10th IFAC Symposium on Biological and Medical Systems

10th
São IFAC Symposium
Paulo, on Biological
Brazil, September and Medical Systems
3-5, 2018
10th
São IFAC Symposium
Paulo, Brazil, on Biological
September 3-5, and Medical Systems
2018
10th Paulo,
São IFAC Symposium on Biological
Brazil, September and Medical
Available
3-5, 2018 Systems
online at www.sciencedirect.com
10th Paulo,
São IFAC Symposium on Biological
Brazil, September and Medical Systems
3-5, 2018
São Paulo, Brazil, September 3-5, 2018
ScienceDirect
A
A new compact and low-cost respirator concept for
IFAC PapersOnLine 51-27 (2018) 367–372
one way usage
A new compact and low-cost
new compact and low-cost respirator
respirator conceptconcept forfor one
one way
way usage
usage
A new compact and low-cost
H. Jürß*, respirator
M. Degner**, concept
H. Ewald*** for one way usage
A new compact and low-cost
H. Jürß*, M.respirator
Degner**,
 H.concept
Ewald***for one way usage
H. Jürß*, M. Degner**,  H. Ewald***
H. Jürß*, M. Degner**,  H. Ewald***
*, **, *** Institute of general electrical H. Jürß*,engineering,
M. Degner**,
 H. Ewald***
University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
*, **, *** Institute of general electrical engineering,  University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
*, **, *** Institute of general electrical * e-mail: henning.juerss@uni-rostock.de
engineering, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
*, **, *** Institute of general ** * e-mail: henning.juerss@uni-rostock.de
electrical engineering, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
e-mail:henning.juerss@uni-rostock.de
* e-mail: martin.degner@uni-rostock.de
*, **, *** Institute of general ** electrical
* engineering, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
e-mail:henning.juerss@uni-rostock.de
e-mail: martin.degner@uni-rostock.de
***
** e-mail: martin.degner@uni-rostock.de
e-mail: hartmut.ewald@uni-rostock.de
*
*** e-mail:
e-mail:
** e-mail: henning.juerss@uni-rostock.de
hartmut.ewald@uni-rostock.de
*** e-mail: martin.degner@uni-rostock.de
** e-mail: hartmut.ewald@uni-rostock.de
*** e-mail: martin.degner@uni-rostock.de
hartmut.ewald@uni-rostock.de
Abstract: This paper describes *** the concept, the design and the construction of an innovative, small-sized
e-mail: hartmut.ewald@uni-rostock.de
Abstract: This paper describes the concept, the design and the construction of an innovative, small-sized
and low-cost
Abstract: Thislungpaper ventilator.
describesThe the essential
concept, part of the and
the design respirator is the full of
the construction facean mask, whichsmall-sized
innovative, includes a
and low-cost
Abstract: This lung
paper ventilator.
describes The
the essential
concept, part
the of the and
design respirator
the is the full of
construction facean mask, whichsmall-sized
innovative, includes a
ventilation
and low-cost blower
lung and integrated
ventilator. The sensors.
essential Due
part to this
of the andstructure,
respirator there is no
is the full of need
face for respiration tubes ora
Abstract:
ventilation
and low-cost This
blowerpaper
lung and describes
integrated
ventilator. thesensors.
The concept,Due
essential the to
part design
of this
the the construction
structure,
respirator there
is the isfull
no face
needan mask,
for
mask,
whichsmall-sized
innovative,
respiration
which
includes
tubes ora
includes
other
ventilationexternalblowerdevices. The
and integrated low-cost as well as the small-sized and compact construction make
tubesthe
and
other low-cost
ventilationexternal lung
blower ventilator.
devices.
and The sensors.
The low-cost
integrated essential Due
as well
sensors. partto
Due ofthis
as
to the structure,
the
this respiratorthere
small-sized
structure, there theis
is and no face
isfull
compact
no
need mask,
for respiration
which includes
construction make
ora
the
respirator
other suitable
external for stockpiling
devices. The low-cost and aseasywell transport
as the –small-sized
well suited andfor theneed
compact usage for inrespiration
case of make
construction atubes
natural or
the
ventilation
respirator
other externalblower
suitable and integrated
for stockpiling
devices. The low-costsensors.
and aseasy Due
well to this
transport
as the structure,
–small-sized there
well suitedand is no
forcompact need
the usage for respiration
in case of make
construction tubes
a natural or
the
disaster or suitable
respirator a pandemic for with a large and
stockpiling numbereasy oftransport
patients. Integrated
–small-sized
well suited sensors for airflow
forcompact
the usage andcase
in airway apressure
of make natural
other
disaster
respirator external devices.
or suitable
a pandemic The
with
for and low-cost
a large and
stockpiling as
numbereasywell as the
of patients. Integrated and
sensors for airflow construction
andcaseairway apressure the
enable safe
disaster a operation
or suitable
pandemic with the monitoring
a large number ofoftransport
relevant – well suited
patients.respiration
Integrated data. for
sensors The the usage in
fordesigned
airflow and airway
and of prototype
built natural
respirator
enable
disaster safe
or a operation
pandemic for andstockpiling
with the
a large and
monitoring
numbereasyofoftransport
relevant
patients. – well suited
respiration
Integrated data. for
sensors The the
for usage in
designed
airflow and
and casebuilt
airway apressure
of prototype
natural
pressure
was tested
enable safe and verifiedand
operation in the
a pneumatical
monitoring testing environment.
ofofrelevant respiration Bydata.
usingThe an designed
approved and mathematical
built prototype lung
disaster
was
enable tested or
