A Direct study on

SELECTION OF PUMPS
A project report submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted by

BALIREDDY BALA KRISHNA

16331A0808

Under the esteemed guidance of

G. SANTHOSH KUMAR

M.Tech (Ph.D)
Assistant professor

Department of Chemical Engineering

MAHARAJ VIJAYARAM GAJAPATHI RAJ
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous)
2016‐20
 MAHARAJ VIJAYARAM GAJAPATHI RAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the directed study work entitled “SELECTION OF PUMPS”

being submitted by BALIREDDY BALA KRISHNA-16331A0808 in the partial

fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of “BACHELOR IN

TECHNOLOGY” in CHEMICAL ENGINEERING from MAHARAJ

VIJAYARAM GAJAPATHI RAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (A),

(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada).

Date:

Mr. G. Santhosh Kumar Dr Ch. V. Subba Rao

(PROJECT GUIDE) (HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT)

 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project titled “SELECTION OF PUMPS” done by

BALIREDDY BALA KRISHNA is original and has been carried out by me

towards partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF

TECHNOLOGY submitted to MAHARAJ VIJAYARAM GAJAPATHI RAJ

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (A). The findings of the report are based on the

information collected by me during this study.

BALIREDDY BALA KRISHNA

16331A0808
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my privilege to express my heartfelt gratitude to my guide Sri G. SANTHOSH

KUMAR, Assistant Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering for his

continuous guidance, help and support throughout this Directed Study Report. I thank

him for his whole hearted cooperation and valuable suggestions.

I also thank Sri CH. V. SUBBA RAO Head of the Department, Department of

Chemical Engineering for his cooperation throughout this report work.

I also sincerely thank Dr. G.V.S.K REDDY Associate professor Department of

Chemical Engineering for his valuable help throughout this report work.
 ABSTRACT

One of the first pieces of powered machinery to be invented at the dawn of the

industrial age was a crude form of pump. The pump has since evolved into an endless

variety of types, sizes, and applications.

This report will give an overview of the general types of pumps that are in common use

in process plants. A functional understanding of pumps, their use, and application, is

essential to understand how most processes are handled in process plants today. Pump

selection is an integral part of the chemical process.

Design of the entire system is the primary requirement, since no pump may be able to

overcome the consequences of a poor design. Pumps, and components must be

combined into an effective system.

In the course of this process, certain constrains ‘on the pump to be used are likely to

arise. It will be important to know for which type of fluid pump is used. Mechanical

constraints may be important, such as limited space or the size of the pump connection.

Limited utilities, water or electrical power, may form another constraint. The

satisfactory selection of a pump is a matter of matching a pump to the particular

constraints of the system.

Keywords: pump, power, efficiency, design and selection.

 CONTENTS

CHAPTERS TITLE PAGE NOS

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION TO PUMPS…………………………………………. 01

1.1 HISTORY OF PUMPS………………………………………...….. 02

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS……………………………...……03

CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE SURVEY………………………………………………... 07

CHAPTER-3 SELECTION OF PUMP………………………………………………… 08

3.1 PUMP TERMINOLOGY……………………………………….… 08

3.2 PUMP SELECTION PARAMETERS………………………….… 09

3.3 GUIDELINES FOR SELECTION OF PUMP………………….… 11

3.4 PROCEDURE FOR PUMP SELECTION………………………... 12

CHAPTER-4 PERFORMANCE CURVES OF PUMPS……………………………..… 15

CHAPTER-5 CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………….... 18
 LIST OF GRAPHS

S.NO. TITLE NAME PAGE NO.

