TECHNICAL SEMINAR 2019-20 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION USING WSN

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT………………………………………………..2-3
INTRODUCTION.......................................................4-6
LITERATURE SERVEY……………………………7-8
METHEDOLOGY.......................................................10-19
ADVANTAGES..........................................................20-21
DISADVANTAGES…………………………………22-22
CONCLUSION………………………………………23-24
BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………….25-26

ABSTRACT

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Now-a-days heartrate methodto monitor the patients in hospitals is such that it keeps the
patients tied to their beds, and monitoring by this method is uncomfortable for patients. Building
a wireless Heart rate monitoring system that will allow patients to be mobile in the surrounding
environment is the aim of this system. The heart attack causes death in first attempt or may be in
third attempt. It is because blood flow reduces to the heart muscles. In Indiait is major problem
within our research so for safety and comfort point of view of patient wireless patient
monitoring system Life is precious many people among us loss their life to heart attack. By
using this system and checking our health on daily basis it is possible to reduce the chance of
heartattack

Existing techniques to measure heart rate, such as ECG or PPG, are either uncomfortable
for the user, are not low-power or sensitive to motion artifacts. Infrared thermography is a non-
contact technique with improved user comfort and low power consumption In this work we have
analyzed, built and tested a novel system that uses infrared differential thermometry to detect the
heart rate in the auricleso we present an ultra-low power heart rate (HR) monitoring
photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor using a heartbeat locked loop (HBLL). The HBLL
generates a narrow window that turns on the LED and analog-front-end only when a peak is
expected in the PPG signal.The prototype PPG sensor implemented in 0.18µm CMOS has an
effective duty-cycleof 0.01% and consumes only 43.4µW at a heart rate of60bpm

Car accidents are becoming a growing concern to people with a history of chronic heart
diseases. While some solutions have been proposed to detect the onset of heart attacks in
automotive drivers, the existing applications are not comprehensive to provide the full accuracy
of the detection process and encumber the driver to perform difficult tasks during a heart attack.
Using pervasive technology, it is possible to collect in real-time the major symptoms at the onset
of a heart attack through a safe process that may save his/her life and reduces the risks of
accidents with bystanders or drivers in the vicinity. Data from various inputs are analyzed in
real-time using a custom-developed smart algorithm implemented on an Arduino single-board
microcontroller. If the algorithm determines that the user is at risk of a heart attack, the device
performs the following actions automatically within 30 seconds

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i) dispatches the current location of the driver to the paramedics with an SMS
ii) warns other drivers in the vicinity that there is a medical emergency situation on board.

INTRODUCTION
Heart rate, alsoknown as pulse, is the number of times a person’s heartbeats per minute. A
normal heart rate depends on the individual, age, bodysize, heart condition whether the person is

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sitting or moving, medication use and even air temperature. Even emotion can have an impact on
heartrate. Forexample, getting excited or scared can increased the heart rate.
In recent technological innovations in the field of disease prevention and maintenance of patient
health have enabled the evolution of fields such as monitoring systems. Heart rate is a very vital
health parameter that is directly related to the soundness of the human cardiovascular system. It
can be measured either by the ECG waveform or by sensing the pulse - the rhythmic expansion
and contraction of an artery as blood is forced through it by the regular contractions of the
heart.Nowadays, humans are suffering from heart related diseases and hence the rate of deaths in
the world is getting increase. So our system describes how to develop and design heart
monitoring system. This system is also developed by many other researchers but they followed
different technique/principle to design the system. In our heart monitoring system, firstly the
heart rate is measured and then it is displayed on the display device like mobile phone or laptops.
It is required to place our finger on the top of the sensor to measure heart beat
The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute states thatmore than a million persons in the U.S.
have a heart attack and about half of them die in each year. About one-half of those who die do
so within 1 hour of the start of symptoms and before reaching the hospital. A heart attack
happens to a person when the blood flow and oxygen supply to heart muscle is blocked, and it is
mostly caused by the Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). The arteries which supplies blood to the
muscle in the heart is hardened and narrowed lead to CAD. It often causes irregular heart beat or
rhythm by blocking blood stream.

In these studies, dose titration of heart rate lowering agents was primarily based onmeasurements
of heart rate in ECG tracings at rest, occasionally on 24-h Holter recordings as well. Some
studies simply relied on pulse counts obtained by the patients.

