_ym-cn ap-kvenw-Iƒ:

kw-kv-Imcw, N-cn-{Xw, `m-j, kzm-[o\w

Z£n-W I∂-U, Imk¿-tIm-Sn-s‚ h-S-°≥ A-Xn¿-Øn {]-tZ-i-߃ F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ Po-hn-
®p-h-cp-∂ ap-kvenw-I-ƒ-°v s]m-Xp-sh hn-fn-®p-h-cp-∂ t]-cm-Wv _ym-cn-Iƒ F∂Xv. Xp-fp-\m-´n-
se {]-[m-\-s∏-´ `m-jm-h¿-K-am-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ C-Xn-s‚ N-cn{Xw ]-Xn-\memw \q-‰m-
≠n\pw A-∏p-d-tØ-°v \o-fp-∂-Xm-bm-Wv ]@\-߃ ]-d-bp-∂Xv. kz-¥am-sbm-cp hy-‡n-Xzhpw
hy-Xn-cn-‡am-sbm-cp kmw-kv-Imcn-I ss]XrIhpw _ym-cn-Iƒ A-h-Im-i-s∏Sp∂p. DØc
I¿WmSIØnse \hmbØpI-fpw ae_mdnse am∏nfamcpw sImdam≥U¬ Xocßfnse
e∫amcpw t]m-se Z£n-W I-∂-U-bn-se _ym-cn-Ifpw ku-Øv C-¥y≥ ap-kv-enw-I-fn¬ {i-
t≤-bam-b ]@\w A¿-ln-°p-∂p.

A-d-_v˛C-kvem-an-Iv˛Xp-fp˛am∏n-f kw-kv-Im-c-ß-fp-sS i-Ωn-{i-W-sØ-bmWv _ym-cn-Iƒ {]-Xn-

\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv. e-∫, \-hm-b-Øv˛am∏n-f hn-`m-Kß-sf t]m-se I¿-a-im-kv-{X-]-c-am-bn im-
^n-Cu kc-Wn ]n-¥p-S-cp-∂-h-cm-Wv A-hcpw. Z£n-W I-∂-S-bn¬ ap-kv enw-Iƒ A-[n-Ihpw
_ym-cn hn-`m-K-Øn¬ s]-´-h-cm-b-Xn-\m¬ ap-kv-enw-Iƒ s]m-Xp-sh _ym-cn-Iƒ F-∂ t]-cn-em-
Wv A-hnsS hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

_ym-cn-I-fp-sS D¬-`-h N-cn{Xw tI-c-f-˛Z£n-W I-∂-U Xo-c-ß-fn-se C-kv-em-an-s‚ B-K-a-\-hp-

am-bn _-‘-s∏-´v In-S-°p∂p. B-ZyIm-e C-kv-eman-I an-j-\-dn-I-fm-bn aw-K-em-]p-cw _-μ-dn¬
I-S-∂p-h-cn-Ibpw A-hn-sS ]-≈n \n¿-an-°p-Ibpw sNbv-X l-_o-_v _n≥ am-en-In-te°pw A-\p-
bm-bn-I-fn-te-°p-am-Wv C-Xn-s\ tN¿-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

am-∏n-f-am-sc-°p-dn-®v A-\h-[n K-th-j-W-ßfpw ]@\-ßfpw \-S-∂n-´p-s≠-¶nepw _ym-cn ap-kv-

enw-I-sf-°p-dn-®v hen-sbm-cp A-f-hn¬ AØ-cw {i-a-߃ D-≠m-bn-´n√. A-–p-d-“m≥ A“-Zv
\q-cn I-∂-U `m-j-bn¬ F-gpXn-b 'ssa-°f', _ym-co `m-j-sb-°p-dn® tUm. ipjo-e D-]m-[ym-
b-bp-sS Xn-kokv, F. h-lm-_v sZm-V-a-s\-bp-sS 'ap-kv-enw-kv C≥ Z£n-W I∂-U' Xp-Sßn-b-
h _ym-cn-sb-°p-dn-®v ]p-d-Øp-h-∂ Np-cp-°w ]@\-ß-fn¬ Nne-Xv am-{Xw.

