ch8 RLC PDF

Natural and Step Response of Series & Parallel
RLC Circuits (Second-order Circuits)
Objectives:
Determine the response form of the circuit
Natural response parallel RLC circuits
Natural response series RLC circuits
Step response of parallel and series RLC circuits
Natural Response of Parallel RLC Circuits
The problem – given initial energy stored in the

inductor and/or capacitor, find v(t) for t ≥ 0.
It is convenient to calculate v(t) for this
circuit because
A. The voltage must be continuous for

all time
B. The voltage is the same for all three
components
C. Once we have the voltage, it is pretty
easy to calculate the branch current
D. All of the above
The problem – given initial

energy stored in the
inductor and/or capacitor,
find v(t) for t ≥ 0.
t
dv(t ) 1 v (t )
KCL : C   v( x )dx  I 0  0
dt L0 R
d 2 v (t ) 1 1 dv(t )
Differentiate both sides to remove the integral : C 2
 v ( t )  0
dt L R dt
d 2 v (t ) 1 1 dv(t )
Divide both sides by C to place in standard form :  v ( t )  0
dt 2 LC RC dt

d 2 v (t ) 1 1 dv(t )
Describing equation : 2
 v ( t )  0
dt LC RC dt
This equation is
Second order
Homogeneous
Ordinary differential equation
With constant coefficients
Once again we want to pick a possible solution to
this differential equation. This must be a function
whose first AND second derivatives have the
same form as the original function, so a possible
candidate is
A. Ksin t
B. Keat
C. Kt2
d 2 v (t ) 1 1 dv(t )
 v ( t )  0
dt LC RC dt
The circuit has two initial conditions that must be satisfied,
so the solution for v(t) must have two constants. Use
v (t )  A1e s1t  A2e s2t V; Substitute :
1 1
( s12 A1e s1t  s22 A2e s2t )  ( s1 A1e s1t  s2 A2e s2t )  ( A1e s1t  A2e s2t )  0
RC LC
 [ s12  (1 RC ) s1  (1 LC )] A1e s1t  [ s22  (1 RC ) s2  (1 LC )] A2e s2t  0
d 2 v (t ) 1 1 dv(t)
 v ( t )  0
dt LC RC dt
Solution : v(t )  A1e s1t  A2e s2t
Where s1 and s2 are solutions for the CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION:
s 2  (1 RC ) s  (1 LC )  0
s  (1 RC)s  (1 LC)  0
2
is called the “characteristic equation” because it

characterizes the circuit.
A. True
B. False
The two solutions to the characteristic equation can be

calculated using the quadratic formula:
 (1 RC )  (1 RC )2  4(1 LC )
s  (1 RC ) s  (1 LC )  0;
2
s1, 2 
2
s1, 2  (1 2 RC )  (1 2 RC )2  (1 LC )     2  02
1
where  (the neper frequency in rad/s)
2 RC
1
and 0  (the resonant radian frequency in rad/s)
LC
So far, we know that the parallel RLC natural
response is given by
v (t )  A1e s1t  A2e s2t
1 1
s1, 2       2 2
0 where   and 0 
2 RC LC
There are three different forms for s1 and s2. For a parallel
RLC circuit with specific values of R, L and C, the form for s1
and s2 depends on
A. The value of 
B. The value of 0
C. The value of (2 - 02)
Natural Response – Overdamped Example
Given V0 = 12 V and
I0 = 30 mA, find v(t)
for t ≥ 0.
1 1
   12,500 rad/s
2 RC 2(200)(0.2  )
1 1
0    10,000 rad/s
LC (0.05)(0.2  )
 2  o2 so this is the overdamped case!
s1, 2     2  02  12,500  (12,500)2  (10,000)2
 12,000  7500  s1  5000 rad/s, s2  20,000 rad/s
Given V0 = 12 V and
for t ≥ 0.
v(t )  A1e 5000 t  A2e 20,000 t V, for t  0

Now we must use the coefficients in the equation to satisfy
the initial conditions in the circuit :
v(t ) t 0 in the equation  v(t ) t 0 in the circuit
dv(t ) dv(t )
in the equation  in the circuit
dt t 0 dt t 0
Given V0 = 12 V and
for t ≥ 0.
Equation : v (0)  A1e 5000 ( 0 )  A2e 20,000 ( 0 )  A1  A2

