Tutorial Sheet 1

Gross Anatomy
Approaches to studying Anatomy
1) What is anatomy?
2) What are the main approaches to studying anatomy?
3) What is regional or topographical anatomy?
4) What is surface anatomy? How is physical examination related to surface anatomy?
5) Define the following terms:
a. Palpation and auscultation
b. Radiographic anatomy and diagnostic radiology
6) Why are computers a useful adjunct in learning regional anatomy? How do dissections and
prosections enhance learning of anatomy?
7) What is systemic anatomy? Define the following terms
a. Integumentary system and dermatology
b. Skeletal system and osteology
c. Articular system and arthrology
d. Muscular system and myology
e. Nervous system, neurology, ophthalmology and otology
f. Circulatory system, lymphatic system, cardiology and angiology
g. Digestive system and gastroentology
h. Respiratory system and pulmonology
i. Urinary system and urology
j. Endocrine system and endocrinology
k. Locomotor apparatus and orthopedics
8) What is clinical anatomy? How does knowledge of clinical anatomy enhance one’s ability
to solve clinical problems?

Anatomicomedical terminology
1) Why is anatomicomedical terminology necessary?
2) Why are eponyms in anatomy discouraged?
3) What is the anatomical position and why is it necessary? Define supine and prone positions.
4) Define median, sagittal, frontal and transverse planes
5) Define the following terms
a. Superior and cranial
b. Inferior and caudal
c. Posterior and dorsal
d. Anterior and ventral
e. Rostral
f. Medial and lateral

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 g. Palmar and plantar
h. Inferomedial and superolateral
i. Superficial, intermediate and deep
j. External and internal
k. Proximal and distal
l. Bilateral and unilateral
m. Ipsilateral and contralateral
n. Flexion and extension
o. Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
p. Hyperextension
q. Abduction and adduction
r. Lateral flexion
s. Circumduction
t. Medial rotation and lateral rotation
u. Pronation and supination
v. Eversion and inversion
w. Opposition and reposition
x. Protrusion and retrusion
y. Protraction and retraction
z. Elevation and Depression

Anatomical variations and integumentary system

1) What is anatomical variation?
2) What’s a congenital anomaly or birth defect?
3) What is the function of skin? Define and draw with labels, the epidermis and dermis.
4) What are tension lines (cleavage or Langer lines)? How are tension lines oriented in the
neck, elbows, knees, ankles and wrists?
5) What are skin ligaments?

Fascial compartments, Bursae, and Potential Spaces

1) Define fascias, superficial and deep fascia. What’s located in fascial compartments and
what are intermuscular septa?
2) How is a retinaculum related to deep fascia? What are sub-serous fascia?
3) What are bursae and synovial tendon sheaths? Differentiate subcutaneous, subfascial and
subtendinous bursae.
4) Define the terms parietal, visceral, and potential spaces.

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Histology
Microscopy and Histologic Methods
1) Define histology. How does histology relate with physiology?
2) What is resolution? In terms of function, how do light microscopes differ from electron
microscopes?
3) What’s the difference between a transmission electron microscope and a scanning electron
microscope? Why are transmission electron micrographs more informative of biological
ultrastructure compared to scanning electron micrographs? What is fixation, sectioning,
embedding and staining?
4) What are artefacts and why should we be aware of them as we examine histologic slides?
5) When is it suitable to use the following staining techniques?
a. Hematoxylin and Eosin
b. Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction
c. Masson Trichrome
d. Alcian blue
e. Van Gieson
f. Reticulin Stain
g. Azan
h. Giemsa
i. Toluidine blue
j. Goldner’s trichrome stain
k. Silver and gold methods
l. Nissl and methylene blue methods
m. Sudan black and osmium
n. Immunohistological techniques
6) Define the following terms
a. Basophilic or haematoxophilic
b. Acidophilic or eosinophilic
c. Electron-dense
d. Electron-lucent
7) Which components of the cell stain with:
a. Hematoxylin
b. Eosin

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Embryology
Introduction to Human Development
1) When does human development begin?
2) Define the following terms
a. Oocyte
b. Spermatozoon
c. Zygote
d. Totipotent cell
e. Cell division
f. Apoptosis
g. Differentiation
h. Growth
i. Embryonic period
j. Fetal period
k. Neonatal period
l. Infancy
m. Childhood
n. Adolescence
o. Adulthood
p. Prenatal period
q. Postnatal period
r. Stages of embryonic development
3) What’s the difference between embryology and developmental anatomy?
4) Why is embryology of great importance to obstetricians and pediatricians?
5) What is teratology?
6) What’s the number one cause of death during infancy?

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