_ymcn: ]-Zw h-∂ h-gn

_ym-cn F-∂ ]-Zw Fß-s\ cq-]-s∏-´p-sh-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®v ]-e A-`n-{]m-b-ß-fp≠v. A-Xn¬ {]-

[m-\-s∏-´ NneXv Cß-s\ hm-bn-°mw:

a-e-_m-dn-se ap-kvenw F-∂v A¿-∞-ap-≈ ae_m-cn F-∂ ]-Z-Øn¬-\n-∂p-am-Wv _ym-cn-bp-sS

D¬-`-h-sa-∂v s]m-Xp-sh hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. F-∂m¬, hym-]m-cw, I®-h-S {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃
Xp-Sßn-b A¿-∞w h-cp-∂ '_ym-c' F-∂ Xp-fp ]-Z-Øn-s‚ ]-cnW-Xn F-∂m-Wv Nn-e¿ ]-d-bp-
∂Xv. aw-K-em-]p-c-Øn-s‚ kmw-kv-Imcn-I km-aqln-I hn-hc-Ww \-S-Øp-∂ 'ssa°-f' F-∂ ]p-
kv-X-I-Øn¬ {K-Ÿ-Im-c≥ \qcn Cu A-`n-{]m-bw {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. I-S-en¬ tPm-en sN-øp-∂h≥,
\m-hn-I≥ F-s∂m-s° A¿-∞w h-cp-∂ '_-lv cn' F-∂ ]-Z-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv C-Xn-s‚ D¬`-hw
F-∂m-Wv a-s‰m-cp A-`n-{]mbw. F-∂m¬, N-cn-{X-Im-c≥ _n.F. km-e-tØm¿ Xs‚ '{]mNo-\
I¿-WmS-I' F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ ]-d-bp-∂Xv, Ad-_v ]n-Xmhpw Xp-fp am-Xmhpw tN¿-∂p≠m-
b k-¥m-\-ß-fm-Wv _ym-cn-Iƒ F-∂mWv.

G-Xm-bmepw I-S-ep-ambpw tPm-en-bp-ambpw _-‘-s∏-´p-In-S-°p-∂-Xm-Wv F√m A-`n-{]m-b-ß-

fpw.

N-cn{Xw

t\-c-sØØ-s∂ Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se A-dn-b-s∏-´ Xp-d-ap-J-ßfn-sem-∂m-bn-cp-∂p aw-K-em-]pcw.

C-¥y≥ a-lm-k-ap-{Z-Øn-se I®-h-S tI-{μ-ß-fn¬ \q-‰m-≠n-\p ap-ºpX-s∂ {i-t≤-bam-b ÿm-
\w C-Xv ssI-h-cn-®n-cp∂p. a-[yIm-e Ad-_v hym-]m-cn-I-fp-am-bn C-Xv B-g-Øn-ep-≈ _-‘w \n-
e-\n¿Øn. A-td-_y-bn¬ C-kvemw B-hn¿-`-hn-°p-∂-Xn-\p ap-ºpX-s∂ A-d-_n-Iƒ Xp-fp-\m-Sp-
am-bn I®-h-S _-‘w \n-e-\n¿-Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv N-cn-{X-Øn¬ sX-fn-hp≠v. Cu _-‘w
{Ita-W hnhm-l _-‘Ø - n-te°pw kmw-kvI- mcn-I km-ln-Xy ta-Je - b
- n-se kzm-[o-\Ø
- n-te°pw
sIm-s≠-Øn-®p.

C-¥y-bn-seX-s∂ B-Zy ap-kvenw k-aq-l-ß-fn¬ s]-Sp-∂p _ym-cn-I-sf-∂v Xp-fp-\m-Sn-s‚ Xo-

ctZ-i N-cn{Xw hy-‡-am-°p∂p. Elliot, Dowson t]m-se-bp-≈ {]mNo-\ C-¥y-sb-°p-dn-® N-cn-
{X-Im-c-∑m¿ C-Xv kq-Nn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. A“-Zv \q-cnbpw tUm. ipjo-e D-]m-[ym-bbpw C-Xv hy-‡-
am-°p∂p. F-Un. 644 ¬ \n¿-an-°-s∏-´p-sh-∂v hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ aw-K-em-]p-cw _-μ-dn-se ko\-
Øv _-Jv-jv Pp-am-a-kv-PnZv Cu hm-Zß-sf Iq-Sp-X¬ ÿn-co-I-cn-°p-∂p.