Circuit : v (0)  V0  12 V
 A1  A2  12
dv(0)
Equation :  ( 5000) A1e 5000 ( 0 )  ( 20,000) A2e 20,000 ( 0 )
dt
 5000 A1  20,000 A2
Now we need the initial value of the first
derivative of the voltage from the circuit. The
describing equation of which circuit component
involves dv(t)/dt?
A. The resistor
B. The inductor
C. The capacitor
Given V0 = 12 V and
for t ≥ 0.
dv(0)
Equation :  ( 5000) A1e 5000 ( 0 )  ( 20,000) A2e 20,000 ( 0 )
dt
 5000 A1  20,000 A2
dv(t ) dv(0) 1 1
Circuit : iC (t )  C   iC (0)  ( iL (0)  iR (0))
dt dt C C
dv(0) 1  v (0)  1  12 
   iL (0)      0.03    450,000 V/s
dt C R  0.2   200 
 5000 A1  20,000 A2  450,000
Given V0 = 12 V and
for t ≥ 0.
v (t )  A1e 5000 t  A2e 20,000 t V, for t  0

A1  A2  12;  5000 A1  20,000 A2  450,000
Solving simultaneously, A1  14, A2  26
Thus,
v (t )  14e 5000 t  26e 20,000 t V, for t  0
Checks : v (0)  14  26  12 V (OK)
v ()  0 (OK)
Given V0 = 12 V and
for t ≥ 0.
You can solve this problem using the Second-Order Circuits

table:
1. Make sure you are on the Natural Response side.
2. Find the parallel RLC column.
3. Use the equations in Row 4 to calculate  and 0.
4. Compare the values of  and 0 to determine the
response form (given in one of the last 3 rows).
5. Use the equations to solve for the unknown coefficients.
6. Write the equation for v(t), t ≥ 0.
7. Solve for any other quantities requested in the problem.
Given V0 = 12 V and
for t ≥ 0.
You can solve this problem using the Second-Order Circuits

table:
The values of the __________ determine
whether the response is overdamped,
underdamped, or critically damped
A. Initial conditions
B. R, L, and C components
C. Independent sources
Recap:
1 1
s 2  (1 RC ) s  (1 LC )  0; s1, 2     2  02 ;  ; 0 
2 RC LC
 2  02 : overdamped, so v (t )  A1e s1t  A2e s2t
 2  02 : underdampe d, so s1, 2    jd where d  02   2
v (t )  A1e(   jd ) t  A2e(   jd ) t  A1e t e jd t  A2e t e  jd t
Note Euler' s identity : e jx  cos x  j sin x; e  jx  cos x  j sin x
v (t )  A1e t (cos d t  j sin d t )  A2e t (cos d t  j sin d t )
 e t cos d t ( A1  A2 )  e t sin d t ( jA1  jA2 )
 v (t )  B1e t cos d t  B2e t sin d t
When the response is underdamped, the voltage
is given by the equation
v(t )  B1e t cos d t  B2e t sin d t
In this equation, the coefficients B1 and B2 are
A. Real numbers
B. Imaginary numbers
C. Complex conjugate numbers
Natural Response – Underdamped Example
Given V0 = 0 V and
I0 = 12.25 mA,
1 1
   200 rad/s
2 RC 2(20,000)(0.125 )
1 1
0    1000 rad/s
LC (8)(0.125 )
 2  o2 so this is the underdampe d case!
d  02   2  (1000)2  (200)2  979.8 rad/s
 v (t )  B1e t cos d t  B2e t sin d t
 B1e 200 t cos 979.8t  B2e 200 t sin 979.8t V, t  0
Now we evaluate v(0) and dv(0)/dt from the
equation for v(t), and set those values equal to
v(0) and dv(0)/dt from the circuit, solving for B1
and B2. The values for v(0) and dv(0)/dt from the
circuit do not depend on whether the response is
overdamped, underdamped, or critically damped.
A. True
B. False
Given V0 = 0 V and
I0 = 12.25 mA,
Equation : v(0)  B1e200 ( 0) cos 979.8(0)  B2e200 ( 0) sin 979.8(0)  B1

