mortality implies longevity which
has altered the population age structure in such a way that there
younger population is shrinking whereas older population
continues to grow. Due to the low birth rate and nuclear
family system, there are more elderly people than before and
have less younger people look after them. Not only urban
but rural places too have become health conscious and have
been adopting family planning. This has helped to curb the
population explosion but also has given rise to tremendous
demographic change. A paradigm shift in the motivation of
people from savings to a healthy life style, and improved
medical diagnosis and treatment have imposed a challenge of
aging population.
With this accelerated population aging it is predicted that by
2050 there will be two elderly persons for every child (32%
of the population will be above 60 years) [1]. The global life
expectancy is going to rise from 65 years (2005) to 75 years
(2050) in next three decade [2].
India is undergoing unprecedented demographic changes
and is emerging as world’s population superpower. It is
predicted that there will be 60% rise in India’s population,
where current 100 million elderly population will grow to 323
millions. The elderly growth rate will shoot up by 360% which
is going to be 20% of the total population by 2050 [3]. Senior
citizens will be suffering from one or the other chronic disease
and need assistance in everyday activity. Falls are one of the
major problems in the elderly and are considered as one of
W ORLD P OPULATION AGEING
Year above 60 years above 80 years
2015 901 million 125 million
2050 2100 million 434 million
The world population above 60 years is going to double and the
population above 80 years is going to triple in next 3 decades
[4].
the ”Geriatric Giants”. Recurrent falls are an important cause
of morbidity and mortality in the elderly and are marker of
poor physical and cognitive status.
Fall is a crucial issue as the physical consequences of the
fall are more fatal and the risk increases with age. About
1/3rd of the older people fall at-least once a year [5]. It is
estimated that nearly 1.5 to 2 million persons are injured and
1 million are succumbed to death every year in India. It is
found that traumatic brain injuries followed by falls is the
second main cause(20% -25% ) after road traffic injuries. Falls
can be caused by physical conditions that impair mobility or
balance.Not only does a poor or impaired physical conditions
increase the risk of falls, but it also affects how people respond
to hazards and hazardous situations.
”Aging is Inevitable, but suffering is optional”; This sit-
uation demands serious research in the field of Technology
intervention for elderly. Geriatric care management is a pro-
cess of planning and coordinating care of the elderly with
physical and/or mental impairments to meet their long term
care needs,improve their quality of life by enabling them to
be independent [6]. Geriatric care is the study of identifying
the movement-related problems in elders by quantification and
falls by interpretation [7].
Geriatric solutions are wearable based, Audio based, video
based and some approaches are robotic assistance based. These
solutions try to embed various sensors such as accelerome-
ters, Inertial measurement units, Doppler sensor, Kinematic
sensors, 3D depth sensors, MEMS, pressure sensors, and
EMG(electromyography) sensors to sense various type of data
which is later processed by signal processing techniques such
as Fast Fourier transform or Bayesian classifiers.
IOT systems are capable of gathering data from sensors,
analyse the data to provide necessary response and can ac-
commodate any audio/video/wearable based smart device for

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TABLE II
C HALLENGES FACED BY E LDERLY

