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ជំពូកទី៤ ៖ សិលា និងល្បាយរ៉ែ៩១ PDF
ជំពូកទី៤ ៖ សិលា និងល្បាយរ៉ែ៩១ PDF
ដមដរៀនទ្យ១
ី ៖ ការនសមុែងយល់ពសមុ
ី លាិ
ដមដរៀនទ្យ២
ី ៖ សមុលា
ិ ម៉ារ់ម៉ា
ដមដរៀនទ្យ៣
ី ៖ សមុលា
ិ រដមេចរំណ
ដមដរៀនទ្យ៤
ី ៖ សមុលា
ិ នក្បរំដណីត
cUreFIVkarRsém:>>>>>>>
cUreFIVkarRsém:faGñkKWCasßabnikmñak;EdlRtUv)aneKCYl[erobcM
KUrrgÁmNÐlmYy. GtifiCnRtUvkarrgÁmNÐlEdlmanTMhMFMlµm
edIm,ITTYlePJóvkñúgkarRbKuMt®nþFI M². tamBiteTAKWKat;RtUvkarrgÁ
mNÐlEdlmankEnøgsMrab;TsSnikCncMnYn9200kEnøg. Gtifi
Cnk¾RtUvkareGaymansMelg)anl¥bMputpgEdr. ehIyKat;RtUv
karsalEdlKµandMbUl dUecñHePJóvGacrIkraynwgxül;GakasedayesrI. Kat;k¾cg;eGayTsSnikCn esIc¶ sresIr
pgEdrnUvnimitþkmµ2énfµxSac;BN’RkhmEdlnwgRtUvelcRtEdteLIg enAxagelIqakEdlmankMBs;122 m.
GñkKitGMBIkarrcnam:Ut nigRtlb;mkvijCamYynwgbøgE; dlRtUvkarGb,brimaRbmaN400 lanLanEm:Rt
etanénfµxSac;RkhmedIm,IeFVCI Ba¢agM nigkMral.Gñkk¾eFVIkar):an;sµanpgEdrfavanwgRtuveRbIryH eBlGs;12 lan
qñaMedIm,IbegáItvaeLIg. sþab;eTAvaKYreGayGs;sMeNIcNas;. KWvaBitEmn ebIsinCargÁmNÐleFVeI LIgEbbnWgEmn
enaH.mNÐlsilaRkhmenAxageRkATIRkugDenver énrdæ Colorado sUmsVaKmn¾.dUcEdlGñk)aneXIjmNÐl
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ 91
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ
BaküKnøwH
- sila (Rock ) - vayPaB (Texture )
GVIEdlGñknwgsikSa
BN’naBIviFIBIry:agEdlsilaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;edaymnusSCan;edIm nigviFIBIry:agEdlRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;sBV
éf¶.
BN’nafaetIRbePTnimYy²rbs;silapøas;bþÚreTACaRbePTmYyeTotenAeBlEdlvaqøgkat;vdþénsila.
eFVItaraglkçNHBIrrbs;silaEdl)aneRbIR)as;edIm,ICYykñúgkarcat;fñak;.
sMbkEpndIRtUv)anbegáIteLIgPaKeRcInedaysila.b:uEnþetIsilaBitR)akdKWCaGVI?
sila(Rock)KWCa l,ayrwgd¾smBaØénRkamrbs;Er:mYy rWeRcInRbePT. eTaHbICay:agNak¾edayRbePTxøHrbs;
siladUcCaFüÚgfµRtUv)anekIteLIgedaysarFatusrIragÁ. silamanRKb;TMhMBITMhMb:unRKab;RkYsbegátI )anrhUtdl;
rab;Ban;KILÚEm:t.
1>tMélrbs;sila
silaKWCaFnFanFmµCatid¾sMxan;taMgBIyrU mkehIytaMgBIekItmanCIvitmnusSmk. mnusSenACan;edIm)an
eRbIR)as;silaeFVCI ajJjÜredIm,IbegáItsMParHepSg². BYkeK)anrkeXIjfa BYkeKGacbegáItcugRBÜj lMEBgRsYc
kaMbit ehIynigexñas edaydMvaedayRbugRby½tñfµpáaePøIg fµ)aykþagM nig silaGubsIueDon. sUmemIlrUbTI 1 sila
TaMgenHRtUv)aneKeFVI[manragRsYcehIymut. sUm,IEtsBVéf¶enHsilaGubsIu eDon RtUv)an
eRbIsMrab;begáItCakaMbitBiessdUc)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI2 eK)aneRbIR)as;silaCaeRcInstSvtSmkehIy
edIm,IbegáItsMNg;epSg² pøÚv ehIynigvimanepSg². rUbTI 3 bgðajnUvkareRbIR)as; silaTaMg kñgú GriyFm’bUraN
nigkñúgGriyFm’TeM nIb. GaKarTaMgLayRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedayfµm:abfµRkanItehIynig fµxSac;fµkeM )arehIy
BIra:mItenAtMbn;hÁIsa RbeTs
eGsuIb ¬3000 qñaM mun K>s
cMeNHdwgbEnßm
Gac;páayxøHKWCasilaEdl)anmkBIPBepSg². enAxageRkamKWCaTidæPaBtUc²
rbs;Gac;páayEdl)anmkBIPBGgÁar. TRmg;tUc²enHRbEhlCaGacsMKal)anfa
maneBlmYyenaHmanCIvittUc²ekItmanenAelIPBGgÁar.