01. MOODY CHART TO DETERMINE FRICTION LOSSES…………………….. 13

02. EFFICIENCY V/S VISCOSITY………………………………………...……….. 15

03. HEAD V/S FLOW OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP……………………………...…. 15

04. INPUT POWER(W), HEAD (M) AND EFFICIENCY (%) VS DISCHARGE.… 16

05. TEMPERATURE V/S COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE OF HEAT PUMP. 16

06. PERFORMANCE CURVE FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMP ……………………… 17

07. EFFICIENCY VS PRESSUREDROP OF VARIOUS PUMP………………….… 17

LIST OF FIGURES

FIG. NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

FIG.01 SCHEMATIC PUMP FIGURE ...………………………….….…. 01

FIG.02 WOODEN LEVER TYPE PUMP ……………………….….….... 03

FIG.03 FORCE PUMP …………………………………………………… 04

FIG.04 ARCHIMEDES-SCREW PUMP ……………………….……....... 05

FIG.05 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP ……………………………………….… 19

FIG.06 SUBMERSIBLE PUMP ……………………………………….… 20

FIG.07 GEAR PUMP ………………………………………….……......... 21

FIG.08 SCREW PUMP …………………………………………………... 23

FIG.09 DIAPHRAGM PUMP………………………………………….…. 24

FIG.10 PERISTALTIC PUMP …………………………………….…....... 25

 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION TO PUMPS

Simply stated, a pump is a machine used to move liquid through a piping system and to

raise the pressure of the liquid. A pump can be further defined as a machine that uses

several energy transformations to increase the

pressure of a liquid. The centrifugal pump shown in

Figure illustrates this definition. The energy input

into the pump is typically the energy source used to

power the driver. Most commonly, this is electricity

used to power an electric motor. Regardless of the

FIG.01 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
driver type for a centrifugal pump, the input energy is OF PUMP

converted in the driver to a rotating mechanical energy, consisting of the driver output

shaft, operating at a certain speed, and transmitting a certain torque. The power

transmitted from the driver to the pump is a function of the rotating speed times the

torque.

The remaining energy transformations take place inside the pump itself. The

rotating pump shaft is attached to the pump impeller. The rotating impeller causes the

liquid that has entered the pump to increase in velocity.

1
1.1 HISTORY OF PUMPS

Ever since 2000 BC, when the Egyptians invented a rudimentary device to draw water

from wells, pumps have been an indispensable part of our lives. Though this first pump

may seem too simple by today’s standards, it has to be noted that it came about only

after a thousand or so years of human existence on the planet.

MESOPOTAMIA–3000-BC:

The ancient empire of Mesopotamia is accredited with

several modern-day inventions. definition. They used a

wooden lever that was placed adjacent to a water bank. On

one end of the lever was a bucket and to the opposite end

was attached a counterweight. When the lever was pushed FIG.02 WODDEN LEVER TYPE PUMP

down, the bucket filled with water and the counterweight bounced back the lever,

bringing the bucket up.

EGYPTIANS–2000-BC:

The first pump invented by mankind was the

Shadoof. And, the Egyptians are the ones who are credited

for this invention, millennia back in 2000 BC. The

Shadoof is a bucket that was tied to a rod or a rope and was FIG.03 FORCE PUMP

used to raise water from deep wells. Though this doesn’t accurately describe the

2
workings of a pump, this is the first proof from history that states that man has always

been looking for gadget to make it easy to transport water.

GREEKS–3RD TO1ST CENTURYBC:

Between the third and first centuries

BC, the Greeks were at the zenith of their

civilization and significant advances were made in

science, technology, warfare and arts. The

engineers of Hellen invented the water wheel,

which was then used for irrigation and to generate FIG.04 ARCHIMEDES-SCREW PUMP

power.

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS

Pumps are classified into two types namely Dynamic pumps as well as Positive

Displacement Pump

(A) DYNAMIC PRESSURE PUMPS:

Dynamic pumps are classified into different types but some of them are discussed

below like Centrifugal, propeller, Submersible, and

Fire hydrant systems.

 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:

These types of pumps are most commonly used

3 FIG.05 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

worldwide. The working is very simple, described well and carefully tested. This pump

is strong, efficient and fairly cheap to make. Whenever the pump is in action, then the

fluid pressure will increase from the inlet of the pump to its outlet. The change of

pressure will drive the liquid throughout the system.

 SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS:

These pumps are also named as stormwater,

sewage, and septic pumps. The applications of these pumps

mainly include building services, domestic, industrial,

commercial, rural, municipal, & rainwater recycle applications

FIG.06 SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
(B) POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS:

These are again classified into

 Rotary pumps, and

 Reciprocating pumps

 ROTARY PUMP

Rotary pump glands commonly use up to 5 rings of packing material. For most

applications up to a PV of 150 bar m/sec. These are again classified into four types.

They are gear pump, vane pump, lobe pump and screw pump.

4
 GEAR PUMPS:

These pumps are a kind of rotating positive dislocation pump,

which means they force a stable amount of liquid for every

revolution. These pumps move liquid with machinery coming

inside and outside of mesh for making a non-exciting pumping

FIG.07 GEAR PUMP
act. These pumps are capable of pumping on high forces &

surpass at pumping high thickness fluids efficiently.

 SCREW PUMP:

A screw pump is a subset of positive displacement

pump that use one or more than one screw; to

perform pump action along its spindle axis. The

motor provides the necessary rotary motion to the

pump drive screw coupled to its shaft; which combined FIG.08 SCREW PUMP

with low clearance in between screw create suction pressure.

 RECIPROCATING PUMPS:

These are again classified into four types. They are Diaphragm, Peristaltic pumps,

Piston pumps and Plunger pumps

5
 DIAPHRAGM PUMPS:

Diaphragm pumps also known as AOD pumps (Air

operated diaphragms), pneumatic, and AOD pumps.

The applications of these pumps mainly include in

continuous applications like in general plants,

industrial and mining. AOD pumps are particularly FIG.09 DIAPHRAGM PUMPS

employed where power is not obtainable, otherwise in unstable and combustible

regions. These pumps are also utilized for transferring chemical, food

manufacturing, underground coal mines, etc.

 PERISTALTIC PUMPS:

Peristaltic pumps are also named as tube

pumps, peristaltic pumps. The applications of these pumps

mainly involve in processing of chemical, food, and water

treatment industries. It makes a stable flow for measuring

& blending and also capable of pumping a variety of

FIG.10 PERISTALTIC PUMP
liquids like toothpaste and all kinds of chemicals.

6
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Though extensive research work has been reported in the field of pumps,

very few research papers have been published which deal with the two-phase flow

behaviour in a jet pump and the resulting performance of the jet pump, particularly

when the pump is subjected 21 to interference due to short straight pipe and bends on

the discharge end. However, these are typical situations very much encountered in

practice. In order to answer such problems researchers have conducted experiments and

drawn special curves to visualise the flow phenomena for single-phase flow.

Generalized picture however is missing altogether. With a view to find the existing

gaps in the literature pertaining to two-phase flow behaviour through jet pump a

systematic study of literature has been carried out and presented. In order to study the

problem thoroughly as envisaged in the previous chapter the research publications

available in the literature is classified into the following areas: i) Single-phase flow, ii)

Two-phase flow (slurry transportation), iii) Mixing of primary and secondary jets in the

jet pump, iv) Interference of flow field due to shorter transport pipe. It is therefore

natural to examine the way in which different aspects of the problem have been taken

care of by different researchers in the past, so as to have a comprehensive picture in

various aspects of the problem under investigation.

7
 CHAPTER-3

SELECTION OF PUMP

3.1 PUMP TERMINOLOGY:

 CAVITATION: Is a phenomenon causing vacuum pockets to form within the pump

that eventually implode under pressure pitting the impeller and volute surfaces.

 FRICTION LOSS: Refers to reductions in flow due to turbulence as water passes

through hoses, pipes, fittings and elbows.

 NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH): is a type of pressure at the inlet of a

pump. It is used by pumping system designers to determine whether or not a pump

will cavitate. NPSH Available (NPSHA) is calculated as the Total Head in a liquid at

the pump suction (in metres water, ABSOLUTE Pressure) minus the Vapour

Pressure of the liquid. To avoid cavitation, the NPSH(A) has to be greater than the

NPSH (R).