Category Issues Need

Social Isolation, Neglect, Abuse, fear, boredom, low self esteem,
Economical Fear of being burden, lack of insurance, hiring staff, care-
givers, being ignorant about their rights and entitlements,
lack of awareness of social welfare grants and schemes.
Psychological Depressions, poor memory, intolerance of change, De-
mentia and Alzheimer’s, insomnia, assumptions which
lead to delusion and hallucinations, resistive and rebel-
lious, non co-operative
Physiological Decline of mental abilities, malfunction of sensory sys-
tems, less efficient reflexes, muscle weakness and body
balances, Falls, Paralysis, epileptical seizures, fragile
bones and joint pains, loss of consciousness, cardiovas-
cular collapse, aging brain (atrophy)
The world population above 60 years is going to double and the population above 80 years is going to triple in next 3 decades.
Social networking, community living, embracing joint family
system, protection, meditation and spirituality, self confidence.
reassurance from kith and kin, publicly funded healthcare systems,
Training unskilled/semi-skilled people for care-giving,counselling,
awareness programs through local self-governance
Counselling, daily life monitoring, mentally preparing them for
ageing, physical exercise and diet, Rehabilitation, keeping them
productively occupied, being encouraging, reducing frustration
and embarrassment.
Rehabilitation, Assistive devices, Exoskeleton, Daily life mon-
itoring through audio/video/wearable based smart devices, Gait
analysis, Fall detection and prevention, stress-free routine, Phys-
ical exercise supported with healthy diet, home automation, age-
sensitive healthcare, easy access to quality care for poor and
disadvantaged.

automation (or real-time action) with high security and privacy.
It is estimated that before 2020 there would be more than 50
billion connected devices [8].A large part of the market today
is providing IoT platforms, but little do they know about the
massive data and the immaturity of devices and services.
There has been many vendors of IOT, but these devices
have their own way of programming and communicating with
each other. There is no single attempt to integrate all things
with a unique compatible platform that accommodates any
kind of ’thing’ and allows interaction between various devices
(independent of their make) with a focus on Geriatric care.
The remainder of the paper is arranged as below: Section II
discuss briefly about the geriatric care, section III surveys the
existing solutions in the domain of geriatric care emphasizing
fall detection and avoidance. Section IV presents the proposed
architecture for IOT deployment in assistive environment. This
section also presents open research issues and challenges in
implementing the proposed architecture.
II. GERIATRIC CARE
Living a blooming old age calls for celebration. India is
currently ranked 71st out of 96 countries on elderly care (com-
piled by HelpAge International),which also has the second
highest population of elderly people in the world. Though
there are many initiatives from Government and NGOs, the
unfortunate thing is Indian Medical Sciences doesn’t offer
geriatrics as a branch of study [9]. In India there is a need
of an effective and intelligent approach towards geriatric care
to provide better standard of living for elders.
The most problems dealt by elderly people can be catego-
rized into social, economical, psychological, and physiological
as shown in Table II. Elders feel less relevant and start isolating
themselves from younger generation which can be addressed
by social networking and engaging in activities which boost
their self confidence. Fear of being burden (especially with
chronic medical conditions) to their family is a major eco-
nomical issue which has can be resolved by reassurance from
the family. Counselling and rehabilitation is very important for
the elders with psychological disorders. Other than medical
services and drugs, Technology intervention for elderly is
required for physiological issues.
Most of the hospital admissions (around 40% ) of elderly
are due to Fall [10]. It is the highest cause of death for the
people of age above 75 (second highest in age group of 65-75).
Almost one third of the population above 65 age experience
atleast a fall in a year [5]. Falls are due to degeneration of
physiological function and can cause psychological(mental)
and physiological(physical) damages in elders there by limit-
ing their life quality.
Fall is an unintentional act of coming to ground which
can be due epileptic seizures, loss of consciousness, dizziness
and syncope, cardiovascular collapse, and transient ischemic
attacks. The reasons can be categorised as functional (loss
of muscular movement), medical (hypotension, cardiovascular
attacks), cognitive (retarded eye sight), and environmental
(slippery floor, cluttered and low luminosity). Fall will restrict
the mobility, make them dependent, severe falls may lead
to further complications and even death if appropriate action
is not taken. Therefore an unintentional movement towards
ground, impact with ground and posture of lying on ground
with unexpected postures can be concluded as fall [11].
Falls are detrimental in elderly and the ultimate objective of
dealing with fall is to detect it early, analyse the seriousness,
and assist quickly and efficiently. Fall detection helps to
detect the occurrence of fall accidents timely and injured
receive immediate medical assistance. Fall detection creates
a database of human movement patterns, speed variation and
body posture changes. This accurate reliable knowledge of
one’s gait characteristics at a given time (and updated often)
will enable early diagnosis of abnormality in gait. The easiest
way to reduce falls and its consequences is to alert elders about
their abnormal gait thereby avoiding potential falls.
Fall detection is among top requests in geriatric care surveys
taken by elderly. The sudden rise in aged population has