2> vdþsila
silaenAkñgú sMbkEpndICanic©kalvaEtgEtpøas;bþÚr.silapøas;bþÚrTMrg;ngi smasPaBrbs;vaeTAtamviFIeR
cIny:ag. viFEI dlsilakekItkMNt;nvU RbePTrbs;silaenaH. RbePTFM²rbs;silamanbIKW silam:ak;m:a
silakemÞckMN nigsilaERbkMeNIt. RbePTnimYy²rbs;silaKWCaEpñkmYyénvdþsila. vdþsila KWCadMeNIr
karEdlsilaRbePTmYypøas;bþÚeTACasilaRbePTmYyeTot. cUrtamdandüaRkamenH edIm,IeXIjviFI mYyEdl
RKab;xSac;Gacpøas;bþÚrenAeBlEdlvaeFVdI MeNIrqøgkat;vdþsila.
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ 96
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ
sMNwk
karcak;bgÁr
lMnaMERbkMeNIt
5>kMeTckMN karhUreRcaHénkMeTckMNsilaRsTab;elIbgðaj
eGayeXIjBIsilaPñeM PøIgenAépÞelIEpndI. bnÞab;mksilaPñMePøgI
karBukpuy TTUlrgnUvsMNwk ehIynigswkdac;eTACaRKab;xSac;nigdI\dæ.
bnÞab;mkeTotRKab;kMeTckMNTaMgenHRtUv)andwkCBa¢Ún
ehIynigcak;bgÁrenAkEnøgepSgeTot.
silam:ak;m:a
4> silaPñMePøgI RKab;xSac;edImecjBICMhanTImyY RtUv)anpøas;
bþÚrCaeRcIn b:uenþvaBMuTan;rYcral;enAeLIyeT¡ CaTUeTAm:ak;ma: man
karkkrwg
kMhab;ticCagsilaEdlenACMuvij dUecñHehIyvak¾egIbeLIgeTA
elIénsMbkEpndI eBlNavaeTAdl;TeI naH vak¾cuHRtCak;
ehIynigkkrwg køayeTACasilaPñeµM PøgI .
3>m:ak;ma: sarFaturavekþAEdlkekIteLIgenAeBlEdlsilarlayCa
Epñk rWTaMgRsugRtUv)anehAfa m:ak;m:a. kEnøgEdlsilaERbkMeNItcUl
karcuHRtCak;eTAmanTMnak;TnM gCamYynwgm:ak;ma: silaeTareTArkPaBrlay.
karrlay sarFatuEdl)ancab;epþImeLIgBIkarRbmUlpþMéú nRKab;xSac;\LUvenHkøay
m:ak;ma: mkCaEpñkmYyénm:ak;m:a.
düaRkamlMGitvdþsila
\LUvenHGñkdwgxøH²GMBIdMeNIrkarFmµCatiEdlbegáItRbePTFM²TaMgbIrbs;silaGñkGaceXIjfaRbeP
rbs;silanImYy²GackøayeTACaRbePTénsilaepSgeTot. dMeNIrkaeenHRtuv)aneKehAfa vdþsila KWKµan
karcab;epþmI b¤k¾bBa©b;eT.RKb;silaTaMgGs;KWCakarekIteeLIgtamdMNak;kalxøHénvdþsila ehIyGac
pøas;bþÚreTACaRbePTsilaepSg²eTot rUbTI 5 bgðajGMBIviFIEdlRbePTTaMgbIénsila pøas;;brþÚ TRmg;.
rUbTI 5 vdþsila
Gnuvtþn¾
karcat;fñak;vtßú
]bmafaGñkmanEpøe):am 1 eb:ge):aH 1 EpøEb:s1 EpøKIvI1 mñas;1 eck1 RkUcqµar1 dMbgykSmYy
)al;BN’exovmYy dUgmYy \dæ1dMu sármYydMuEv:ntamYy ehIynigbMBg;ekAs‘U
sMrab;)aj;TwkkñúgsUnc,armYy. cUreRbIR)as;karRsém:rbs;GñkedIm,IbegáItviFI
bIxusKña²edIm,Icat;fñak;vtßTú aMgenHcUleTAkñúgRkumEdlmanlkçNHRsedog
Kña. GñkRbEhlCamanEtmYyRkumb:ueNÑaHrWk¾maneRcInrhUtdl;14.
etIlkçNHvinicä½yGVIxøHEdlGñk)aneRbIsMrab;karcat;fñak;cMrHu rbs;Gñk?
etIlkçNHvinicä½yGVIxøHEdlGñkeRbIedIm,Icat;fñak;sila?
3>cMNucsMxan;²kñúgkarcat;fñak;sila
\LÚvenHGñkdwgfaGñkviTüasa®sþcat;fñak;silaTaMgGs;eTACaRbePTFM²bIeday
BwgEp¥keTAelIrebobEdlBYkva)ankekIt.
b:uEnþetIGkñ )andwgeTfaRbePTnimYy²rbs;silaRtUv)anEbgEckeTACaRkumtUc²eTotenaH?RkumtUc²TaMgenHk¾BwgE
p¥kpgEdreTAelIPaBxusKñaénviFIEdlsilakekIt. ]TahrN¾³ RKb;silam:ak;m:aTaMgGs;ekIteLIg enA eBlEdl
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ 100
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ
RkanIt
ébGUTtI mIka 10°
fµkeM )ar 10 %
kal;stIu 5 %
kVat 35 °
kkkkk Epls:,at 55 °
10 %
kal;suIt 95 % kal;stIu 5 %
Gara:ehÁanIt 5°
%
rUbTI 6 smasPaBTaMgmUlrbs;silamYyKWGaRs½yeTAelIEr:EdlvapÞkú .