The setting for the ECG recording was not specifically defined or described in the study
protocols or other publications Furthermore, a correlation of ECG derived parameters with “real
world” measurements of heart rate by the patient during his daily activities has never been
performed. There is also some uncertainty on the variability of heart rate measurements within
the day and from day to day. Finally, with respect to pathophysiology, the question arises how
well a single heart rate measurement at rest reflects the heart rate pattern during the whole day.

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The lack of information on all these issues sheds some doubt on the significance of single resting
heart rate measurements suggested by respective studies.

Heart rate (HR) is an essential indicator of cardiovascular health and it has been traditionally
monitored by electrocardiography (ECG) devices such as Holter monitor. Although ECG
provides an accurate report of heart rate and heart’s electrophysiology, it requires multiple
electrodes directly in contact with the human body, which is quiteuncom- for table and thus
limits its everyday use. Recently however, smart wearable devices that employ
photoplethysmography (PPG) has made heart rate tracking much easier than the ECG, and thus
heart rate monitoring has gained enormous popularity
foreverydayusesuchasfitnessandsleeptracking.

Health-related car accidents are becoming a growing concern worldwide. Drivers with a history
of chronic heart disease form a major category of prone individuals whose health ought to be
continuously monitored since they are at risk of experiencing secondary attacks such as
drowsiness, syncope, or myocardial infarction while driving. Detecting any unusual and
abnormal health conditions and quickly assisting or intervening effectively is one of the key
factors in reducing the incidence and severity of serious accidents attributed to health-related
problems the recognized symptoms of a heart attack are abnormal variations in temperature,
blood pressure, and heart rate sweat; nausea; fatigue; dizziness; chest pain; and, numbness in the
left hand Hence, the continuous monitoring of these symptoms forms the foundation of a smart
system that automatically detects the onset of myocardial infarction in automotive drivers.

The developed device continuously monitors the driver’s heart rate, body temperature, and skin
resistance noninvasively. While, the qualitative symptoms of dizziness, nausea, fatigue, chest
pain, and numbness in the left hand are confirmed by the driverusinganinteractivesystemthatun-
intrusivelyasksthe driver about his/her current physical state. Once the onset of a myocardial
infarction is detected, the driver is guided, through a smart algorithm, to park the vehicle on the
shoulderoftheroad,whilethedeviceperformsthefollowing actions automatically within 30 seconds:

i) dispatchesthe currentlocationofthedrivertotheparamedicswithanSMS

ii) warns other drivers in the vicinity that there is a medical emergency situation on board;
iii) dispenses to the driver a vasodilation pill from a built-in compartment. The rationale
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behind such a process is to save the driver’s life while also providing road safety

Some system works on the basis of app design,app handling is not possible by everyone
because app handling required particular instruction to befollowed which not understandable
by everyone but our system simply based on SMS facility which can be understand byanyone.
So, basically in proposed system thetarget is to design such a system which will continuously
monitor the heartbeat of patient. The system will be connected to the wi-fi module which will
send the information continuously on the cloud server. So,when a person require to see his pulse
rate history then it can be retrieved from the cloud server. When the heartbeat of a person goes
too low or too high than the predetermined value then this system triggers analarm and in
addition it sends this information via GSM technology to the relatives of the person and to the
doctor. And it alsokeeps the record of the database file on cloud server when there is a need these
files can retrieved to view from cloud server.

LITERATURE SURVEY

In early 1960’s, Kadish used a system, which includes several things namely glucose sensor, a
processor and a pump to control glycerin in patients with diabetes To manage complex
situations, the pump will need several MEMS based sensors to monitor more parameters like
glucose, heart rate, temperature and ECG In normal conditions of daily living, the measurement

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of energy expenditure is not possible and also impractical for population studies. Therefore, the
estimation of energy expenditure due to heart rate recordings, observations or movement
registration is increasing.