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TABLE III
L EVELS OF FALL IN E LDERLY

Level Assisted Living Technology intervention

Level I Independent: Independent in emergency, capable of climbing
stairs in emergency, Able to carry all ADLs without assis-
tance, domestic help (house keeping) is desirable
Level II Able to respond in emergency, independent mobility, infre-
quent falls-doesn’t need automated guidance system, can plan
social activities, slight memory impairment, domestic help
(house keeping) is recommended, caregivers are necessary
Level III Needs assistance in emergency, stand/transfer assistance re-
quired, ADLs assisted with verbal reminders, medication
management is necessary, disoriented mental health, skilled
services are necessary
Level IV Needs assistance in emergency, Transfer assistance, ADLs
verbal cues along with hands on assist, medication manage-
ment, mild confusions along with impaired memory, health
and nutrition monitoring, incontinence management, skilled
services-PT,OT,ST
Level V Total assistance required, needs supervision in emergency,
Transfer assistance, ADLs hands on assistance, Incontinence
management, needs continuous assistance, round the clock
nursing supervision ,
ADLs : bath, dress, groom, transfer and ambulate, toilet, eat and take medications, communicate
Alarm. health and diet monitoring, Daily activity monitoring
is desirable
Alarm, Smart home, Diet plan, Daily life monitoring
recommended
Walker and standing support, robotic walking aids, e-textile
(wearable), in-situ robotic assistance post fall, Ambience and
acoustic device systems
Intelligent cane (robotic walking aids), e-health monitor-
ing, actuated exoskeleton, Automatic guidance system, video
monitoring, Motion tracking system, EMG sensor networks
Assistive robots for walking and ADLs, Automatic guidance
system, Motion tracking, Smart suits, video monitoring, in-
situ robotic assistance post fall, video and acoustic based
assistive devices, actuator and exoskeleton, EMG sensor
network

been the inception for academic research and development of
commercial products in Gait. Automatic surveillance systems
have drawn great interests recently, aiming at automatically
detecting falls and triggering timely alarms for emergency
medical treatment.
Fall detection and in situ assistance through technology
intervention can be designed for various levels as discussed
in Table III. The levels of assistance may vary from being
independent(level I) to total assistance with round the clock
supervision(level V). At basic levels I(independent) and II(can
respond in emergency), alarm system through smart phones
and home automation would suffice. Fall detection and pre-
vention is crucial for next 3 levels.
III. P REVIOUS W ORK
There has been various attempts in fall detection as de-
scribed in Table IV. One of the earliest method was to have
a medallion (or wrist watch) through which the elderly can
raise the alarm by pressing a push button in case of accidents
[12]. Some approaches focused on detecting unusual activity
of the person using pyroelectric infrared sensor. Based on
the statistical behaviour profile, abnormal situations can be
detected [13].
Automatic fall detection has attracted many researchers who
often use appropriately arranged sensors with decision algo-
rithms embedded on microprocessors. Shock detector along
with posture detector was used [14]. The azimuthal orientation
along with the inclination of the body was obtained by 3D
arrangement of 3 magnetometers and 3 accelerometers in
[15]. With only 3 accelerometers followed by 2 consecutive
integration complete position, speed and acceleration of the
elderly was acquired [16]. Praveen Kumar and Prem C Pandey
of IIT Bombay [17], designed a wearable device which consist
of tri-axial accelerometer and tri-axial gyroscope (for linear ac-
celeration and angular velocity respectively) for fall detection
and motion tracking.
In 2002, Norbert Noury of France [12] was of opinion that
single tilt sensor is not sufficient to differentiate between sleep
and fall, he further felt that multiple sources of information to
be considered to detect fall. His team developed ’actimeter’
which housed 3 sensors for acceleration, orientation and
vibration. The data fusion was done to interpret fall. Bor-
Shing Lin and team [18] proposed fall detection system based
on human body silhoutte, where they achieved 86.11 % of
average recognition rate to distinguish fall and lying down
event by using K-nearest Neighbour (KNN) classifier and
critical time difference. Diansheng Chen and team in 2011,
[19] designed a real-time portable wireless fall detection using
tri-axes accelerometer which distinguished ADLs and fall.
Hanqing Wang et al., [20] developed an algorithm to select
the optimal features for Bayesian classification to distinguish
between ADLs and fall.
Ryoichi Suzuki et al. [21] in 2006 felt the need of under-
standing the ability of users. They used disturbance estimation
property of Generalised Internal Model Control (GIMC) to
generate suitable input to assistive device. They were also
successful in estimating the potential of elderly or disabled
in using GIMC based assistive devices. Jian Liu et al., in
2008 [22] concluded from experiments on Lyapunov stability
that dynamic stability assessment via wearable is capable of
identifying motion-impaired elderly.
In an another approach by B Graf and R D Schraft, [23] the
robotic walking aids used behaviour based path modification
to dynamically adapt a globally path to the input of the
walking aid user. Kuan-Ting Yu et al., in 2010 [24] provided
Johnnie:an interactive robotic walker with both autonomous