safe a pandemic
and verified
operation with
andin a a
the large
pneumaticalnumber
monitoring testingpatients. Integrated
environment.
of relevant respiration By sensors
using
data. The for
an airflow
approved
designed and airway
mathematical pressure
lung
model,
was testeddisturbances
and verified likein airway
a occlusion
pneumatical and environment.
testing leakages canBybe detected
using an by the and
approved systembuiltand
mathematical prototype
partly
lung
enable
model,
was safe
tested operation
disturbances
and verified and airway
like the monitoring
occlusion of relevant respiration
and environment.
leakages canBy data.
be The
detected designed
by the and systembuiltand prototype
partly
compensated.
model,
was tested and
The
disturbancesverified likein
in
a pneumatical
measurements
airway
a
show thetesting
occlusion
pneumatical
functionality
and environment.
testing leakages of the
canBy beusing
developed
detected
using
anrespirator
an
approved
by themask
approved
mathematical
system andand
mathematical
verify lung
the
partly
lung
compensated.
model, The
disturbances measurements
like airway show the
occlusion functionality
and leakages of the
can developed
be detected respirator
by the mask
system and verify
and the
partly
concept
compensated. of a full face mask
The measurements with a sensor
show controlled,
the functionality integrated
of the ventilation
developed blower
respirator as a
masksuitable
andand respirator
verify the
model, disturbances
concept
compensated. of a fullThe face like
maskairway
measurements with ashow occlusion
sensor and leakages
thecontrolled,
functionality integratedcanventilation
of the be detected
developed by the
blower
respirator asystem
as mask suitable partly
respirator
and verify the
for emergency
concept of a fullorface
resource
mask poor
with environments.
a sensor controlled, integrated ventilation blower as a suitable respirator
compensated.
for emergency
concept of a The
fullorfacemeasurements
resource
mask poor
with show thecontrolled,
environments.
a sensor functionality of the ventilation
integrated developed respirator
blower as mask
a and verify
suitable respirator the
for emergency
Keywords:
concept fullorface
resource
of arespiration, mask poor
ventilation,
with environments.
low-cost,
a sensor mask, first
controlled, aid, pandemic,
integrated ventilation disaster
blower asAll
a suitable respirator
©
for 2018,
emergencyIFAC (International
or resource Federation
poor of
environments. Automatic
Keywords: respiration, ventilation, low-cost, mask, first aid, pandemic, disasterControl) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. rights reserved.
for emergency
Keywords: respiration,
or resource ventilation, low-cost, mask, first aid, pandemic, disaster
poor environments.
Keywords: respiration, ventilation, low-cost, mask, first aid, pandemic, disaster
Keywords: respiration, ventilation, low-cost, mask, firstclinical aid, pandemic, disaster For example, the first generation of
use for decades.
1 INTRODUCTION  clinical use for decades. For example, the first generation of
1 INTRODUCTION “Evita” was introduced
clinical use for decades. For in 1985
example, (Dräger,
the first 2014), so these
generation of
1 INTRODUCTION  “Evita” use
clinical wasforintroduced
decades. in 1985
For example, (Dräger,
the 2014),
first so these
generation of
Diseases of the respiratory 1 functionality
INTRODUCTION cause many fatalities classes
“Evita” of respirators
was introduced are inwell1985 approved
(Dräger, and widespread
2014), so thesein
Diseases of the respiratory functionality cause many fatalities well clinical of
classes
“Evita” use
was forintroduced
decades.
respirators areForinwellexample,
1985 approved the and
(Dräger, first generation
widespread
2014), so theseof
in
each year (GBD 2015, 1 INTRODUCTION
Murray 1997). The
Diseases of the respiratory functionality cause many fatalities well usage of modern, classesdeveloped
of countries.
respirators are Onwellthe contrary,
approved there
and are Low-cost
widespread in
each yearof(GBD
Diseases the 2015, Murray
respiratory 1997). The
functionality causeusagemany of fatalities “Evita”
modern, ventilators
classes ofwas
developed introduced
countries.
respirators are inwell
On 1985 (Dräger,
theapproved
contrary, and 2014),
there widespreadso these
are Low-cost in
state year
each of the(GBD art, respiration
2015, Murray equipment
1997). can usage
The help patients
of modern,and classeswell developedwhich just fulfill
countries. On the
the main respiratory
contrary, there functionality
are Low-cost
Diseases
state year of the
of the art, respiratory
respiration functionality
equipment cause
can helpmany of fatalities
patients and at ventilators
well of which
developedrespirators are On
just fulfill
countries. well
the approved
themain and
therewidespread
respiratory functionality in
each
state of the(GBD
save lives. These 2015, Murray
ventilation
art, respiration 1997).
units
equipment oftenThe
canareusage
complex
help modern,
patientsdevices
and at significantly
ventilators which reduced
just fulfill coststhe incontrary,
main comparison
respiratory are
to Low-cost
mobile
functionality or
each year
save lives. (GBD
of theThese 2015, Murray
ventilationequipment 1997).
units oftencanThe usage
are help
complex of modern,
devices well developed
significantly
ventilators countries.
whichreduced
just fulfill On
costs the contrary,
in comparison
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respiratoryto are Low-cost
mobile or
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save
state lives.
of theThese
art, respiration
many sensors andunits
ventilation
