Definiciones básicas

,
Individuo



fa
fr 𝒇𝒂 𝒇𝒓 𝑭𝒂 𝑭𝒓
130 35
600 200 35
= 0,21666667 = 0,175 = 0,175
200
148 27
600 200 62
= 0,24666667 = 0,135 = 0,31
200
37
72 200 99
= 0,12 = 0,185 = 0,495
600 200
160 34
600 200 133
= 0,26666667 = 0,17 = 0,665
200
28
54 200 161
= 0,09 = 0,14 = 0,805
600 200
39
36 200 200
= 0,06 = 0,195 =1
600 200

∑ 𝑿𝒊 = 𝑿𝟏 + 𝑿𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑿𝒏
𝒊=𝟏
 𝑿𝒊 𝒊 𝒊 = 𝟏, 𝒊 = 𝟐, … , 𝒊 =
𝒏, 𝑿𝒊 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑛 𝑿𝟏 = 𝟑, 𝑿𝟐 = 𝟕, 𝑿𝟑 =
𝟏𝟎, 𝑿𝟒 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝑿𝟓 = 𝟖, 𝑿𝟔 = 𝟓, 𝑿𝟕 = 𝟏,

∑ 𝑿𝒊 = 𝟑 + 𝟕 + 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟏 + 𝟖 + 𝟓 + 𝟏 = 𝟒𝟓
𝒊=𝟏

𝒊 − 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒂
𝒇𝒊
𝒊 − 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒂
𝑓𝑖̅ 𝑁

𝒇𝒊
𝒇̅𝒊 = = (𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒂 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊)
𝑵

𝒊
𝒊, 𝒇𝒊
𝒊 𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝒏
𝒊 = 𝟏, 𝟐, … , 𝒏.

∑ 𝒇̅𝒊 = 𝒇̅𝟏 + 𝒇̅𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒇̅𝒏 = 𝟏

𝒊=𝟏

𝒌 − 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒂
𝒌 − 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒂
𝑭𝒌
𝒌

𝑭𝒌 = ∑ 𝒇𝒊 = 𝒇𝟏 + 𝒇𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒇𝒌
𝒊=𝟏

𝑘 − 𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑎
̅𝒌.
𝑭
𝑁 𝒌 − 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒂

𝑭𝒌
̅𝒌 =
𝑭
𝑵
 ̅𝒊
𝑿

Elección del número de clases

𝑵
𝒄 𝒄

𝑵 ≤ 𝟐𝒄

𝑵 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒄 𝟐𝒄
𝑵 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒄 = 𝟔, 𝟐𝟔 = 𝟔𝟒
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒄=𝟕
𝟐𝟕 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒄=𝟕

𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒐 𝑹
𝑨𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅 𝒅𝒆 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒆 = ∆𝑪 = =
𝑵ú𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝑠𝒆𝒔 𝒄
 𝑹 = 𝟐𝟐𝟒 − 𝟗𝟕 = 𝟏𝟐𝟕

𝒄=𝟕 (𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖 > 𝟏𝟐𝟎).

𝑹 𝟏𝟐𝟕
∆𝑪 = = = 𝟏𝟖, 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟖
𝒄 𝟕
∆𝑪 ∆𝑪 = 𝟐𝟎.
 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎
𝟖
𝒄= 𝟖 𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎.

𝑿 = 𝟗𝟕
𝑿 = 𝟐𝟎

𝑹 = 𝟗𝟕 − 𝟐𝟒 = 𝟕𝟑

𝟕𝟑
∆𝑪 = = 𝟗, 𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝟖
∆𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎

𝒊 𝑿
𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐𝟗
𝟑𝟎 − 𝟑𝟗
𝟒𝟎 − 𝟒𝟗
𝟓𝟎 – 𝟓𝟗
𝟔𝟎 – 𝟔𝟗
𝟕𝟎 – 𝟕𝟗
𝟖𝟎 − 𝟖𝟗
𝟗𝟎 − 𝟗𝟗
𝒊 𝑿 ̅̅̅
𝑿𝒊 𝒇𝒊 𝒇̅𝒊 𝑭 𝑭̅𝒊
𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐𝟗 𝟐𝟒, 𝟓 𝟏𝟒 𝟎, 𝟎𝟗𝟑𝟑 … 𝟏𝟒 𝟎, 𝟎𝟗𝟑𝟑 …
𝟑𝟎 − 𝟑𝟗 𝟑𝟒, 𝟓 𝟐𝟔 𝟎, 𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟑 … 𝟒𝟎 𝟎, 𝟐𝟔𝟔𝟔 …
𝟒𝟎 − 𝟒𝟗 𝟒𝟒, 𝟓 𝟏𝟕 𝟎, 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟑 … 𝟓𝟕 𝟎, 𝟑𝟖
𝟓𝟎 – 𝟓𝟗 𝟓𝟒, 𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟎, 𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟔 … 𝟖𝟐 𝟎, 𝟓𝟒𝟔𝟔 …
𝟔𝟎 – 𝟔𝟗 𝟔𝟒, 𝟓 𝟏𝟑 𝟎, 𝟎𝟖𝟔𝟔 … 𝟗𝟓 𝟎, 𝟔𝟑𝟑𝟑 …
𝟕𝟎 – 𝟕𝟗 𝟕𝟒, 𝟓 𝟏𝟔 𝟎, 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟔 … 𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟎, 𝟕𝟒
𝟖𝟎 − 𝟖𝟗 𝟖𝟒, 𝟓 𝟐𝟐 𝟎, 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟔 … 𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝟎, 𝟖𝟖𝟔𝟔 …
𝟗𝟎 − 𝟗𝟗 𝟗𝟒, 𝟓 𝟏𝟕 𝟎, 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟑 … 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝟏

𝑵 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝒄= 𝟖
 𝑿 = 𝟏𝟗, 𝟗𝟎𝟏
𝑿 = 𝟓, 𝟑𝟓𝟗

𝑹 = 𝟏𝟗, 𝟗𝟎𝟏 − 𝟓, 𝟑𝟓𝟗 = 𝟏𝟒, 𝟓𝟒𝟐

𝟏𝟒, 𝟓𝟒𝟐
∆𝑪 = = 𝟏, 𝟖𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟓
𝟖
∆𝑪 = 𝟐
𝑖 𝑋
[4, 6)
[6, 8)
[8, 10)
[10, 12)
[12, 14)
[14, 16)
[16, 18)
[18, 20)

𝒊 𝑿 ̅̅̅
𝑿𝒊 𝒇𝒊 𝒇̅𝒊 𝑭 𝑭̅𝒊
[𝟒, 𝟔) 𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝟎, 𝟎𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝟎, 𝟎𝟓
[𝟔, 𝟖) 𝟕 𝟐𝟎 𝟎, 𝟏 𝟑𝟎 𝟎, 𝟓
[𝟖, 𝟏𝟎) 𝟗 𝟐𝟖 𝟎, 𝟏𝟒 𝟓𝟖 𝟎, 𝟐𝟗
[𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟐) 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟑 𝟎, 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝟖𝟏 𝟎, 𝟒𝟎𝟓
[𝟏𝟐, 𝟏𝟒) 𝟏𝟑 𝟒𝟎 𝟎, 𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟏 𝟎, 𝟔𝟎𝟓
[𝟏𝟒, 𝟏𝟔) 𝟏𝟓 𝟐𝟗 𝟎, 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝟎, 𝟕𝟓
[𝟏𝟔, 𝟏𝟖) 𝟏𝟕 𝟐𝟐 𝟎, 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟕𝟐 0, 𝟖𝟔
[𝟏𝟖, 𝟐𝟎) 𝟏𝟗 𝟐𝟖 𝟎, 𝟏𝟒 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟏
 𝑁
0
360

(𝒇).(𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 )
𝒙=
𝑵

𝑁 = 80,
𝑓 = 23

(𝟐𝟑). (𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 )
𝒙= = 𝟏𝟎𝟑, 𝟓𝟎
𝟖𝟎
 ̅ = 𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂 𝒎𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒍
𝑿

𝝁 = 𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂 𝒑𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍

𝑿 𝑵 𝑿𝟏 , 𝑿𝟐 , 𝑿𝟑 , … , 𝑿𝑵

𝑵
𝟏
̅ = ∑ 𝑿𝒊
𝑿
𝑵
𝒊=𝟏
 𝑿

𝑵
𝟏
̅ = ∑ 𝑿𝒊
𝑿
𝑵
𝒊=𝟏

𝟏𝟑 + 𝟏𝟔 + 𝟏𝟑 + 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟏𝟖 + 𝟏𝟖 + 𝟏𝟔 + 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟏𝟔 + 𝟏𝟔 + 𝟏𝟖 + 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟏𝟗 + 𝟏𝟕
̅=
𝑿
𝟏𝟓

𝟐𝟑𝟏
̅=
𝑿 = 𝟏𝟔
𝟏𝟓

Cálculo de la media aritmética para datos agrupados

𝑵
̅𝑖
𝑿 𝒇𝑖 .