Circuit : v(0)  V0  0 V
 B1  0
Given V0 = 0 V and
I0 = 12.25 mA,
dv(0)
Equation :  ( 200) B1e 200 ( 0) cos 979.8(0)  979.8B1e 200 ( 0) sin 979.8(0)
dt
 ( 200) B2e 200 ( 0) sin 979.8(0)  979.8B2e 200 ( 0) cos 979.8(0)
 B1  d B2  200B1  979.8B2
dvC (0) 1 1 V 
Circuit :  iC (0)    I 0  0 
dt C C R
1  0 
   ( 0.01225)    98,000 V/s
0.125  20,000 
  200B1  979.8B2  98,000 V/s
Given V0 = 0 V and
I0 = 12.25 mA,
v (t )  B1e t cos d t  B2e t sin d t

v (0)  B1  V0  0;
dv(0)
 B1  d B2  200B1  979.8B2
dt
  I 0  V0 R   98,000
1
 B2  100
C
 v (t )  100e 200 t sin 979.8t V, t  0
Recap:
1 1
s 2  (1 RC ) s  (1 LC )  0; s1, 2     2  02 ;  ; 0 
2 RC LC
 2  02 : overdamped, so v(t )  A1e s1t  A2e s2t
 2  02 : underdampe d, so v(t )  B1e t cos d t  B2e t sin d t
where d  02   2
 2  02 : Critically damped, so s1, 2    0  
When the response is critically damped, a
reasonable expression for the voltage is
v(t )  A1et  A2et V, t  0
A. True
B. False
When the circuit’s response is critically damped, the assumed

form of the solution we have been using up until now does
not provide enough unknown coefficients to satisfy the two
initial conditions from the circuit. Therefore, we use a
different solution form:
 2  02 : Critically damped so
v (t )  D1te s1t  D2e s2t  D1te t  D2e t
Natural Response – Critically damped Example
Given V0 = 50 V
and I0 = 250 mA,
1 1
   500 rad/s
2 RC 2(100)(10 )
1 1
0    500 rad/s
LC (0.4)(10 )
 2  o2 so this is the critically damped case!
 v (t )  D1te t  D2e t  D1te 500 t  D2e 500 t V, t  0
Given V0 = 50 V
and I0 = 250 mA,
Use the initial conditions from the equation and from the
circuit to solve for the unknown coefficients.
Equation : v(0)  D1 (0)e 500 ( 0)  D2e 500 ( 0)  D2
Circuit : v(0)  V0  50 V  D2  50
Given V0 = 50 V
and I0 = 250 mA,
dv(0)
Equation :  D1e 500 ( 0)  D1 ( 500)(0)e 500 ( 0)  D2 ( 500)e 500 ( 0)
dt
 D1  500D2
dvC (0) 1 1 V0 
Circuit :  iC (0)    I 0  
dt C C R
1  50 
   0.25    75,000 V/s
10  100 
 D1  500D2  75,000 V/s
Given V0 = 50 V
and I0 = 250 mA,
v (t )  D1te 500 t  D2e 500 t

v (0)  D2  V0  50;
dv(0)
 D1  D2  D1  500D2
dt
  I 0  V0 R   78,000
1
 D1  50,000
C
 v (t )  50,000te500 t  50e 500 t V, t  0
Natural Response of Parallel RLC Circuits – Summary
Use the Second-Order Circuits table:
Step Response of Second-order RLC Circuits
The problem – find the response for t ≥ 0. Note

that there may or may not be initial energy stored
in the inductor and capacitor!
The circuit for the parallel RLC step response is
repeated here. Consider how this circuit behaves
as t  ∞. Which component’s final value is non-
zero?
A. The resistor
B. The inductor
C. The capacitor
D. All of the above
Step Response of a Parallel RLC Circuits
As t  ∞:
The only component whose final value is NOT zero is the

inductor, whose final current is the current supplied by the
source. We now have to construct a response form that can
satisfy two initial conditions and one non-zero final value.
We can satisfy the final value directly if we specify the
inductor current as the response we will solve for:
iL (t )  I F  (the form of the natural response)

Step Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit
The problem – there is no initial energy stored in this circuit; find
i(t) for t ≥ 0.
To begin, find the initial conditions and the final value. The
initial conditions for this problem are both zero; the final
value is found by analyzing the circuit as t  ∞.
i(t) for t ≥ 0.
t  ∞:
I F  24 mA
i(t) for t ≥ 0.
Next, calculate the values of  and 0 and determine the

form of the response:
1 1
   50,000 rad/s
2 RC 2(400)(25n)
0  1 LC  1 (25m)(25n)  40,000 rad/s
We just calculated  = 50,000 rad/s and
0 = 40,000 rad/s, so the form of the
response is
A. Overdamped
B. Underdamped
C. Critically damped
Once we know the response form is overdamped,
we know we have to calculate
A. d
B. s1 and s2
C. Nothing additional
i(t) for t ≥ 0.
Since the response form is overdamped, calculate the

values of s1 and s2:
s1, 2     2  02  50,000  50,0002  40,0002

 50,000  30,000 rad/s
 s1  20,000 rad/s and s2  80,000 rad/s
 iL (t )  0.024  A1e 20,000 t  A2e 80,000 t A, t  0
i(t) for t ≥ 0.
iL (t )  0.024  A1e20,000t  A2e80,000t A, t  0