art, respiration
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complex
help patients
and hospital
respiration
devices ventilators
and hospital
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at significantly reduced
whichreduced
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mobile or
functionality
and
save contain
lives. many
These sensors and
ventilation actuators
units often toareanalyze
complex respiration
devices at respirators.
significantly costs in comparison mobile or
parameters
and contain as
many wellsensors
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actuators to the ventilation.
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save lives. These
parameters as well ventilation
as to and units
assist often
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the ventilation. In significantly
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and
Thiscontain
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and
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medical pandemic
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awell as functionalities
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health andcondition,
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to adapt thehisventilation.
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case ofwith a large number
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This enables toas awell as
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condition,
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emergency is scarce,
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constitution
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be
pandemic ofwith
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obtained a in
large fielde.g.hospitals,
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treatment enables
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and his
a patient’s functionalities
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will be blackouts
obtained in could
field appear
hospitals, and where
where the
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disease. ofcondition,
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Furthermore thehis physical
state of pandemic
respirators electrical with a large
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appear ofandpatients,
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with
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pressured
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appear gas
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to ventilation
develop and compliance,
devices and
canadequate so they
only betherapy. aid realize
safely equipment medical
support is required, help,
even governmental
if thesetoareas institutions
are hard to reach. and
To
operatedcomplex
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ventilation staff.apply
It is an
devices useful
can to separate
only be the support
safely realize is must be help,
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required, transported
even if governmental
these the place,
areas are hard where
institutions
to medical
reach. and
To
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operated
These staff
by trained
complex to ventilation
develop
medicaland staff.apply
It is an
devices useful
can adequate therapy.
to separate
only be the international
safely realize aid agencies
medical help, need access to a institutions
governmental large numberand of
respiratorsbyinto
operated threemedical
trained classes: staff. It is useful to separate the realize support ismedical
international required,
aid agencies even ifneed
help, theseaccess
areas to
governmental areahard largetonumber
institutions reach.and To
of
These
respirators
operated complex
into
byinto three
trained ventilation
classes:
medical devices can only be safely
staff. It is useful to separate the realize ventilation
international units.
aid Their
agencies transport
need to
access a toworldwide
a large point
number of
respirators three classes: ventilation
international medical
units.
aid help, transport
Their
agencies governmental
need to
access a to a institutions
worldwide
large point
number and
of
operated
respiratorsbyinto trained
threemedical
classes: staff. It is useful to separate the usage has tounits.
ventilation
international
be fastTheir
aidfast
and with
agencies
little effort.
transport
need to a toworldwide
access a large number point of of
of
respirators into three classes: usage has
ventilation to be
units. and
Their with little
transport effort.
to a worldwide point of
usage has
ventilation to be fast and with little effort.
 Respirators for hospitals and intensive care Actual
usage
Actual has tounits.
state
state
offast
be
offast
theTheir
theand
transport
art with
respirators
art with
tofora mobile
little effort.
respirators
worldwide and point
for mobile and hospital
hospitalof
 Respirators for hospitals and intensive care usage
usage, has
as to be
described and
above, little
do not effort.
fulfill these requirements:
 Respirators for hospitals and intensive care Actual state of the art respirators for mobile and hospital
 Mobile respirators for andusage in ambulances or usage,Actual as described
state the above,
tooof expensive
do not fulfill
art respirators these requirements:
for mobile anda hospital
 Respirators
Mobile
Respirators
for hospitals
respirators
for hospitals for and intensive
usage care
in ambulances
intensive care or They usage, are
Actual
They
as described
state
are tooof expensive
above,
the above,
todo stockpile
art respirators
to
not fulfill