In U.S.A itself, every year over 11 lakhs of people experience a heart attack. About 540,000 are
fatal and approximately half of these deaths occur within intense care settings. Early detection
and treatment of life-threatening events can be done by monitoring the ECG continuously,
thereby saving many lives
In the year 1924, Einthoven received the Nobel Prize in physiology. Based on the observations
made by Einthoven, traditional ECG medical instruments have been developed. During the
experimental work, he placed the limbs of a subject in a salt solution connected to a string
galvanometer. From that time, ECG signal have been observed on the monitoring devices. It is
possible to interpret ate multiple ECG channels by using the techniques

In view of all these, a wireless monitoring system is developed. This system enables the doctor to
remotely monitor a patient staying at home. The system enables interactive communication
between the patient and the doctor, can remotely direct the course of rehabilitation and treatment.
The doctor has access to the biomedical parameters monitored, such as ECG, heart rate,
respiration rate, temperature.

Leijdekkers and Gay have developed a heart attack self

testapplicationforamobilephonethatallowspotentialheart attack victims to rapidly assess
whether they are experiencing a heart attack, without the need of medical specialists’
intervention. The application uses pervasive mobile technologies in conjunction with ECG
monitoring to detect the onset of a heart attack. Thereafter, the application urges the victim to
call the emergency service so as to automaticallydispatchthecurrentlocationofthevictim.

Futatsuyamaet al., designed a built-in vital sign sensor that permits drivers to non-invasively
measure their heart rate and pulse waveform using a pulse sensor mounted on the steering

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wheel of a motor vehicle. Despite the use of a non-gelled sensor and the noisy environment of
the motor vehicle, the authors were able to suppress the mechanical vibration as well as the
electrical noise affecting the signal obtained from the pulse wave sensor through various design
techniques such as anti-vibration mounting mechanisms and ensemble averaging of the
acquired signal
Vavrinskyet al. presented the design of a health monitoring system for car drivers using thin film
micro- sensor with Inter Digital Array Transducer (IDAT) technology. The newly developed
multipurpose IDAT micro-sensorconsistsofanimpedancesensorintegratedwith
atemperatureresistivesensormountedonasinglechip.This multipurpose sensor permits the
monitoring of psychogalvanic reflex, heart pulse, and skin temperature of a car driver, using
depth impedance analysis of different skin layers by selecting the appropriate size of
microelectrodes

Ashrafuzzamanet al. proposed a system that is capable of measuring the heart rate, using a
smart phone camera and a mobile stethoscope to record heart sound for the detection of a heart
attack as well as some other heart-relateddisorders. The detection process is implemented via a
Fuzzy Logic algorithm. The system requires that the user places his/her index finger on the
built-in camera of a smart mobile phone soastoderivetheheartrate;italsorequirestheusertoplace
the stethoscope over the chest area so as to determine the various Korotkoff heart sounds and
other anomalies such as heartmurmurs.

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In 2012, Texas Instruments presented a proof of concept as to how biometric sensors mounted on
a steering wheel may be used to obtain vital information from a driver in real time. This design
combines modern solid-state technology with low-power processing ability and wireless
communication to measure pulse rate, respiration rate, and ECG-based heart rate from a
standalone system. The three key biometric measurements are then evaluated by a remote TI
Health HUB application running on an iPad.

In 2014, Patel and Chauhan reported on the utilization of

acommerciallyavailablegamingdevicethatcanperformthe dual function of detecting a heart
attack and notifying the emergency services. The article first illustrates how a Kinect
motion sensing input device—developed by Microsoft Corporation, Redmond,
Washington, United States—can be incorporated into the detection process of a heart
attack. Then it describes how features such as a GSM system and Video Conferencing
could be used in sending an alert SMS to—and then communicating with—relatives
andemergency services.

YadavandGowda,in2016,developedawearabledevice that is intended for the early

detection of a heart attack. The device makes use of commercially available smart health
bands along with a smart mobile phone to continuously monitor the heart rate of the user.
Should the heart rate drop below a pre-set threshold value, an application installed on the
mobile phone will transmit an alert message to both the ambulance services and other
specified contacts.

In 2017, Leemet al. reported on the development of a vital-sign monitoring mobile

system used in conjunction with Impulse Radio Ultra-Wide Band (IR-UWB) radar.
Thepaperproposesanewalgorithmthatcanextractthevital signs from the motion-artifact
contaminated signals acquired non-invasively during the driving activities. It also reduces
the possibilities of car crashes by utilizing novel techniques via the (IR-UWB) radar to
detect drowsiness and attemptsof mobile phone usage whiledriving.