𝒏
𝟏
̅=
𝑿 ∑ 𝑿𝒊 . 𝒇𝒊
𝑵
𝒊=𝟏
 𝒊 𝑿 ̅̅̅
𝑿𝒊 𝒇𝒊 ̅̅̅
𝑿𝒊 . 𝒇𝒊
𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐𝟗 𝟐𝟒, 𝟓 𝟏𝟒 𝟑𝟒𝟑
𝟑𝟎 − 𝟑𝟗 𝟑𝟒, 𝟓 𝟐𝟔 𝟖𝟗𝟕
𝟒𝟎 − 𝟒𝟗 𝟒𝟒, 𝟓 𝟏𝟕 𝟕𝟓𝟔, 𝟓
𝟓𝟎 – 𝟓𝟗 𝟓𝟒, 𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟐, 𝟓
𝟔𝟎 – 𝟔𝟗 𝟔𝟒, 𝟓 𝟏𝟑 𝟖𝟑𝟖, 𝟓
𝟕𝟎 – 𝟕𝟗 𝟕𝟒, 𝟓 𝟏𝟔 1𝟏𝟗𝟐
𝟖𝟎 − 𝟖𝟗 𝟖𝟒, 𝟓 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟗
𝟗𝟎 − 𝟗𝟗 𝟗𝟒, 𝟓 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟔, 𝟓
𝟖

∑ ̅̅̅
𝑿𝒊 . 𝒇𝒊 = 𝟖𝟖𝟓𝟓
𝒊=𝟏

𝑵 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎,
x=8855/150=59

𝑴𝒆 .
 𝟖𝟒 + 𝟖𝟔
𝑴𝒆 = = 𝟖𝟓
𝟐

𝑀𝑜











 S

S = {(1, 1), (1,2 ), (1,3 ), (1,4 ), (1,5 ), (1,6 )

(2, 1), (2,2 ), (2,3 ), (2,4 ), (2,5 ), (2,6 )
(3, 1), (3,2 ), (3,3 ), (3,4 ), (3,5 ), (3,6 )
(4, 1), (4,2 ), (4,3 ), (4,4 ), (4,5 ), (4,6 )
(5, 1), (5,2 ), (5,3 ), (5,4 ), (5,5 ), (5,6 )
(6, 1), (6,2 ), (6,3 ), (6,4 ), (6,5 ), (6,6 )}
 S = {NNN, DNN, NDN, NND, DDN, DND, NDD, DDD}

S = {t: t ≥ 0}

x
x ∈ S.
 A

A = {(1, 1), (1,2 ), (1,3 ), (1,4 ), (1,5 ),

(2, 1), (2,2 ), (2,3 ), (2,4 ), (3, 1),
(3,2 ), (3,3 ), (4, 1), (4,2 ), (5, 1)}

A = {t: t < 120 horas}

A S, A
A,
A
A. A Ac
 A
A

Ac = {(1,6 ), (2,5 ), (2,6 ) , (3,4 ), (3,5 ), (3,6 ), (4,3 ),

(4,4 ), (4,5 ), (4,6 ), (5,2 ), (5,3 ), (5,4 ), (5,5 ),
(5,6 ), (6, 1), (6,2 ), (6,3 ), (6,4 ), (6,5 ), (6,6 )}

A B S A B,
A ∪ B, A
B

A B, A∩B
A B

A = {La suma de puntos es múltiplo de 3}

B = {El resultado del primer lanzamiento es mayor que el del segundo}

A = {(1,2 ), (1,5 ), (2, 1), (2,4 ), (3,3 ), (3,6 )

(4,2 ), (4,5 ), (5, 1), (5,4 ), (6,3 ), (6,6 )}

𝐵 = {(2, 1), (3, 1), (3,2 ), (4, 1), (4,2 ), (4,3 ), (5, 1), (5,2 ),
(5,3 ), (5,4 ), (6, 1), (6,2 ), (6,3 ), (6,4 ), (6,5 ), }
 𝐴∪𝐵

𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {(1,2 ), (1,5 ), (2, 1), (2,4 ), (3, 1), (3,2 ), (3,3 ), (3,6 ), (4, 1), (4,2 ),
(4,3 ), (4,5 ), (5, 1), (5,2 ), (5,3 ), (5,4 ), (6, 1) (6,2 ), (6,3 ), (6,4 ), (6,5 )(6,6 )}

𝐴∪𝐵 𝐴 𝑜 𝐵.