stockpile
them
these in
for mobile
them in and
suitable
requirements:
a hospital
suitable
military vehicles,
 Mobile respirators mostlyfor first
usage aid in ambulances or usage,quantity.
They as
are described
Even
too in industrial
expensive todo not fulfill
countries,
stockpile these
there
them arerequirements:
in not
a enough
suitable
military vehicles,
 Mobile respirators mostlyfor first
usage aid in ambulances or usage, quantity. as Even
describedin above, to
industrial docountries,
not fulfillthere theseare requirements:
not enough
military
 Mobile vehicles,
respirators mostlyfor first
usage aid in ambulances or They
quantity. are
ventilators too
in
Even expensive
case
in of a severe
industrial stockpile
influenza
countries, them
pandemic
there arein a
not suitable
(McNeil,
enough
Low-costvehicles, respirators, firstfirst
aid aid
 military
Low-cost
military
mostly
respirators,
vehicles, mostly first aid
first aid
They
2006;
are Even
ventilators
quantity. too
in case
Patrone,
ventilators in
expensive
in
2011).
case
of a severe
industrial
of In
a
tocountries,
stockpile
influenzathere
resource-poor
severe influenza
them
pandemic
developingare
pandemic
in nota (McNeil,
suitable
enough
countries,
(McNeil,
 Low-cost respirators, first aid quantity.
2006; Even 2011).
Patrone,
ventilators in industrial
of aIn countries,
influenzathere
resource-poor developingare not enough
countries,
 Low-cost respirators, first aid where
2006; Patrone,thein casenumber
2011). Insevere
of respiratory
resource-poor pandemic
developingdiseases (McNeil,
rises
countries,
ventilators
where
2006; thein
Patrone, case
number
2011). of a severe
of
In resource-poorinfluenza
respiratory pandemic
developingdiseases (McNeil,
rises
 Low-cost respirators, first aid
Respirators for hospital usage are large, heavy and expensive, (Krishnamoorthy, where the number2014; Aït-Khaled,
of respiratory 2001), the countries,
diseases accessrisesto
Respirators for hospital usage are large, heavy and expensive, where 2006; Patrone,
(Krishnamoorthy,
the 2011).
number2014; In resource-poor
Aït-Khaled,
of respiratory developing
2001), the
diseases countries,
access to
rises
but they provide
Respirators a maximum
for hospital usage are of functionality
large, heavy and expensive, ventilation
(Krishnamoorthy,
settings to (Krishnamoorthy, units is obviously
2014; Aït-Khaled, more difficult. In addition
2001),diseases to
the accessrises the
to
but they provide a maximum of functionality settings to cost, where
ventilation theunits number
is obviously
2014; of morerespiratory
Aït-Khaled, difficult.
2001), In addition
the to
access the
to
Respirators
ventilate
but they for hospital
patients
provide aand usage are
monitor
maximum of large, heavy
breathing
functionality and
parameters.
and expensive,
Mobile
settings to whichunits
ventilation is of iscourse the main
obviously more exclusion
difficult. criteria,
In additionthe actual
to the
(Krishnamoorthy,
cost, which is of is
ventilation 2014;theAït-Khaled,
course main exclusion2001), the access
criteria, the actual to
Respirators
ventilate
but
respirators,
ventilate
for hospital
patients
they provide aand
in comparison
patients and
usage are
monitor
maximum to hospital
monitor
large, heavy
ofbreathing
functionality
breathingdevices,
and
and expensive,
parameters.
have
parameters.
Mobile
settings
a reduced
Mobile cost, whichunits
to respirators
ventilation
are
units
obviously
is ofgenerally
course
is
toomain
the
obviously
moreand
big
more
difficult.
exclusion
difficult.
In
foraddition
heavycriteria,
In
transport
addition
to and
the actual
to
the
the
but they
respirators, provide a
in comparison maximum of
to hospitalfunctionality
devices, and settings
have a reduced to respirators
cost, which are
is generally
of course too
the big
main and heavy
exclusion for transport
criteria, the and
actual
ventilate
functionality.
respirators, patients They andaremonitor
in comparison smaller breathing
to hospital still parameters.
but devices, complex
have aand also usage
Mobile
reduced in confined
respirators are field hospitals.
generally too big and heavy for transport and
ventilate
functionality.
respirators, patients
in They andaremonitor
comparison smaller
to breathing
hospital still parameters.
but devices, complex
have aand also cost,
Mobile
reduced
usagewhich
respirators
usage in
is ofgenerally
in confined
are
confined
course
field
the
toomain
field hospitals.
hospitals. big andexclusion
heavycriteria, the actual
for transport and
expensive. Both
functionality. They types of ventilation
are smaller stillunits
but devices, complexhave andbeenalso in respirators are generally too big and heavy for transport and
respirators,
expensive.
functionality. in comparison
Both
They types ofto ventilation
are smaller hospital
but stillunits have
complexhaveaand reduced
been in usage in confined
also
field hospitals.
expensive.
functionality. Both
They types of
are smaller ventilation units
but stillunits complexhave been in usage in confined field hospitals.
expensive. Both types of ventilation have andbeenalso in
expensive.
Copyright © Both
2018 IFACtypes of ventilation units
2405-8963 © 2018, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control)
have been in367 Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2018 IFAC 367
Peer review©under
Copyright 2018 responsibility
IFAC of International Federation of Automatic
367Control.
Copyright © 2018 IFAC
10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.11.612 367
Copyright © 2018 IFAC 367
IFAC BMS 2018
368
São Paulo, Brazil, September 3-5, 2018 H. Jürß et al. / IFAC PapersOnLine 51-27 (2018) 367–372

