KORANGI ACADEMY

Kinds of Events

The following events are defined to contain certain numbers:

A =( 5, 8, 9) B=(1, 3, 5) C=(1, 2, 3, 4) D=(7, 9)
State which event can occur together and which cannot.

1) Mutually Exclusive Events

“Two events are mutually exclusive if they have no outcomes in common and
therefore they cannot happen together”.
Or
“Two events A and B are said to be mutually exclusive if any one of them occurs at a
time i.e. either A occurs or B occurs and they both cannot occur at the same time.”
So A ∩ B = ϕ
The probability of mutually exclusive events is computed as:

P (AUB) or P (A or B) = P (A) + P (B)

1. Two dice are rolled once. What is the probability of getting a total of 7 or 11?
2. A card is drawn from a full pack. Find the probability that it is a king or a
queen?
3. Two cards are drawn form a pack of cards at a random. What is the probability
that it will be:
a. Two diamonds or two blacks
b. Two kings or a queens
4. If two events A and B are mutually exclusive and P(A)=0.4 and P(B)=0.5 ,find the
following:
a. P(AUB)
b. P(A∩B)
c. P(A')
5. One ball is drawn from a bag containing 5 red balls , 4 black balls and 3 green
balls.Find the probability that the ball drawn is red or green.

2) Non-Mutually Exclusive Events

“Two events are non-mutually exclusive if they have any outcomes in common and
therefore they may happen together”.
Or
“Two events A and B are said to be non-mutually exclusive if any one of them
occurs , the other may occur with it i.e. they both may occur at the same time.”
So A ∩ B ≠ ϕ
The probability of mutually exclusive events is computed as:

P (AUB) or P (A or B) = P (A) + P (B) – P (A ∩/and B)

1. A class contains 16 boys and 10 girls of which half of the boys and half of the
girls are fat. Find the probability that a student chosen at random is a boy or a
fat student.
2. A die is tossed only once. What is the probability that either a number less than
5 or an even number occurs on the die?

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3. A student applies for admission to colleges , A and B.He estimates that the
probability of being admitted to A is 0.7 , the probability of being admitted to B
is 0.5 and the probability of being admitted to both A and B is 0.4.What is the
probability that he will be admitted to at least on e of the colleges.(Either A or B
or both A and B)?

2) Independent Events

“When the occurrence of one of the two events has no effect on the probability of the
occurrence of the other event , the two events are called independent events”.
So the P(B/A)=P(B) and P(A/B)=P(A)
The probability of independent events is computed as:

P (A∩B) or P (A and B) = P (A) x P (B)

1. A bag contains 5 red and 7 black balls.A ball is drawn at random from the bag ,
the color is noted and the ball is replaced.A second ball is then drawn.Find the
probability that the first ball is red and the second ball is black.
2. From a deck of 52 playing cards , two cards are drawn one by one.Each card is
replaced after being drawn.What is the probability that both are king?
3. A die is thrown two times.Find the probability of getting a 4 on the first throw
and an odd number on the second throw?
4. The probability that A will be alive in 30 years is 0.4 and the probability that B
will be alive in 30 years is 0.8.What is the probability that
a) Both will be alive in 30 years.
b) Both of them will die in 30 years.
c) A will be alive and B will be dead.

4) Dependent Events

“When the occurrence of one of the first event has some effect on the probability of
occurrence of second event , the second event is said to be dependent on the first
event”.

So the P(B/A) ≠ P(B) and P(A/B) ≠ P(A)

The probability of independent events is computed as:

P (A∩B) or P (A and B) = P (A) x P (B/A)

So ,
P (B/A) = P (A∩B) / P (A) & P (A/B) = P (A∩B) / P (B)
1. Two cards are drawn in succession from succession from a deck of 52 playing
cards without replacement. What is the probability that both cards are spade?
2. A box contains 8 tickets bearing the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10.One ticket is
drawn and kept aside. Then a second ticket is drawn. What is the probability
that both tickets show even number?

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Probability-Introductory Practice
1. If P(A)=0.5& P(B)=0.7 are the events mutually exclusive or not?
2. If P(A)=0.3, P(B)=0.2 & P(A∩B)=0.1 then find P(AUB). P(A/B) & P(B/A).
3. If P(A)=0.45, P(B)=0.6 & P(AUB)=0.7 find P(A∩B). P(A/B).
4. If P (A)=0.31 ,find P(AUA).
5. If P(A)=0.5, P(B)=0.4 and A&B are independent then find P(A∩B),P(AUB),
P(Ā∩B),P( Ā∩B),P(AUB) & (AUB).
6. If P(A)=0.4, P(B)=0.5, P(C)=0.6 and all the three events are independent then find
P(AUB), P(A∩C), p(CUB),P(B∩C),p(AUC) & p(A/C)
7. If P(A)=o.6, P(B)=0.4 & P(A∩B)=0.4 find P(A/B) & p(B/A).
8. If P(A)=0.5, P(B)=0.6 & P(B/A)=0.3 find P(A∩B), P(AUB) &(A/B).
9. Given that events A and B are independent and P(A)=0.3 and P(B)+0.6 , compute
the probabilities 1)P(A∩B) 2) P(AUB)
10. If P(A)=0.4, P(B)=0.3 & P(AUB)=0.7 find P(A∩B)
11. A mechanic estimated that the 25% of cars coming at his garage need an oil
change while 20% need tuning and 8% need both.
a. If a car needs an oil change, then what is the probability that it will require
tuning?
b. If a car needs tuning then what is the probability that it will require an oil
change?
12. In a class of 60 students 25 play cricket, 18 play computer games & 8 play
both. If a student is selected at random, then what is the probability that he
(a) plays at least one game (b) only cricket (c) neither any game
Given that events A and B are independent and P(A)=0.3 and P(B)+0.6 , compute
the probabilities 1)P(A∩B) 2) P(AUB)