𝐴∩𝐵

𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = { (2, 1), (4,2 ), (5, 1), (5,4 ), (6,3 )}

𝐴 𝐵 𝑆,

𝐵
𝐶

𝐶 = { (1, 6), (2, 6), (3, 6), (4, 6), (5, 6), (6, 6)}

𝐵 𝐶
𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , … , 𝐸𝑛
 𝑥 𝑛𝑥
𝑦 𝑛𝑦
𝑛𝑥 . 𝑛𝑦

1 𝑛1
𝑛2
𝑛3
𝑚 𝑚

𝑁 = 𝑛1 . 𝑛2 . , , , . 𝑛𝑚

𝐶𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠 = (26)(25) = 6500

𝐶𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠 = (5)(10) = 50

𝐶𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 = (650)(50) = 32500

 {𝑟𝑎𝑣, 𝑟𝑣𝑎, 𝑎𝑟𝑣, 𝑎𝑣𝑟, v𝑟𝑎, 𝑣𝑎𝑟}

𝑃 = (3)(2)(1) = 6

𝑃 = (4)(3)(2)(1) = 24

𝑃 = (𝑛)(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) … . (4)(3)(2)(1)

𝑛
𝑛,

𝑃 = (1)(2)(2)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛) = 𝑛!

𝑃𝑛 = 𝑛!
 𝑛 𝑛
(𝑛 − 1)
𝑟 − 𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑜 (𝑛 − 𝑟 + 1)
𝑟 𝑛

𝑃𝑛𝑟 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) … (𝑛 − 𝑟 + 1)

(𝑛 − 𝑟)! = (𝑛 − 𝑟)(𝑛 − 𝑟 − 1) … (1)

(𝑛 − 𝑟)(𝑛 − 𝑟 − 1) … (1)
𝑃𝑛𝑟 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) … (𝑛 − 𝑟 − 1).
(𝑛 − 𝑟)(𝑛 − 𝑟 − 1) … (1)

𝑛(𝑛 − 1) … (𝑛 − 𝑟 − 1)(𝑛 − 𝑟)(𝑛 − 𝑟 − 1) … (1)

𝑃𝑛𝑟 =.
(𝑛 − 𝑟)(𝑛 − 𝑟 − 1) … (1)

𝑛!
𝑛 𝑃𝑟 =
(𝑛 − 𝑟)!

5! 5! 3!. (4)(5)
𝑛 𝑃𝑟 = = = = (4)(5) = 20
(5 − 2)! 3! 3!

𝑛 𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛𝑗

𝑛 𝑛!
𝑃=( )=
𝑛1 , 𝑛2 , … , 𝑛𝑗 𝑛1 ! 𝑛2 ! … 𝑛𝑗 !
 !
4!
3!
7!
𝑃=
4! 3!

7 7! (4!)(5)(6)(7)
𝑃=( )= =
4, 3 4! 3! 4! 3!
(5)(6)(7)
𝑃= = 𝑃 = (5)(7) = 35
(2)(3)

9 9! (4!)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)
𝑃=( )= = = (5)(7)(4)(9) = 1260
4, 3, 2 4! 3! 2" 4! 3! 2!
12

𝑎𝑏 𝑏𝑎
𝑘
𝑘
(𝑛 − 𝑘),

𝑛 𝑛!
𝑛 𝐶𝑘 =( )=
𝑘, 𝑛 − 𝑘 𝑘! (𝑛 − 𝑘)!
 𝑛
(𝑘,𝑛−𝑘 ) (𝑛𝑘)

𝑛 𝑛!
𝑛 𝐶𝑘 =( )=
𝑘 𝑘! (𝑛 − 𝑘)!

5 5! 5! 3! (4)(5)
𝑛 𝐶𝑘 =( )= = = = 10
3 3! (5 − 3)! 3! 2! 3! 2!