Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Project Report
On
2009-2011
Submitted to :- Submitted by
Ankit Kumar Jain
(MBA IV SEM)
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Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Ankit Kumar Jain is a student of MANAGEMENT &
COMMERCE INSTITUTE OF GLOBAL SYNERGY which is affiliated to
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota.
The project undertaken by him is prepared as per my knowledge and the work
has been completed by him under my guidance.
Date
(Lecturer MIGS)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
"Gratitude is not a thing of expressions, it is more matter of feeling."
My Disseration Report work includes the contribution of number of people who supported me throughout
my tenure. I take this opportunity to thank all of them from the core of my heart
There is always a sense of gratitude which one express towards others for their help and supervision in
achieving the goals. This formal piece of acknowledgement is an attempt to express the feeling of gratitude
towards people who helpful me in successfully completing of my training.
I would like to express my deep gratitude to… my supervisor for her constant co-operation. He/She was
always there with her competent guidance and valuable suggestion throughout the pursuance of this research
project.
Special thanks to Dr. N.S. Kothari our Principal who guided me to work honestly and to give valuable
suggestion for improving my work last but not least I would also like to place of appreciation to all the
respondents whose responses were of utmost importance for the project.
Above all no words can express my feelings to my parents, friends all those people who supported me during
my project. I am also thankful to all the respondents whose cooperation & support has helped me a lot in
collecting necessary information. I would also like to thank almighty God for his blessings showered on me
during the completion of project report.
At last, I am also thankful to Prof. Mr. Ishwar Tharaney (Director of MIGS), Family members of MIGS,
my Parents and my Friends, to all known and unknown individuals who have given me their constructive
advise, educative suggestion, encouragement, co-operation and motivation to prepare this report
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CONTENTS PAGE NO.
1. MICROFINANCE FAQ‘S 5
2. MICROFINANCE OVERVIEW 11
3. MICROFINANCE IN INDIA 14
4. MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS 32
5. SHG BANK LINKAGE MODEL 40
6. URBAN MICROFINANCE 48
7. MICROFINANCE IN NGO‘S 54
8. FUTURE OF MICROFINANCE IN INDIA 66
9. INTRODUCTION OF NABARD & SIDBI 72
10. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 81
11. FACTS & FINDING 90
12. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 92
13. SWOT ANALYSIS 111
14. CONCLUSIONS 115
15. SUGGESTIONS 119
16. ANNEXURE 121
17. BIBLIOGRAPHY 125
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Microfinance
FAQS
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Microfinance FAQS
What is microfinance?
Microfinance began as a financial system to provide poor families with very small loans (microcredit) to help
members begin or sustain income-generating activities. Microcredit arose in the 1970s, through the efforts of
Mohammad Yunus, a microfinance pioneer and founder of the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh.
The definition of microfinance has since broadened, and includes savings, insurance, and money transfer
vehicles; the industry has realized that those who lack access to traditional formal financial institutions actually
require and desire a variety of financial products.
Microcredit has largely been directed by the non-profit sector, but recently we see (as in the case of SKS) the
emergence of ―for-profit‖ MFIs. In India, these ‗for-profit‘ MFIs are referred to as Non-Banking Financial
Companies (NBFCs).
Some NGOs offer microcredit as one slice amongst a host of non-financial development activities. SKS has
opted instead to focus solely on microfinance, to develop the most efficient and effective mechanisms to deliver
finance to the poor.
Microfinance is also a means for self-empowerment. It enables the poor, especially women, to become
economic agents of change - they increase income, become business-owners and reduce their vulnerability to external
shocks (illness, weather, etc)
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Microcredit is best-suited to those with entrepreneurial capability and opportunity. This translates to those
poor who work in growing economies, and who can undertake activities that generate weekly stable incomes.
Microfinance is inclusive of a much larger range of clients.
However, many poor do not fit within the current structure of microfinance. One reason for this is extremely
poor people (destitute and homeless) lack a stable income. Without a stable income, it is difficult to make the weekly
repayments that microcredit requires. Credit requires a 98% ―hit‖ rate to be successful, as high default rates
undermine the very principles of lending.
Programs have been developed to provide these ―very poor‖ with safety net programs that offer basic
subsistence. At SKS, our NGO-arm, SKS Assist aims to do so, and endeavors to graduate members to our
microfinance program.
Microfinance is a high-touch business: At SKS, field staff managers must perform village surveys before
entering a village, conduct interviews with potential members, train members on credit discipline, travel to villages by
motorbike every week to collect interest and disburse loans, and follow-up to ensure the loans are being used for their
intended purpose. These personnel and administration costs easily amount to 11% of our total cost structure.
In addition, we must borrow from commercial sources to lend to our members. This cost of lending is
anywhere from 10-12%. The combination of this personnel/administration costs, the cost of lending, a 1-2% loan loss
provision (due to default or writing off a loan), and 1-2% profit used to expand operations, translates to an interest
that appears high. However, it is the lowest possible interest we can charge to cover our costs. As the microfinance
industry matures, and MFIs like SKS continue to scale and increase efficiency, our cost of lending may reduce. And,
if commercial banks reduce their own rates, we can and will deliver these savings to our borrowers.
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This access to finance allows women to increase income, which benefits the entire household. How do we
know this? Our return on investment (ROI) calculations demonstrate that most borrowers earn anywhere from 25%-
200% more than the interest rate charged, due to low infrastructure costs, no tax or legal costs, and the overall capital
cost that is just a small percentage of the total cost.
Data from the Micro Banking Bulletin reports that 63 of the world's top MFIs had an average rate of return,
after adjusting for inflation and after taking out subsidies programs might have received, of about 2.5% of total assets.
This lends to the hope that microfinance can be sufficiently attractive for investors, as well as the mainstream into the
retail banking sector.
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Comparison of New and Old Microfinance
Base Old Microfinance New Microfinance
Rules of Model Intricate, explicit rules dictated and Simple rules made by groups
directed by MFI
Institutional Thrust Single actor providing both organizing Multiple actors providing organizing,
and credit services savings, and credit services
Growth Strategy Reliance on paid animators (field Growth often resulting from ―ripple
workers) to engage community members effect‖: groups forming new groups; local
to participate in scheme volunteers spreading information
Transparency of MFIs tempted to withhold information NGOs have no reason to hold back
Options concerning competitive local resources important information and options that
(e.g. lower interest loans) speak to the best interests of groups and
members
Financial Service Credit-led with savings services in some Savings-led, based on the concept of
Focus cases; credit minimum high in order to thrift; credit minimum nil, as group bears
cover transaction costs of borrower costs
Credit Profile Credit tailored to the needs of the Financial services flexible and based on
financial institution for cost purposes; capacity of each group member; terms
loan terms and repayment practices based often negotiated— even mid-term—to
on institutional viability; therefore rigid adjust to repayment capacity of borrower
regarding regular payments of principal
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Base Old Microfinance New Microfinance
Loan Purpose Initial loans typically designated for Initial loans typically used for any purpose
income generating purposes
Interest Rate Calculated to cover costs of specialized Calculated by group to cover ―hard costs‖
institution plus institutional and investor and varying according to group need for
need for return on investment; rates often return on investment; group level rates
ranging from 36% to 87% (CRS MFIs) often range 24%–60%; Bank rates 12–
13%
Depth of Outreach High minimum loan amounts (at least Rs. Low minimum loan amounts allow even
1000 per member) preventing reaching the most risk-averse poor to participate;
the poorest; also, rigidity in repayment of flexible repayment of principal (both at
principal excludes seasonal cash flow group and bank level) consider the
patterns of poorest variable cash flow of the poorest
Drop Outs CRS own data shows 11% lowest rate; Less than 5% per year (undocumented
some programs with 30% officially; data drawn from CRS-partner
reports)
Annual Investment Investment and opportunity costs high; in Investment and opportunity costs low; in
per Client initial five years investment is as high as initial five years, investment is as low as
Rs. 15000 per client, including operating nil (for self replicating groups) and as
subsidy plus loan capital high as Rs. 500 per year per client (for
CRS/partner supported groups)
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MICRO
FINANCE
AN
OVERVIEW
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1. MICROFINANCE - AN OVERVIEW
The Grameen model has inspired more than 10,000 micro lending organizations providing loans to more than
25 million poor people throughout the world, most of them women. The number of these organizations grew
dramatically during the 1990s, spurred by the notion of 'self-help' and a faith in the creditworthiness and
entrepreneurial potential of the poor. The movement took off with strong support both from the free-enterprise zealots
of the right and the anti-poverty warriors of the left.
But three decades into the vast social experiment of lending to the poor, many questions remain. Does micro-
credit really help the world's poorest citizens? Does it genuinely empower women? How well has the Grameen model
worked in other countries? And can we expect it to be sustainable without subsidy?
NABARD had been set up in 1982 under an Act of Parliament as a development bank to provide and regulate
credit and other facilities for the promotion and development of agriculture, cottage and village industries, handicrafts
and other allied economic activities in rural areas with a view to "promoting integrated rural development and
securing prosperity of rural a Rural development, special schemes and rural banking could not tackle the widespread
poverty in rural areas. Research indicated that existing banking policies and procedures were perhaps not suited to the
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immediate needs of the very poor. What they really needed was better access to these services and products, rather
than cheap, subsidized credit. The priority of the rural poor appeared to be consumption credit, savings, production
credit and insurance. Consumption needs included credit for short periods for emergent needs, which were usually
met by informal sources at exploitative interest rates, as poor borrowers were unable to offer banks any security for
small consumption loans
Against this background, a need was felt for alternative policies, systems and procedures, savings and loan
products, complementary services, and new delivery mechanisms which would fulfill the requirements of the poorest,
especially of the women members of such households. The Grameen Bank in neighbouring Bangladesh had already
proved a successful model of micro lending in South Asia. The self-help group model, pioneered by the Grameen
Bank, emerged as a viable strategy to tackle these issues ' both for borrowers as well as banks.
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MICRO
FINANCE
IN
INDIA
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1.2 Micro Finance in India
Over the last ten years, however, successful experiences in providing finance to small entrepreneur and
producers demonstrate that poor people, when given access to responsive and timely financial services at market
rates, repay their loans and use the proceeds to increase their income and assets. This is not surprising since the only
realistic alternative for them is to borrow from informal market at an interest much higher than market rates.
Community banks, NGOs and grassroot savings and credit groups around the world have shown that these micro
enterprise loans can be profitable for borrowers and for the lenders, making microfinance one of the most effective
poverty reducing strategies.
To be successful, financial intermediaries that provide services and generate domestic resources must have
the capacity to meet high performance standards. They must achieve excellent repayments and provide access to
clients. And they must build toward operating and financial self-sufficiency and expanding client reach.
Strategic Issues
Is there a prevailing paradigm for micro-finance?
Are there clearly visible pattern across the country?
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Is there a clearly defined foundation building blocks such as organizing principles, gender
preferences and operational imperetives?
What are methodological issues?
Institutional Issues
Is there a need for a new institution?
Should it operate all India or in a state?
Where should it be located?
Who can lead an institution of this sort?
What will its contextual interconnections be?
Who will be its beneficiaries?
Connectivity Issues
How should the Corporate Financial Sector be involved?
What is the role of donor agencies?
How should communities be involved?
Are there political issues that should be explicitly considered?
Are there government policy issues?
Credit Risk
High transaction and service cost
Absence of land tenure for financing housing
Irregular flow of income due to seasonality
Lack of tangible proof for assessment of income
Unacceptable collaterals such as crops, utensils and jewellery
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As far as the formal financial institutions are concerned, there are Commercial Banks, Housing Finance
Institutions (HFIs), NABARD, Rural Development Banks (RDBs), Land Development Banks Land Development
Banks and Co-operative Banks (CBs). .
The Government has taken several initiatives to strengthen the institutional rural credit system. The rural
branch network of commercial banks have been expanded and certain policy prescriptions imposed in order to ensure
greater flow of credit to agriculture and other preferred sectors.
Lately, few of the NGOs engaged in activities related to community mobilization for their socio-economic
development have initiated savings and credit programmes for their target groups. These Community based financial
systems (CBFS) can broadly be categorized into two models: Group Based Financial Intermediary and the NGO
Linked Financial Intermediary.
Most of the NGOs like SHARAN in Delhi, FEDERATION OF THRIFT AND CREDIT ASSOCIATION
(FTCA) in Hyderabad or SPARC in Bombay have adopted the first model where they initiate the groups and provide
the necessary management support. Others like SEWA in Ahmadabad or BARODA CITIZEN's COUNCIL in Baroda
pertain to the second model.
The experience of these informal intermediaries shows that although the savings of group members, small in
nature do not attract high returns, it is still practiced due to security reasons and for getting loans at lower rates
compared to that available from money lenders. These are short term loans meant for crisis, consumption and income
generation needs of the members. The interest rates on such credit are not subsidized and generally range between 12
to 36%. Most of the loans are unsecured. In few cases personal or group guarantees or other collaterals like jewellery
is offered as security.
