Ih Applications 2 2. Voltage Reg wloction : ([\— locks Nike fhe | / TAY oF a Voltage - Source . We can use the forward- drop of & non-ideal diode ae ge a Conghant wottag ak dhe output. Howeter, dhe vertical 2-V is maintained only if She diod &- current js greater tan Tain — Vie “i Pg resistance vo : If) Design problem: unregulated vs : ltage Sour / f= vtO'WV Din = LmA | aie Load can draw max™ 10 mAb cnevent” & what will ber for worst-case € G voltage is nok if Vy is te be regulated per feck VC at o¢v? - hs ripples/. For worst Case, fluctuation Load currant is mar’, be, T, = [Ome Diode 8 Min, fe, Dye Lain = Len Trput voltage» * , fe, Vine SV-OIV = DEV*, To maintain regulation at worst-case, Vin (min) = O08 _ 1+) ¥ J @a-ody aa lomAtlmA fe Siose = 2090 Heprawbacks of regulator (Regulation vellage is loa (only eevi) 2. Tain 'S tuefatively high i 3. can become (ow, and, cause high Power loss . —First drawback en be avoided by stack diodes in series. “a 3 disdes can give ve Close 40 2 Volts eae o t But, stocking diodes : RL Can lead +p a flatter DV, £ 3 dine Vv 4 diode~ diode # So, wie usually dow'} shack mone Han 3 disder.— Better sol" Pe 3 Use dhe veverse-breakdowon region oF the dicde 2-V. gor & Breakdown volbye can be a Contrelies! a fabrication i Tinin : rary foi 2- Trin for reverse breakdown a | can be Vory low. oy Lad is vary Diodes which are designesf fabrated vertical dating 7 wel acd breakdewn operate iabhe in breakdown Very ged. voltage seucee(| are Zener Diodes. o Symbo| : ae ee dk Pradice Frebolem! Se aes er design a voltage vequlater wing a 2V- ener Diode wit the constraints oF dhe previous problem. Find. dhe value of rin dhis Case.Noltage. Repulatocs vith Mon-Ldel Zenews Frevioudy, we assitned YPat, the IV of a 2ener-diode is Completely vertical in breakdown. Apwever, for a tual 2ener Aicde Tw breakdown , hare is Some slope wm the TV, xvaclt revenge briakdown, a, 2ener-dicde may be $0, Auri nodelled AS a Voltage sounce with a senies esistance . The minimum point upto which the 2ener can stay in breakdown ts called the Knee. the Voltoge and cuntun at Trot point ane he Knee-Volfage (Vax) and Knee- Current Gs). To stay in break-down, dhe reverse Zener current must be at least, or, more fhan the kwnee-current, * Tn spite of having a slope. in betak-down, dhe tV is almost Vertical. $0, the serie hesistance ts very small, Usually , tk is tn the range 10N.~ 50N .By checactinistics cf a Wen ideal Volrnge Kegulater : Our bosic veqtlatee ckb is this 4 = —— + Nin 7 Cle Nout Poe When Considering a reverse IV with a slope, We can Yeplace tt with” a Voltage Source and Senies resistance . R —— UA —_ Vin G “td aL R ¢ att iG [itete thet... Ve, t Vays Although, they are prety close] For a regulator like hic, The output Nettoge doesn't stay constant if the Typeh Voltage om the Outpub Coren changes. Nout changes. We want fo quantify this change . LZ measures off dnis Charge ane; @) Line Regulation : this is dhe change im output voltage with respect fo tre Change tn (ine Vo brag e (ie, Trput Voltage) —— keeping load. Mathematically, line regulation = aot resistance fixed. tn(2) Leod Regulation : This is dhe change in output vo 5 Hage wort load cunrent (fe, oud put current | — keepieg, input voltage fixed. Mathematically, load y lation = A¥out cod AL out Foe our basic Voltage vequlaten, we will find dhese 2 quantities As before We will proceed from the rode equation ol- Vout - ae Vout - Vs Vout -V, Witte ty en0.g Wt, We co : : —t) For Line ~regalostion , Onaee = . Nout =Min Vout Mes 5 Nout 9 KR G RL > Your (++ £) = Vint 7 5 I I Not = flee y eal “a, —0) Here, Rp = RilyllR, is the parallel combination ob Ry and Be ‘ whe dee de ie, a Ewe Brom (ny, Aout. RBH R Pine Regulation’) — (s) AVin RKAs a Special case , ip nie load is Connected fo the output, Cig, UF output is open-civeuited or Rae) AVeur Rl, AVA E R = weak —() For load - regulation, we Can Sfart directly from a @), Vout - Va Vout “N% Tyyb =O. Vout - Via : % R 3 Vout (ee) = ~The + ¢ in + HN, Nout = — (Kile) Tout + fille y, + Ale Ya, As vefene, > = Rilte is dhe parallel comb” of Rand % . Le, % eS t + = : RG ; Aor agin = = ae [Load Regulation] —(4) 5 cae Tn both cases, 4" @) ard (4), the regulation decheases with %. fee a tener with completely vertical LV, <0 and, both Nout and AVvout will be equal }. aTout inHy Finding corner parameters with G: To find the corner values of diffenent pavamelens of Velfage- segulator [Vin (ind, Ty Cmax), Ru(min), R(max)], We use he following. Mode equation : Na - Vin R ‘ Vin aL Te fird the Corner values, we always have 4o set, Vy = Vox and Lp = Tay Ip one of therm ic Mot given, they have to be inferred fram offer, date. Eg, if Mao and tay are given, We an find Ate. Using . Vax = V2, + Tay % Example: You ave a cireuit- engineer whe has fy design a voltage vegulator the zener diodes you bare own have a knee current of AmA, a series nesistance of 26n and Vz = 4v, the custome fo which you will seth the neg lator has a Supply Of 6V with +o-2v nipple. He the fevest resistance dhat he Will connect fo the output of dhe negulaton is oSkA. Find dhe value of R such thet the hegulecon. will work, properky in fhe worst-case conditionNeve, We will use the Kine worst-case values foc alll forometers ti Tye Saye {mA Yo = Van = YO, + Saqete 2444x0005 — [r,- 252+ vo2skn| 4° 025V [Note SEF Noe was given dirsetly in the question, we wouldn't lave to do ths step | Ts 1, (mar) = Salil Notas A025 Ros” Row eae > B05 mA Nin = Vin (min) = 6V-0'2V = S'BV, Plugging all these Values in. the eg” — “ene T+2,=9 we get, Rinax) % O16 kA = 200.0 iON, x TF Van Ve, ark, We aan calculate Ty, from that. JK TE both Vo, and ry are. nok given, only dhe gener breakdown Voltage is given, We can use Vax= Ve (breakdown) . TF mone of Var Tae on given, we can use Ty20.