{]-Y-a ap-kvenw an-j-\-dn a-e-_m¿ Xo-c-ß-fn¬ ]Wn-X ]-Øp ]-≈n-I-fn¬ H-∂m-WnXv. Cu `m-
K-ß-sf√mw a-e-_m-dn-s‚ `m-K-am-bm-Wv ]-g-b Im-e k-©m-cn-Iƒ kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. 14 mw \q-‰m-
≠n¬ a-e-_m¿ Xo-c-߃ k-μ¿-in-® C-_v-\p _-Øq-Ø aw-K-em-]pc-sØ h¿-≤n-® ap-kvenw
A-[n-hm-k-sØ-°p-dn-®v ]-d-bp-∂p≠v. B-bn-c-tØm-fw ap-kv-enwI-sf A-hn-sS I-s≠-Øn-b-Xm-
bn A-t±-lw hy-‡-am-°p-∂p.

I®-h-S _-‘hpw ap-kv-enw-Ifpw

]p-cm-X-\ aw-K-em-]pcw, Imk¿-tIm-Sv `m-K-ß-fnse ap-kv-enw-Iƒ `q-cn-`m-Khpw I-S-ep-am-bn _-

‘-s∏-´v tPm-en sN-øp-∂-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ln-μp-°ƒ-°v I-S-ep-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ bm-{X-Ifpw a‰pw
\n-jn-≤-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu ta-J-e ap-kv-enw-I-fp-sS Ip-Ø-I-bm-bn \n-e-sIm≠p. Xp-d-ap-Jhpw
I-S¬ hym-]m-c-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´v Po-hn-® A-h¿ A∂-sØ A-dn-b-s∏-´ [-\n-I hn-`m-K-am-bn
\n-e-sIm≠p. \m-´p cm-Pm-°-∑m¿-°p t]mepw A-h¿ kº-Øv I-Sw sIm-Sn-Øn-cp-∂-Xm-bn ]-d-b-
s∏-Sp-∂p.

C-Xv _ym-cn-I-fp-sS km-aqln-I Aw-Ko-Im-chpw ÿm-\hpw h¿-≤n®p. B¿-°p-an√m-sØm-cp ta¬-

t°mgv-a _ym-co tZ-i-ß-fn¬ A-h¿ \n-e-\n¿Øn. \m-´p-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cp-sS c-l-ky-kq-£n-∏p-Imcm-
b a-{¥n-am-cm-bn t]mepw A-h¿ \n-b-an-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.

_ym-cn F-∂ sF-U‚n-‰n

]-Xn-\mdmw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ c≠mw ]m-Xn-bn¬ X-s∂ Xp-fp-\m-´n-se ap-kv-enw-Iƒ _ym-cn-Iƒ F-

∂ t]-cn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-´p Xp-S-ßn-b-Xm-bn N-cn-{X-Øn¬ Im-Wmw. 1569 ¬ _¿-Iq¿ tZi-Øv Po-
hn-® H-cp l-Ωp _ym-cn-sb-°p-dn-®v N-cn-{X tc-J-I-fn¬ kq-N-\-I-fp≠v. C-‰m-en-b≥ k-©m-cnbm-
b sZ√m-sh√ In-em-Sn-bn-se ssk\n-I I-am‚-dm-bn ap-kv-enam-b aq-km _ym-cn-sb ]-cn-N-b-s∏-
Sp-Øp-∂p. 1706 se Nn-e tc-J-I-fn¬ A-hn-SØ-s∂ s]m-°m-ip _ym-cn F-∂ {]-am-Wn-sbbpw
Im-Wm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Z£n-W I∂-U, aw-K-em-]p-cw `m-K-ß-fn¬ kz-¥w t]cn-t\m-sSm-∏w X-s∂ _ym-cn F-∂ ]-Zw
tN¿-Øp ]-d-bp-∂ k-{º-Zm-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ap-lΩ-Zv _ymcn, A-–p√ _ym-cn Xp-S-ßn-b-h D-
Zm-lcw. ]-g-b Im-e td-j≥ Im¿-Up-I-fn¬ h-sc CØ-cw t]-cp-Iƒ tN¿-sØ-gp-Xn-b-Xm-bn Im-
Wmw. Im-k¿-tIm-Sv `m-K-ß-fnepw C-Xv hym-]-I-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. tZ-
ew-]mSn, Du-Pw-]mSn, ]-≈-Øq¿, A-Uq¿, aø-f, ]-≈-t¶mSv, Aw-K-Sn-apK¿, D-dp-an Xp-Sßn-b `m-
K-߃ _ym-co Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚ tI-{μ-ß-fm-bn Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bpw.