The Wholesalers will include agencies like NABARD, Rashtriya Mahila Kosh-New Delhi and the Friends of
Women's World Banking in Ahmadabad. Few of the NGOs supporting SHG Federations include MYRADA in
Bangalore, SEWA in Ahmadabad, PRADAN in Tamilnadu and Bihar, ADITHI in Patna, SPARC in Mumbai, and
ASSEFA in Madras etc. While few of the NGOs directly retailing credit to Borrowers are SHARE in Hyderabad,
ASA in Trichy, RDO Loyalam Bank in Manipur.
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Strengths of Informal Sector
A synthesis that can be evolved out of the success of NGOs/CBOs engaged in microfinance is based on
certain preconditions, institutional and facilitating factors.
Preconditions to Success:
Those NGOs/ CBOs have been successful that have istilled financial value/ discipline through savings and
have demonstrated a matching value themselves before lending. A recovery system based on social intermediation
and various options including non-financial mechanisms has proved to be effective. Another important feature has
been the community governance. The communities in which households are direct stake holders have successfully
demonstrated the success of programs. A precondition for success is to involve community directly in the program.
Experience indicates that savings and credit are both critical for success and savings should precede credit. Chances
of success more with women: Programs designed with women are more successful.
Operating Indicators
The operating indicators show that programs which are designed taking into account the localized and
geographical differences have been successful. Effective and responsive accounting and monitoring mechanisms have
been an important and critical ingredient for the success of programs. The operational success has been more when
interest rates are at or near market rates: The experience of NGOs/CBOs indicates that low income households are
willing to pay market rates. The crucial problem is not the interest rates but access to finance. Eventually in absence
of such programs households end up paying much higher rates when borrowing from informal markets. Some NGOs
have experimented where members of community decide on interest rates. This is slightly different from Thailand
experience where community decides on repayment terms and loan amount. A combination of the three i.e. interest
rates, amount and repayment period if decided by community, the program is most likely to succeed. A program
which is able to leverage maximum funds from formal market has been successful. Experience indicates that it is
possible to leverage higher funds against deposits.
Facilitating Factor
Another factor that has contributed to the success is the broad environment. A facilitative environment and
enabling regulatory regime contributes to the success. The NGOs/CBOs which have been able to leverage funds from
formal programs have been successful. An essential factor for success is that all development programs should
converge across sectors.
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which is not replicable Grameen bank has not oriented itself towards mobilizing peoples' resources. The repayment
system of 50 weekly equal installments is not practical because poor do not have a stable job and have to migrate to
other places for jobs. If the communities are agrarian during lean seasons it becomes impossible for them to repay the
loan. Pressure for high repayment drives members to money lenders. Credit alone cannot alleviate poverty and the
Grameen model is based only on credit. Micro-finance is time taking process. Haste can lead to wrong selection of
activities and beneficiaries.
Another model is Kerala model (Shreyas). The rules make it difficult to give adequate credit {only 40-50
percent of amount available for lending). In Nari Nidhi/Pradan system perhaps not reaching the very poor.
Most of the existing microfinance institutions are facing problems regarding skilled labour which is not
available for local level accounting. Drop out of trained staff is very high. One alternative is automation which is not
looked at as yet. Most of the models do not lend for agriculture. Agriculture lending has not been experimented.
All the models lack in appropriate legal and financial structure. There is a need to have a sub-group to
brainstorm on statutory structure/ ownership control/ management/ taxation aspects/ financial sector prudential
norms. A forum/ network of micro-financier (self regulating organization) is desired.
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Dilemmas
Community Based Investor Owned
The four pillars of microfinance credit system (Fig. 1) are supply, demand for finance, intermediation and
regulation. Whatever may the model of the intermediary institution, the end situation is accessibility of finance to poor.
The following tables indicate the existing and desired situation for each component.
DEMAND
Existing Situation Desired Situation
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fragmented Organized
Undifferentiated Differentiated (for consumption,
Addicted, corrupted by capital & subsidies housing)
Communities not aware of rights and responsibilities Deaddicted from capital & subsidies
Aware of rights and responsibilities
SUPPLY
Existing Situation Desired Situation
INTERMEDIATION
Existing Situation Desired Situation
REGULATION
Existing Situation Desired Situation
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Focussed on formal service providers (informal not include/informal recognise e.g. SHGs
regulated) Regulate rules of game
regulating the wrong things e.g. interest rates Coherence and coordination across
Multiple and conflicting (FCRA, RBI, IT, ROC, regulators
MOF/FIPB, ROS/Commerce) Enabling environment
Negatively oriented
Cumulative disbursements under all microfinance programmes is only about Rs. 5000 crores.(Mar.
04)
Total outstanding of all microfinance initiatives in India estimated to be Rs. 1600 crores. (March 04)
Only about 5 % of rural poor have access to microfinance.
Though a cumulative of about 20 million families have accessed microfinance to the extent of Rs.
5000 crores, the total outstanding is estimated to be only about Rs. 1600 crores. The active
borrowers are estimated to have a per capita outstanding of only Rs. 2500.
While 10 % lending to weaker sections is required for commercial banks, they neither have the
network for lending and supervision on a large scale nor the confidence to offer term loans to big
MFIs.
• The non poor comprise of 29 % of the outreach.
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its report in August 1954. The survey revealed that shares of institutional and non-institutional sources of rural credit
were 7.3 per cent and 92.7 per cent respectively.
In brief analysis micro finance chronology can be evaluated by the following steps:
Majority of poor are excluded from financial services. This is due to, inter-alia, the following
reasons
Bankers feel that it is fraught with risks and uncertainties.
High transaction costs
Unfavourable policies like caps on interest rates which effectively limits the viability of serving the
poor.
While MFIs have shown that serving the poor is not an unviable proposition there are issues that
have constrained MFIs while scaling up.
About 56 % of the poor still borrow from informal sources.
70 % of the rural poor do not have a deposit account
87 % have no access to credit from formal sources.
Less than 15 % of the households have any kind of insurance.
Negligible numbers have access to health insurance (0.4 %) and crop insurance (0.2 %).
• NABARD‘s bank linkage program has cumulatively reached a total of 9.4 lakh SHGs with about 1.4 crore
households.
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Opportunities for Micro-Finance Sector in India
Keeping in view of above mentioned issues relating to how and why the rural informal credit system is
strengthened, NGOs are need to sensitize the state institutions and NGOs it self has to take initiatives for the rural
banking in micro rural credit system. Moreover, rural population is a major population segment in India.
According to the 2001 Census of India 2001, 72.22 percent of the total population is rural and dependent on
agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. Due to the failure of agricultural reforms and not adopting a
farmer-oriented agricultural policy, growth rate of employment in agriculture sector has declined from 2.32 per cent
in 1972-73 to 1.2 per cent in 1983 to 0.65 per cent in 1985. Agriculture contributed only 31.7 percent to GDP in
1993-94 down from 56.5 per cent in 1951. But this is not the complete picture of the rural economy. The rural
economy has a strong base for employment generation.
Rural economy still accounts nearly 40 per cent of India‘s GDP including 10 per cent of RNFS. Share of
exports in GDP has increased from 6.2 per cent in 1991-92 to 9.2 per cent in 1994-95. Major contribution to exports
comes from the agricultural and allied sectors such as handloom, power loom, gem and jewellery, handicrafts,
carpets, leather and mineral products, all of which have at least one primary rural production base. .
Rural non-agricultural activities have thus been growing much more rapidly than the overall employment,
agricultural employment and also urban employment. In fact, the non-agricultural rural employment has grown at an
average rate of about 5 per cent during the ten-year period 1977-78 to 1987-88. Consequently, there has been a shift
from agriculture in which employment has grown at a rate of only 0.74 per cent, to the non-agricultural activities.
It is because of decrease in self-employment and regular wages/ salaried employment in agriculture and
increase in employment in non-agricultural sector. Micro-enterprises established in RNFS contribute about 40 per
cent of the gross industrial turnover and 34 per cent of total exports. RNFS is the potential sector for employment
generation through establishment of micro-enterprises.
There is a need to match the decline in agriculture sector with the gain in non-farm activities, to absorb the
surplus labour from agriculture. Eighth Five-Year Plan document (Government of India 1992: 122) states that: "In the
long run, however, it must be recognized that agriculture and other land-based activities, ever with a reasonably high
rate and possible diversification of growth, will not be able to provide employment to all the rural workers at
adequate levels of incomes.
Indian microfinance continued growing rapidly towards the main objective of financial inclusion, extending
outreach to a growing share of poor households, and to the approximately 80 percent of the population which has yet
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to be reached directly by the banks. The larger of the two main models, the Self-Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage
Programme (SBLP) covered about 143 million poor households in March 2006 and provided indirect access to the
banking system to another 14 million, including the "borderline poor".
Grameen bank
Spandana
Grameen koota
Swayam krishi sangam
Danda credit society
Grameen Bank
Grameen Bank (GB) has reversed conventional banking practice by removing the need for collateral and
created a banking system based on mutual trust, accountability, participation and creativity. GB provides credit to
the poorest of the poor in rural Bangladesh, without any collateral. Professor Muhammad Yunus, the founder of
"Grameen Bank"
As of July, 2004, it has 3.7 million borrowers, 96 percent of whom are women. With 1267 branches, GB
provides services in 46,000 villages, covering more than 68 percent of the total villages in Bangladesh.
SPANDANA
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Institution's Mission
Spandana envisions itself as a financially self sustainable Micro Finance Institution with a diversified
ownership. It is committed to strengthening significantly the socio-economic status of poor women in Rural and
Urban areas by providing technical and financial services on a continued basis for establishing their identity and
self-image
Products
Loans
Voluntary Savings
Insurance
SML has employed a for-profit approach to create social returns by channeling funds from
development institutions and commercial banks as collateral-free loans to Joint Liability Groups (JLGs).
JLGs are the central element of the Grameen lending methodology adopted by SML.
Vision
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To improve the quality of life of the poor by providing access to financial and support services add
to be a viable financial institution developing sustainable communities.
Our Mission
• To mobilize resources to provide financial and support services to the poor, particularly women, for viable
productive income generation enterprises enabling them to reduce their poverty
Objectives
To provide financial services predominantly to poor women.
To create opportunities for self- employment for the underprivileged.
To train rural poor in simple skills and enable them to utilize the available resources and contribute
to employment and income generation in rural areas.
Primary data is collected in a prescribed format from borrower/member to comply with the KYC
(Know your Customer) norms.
FCA should verify the loan application and completely fill the following information:
Date of application
Borrower identification particulars
Loan product details
Loan Amount
Need for Loan
Applicable interest rates
Term of the Loan
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Repayment particulars
• Acceptance by the borrower‘s family member / the relevant SHG members
The expected date of loan disbursement should be mentioned on the loan application form and to be
intimated to the borrower / member.
The Company keeps all the documents in the safe custody in the respective premises by the
authorized persons. Loan passbook has to be given to every borrower/member for each loan. The loan
passbook contains the repayment schedule, effective interest rate and other processing charges etc. The
company gives prior notice of any change in the interest rate and other charges to the borrower / member.
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The company takes a decision whether to recall / accelerate the payment or performance under the
loan agreement / Promissory Note as agreed with the borrower/member under intimation.
Conclusion
Some valuable lessons can be drawn from the experience of successful Microfinance operation. First of all,
the poor repay their loans and are willing to pay for higher interest rates than commercial banks provided that access
to credit is provided. The solidarity group pressure and sequential lending provide strong repayment motivation and
produce extremely low default rates. Secondly, the poor save and hence microfinance should provide both savings
and loan facilities. These two findings imply that banking on the poor can be a profitable business. However,
attaining financial viability and sustainability is the major institutional challenge. Deposit mobilization is the major
means for microfinance institutions to expand outreach by leveraging equity (Sacay et al 1996). In order to be
sustainable, microfinance lending should be grounded on market principles because large scale lending cannot be
accomplished through subsidies.
A main conclusion of this paper is that microfinance can contribute to solving the problem of inadequate
housing and urban services as an integral part of poverty alleviation programmes. The challenge lies in finding the
level of flexibility in the credit instrument that could make it match the multiple credit requirements of the low
income borrowers without imposing unbearably high cost of monitoring its end-use upon the lenders. A promising
solution is to provide multi-purpose loans or composite credit for income generation, housing improvement and
consumption support. Consumption loan is found to be especially important during the gestation period between
commencing a new economic activity and deriving positive income. Careful research on demand for financing and
savings behaviour of the potential borrowers and their participation in determining the mix of multi-purpose loans are
essential in making the concept work (tall 1996).
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Eventually it would be ideal to enhance the creditworthiness of the poor and to make them more "bankable"
to financial institutions and enable them to qualify for long-term credit from the formal sector. Microfinance
institutions have a lot to contribute to this by building financial discipline and educating borrowers about repayment
requirements.
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MICRO
FINANCE
INSTITUTIONS
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1.3 Micro Finance Institutions
Fighting poverty is one of the core objectives of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG).Micro Finance
is the best way to eradicate poverty and to empower people. Micro finance is the newly emerging financial industry.
It has the target market of more than 1.8 billion people in the whole world. The emphasis of this study is to analyze
the prospects of micro finance industry in India. Our research stresses the need of the diverse micro financial services
in order to make the micro finance banks sustainable and profitable while serving the diverse needs of the poor.
