Construction of a Triac

A triac is the semiconductor device widely used in power control and switching applications and
also this triac is a three terminal device and the terminals of the triac are MT1, MT2, and GATE.
In this figure you can see that the two SCRs are connected in inverse parallel and it acts like a
switch for both the directions so as a result the triac functions as a bidirectional switch to pass
the current in both directions. This gate is a control terminal.
Working of a Triac
In this figure we can see that the supply voltage in triac is connected in series, In the figure
when the supply is ON at the positive cycle the current flows through lamps, resistors, and diac
start conducting and then only lamp glows for that half cycle through the M2 and M1 terminal
of the triac same thing in the negative but this lamp glows is only depends in the triggering
pulses at the opto isolator.

Application of a Triac

Triac as a High Power Lamp Switching

This triac are controlling the high load voltage and current by using a low gate voltage and
currents, In this figure to make the lamp to switch ON, when the switch S is at position 1, the
triac is in forward blocking mode and the lamp is in OFF state while when we switch the switch
S at position 2, a small gate current will flow to the gate and the triac will be turned on and this
will be given a full output.

Triac as an AC Power Control

In this figure shows the controlling ac power to load by switching ON/OFF during the positive
and negative cycle of the input. During the positive cycle of the input voltage, the diode D1 is
forward bias while D2 is reverse-bias and the gate terminal is positive with respect to A1.
During the negative half cycle, the diode D1 is now a reverse-bias while the D2 is forward bias
so that in terminal A2 the gate remains positive. The point of this conduction is controlled by
varying the resistance R2.
Construction of a Diac

Diac is a semiconductor device which has three layers and two junctions. This diac uses two
type P-type materials and Three N-type materials without the gate terminal and also it has a
two main terminals (MT1,MT2). In this figure has a three N-type regions (N1,N2,N3) and for P-
type regions are P1 and P2. When the MT2 became positive the direction of P1-N3 is forward
biased while when the MT1 became positive the condition will be in reverse so that the current
will flow to P2-N1 and this only conduct when they reach the breakdown voltage. This
breakdown voltage will affects the voltage drop by decreasing it but the current will flow
increasing.

Working of a Diac

This diac can flow a small current through the device whether it is positive or negative so this
device can operates forward or reversed biased. When the applied voltage becomes equal to
breakdown voltage and this becomes avalanche at the reverse biased junction and now it starts
to conduct a negative resistance also the voltage drop during this conduction is low and it is
equal to the ON state drop of a diac. This diac needs a resistance to be connected in series to
have a safe operating level.

Application of a Diac
Diac as a Triac Lamp Dimmer Circuit

This diac acts like an open-circuit until the voltage across to capacitor reach its switching
voltage. This application is controlled by an R-C phase shift network and also this potentiometer
R needs to vary to vary the condution angle because the longer the triac conducts, the brighter
the lamp will be.

Diac as a Heat Control Circuit

This circuit is similar to the triac lamp dimmer circuit but this is controlled by the LC
combination and this combination reduces the rate of rise of voltage during OFF state of triac.
To control the positive and negative half cycle of the input voltage we need to vary the R2 and
to have a smooth control of heat we need to place the R4 across the diac.

Construction of UJT

UJT is a three terminal semiconductor switching device. To form a PN junction the lightly doped
N-type silicon bar with heavily doped P-type material on one side and the ohmic contact on
both ends of silicon bar is B1 and B2 and the P-type is an emitter. This emitter placed closed to
B2 than the B1.
Working of a UJT

The working principle of UJT is when the voltage is applied between the terminals of the
emitter and the B1 is to be zero the UJT doesn’t conduct but when the applied voltage is
increase at the terminal of the emitter and the value of the resistance is increase also then the
device begun to conduct. The N-type acts as a resistor and the basic function of the UJT is
depends on the value of the voltage applied.

Application of a UJT
UJT as a Relaxation Oscillator

The UJT’s emitter terminal has no effect on C1 until the peak point is reached by the charge of
resistance R3 to C1 but when the emitter voltage reaches its peak voltage, the lowered emitter
B1 resistance rapidly discharge the capacitor so that when it happened the B1 is will return
back to high resistance and the C1 makes a free will to charge again.

UJT as a Speed Control Circuit

Speed control circuit is typical application of the UJT because it produce set of pulses to trigger
and control the thyristor and this can vary the speed of the motor by using the triggering circuit
combination with the SCR and triacs.

References:
http://www.circuitstoday.com/triac-applications

https://www.elprocus.com/triac-working-with-applications/

https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/power/unijunction-transistor.html

https://www.elprocus.com/introduction-to-uni-junction-transistor-construction-and-operation/

http://www.circuitstoday.com/diac-applications

https://www.electronicshub.org/diac/

https://components101.com/articles/diac-symbol-construction-working-and-application-circuits

https://www.electrical4u.com/diac/