One type of low-cost ventilation is the non-automated, 2. CONCEPT AND

ND SETUP OF A LOW-COST
manually compressed bag valve mask.. It is small and RESPIRATOR
affordable, but it does not provide any quantitative control of
airway pressure and tidal volume. However, the t main 2.1 Concept of low-cost respirator
disadvantage is the necessary
sary manpower for its usage. When
a disaster occurs, there are many patients and a relatively Delimitative to the existing low-cost
low ventilators, the concept
small number of medical staff, who may be supported by of a new respiratorr was provided (Jürß, 2017). The described
trained laypersons. ventilator mainly consists of a respiration mask, including a
ventilation blower and sensors. The whole functionality will
handle compact devices
There is a requirement for: Easy to handle, be provided by the mask system. There are no respiratory
which fulfill the main respiratory functionalities.
functionalit tubes or other external devices required that could be
These functionalities are the provision of the required airway cumbersome in a space-limited
limited environment. The power
pressure, the volume and the monitoring whether the supply and the electronic assembly for control and
respiration works sufficiently.. A respirator of this concept is setup all
communication are located in the headrest. In this setup,
not suitable for every patient, but with a large number of parts of the respirator are located closely to the patient.
patient
these respirators, many lives could be saved.
ed. Therefore the field hospital’ss limited
limi space is available for
alternative usage. The power supply contains a rechargeable
State of the art automated low-cost respirators are a relatively battery pack, so the respirator will work independently from
new class of respirators and there are only a few marketable hospital’ss power supply for hours.
hours To realize a low-cost and
solutions available (Fig. 1: a,b). But there
here are several papers space-saving device there will be no built-in display in the
and projects which work on low-cost ventilation.
ventilation (Kerechanin respirator. Measured and calculated data will be transferred to
II, 2004; Husseini, 2010; Williams, 2010; Team Ventilation, an external mobile device which can control multiple
2015; Olakulehin, 2016; Powers, 2017; 17; Vijayasimha, 2018;
2018 respirators simultaneously and wherefrom the medical staff
Degner, 2017, 2015; Fuchs, 2017).. Most of these devices use can adjust ventilation parameters and monitor mask’s
m sensor
a standard ventilation bag (Fig. 1: b,c,e,g
e,g), which is being data. To realize a low-cost
cost device, mass-market
mass standard
cyclically compressed by an electromechanical or components (e.g. motor, sensors, communication and battery)
pneumatical setup and controlled by a microcontroller. will be used. Fig. 2 shows ws the setup of the low-cost
Another principle is the usage of a compressor (Fig.
( 1: a,d,f) respirator’s concept.
or a ventilation blower (Fig. 1: h) The performances
performanc of these
devices differ widely, which is founded in the different [1] Ventilation mask
focuses of these projects and devices.. They vary in the
measured breathing parameters and the degree of automation. [2] Blower power and
There are differences in the utilized sensors,
sensors the usage of sensor data wires
displays for the imaging of sensor data, thee comfort of usage [3] Headrest, including
usage Fig. 1 shows a
and the robustness, e.g. for military usage. control unit, power
short overview of different low-cost ventilators. Because of supply
the fact, that most of these respirators are in the phase of [4] Wireless
development, there are missing details for quantitative communication,
comparison, e.g. final costs for respirators.
respirators The relatively e.g. Wi-Fi, Bluetooth
widespread markers illustrate this uncertainty.
Fig. 2. Concept of low-cost
low respirator
h
a For this concept, a maximal airway pressure of 2000 Pa
f (ca. 20 cmH2O) was chosen. As a safety feature, the t blower
unit was designed that even in the case of malfunction the
d pressure could not exceed this limit. This pressure is a trade-
e off between mask’s size,, weight,
weight form factor and power
c b consumption on one hand, and high pressure on the other
hand. Although modern clinical-
clinical and mobile respirators
g
support pressures above 5000 Pa (Dräger Evita, 2009;
Weinmann, 2016), the he selected pressure of 2000 Pa enables
an adequate ventilation to most ost patients (Oczenski, 2008).
Furthermore it protects adult patients from harm caused by
Fig. 1. Performance vs. assumed cost of low-cost
low ventilators
overpressure.. Since the airway pressure is provided by a
a: (Vijayasimha, 2018), b: (Olakulehin,
Olakulehin, 2016),
2016
blower, its rotational speed-up up time constants
con define the
c: (Husseini, 2010), d: (Powers, 2017), e: (Williams, 2010),
maximum possible respiration rates. This means that fast
f: (Kerechanin II, 2004), g: (Team
Team Ventilation, 2015),
2015
respiration rates, e.g. for children, are difficult to realize.
h: (Degner, 2017; Fuchs,, 2017)
2017
Hence a respiration rate of 8-12 12 cycles per minute is being
proposed. The exact accessible value also depends
d on the
patient’s health constitution and the applied tidal volume.
volume