H-cp Ime-Øv A-`n-am-\-Øn-s‚bpw {]-Xm-]-Øn-s‚ i-–-am-bn-cp-∂p _ymcn. F-∂m¬, C-∂n-Xv

km-aq-ln-Ihpw `q-an-im-kv-{X-]-c-hpam-b ]m¿-iz-h-Xv-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-
∂ A-h-ÿ h∂p. N-cn-{Xhpw ]m-c-º-cyhpw A-dn-bm-sX sX-‰n-≤m-cW-I-tfm-sS-bm-Wv C-∂v ]-
ecpw Cu ]-Zw F-Sp-Øp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv. A-Xn-\m¬, Imk¿-tIm-Sv `m-K-ß-fn¬ CXn-s\m-cp
]p-—-`m-hw X-s∂ ssI-h-∂-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. F-∂m¬, D-≈mƒ, A-Sn-bm¿ I-Æq¿, ]-d-¶n-t]-´,
I√-Sv-° Xp-Sßn-b Z£n-W I-∂-U `m-K-ß-fn¬ A-Xv C∂pw A-`n-am-\-Øn-s‚ i-–-am-bnØ-
s∂ ti-jn-°p-∂p.

Im-em-¥tc-W cq-]w sIm-≠ H-cp k-ap-Zm-b-t∏-cv am-{X-am-Wv _ym-cn-Iƒ F-∂Xv. A-Xn-\m¬,

Im-k¿-t°m-s´bpw Z-£n-W I-∂-U-bn-sebpw ap-kv-enwI-sf ]-e N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑mcpw am-∏n-f-am¿
F-∂pX-s∂ hn-fn-®-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. tdmf-≠v an√-sd t]m-ep-≈h¿ Cu co-Xn-bm-Wv ]n≥-]-‰n-
bXv. kmw-kv-Im-cn-Iam-b A-Sp-∏hpw B-Nm-c-]-cam-b k-am-\-X-bp-am-Wv C-Xn-\p Im-cWw.

_ym-cn-Ifpw ssl-μh tXm-‰-ßfpw

16 mw \q-‰m-≠n-se ssl-μh tXm-‰-ßfpw ]m-Uv-Z-\-I-fpw _ym-cn-I-sf-°p-dn-®v hym-]-I-am-bn hn-

h-c-߃ \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v. 11˛14 \q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ hn-c-Nn-Xam-b C-h {]mNo-\ Xp-fp-\m-Sn-s‚ N-cn-{X
Nn-{X-ßfpw sF-Xn-lmkn-I I-Y-Ifpw tIm¿-Øn-W°n-b B-Jym-\ cq-]-ß-fm-Wv. ]-Xn-\-©mw
\q-‰m-≠n-\p ap-ºm-Wv hn-c-Nn-X-amb-Xv F-∂-Xn-\m¬ A∂-sØ ap-kv-enw-I-sf-°p-dn-®v A-Xn¬
]-cm-a¿-i-߃ Im-Wmw.

ssl-μ-h˛ap-kvenw k-l-h¿-Øn-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw Iq-´m-bv-a-bp-sSbpw I-Y-I-fm-Wv C-Xn¬ [m-cm-f-

am-bn-´p-≈Xv. a-t©-iz-cw D-Zym-h-dn-se A-Sp-Ø-Sp-Øv ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ ]-≈n-bp-sSbpw t£-{X-
Øn-s‚bpw N-cn{Xw Cu k-l-h¿-Øn-Xz-sØ Iq-Sp-X¬ hy-‡-am-°p∂p. C∂pw ]-≈n-°-Sp-Øv
h-∂v B _-‘w \n-e-\n¿-Øn-bm-Wv t£-{X-Øn-s‚ D’-hw Xp-S-ßp-∂Xv. F. km-e-tØm¿
'{]mNo-\ I¿-WmS-I' F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ C-°mcyw ]-d-bp-∂p≠v.

ap¬-°n-bn-se _m-W-∏m-´v t£-{X-Øn\pw _ym-cn-I-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ N-cn{Xw Im-Wmw. _m-

∏ _ym-cn F-∂ H-cp ap-kv-en-an-s‚ t]-cn¬-\n-∂p-am-Ws{X Cu t]-cpX-s∂ cq-]-s∏-´-Xv. 18 mw
\q-‰m-≠n-s‚ A-h-km-\-Øn¬ A-t±-lw A-hnS-sØ ]-c-ta-iz-cn t£{Xw ]p-\:\n¿-an®p. ]n-∂o-
Sv t£-{X-sØ A-t±-l-Øn-te-°v tN¿-Øn ]-d-bm≥ Xp-Sßn. h¿-j-߃-°p ti-jhpw C-hn-sS
D-’-h-߃ \-S-°p-tºmƒ _m-∏ _ym-cn-bp-sS Ip-Spw-_-Øn-\v B-Z-c-hp-Ifpw {]-km-Z-ßfpw
A¿-∏n®p-sIm-≠m-Wv N-S-ßp-Iƒ \-S-°p-∂-Xv.

