Computers are designed to do any job that their programs tell them to do Utility Programs perform a specialized task
alized task that enhances the computer’s
A program is a set of instructions that a computer follows to perform a task.
commonly referred to as software.
Programmers or Software Developers are the individuals that create
computer software.
The physical devices that a computer is made of are referred to as the
computer’s hardware.
The programs that run on a computer are referred to as software
A Computer System consists of:
Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the part of a computer that runs the
programs.
Main memory – commonly known as RAM
Secondary storage - can hold data for long periods of time.
Disk drive, USB drive, Floppy drive, Optical drive
Input devices - hardware component that collects the data
Output devices - hardware component that formats and presents the data
ENIAC
World’s first programmable computer
Built in 1945. Designed to calculate artillery ballistic tables for the U.S. Army
CPU was 8 feet tall, 100 feet long, and weighed 30 tons
System Software - programs that control and manage the basic operations
of a computer are referred to as system software.
Operating System controls the internal operations of the computer’s
hardware and manages all of the devices connected to the computer.
operation or safeguards data.
Software Developments Tools are programs that are used to create, modify,
and test software.
A computer’s memory is divided into tiny storage locations known as bytes
A byte is divided into eight smaller storage locations known as bits (binary
digits)
Bits are tiny electrical components that can hold either a positive or a
negative charge.
The largest value that can be stored in a byte with eight bits is 255
Two bytes are used for larger numbers; maximum value is 65535ASCII
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a coding scheme
ASCII is a set of 128 numeric codes
Unicode is an extensive encoding scheme
Digital data is data that is stored in binary
A digital device is any device that works with binary data
Fetch-decode-execute cycle is the term used when the CPU executes the
instructions in a program.
Assembly language uses short words that are known as mnemonics. Also
referred to as low-level language
Assembler is used to translate an assembly language program to machine
language
High-level languages allow you to create powerful and complex programs
without knowing how the CPU works, using words that are easy to
understand. Java, python
Key words or reserved words have specific meaning and purpose in the
programming language
Operators perform various operations on data named constant is a name that represents a value that cannot be changed

Syntax is a set of rules that must be strictly followed when writing a Hand tracing is a simple debugging process for locating hard to find errors in
program a program

Statements are individual instructions written in a programming language
Compiler is a program that translates a high-level language program into a
separate machine language program
Interpreter is a program that both translates and executes the instructions
in a high-level language program
External documentation describes aspects of the program for the user,
sometimes written by a technical writer
Internal documentation explains how parts of the program works for the
programmer, also known as comments
Java is a programming language and a platform. 

The purpose of Programming Logic and Design is to focus on Flowcharts and Java was developed by Sun Microsystems (which is now the subsidiary of
Pseudocode Oracle) in the year 1995.  Former name was Oak

Flowcharts James Gosling is known as the father of Java. 

A diagram that graphically depicts the steps that take place in a program
Output – data that is generated and displayed
Input – data that a program receives
Variables – storage locations in memory for data
Display is the keyword to show output to the screen
Standalone applications are also known as desktop applications or window-
based applications
Web Application are applications that runs on the server side and creates a
dynamic page
Web Application are applications that runs on the server side and creates a
dynamic page

Sequence – lines execute in the order they appear Mobile Application are applications which is created for mobile devices

String Literals – a sequence of characters Important features of JAVA

Input is the keyword to take values from the user of the program. Usually Simple Object-oriented Portable
stored in variables
Platform Independent Secured Robust
variable declaration includes a variable’s name and a variable’s data type
Architectural neutral Interpreted Dynamic
Data Type – defines the type of data you intend to store in a variable
High Performance Multithreaded Distributed
Integer – stores only whole numbers
Variable is a container which holds the value while the Java program is
Real – stores whole or decimal numbers executed

String – any series of characters

Primitive data types include boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float and Use else if to specify a new condition to test, if the first condition is false
double.
Use switch to specify many alternative blocks of code to be executed
Non-primitive data types include Classes, Interfaces, and Arrays.
When Java reaches a break keyword, it breaks out of the switch block.
Boolean – store only two values- True or False
The default keyword specifies some code to run if there is no case match
Byte - 8-bit signed two's complement integer. Its value-range lies between
Loops can execute a block of code as long as a specified condition is
-128 to 127
reached.
Short data type is a 16-bit signed two's complement integer. Its value-range
While loop loops through a block of code as long as a specified condition is
lies between -32,768 to 32,767
true
Int data type is a 32-bit signed two's complement integer. Its value-range
Do/While loop will execute the code block once, before checking if the
lies between - 2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
condition is true, then it will repeat the loop as long as the condition is true.
Long data type is a 64-bit two's complement integer. Its value-range lies
Continue statement breaks one iteration (in the loop), if a specified
between -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807
condition occurs, and continues with the next iteration in the loop.
float data type is a single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 floating point
Arrays are used to store multiple values in a single variable, instead of
double data type is a double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 floating point declaring separate variables for each value.

char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character

Widening Casting (automatically) - converting a smaller type to a larger type

size

byte -> short -> char -> int -> long -> float -> double

Narrowing Casting (manually) - converting a larger type to a smaller size

type.

double -> float -> long -> int -> char -> short -> byte

Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

Use if to specify a block of code to be executed, if a specified condition is

true

Use else to specify a block of code to be executed, if the same condition is

false