MFI‘s should be distinguished from the NGOs as they are not just charity organizations. The diverse products will
mitigate the risk and at the same time gives a variety of services and choices to the clients. Today the reason of the
loss of the most of the micro finance institutions is that they offer very few products dominantly micro credit, a
successful MFI in India and has developed its recommendations on the basis of this analysis that can be implemented
on the other MFI‘s. There is a demand for diverse micro financial services in India and just by meeting a very small
group, So, if there are more innovations in the product development, this sector can become sustainable. Future of
micro finance is bright in India.
Definition of Microfinance:
Micro Finance is defined as formal scheme designed to improve the well being of poor through better access
to saving and services loans (Schreiner, 2000).
Micro finance is the tool that can bring the positive change in the life of the poor people of India. Micro
finance is more than simply credit.
According to the ‗‘India Microfinance Network‘‘, an institution involved in the research and development of
microfinance in India, microfinance is a composition of not only micro credit but includes a whole range of financial
services such as deposits, remittances, insurance and micro leasing.
According to Robinson, Marguerite (2001), ―microfinance refers to small-scale financial services primarily
credit and savings provided to people who farm or fish or herd; who operate small enterprises or micro enterprises
where goods are produced, recycled, repaired, or sold; who provide services; who work for wages or commissions;
who gain income from renting out small amounts of land, vehicles, draft animals, or machinery and tools; and to
other individuals and groups at the local levels of developing countries, both rural and urban. Many such households
have multiple sources of income‖.
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According to the definition on ‗‘Microfinance Gateway‘‘ an MFI is the organization that offers financial
services to the low-income people (Microfinance gateway, 2008).
There is a wide range of micro financial institutions. Mostly when we talk about these, financial NGO`s come
into the mind. These financial NGO‘s provide micro credit and micro finance services too and in most cases these
financial NGO‘s are not allowed to capture saving deposits from general public. Many NGO‘s provide other financial
services along with the micro finance and similarly some commercial bank are also providing micro finance along
with their routine financial activities so because of these micro finance services which are quite bit part of the whole
of the activities of these commercial banks we can call these as a micro finance institutions (Rehman, 2007). There
are some other MFI´s that can be considered in the business of micro finance. These institutions are the community
based financial intermediaries such as credit union; cooperative housing societies and some other are owned and
managed by the local entrepreneur and municipalities. This type of institution is varying from country to country
(Rehman, 2007).
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1.3.1 Leading Views on Microfinance:
According to Marguerite (2001), there are two leading approaches to microfinance:
Both these approaches tend to provide the availability of financial services for the poor, despite having
consonance in their goals, each approach tends to adopt a different modus operandi for the achievement of their
desired aim. We look at how these two approaches tend to operate:
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institutions are only going there because they are recognizing that they can also get profits from the poor. Another
difference between the commercial and microfinance banking is of group lending with only social collateral.
Commercial banks have developed products that are targeting the poor but they also demand physical collateral
whereas the microfinance institutions rely on social collateral.
In the early1970‟s, Microfinance started as a revolution in countries of Latin America and South Asia
with independent initiatives. Now there are more than one thousand micro finance institutions over 100
countries, 73% are NGO‟s, 13.6% are credit unions 7.8% are banks and rest are saving unions. And about 65
million people are served by the micro finance institutions these days. (Morduch, 2005)
Microfinance Clients
Microfinance clients are poor and vulnerable non-poor who have a relatively stable source of
income (microfinance gateway, 2008). The clients of microfinance can be divided in to 2 main
categories, „‟Rural‟‟ and „‟Urban‟‟ clients. But the common character between them is that they are low
income persons who do not have access to the formal financial institutions and they are typically self-
employed. Usually, they have household-based enterprises (microfinance gateway, 2008) (Rehman, 2007).
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According to a report printed in „‟The Times‟‟ magazine the clients have experienced positive increase in
their income and the increase was more significant for women than for men. Clients experienced improved
relationships with suppliers of inputs for their business, increased household consumptions, improved quality of their
children education, increased income and improved employment generations.
To reduce poverty
To empower women or other disadvantaged population groups
To create employment
To help existing businesses grow or diversify their activities
To encourage the development of new businesses
Outreach
It is to serve those people who have been deprived previously or are underserved (Women, poor and
indigenous and rural poor).
Sustainability
It is to generate enough revenues to cover the expenses for providing the financial services. The
main theme of the financial system approach is the sustainability. (Ledgerwood, 1998)
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Leading microfinance institutions in the world the kinds of product lines that could be offered and which can
improve the current scenario of micro financial institutions in India, according to our suggestion are:-
Micro insurance
―Micro-insurance is a financial arrangement to protect low-income people against specific perils in
exchange for regular premium payments proportionate to the likelihood and cost of the risk involved‘‘
(Churchill 2006). It can be delivered through a variety of different channels, including small community-
based schemes, credit unions or other types of microfinance institutions, but also by enormous multinational
insurance companies, etc.
Micro Savings
Saving products benefit low income people and entrepreneurs. It helps them to build assets and
provide security at the time of the financial distress. It also constitutes an additional source of income. MFIs
must formulate themselves to become regulated entities to accept saving deposits. Products like Term
finance certificates, ranging from 3 months to 1 year is a good example of saving products. The World
Bank‘s world wide inventory of micro finance institutions found that many sustainable institutions rely
heavily on the saving mobilization.
Compulsory Savings
Compulsory savings are the funds which are contributed by the borrowers as a preliminary condition to
receive the loans. Compulsory savings are of no use to the clients rather they are use to the banks. Normally they are
taken in the group lending.
Voluntary Savings
They are not obligatory as part of assessing the credit services. They are provided to the borrowers and the
non borrowers. Who can deposit according to their cash flows and the needs. (Ledgerwood, 1997) Poor with irregular
cash flows have some irregular excess cash. If the MFIs provide the saving services, these people can deposit their
money and the interest on the principle will motivate them to save more.
Micro Leasing
―Financial leasing is a contractual arrangement between two parties, which allows one party (the lessee) to
use an asset owned by the other (the lessor) in exchange for specified periodic payments. The lessee uses the asset
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and pays rental to the lessor, who legally owns it‖ (Gallardo, 1997). Grameen bank Bangladesh started micro leasing
in 1992. In 1994, the leasing facilities were delivered from all the zones.
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SELF HELP
GROUP BANK
LINKAGE
MODEL
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1.4 Self Help Group Bank Linkage Model
Introduction
The SHG - Bank Linkage Programme is a major plank of the strategy for delivering financial services to the
poor in a sustainable manner. The search for such alternatives started with internal introspection regarding the
innovations which the poor had been traditionally making, to meet their financial services needs. It was observed that
the poor tended to come together in a variety of informal ways for pooling their savings and dispensing small and
unsecured loans at varying costs to group members on the basis of need. The SHG – Bank Linkage Programme was
started as an Action Research Project in 1989 which was the offshoot of a NABARD initiative during 1987 through
sanctioning Rs. 10 lakh to MYRADA as seed money assistance for experimenting Credit Management Groups. In the
same year the Ministry of Rural Development provided PRADAN with support to establish self-help groups in
Rajasthan. The experiences of these early efforts led to the approval of a pilot project by NABARD in 1992. The pilot
project was designed as a partnership model between three agencies, viz., the SHGs, banks and NGOs.
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Positive Features of the SHG - Bank Linkage Programs
7.07 The financial inclusion attained through SHGs is sustainable and scalable on account of its various
positive features. The program confronts many challenges and for further scaling up, these challenges need to be
addressed.
The financial scheme under the Linkage Programme could be based on the following broad principles:
7.08 The Committee noted that more than 90% of the members of SHGs are women and most of them are
poor and assetless. The SHG movement has been instrumental in mainstreaming women by-passed by the banking
system.
Loan Repayments
7.09 One of the distinctive features of the SHG - Bank Linkage Programme has been very high on-time
recovery. As on June 2005, the on-time recovery under SHG - Bank Linkage Programme was 90% in commercial
banks, 87% in RRBs and 86% in cooperative banks.
Program Impact
7.10 The major findings and recommendations of three studies on the impact of the SHG - Bank Linkage
Programme are summarised in Annexure III. 7.11 The main findings reveal that the programme has:
Reduced the incidence of poverty through increase in income, and also enabled the poor to build
assets and thereby reduce their vulnerability.
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Enabled households that have access to it to spend more on education than nonclient households.
Families participating in the programme have reported better school attendance and lower drop out
rates.
Empowered women by enhancing their contribution to household income, increasing the value of
their assets and generally by giving them better control over decisions that affect their lives.
Reduced child mortality, improved maternal health and the ability of the poor to combat disease
through better nutrition, housing and health - especially among women and children.
Contributed to a reduced dependency on informal money lenders and other noninstitutional sources.
Facilitated significant research into the provision of financial services for the poor and helped in
building ―capacity‖ at the SHG level.
• Finally, it has offered space for different stakeholders to innovate, learn and replicate. As a result, some
NGOs have added micro-insurance products to their portfolios, a couple of SHG federations have
experimented with undertaking livelihood activities and grain banks have been successfully built into the
SHG model in the Eastern Region. SHGs in some areas have employed local accountants for keeping their
books, and IT applications are now being explored by almost all for better management information sytems
(MIS), accounting and internal controls.
Challenges
Group Loans to SHGs and SHG Loans to Members
7.12 The average loan provided to SHGs by the banks for the last three years is presented in the following
table : 7.13 During the year 2005-06, the average loan provided to new SHGs was Rs. 37,581. On an average, per
member loans work out to less than Rs. 4,000. Many believe that such loan amounts are grossly inadequate for
pursuing any meaningful livelihood activity. Per capita loans in mature SHGs are increasing very gradually. It has
also to be kept in view that members take very short term loans of 3 to 6 months on many occasions and there can be
more than one cycle of borrowing/ repayment in one year. Committee is of the view that the existing dispensation of
subsidy in the form of a revolving fund initially and as capital subsidy for income generating activities in the second
stage may not be sustainable with the exponential growth recently observed in the formation of groups under the
programme. 7.18 At present, banks do not incur incremental costs for lending to SHGs, as it is done through the
existing branch network. SHG lending to members has been reportedly at interest rates ranging between 15% and
24%. While this has been considered high, it is also reported that members borrow for short periods and do not feel
the annualized burden of interest rates. Further, the interest income of SHGs is ploughed back into the corpus for
lending and is beneficial to all members.
Three distinct model can be observed in linkage programmes between banks and low-income groups.
MODEL I: Bank-SHG with active support of SHPI
The most common linkage model in India is where the banks deal directly with individual SHGs. In
case of most of these SHGs, the SHPI had provided the intial training, guidance to rural poor in organizing
themselves into thrift and credit groups. In many cases, the SHPI had also provided some initial support to
these SHGs to sugment their resources. (In case of of an NGO, MYRADA, it became possible for it to
provide such financial assistance to SHGs from an initial support of Rs. 1 million by NABARD before the
Pilot Project was started). The SHPI also keeps a watch and ensures satisfactory functioning of the SHGs
even after the linkage. While linkage of the banks is direct with the SHGs, the SHPI has an important role
in pre- as well as post-linkage stages.
A slight variant to Model 1 is where Banks have provided financial support to SHGs which had
grown almost spontaneously without any intervention of any SHPI. The SHGs were initially on the basis of
acommon activity, problem and took up thrift and credit activities. The cases of such linkages are of course
not very common.
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MODEL III: BANK-SHPI-SHG
In this model, the SHPI have taken the role of a financial intermediary between the banks and a
number of SHGs. Again, the SHPIs take up such responsibilities only in respect of the groups
promoted/nurtured by them and nopt for other groups. The SHPI accepts the contractural responsibility for
repayment of the loan to the bank. In this respect it is indirect linkage support to the SHGs. This model is
quite common.
Another model that has emerged ... is a combination of SHG linkage concept and credit programmes
where loan assistance is given to the individual members of the group and not to the group. It is also not
directly connected to the savings of the group. The loans in these cases were given only for income
generating investment credit activities. The SHG and SHPI help the bank in identification, preperation of
loan application, monitoring, supervision and recovery of loans.
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1.4.2 Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation
In the year 2000, the United Nations drew up a list of Millennium Goals which aim to spur globalization and
development and eradicate extreme poverty. Extreme poverty is defined as those living on less that $1 a day
(Simanowitz and Walter 2002:15). The UN Resolution adapted by the General Assembly states, ―We will spare no
effort to free our fellow men, women, and children from the abject and dehumanizing conditions of extreme poverty,
to which more than a billion of them are currently subjected‖ (4). The seven Millennium Goals are as follows: 1)
eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, 2) achieve universal primary education, 3) promote gender equality and
empower women, 4) reduce child mortality, 5) improve maternal health, 6) combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other
diseases, and 7) ensure environmental sustainability. These goals, which are to be achieved by the year 2015, are a
monumental step in the direction of poverty alleviation (UN Homepage).
Increase in Income
Better Nutrition
Higher School Attendance
Women‘s Empowerment
Lifts Poor Out of Poverty
Integrated Programs
Conclusion
Microfinance is an effective method of poverty alleviation. MFIs have developed many unique and
innovative practices to account for the difficulties of providing credit to the poor. The use of village banks has
enabled microfinance programs to reach areas with restricted mobility and lack of infrastructure. Trust and group
lending practices encourage the poor to collaborate in mutual trust and friendship and to offer support for
communityloans and small businesses. Focus on female entrepreneurs allows marginalized women to gain access to
the economic opportunities that they need to empower themselves.