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TABLE IV
A PPROACHES IN FALL D ETECTION AND AVOIDANCE
Type Technology
Video There can be multiple cameras which can be categorized
based on input fatures: 1) Low level image or depth features
such as silhouette, optical flow, motion history images or
volumes 2) High level human skeleton features or Single
camera approach can be used which uses images in RGB-D
format to maintain privacy
Audio Also called Ambience, environment based methods. setting
up of sensors and creating an home automation. To maintain
privacy Doppler sensors are used to detect mobility.
Wearable starts from medallion, wrist watches, walkers to exoskeleton
devices to assist elderly. most of the methods focus on fall
avoidance rather than detecting it after fall
and rehabilitation mode. E. Tanaka [25] and team developed a
walking assistance apparatus for neuro-rehabilitation by Gait
training thereby promoting exercise. Xanthi S. P. along with
his team used Hidden Markov Model for gait cycle estimation
and extraction of Gait parameters [26].
A smart wristlet with machine perception algorithm for fall
detection was proposed by Zhinan Li [27]. This was designed
to provide 24*7 fall detection with a detection precision of
93% (3% higher than conventional system).
Automatic fall detection saw a new approach of head
tracking system when Miao Yu et al.,in 2009 [28] proposed
to detect fall event and send alarm immediately using 3-
dimensional head velocities in both horizontal and vertical
directions. Michael Volkhardt et al., [29] proposed a method
to detect fallen people by a Kinect sensor enabled mobile
robot which provided 3D depth data to enhance robustness
as compared to existing visual methods.
Though wearable sensors provide stable data, they increase
burden; cameras are a better alternative (which monitors with-
out contact) but user has to compromise with privacy; RFID
tags and readers monitor the user without coming into contact
and doesn’t reveal visual information but are expensive.
An address-event fall detector was designed for assisted
living by Zhengming Fu et al., [30] which aimed to keep
the sensor as small and non-intrusive as possible and also
to maintain user’s privacy. They used Asynchronous temporal
contrast vision sensor which featured high resolution and was
capable of reporting pixel changes with least latency (in μ sec).
The low computational effort was achieved by a lightweight
moving-average algorithm. In 2012, Masaru Uegami et al.,
[31] proposed use of Doppler sensor for trip and fall detection.
The Doppler sensor emits microwaves (Doppler frequency)
based on the shift in frequency between transmitted (from
sensor) and received (reflected by mobile object) wave.
Various monitoring techniques can be roughly classified as
Vision based, environmental/ambience based and wearable de-
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International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems
ICICCS 2017
Parameters
