Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fact
Sheet
Conditions
favoring
production:
Cool,
wet.
After
infestation
of
Fusarium
mold,
warm
conditions
promote
more
mold
while
cool
conditions
promote
more
zearalenone
toxin.
Growth
occurs
more
often
in
storage
than
in
the
field.
Symptoms: Has
a
chemical
structure
similar
to
estrogen
and
can
produce
an
estrogenic
response
in
animals.
Several
case
reports
have
related
ZEA
to
estrogenic
responses
in
ruminants
(Kallela
and
Ettala,
1984;
Khamis
et
al.,
1986;
Mirocha
et
al.,
1968;
Mirocha
et
al.,
1974;
and
Roine
et
al.,
1971).
Swine
are
especially
susceptible
to
zearalenone
effects.
Physiological
responses
in
swine
occur
when
zearalenone
level
in
corn
used
for
feeds
exceeds
about
1
ppm
(Kurtz
and
Mirocah,
1978).
FDA
Levels: There
are
no
advisory
levels
currently
available.
The
FDA
recommends
only
that
the
level
of
concern
for
DON
be
observed.
b
Potentially
Harmful
a
Mycotoxin Concern
Level
Cattle Swine
Zearalenone
(ppb)
Major
ingredient 560 5,600-‐10,000 1,100-‐5,600
(dry
basis)
a
TRDM 560 3,900-‐7,000 600-‐3,900
a
Level
indicating
possible
favorable
conditions
for
mycotoxins
and
probable
need
for
further
testing
of
all
feeds
or
the
TMR.
Pending
further
tests,
negative
samples
should
be
considered
at
concern
levels
in
the
presence
of
moderate
symptoms
and
at
harmful
levels
with
marked
symptoms.
Limit
amounts
fed
if
moderate
performance
effects
are
present.
Discontinue
use
at
least
temporarily
if
pronounced
performance
effects
or
acute
clinical
symptoms
are
present.
Closely
observe
animals
and
continue
checking
for
other
possible
causes.
b
Mycotoxins
at
these
levels
indicate
probably
involvement
in
performance
effects
or
acute
clinical
symptoms.
Discontinue
feeding
at
least
temporarily
in
the
presence
of
either
type
of
symptoms.
Observe
animals
closely
in
the
absence
of
symptoms
and
do
further
testing
of
all
feeds
or
the
TMR.
e
TRDM
=
total
ration
dry
matter.
Sources
Adams,
Richard
S.,
Kenneth
B.
Kephart,
Virginia
A.
Ishler,
Lawrence
J.
Hutchinson,
and
Gregory
W.
Roth.
"Mold
and
Mycotoxin
Problems
in
Livestock
Feeding."
Dairy
Cattle
Nutrition
(Penn
State
Extension).
Penn
State
Extension,
n.d.
Web.
17
Sept.
2013.
Kallela,
K.,
and
E.
Ettala.
1984.
The
oestrogenic
Fusarium
tosin
(zearalenone)
in
hay
as
a
cause
of
early
abortions
in
the
cow.
Nord.
Vet.
Med.
36:305-‐309
Khamis,
Y.,
H.A.
Hammad,
and
N.A.
Hemedia.
1986.
Mycotoxicosis
with
oestrogenic
effect
in
cattle.
Zuchthyg.
21:233-‐236.
Mirocha,
C.J.,
J.
Harrison,
A.A.
Nichols,
and
M.
McClintock.
1968.
Detection
of
fungal
estogen
(F-‐2)
in
hay
associated
with
infertility
in
dairy
cattle.
Appl.
Microbiol.
16:797-‐798
Mirocha,
C.J.,
B.
Schauerhamer,
and
S.V.
Pathre.
1974.
Isolation,
detection
and
quantitation
of
zearalenone
in
maize
and
barley.
J.
Assoc.
Off.
Anal.
Chem.
57:1104
1110.
Roine,
K.,
E.E.
Korpinen,
and
K.Kallela.
1971.
Mycotoxicosis
as
a
probably
cause
of
infertility
in
dairy
cows.
Nord.
Vet.
Med.
23:628-‐633.
Kurtz, H.J. and C.J. Mirocha. 1978. Zearalenone (F2) induced estrogenic syndromin swine. Pp. 1256-1264. In T.D. Wyllie an dL.G. Morehouse (eds.) Mycotoxic fungi,
mycotoxins, mycotoxicoses. Vol. 2. Marcel Dekker, New York.