In 2017, Sidheequeet al. reported on the implementation of a system that monitors the
heart rate and detects heart attacks

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METHEDOLOGY

The block diagram of Heart Monitoring system is as shown in fig . This system consist of four
modulus which are pulse sensor, ECG sensor, microcontroller and GSM section pulse sensor
has direct contact with human body or y the use of human finger. The output of this pulse
sensor is given to the microcontroller section which will run the heart monitoring algorithm
feed into it. After the execution of program it will send heart pulses to the cloud which will
require wi-fi module and as the system uses WEMOS microcontroller so it will bypass the use
of external wi-fi module in the system. WEMOS has inbuilt wi-fi, and when it is programmed
it will automatically send information on the cloud server and when the heartbeat is detected
too low or too high other than the safer heartbeats, then GSM module will get activated and
will send an alert SMS to the number which already has been feed into the system. hence the
life of the person can besaved.

WEMOS is a microcontroller board. This board is a compressed version of the Arduino board.
There are less number of pins in WEMOS board compared to the Arduino and this board is
provided with the wi-fi module inbuilt in it. It is a Arduino compatiblemicrocontroller.

HEART RATE MONITORING SYSTEM

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This project is designed to alert the family

members of patient,if the patient’s heartbeat goes
above or below the predetermined value then it
will be informed to the family members via SMS.
It fulfills the objective to detect and monitor
patient’s heartbeat rate using PPG technique,
interfaced with GSM modem and sends alert to the
family or medical experts via SMS. For Knowing
exact condition of heart ECG sensor will help and
the electrical pulses of the heart can be seen on lcd
screen. By analyzing the output waveform of ECG
sensor patient can be provided with proper
treatment. This system is particularly use for the
measurement of heartbeat of human being. This
system is not useful for hospital room but also it is
useful to home, office etc,

A photoplethysmogram (PPG) is an optically obtained plethysmogram that can be used to detect

blood volume changes in the microvascular bed of tissue. A PPG is often obtained by using
a pulse oximeter which illuminates the skin and measures changes in light absorption. A
conventional pulse oximeter monitors the perfusion of blood to the dermis and subcutaneous
tissue of the skin.

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Finger pulse oximeter

With each cardiac cycle the heart pumps blood to the periphery. Even though this pressure pulse
is somewhat damped by the time it reaches the skin, it is enough to distend the arteries and
arterioles in the subcutaneous tissue. If the pulse oximeter is attached without compressing the
skin, a pressure pulse can also be seen from the venous plexus, as a small secondary peak.

The change in volume caused by the pressure pulse is detected by illuminating the skin with the
light from a light-emitting diode (LED) and then measuring the amount of light either
transmitted or reflected to a photodiode. Each cardiac cycle appears as a peak, as seen in the
figure. Because blood flow to the skin can be modulated by multiple other physiological systems,
the PPG can also be used to monitor breathing, hypovolemia, and other circulatory
conditions. Additionally, the shape of the PPG waveform differs from subject to subject, and
varies with the location and manner in which the pulse oximeter is attached.

The working principle of a reflective Photoplethysmography (PPG) is shown in Fig. 1. The

intensity of the reflected light from the LED corresponds to the pulsation of the heart, and
although the exact physiological origin of the PPG waveform is still under investigation. PPG is

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a noninvasive optical method accepted in the clinical use for measurements of arterial oxygen
saturation By extracting the peaks of the PPG waveform, heart rate can be simply calculated by
taking the reciprocal of the heartbeat interval (HBI) whichis the difference between the two
peaks. It should be noted that the pulse waveform may contain a second peak called a dicrotic
notch, which in some cases, may be confused withthe real peak.

