ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCE

TENSES ACTIVE PASSIVE

S + V1 + s/es + O O + to be + V3 + by + S
Simple Present
ex: Tom cleans the room Ex: The room is cleande by tom
S + V2 + O O + to be(past) + V3 + by + S
Simple Past
ex: Tom cleaned the room Ex: The room was cleaned by tom
S + will + V1 + O O + will + be + V3 + by + S
Simple Future
ex: Tom will clean the room ex: The room will be cleaned by tom
Present S + to be + V-ing + O O + to be + being + V3 + by + S
Continious Tense ex: Tom is cleaning the room ex: The room is being cleaned by tom
S + to be(past) + V-ing + O O + to be(past) + being + V3 + by + S
Past Continious
Tense ex: The room was being cleaned by
ex: Tom was cleaning the room
tom
S + will + be + V-ing + O O + will + be + being+ V3 + by + S
Future
Continious Tense ex: Tom will be cleaning the room The room will be being cleaned by tom

S + have/has + V3 + O O + have/has + been + V3 + by + S

Present Perfect ex: Tom & Jerry have cleaned the The room has been cleaned by tom &
room jerry
S + had + V3 + O O + had + been + V3 + by + S
Past Perfect
ex: The room had been cleaned by tom
ex: Tom & Jerry had cleaned the room
& jerry
S + wiil + have + V3 + O O + will + have + been + V3 + by + S
ex: The room will have been cleaned
Future Perfect ex: Tom & Jerry wil have cleaned the by tom & jerry
room

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
type 1
Simple Present , Simple Future
if + +
( S + V1 + O ) ( S + will + V1 + O )

ex: if i learn about english, i will pass the exam

pengandaian untuk masa yang akan datang (belum terjadi sekarang)
type 2
Simple Past , Past Future
if + +
( S + V2 + O ) ( S + would + V1 + O )

ex: if i cooked rice, i would eat rice

pengandaian untuk masa lalu yang dibicarakan saat ini, if disini dibaca "jika saja"
 type 3
Past Perfect , Past Perfect Future
if + +
( S + had + V3 + O ) ( S + would have + V3 + O )

ex: if i had loved her, i would have married her

pengandaian untuk kejadian masa lalu yang benar-benar tidak bisa diubah

DEGREES OF COMPARISON
formula:
1.      Superlative Degree = when we compare more than two persons or things with one another.
Perbandingan kata sifat "paling/ter...". pada umumnya digunakan untuk membandingkan 3
benda/lebih.
the most + adjective  /  the + adjective + est
the superlative + nouns + in
the superlative + of
the superlative + noun
ex:      - Management is the most interesting lesson in the world
             - Economy is the funnest thing in my life
             - This is the most expensive car
             - He is the richest man in the country

2.     Comparative Degree = when we compare two persons or two things with each other
Untuk membandingkan 2 benda/orang sekaligus
more than + adjective  /  adjective + er
Comparative + than
ex:      - The need of survive is most reasonable than the need of grow
             - Management is easier than economy
             - My house is bigger than his house
             - this car is more expensive than that one

3.     Positive Degree = when we speak about only one person or thing
Untuk membandingkan 2 benda/orang yang tingkatannya sama, baik sifat, bentuk atau bagian
lainnya
as + adjective + as
no less + positive + than
not + as + positive + than
ex:      - The english examination as easier as management examination
             - She is not as beautiful as her sister
note:     - most/more digunakan untuk > 2 suku kata
                   - ...est/...er digunakan untuk < 2 suku kata

      II.            PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

formula 1
(+) S + have/has + V3 + since/for + time
(-) S + have/has + not+ V1 + since/for + time
(?) have/has + S + V1 + since/for + time ?
ex: Tody has walked for 2 hours
formula 2
(+) S + have/has + been + adv + since/for + time
(-) S + have/has + not+ adv + since/for + time
 (?) have/has + S + adv + since/for + time ?
ex: Macbeth has been here for 3 years

#Different
Simple Present Tense Present Perfect Tense
Meaning : have/has Meaning : have/has
                    - punya                    - telah
                    - memiliki                    - sudah

ex: I have harry potter novel chapter 3 ex: I have run my bicycle for 4 hours

III.            SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

model 1
(+) S + will + V1 + O
(-) S + will + not + V1 + O
(?) will + S + V1 + O ? 
ex: (+) Britney will love brad
         (-) Britney will not love brad
         (?) Will britney love brad ?

model 2
(+) S + will + be + adj/adv + O
(-) S + will + not + be + adj/adv + O
(?) will + S + be + adj/adv + O ?

ex: (+) Britney will love brad

         (-) Britney will not love brad
         (?) Will britney love brad ?
IV.            GLOBAL MARKET
Market
Indonesian Western
Traditional : Supermarket :
        Haggle/negotiation         no haggle/ no negotiation
        dirty         clean
        basic marketing         good marketing

GLOBAL MARKET
characteristic of perfect market :
o   Perfect market information
o   No participant with market power to set price
o   Non intervention by goverment
o   No barriers to entry or exit
o   Equal access to factors of production
o   Profit maximization
o   No externalities

Global markets means no tax,

so that makes the consumers get cheaper prices
 V.            MULTINATIONAL COMPANY
e.g. : cocacola company, mc donald's sinarmas group
Definition : A company that has its cenral in one country, but this company also            has its
production base or marketing base in other countries.

Character of multinational company :

o   Having other companies in many companies
o   Vision and strategies which are used is globally, which means, the product or service that is
made can be used by all people in the world
o   Particularly in manufacture bussiness
o   Has it branch in developed country

International company = hanya mengekspor produknya ke luar negeri.

Multinational company = mempunyai cabang perusahaan di luar negeri.

ADVERB
Clause = terdiri dari beberapa kata yang ada kata bendanya.
Frasa = terdiri dari beberapa kata yang tidak ada kata bendanya.

ADVERB CLAUSE
Definition : Adverb clause are clauses that function as adverb.
in making adverb clause, you need subordinating  conjunctions.
ex. of subordinating conjunctions :
        Time signifier                     : after, when, until, soon, before, once, while, as soon
as, whenever, by the time.
        Condition signifier         : if, wheter or not, provided, in case, unless, even it.
        Cause and effect             : because, as since, in order that, now that, in as much
as, how that.
        Contrast                                 : Though, although, while, whercas, even though.

e.g. : After she eats the apple, she begans to have a deep sleep

VI.            ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

Adjective usually come in this orders :

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
General Spesific Size Shape Age Color Nationality Material
Opinion Opinion
e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g.
Nice Beautiful Big Round Young Red Japanese Wall
Bad Handsome Small Square Old Blue Indonesian Handmade
Ugly Medium Triangle New Yellow Chinese
Narrow Mature Black European
Wide White Korean
Large Asian
English
ex:
a delicious tasty hamburger     a lazy fat white skin english ma