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Considering Fig. 1,, our goal is a respirator with increased
performance in comparison to (Husseini, 2010) and (Team
Ventilation, 2015) in the same range of costs. The concept’s
main benefits are:
 Respirator’s compact design
 low space requirements
 Easy handling
 usage by medically trained layperson
 Provision of medical relevant data, e.g. breathing
data, lung parameters  aid medical staff
sensor, realized with a commercial differential pressure
sensor and a flow obstruction, enables the calculation of
inhaled and exhaled volume (  ,  ) by integration of
flow (1). Analyzing sensors’ data enables the system to detect
disturbances like leakage and airway occlusion and therefore
alarm the medical staff. The airway pressure sensor measures
the gauge pressure and ensures that a maximum airway
pressure,, determined by medical staff, will not be exceeded.
The usage of airway pressure and airflow sensors will enable
the functionality of pressure controlled ventilation (PCV) and
volume controlled ventilation (VCV).

2.2 Setup prototype, sensors and actuatorss      ∙  ;      ∙  (1)
 
The active element of the mask is the ventilation blower. To
provide the required airway pressure for ventilation, it is
designed as a semi-radialradial blower, driven by a modern 3 LUNG MODEL
brushless direct current motor (BLDC). Since this type of
motor has no brushes, it is suited for stockpiling because
there are no problems with electrical contact due to the
The calculation of breathing parameters such as resistance
brush’s oxidation. Furthermore these motors and the
and compliance requires
equires an adequate lung model. In this
attendant control electronics are widespread, affordable and
respirator concept,, a simple and approved model, shown in
enable the rotational speed to generate the required airway
Fig. 4, was used (Werner, 2005). 2005) Due to the absence of
pressure. To realize a compact blower unit, an external rotor
respiratory tubes and patient valves,
valve there is no external dead
motor was utilized. While designing the blower
lower unit, there are
space,, just the patient’s internal dead space and mask’s dead
two contrary facts: First, the circumferential velocity of the
space, which is negligible.. Tube T compliance C and
fan wheel, as an index for the pressure the blower can
resistance R  are no longer present.
present Provided that the mask is
provide, is proportional to its radius and the revolutions per
being put on correctly and there is no leakage (R   ∞), the
minute (rpm). Secondly, the load torque also increases with
model in Fig. 4 can be simplified by set R   0 and C  0.
increasing radius and rpm. Hence there is an optimal fan
Using the simplified model, equation (2) describes the
wheel geometry for a specified motor (torque/rpm curve). curve)
The geometry of the fan wheel and the housing were adapted correlation between airway pressure , airflow  and the
in that way, that it fits motor’s torque/rpm curve in order to lung parameters resistance  and compliance . Assuming
obtain the required airway pressure. Therefore multiple tests that the airflow is going oing to zero at the end-
were done. inspiratory/expiratory
iratory state and with equation (1),
equation (2) can be simplified to equation (3), where ∆ is
All parts of the prototype,, e.g. fan wheel, housing, motor the inhaled or exhaled volume and ∆ the pressure difference
mounting and sensor housing, were produced in a rapid between in- and expiration. With equation (3) and rearranged
prototyping process out of polylactides. Fig. 3 shows the equation (2) it is possible to calculate the static lung
prototype of the blower unit (without sensors in a section
without sensors) parameters resistance and compliance.
view. Its dimensions are 52×80×95 mm (H×W×L), whereas
the complete respiration mask, including the face mask,
sensor- and blower unit has the dimensions 115×80×95 mm
and a total weight of approx. 220 g.  RS
R
[1] housing
[2] fan wheel P RL
[3] BLDC-motor
CS C
[4] motor
mounting
[5] face mask Fig. 4.. Lung model
connector
1
   ∙      ∙  (2)
Fig. 3.. Section view of blower unit 