Privacy is an issue, set up is tedious, Limited area coverage, Main-
tenance overhead occurs and has to be addressed by technicians,
accuracy is good but less as compared to other methods. Preferred
in Fall detection.
Privacy is not an issue, set up is less tedious, Limited area coverage,
Maintenance overhead occurs and has to be addressed by technicians,
accuracy is great as compared to other methods, but the devices are not
yet matured to connect and communicate with each other. Preferred
in Daily activity monitoring.
Privacy is not an issue but comfort has to be sacrificed as elders have to
wear the devices, set up is less tedious, simple deployment, coverage
is never an issue, accuracy is greater than video based methods but not
as accurate as ambience based methods, cognitive disordered people
may forget to wear, and much research has to be done for cost effective
and less intrusive devices. Preferred in Fall avoidance.
vices. There are two more categories emerging recently: Depth
camera based and Radar based monitoring techniques. Yixiao
Yun et al., [32] proposed RGB-D video based fall detection by
measuring the intensity and temporal variation of pose change
and pose motion in single camera views. In the same year [33]
he proposed to detect falls by shape features on a Riemannian
manifold. Pawel Mazurek and R. Z. Morawski [34] proposed
Infrared depth sensors for unobtrusive fall detection. Ghasaq
Al Rezage and M. O. Tokhi [35] developed an assistive device
in the form of exoskeleton to enhance lower extremity and
provide support controlled by Fuzzy PID. Kalana Ishara and
team [36] used RGB-D cameras for sub-activity monitoring
where robot was able to assist elderly during fall recovery
situations.
Various geriatric care especially for Fall can be categorized
into Video, environmental, and wearable based approaches.
The classification mainly includes Bayesian, Hidden Markov
chain, SVM, K-nearest neighbour, FFT, and various methods
for feature extraction. The solutions are either supporting,
detecting, Informing, Monitoring, Gait analysis type.
All conventional methods are developed independently and
there is no platform which enables the devices to get connected
and communicate among themselves. There is a need of
interconnection of devices by which we can exploit the best
out of every service provided by various methods. Internet of
things (IOT) stands as the only solution for this demand.
Imagine the elder sleep well, at morning alarm doesn’t ring
instead the ambience in the room changes according to their
sleep cycle and they get up to the aroma of fresh coffee, their
bed gives them a light massage and the lights turn on and off
according to their movement, any irregularity in their health is
monitored through the wearable device which communicates
to the nearest hospital or family via smart phone in case of
emergency, while going outside they get automated reminders
and the power is regulated and all devices in home such as
refrigerator, Air conditioner, lights etc will enter into energy
1102