Qualified leadership assures that microfinance will continue its success and innovation in the critical years to
come. Research has shown that MFIs can and will reach the poorest of the poor by implementing integrated programs
that address the diversified needs of destitute families.
Increasing numbers of microfinance institutions are achieving financial sustainability and widening their
outreach while still focusing on the neediest in society. Microfinance allows women to gain autonomy and control
over their lives and to enter the public sphere with skill and confidence. The benefits of microfinance are not only felt
by those who directly participate, but by their families and entire communities as well. Some of these benefits are
increase in household income, consumption smoothing, capacity to sustain gains over time, better nutrition and
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health, higher education and school attendance, female empowerment, and the ability to completely break free from
the bonds of extreme poverty.
Microfinance has achieved its success and popularity through its recognition of the poor as agents of change.
MFIs do not dole out aid packages, they present the poor with the opportunities to advance themselves. A true
poverty alleviation program fights poverty by addressing the social, political, and economic constraints that keep the
poor in an oppressed condition and by implementing tactics specified to overcome those constraints. In most parts of
the world, the poor are not given a voice in any sphere whether political, social or economic. They are deterred from
holding political office, segregated to pariah status in society, and restricted from access to economic opportunity.
Any poverty purging strategy that aims for marked reform needs to recognize that the poor know how to help
themselves far better than aid agencies and social organizations. Microfinance gives the power to the people. Clients
are given opportunities for economic advancement that will eventually lead to empowerment in social and political
spheres. Living conditions are markedly improved along with self-esteem and sense of control. Impoverished people
with credit are not dependent on aid, the responsibility rests with each individual family to work hard and to enjoy the
overwhelming pride that comes with well-deserved success.
Microfinance is not a miracle solution. It is not for everyone and is not solely responsible for poverty
alleviation. Microfinance must also be coupled with other social programs that are flexible to meet the diverse needs
of destitute families. An MFI should also be sure to incorporate the customs and practices of the people into its
programs. But through a holistic approach to fighting poverty and a recognition of the importance of the poor as
agents of change, the battle against extreme poverty can be fought and won. Globalization will not be allowed to
expand the gap between the rich and the poor. Affluent countries cannot continue to dump aid on needy nations;
developing countries must not be permitted to ignore the needs of their impoverished population. Let the oppressed
people speak. Let them change their own lives. Listen to them.
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URBAN
MICRO
FINANCE
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1.5 Urban Microfinance
• Specialized skills:
– 11% tailors
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– 6.3% milk business
• Employees:
– Including household members, 58% of business have only one person working in them, and 95%
have less than 3
Debt
• The average loan, when it was taken out, was for Rs 20,000 (median Rs 10,000)
• The average interest rate is 3.85% per month. •Loans are taken from moneylenders (49%),
family members (13%), friends or neighbors (28%). Rarely commercial banks, almost no MFI loan (before
penetration)
• Among those households who do not have a loan, 56% say they want one but could not obtain one.
– Main purposes for taking out a loan: Health (17%), temporary difficulty (10%), Marriage (13%),
Home construction (10%), regular consumption (10%).
People are largely unaware of: how much of the loan is still outstanding, how much longer they will need to
pay the installment for, etc…
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Savings, Insurance and shocks
34% of the households have a savings account. •26% have a life insurance policy.
But almost none have any health insurance cover.
Yet 40% of the household had to spend Rs500 or more on health in the last year.
• 60% of the households who had a sick memberhad to borrow: so 24% of the household borrowed for health
in the past year.
Number of new clients opening savings accounts with SEWA (annual data)
Each bin represents number of new clients (as measured by when they opened their first savings
account) in the calendar year
Roughly 12000-13000 new clients a year with greater increase in client base in 2003 and 2005Who
are the clients?
Number of clients taking out a first unsecured loan with SEWA (annual data)
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Successful product Hiring local staff, particularly Effectively monitoring
diversification female credit officers management information
Solving distributional system.
difficulties, such as space Anticipating client needs
Adapting distribution
limitations through focus group
models
discussions and market
research
Sufficiently motivating staff with
Expanding through existing
incentives and training
operations and deepening
penetration in urban areas
CMF did six case studies of some of the successful MFIs across India
1. Ujjivan - Bangalore
2. SEWA - Ahmadabad
3. VWS - Calcutta
4. SWAWS - Hyderabad
5. WWF - Chennai
As urban MFIs continue to grow, having space for a typical JLG meetings is difficult
Urban working women tend to have less free time for meetings and travel
Ujjivan and WWF found a solution to this by organizing interactive meetings at public places like
schools, health centers, community centers, temples, mosques or churches.
Urban lending is complex and requires putting together detailed individual level information into
single database
• SEWA and WWF have met the challenge of establishing MIS which helps them to develop credit rating
system which helps in loan sanctioning process and leads to lower risks plus lower transaction costs
MICRO
FINANCE
AND
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NGOS
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1.7 Micro Finance and NGOs
“Self realization and self initiative are the two most powerful weapons to wash poverty out from the world”
– Chanakya
Microfinance institutions are highly encouraging. Microfinance through SHG has become a ladder for the
poor to bring them up not only economically but also socially, mentally and attitudinally3. Initially, SHGs and
microfinance, as an instrument for social and economic empowerment, are established by the non governmental
organizations. In the era of 21st century, NGOs are transforming from non-profit to profit making business model
NGOs. Especially, the success formula of microfinance non profit model is learned from the PRODEM - Bolivia and
Grameen Bank – Bangladesh. It is proved that committed for the social development NGOs can develop the society
through providing finance accessibility to the poor based on self help model. Many NGOs (non-government
organizations) in India came forward to promote micro-finance. At present more than 1000 NGOs are implementing
micro-finance projects in India.
Some of them are leading MFIs (micro-finance institutions) playing the role of social intermediation and
building better society in rural areas. These MFIs have adopted different strategies of people‘s livelihood through
micro-finance delivery.
Microfinance Institutions:
The following are the some of leading microfinance institutions in India working in the sector.
This is quoted by Rimjhim Mousami Das’s “Micro-finance through SHGs: A Boon for the Rural Poor” from
S.B. Verma and Yaswant Tukaram Pawar, (Ed) Rural Empowerment through Self Help Groups, Non
Governmental Organizations and Panchayati Raj Institutions, New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publication,
2005. p.16.
1
. S.B. Verma and Y.T. Pawar, 2005. p.99.
2
. Verma, S.B. and Pawar. Y.T. 2005, p. x.
3
. Ibid, p. 16.
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Association for Sarva Seva Farms (ASSEFA)
Mitrabharati - The Indian microfinance Information Hub Mysore Resettlement and Development
Agency (MYRADA)
SADHAN - The Association of Community Development Finance Institutions
SEWA: Self-help Women's Association
SKS India - Swayam Krishi Sangam
Streedhan - Banking with Rural Women
Working Women's Forum, Madras, India
Concept of Micro-Finance
Before we understand the concept of micro-finance, it would be worthwhile to understand the term micro-
credit as the two terms are closely related to each other. Poor people need micro credit for various and different
purposes. It may be to meet the major household expenses; emergency needs or even basic livelihood support. There
are two main systems of micro credit4. One is formal financial institutions, banks and co-operatives, which provide
micro-credit to the poor people under different schemes for livelihood support or helping them to start micro-
enterprises. The other is informal system comprising traditional moneylenders, pawnbrokers and trade specific
lenders. Both the systems have their own positive and negative aspects.
4
. Chauhan, Brij Raj (1990). Rural – Urban Articulations, Etawah: A. C. Brothers. Chippa, M.L. (1987). Commercial Banking
Development in India: A Study in Regional Disparity. Jaipur: Printwell Publishers. p. 50-51.
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the credit unions have noted an interest from agriculture-based clients in such a savings management
program.
2. Caja los Andes in Bolivia offers four loan repayment options that fit the cash flow of various
agricultural activities, including an end-of-term payment for both principal and interest that fits single crop
activities, and unequal payments at irregular intervals for farmers that have planted several crops with
different harvesting periods. Flexibility is also provided in loan disbursements, and farmers can receive the
sanctioned loan amount in as many as three installments.
3. PRODEM in Bolivia has introduced a combination of biometric fingerprint and Smart Cards to deliver
financial services to its clients. Biometric technology measures an individual's unique physical or
behavioral characteristics, such as fingerprints, facial characteristics, voice pattern, and gait, to recognize
and confirm identity. Although the technology is still new, growing awareness of the importance of data
security is increasing adoption steadily. Prodem's fingerprint verification has reduced fraud, error, and
repudiation of transactions. Staff had not had to deal with forgotten PIN numbers or unauthorized use of
cards and accounts so they have more time to provide personal service and advice to clients.
4. Unibanka (Latvia): Prior to introducing credit scoring, Unibanka, a commercial bank, viewed
microfinance loans as too costly to deliver. With the assistance of Bannock Consulting, Unibanka instituted
a credit-scoring system based on qualitative client data because sufficient quantitative data was not
available to develop a statistical model5.
5. ICICI Bank (India): Two state banks in India (Corporation and Canara) partnered with an NGO to
provide salaried low-income workers with access to savings. The project uses the already established
automatic teller machines (ATMs) in the factories to offer a recurring savings product, along with education
on personal finance6.
5
. CGAP it innovation series: Credit Scoring.
6
. CGAP it innovation series
7
. Ibid. p. 27.
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still means about 14 million poor households have been reached so far. Moreover the entire membership is saving
regularly, and has access to a ready source of small emergency and consumption loans in the form of loans extended
out of the group's own funds8.
In all this NGO gets some financial support in terms of grant from Apex Financial Institutions (AFIs) like
NABARD and RMK (Rashtriya Mahila Kosh). The examples of such NGOs who are following SHG promotion
approach are: MYRADA in Karnataka, SHARE in Andhra Pradesh, RDO (Rural Development Organisation) in
Manipur, PREM (People‘s Right and Environment Movement) in Orissa & Andhra Pradesh, YCO (Youth Charitable
Organisation) in Andhra Pradesh, Anarde (Acil Navsarjan Rural Development Foundation) in Gujarat, PRADAN
(Professional Assistance for Development Action) & RUDSOVAT (Rural Development Society for Vocational
Training) in Rajasthan and ADITHI in Bihar.
The examples of such MFIs are Sewa Bank & FWWB in Gujarat, BASIX in Andhra Pradesh and RGVN
(Rashtriya Grameen Vikas Nidhi) in north-eastern states, Orissa and Bihar. 8.3 Micro-Enterprise Development
8
. Ibid,
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Strategy Entrepreneurship is one of the most important inputs in the economic development of a country and of the
regions within the country. Economic growth and industrialization are the by-products of entrepreneurship.
It is a breeding ground for the development of small-scale enterprises. The term EDP (Entrepreneurship
Development Programme) means a programme of entrepreneurship development designed to help a person in
strengthening his/ her entrepreneurial motive and in acquiring skills and capabilities necessary for playing his/her
entrepreneurial role effectively. It inculcates entrepreneurial traits into a person and develops his/her personnel,
financial, technical, managerial and marketing skills. There are number of programmes which are aimed at providing
informational or managerial inputs required by a new entrepreneur. However, a programme not touching upon
entrepreneurial motivation and behaviour cannot be called an EDP9.
Source: NABARD annual reports and data sheet for 2005-06published in Prabhu Ghate, Microfinance in India: A
state of the sector Report 2006, New Delhi, Microfinance India, p.28.
9
. Desai, Vasant. Entrepreneurial Development (Vol. I): Principles, Programmes and Polices. Bombay: Himalaya
Publishing House. 1991.
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Social Development Strategy
The social development approach of micro-finance is based on the premise that people should earn money by
investing in viable micro-enterprises. They should earn profit from their enterprises. Major share of the profit should
be reinvested in enterprises for their growth. The other share of the profit should be spent on social development that
is, health, education, housing, sanitation etc.
By earning profit from the viable micro-enterprises, people will increase their paying ability for services
delivered to them under different social development projects run by NGO and States/ Central Government. For the
NGOs and Government it can be a process of gradual withdrawal and for people, decrease dependency on the NGOs
and Government. Such projects have micro-finance as a major component coupled with social service delivery.
These projects have demonstrably positive effects. The examples of such projects are Indo- Canada
Agriculture Extension Project in Uttar Pradesh, IFFDC (Indian Farm & Forestry Development Corporation) project of
farm and forestry development in Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan, ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services)
project of RASS (Rayalseema Sewa Samiti) in Andhra Pradesh and Conversion of ICDS project into Indira Mahila
Yojana.
While NABARD‘s emphasis is entirely on SHGs linkage programme by mobilizing their own savings also,
SIDBI is focusing on building and creating larger MFIs and RMK is lending money to smaller NGOs as well. Taking
into consideration the growth and potential of micro-finance sector in India, other organizations and international
agencies have also made their entry in the micro-finance sector by providing loans and grants to NGOs for different
income generating projects as well as for incorporating micro-finance component in the service delivery projects of
social development.