To enable safe operation and to generate relevant medical ∆

∆
 (3)
data for medical staff support, an airway pressure-
pressure and an ∆
∆
airflow sensor are implemented in the mask. The airflow

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4 MEASUREMENTS 
  can be calculated using equation (5). Fig. 6 shows
the measured and the compensated airflow data during one
breath cycle.
4.1 Testing environment
For testing the prototype of the ventilation mask, a PC-
 
Software was used to control the blower and to capture the   
;    (4)
 
sensors’ data. To verify the functionality of the mask, a test
environment was designed and built. It consists of a head 
     − 
  (5)
model (part of reanimation training doll) and two commercial
test lungs (Maquet, 2018). The test lungs were modified to
change lung parameters resistance and compliance
reproducibly. To validate the mask’s sensor data, two
commercial reference sensors (Sensirion SFM3000 & NXP
MPXH6115) were implemented: A mainstream airflow
sensor and an airway pressure sensor. Because of the
compact mask design, the reference sensors were placed
between head model and test lungs, so the reference airflow
sensor measures the flow into and out of the test lungs
without any leakage. The mask’s airflow sensor measures the
sum of lung flow and leakage flow. Fig. 5 shows the testing
environment (upper) and a schematic diagram of
measurements setup (lower).
Fig. 6. Example with minor leakage, compensation of mask’s

airflow sensor for calculation of patient’s flow  

4.3 Measurements at normal breathing conditions

For tests of the implemented sensors and the respiration
mask, a setup of two different lung settings was chosen. The
blower motor was operated in an open loop at two different
constant voltage levels for inspiration/expiration, so that there
is a positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP). The inspiration
time was 3 s, the expiration time 4 s. Fig. 7 shows the mask’s
 sensor data and the reference data for both lung settings.

Fig. 5. Respiration mask including blower and sensors in

testing environment (upper),
Schematic of measurements setup, way of airflow  (lower)

4.2 Minor leakage compensation

Leakages occur if the mask is not fitted properly. This can
happen as a mistake by the medical staff, but also in case the
patients have major face injuries or simply because of facial
hair. Leakages lead to a wrong calculation of the delivered
volume – it then exceeds the effective delivered lung volume.
Considering Fig. 4, the leakage is defined by the leakage
resistance  . End-inspiratory/expiratory, when the airway
pressure approaches its plateau value, the lung flow is going
to zero. At this time, the mask sensor only measures the

leakage flow ( 
  ) and  can be calculated in a
Fig. 7. Sensor data of respiration mask,
simple manner (4). Assuming that the leakage resistance 
upper: lung setting 1(R=7.6 cmH2O/l/s; C=31 ml/cmH2O)
is constant during a respiration cycle, the leakage flow
lower: lung setting 2 (R=6.4 cmH2O/l/s; C=49 ml/cmH2O)