saving mode and vice-versa when they return to home [37].
This may seem to be distant reality a decade ago but today
IOT has enabled us to have such vision. We are a couple of
years away in achieving it.
In 2016, AKM Jahangir et al. [38] proposed to use IOT on
smartphone for Gait detection. They devised Wi-Fi enabled
smart-shoe which will develop a user specific prediction
of different gait cycles occurrence based on biomechanical
model. In the same year Hao Han and team [39] of Japan
mentioned 4 principles for sensor network model for fall de-
tection and prediction and proposed to achieve by bidirectional
electromyographic sensor network.
IV. P ROPOSED IOT A RCHITECTURE
Though there have been a couple of approaches based on
IOT, but were limited to one or two devices. The real potential
of IOT is not being exploited. We are also aware of the
immaturity of IOT devices and feel the need of standardization.
We propose an architecture for IOT based Geriatric care with
emphasis on Fall prevention.
Layer I: Perception Layer, is mostly involved in sensing
the real time information about the elderly either by any
of the approach: audio/video/wearable. All devices are now
capable of communicating among each other, can store data
and provide service. They are networked and have embedded
low power processor in them which is responsible to carry out
last mile computing, i.e. edge computing. All the devices that
are capable of having edge computing are termed as things
and their interconnectivity will form Internet of Things. The
devices should be capable of carrying out machine learning
especially deep learning as camera is one of our sensor.
Layer II: Attention Layer, where only irregular/anomaly
detection happens and based on the previous records of
medication and services the information about the anomaly
is communicated to the concerned in the higher layer where a
decision is taken. Big data and cloud would be at the beginning
but IOT edge computing should slowly remove the necessity
of cloud and centralised computing of realtime data.
Layer III: Decision Layer, Based on the data received
(about any irregularity) from the lower layer, this layer will
take a proper decision as to provide in situ robotic assistance
after fall or to raise alarm. It can also communicate to the
caregiver or to the nearest hospital based on the criticality of
emergency.
In this scenario IOT stands out as a promising solution
with interconnectivity and learning between various devices.
Edge computing and deep learning would considerably reduce
the computational cost and increases accuracy in feature
extraction. Machine learning will aid the Gait analysis and
would predict a fall to alert the elder, caregiver and the family
simultaneously. Though IOT is a safe bet, here are many open
issues and challenges.
A. Discussion: Issues in IoT deployment
Though IOT has taken the market to a ride but there are
many open research issues need to be addressed which has
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International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems
ICICCS 2017
Decisi
on
Layer
Attent
ion
Layer
Percept
ion
Layer
Fig. 1. Proposed IOT Architecture for Geriatric care
risen due to the immaturity of the ’things’ and the poorly
skilled service by various vendors. Here are some issues to
be resolved before deployment of IOT else they would sound
like just another wireless sensor networks.
The issues and challenges in use of IOT based architecture
for geriatric care especially for fall detection and prevention
are:
• How does ’things’ like wearable, audio, camera and other
layer I devices do talk to each other?
• Who is responsible for the massive data collected? How
do they use it?
• Each scenario has different latency, frequency and style
of communication. How do we integrate them?
• IOT will expose whatever privacy is left today. How to
ensure privacy?
• How to achieve information security? Imagine the elder
is being assisted by a robotic walker which has been
hacked!!!
• Complex event processing, deep learning, anomaly detec-
tion, network protocols, software for IOT, How to achieve
all these?
• How automation and control can be done with IOT
technologies?
• How data science can be integrated with Natural language
processing and audio/visual content processing?
• How feature extraction, content classification, high di-
mension indexing can be realised?
• How to measure prediction performances?
• How to deal with missing or suspect data?
• standardization or standard methodology at hardware
and radio layer.
Though there are many open research issues, IOT seems to
be growing and spawning its way in all verticals. Fall detection
and avoidance is one science which has to embrace IOT and
Data sciece as early as possible to have future technologies
else we will be entering 21st century with a 19th century
1103

technology.
V. C ONCLUSION
The country which is full of youth today will be soon facing
the crisis of health care in near future as this population is
going to make the large part of elder population in twenty
years. Fall is the major issue which causes large number of
causalities in oldage. There have been many solutions in the
for of ambience, video and wearable types but are vendor
dependent and we cannot make the best out of it.
In this paper we have carried out an extensive sur-
vey on the existing fall detection and avoidance systems.
Most of them focus on solutions after fall. We propose an
IOT Architecture which aids all the sensing devices (au-
dio/ambient/video/wearable) to have intercommunication and
achieve a meaningful Fall avoidance at first and if fall occurs
the to have effective fall detection (without any false alarm)
followed by in situ assistance. We have also discussed the
issues and challenges which need to be addressed before
deployment of IOT devices in a care-giving environment.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank Rukmini Education Trust for
providing necessary infrastructure to carry out the research
work.
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