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Exposure to Commercial Banks as on March 2006
Bank No. of MFIs Loan O/s.
Exposure to Commercial Banks as on Rs.
March
Crores
2006
ICICI Bank 100 2350 *
HSBC 8 15
Total 1991 **
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Commercial banks exposure to Microfinance
of selected banks, March 2006
The NGOs, in order to support social and economic empowerment of the poor, have vastly widened their
activities to include group formation, micro credit, formal and non-formal education, training, health and nutrition,
family planning and welfare, agriculture and related activities, water supply and sanitation, human rights and
advocacy, legal aid and other areas.
These organizations mostly follow the target-group strategy under which the poor with similar
socioeconomic interests are organized into groups to achieve their objectives.
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With a view to providing a regular forum of dialogue between the Government and the NGOs for increased
mutual understanding and cooperation, the Government-NGO Consultative Council (GNCC) has been formed with
representatives from the Government, NGOs and the civil society. The GNCC works as an advisory council toward
resolving issues arising out of Government-NGO interaction and collaboration.
SHG is a group of rural poor who have volunteered to organise themselves into a group for
eradication of poverty of the members
The members of SHG save regularly and convert their savings into a common fund known as
Group Corpus
The group agrees to use this common fund and such other funds that they may receive as a
group through a common management
―A small, economically homogeneous and affinity group of rural/urban poor, voluntarily formed to
save and contribute to a common fund to be lent to its members as per the groups decision and for
working together for social and economic uplift of Their families and community
Self-help group (SHG) or a ‗sangha‘ is a voluntary association of people, which functions
democratically and accountably, to achieve the collective goals of the group.
Organizing disabled persons into ‗sanghas‘ unites and makes them visible in the larger community.
• Members can support one another by sharing information on the availability of services and resources, help
to make decisions on individual matters, help one another and so on.
Concept of SHG:
Self – Help Group (SHG) is a small voluntary association of poor people, preferably from the same
socioeconomic background. They come together for the purpose of solving their common problems through self-
help and mutual help. The SHG promotes small savings among its members. The savings are kept with a bank. This
common fund is in the name of the SHG. Usually, the number of members in one SHG does not exceed twenty.
The following are the major essential features to be kept in mind for successful functioning of SHG‘s.
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THE FUTURE
OF MICRO
FINANCE IN
INDIA
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1.8 The Future of Microfinance in India:
I recently participated in the Microfinance India conference (New Delhi, April 12-14, 2005), organised by
CARE India, PlaNet Finance India, the United Nations Development Programme, the Small Industries Development
Bank of India, SADHAN, CGAP, ICICI Bank, Ford Foundation and Friends for Women's World Banking to mark
the International Year of Microcredit. The key themes of this conference were "Inclusion, Impact, and Innovation in
the Microfinance Industry".
This was the second annual event of what is now becoming a large annual gathering to celebrate successes,
discuss perspectives and research, and build networks around the microfinance sector in India. Reconnecting after a
few years, I was pleased to see all buzz about microfinance and the number and diversity of stakeholders who
collaborated on the conference. The number and diversity of delegates, the level of participation from senior policy
makers and bankers and the quality of debates and media attention confirms that microfinance is no longer at the
periphery of the financial sector in India. This short note is a personal reflection on what has changed, what may take
a long time to change and what India and the rest of the World may learn from each other.
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For many years, the national budget and other policy documents have almost equated microfinance with
promoting SHG links to the banks. The central bank notification that lending to MFIs would count towards meeting
the priority sector lending targets for Banks offered the first signs of policy flexibility towards MFIs. One could argue
that MFIs are small and insignificant, so why bother. The larger point is about policy space for innovation and
diversity of approaches to meet large unmet demand. The insurance sector was partially opened to private and foreign
investments during 2000. Over 20 insurance companies are already active and experimenting with new products,
delivery methodologies and strategic partnerships.
Microfinance programmes have rapidly expanded in recent years. Some examples are:
The CARE CASHE Programme took on the challenge of working with small NGO-MFIs and community
owned-managed microfinance organisations. Outreach has expanded from 39,000 to around 300,000 women
members over 2001-05, Many of the 26 CASHE partners and another 136 community organisations these NGO-MFIs
work with, represent the next level of emerging MFIs and some of these are already dealing with ICICI Bank and
ABN Amro.
Since banks face substantial priority sector targets and microfinance is beginning to be recognised as a
profitable opportunity (high risk adjusted returns), a variety of partnership models between banks and MFIs have
been tested. All varieties of banks - domestic and international, national and regional - have become involved, and
ICICI Bank has been at the forefront of some of the following innovations:
The 2005 national budget has further strengthened this policy perspective and the Finance Minister Mr P.
Chidambram announced "Government intends to promote MFIs in a big way. The way forward, I believe, is to
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identify MFIs, classify and rate such institutions, and empower them to intermediate between the lending banks and
the beneficiaries."
What is beginning to happen in microfinance can be seen from the perspective of what has happened to
phones in India. With the right enabling environment, and intense competition amongst private sector players, mobile
phones in India expanded by 160% during just one year 2003-04 (from 13 to 33 million). Mobile tariffs fell by 74%
during the same period. While this is heady progress, there is a less heralded but even more powerful nationwide
success on access. In the late eighties, the phone infrastructure was the monopoly of public sector institutions. Phones
were difficult to get and even more difficult to use for those lacking ownership. Realisation that users need not own a
phone to access one led to privatisation of the last mile - where a phone user could interface with a private sector
provider using the public sector telecom infrastructure. Even with this policy change, today there are 2.5 million
entrepreneurs selling local, national and international phone services through the length and breadth of India. Many of
these are now graduating to sell internet services and could potentially be banking agents - that is the evolving story.
A tiny segment of this US$30 billion potential market has been reached so far and this is unlikely to be
addressed by MFIs and NGOs alone. Reaching this market requires serious capital, technology and human resources.
However, 80% of the financial sector is still controlled by public sector institutions. Competition, consolidation and
convergence are all being discussed to improve efficiency and outreach but significant opposition remains; for
example, the All India Bank Employees Association has threatened to strike if the Government proceeds with its
policy of reducing its capital in public sector banks, merging public sector banks or even enhancing Foreign Direct
Investments in Indian private banks.
Many speakers at the Microfinance India conference talked about the significant and growing gap between
surging growth in South India, which contrasts with the stagnation in Eastern, Central and North Eastern India.
Microfinance on its own is unlikely to be able to address formidable challenges of underdevelopment, poor
infrastructure and governance.
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The Self Help Group movement is beginning to focus on issues of quality and there were some interesting
discussions on embedding social performance monitoring as a part of the regular management information systems.
At the time of the conference, a leading and responsible MFI was being investigated by the authorities for
charging "high" rates of interest. Per unit transaction costs of small loans are high but many opinion leaders still
persist with the notion poor people cannot be charged rates that are higher than commercial bank rates. The reality of
the high transaction costs of serving small customers, their continuing dependence on the informal sector, the fact that
most bankers shy away from retailing to this market as a business opportunity, and the poor quality of services
currently provided does not figure prominently in this discourse. While the central bank has deregulated most interest
rates, including lending to and by MFIs, interest rates restrictions on commercial bank for retail loans below
US$5,000 (all microfinance and beyond) remain and caps on deposit rates also discourage sharing transaction costs
with customers.But most conference participants accepted the imperatives to build sustainable institutions.
Closing Remarks
In my view, savings service is the neglected daughter of the family of financial services. I use this metaphor
because of the sustained discrimination against and frequent disregard for savings services, despite their productive
and reproductive role in financial services. This is evident from different nomenclature used at both the international
(UN International Year of Microcredit, MicroCredit summit) and national levels (Priority Sector Lending; Annual
Credit Policy; Credit/ deposit ratio). Savings services can be a useful entry point for the unbanked to build up a
history with the formal financial institutions before customers are entitled to other financial services. With the greater
spotlight on knowing the customer and the fact that poor households do not have a salary slip, utility bills, clear land
titles or unique identity papers, a regular savings record could be the first building block to membership of the formal
financial sector. What is more, with savings services, poor customers need to trust the financial institution and not the
other way round.
Microfinance is not yet at the centre stage of the Indian financial sector. The knowledge, capital and
technology to address these challenges however now exist in India, although they are not yet fully aligned. With a
more enabling environment and surge in economic growth, the next few years promise to be exciting for the delivery
of financial services to poor people in India.
I would like to congratulate CARE, as the lead organisers, for successfully hosting this global cross learning
event. Unusually, the event ended with a statement of some objectively verifiable indicators (such as expansion of
urban microfinance, increased conference participation by public sector banks and redressal of North South divide)
on which the sector should track progress in a years' time.
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INTRODUCTIO
N OF
NABARD
&
SIDBI
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2.1 SIDBI Foundation for Micro Credit
INTRODUCTION
It is estimated that almost 260 mn. people are living in poverty in India. Under the internationally accepted
poverty line of 1 USD a day, adjusted for the purchasing power, some 39 % of India's population would be
considered as poor. The Govt. of India, since independence, has been making concerted efforts to provide financial
services to the poor at affordable cost in its endeavour to solve the problems of poverty and unemployment. It laid
special emphasis on expanding the network of banks all over the country in order to provide credit to the poor and
weaker sections of the society. Besides, the Government also launched several subsidised wage and self-employment
programmes for the benefit of the poor.
Despite all these efforts, there still exists a massive gap between the demand for credit by poor households
and the supply of credit by formal financial and social institutions. Of the 75 mn. poor households in India, of which
60 mn. are rural households and 15 mn. urban households, it is estimated that the total annual requirement of credit
for rural households would be at least Rs.120 bn. on the basis of Rs.2000/- per family. Another estimate for micro
finance services, excluding housing, is Rs.500 bn. assuming that annual average credit usage is Rs.6000/- per rural
poor household and Rs.9000/- per urban poor household. Housing credit requirement is estimated at Rs.10 bn. every
year. In addition, the clients require saving and insurance services . The dependence of poor on informal and non-
institutional sources of credit still remains very high.
In response to the inadequate credit flow to the poor from the formal financial sector, micro finance
operations in India, as in many other countries, started developing on an alternative track with the active involvement
of Non-Government Organisations (NGOs). Currently, there are two main institutional models of delivery of micro
finance in India - the SHG Bank Linkage model supported by NABARD, one of the leading apex Development
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Financial Institutions in India and the MFI model, predominantly supported by SIDBI. The second approach being
on-lending through MFIs was initiated by the Friends of Women's World Banking and the Government sponsored
Rashtriya Mahila Kosh; however the same was further developed and financed by SFMC. It is estimated that
outstandings of the SHG linkage program as on March 31, 2003 is Rs.10 bn, while the aggregate outstanding
portfolio of the MFIs is estimated to be about Rs. 2400 mn.
serve as the principal financial institution for promotion, financing and development of industry in
the small scale sector, and
co-ordinate the functions of the institutions engaged in promotion, financing or developing industry in the
small scale sector.
SIDBI has emerged as a major surveyor of a wide variety of financial services to the small scale sector
through its direct finance, refinance, equity finance and other schemes of assistance, besides extending support
services. As on March 31, 2003, SIDBI had:
3. Need for market oriented rate of interest both at the SIDBI and the MFI levels
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4. Collateral based lending to be replaced by lending based on systematic appraisal of credit absorption capacity
of the MFI Need for specialised and formal type of intermediaries (MFIs) viv-a-vis the NGOs
5. Intensive and all round capacity building of MFIs for qualitative growth of the sector
6. Need for equity support to MFIs
The SIDBI Foundation for Micro Credit (SFMC) came into operation in January 1999,
incorporating the lessons from the pilot phase with a mission "to create a national network of strong, viable
and sustainable Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) from the informal and formal sector to provide micro
finance services to the poor, especially women".
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2.2 INTRODUCTION OF NABARD
Introduction
NABARD is set up as an apex Development Bank with a mandate for facilitating credit flow for promotion
and development of agriculture, small-scale industries, cottage and village industries, handicrafts and other rural
crafts. It also has the mandate to support all other allied economic activities in rural areas, promote integrated and
sustainable rural development and secure prosperity of rural areas. In discharging its role as a facilitator for rural
prosperity NABARD is entrusted with
Offers training and research facilities for banks, cooperatives and organizations working in the field of rural
development
Helps the state governments in reaching their targets of providing assistance to eligible institutions in agriculture and
rural development
Refinance disbursement under ST-Agri & Others and MT-Conversion/ Liquidity support aggregated
Rs.16952.83 crore during 2007-08.
Refinance disbursement under Investment Credit to commercial banks, state cooperative banks, state
cooperative agriculture and rural development banks, RRBs and other eligible financial institutions during
2007-08 aggregated Rs.9046.27 crore.
Through the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) Rs.8034.93 crores were disbursed
during 2007-08. With this, a cumulative amount of Rs.74073.41 crore has been sanctioned for
280227 projects as on 31 March 2008 covering irrigation, rural roads and bridges, health and
education, soil conservation, drinking water schemes, flood protection, forest management etc.
Under Watershed Development Fund with a corpus of Rs.613.71 crore as on 31 March 2008, 416 projects in
94 districts of 14 states have benefited.