]p-cm-X-\ Xp-fp-\m-Sn-s‚ Bÿm-\ \-K-cn-Ifm-b _¿-°q-dnepw _-kv-dq-dnepw ku-lr-Z-Øn-s‚

CØ-cw [m-cm-fw _ym-co I-Y-Iƒ Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bpw. Imk¿-tIm-Sv˛aw-K-em-]p-cw A-Xn¿-Øn-bn-
em-Wv C-Xv Iq-Sp-X-embpw Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Ipw-_-f-bn-se A-en `q-Xw {]-kn-≤-amWv. A-dn-b-
s∏-´ a-{¥-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-en _ymcn. A-t±-lw _n√-h Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se tZ-bn F-∂ s]¨-
Ip-´n-sb kv-t\-ln®p. kv-t\-lw A-h-K-Wn-® A-hƒ `q-X c-t‡-izcn-tbm-Sv {]m¿-∞n-®p. tZ-bn-
sb k-lm-bn-°m≥ h-∂ c-t‡-iz-cn A-en _ym-cn-sb kv-]¿-in-®Xpw A-t±-lw A-{]-Xy-£-
\mbn. a-c-W-a-S-™ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ B-flm-hv A-en `q-Xw F-∂ t]-cn¬ i-‡n-t\Sn. ]n-∂o-Sv
A-en `q-Xw B-cm-[n-°-s∏-´p.

_ym-cn-Ifpw k-tlm-Z-c k-ap-Zm-b-ßfpw A-Xn¿-Øn {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ssI-amdn-b ku-lr-Z-Øn-

s‚ N-cn-{X-ß-fm-Wv CØ-cw ]m-Uv-Z-\-Ifpw ssl-μh tXm-‰-ßfpw ap-t∂m-´p-sh-°p-∂Xv. _ym-
cn-I-fp-sS km-aqln-I Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚ B-gw a-\- n-em-°m≥ C-h D-]-I-cn-°pw.

_ym-cn `mj

_ymcn F∂ `mj Hu]NmcnIambn \nehnep≈ H∂√. F∂m¬ B `mj kwkmcn°p∂

kaqlw XßfptSXv Hcp {]tXyI `mjbpw kwkv-I
- mchpamsW∂v hnizkn°p-∂p.

_ymcn aebmfØns‚ Hcp D]`mj (dialect) BsW∂p ]dbmw. F∂m¬ kz¥ambn

en]nbn√mØ _ymcn FgpXp∂Xv I∂SbnemWv. aebmfØn\pw I∂S°pw ]pdsa Ad_n,
Xpfp, sIm¶nWn, sImSh, D¿Zp XpSßnbh IqSn Dƒt®¿∂psIm≠mWv _ymcn `mj (_ymcn
_msj) cq]s∏Sp∂Xv. _ymcn F∂ ]Zw h∂Xv '_lvlmcn' F∂ Ad_n ]ZØn¬ \n-
∂m-sW-∂p \mw ]-d™
- t- √m. kap{Zhym]mcnIfmb Ad_nIfpambpff, Xt±iobcpsS kmwkv-
-ImcnIhpw P\nXIhpamb IqSnt®cens‚ Nn-{X-Øn¬ \n-∂mh-Ww C-Xn-s‚ hn-Imkw.

I¿WmSIØnsebpw tIcfØnsebpw XoctZi apkv-e - nwIƒ sshhn[yam¿∂ kmwkv-I

- mcnI
ss]XrIØn\pw A¥ m¿∂ Ncn{X ]mcºcyØn\pw AhIminIfmWv . hS°≥
I¿WmSIØnse \hmbØpIƒ°pw sX°≥ I¿WmSIØnepw Imk¿t°mSp Pn√bpsS
hS°p `mKØpw A[nhkn°p∂ _ymcnIƒ°pw hS°≥ tIcfØnse am∏nfam¿°pw X\Xv
coXnIfpw k{ºZmbßfpap≠v. AtXmsSm∏w Cu Hmtcm kaqlØn\IØpw sshhn[yam¿∂
hgnØncnhpIfpap≠v.