3>1smasPaB
Er:rbs;silamYyRtUv)anbegáIteLIgBIrkarkMNt;én smasPaBsila . ]TahrN¾silaEdl ekIt eLIgBI
Er:kVatPaKeRcInnwgmansmasPaBdUcKñaeRcIneTAnwgkVat. silaEdlbegáIteLIgBIkVat 50° nig Epl s,:at50°
nwgmansmasPaBsrubxusKñaxøaMg. cUreRbIKMnitenHedIm,IeRbobeFob]TahrN¾Edl)anpþl[; enAkñúgrUbT 6I .
3>2 vayPaB
vayPaBrbs;silaKWRtUv)ankMNt;edayTMhM TMrg;ngi TItaMgénRKab;EdlvaekIteLIg. silaEdlekIt
eLIgedayRKab;tUc²TaMgGs;dcU Cal,ab;m:dærPW aKl¥iténdI\dæRæ tUv)aneKniyayfa vamanvayPaBEdlman
RKab;m:t; ehIysilaEdlekIteLIgBIRKab;FM²dUcCaRKab;RKYsRtUv)aneKniyayfaCasilaEdlmanvayPaB
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ 101
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ
RbePTénsilanImYy²manRbePTvayPaBxus²KñaEdlpþln; UvtRmuyy:agl¥faetIvaekIteLIgy:agdUc
emþc ehIyenAkEnøgNaCa]TahrN¾silaEdl)anbgðajenAkñgú rUbTI 8 manvayPaBEdlqøúHbBa©aMgfaetIva)an
ekIteLIgy:agdUcemþcTaMgvayPaBnigsmasFatuKWCalkçNHsMxan;bpM utEdlGñkviTüasa®sþeRbIR)as;edIm,IEsVg
yl;BIRbPBedIm nigRbvtþri bs;sila. cUrrkSalkçNHTaMgGs;enHenAkñúgciteþ nA eBlEdlGñkbnþGan CMBUkenH.
sMNYrrMlwk
1> cUrraysar³sMxan;BIry:agrbs;silacMeBaHmnusSsm½ybc©úb,nñenH.
2>etIRbePTFM²TaMgbIrbs;silamanGVxI øH?
etIsilaGacbþÚrBIrRbePTmYyeTARbePTmYyeToty:agdUcemþc?
3> etIkMEGrPñMePøIgxusBIm:ak;m:ay:agdUcemþc?
4> TsSnHeRbóbeFob³ cYrBnül;BIPaBxusKñarvagvayPaB nigsm:asPaB.
BaküKnøwH
- silaeRCot (intrusive) - silaPñeM PøgI (extrusive)
GVIEdlGñknwgsikSa
Bnül;BIGRtacuHRtCak;énm:ak;m:aCH\T§iBldl;lkçNHrbs;silam:ak;m:a
Ejk[dac;BrI vagsilam:ak;m:aEdlcuHRtCak;kgñú CMerAeRCAEdlenAkñgú sMbkEpndI ehIynigsilam:ak;m:a
EdlcuHRtCak;enAépÞelI.
cUreFVG
I tþsBaØaNénkMNsilaPñMePøIgEdleKsÁal;.
1> RbPBsilam:ak;m:a
m:ak;m:anig kMEGrPñeM PøgI {Lava} kkrwgeTAtamviFIdUcKñaPaKeRcIneTAnwg kMNkTwkEdr enAeBlEdlm:ak;
m:ab¤k¾kEM GPñMePøIgcuHRtCak;lµmehIyenaH vak¾kkrwgkøayeTACasilam:ak;m:a. PaBxusKñamYyrvagkarkkrwgénTwk
nigkarkkrwgénsila KWfaTwkkk enAsItuNPð aB 0GgSa cMENkÉ m:ak;m:a nigkMEGrPñMePøgI kk enAsItuNðPaB cenøaH
BI 700 GgSaeTA 1250 GgSa .
m:ak;m:aGacekIteLIgtamviFIbIy:ag ³ enAeBlEdlsilaRtUv)ankMedA enAeBlsMBaFRtUv)anfycuH b¤k¾
enAeBlsilabþÚrsmasPaB. edIm,IeXIjfaetIvaekIteLIgy:agdUcemþc cUrtanmdanenAkñúgrUbTI 9.
rUbTI 9 ³ manviFIbIy:agEdlsilaGacrlay
1>1sItuNðPaB
karekInsItuNPð aBenAkñúgCMerAeRCAenAcenøaHsMbkEpndIGacbNþaleGayEr::enA
kñúgsilarlay. Er:RbePTepSgKñarlayenAsItuNðPaBxusKñadUecñHehIy
GaRs½yelIkMedAekþAEdlsilaTTYl)anRbePTEr:xøHGacrlay kñúgkMLúgeBl
EdlRbePTEr:epSgeTotenAkkrwg.