 PRIMING: The process of initially filling the suction pipe and intake of a surface

mounted pump. Priming is generally necessary when a pump must be located above

the water source. To prime, a suction line will require the installation of a foot valve.

 IMPELLER - The bladed member of a rotating assembly of the pump which imparts

the principle force to the liquid pumped.

8
3.2 PUMP SELECTION PARAMETERS:

When it comes to selecting a pump more information is better. Several variables play a

direct role in how long a pump will last and how it'll operate. If you aren't sure about

how to select the right pump, or what information you should know before contacting a

vendor, you're not alone! We've put together a list of 7 things you should know when

selecting a pump to help guide you through the process.

PROCESS LIQUID PROPERTIES:

What type of liquid is the pump intended for? Below are process liquid properties that

must be considered before selecting a pump.

 Liquid viscosity

 Temperature

 Specific gravity

 Vapour pressure

 Solids present & concentration

 Shear sensitive

 Abrasive or Non-abrasive

MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION:

What materials of construction are compatible with the process liquid or any other

liquids the pump might come into contact with? Chemical compatibility charts are

9
available to help you identify the most appropriate materials of construction for the

pump.

IS THE PUMP CRITICAL TO PLANT OPERATION?

In critical applications, where downtime is NOT an option, more expensive, heavy-duty

pumps with special features can be chosen. If pumps can be removed from service for

maintenance, less expensive options could be considered.

PUMP INLET CONDITIONS:

You don’t want to starve a pump. System Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) available

is calculated by knowing pump inlet pressure and liquid vapour pressure. Always make

sure NPSHA exceeds pump Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) required.

PUMP ENVIRONMENT:

If your pump will be outside, special construction or installation considerations may

need to be made for freezing temperatures. If the environment is hazardous, contains

explosive vapours or dust, special motor features will be required. These are just a few

examples of environmental conditions to consider.

POWER SOURCE AVAILABILITY:

The most common power source in the United States is 115-230 Volts/60 Hertz/1-phase

or 230-460 Volts, 60 Hertz/3-phase. Special motors can be specified for operation

outside of the United States or by using DC batteries. Compressed air or pressurized

hydraulic oil can also be used for power.

10
FLOW RATE AND PRESSURE:

Your total volume and knowing how much time you have to move the fluid will

determine flow rate. Pump differential pressure can be calculated by knowing pipe size

(length & fittings), static lifts, and system equipment (filters, valves, etc.) friction

losses.

By understanding the above factors, you're arming yourself with the knowledge

necessary to select the right pump. No matter the application, you can feel confident

with your next pump selection!

3.3 GUIDELINES FOR SELECTION OF PUMP

1. Select the pump based on rated conditions as per the data sheet.

2. Ideally the pump should have a suction specific speed of less than 11,000.

3. The BEP should be between the rated point and the normal operating point.

4. Remember that hydraulic efficiency is high at specific speed 2000 and 3000 and is

low if the speed drops below 500. Higher efficiency means less vibration and noise.

5. Do not select a pump with maximum diameter impeller. The pump should be

capable of a head increase at rated conditions by installing a larger impeller.

6. The head/capacity characteristic-curve should continuously rise to shut-off.

7. Minimum continuous flow should be based on hydraulic stability, not temperature

rise.

11
 8. Select a driver that allows operation to the end of the curve.

9. For safe operation, NPSHA should exceed NPSHR (net positive suction head

required) by more than 1m at the rated condition. As the NPSHR varies,

depending on the head and flow, it is safer to select the margin at the end of the

curve.

10. Consider how the pump will be driven (with reference to energy efficiency). A

high-efficiency motor should always be specified, while fitting a VSD may also be

advisable.

3.4 STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE OF PUMP SELECTION

Plant engineers typically spend their time with the process to make sure machinery is

working, water is flowing, power is produced, lights are up and no environmental

problems are developing.