Cu \mep hn`mKØn\pw hyXykvXamb PohnXcoXnIfpw BNmc k{ºZmbßfpap≠v. Hmtcm

kaqlØnepw km¿h{XnIambp≠mb t]cpIƒ t]mepw hyXykvXamWv. Imbncn kmbncn,
kmbnc∫, sNø, Imbn™n, ]≈n°p™n, Ip™n∏≈n, AbΩp, At∫m\p, Fs∂√mamWv
_ymcn apkv-e
- nwIƒ ]≠p ImeØv t]cv hnfn°mdp≠mbncp∂Xv. Ad_n t]cpIfpsS
{]tXyIamb coXnbnep≈ aebmfw Ie¿∂ D®mcWw am∏nfam¿°nSbnepw \ne\n-∂p.

_ym-cn km-ln-Xyhpw kw-kv-Im-chpw

am-∏n-f kw-kv-Im-c-tØmSpw km-ln-Xy-tØmSpw k-am-\m-b, k-º-∂am-sbm-cp N-cn{Xw _ym-cn-

Iƒ°pw A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\p≠v. Cu ta-J-e-bn¬ B-g-Øn-ep-≈ ]@\-߬ \-S-°m-ØXp-sIm-
≠pX-s∂ _ym-co km-lnXo-b cq-]-߃ C∂pw sh-fn-®w Im-Wm-sX \n¬-°p∂p. D-dpZp, A-
d_n, Xpfp, a-e-bmfw, I-∂-U Xp-Sßn-b `m-j-I-fp-sS k-¶-cam-b C-Xv H-cp ]pXn-b `m-jm ssi-
en-bm-Wv ap-t∂m-´p-sh-°p-∂-Xv.

_ym-cn-I-sf-°p-dn-® kmw-kv-Imcn-I hm-b-\ G-d-\m-Sn-s‚bpw h-≈p-h-\m-Sn-s‚bpw am∏n-f hm-

b\-sb tZym-Xn-∏n-°p∂p. ]-c-º-cm-K-X-am-bn hym-]m-cn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂ _ym-cn-Iƒ ]n-∂o-Sv I¿-j-
Icpw a-‰p tPm-en-°m-cp-am-bn am-dn-bn-´p-≠v. I-®-h-S-°m¿, I¿-jI¿, ap-{In, tam-eym¿-® Xp-S-ßn-
b-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p {]-[m-\-ambpw A-h¿ C-S-s]-´n-cp-∂ ta-J-e-Iƒ.
am-∏n-f-am-sc-t∏m-se B-[p\n-I hn-Zym-`ym-k cwK-Øv _ym-cn-Ifpw ]n-∂n-em-bn-cp∂p. Xp-fphpw
I-∂-Ubpw A-en-™p tN¿-∂ H-cp X-cw a-e-bm-f-am-Wv A-h¿ kw-km-cn-°p-∂Xv. \-Iv-\n-Iv F-
∂ t]-cn¬ A-Xv A-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. Imk¿-tIm-Sn-s‚ A-Xn¿-Øn {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \-Iv-\n-Iv ap-
kvvenw `m-j-bmWv. ssl-μ-h¿ km-[m-c-W I-∂-Ubpw Xp-fp-hp-am-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv.

kmw-kv-Imcn-I cw-Kw

a-e-∏p-dw am-∏n-f-am-cp-sS a-°Øm-b kw-hn-[m-\w _ym-cn-I-fnepw I-≠p-h-cp∂p. ]p-cp-j-∑m¿-°v

X-s∂-bm-Wv Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ ÿm\w. I-≈n-Øp-Wnbpw sh-≈-°p-∏m-b-hpw A-h-cp-sS kw-kv-
Im-c-Øn-s‚ `m-K-amWv. {]m-b-am-Ip-∂-tXm-sS F√m-hcpw sh-fp-Ø h-kv-{Xw [-cn-°p∂p. X-e-
bn¬-sI-´v hym-]-I-amWv. ap-≠m-kw F-∂m-Wv A-h¿ C-Xn-s\ hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv. kv-{Xo-Ifpw ]-
®bpw Np-h∏pw \nd-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn-b Xp-Wnbpw hnhn-[ \n-d-ß-fn¬ Xp-∂¬ A-e-¶m-c-߃ s\bv-
X sh-fp-Ø Ip-∏m-bhpw [-cn-°p∂p. ssI A-{K-ß-fnepw s\-©n-eq-sS Xm-tgm-´v ame t]m-se
Xm-gv-∂p In-S-°p-∂ Xp-∂¬ ]-Wn-Ifpw a-t\m-l-c-amWv. te-kv sI-´¬ F-∂ t]-cn¬ A-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂ X-´-[m-c-W-°pw H-cp {]-tXy-I cq-]-ap≠v. {]m-b-am-Ip-∂-tXm-sS Im-Xn¬ \nd-sb kz¿-
Æw [-cn-°p-∂p C-hnS-sØ kv-{XoIƒ. C-cp sN-hn-bnepw Gtgm F-t´m Xp-f-I-fp-≠m-Ipw. F´v
'B-en-°-Øpw' c-≠v 'Im-bne-hp'am-Wv A-h-cp-sS I¿-Æm-`-cWw. Iq-SmsX, sh≈n-sIm-≠p-≈
A-c-™m-Ww, Im¬-k¿-t∏mfn (]m-Zk-cw) Xp-S-ßn-b-hbpw A-h¿ [-cn-°p∂p. sNºp-sIm-≠p-
≈ h-f-I-fm-Wv ]-e-t∏mgpw ssI \nd-sb [-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