2>smasPaB nigvayPaBénsilam:ak;m:a
cUrRkelkemIlsilaenAkñúgrUbTI 10. TaMgGs;enHCasilam:ak;m:aeTaHbICaemIleTAvamanlkçNHxus
KñaBImYyeTAmYyk¾eday. ilaTaMgGs;enHxusKñaBImYyeTAmYyedaysarsm:asPaBEdlvaekIteLIgehIynig
el,ÓnénkarcuHRtCak;. silaEdlmanBN’PKøW WvaminEmnmanEtBN’PøWb:ueNÑaHeT KWvaEfmTaMgmandg;seIu tTab
eTotpgvasMbUreTAedayFatudUcCasIlu IsüÚm GaluymIj:Úm sUdüÜm nigb:UtasüÚm.
silaEdlmanTMgn;RsalTaMgenHRtUv)anehAfaEhVlsuic "Felsic". silaEdlmanBN’RsGab;Cag
F¶nC; agsilaEhVlsicu . silaTaMgenHsMbUreTAedayEdkm:aej:süÚmnigkal;süÚmehIyRtUv)anehAfa m:ahVic
"Mafic" .
RKab;eRKIm RKab;mt: ;
EhVlsiuc
rIyUl: It
m:ahVic
RkanIt
hÁaRbU )asal
kMEGrPñMePøIgcuHRtCak;e
lOn silam::ak;ma: EdlmanRKab;m:t;
m:ak;ma:
m:ak;m:acuHRtCak;yWt
silam:ak;m:aEdlmanRKab;eRKIm
3>kMNkMeNItsilam:ak;ma:
ឡាក់តូស៊ីត
CBa¢aMgDiIk
)atUlIt )atUlIt
rUbTI 14 xageRkamenHCaskmµPaBlMhUrrbs;
kMEGrPñMePøIg. enAeBlEdlvahUrmkdl;épÞelIén
EpndI. kMEGrPñMePøgI cuHRtCak;y:agqab;rh½sehIy
kkrwg egáIt)anCasilam:ak;ma: EdlmanRKab;lit¥ .
sMNYrrMlwk
1> etIlkçNHBIry:agEdleKeRbIsMrab;cat;fñak;silam:ak;m:amanGVIxøH?
2> etIGRtacuHRtCak;énkMEGrPñeM PøgI b¤ m:ak;m:aCH\T§iBlelIvayPaBénsilam:ak;m:ay:agdUcemþcxøH?
3> karbkRsayrUbPaB³ cUreRbIR)as;düaRkamenAkñgú rUbTI13 edIm,IeRbóbeFób RcksuIl nig CBa¢aMgDIk.
etIGVIEdleFVIeGayvamanlkçNHxusKñaBImYyeTAmYy?
BaküKnøwH
-RsTab;kMeTckMN (Strata) -karkekItCaRsTab;kMeTckMN (Stratification)
GVIEdlGñknwgsikSa
BiBN’naBIkarkekItésilakMeTckMNTaMgbIRbePT.
Bnül;BIrebobEdlsilakMeTckMNkt;RtaRbvtþiPBEpndI.
1> RbPBsilakMeTckMN
enAeBlEdlRsTab;kMeTckMNfµI²RtUv)ancak;bgÁrenAeBlenaHRsTab;TaMgLayRtUv)ansgát;eGay
ENnb¤bgçaMCab;Kña. Er:EdlrlayEjkecjBITwkedIm,IbegáItCaC½rkavFmµCatiEdlcgP¢ab;kemÞckMNTaMgGs;eTA
CasilakemÞckMN. silakMeTckMNekIteLIgenAelI b¤enACitépÞEpndI edayBuMcaM)ac;mankMedA ehIynigsm<aF
dUcCakarkrekItsilam:ak;m:a nigsilaERbkMeNIteT. lkçNHrUbénsilakemÞckMNR)ab;BIEpñkxøHénRbvtþirbs;
va. lkçNHEdlKYr[kt;sMKal;bMputénsilakemÞckMNKW RsTab;rbs;va b¤ RsTab;kemÞckMN . kMNat;pøÚv
ehIynigtMbn;kardæanCakEnøgd¾l¥bMputedIm,IsegátkMNkMeNItsilakemÞckMN dUcEdlGñkGaceXIjenAkñúgrUbTI
16 eRCaHd¾eRCATaMgLay)answkdac;edaysarTenøehIy pþl;nUveTs PaB d¾Gs©arü.
rUbTI 15 vdþsilakemÞckMN
muneBlekItmansila
karBukpuy
kMemÞckMN
sMNwk
karcak;bgÁr
karbgçaM nig
lMnaMP©ab;
silakemÞckMN
rUbTI 16 karhUreRcaHCaeRcInlanqñaMedayTenø Colorado )anbeBa©j
eGayeXIjRsTab;silaenACBa¢aMgeRCaHFM ( Grand Canyon).