Farmers now enjoy hassle free access to credit and security through 714.68 lakh Kisan Credit Cards that have
been issued through a vast rural banking network.
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Under the Farmers' Club Programme, a total of 28226 clubs covering 61789 villages in 555 districts have
been formed, helping farmers get access to credit, technology and extension services.
Mission
Promoting sustainable and equitable agriculture and rural development through effective credit support,
related services, institution building and other innovative initiatives.
Credit functions, involving preparation of potential-linked credit plans annually for all districts of
the country for identification of credit potential, monitoring the flow of ground level rural credit,
issuing policy and operational guidelines to rural financing institutions and providing credit facilities
to eligible institutions under various programmes
Development functions, concerning reinforcement of the credit functions and making credit more
productive
Supervisory functions, ensuring the proper functioning of cooperative banks and regional rural banks
Objectives
NABARD was established in terms of the Preamble to the Act, "for providing credit for the promotion of
agriculture, small scale industries, cottage and village industries, handicrafts and other rural crafts and other allied
economic activities in rural areas with a view to promoting IRDP and securing prosperity of rural areas and for
matters connected therewith in incidental thereto".
The main objectives of the NABARD as stated in the statement of objectives while placing the bill before the
Lok Sabha were categorized as under :
The National Bank will be an apex organisation in respect of all matters relating to policy, planning
operational aspects in the field of credit for promotion of Agriculture, Small Scale Industries,
Cottage and Village Industries, Handicrafts and other rural crafts and other allied economic
activities in rural areas.
The Bank will serve as a refinancing institution for institutional credit such as long-term, short-term
for the promotion of activities in the rural areas.
The Bank will also provide direct lending to any institution as may approved by the Central
Government.
The Bank will have organic links with the Reserve Bank and maintain a close link with in.
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Organization Structure
Major Activities
Preparing of Potential Linked Credit Plans for identification of exploitable potentials under agriculture and
other activities available for development through bank credit.
Refinancing banks for extending loans for investment and production purpose in rural areas.
Providing loans to State Government/Non Government Organizations (NGOs)/Panchayati Raj
Institutions (PRIs) for developing rural infrastructure.
Supporting credit innovations of Non Government Organizations (NGOs) and other non-formal
agencies.
Extending formal banking services to the unreached rural poor by evolving a supplementary credit
delivery strategy in a cost effective manner by promoting Self Help Groups (SHGs)
Promoting participatory watershed development for enhancing productivity and profitability of
rainfed agriculture in a sustainable manner.
On-site inspection of cooperative banks and Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and iff-site surveillance over
health of cooperatives andRRBs.
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NABARD is an apex institution accredited with all matters concerning policy, planning and operations in the
field of credit for agriculture and other economic activities in rural areas.
It is an apex refinancing agency for the institutions providing investment and production credit for
promoting the various developmental activities in rural areas
It takes measures towards institution building for improving absorptive capacity of the credit
delivery system, including monitoring, formulation of rehabilitation schemes, restructuring of credit
institutions, training of personnel, etc.
It co-ordinates the rural financing activities of all the institutions engaged in developmental work at
the field level and maintains liaison with Government of India, State Governments, Reserve Bank of
India and other national level institutions concerned with policy formulation.
It prepares, on annual basis, rural credit plans for all districts in the country; these plans form the
base for annual credit plans of all rural financial institutions
It undertakes monitoring and evaluation of projects refinanced by it.
It promotes research in the fields of rural banking, agriculture and rural development
Subsidiaries of NABARD
Nabcons
NABARD Consultancy Services (Nabcons) is a wholly owned subsidiary promoted by National Bank for
Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) and is engaged in providing consultancy in all spheres of
agriculture, rural development and allied areas. Nabcons leverages on the core competence of the NABARD in the
areas of agricultural and rural development, especially multidisciplinary projects, banking, institutional development,
infrastructure, training, etc., internalized for more than two decades.
The Company is registered under the Company's Act, 1956, with an authorized capital of Rs 250 million (US
$5.75 million) and paid up capital of Rs 50 million (US $1.15 million).
In tune with NABARD's mission to bring about rural prosperity, Nabcons has more than just commercial
interest in the assignments it undertakes.
Economic Scenario
In the dynamics of the rural India , infrastructural, technological, managerial and attitudinal changes
are constantly taking place. In many parts of the country the dynamism of the farmer together with
supportive policies and technological changes have radically altered the rural economy. On the other hand,
there is also a stark fact that in extensive areas, there exists a weak and emaciated form of agriculture with
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peasantry still struggling. Agriculture in rain fed conditions continuous to be unstable. Farmers in many
parts of the country are still operating under unsecured and unrecorded tenancy arrangements and declining
farm size as a result of land fragmentation and proliferation of concealed tendencies will continue to put
downward pressure on land productivity.
On the positive front, new high demand sub-sectors are emerging in areas of horticulture live stock
and dairying, fisheries, poultry and forestry. The hitherto neglected areas of processing storage,
transportation and marketing of agricultural produce is witnessing a surge of investments from private
corporate houses. The task of doubling the agricultural credit in three years (2003-2006) has been creditably
achieved. Growth of Micro Credit Sector has helped in increasing the reach of financial institutions and
imparting vibrancy to the rural economic scenario with special focus on emergency of women as agents of
development.
In coming future the economy and institutions in rural areas would be acting and reacting with each
other to reinforce each other strength. Focus of NABARD would be to highlight such expectations of the
economy of the area, strengths of agricultural credit institutions and the hopes of the people on which credit
institutions impinge.
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RESEARCH
METHODOLO
GY
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3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
a) Internet
c) Newspapers
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Define the research problem,
b) Find out the selling module which will help the company in its business.
The objective of this research is to identify the major reasons need for the micro finance institutions.
As according to industry analysts, this category has grown only on promotions and for now, except for
promotions, nothing seems to be working. Therefore, ideally, this research should be able to bring to the fore, certain
other factors that could lead to a growth of this industry services.
At the very least, the research should corroborate the existing assumptions regarding the influencing factors.
It should be in a position to verify that the steps various players are taking to stimulate volumes are in the right
direction, and would eventually lead to an increase in market share.
Research Questions
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Research Design
The methodology followed for analyzing the consumer loan size and saving is as shown in the figure.
Preliminary
Seco
Collectio
Meas
Ques
Surve
Tar
Sam
Sa
Plan for A
De
Ch
Ana
Preliminary Investigation
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This phase involved preliminary investigation of the various factors which could possibly affect the
consumer‘s about the microfinance services by various institutions and helpful for the poor people. The Secondary
data gathered was analyzed to understand the current scenario of the Micro finance in India. The analysis of the
secondary data also helped us find different attributes of the poor people in saving and investment.
Non-Comparative rating scale is used in which respondents evaluate only one object at a time, and for this
reason non-comparative scales are often referred to as monadic scales. Non-comparative techniques consist of
continuous and itemized rating scales.
We have used continuous rating scale in order to rate the choices for different loan source and investment of
saving in different options in the percentage form.
Questionnaire Design
The form of each question is also important. Closed end question include all the possible answers and
subjects matters choices among them.
I have made questionnaire consisting twenty seven questions to get customer‘s view about microfinance.
Which provide answers that are easier to interpret and tabulate? I have used simple, direct, unbiased wording
questions, which are arranged in a logical order. I have asked personal questions at last so that they do not become
defensive. I have tried to know what is the perception about microfinance system, where they want to invest, up to
what amount and since when.
Survey
Different Survey methods were used for collection of data. The principle method used was Personal
Interviewing of the respondents. In-Home interviews were conducted by us at various locations in Jaipur.
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3.5 Sampling Process
Target Population
The target population is the collection of elements or objects that process the information sought by the
researcher and about which inferences are to be made. Our target population involves the consumers of different
Microfinance Institutions in Jaipur City. The users include the old and the young population.
It denotes the number of elements to be included in the study. Due to time constraints the sample size chosen
is very small 200.
A mixture of Simple Random sampling and convenience sampling was used for sampling, with care being
taken to get responses from customers of different age groups
Fieldwork
The survey was conducted keeping in mind role of microfinance. The survey was conducted in the different Areas of
Jaipur. We made several trips to the households to gather information from relevant people.
This chapter shows how the information needed to answer the some key research questions have been
extracted via the questionnaire.
(ii) Methodology
Questionnaire Checking/Editing
The questionnaire is checked for completion and interviewing quality. Editing is the review of the
questionnaire with the objective of increasing accuracy and precision.
Collation of Data
The data is collated in the excel sheet and view of the data was also taken for further analysis.
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How The Analysis Was Done:
The main idea behind conducting analysis is to see that what the possibilities in our research are? In the
analysis we will go through a systematic approach starting from looking in to our target markets, its needs and then
discussing the specific problems and constraints through which our micro financial Institutions are going through in
Jaipur. We will divide the different area of Jaipur in to different provincial categories and then see what are the
current pros and cons. The innovation in the micro financial sector and their success will be analysed and then we will
offer new alternatives and products that are in demand or successful in the regions having similarities in needs,
attitudes, culture. The organizational behaviour of the MFIs will also be touched in this regards.
I am a human being, so there is some limitation of the human beings which is reflected in this research.
1. The sample size of 200 might not represent the perception of whole population, as the sample size is too
small for total population of Jaipur city. Findings from the feedback of these 200 respondents have been
generalized for the entire microfinance market of Jaipur.
2. The opinion expressed by the respondents may be biased.
3. The attitude of the research might be biased.
4. One of the most influencing and most critical limitations is that I am not trained for the research study and
this is my second study. I tried hard to come at conclusion, but there is lack of expertise.
5. Another limitation is that there is lack of time. If I give more time then studies will be more effective.
6. There have been few instances wherein respondents have shown lack of interest towards participating in the
study, leading to dishonest or incomplete answers. This could lead to few inaccurate assumptions or variance
in the findings.
7. This research project is limited only to the microfinance (loan). This study does not involve the other services
of microfinance institutions those are offer in the market.
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8. Today the competition in the microfinance sector has become very stiff. Today each and every company is
trying to increase their reach in the market. This situation has created a scenario in which to search a good
customer for microfinance has become very difficult.
9. By adopting our research in this sector a positive impact can be achieved in the following.
Increase in income of the institution and market penetration
Increase in income of the clients
Change in consumption pattern of the clients as well as up gradation of their living standards.
Increase in the education expenditures
Improvement in the agricultural as well as other cottage industries revenues
Change in the health expenses
Increased women empowerment
But to make these results possible we have some challenges that must be turned in to opportunities by
ensuring Sustainability and effectiveness of the organization as a single entity as well as in each and every department
(including HR and MIS), by developing products that are pro-poor and pro-women, by increasing the outreach and
enhancing the scale, by taking diversified and new initiative and keep on innovating and exploring the market and its
needs.
The results of our study have some limitations. Since, in our study there is a lack of numerical data, the exact
situation of the nature of the products was not possible. If we were able to find the data defining the success of each
and every product, we would have been in a better position to suggest that which product is suitable for the
sustainability of a MFI. Since some of the examples were taken from the international environment, so it is not
always the case that the results would be true in every case. A lot of it has to do with the culture, tradition and social
behaviours of the people and the region where they live. If a primary research in the market of result would show
more exact results that show the true picture.
Alternatives
From Group Lending To The Individual Lending:
As discussed above in the constraints that there are limitations in the Grameen model which is adopted by most of the
MFI´s all over the world. Micro lending should also include individual lending as non potential clients enter the
system and they can not repay the loan due to which potential members suffer. They can not apply for the loan for the
next time. ―Individual lending requires frequent and close contact with the individual clients. It is most often
successful in the urban areas where client access is possible. Individual lending can also be successful in the rural
areas, particularly through saving and credit cooperatives or credit unions. In both urban and rural areas individual
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lending is focused on financing production oriented businesses, whose operators are generally better off than the very
poor.‖ (Ledgerwood, 1997 page 68).
Low Income Govt. Clients Should Also Be Included In The Recipient List Of Mfi´S:
Low income govt. clients should also be allowed to take the facilities of the micro financial services. As they
have regular cash flows and they have ability to pay back.
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FACTS
AND
FINDINGS
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Recently, as more practitioners, bankers, donors, and scholars have soldiered forth into the world of self-help
groups, many have reported findings worth noting. Here are just a few:
Moneylender activities. In Karnataka, CRS partner ODP reports that in four districts near Mysore,
moneylender rates have dropped from 120% per year to 36% in villages where ODP groups operate.
Groups helping others, Many groups with members that include the poor in a village extend themselves to the
very poorest. They do so in several ways. Groups in Jharkhand report that members save a handful of rice each day.
At the end of the month, members sell the collective rice to their poorest neighbors for about half the price that they
would sell it to market vendors.
In Orissa, several groups faced the problem of day laborers (the poorest of the poor and often members of
scheduled castes) being unable to save the same amount as other group members in a village. Further, these poorer
community members could not attend the same meetings as the better-off ones;meeting times were inconvenient.
Self-help groups have helped the poorest women to form their own groups. In these new groups, members save as
little as Rs. 5 per month. Leaders set meeting times when members can all meet, often early in the morning.