_ym-co I-e-Iƒ

_ym-co kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s‚ X-\n-abpw B-flmhpw hy-‡-am-°p-∂-Xm-Wv _ym-cn I-em-cq-]-߃.

am∏n-f km-ln-Xy co-Xn-I-tfm-Sv tN¿-∂v cq-]-s∏-´ C-h C-cp km-ln-Xy˛I-em co-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw
km-[¿-ay-sØ hy-‡-am-°p∂p. I√ym-W-∏m-´pIƒ, t\¿-®-∏m-´pIƒ, ssa-em-©n-∏m-´p-Iƒ Xp-S-
ßn-b-h A-Xn¬ {i-t≤-bam-b Nn-e-Xm-Wv.

100˛150 h¿j-sØ ]-ga-sb A-fs - ∂-Sp-°m-hp-∂X

- m-Wv _ym-cn km-ln-Xy-ßf - n¬. kp∂-Øv I√ym-
W-ßfpw aw-K-e-ßfpw _ym-co I-em-I-f-cn-I-fmWv. ssI-s°m-´p ]m-´p-I-fmWv Cu B-tLm-j-
ß-fp-sS \q-dp-am‰v. {]-tXy-Iw Xm-f-Ønepw `m-h-Ønepw Np-h-Sp-I-fn-ep-am-bn \m-´n-se ]m-´p kw-
L-߃ A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂ ]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ a-t\m-l-c-amWv.

Hmtcm \m-´n-epw H-∂n-e-[n-Iw ]m-´p kw-L-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]-W-Øn-\v ]m-´p ]m-Sp-∂-hcpw

A√m-Ø-h-cp-ap≠v. I√ym-W-Øn-\v ]m-´p kw-Lß-sf {]-tXy-Iw £-Wn-°Ww. Nm-bbpw _o-
Un-bp-am-Wv ]m-´p kw-L-Øn-s‚ A-hn-`m-Py L-SIw. ]-cn-]m-Sn A-h-km-\n-°p-∂-Xph-sc A-X-
h¿-°v F-Øn®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°Ww. _o-Un-bn-s√-¶n¬ ]m-´p kw-L-߃ a-S-ßn-t∏m-Ipw.

k-‘ym-ka-bw XpS-ßn {]-`m-X-Øn¬ A-h-km-\n-°p-∂ cm-{Xn-°√ym-W-am-Wv _ym-cn-Iƒ-°n-S-

bn¬ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. ssI-s°m-´p ]m-´p-I-fm-Wv I√ym-W-Øn-s‚ {][m-\ `m-Kw. `¿-Øm-hn-s‚
ho-´n¬ ]p-cp-j-∑mcpw `m-cy-bp-sS ho-´n¬ kv-{Xo-Ifpw ]m-´p ]m-Sp∂p. tIm¬-°-fnbpw Z-^v ap´pw
Cu kw-L-Øn-ep-≠m-hn√. A-Xv a-‰p kz-X-{¥ kw-L-ß-fmWv. ]m-´p-Im¿ A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw
Iq-sS-bp-≈-h¿ A-Xv G‰p-sNm√p-Ibpw sN-øp∂p.