2> sm:asPaBpSMénsilakemÞckMN
silakemÞckMNk¾RtUv)ancat;fñak;eTAtamrebobénkarkekItpgEdr.silakemÞckMNRtUv)ancat;ecjCa
bIfañ k;sMxan;²KW silakemÞckMNkøasÞci silakemÞckMNKImI nig silakemÞckMN srIragÁ. silakemÞckMNkøasÞci
ekIteLIgenA eBlEdl bMENk énsila rWEr: EdlehAfa køas (Clast) bitCab;Kña. Sila kemÞc kMNKImI
ekIteLIgenAeBlEdlEr:krCaRkamecjBIsUluysüúg dUcCaTwksmuRTedIm,IkøayCasila. silakemÞckMNsrI
ragÁekIteLIgBIsMNl;énsrIragÁ. dUcEdlGñk)aneXIjenAkñgú rUbTI17TMhMnig rUbragénbMENksilaEdlbegáIt
)anCasilakMeTc kMNkøasÞicsMKal;nUveQµaH រbs;BYkva.
សិលាក្តាំង
គ្រាប់គគ្ររមើ
សិលាខ្សាច់
គ្រាប់មត៉ ់
rUbTI 17
sisillakemÞ
akMeTckM NkøasÞicRtUv)anekI
ckMN )ancat;teLI
fñak;geedaybM
dayTMhENkepSg²énsi laehI
MénbMENkEdlbegá It ynig Er:.
2>2 sisilla akemÞckMNKImI
silakemÞckMNKImIekIteLIgBIslU uysüúgénEr: nig Twk. enAeBlEdlmanTwkePøógvahUreq<aHeTA
smuRTy:agyWt² varMlaysarFatuxøH²énsila. CayfaehtusarFatuEdlrlaykekItCaEr: Edl begáI
tCasilakemÞckMNKImI. RbePTmYyénsilakemÞckMNKImI KWfµkMe)arKImIEdlekIteLIgBIkal;süÚmkabUNat
(CaCO3) rWEr:kal;suIt. vaekIteLIgenAeBlEdlkal;süÚm nig kabUNatRtUv)anRbmUl pþMeú nAkñúgTwk smuRT
fµkeM )ar
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ 113
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ
2>3 silakemÞckMNsrIragÁ
fµkMe)arPaKeRcInekIteLIgBIsMNl;énsaksBstVEdlrs;enAkññgmhasmuRT. sarFatusrIragÁ enHman
dUcCasMbkstV b¤q¥gw EdlekIteLIgBIkal;süÚmkabUNatEdlstVTaMgenaHTTYl)anBITwksmuRT.
]TahrN¾³ fµkMe)arxøH)ankekIteLIgBIq¥wgénusrIragtUc²EdlehAfa páafµ. páafµKWvatUcNas;b:uEnþvars;
enAvatTI)any:agFMeFg dUcEdl)anbgðajenAkñugrUbTI 19. eRkaymkeTotsMNl;én stVsmuRT TaMgenHRbmUl
pþMeú nA)atmhasmuRT RKaenaHsMNl;énstVTaMgenHk¾cgP¢ab;KñaedIm,IbegáItCaf µkeM )arpUsuIl (Fossiliferous).
pUslIu KWCasMNl; b¤ sñamdanénrukçCati nigstVEdlRtUv)anrkSaTukenAkñgú silakMeTckMN. pUsluI )an
pþle; GayeyIgnUvbrimaNd¾eRcInelIslubnUvBt’manGMBITrM g;CIvitenAsm½yedIm nigBIrebobrs;enArbs;BYkvafa
etIBYkeKrs;enAy:agdUcemþc. pUslIu PaKeRcInKW)anmkBIstVEdlrs;enAkñúgmhasmuRT. RbePTmYyeToténfµ
kMe)arsrIragÁ EdlmanbgðajenAkñgú rUbTI20ekIteLIgBIsarFatusrIragÁEdlTuknUvsMbkrbs;vaenAkñúgPk;enA)at
mhasmuRT.
3>TRmg;silakemÞckMN
lkçNHrbs;silakemÞckMNPaKeRcInGacR)ab;GñkBIrebobEdlsilakekIt. lkçNHBiessbMputénsilakemÞc
kMNenaHKW karkeekItCaRsTab;. RsTab;nmi Yy²xusKñaGaRs½yeTAelIRbePT TMhMnig BN’énkemÞc kMNrbs;va.
GRtaénkarcak;bgÁvak¾GacCH\T§iBlénkRmas;énRsTab;pgEdr. silakemÞckMNCYn kalkt;RtanUvclnarbs;
xül; nigrlkTwk enAelIbwgsmuRT Tenø nigpñkÚ xSac;lkçNHTaMgGs; enHRtUv)an bgajenAkñúgrUbTI 22 .
rUbTI 22 sñamRCYj²TaMgenHRtUv)anekIteLIgedaykarhUr
énTwk nig RtUv)anrkSaTukenAeBlEdlkemÞckMNkøayCasila
kMeTckMN. sñamRCYjTaMgenHk¾GacekIteLIgpgEdrBI
skmµPaBénxül;.
sMNYrrMlwk
1> cUrBiBN’naBIdMeNIrkarénkMNkMeNItsilakemÞckMNkøasÞic.
2> cUrRsg;TMrg;TaMgbIénsilakemÞckMN ehIyBnül;faetIvakt;RtanUvdMeNIrkarFrNI y:agdUc emþcxøH?
3> viPaKTMnak;TMng
silakemÞckMNkøasÞci nig silakemÞckMNKImIRtUv)ancat;fñak;edayeyageTAtamvayPaB nig smas
Fatu.etIlkçNHmYyNaEdlCalkçNHsMxan;bMputsMrab;RbePTnimYy²énsilakemÞckMN? cUrBnül;.