Social Clustering. With NGO support, groups cluster themselves as part of more powerful, village-level
entities. Clustering, or the grouping of groups, is taking place so that groups can solve community problems and bring
in more resources efficiently. Social clusters have worked to stem murder (Madya Pradesh), to stop rape (Jharkhand),
to improve schools (Kerala), to manage watershed and income generation projects (Rajasthan), and to reclaim land
(Uttar Pradesh).
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Data Analysis
& Interpretation
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5. DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION
Analysis of Questionnaire
Here I have formed a questionnaire to study why people go for microfinance institutions. What is people‘s
major motive behind investing in different options? Do they decide upon their own or they take guidance of a person?
What is their perception about these institutions?
The Researcher surveyed a total of 200 peoples who had Loan from Micro finance institutions across Jaipur
city as part of the project. The observations could be analyzed and interpreted as follows:
Questions:-
There are 27 questions in the questionnaire. Out of these 27 questions, 26 Questions are close ended and one question
is an open ended one.
70
60
50
40 Men
30 Women
20
10
0
Small Village Town City Big City
The loan takers are in the small village and in the small village and mostly are male.
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The second large market is the town for the micro finance institutions and in this market the male are the big
segments for loan.
The third is city and fourth is big city according to loan distribution.
In the Jaipur city the women ratio is very less in comparison to male.
10 68 95 21 6
Graph 2
47.50%
Below 25
26-35
36-45
46-55
10.50% Above 55
34.00% 3.00%
5.00% .
The maximum number of person taking loan is in his age group of 36 – 45.
The next level is the age group of 26 – 35.
The lowest level is the above 55.
23 26 37 13 56 45
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Graph3
11.50%
Graduate
13.00%
22% Post Graduate
Professional PG
Under Graduate
10th/12th
18.50%
Illiterate
28.00% 6.50%
The
th th
educational qualification of persons who preferably take loan is of 10 /12
Than second group is of illiterate, so the main market of loan taker is 10th/12th and illiterate person.
Than the third, fourth, fifth and sixth is Professional PG, Post Graduate, Graduate and undergraduate
respectively.
19 83 11 87
Graph 4
9.50%
41.50% Govt. Employee
Self Employee
Professional
Private Employee
43.50% 5.50%
Most of the people loan taker is Private Employee than the second are self employee.
The third and fourth are Govt. Employee and professional respectively.
So we can say micro finance institutions are very help full for the private employee and self employee.
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Q. 5 What is your Gross income? Table 5
103 78 12 7
Graph 5
51.50%
Below 60000
60000-80000
80000-100000
3.50% Above 100000
6.00% 39.00%
A very large group is below 60000 income group and second is 60000 to 80000.
So we can say the income of these people is very less and they very need for microfinance service and
microfinance institutions are help full for their development.
96 74 24 6
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Graph 5
48.00%
0 – 2 lac
2 – 5 lac
5 – 7 lac
3.00%
more then 7 lac
12.00% 37.00%
Most of the people business size is 0-2 lack and the second is 2-5 lack.
The microfinance institutions are playing a big role to expand their business size and full fill the loan
requirement for new enterprises.
42 57 84 17
Graph 7
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42.00% 8.50%
Gen
OBC
ST/SC
Minority
21.00%
28.50%
Most of the people are ST/SC whose are taking advantages of micro financé.
The next level of group is OBC, General and Minority respectively.
So we can say for the development of ST/SC and OBC microfinance is very helpful.
116 6 9 69
Graph 8
58.00%
BPL
Middle class
34.50% Lower Middleclass
APL
3.00%
4.50%
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Small Village Town City Big City
87 70 34 9
Graph 9
35.00%
43.50%
Small Village
Town
City
Big City
17.00%
4.50%
Most of the customers are from the small villagers and the second are from town
The people of City and Big city are is very less.
So we can say in the village and town the microfinance institutions can grow and they can make a plan
according to the villagers. So they take advantage of the very large market for the growth of the business.
17 29 34 76 44
Graph 10
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8.50%
22.00%
14.50% Unmarried
Married
More than 12
Between 7to12
17.00% Less than 6
38.00%
57 102 28 13
Graph 11
51.00%
Below 500
500 to 1000
1000 to 1500
1500 and above
14.00%
28.50%
6.50%
Most of the
persons saving are between 500 to 1000 and the second is below 500.
Than the third and fourth is between 1000 to 1500 and above 1500.
So we can say these are repay the loan amount very well. There is a very rare condition for the bed debts of
the loan amount and this is the main advantage for the microfinance institution for the good repayment ratio.
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Q. 12 Forms of Savings (Percentage) % Table 12
37 17 17 47 71 11
Graph 12
8.50%
19.50% Bank
3.50%
Cash
6%
Gold
Livestock
Self Help Group
Land
39.50% 23.50%
Most of the persons are invest the money in the Self Help Group because these saving are very less so they
can invest small saving easily in comparison to other big saving options.
The second option which is choose by the people is livestock because if the saving amount is enough than
they want to invest to generate the more return in comparison of Self Help Group so they invest in Live stock
like cow, goat, buffalo etc. for milk and resale.
Very less person have the saving into the cash form.
Some big savers are invest the saving into the bank, gold and land, because in these option the savers have a
large amount of saving and we can say the big bundle of saving.
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Q. 13 Source of credit? Table13
9 17 88 63 10 8 5
Graph 13
31.50%
Bank
44.00%
Co-Operative Society
Self Help Group
Money Lender
Friends
Relative
8.50% 5.00% Neighbors
4.50% 3% 4%
Most of the want to take a loan from the Self Help Group and these second chose is money lender. Because
they provide the loan immediately.
People want to avoid to the bank due to high transaction cost, and avoid friend, relative and neighbors for due
to obligations.
67 103 19 11
Graph 14
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51.50%
Low
Medium
High
Very High
5.50% 9.50%
33.50%
The availability of loan is medium and the second position according to people is low and the third and fourth
position is high and very high respectively.
So we can say the loan requirement of the people is fulfill easily with some negosecatition.
People compromising in the rate of interest and the cost charging against the transaction cost and full fill the loan
requirement.
13 56 124 7
Graph 15
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62.00%
Fully Satisfied
Somewhat Satisfied
Dissatisfied
Mostly persons are dissatisfied because the interest rate charged by the microfinance institutions is very high,
and they are convenient to repay the installment and the very high interest rate.
Than the some are some what satisfied whose can able to repay the loan installment and high interest rate.
So we can say in the case of satisfaction the people are taking the loan to fulfill the very urgent need and the
satisfaction level vary according to need.
Buying of plant protection chemicals 26 For social functions in the family such as 2
marriage, childbirth etc.
For educating their children 9 To buy assets like plough, bullocks, bullock 57
carts, potters wheel, handloom etc
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Graph 16
17.00%
28% 6.50%
1%
1%
2% 3% 11% 4.50% 13.00% 14.00%
Buying of seeds
Consumption purposes
Buying fertilizers
Buying of plant protection chemicals
For educating their children
For medicial purposes
To start a new enterprise
To construct their home
To meet the unforeseen situations like flood, famine, cyclone etc.
For social functions in the family such as marriege, childbirth etc.
To buy assets like plough, bullocks, bullock carts, potter wheel, handloom etc.
Most of the customers taken the loan for the buy assets like plough, bullocks, bullock carts, potters wheel,
handloom etc and the second, third and fourth is buying of seeds, buying fertilizers and buying a plant
protection chemicals.
Consumption purpose, education of children, medical purpose, is very less people those taking a loan to
fulfill these type of requirements.
Start a new enterprises, constriction their home, social functions in the family such as marriage, childbirth
etc., meet the unforeseen situations like flood, famine, cyclone etc., are very less those want to take loan
from the microfinance institutions because they type of work want to big loan amount and microfinance
institutions charge a high interest rate.
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Short term Long term
137 63
Graph 17
Long term
68.50%
Most of the persons have a short term loan requirement for the general purpose like consumption, education,
medical, buying a seeds, buying a plant protection chemical etc.
Very few customers have a long term loan requirement mostly those who want to constriction their house and
start a new enterprises they take a long term loan.
5 10 25 29 79 34 11 7
Graph 18
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Rs. 0-500
16%
39.50% Rs. 500-1000
Rs.1000- 3000
Rs. 3000-5000
Rs. 5000-7000
6% Rs. 7000-10000
Rs. 10000-15000
14.50% 12.50% 5.00% 2.50% 4%
Rs. Above 15000
Most of the person want a loan in between the 5000 to 7000, because their need are general need like
education, medical and consumption etc. so they demand these loan size.
To buying a seeds, plant protection chemical they demand the loan between 7000 to 10000.
10000 to 15000 and above 15000 loan size demand is very less they type of loan demand the person who start
new enterprise, construction their house and for the social function.
So we can say the micro fiancé institutions are help full to full the general requirement of the people.
6 76 69 23 17 9
Graph 19
12 to 18 month
11.50% 18 to 24 month
38.00% 3.00% 5% 8.50%
24 and above
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Maximum number of loan taker repay the loan amount into 3 to 6 and second duration is 6 to 12 months
respectively.
This is a very big advantage for the microfinance institutions they received the complete loan installment
with interest in very less period and they reinvest the money into the loan amount, so the productivity of
money goes very high.
11 12 16 161
Graph 20
80.50%
Below 90%
90 to 95%
95 to 98%
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The repayment ratio of loan amount is above 98 percent. The reason behind the very good for the growth of
the microfinance institutions is good repayment ratio.
The lowest repayment ratio below the 90 percent is only 11 in the sample size, the the 90% to 95% and 95%
to 98% is 12 and 16 respectively which is very less in comparison to above 98%.
So we can say these are some case which are found everywhere in the finance service. They are not affecting
the microfinance institutions at very big level. These institution are plan for these case and meet out the they
loss from the high interest rate and plenty.
Q. 21 Fine amount when defaulter (percent of installment)? Table 21
5 17 54 124
Graph 21
62.00%
In the microfinance institutions the penalty amount is very high these are most above 10%.
In the sample size to 200 the 124 person told they bear and if they defaulter the above 10% of installment
amount charged by the microfinance institution.
In the second number the 5 to 10% amount charged by the microfinance institutions against the when person
can default in repayment of installment.
Very less people say 2% to 5% and below 2% penalty charged when they made default in repayment of loan
amount.
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So we can say the microfinance institutions create the high amount of penalty fear in the people. So the loan
taker repayment the installment timely and the risk of bed debts and dues go very less.
And we can say in other hand it‘s a very large burden on the loan taker, because mostly they have a genuine
reason to not repayment of the installment timely.
1 2 3 4 More then 4
11 103 57 23 6
Graph 22
51.50%
1
28.50% 4
More then 4
5.50% 11.50%
3.00%
In the sample size of 200 people 103 people subscribe the 2 loan.
The second, third, fourth and fifth position in the sample size is 3, 4, 1 and more than 4 respectively.
So we can continuous transaction with microfinance institutions, people and microfinance institutions both
are create the faith on each other, microfinance institutions are expand their business with the reliable
customer.
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114 26 8 52
Graph 23
Through company
13.00% representative
Through
advertisement
You took your
26.00% 4.00% own initiative
Mostly persons know about the microfinance institutions through relatives and the secondly they took their
own initiative, because when we need the loan firstly we discuss with the relatives or search a good option
with is fulfill our requirement, and the transaction cost of the loan subscription is less and loan get in very
few time.
Company representative and the advertisement effect are not effective in the microfinance service.
131 13 53 3
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Graph 24
65.50%
Due to early settlement
Personal relationship
Mostly person not want problem during the loan settlement and after taking the loan settlement so they want
to goes to the microfinance institutions, because in the microfinance institutions people come due to early
settlement at these institutions.
In the sample size of 200 some we found that 53 persons goes to microfinance institutions for the advice from
friends or relatives. So we can say the mouth publicity is very effective for the microfinance institutions.
Very less person want to go due to personal relationship and brand name.
87 74 32 7
Graph 25
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37.00%
Fully Cooperative
Somewhat cooperative
Uncooperative
Extremely Uncooperative
87 people in the sample size of 200 say the attitude of microfinance employee is fully cooperative, because
they aims are fulfill the public requirement, and 74 persons say somewhat cooperative means mostly are feel
good with employee.
Some people are saying uncooperative and, extremely uncooperative due to some person reasons.
Prompt at the time of He timely informs you about the No communication Very inconsistent/
anniversary changes in the plan from the executive irregular
communication
44 88 31 37
Graph 26
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44.00% 15.50%
22.00% 18.50%
Prompt at the time of anniversary
He timely informs you about the changes in the plan if any
No communication from the executive
Very inconsistent/ irregular communication
Mostly people say he timely informs about the changes in the plan if any.
Some people say when at the time of anniversary they communicate.
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SWOT
ANALYSIS
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6. SWOT ANALYSIS
SWOT analysis is the analysis of the internal and external factors, which have impact on the survival of any industry.
Now let‘s make SWOT analysis for microfinance industry.
STRENGTHS:
WEAKNESSES:
Lack of advertisement, so most of the customers are not aware of the microfinance
One of the most successful models discussed around the world is the Grameen type.
It involves too much of external subsidy which is not replicable Grameen bank has not oriented itself towards
mobilising peoples' resources. The repayment system of 50 weekly equal instalments is not practical because
poor do not have a stable job and have to migrate to other places for jobs.