I√ym-W ho-´n-se {][m-\ NS-ßv `¿-Øm-hn-s\ Ip-fn-∏n-°-emWv. `¿-Xr-ho-´n¬ I√ym-W-Znh-

kw kp-lr-Øp-°ƒ H-cp-an-®p-Iq-Sn X-e-bn¬ tX-ßm-]m¬ H-gn-®v `¿-Øm-hn-s\ Ip-f-°-c-bn-te-
°v sIm≠p-t]m-Ip∂p. ]m-´p ]m-Sn-bmWv Cu B-\-bn°¬. tijw, `¿-Øm-hn-s\ Ip-f-Øn-end-
°n F√m-hcpw Ip-f-Øn-\p Np‰pw \n-∂v ]m-´v ]m-Sp∂p. B-Zn ap-X¬ ]p-cm-W-am-Wv km-[m-c-W
K-Xn-bn¬ Cu ka-bw ]m-Sp-∂-Xv.
(B-Zn ap-X¬ ]p-cm-Ww B-sb Xn-cp ap-sØm-fnsh
B-sb ]-S-∏n-s\√mw B-cn-Sm _nØm-sbm-fnsh)

ti-jw F√m-hcpw Xm-f-Øn¬ ssI-s°m-´n Cß-s\ ]m-Sp-∂p:

(am-Wn-° a-Wn-ap-Øv ap-l-Ω-Zn\m,
a-l-∫-Øm¬ F-Xn¿Ø√m Xncp-t\m-°m-se.....)

`¿-Øm-hn-s\ `mcym ho-´n-se A-d-bn-te-°v B-\-bn-°p∂-Xv H-cp {]-tXy-I N-S-ßmWv. \-S-∂-Sp-

°p-tºmƒ `m-cy-bp-sS C-f-b k-tlm-Z-c≥ `¿-Øm-hn-s‚ Im-en¬ ]m-sem-gn-°pw. A-t∏mƒ `¿-
Øm-hv a-t\m-l-cam-b sNdn-b In-≠n-bn¬ H-cp kz¿-W h-f \n-t£-]n-°pw. Cu ka-bw ]m-´p-
Im¿ Cu h-cn-Iƒ B-e-]n-°p∂p:

F√m-cpw F-Xn-tc-‰p \S-∂p ]mSn

G-‰p-ta a-\ A-I-ØI-∂p IqSn
Iq-Sn-Sp-a-t∏mƒ bn-∂-fn-b-Øm≥
tIm-ep-ta h-∂v P-\-Øn-e-h≥ Xm≥
Iq-dp-ta In-≠n F-Sp-Øp A-h≥-Xm≥.....
F-Sp-Øp-S≥ N-a-b-߃ _-lp-am-\-Øn¬.....

Ip-´n-I-fp-sS kp∂-Øv I√ym-W-am-Wv _ym-cn-Iƒ B-th-i-t°m-sS B-tLm-jn-®n-cp-∂ a-s‰m-cp

]-cn-]mSn. s]¨-Ip-´n-I-fp-sS Im-Xv-Ip-Øepw CXp-t]m-se B-tLm-jn-°-s∏´p. Im-hq-Øv F-
∂m-Wv C-Xv A-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv. CXn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n-®v ]m-Sm≥ ]m-´p-Ifpw sI-´-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.

am∏n-f ]m-´p-Iƒ _ym-cn km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ hen-b kzm-[o-\w t\-Sn-bn-´p≠v. _ym-co I-e-Iƒ-°v

]-e-t∏mgpw B-hn-jv-Im-cw \¬-Inb-Xv am-∏n-f-∏m-´p-I-fmWv. tam-bn≥ Ip-´n ssh-Zy-cp-sSbpw a-e-
_m-dn-se am∏n-f I-hn-I-fp-sSbpw ]m-´p-Iƒ A-h¿ I√ym-W ]m-´p-I-fm-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p.

_ym-cn-bp-sS h¿-Ø-am-\w

kz-¥-am-bn `m-j, kw-kv-Imcw, km-lnXyw Xp-S-ßn-b-h hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø _ym-cn kw-kv-Im-

cw C-∂v G-sd h-f¿-∂p-I-gn™p. kz-¥-sØ-°p-dn-® ]@\-߃-°p ]pd-sa kz-¥w `m-j-bn-ep-
≈ km-ln-Xy-ßfpw hym-]-I-am-bn. _ym-co ]-cn-jØpw _ym-co ssSw-kpw C-Xn¬ {]-[m-\-amW

sI.]n. kp-ho-c≥ kw-hn-[m-\w sNbv-X _ym-cn F-∂ kn-\-a-bp-sS h-c-thmsS Cu `m-jbpw

kw-kv-Im-chpw G-sd {i-≤ t\-Sn-bn-´p≠v.
v