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Abstract
Introduction: This study evaluated the cyclic fatigue
resistance (CFR) of Reciproc (R25 and R40; VDW,
Munich, Germany) and Reciproc Blue (R25 and R40,
S ingle-file nickel-titanium
(NiTi)systemshavegained
popularity in endodontics.
Significance
The current study determined that Reciproc Blue
files exhibited greater cyclic fatigue resistance
VDW) instruments used in an artificial S-shaped canal. It is claimed that in most
than Reciproc files in an S-shaped canal.
Methods: A total of 80 files were tested in an S-shaped cases Reciproc (VDW, Mu-
canal (n = 20 for each file, Reciproc R25 and R40 and nich, Germany), a single-
Reciproc Blue R25 and R40). This study compared Recip- file system, requires only 1 file to prepare a root canal (1). The system files are
roc R25 with Reciproc Blue R25 files and Reciproc R40 made from a special NiTi alloy called M-Wire that is created using an innovative thermal
with Reciproc Blue R40 files. All files were rotated in treatment process (2). The benefits of M-Wire alloy files are increased flexibility and
an S-shaped artificial canal until fracture. CFR was deter- improved resistance to cyclic fatigue (3). Reciproc Blue (VDW), the new generation
mined by recording the time to fracture in the artificial of single-file Reciproc instruments, has recently been introduced. The manufacturers
canal. The length of each fractured fragment was of this new file claim that it is much more flexible and has an even lower fracture
measured in millimeters. An independent sample t risk than the Reciproc file. Thanks to a special temperature protocol, the Reciproc
test was used to analyze the data. Results: Between Blue file can also be prebent to better access curved canals (4).
the R25 files, Reciproc Blue instruments showed signif- Instrument fracture is a serious problem and can jeopardize the outcome of root
icantly greater CFR than the Reciproc files in the apical canal therapy. The fracture of rotary files has been attributed to torsional failure and
and coronal curves (P < .05). Between the R40 files, cyclic fatigue (5). Cyclic fatigue is caused by compression and tensile stresses on a
Reciproc Blue instruments exhibited greater CFR in the rotating file in a curved canal. The repeated application of these specific stresses can
apical and coronal curves (P < .05). There was no differ- weaken and fracture an instrument, usually at the maximum point of flexure (6, 7).
ence in the fractured fragment lengths of the Reciproc Previous studies have determined that cyclic fatigue is the primary cause of file
Blue files compared with the Reciproc files (P > .05). separation (8–10).
Conclusions: The Reciproc Blue R25 and R40 files There are limited studies comparing the cyclic fatigue resistance (CFR) of recip-
showed greater CFR than the Reciproc R25 and R40 files rocating instruments in an S-shaped canal (11–13). The purpose of this study was to
in an S-shaped canal. (J Endod 2017;-:1–4) compare the CFR of Reciproc (R25 and R40) files with Reciproc Blue (R25 and R40)
files in an S-shaped canal. The null hypothesis was that there was no significant
Key Words difference in the CFR between Reciproc and Reciproc Blue files.
Cyclic fatigue, Reciproc Blue, s-shaped canal
Materials and Methods
Based on data from a previous study (14), power calculations indicated that the
sample size for each file type/size combination must be a minimum of 20 files. The cur-
rent study tested 20 of each file type/size combination (Reciproc R25 and R40 and
Reciproc Blue R25 and R40). Before testing, each file was examined for defects and
deformities using an operating microscope (Zeiss Opmi; Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany)
at 24 magnification. All files were subjected to CFR testing using a stainless steel block
containing an artificial S-shaped canal specifically developed for the purpose and which
had been used in previous studies (11, 15). The artificial S-shaped canal
(diameter = 1.4 mm and length = 18 mm) had 2 curves: the first was a coronal
curve with a 60 angle of curvature and a radius of 5 mm located 8 mm from the tip
of the instrument, and the second was an apical curve with a 70 angle of curvature
and a radius of 2 mm with a center 2 mm from the tip.
From the Departments of *Endodontics and †Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
Address requests for reprints to Dr H€useyin Sinan Topçuoglu, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Melikgazi, Kayseri 38039, Turkey.
E-mail address: topcuogluhs@hotmail.com
0099-2399/$ - see front matter
Copyright ª 2017 American Association of Endodontists.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2017.04.009
The electric handpiece was mounted on a device to allow for pre- and the clock was stopped as soon as a fracture was visually detected.
cise and reproducible placement of each instrument inside the artificial For each instrument, the time to fracture (TtF) in seconds from the start
canal. Reciproc and Reciproc Blue files were activated using a 6:1 of the test until the moment of breakage was recorded and registered to
reduction handpiece powered by a torque-controlled motor (Silver, the nearest whole number with a chronometer to an accuracy of 0.1. If
VDW) using their respective proprietary movements (Reciproc All the fracture first occurred in the apical curvature, TtF was also recorded
mode). The S-shaped canal was filled with oil (SuperOil; Singer, Eliza- and registered for the coronal fragment. The length of each instrument
bethport, NJ) as a lubricant to reduce friction and minimize the release fragment was measured using a digital caliper with an accuracy to
of heat. The experimental procedures were performed by a single oper- 0.01 mm (Absolute Digimatic; Mitutoyo Corp, Kawasaki, Japan). The
ator to avoid interoperator variability. The test procedure was timed, fractured surfaces of the fractured instruments were analyzed using a
Figure 1. Scanning electron micrographs of files. A and B show fracture surfaces for the Reciproc and Reciproc Blue files, respectively (magnification 300).
C and D show the fractured surfaces of the Reciproc and Reciproc Blue files, respectively (magnification 1500).