Next, set the values of i(0) and di(0)/dt from the equation
equal to the values of i(0) and di(0)/dt from the circuit.
From the equation : iL (0)  0.024  A1  A2

From the circuit : iL (0)  I 0  0
i(t) for t ≥ 0.
iL (t )  0.024  A1e20,000t  A2e80,000t A, t  0
diL (0)
From the equation :  20,000 A1  80,000 A2
dt
diL (0) vL (0) V0
From the circuit :   0
dt L L
i(t) for t ≥ 0.
iL (t )  0.024  A1e20,000t  A2e80,000t A, t  0
Solve : 0.024  A1  A2  0
and  20,000 A1  80,000 A2  0
 A1  32 mA; A2  8 mA
 iL (t )  24  32e 20,000 t  8e 80,000 t mA, t  0
iL (t )  24  32e20,000t  8e80,000t mA, t  0
We can check this result at t = 0 and as t  ∞;

from the equation we get
A. iL(0)=32 mA, iL(∞)=0
B. iL(0)=0, iL(∞)=0
C. iL(0)=0, iL(∞)=24 mA
iL (t )  24  32e20,000t  8e80,000t mA, t  0
If we now want to find v(t) for t ≥ 0, we need to

A. Find the derivative of the
current and multiply by L
B. Find the integral of the
current and divide by C
C. Multiply the current by R
Step Response of RLC Circuits – Summary
1. Make sure you are on the Step Response side.
2. Find the appropriate column for the RLC circuit topology.
3. Find the values of the two initial conditions and the one
non-zero final value.Make sure the initial conditions and
final value are defined exactly as shown in the figure!
6. Write the equation for vC(t), t ≥ 0 (series) or iL(t), t ≥ 0
(parallel), leaving only the 2 coefficients unspecified.
7. Use the equations provided to solve for the unknown
coefficients.
Step Response of a Series RLC Circuit
The problem –
find vC(t) for t ≥ 0.
Find the initial conditions by analyzing the circuit for t < 0:
15 k
V0  (80 V )
9 k  15 k
 50 V
I0  0 A
The problem –
Find the final value of the capacitor voltage by analyzing

the circuit as t  ∞:
VF  100 V
The problem –
Use the circuit for t ≥ 0 to find the values of  and 0:

  R 2 L  80 2(0.005)  8000 rad/s
0  1 LC  1 (0.005)(2  )
 10,000 rad/s
 2  02  underdampe d
d  02   2  10,0002  80002
 6000 rad/s
The problem –
Write the equation for the response and solve for the
unknown coefficients:
vC (t )  100  B1e 8000 t cos 6000t  B2e 8000 t sin 6000t V, t  0
vC (0)  VF  B1  V0  100  B1  50
dvC (0) I0
 B1  d B2    8000B1  6000B2  0
dt C
 B1  50 V, B2  66.67 V
vC (t )  100  50e 8000 t cos 6000t  66.67e 8000 t sin 6000t V, t  0
Natural Response of Series RLC Circuits
The problem – given initial energy stored in the

inductor and/or capacitor, find i(t) for t ≥ 0.
The difference(s) between the analysis of
series RLC circuit and the parallel RLC circuit
is/are:
A. The variable we calculate.

B. The describing differential
equation.
C. The equations for satisfying the
initial conditions
D. All of the above

find i(t) for t ≥ 0.
t
di (t ) 1
KVL : L   i ( x )dx  V0  Ri(t )  0
dt C0
d 2i ( t ) 1 di(t )
Differentiate both sides to remove the integral : L 2
 i ( t )  R 0
dt C dt
d 2i (t ) R di(t ) 1
Divide both sides by L to place in standard form :   i (t )  0
dt 2 L dt LC
The describing differential equation for the series
RLC circuit is 2
d i (t ) R di(t ) 1
2
  i (t )  0
dt L dt LC
Therefore, the characteristic equation is
A. s2 + (1/RC)s + 1/LC = 0
B. s2 + (R/L)s + 1/LC = 0
C. s2 + (1/LC)s + 1/RC = 0
The two solutions to the characteristic equation can be