A typical block diagram of an analog front-end (AFE) for a reflective PPG is shown in Fig. 1. It
consists of an LED
driver, a photodiode, a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) and a low-pass filter. The power
consumption of the AFE is typically dominated by the LED driver that handles currents up to
few tens of milliamps. Thus, many prior works in PPG focused on reducing the power of the
LED driver The most widely adopted technique is LED duty-cycling as shown in fig where LED
is turned on only for a short amount of time. Since PPG signal has low bandwidth, duty-cycle of
the sampling LED can be as small as few % or lowerThus, average power consumption of the
LED, PLED DC, and it can be described as PLED DC = D _ PLED where D is duty-cycle ratio
and PLED is the power consumption of the LED when it is turned on continuously. Although
this technique brings significant reduction in power consumption, it is still in the hundreds of
microwatt range.
Compressive sampling is another way to effectively reduce the power consumption of the LED ,
where the basic scheme is illustrated in Fig. 2. As PPG signal can be considered sparse in the
frequency domain , compressive sampling can be used to reduce the sampling rate below the
Nyquist rate. With this technique, the average LED power consumption PLED CS, can be
described as PLED CS = D _PLED=CR = PLED DC=CR, where CR is the compression ratio. In

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the power consumed by the LED is reduced from 1.2mW to 43_W (CR=30) and is much lower
than previoustechniques that use LED duty cycling only.Unfortunately, compressive sampling
needs reconstructionwhich requires power-hungry computation in the milliwattrange. Although a
a microwatt-level reconstructionengine has recently been introduced in, it extracts HRonly
instead of the full PPG waveform, and thus it cannotachieve beat-to-beat interval which is
essential for detectingcardiovascular symptoms such as arrhythmia. Moreover, thereported
worst-case error is as large as 10bpm.

The block diagram and operation principles of the proposed digital HBLL is shown
in Fig. 4, which is similar to a digital frequency locked loop with initial frequency
setting for fast locking . The HBLL receives a clock (PPG CLK) converted from the
PPG

One problem of the proposed approach is that the window may miss the peak. This may
happen if the PPG waveformis distorted (e.g., due to motion) such that the peak is not detected
or if there is too much heart rate variability so that the peak resides outside the window. The
former case due to motion will be problematic in practice and is a limitation of the
proposed work. We expect that motion artifact can be somewhat mitigated by adopting motion
reduction techniques that have recently been presented However, the latter case is a problem
that the proposed window technique must handle. In the proposed approach, the following
recovery process occurs when a peak is not found. As the first step of recovery, the window size
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is increased to 400ms temporarily to regain the lock state. If the HBLL successfully regains
lock within the next window, then the window size returns to its original value. If not, then
the HBLL starts the initial HBI calculation algorithm to define a new HBI, during which the
LED is just duty-cycled with train of pulses and without window.

The system, designed and developed in the currentstudy, consists of a standard steering wheel
instrumented with various sensors: i) a heart rate sensor that uses infrared radiation to detect
the heart rate of the driver ii)a temperature sensor that works by focusing the infrared energy
emitted by the driver onto a photodetector; iii) a skin impedance sensor that detects the amount
of perspiration of the driver; and, iv) a touch sensor that is used to activate all aforementioned
sensors. An Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller is used with a custom developed smart
algorithm to analyze the data streamed from the various sensors, and to control the following
connected peripherals:
i)Atft screenmounted on the dashboard to display the data measured by the various sensors,and
a shield to interface the screen with the Arduino board ii) a GPS module to determine the exact
location of the driver’s vehicle iii) a GSM shield to connect the system to a cellular
communication networkiv) a relay module connected to a 30 cm x 20 cm LED screen to warn
other drivers in the vicinity that there is a medical emergency situation on board.
v) a servo motor to control the door opening of the medication dispenser compartment; and, vi)
an audio system that includes a speaker, an MP3 player, a sound amplification circuit, and an
SD card to provide high capacity memory for the storage of pre-recorded audio files.
Theentirelow-powerconsumptionsystemispoweredbythe 12-Volt car battery. Fig. 1 shows the
block diagram of the developedsystem.

The integrated system starts by measuring the heart rate, body temperature, and skin
impedance. These inputs are takenfromtwodifferentlocationsonthesteeringwheel.The data from
the sensors is multiplexed at a sampling rate of 25 samples per second (sps) for each sensor,
and are compared topre-setthresholdvaluesbasedonthefollowingnorms:

 According to the American Heart Association, the maximum average heart rate is 100 bpm

 According to the University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC), the minimum average

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body temperature is 37 °C

 According to the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH),
under dry conditions, the resistance offered by the human body
maybeashighas100kΩ.Wetorbrokenskinmaydrop the body's resistance to 1 kΩ. Therefore,
the average of the minimum and maximum skin resistance is 50.5 kΩ.