The communities are agrarian during lean seasons it becomes impossible for them to repay the loan. Pressure
for high repayment drives members to money lenders. Credit alone cannot alleviate poverty and the Grameen
model is based only on credit.
Micro-finance is time taking process. Haste can lead to wrong selection of activities and beneficiaries.
Most of the existing microfinance institutions are facing problems regarding skilled labour which is not
available for local level accounting.
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Drop out of trained staff is very high. One alternative is automation which is not looked at as yet. Most of the
models do not lend for agriculture. Agriculture lending has not been experimented.
Risk Management : yield risk and price risk
Insurance & Commodity Future Exchange could be explored
All the models lack in appropriate legal and financial structure. There is a need to have a sub-group to
brainstorm on statutory structure/ ownership control/ management/ taxation aspects/ financial sector
prudential norms. A forum/ network of micro-financier (self regulating organization) is desired.
OPPORTUNITY
Rural population is a major population segment in India. According to the 2001 Census ofIndia 2001, 72.22
percent of the total population is rural and dependent on agriculture andallied activities for their livelihood.
The failure of agricultural reforms and notadopting a farmer-oriented agricultural policy, growth rate of
employment in agriculturesector has declined from 2.32 per cent in 1972-73 to 1.2 per cent in 1983 to 0.65
per cent in1985.
Agriculture contributed only 31.7 percent to GDP in 1993-94 down from 56.5 per centin 1951. But this is not
the complete picture of the rural economy.
The rural economy has astrong base for employment generation. Rural economy still accounts nearly 40 per
cent ofIndia‘s GDP including 10 per cent of RNFS. Share of exports in GDP has increased from 6.2per cent
in 1991-92 to 9.2 per cent in 1994-95. Major contribution to exports comes from theagricultural and allied
sectors such as handloom, power loom, gem and jewellery, handicrafts,carpets, leather and mineral products,
all of which have at least one primary rural productionbase.
The rural market share of both consumer durable and non-durable products exceeds 40-50 per cent for most
items and is growing every year.
Papola (1991) while analysing the trends in rural non-farm employment, based on theanalysis of the data
from the quinquennial rounds of the National Sample Survey during the1970s and 1980s, reveals that the
share of rural area in total employment has declined fromaround 82 per cent in 1977-78 to 78 per cent in
1987-88; that the share of the rural non-agricultural employment has increased from around 14 per cent to 17
per cent in totalemployment; and from 17 per cent to 22 per cent in rural employment.
Appropriate strategies and policies need to be evolved to strengthen this trend towards diversification of rural
economy.Practically, all non-agricultural activities have shown a steady increase inemployment. It must be
recognised that increasingly larger components of ruralindustrial activities now consist of non-traditional
activities with forward andbackward linkages with agriculture. Unlike many traditional village industries
whichconstituted only secondary and supplementary occupations, these activities arepushed as main
occupations."
There is a vast untapped market in India.
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THREATS:
The main threat is from the other players who have grabbed the market share.
New private players are coming in this sector for earning the profit.
There is a cutthroat competition in this
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CONCLUSIONS
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7. CONCLUSIONS
After the deep study of the questionnaire and microfinance sector of India, I can tell certain conclusion ,
which can be summarized as:
1. This is the sector, which has most business opportunities perhaps in India.
3. As far as the comparison of microfinance leader private bank, NGO and SHG is concerned, there are both
positive as well as negative impacts on both the sides.
4. For private players the negative aspect is that they have to fight with the public sector giant which is
established player with a high brand value.
5. But the positive impact is that the microfinance awareness has increased and the business of these institutions
has increased.
6. The microfinance institutions has spend less on promoting services, because mostly respondent does not fully
aware from the features & benefits of these institutions services.
7. Why is the new microfinance the world‘s best kept secret? Here is why: Western donors cannot take
substantial credit for the success of this model, so why publicize it? Though many international donors, such
as IFAD, DFID, GTZ, Misereor, and Ford Foundation have supported the new microfinance, the U.S.
government has been missing in action. Sadly, for many followers of positive trends in microfinance in the
United Sates, the SHG/bank linkage scheme will gain currency only when USAID blesses it as a ―best
practice.‖ That blessing will occur as experts realize that profitability in a microfinance institution, a best
practice of the old microfinance, comes to a handful of players and that breaking even is an elusive goal and,
if ever reached, is reached by virtue of having exacted huge subsidies in start-up costs and capital.
8. This essay argues for a return to our original intent in microfinance, that is to improve the lives of the very
poor. The new microfinance is a reaffirmation of our original intent, armed with new knowledge about how
to make our intent real.
9. Some valuable lessons can be drawn from the experience of successful Microfinance operation. First of all,
the poor repay their loans and are willing to pay for higher interest rates than commercial banks provided that
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access to credit is provided. The solidarity group pressure and sequential lending provide strong repayment
motivation and produce extremely low default rates. Secondly, the poor save and hence microfinance should
provide both savings and loan facilities. These two findings imply that banking on the poor can be a
profitable business. However, attaining financial viability and sustainability is the major institutional
challenge. Deposit mobilization is the major means for microfinance institutions to expand outreach by
leveraging equity (Sacay et al 1996). In order to be sustainable, microfinance lending should be grounded on
market principles because large scale lending cannot be accomplished through subsidies.
10. A main conclusion of this paper is that microfinance can contribute to solving the problem of inadequate
housing and urban services as an integral part of poverty alleviation programmes. The challenge lies in
finding the level of flexibility in the credit instrument that could make it match the multiple credit
requirements of the low income borrowers without imposing unbearably high cost of monitoring its end-use
upon the lenders. A promising solution is to provide multi-purpose loans or composite credit for income
generation, housing improvement and consumption support. Consumption loan is found to be especially
important during the gestation period between commencing a new economic activity and deriving positive
income. Careful research on demand for financing and savings behaviour of the potential borrowers and their
participation in determining the mix of multi-purpose loans are essential in making the concept work (tall
1996).
11. Eventually it would be ideal to enhance the creditworthiness of the poor and to make them more "bankable"
to financial institutions and enable them to qualify for long-term credit from the formal sector. Microfinance
institutions have a lot to contribute to this by building financial discipline and educating borrowers about
repayment requirements.
After analyzing the survey the researcher also found that there are some new challenges and opportunities,
which can be, consider by the company for their betterment.
New challenges:-
1. Product innovation
2. Distribution
3. Customer service
4. New technology
5. Investment
6. Flexible product
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SUGGESTIONS
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8. SUGGESTION
Microfinance is an upcoming sector where high profit potentials are foreseen. In order to increase
the awareness about this, Microfinance institutions should advertise and market their different products in
an attractive way so that people develop their interest in this sector.
NGO, Commercial and Private Institutions are deal in this industry but now that companies have increased
to a great extent it should also follow some steps so that it does not loose hold over the market. Some of
these steps can be:
Company should improve upon the ways of claim settlement & it should be as quick as possible.
Company should increase the no. of employee both men and women to increase its market share in the finance
sector.
Training should be given to the employee agents so to make them more efficient. And management should also
be more efficient in coordination and controlling the employees.
Company should increase its advertisement budget to increase the level of advertisement, which in turn will help
the company to increase loyalty of customer towards the company & more and more new customers will join as a
potential client.
Paper work & documentation should be made less by the company so that customer‘s precious time is saved and
they are easily able to understand the procedure of the company.
To increase public awareness creative advertising should be done & company should issue the benefits of having
microfinance services in public interest to create desire among the customers to have various types of
microfinance services.
Company should have a brand ambassador to enhance its image in the mind of the people.
9. ANNEXURE
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QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Name _______________________________________Gender_________________
Address: ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________Contact No.:______________
a) Below 25 [ ] b) 26-35 [ ]
c) 36-45 [ ] d) 46-55 [ ]
e) Above 55 [ ]
e) 10th/12th [ ] f) Illiterate [ ]
a) 0 – 2 lac [ ] b) 2 – 5 lac [ ]
a) Gen [ ] b) OBC [ ]
c) ST/SC [ ] d) Minority [ ]
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8. What is your economic category?
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9. Area of residence?
a) Unmarried [ ] b) Married [ ]
e) Less than 6 [ ]
a) Bank [ ] b) Cash [ ]
c) Gold [ ] d) Livestock [ ]
e) SHG [ ] f] Land [ ]
e) Friends/neighbors [ ] f] Relative [ ]
a) Low [ ] b) Medium [ ]
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c) Dissatisfied [ ] d) Extremely Dissatisfied [ ]
a) Buying of seeds [ ]
b) Buying of fertilizers [ ]
d) To buy assets like plough, bullocks, bullock carts, potters wheel, handloom etc [ ]
f] Consumption purposes [ ]
c) 6 to 12 month [ ] d) 12 to 18 month [ ]
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c) 18 to 24 month [ ] d) 24 and above [ ]
a) Below 2% [ ] b) 2 to 5% [ ]
c) 5 to 10% [ ] d) Above10% [ ]
a) 1 [ ] b) 2 [ ]
c) 3 [ ] d) 4 [ ]
e) More then 4 [ ]
a) Through relatives [ ]
c) Through advertisement [ ]
b) Personal relationship [ ]
d) Brand name [ ]
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25. In microfinance institutions the attitude of employees co-operative?
27. Do you want to give any suggestions for make better to the microfinance system so people can take maximum benefit
of this system? ________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Date :- (Signature)
Thank You.
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10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books Referred:
Philip Kotler, Kevin Keller, Abraham Koshy and Mithileshwar Jha, ―Marketing Management‖, twelfth edition,
published by Pearson Prentice Hall (year 2007)
Journals:
R.Nedunchezian and N Sivasankaran (2009), ―Assessing the performance of stackeholder of micro finance
program‖, The Icfaian journal, management research vol 8 No.1 January 2009
Anand (2008), ―High cost of finance in Microcredit business in Andhra Pradesh (India): Problems and possible
solution‖, The Icfain journal of management research, vol 7 No.4
Websites Referred:
www.cgap.org
www.lhan.org
www.dhan.org
www.grameenfoundation.org
www.pradan.net
www.thehindubusinessline.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.google.com
11. GLOSSARY
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Micro credit: This is a small amount of money loaned to a client by a bank or other institution. Micro credit
can be offered, often without collateral, to an individual or through group lending.
Micro finance: This refers to loans, savings, insurance, transfer services and other financial products targeted
at low-income clients.
Micro insurance: This is a system by which people, businesses and other organizations make payments to
share risk, Access to insurance enables entrepreneurs to concentrate more on growing their businesses while
mitigating other risks affecting property, health or the ability to work.
Remittances: These are transfer of funds from people in one place to people in another, usually across
borders to family and friends. Compared with other sources of money that can fluctuate depending on the
political or economic climate, remittances are a relatively steady source of funds.
Micro Savings: These are deposit services that allow people to store small amounts of money for future use,
often without minimum balance requirements. Savings accounts allow households to save small amounts of
money to meet unexpected expenses and plan for future investments such as education and old age.
Micro Entrepreneurs: These are people who own small scale businesses that are known as micro
enterprises. These businesses usually employ less than 5 people and can be based out of the home. They can
provide the sole source of family income or supplement other forms of income. Typical micro entrepreneur
activities include retail kiosks sewing work ships, carpentry shops and market stalls.
Bankable: These people are those deemed eligible to obtain financial services that can lead to income
generation, repayment of loans, savings, and the building of assets.
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ABBREVIATIONS
ADB (Asian Development bank)
ADBP (Agricultural development bank of Pakistan)
AKRSP (Aga Khan Rural Support Program)
BOK (Bank of Khyber)
BRAC (Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee)
CB (Co-operative Banks )
CBFS (Community based financial systems)
CBs (Co-operative Banks).
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
GTZ (Gesellschaftfur Tecnische Zusammenarbeit)
HDR (Human Development Report)
HFI (Housing Finance Institutions)
HFIs (Housing Finance Institutions),
HUDCC (Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council )
IFAD (International Fund for Agriculture Development )
KB (Khushhali Bank)
KfW (Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau )
LMSE (Leasing to Small and Micro Scale Enterprises Program)
MBB (Micro Bankning Bulletin)
MDG (Millennium Development Goals)
MFI (Micro finance Institution)
N. A‘s(Northern Areas)
NBCFDC (National Backward Classes Finance Development Corporation)
NGO (Non-Government Organizations)
NHDC (National Handicrafts Development Corporation
NJI (New Jubilee Insurance Company)
NMFDC (National Minorities Finance Development Corporation)
NRSP (National Rural Support program)
NWFP (North West Frontier Province)
OPP (Orangi Pilot Project)
OXFAM (Oxford Committee for Famine & Relief)
PMN (Pakistan Micro finance Network)
RDB (Rural Development Banks )
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RDBs (Rural Development Banks),
RRBs (Regional Rural Banks)
Rs. (Pakistani Rupee) currency
RSP (Rural Support Program)
SDC (Swiss Agency for Development Co-operation)
SEWA (Self-help Women's Association
SHG (Self Help Groups )
SKS India - Swayam Krishi Sangam
SME (Small and medium Enterprises)
UCB (Urban Co.op Banks)s
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