calculated using the quadratic formula:
s 2  ( R L) s  (1 LC )  0; s1, 2     2  02
R
where  (the neper frequency in rad/s)
2L
1
and 0  (the resonant radian frequency in rad/s)
LC
Natural Response Series RLC Problems
You can solve these problem using the Second-Order Circuits
table:
2. Find the series RLC column.
6. Write the equation for i(t), t ≥ 0.
Natural Response Series RLC Example
The capacitor is charged
to 100 V and at t = 0, the
switch closes. Find i(t) for
t ≥ 0.
R 560
   2800 rad/s
2 L 2(0.1)
1 1
0    10,000 rad/s
LC (0.1)(0.1 )
 2  o2 so this is the underdampe d case!
d  02   2  9600 rad/s
i (t )  B1e 2800 t cos 9600t  B2e 2800 t sin 9600t A, t  0
t ≥ 0.

Now we must use the coefficients in the equation to satisfy
the initial conditions in the circuit :
i (t ) t 0 in the equation  i (t ) t 0 in the circuit
di(t ) di(t )
in the equation  in the circuit
dt t 0 dt t 0
The following quantities used to calculate the
unknown coefficients are defined by different
equations in both the series and parallel RLC
natural response problems:
A. The initial values of voltage or
current from the equation.
B. The initial values of voltage or
current from the circuit.
C. The initial values of the derivative of
voltage or current from the equation.
D. The initial values of the derivative of
voltage or current from the circuit.
t ≥ 0.

Equation : i (0)  B1 (same as the parallel case!)
Circuit : i (0)  I 0  0
 B1  0
t ≥ 0.
di(0)
Equation :  B1  d B2 (same as the parallel case!)
dt
 vL (0)   vC (0)  vR (0)    V0  RI 0 
di (0) 1 1 1
Circuit :
dt L L L

1
 ( 100)  560(0)   1000 A/s
0.1
  2800(0)  9600B2  1000  B2  0.104
 i (t )  0.104e 2800 t sin 9600t A, t  0
Natural Response of RLC Circuits – Summary

2. Find the appropriate column for the RLC circuit topology.
3. Make sure the initial conditions are defined exactly as
shown in the figure!
7. Write the equation for v(t), t ≥ 0 (parallel) or i(t), t ≥ 0
(series).

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Natural and Step Response of Series & Parallel

RLC Circuits (Second-order Circuits)

The problem – given initial energy stored in the

A. The voltage must be continuous for

The problem – given initial

The problem – given initial

is called the “characteristic equation” because it

The two solutions to the characteristic equation can be

v(t )  A1e 5000 t  A2e 20,000 t V, for t  0

Equation : v (0)  A1e 5000 ( 0 )  A2e 20,000 ( 0 )  A1  A2

v (t )  A1e 5000 t  A2e 20,000 t V, for t  0

You can solve this problem using the Second-Order Circuits

You can solve this problem using the Second-Order Circuits

Equation : v(0)  B1e200 ( 0) cos 979.8(0)  B2e200 ( 0) sin 979.8(0)  B1

v (t )  B1e t cos d t  B2e t sin d t

When the circuit’s response is critically damped, the assumed

v (t )  D1te 500 t  D2e 500 t

The problem – find the response for t ≥ 0. Note

The only component whose final value is NOT zero is the

iL (t )  I F  (the form of the natural response)

Next, calculate the values of  and 0 and determine the

Since the response form is overdamped, calculate the

s1, 2     2  02  50,000  50,0002  40,0002

iL (t )  0.024  A1e20,000t  A2e80,000t A, t  0

From the equation : iL (0)  0.024  A1  A2

iL (t )  0.024  A1e20,000t  A2e80,000t A, t  0

iL (t )  0.024  A1e20,000t  A2e80,000t A, t  0

We can check this result at t = 0 and as t  ∞;

If we now want to find v(t) for t ≥ 0, we need to

Find the initial conditions by analyzing the circuit for t < 0:

Find the final value of the capacitor voltage by analyzing

Use the circuit for t ≥ 0 to find the values of  and 0:

The problem – given initial energy stored in the

A. The variable we calculate.

The problem – given initial

Therefore, the characteristic equation is

The two solutions to the characteristic equation can be

i (t )  B1e 2800 t cos 9600t  B2e 2800 t sin 9600t A, t  0

i (t )  B1e 2800 t cos 9600t  B2e 2800 t sin 9600t A, t  0

Use the Second-Order Circuits table:

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