BaküKnøwH
- vayPaBdUcRkambnÞH (foliated) - vayPaBmindUcRkambnÞH (nonfoliated)
GVIEdlGñknwgsikSa
BN’naBIviFIBIry:agEdlsilaGacTTYlrgnUvlMnaMERbkMeNIt.
Bnül;faetIsmasPaBEr:rbs;silapøas;bþÚry:agdUcemþcxøHenAeBlEdlvaTTYlrgnUvlMnaMERbkMeNIt
BN’naBIPaBxusKñarvagsilaERbkMeNItEdlmanvayPaBdUcRkambnÞHnig
silaERbkMeNItEdlmanvayPaBmindUcRkam.
1>RbPBsilaERbkMeNIt
vayPaB b¤smasPaBEr:énsilaGacpøas;bþÚrenAeBlEdlmCÄd§anCMuvijrbs;vapøas;bþÚr.RbsinebI
sItuNPð aBnigsMBaFénmCÄd§anfµIvaxusBImCÄd§anEdlsilaekIteLIg silanwgTTYlrgnUvlMnaMERbkMeNIt. lMnaM
ERbkMeNItPaKeRcInpøas;bþÚrKWbNþalmkBIkMeNInsMBaFEdlekIteLIgenACeRmAeRCACag 2 KILÚEm:t. enACeRmA
eRCACag 16 KILÚEm:t sMBaFGacekIneLIg 4000 dg BIsMBaFbriyakas. cUremIlrUb TI 23 silaenHehAfa
"Garnet schist" : hÁaENtsÁIs : EdlekIteLIgenACMerARbEhl 30 KILÚEm:t. enACeRmAenHRkamrbs;
silaxøHRtUv)anekIteLIgBIkarpøas;bþÚrEdlCalT§plénsMBaFd¾xøaMg.RbePTepSgeTotén"Schist"ekIteLIgenA
CeRmAEdlrak;CagenH. sItuNðPaBEdllMnaMERbkMeNItekIteLIg KWenAcenøaH BI 50 GgSa eTA 1000 GgSa .
enAsItuNðPaBx<s;Cag 1000 GgSa silaPaKeRcInnwgrlaylMnaMERbkMeNItminEmneFVI[silarlayeT enAeBl
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ 117
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ
1>1 lMnaMERbkMeNItedayb:Hnwgm:ak;m:a
viFmI YyEdlsilaGacTTYlrgnUvlMnaMERbkMeNItKWedaysarmanTMnak;TMngCamYym:ak;m:a. enAeBlEdl
m:ak;m:aeFVIclnaqøgkat;sMbkEpndI vakMedAmCÄd§anCMuvij silaehIy : cm¥ni :va. CalT§plm:ak;m:a k¾pøas;bþÚrEr:xøH
enAkñgú mCÄdæanCuMvijsilaeTACaEr:epSg²eTotkarpøas;bþÚrd¾FMeFgenaHKWekIteLIgenAkEnøgEdlm:ak;m:amanTMnak;TM
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ 118
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ
lMnaMERbkMeNItedayb:Hnwgm:ak;m:a
silakemÞckMN
m:ak;m:a
lMnaMERbkMeNItedykarb:HTgÁic
BiesaFn¾xøI cUreFVIenApÞH
latRtdag
1>KUrsilaRkanItEdlERbkMeNItrbs;GñkenAelIRkdasmYysnøwkedayeRbIb‘ícexµA. cUrR)akdfa
)anbBa©ÚlBRgagénsilaehIybMeBjvaedayTRmg;RkamxusKña.
2> kin)aøsÞicEdlmandIElgelIsilaRkanItehIybkvaecjyWt².
3>bnÞab;BIR)akdfaTMrg;énsilaRkanItrbs;GñkRtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTAdIElg cUrTajnig rujdIElg.
etImanGVeI kIteLIgcMeBaH {:Rkam :? etImanGVIekIteLIgcMeBaHsilaRkanIt?
2> smasPaBénsilaERbkMeNIt
enAeBlEdllkçxNÐenAkñúgsMbkEpndIpøas;brþÚ edaysarkarb:HTgÁicrvagTVIb nig TVIb rWkarhUrecjén
m:ak;m:a sItuNðPaBnig sMBaFénsilak¾pøas;bþÚr. Er:TaMgLayEdlmanvtþmanenAkñúgsilaenAeBlEdlva)an
kekIteLIgRbEhlCaminGacsßitenAkñúgmV CÄd§anfµI)anyUreT. Er:edImk¾pøas;bþÚreTACaEr:EdlGacsßitenAkñgú
lkçxNÐsItuNðPaB nig sMBaFfµI. cUremIleTArUbTI 26 Ca]TahrN¾mYyfaetIvaekIteLIgy:agdUcemþc?
kal;suIt
kemþA
kVat nigsm<aF
hÁaENt
eGm:aTIt
kMeNIteTACaGarnet.
skmµPaB
etIGñk)andwgeTfaGñkmanfµkMeNItmYy? fµkMeNIt
PaKeRcInénEr:fµ²I TaMgenHkekIteLIgEtenA enaHKWCat,Úgfµ rWRkamEr:. enAerogral;ExénqñaMmanfµ
kñúgsilaERbkMeNItEtb:ueNÑaH. dUcmanbgðajenA kMeNItxusKñamYyrWBIr.