Table I provides comprehensive information relevant to the symptomatic signs of a heart

attack, and, hence, it has been adopted in this study.

Subsequently, and by the following order of priority, if the heart rate is found to be more
than the average maximum, the system stores this value and proceeds to measure body
temperature. If the latter is found to be below the threshold value, the system stores the value
and proceeds to measure the skin impedance. If this is found to be less than the average, the
system stores this value and moves on to acquire the qualitative data, whereby, the system
verbally asks the driver the following five questions related to his/her current physical
statei)the presence of chest pain,ii)feeling of numbness in the left hand, iii) feeling of nausea,
iv) feeling of dizziness, and v) feeling offatigue.

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The Heart Rate Monitor (HRM) is an electronic device that detects physiological parameters and
converts them into a heart rate measurement. Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats in
one minute. A heart beat is produced via depolarization at the sinoatrial and atrioventricular
nodes in the heart. A basic HRM is comprised of a sensing probe attached to a patient's earlobe,
toe, finger or other body locations, depending upon the sensing method (reflection or
transmission), the data acquisition system for the calculation, and eventually the display of the
heart rate. This reference design discusses the methodology for achieving a low power, portable,
low-end reflectance mode palm based HRM in a steering wheel. The design employs reflectance
mode photoplethysmography (PPG) to extract the pulse signal from the palm, which is
equivalent to the heart beat. It also utilizes other components to analyze and send the data

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High performance is achieved by using the AFE4400, a fully integrated analog front end that
consists of a low noise receiver channel with an integrated analog to digital converter, an LED
transmit section, sensor diagnostics and LED fault detection. Additional components include:

• Ultra-low power microcontroller (MCU) for calculating the heart rate

• Wireless module based on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) for exchanging information with
smart phones, tablets or PCs

• Motion sensor for monitoring the user’s activity

• Reflectance mode sensing probe

• Ferroelectric RAM (FRAM) for data logging

• Lithium-polymer rechargeable battery

• Battery charger

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ADVANTAGES

1. Utilizing a heart rate monitor for any activity gives you definitive data on what effort level it
takes you as an individual to accomplish a given task as well as under what circumstances (i.e.,
weather; indoor or outdoor workout; machine or free flow; fatigue; effects of medication or
caffeine; sea level; time of day, and more. In other words, what does your body have to do and
put forth in terms of effort to accomplish the chosen physical feat of the day?

2. A heart rate monitor is a fantastic tool giving you clear indication and evaluation of the
condition of your cardiovascular system during physical activity. Again, awareness is power!
This is great information to share when you see your doctor at your yearly physical.

3. Using heart rate monitor can be your personal coach. Your heart rate along with your
"perceived exertion rate" can tell you if you need to up your intensity, pull back and or tell you
that you are in your groove. This helps to hone in on exactly what you want to accomplish and
insure the best results for the time that you put in to your fitness plan enhancing workout safety
as well.

4. Indicates your heart's ability to "recover" from a given exercise and or interval within a
workout once again giving you more info on the condition of your cardiovascular system. Faster
recovery rate indicates enhanced cardiovascular capacity.

5.we can save atleast thousands of old people from death

6.easily communication with medical help center by using GSM and GPS

7.equipment worn on user’s sticks and wrist and equipment small in size

8. it can be a motivating factor in your workout. Nothing beats having a machine strapped on

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your arm reminding you that you need to run faster.

9.it is a valuable tool in making sure that you are training on your target heart rate. While this
sounds so simple, it is an important aspect for any patient who is suffering from heart disease, or
someone recovering from an illness. This is because over training the heart can be very
dangerous for these individuals.

10.it helps an exerciser to be more in touch with their bodies and heart rhythms. There are some
who have used these gadgets for so long now that they have become an expert on their
heartbeats. In fact, they have become so good at it that they don't even use their heart rate
monitors anymore

11.you can record your progress, so you can make the necessary adjustments to your training.

12.you can make sure that you are measuring your maximum and resting heart rates accurately.
This can help you to stay within your normal training zone, which can help you avoid unwanted
injuries and minor accidents from occurring during your workout.

DISADVANTAGES

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1.Sometimes, too much data can confuse, instead of guide you. Some people quit early on their
training, because they feel intimidated with all the details.