They are basically generalists, having learned to rely on qualified suppliers,

who are experts within their particular niche (pumps, centrifuges, boilers, generators,

etc.). When a pump fails, it is usually replaced with a new one, without much analysis

or discussion. If it continues to fail frequently, a new supplier is approached for a better,

more reliable pump. The following steps to be followed while selecting the pump in

economical way:

12
BEFORE TALKING ABOUT A PUMP, CONSIDER THE PIPE:

Velocity of liquid in pipes ranges between 3 to 10 feet per

second (ft/sec). If the velocity is too slow, the dirt, sludge or

other contaminants can settle. If flow is too fast, abrasive

wear will reduce the life of the pipe. Plant designers are

familiar with the specific concerns for each application. A

sludge stream will have a larger pipe than a clean water application.

NOW THAT WE HAVE THE PIPE, PRESSURE IS THE NEXT STEP:

Pressure comes from friction and elevation. We will assume

no elevation changes along the pipe run. Friction losses are

determined from a well-known moody diagram, from which

a friction coefficient is found and then friction losses (h) are

calculated.

MOODY CHART TO DETERMINE FRICTION LOSSES

13
This is the friction loss a pump pressure would need to work against. The moody diagram

has lots of helpful information on it: Reynolds number (re), pipe type/age, roughness, and

thus friction coefficient, as seen on image 1, may range from 0.01 to 0.1, potentially an

error. Fortunately, some of this can be simplified.

WE NOW CAN ESTIMATE THE POWER:

See equation 4. This will likely require a 40-

horsepower motor. Note our “bold” assumption of the

efficiency being 70 percent—a rough guess we need

to refine now.

IMPELLER POWER AND EFFICIENCY CALCULATION:

With the pressure values obtained from the simulation results, the efficiency and static

head of the respective centrifugal pump impeller can be calculated. The input and output

power are calculated in order to obtain the impeller efficiency

Inlet power = 2𝜋𝑁𝑇 Outlet power = (𝑃0−𝑃1)

60×1000
N – Rotation speed
T – Shaft torque
𝑄 *1000
P0 – Pressure outlet Efficiency = Outlet power *100
Inlet power
P1 – Pressure inlet
Q – Flow rate

14
 CHAPTER-4

PERORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS CURVE OF PUMPS

01. EFFICIENCY V/S VISCOSITY

02. HEAD V/S FLOW OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

15
03. INPUT POWER(W), HEAD (M) AND EFFICIENCY (%) VS DISCHARGE

04. TEMPERATURE V/S COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE OF

HEAT PUMP

16
05.PERFORMANCE CURVE FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

06. EFFICIENCY VS PRESSUREDROP OF VARIOUS PUMPS

17
 CONCLUSION

I hereby concluded that pumps play a vital role in every fields of our daily

lives. This report includes history of pumps, various types of pump and their

applications that are used different fields. This overall report says about the parameters

that we need to consider while selecting the pump and selection of pumps depends of

flow.

Pump is a device which converts velocity energy into pressure energy.

Many researches are going on to increase the efficiency of the pumps On the other end,

large pumps (pumps with high specific speeds) like axial pumps, have attained

efficiency of 85%. Whereas capacity of a reciprocating pump depends on the speed and

piston / cylinder geometries.

In the performance curve of a pump we saw a lot of various parameters

comparison for between efficiency, viscosity, operating point, affinity laws and

temperature by this we can select the pump easily in a economical way

It looks after a number of various departments and hence its importance

can be compared to none when the question of implementing and executing the process

comes.

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 REFERENCES

 Unit operations of chemical engineering by MACABE and SMITH.

 Pump hand book fourth edition by Igor j. Karassik, Joseph P. Messina, Paul

Cooper.

 Pump characteristics and applications by Michael Volk

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump

 https://www.elprocus.com/different-types-of-pumps-working-and-their-

applications/

 https://blog.craneengineering.net/7-essential-variables-for-pump-selection

 https://www.pumpsandsystems.com/step-step-approach-pump-selection

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