kñúgrUbTI 27Er:ERbkMeNItxøHkekIteLIgenAkñúgcenøaH cUrrkeGayeXIjfaetIfµkMeNItNaxøHEdlGñkman
lkçxNÐBiessénsItuNðPaB nigsm<aFEtb:eu NÑaH. tamryHkarRsavRCavenAkñúgbNÑal½ysalaeronrbs;
enAeBlEdlGñkviTüasa®sþsegátEr:ERbkMeNItTaMg ;GñkrWk¾tamGIuneFIeNt. eQµaHénfµkMeNItTaMgenaHCa
enHenAkñúgsila BYkeKGac)a:n;sµanBIsItuNPð aB nig TUeTAmindUcnigeQµaHEr:EdlBitR)akdenaHeT. etIsila
sm<aF EdlsilaeTIbTTYlrgnUvlMnaMERbkMeNIt. RbePTNaEdlGñkTMngCarkeXIjfavadUcCafµkMeNIt
rbs;Gñk? etIehtuGVI?
kørIt
400GgSa
BI 4 eTA 32 K>m
mUsváÚ It mIka
700 GgSa
BI 5 eTA 34 K>m
hÁaENt
m:ak;m:a
BI 700eTA1>200GgSa
BI 25 eTA 60 K>m
rUbTI 27 GñkviTüasa®sþGacyl;Rbvtþri bs;silaERbkMeNIt)anedaysareFVIkar segáteTAelIEr:Edl man
enAkñúgsila. ]TahrN¾silaERbkMeNItpÞkú Garnet kekIteLIgenACMerAeRCA CagsilaERb kMeNItEdl
pÞúkEtkørtI .
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ 121
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ
3> vayPaBrbs;silaERbkMeNIt
3>1 silaERbkMeNItEdlmanvayPaBdUcRkambnÞH;
silaERbkMeNItEdlmanvayPaBdUcRkambnÞHpÞúknUvRKab;Er: EdlteRmobCaCYredaysarsm<aF. silaERbkM
eNItEdlmanvayPaBdUcRkambnÞHd¾rwgmaMenHCaTUeTApÞúknUvEr:ragbnÞH dUcCaébGUTItmIka. cUrRkeLk emIl rUbTI
28 fµPaCn¾pSMeLIgBIEr:dI\dæCaeRcInRsTab;. enAeBlEdlsßitenAeRkamsm<aFnig kMedAexSay Er:dI\dæpøas;bþÚr
eTACaEr:mIka ehIyfµPaCn¾)ankøayeTACasilaERbkMeNItEdlmanvayPaBdUcRkambnÞH nig man vayPaBRKab;
m:t;ehAfasilaQñnÜ . silaERbkMeNItGackøayCasilaERbkMeNItepSgeTot Rbsin ebImCÄdæanpøas;bþÚrmþg
eTot. CamYynwgkarbEnßmkMedA nig sm<aF silaQñnÜ GackøayeTACa Phyllite, b¤ks¾ ilaERbkMeNItmYyRbePT
epSgeTot. enAeBl Phyllite ekIteLIgehIybEnßmnUvsMBaF nig kMedA vaGackøayeTACasilaERbkMeNItmUy
RbePTeTotehAfa "Schist". enAeBlEdlkRmit énlMnaMERbkMeNItekIneLIgkarteRmobénEr:enAkñgú sila
k¾pøas;bÚþrEdr. CamYynwgkarbEnßmkMedA nigsm<aFEr:EdlmanRKab;eRKOm²EbgEckeTACaRkuménsilaERbkMeNIt
EdlehAfakñsi "gneiss"EdlbeBa©jsMeLgfa "nice" "Nays¾".
fµPaCn¾kMeTckMN
3>2 silaERbkMeNItEdlmanvayPaBmindUcRkambnÞH
silaERbkMeNItEdlmanvayPaBmindUcRkambnÞHRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 29 . etIGñkmankt;
smÁal;nvU GVIEdl)at;bg;eT?gVHxaténka rteRmobCYrrbs;RKab;Er:eFVIeGaysilakøayCasilaEdlmanvayPaB
mindUcRkambnÞH . vaCasilaFmµtaEdlekIteLIgedayEr:EtmUy b¤BIr bIRbePT. fµxSac;KWCasilakemÞckMNEdl
ekIteLIgBIRKab;xSac;kVatepSg²Kña . b:uEnþenAeBlEdlfµxSac;TTYl rgnUvkMedAnig sm<aF énlMnaMERbkMeNIt
cenøaHrvagRKab;xSac;RtUv)an)at;bg;enAeBlEd;lvakekItCaRkammþgeTotehIykøayeTACaQuartzite. Quartzite
manBnøWEcgcaMgelceLIgnUvPaBPøWciBa©ac. vaenAEtekIteLIgBIkVat b:uEnþRKab;Er: vamanTMhMFMCag. enAeBlEdl
fµkMe)arTTYlrgnUvlMnaMERbkMeNIt dMeNIrkardUcKñak¾ekItmaneLIgcMeBaH Er:kal;suItehIynigfµkeM )ar[køayCafµ
m:ab. fµm:abmanRkamkal;suItFMCagfµkMe)ar. GñkRbEhlCa)aneXIjfµm:abenAkñgú sMNg; nigrUbsMNakCa
eRcIn.