2.Second, the monitors may be expensive, especially if you want it to be as accurate as possible.
Third, the beeps can be quite distracting, especially when you are in highways and other public
places. Accidents sometimes occur because of this.

3.An exercise heart rate monitor can be an added bonus to anyone, although the level of
improvement can be different, depending on each person's situation. The best thing to do is to
weigh how well it can help you attain your fitness or health goals, because in the end, your
improvement is what really counts the most.

4.Sometimes, a lot of data can confuse, in the place of show you. Many people stop in early
stages their instruction, simply because they feel threatened while using the details.

5.Second, the tracks might expensive, particularly if you are interested to-be as precise possible.
Third, the beeps can be quite distracting, specially when you are in highways along with other
public venues. Accidents sometimes occur as a result of this.

6.A workout heartbeat monitor is an added extra to anyone, even though the degree of
enhancement is different, dependent on every person’s scenario. A good thing to do would be to
weigh how well it can benefit you attain your fitness or wellness objectives, due to the fact
ultimately, your enhancement is exactly what truly counts probably the most.

CONCLUSION

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In this way, the proposed aim is achieved to detect the heart attack in the easiest way. The
threshold value is set with Microcontroller as the input crosses the threshold value it will send
notification to the registered user. The main disadvantage is the users have to wear the
proposed belt. But if users want to safe there life this issue have to bear

An instrumented steering wheel system designed and developed for the detection of heart-
attacks in drivers with a history of chronic heart diseases has been validated. The system
identifies eight out of the nine recognized symptoms of a heart attack The measurement of
blood pressure was excluded from this protocol because of the lack of availability of a non-
intrusive commercially-available sensor that measures this vital parameter.

Current methods used in the indirect measurements of blood pressure are based on variants
of the auscultatory technique This technique employs an occlusive cuff— surrounding the
brachial or radial artery—that is inflated until the pressure is above systolic pressure, and then
is slowly deflated at a rate of 2-3 mm Hg. Systolic pressure is determined at the onset when the
blood spurts beneath the cuff and causes an audible pulse that is detected via a stethoscope.
Diastolic pressure is then determined when the last audible pulse is detected. Although,
automated blood pressure measuring devices that are based on the auscultatory technique are
commercially available and offer the means to assess blood pressure,they are considered to be
encumbering to the driver. Hence, variations in blood pressure were not measured in this study
and remain a target for future development by our research team. Even though this shortcoming
slightly affects the accuracy of the system, the eight measured parameters provide a superior
edge to any developed system reported in the surveyed literature hence, it is deemed to be
sufficient at present to accurately determine the onset of a myocardial infarction.
Future developments will also include further automated testing of the system, and the use of
Fuzzy Logic in the detection algorithm in place of the current one that is based on Crisp Logic.
The developed system has been designed with the intention of saving the lives of

individuals with a history of chronic heart diseases in the event of a heart attack during
driving, while also ensuring road safety to other drivers happening to be in the vicinity of the
sufferer’s vehicle.

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In this paper, a low-power HR sensor using windowed LED technique was described. By
employing HBLL that is similar to a digital frequency locked loop, HBI can be estimated and
thus LED can be turned on only near the PPG peak. For fast locking, an initial HBI calculation
algorithm was developed, which require only two heartbeats. A prototype chip implemented in
0.18 µm CMOS consumes less than 50µW under 3.3Vsupply.

While the proposed work reduces the power consumption, there are some issues that
could be resolved for better performance. First, the probability of HBLL lock failure
increases with higher HRV .What will be better is to have a automatically adjustable
window size that adapts to HRV. That is, window size can be made large for high
HRV and small for low HRV. Second, the proposed method suffers from harmonic
locking. For example, the HBLL may lock onto 60bpm when the HR is actually
120bpm. To solve this issue, a better peak detection algorithm with more heartbeats
during initial HBI calculation can be used. Third, the proposed system is vulnerable
to motion artifact. Fortunately, there has been researches and effort to mitigate the
motion artifact in PPG monitoring applications By employing such techniques, the
proposed sensor will be able to perform better in the presence of noise. With these
improvements, the proposed HR sensor could gain wider adoption in HR tracking for
daily use.

BIBILIOGRAPHY
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