  is also determined by (4) and the compensated flow

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In consequence of the constant voltage levels, both lung
settings lead to similar pressure levels, as expected, although
the time constants differ. However, the flow differs
significantly between the lung settings: Not in the form, but
in the amplitude of the flow. The mask’s airway pressure
sensor fits the reference airway pressure very well. The small
differences are caused by an offset of the sensors. The airflow
measurement of the mask’s sensor matches the reference
airflow data sufficiently. However there are still deviations:
at low flow rates, the mask’s airflow sensors’ data is lower
than the reference airflow sensors’ data and secondly, the
mask’s airflow sensor shows major disturbances at peak flow
rates. The peak flow disturbances are caused by the design of
the mask’s airflow sensor. Since there is less space to
laminate the airflow in the mask, the turbulences impede an
exact airflow. Using equation (1), the calculated volumes of
the mask’s airflow sensor and reference sensor are shown in
Fig. 8. For expiratory flow, the calculated volume from mask
and reference sensors’ data fits closely and they show a
deviation of less than 2 %. The inhaled volume shows a
significantly larger deviation of up to 9 % between both
sensors.
Fig. 8. Absolute value of calculated volume, comparison
between mask sensor and reference sensor based data,
lung setting 1
4.4 Detection of disturbances
One main goal of the mask system is to identify disturbances
like airway occlusion or leakage. This can happen if the
patient moves or vomits. With the same mask setup as
described in 4.3, the disturbances were simulated. For airway
occlusion, the expansion of the test lungs was suppressed.
The leakage was realized with a valve in mask’s prototype.
To detect an airway occlusion, it is obvious to evaluate the
delivered volume. But this could lead to problems with
triggering, when there are undefined slopes in the airflow
signal (see Fig. 9, upper flow). Another option is to evaluate
the mask’s airway pressure. The slope of the mask’s airway
pressure can be described as a first order lag element with the
time constant τpressure. When an airway occlusion appears, the
mask’s airway pressure reaches its end inspiration level
significantly faster, as Fig. 9 (upper pressure) shows. The
time constant τpressure decreases by factor 6 from 0.59 s to
approx. 0.1 s.
Minor leakages can be detected and compensated by the
respirator by increasing flow. Major leakages cannot be
compensated completely by the ventilation mask while
371
increasing motor’s rpm, because maximum rpm will be
reached. In that case, the inhaled volume is insufficient for an
adequate supply of the patient. To detect these leakages, the
time constant τpressure is not a sufficient indicator. In Fig. 9
(lower) a major leakage with RL≈80 cmH2O/l/s occurs and
the pressure time constant only increases by 5%. Whereas the
absolute end inspiratory airway pressure level decreases by
12% at the same blower speed. This deviation is, next to the
measured end inspiratory leakage flow, a sufficient indicator
for major leakages. To evaluate airway pressure data in that
way, it is necessary that the ventilation blower operates with
the unvarying rotational speed slopes during each respiration
cycle.
τ1 << τ2
∆=12%
Fig. 9. Detection of airway occlusion and leakage
upper: left/right breath: normal; mid breath: occlusion
lower: left/right breath: normal; mid breath: major leakage
5 RESULTS
The built prototype of the mask respirator, especially the
blower unit, is capable of applying an adequate ventilation to
the tested lung setups. The integrated sensor for airway
pressure works sufficiently. Together with the integrated
airflow sensors’ data, it is possible to detect disturbances like
airway occlusion and leakages. The integrated airflow sensor
measures expiratory airflow sufficiently, but it shows
significant deviations for inspiratory airflow measurement. In
fact, the airflow sensor is not suitable for the precise flow
measurement, which is necessary for the reliable calculation
of lung parameters. The airflow sensor shows an anisotropy,
which is founded in its unsymmetrical pneumatically design
as a consequence of its small and flat construction. This leads
to a hysteresis in sensor’s characteristic. A pneumatically
redesign with adapted elements to laminate the airflow would
improve flow measurement results significantly. Nevertheless
the integrated flow sensor fulfill the norm ISO 10651-3 (ISO,
1997), which provides an accuracy of ±20% for expiratory
volume and it is suited for leakage detection and
compensation.
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6 CONCLUSIONS
The concept of a new, compact, small-sized, low-cost
respirator for usage in case of disaster like earthquakes,
hurricanes or pandemics was presented. Its space-saving
dimensions and usage make this respirator well suited for
stockpiling, easy transport and the usage in field hospitals. A
prototype of the respirator mask was built, including a special
designed ventilation blower, airflow sensor and airway
pressure sensor. The prototype was tested in a testing
environment and the developed sensors were compared with
commercial reference sensors. Based on sensor data, possible
ways for the detection of disturbances and their compensation
were proposed. The mean power consumption of the
respirator mask is less than 8 W during measurements, so the
respirator is suited for a battery-powered operation for
several hours. The measurements affirm the functionality of
the respirator mask as part of an innovative and space-saving
low-cost respirator.
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