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ 123
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ
TMnak;TMngCIvviTüa
Bakü Metamorphosismann½yfa
}pøas;bþÚrTRmg; {. enAeBlEdlstVxøHTTYlrgnUv
karpøas;brþÚ rUbragénsarBagÁkayrbs;vay:agqab;
fµma: b
;rh½senaHeKniyayfavaTTYlrgnUvkarpøas;bþÚr
TRmg;. k¾dUcCaEpñkmYyénvdþCIvitFmµCatirbs;BYk
vastVxµÚtnig emGMe)Aqøgkat;CIvitbYndMNak;kal.
bnÞab;BIvajas;ecjBIs‘ut BYkvasßitenAkñúgtMNak;
Quartzite kalCakUnjas; kñúgTMrg;CadgávÚ emGMe)A. enA
rUbTI 29 fµma: bnig kVatsuIt Quartzite CasilaERb tMNak;kalbnÞab;BYkvabegáItCasMbuknagrWkøayeTA
kMeNItEdlmanvayPaBmindUcRkambnÞH. dUcEdlGñk CastVl¥it ¬ryHeBlEdldgávÚ nagrs;enAkñúug
)aneXIjrUbPaBBRgIkenH KµanRkamEr:NaEdlRtUv)an sMbuk¦. enHehAfa tMNak;dwkeDO. TIbMputBYkva
teRmobCaCYreLIy. elcecjnUvtMNak;kaleBjv½yénCIvitrbs;vaEl
bMeBjeTAedaysøab Gg;Etn ehIynigeCIg.
sMNYrrMlwk
1> etIktþamCÄdæanGVIxøHEdlbNþaleGaysilaTTYlrgnUvlMnaMERbkMeNIt?
2> etIsilaERbkMeNItEdlmanvayPaBdUcRkambnÞH nigsilaERbkMeNItEdlmanvay PaBmin dUcRkam
bnÞHxusKñadUcemþc?
3> cUreFVkI arsnidñ æan³ RbsinebIGñkmansilaERbkMeNItBIrmYymanRkamhÁaENt mYYyeTotmanRkamkørIt.
etImYyNaEdl)anekIteLIgenACMerAeRCAbMputénsMbkEpndI? cUrBnül;
cMNucsMxan;²kñúgCMBUkTI 4
emeronTI 1
BaküKnøwH
- sila - vdþsila
- m:ak;m:a - silakMeTckMN
- silaERbkMeNIt - silam:ak;m:a
- smasPaB - vayPaB
kMNt;sMKal;xøwmsar
silaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;edaymnusSrab;Ban;qñam
M kehIy
ehIyvak¾RtUv)aneK[témøEdr enAeBlbc©úb,nñenH.
silaRtUv)ancat;fñak;ecjCabIRbePTFM² KW silam:ak;m:a
silamYyepSgeTot.
GñkviTüasa®sþcat;fñak;silaedayBwgEp¥keTAelIlkçNHvinicä½yBIr KW smasPaB nig vayPaB.
sarFaturlayrbs;m:ak;m:abegáItkMNkMeNItsilaTaMgenAeRkamdInig enAelId.I
emeronTI 2
BaküKnøwH
- silaeRCot - silaPñeM PøgI
kMNt;sMKal;xøwmsar
vayPaBrbs;silam:ak;m:aRtUv)ankMNt;edayGRtaénkarcuHRtCak;. m:ak;m:acuHRtCak;k an;EtyWt
enaHRkamrbs;silak¾kan;EtFMEdr.
silam:ak;m:aEhVlsicu manBN’PeøW hIyRsal cMENkÉsilam:ak;m:a m:ahVci manBN’RsGab;ehIy F¶n;.
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ 125
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ
sarFatum:ak;m:aEdlrwgenAelIépÞEpndIRtUv)aneKehAfasilaPñMePøIgcMENkÉsarFatum:ak;m:aEdlkk
rwgenAkñúgsMbkEpndIRtuv)anehAfasilaeRCot.
karBiesaFn¾
kMNkMeNItRkam
emeronTI 3
BaküKnøwH
- RsTab;kemÞckMN - karkekItCaRsTab;kemÞckMN
kMNt;sMKal;xøwmsar
silakemÞckMNkøasÞc i RtUv)anekIteLIgedaysilanig bMENkénEr:Edl)anbgçaMP¢ab;Kña.
silakemÞckMNKImIekIteLIgenAeBlEdlEr;kCaRkamecjBIl,ay dUcCaTwksmuRT.
silakemÞckMNsrIragÁekIteLIgBIkaksMNl;énsarBagÁkay.
silakMeTckMNkt;RtaBIRbvtþikMNkMeNItrbs;vaenAkñúglkçNHrbs;va. lkçNFmµtaxøHmanTRmg;
CaRsTab;sñamrlk nig pUsIul.
emeronTI 4
BaküKnøwH
- vayPaBdUcRkambnÞH - vayPaBmindUcRkambnÞH
kMNt;sMKal;xøwmsar
RbePTmYyénlMnaMERbkMeNItKWCalT§plénkarekInkMedAénm:ak;m:aenAtMbn;tUcmYyCMvu ijsilapøas;bþÚrva
sm:asPaBEr:énsilapøas;bþÚrenAeBlEdlEr:RtUv)anekI teLIgedaykarkekItCaRkameLIgvijedIm,I
suxPaB
kaMbitvHkBa©k;
etIGñkcg;vHkat;edayeRbIR)as;kaMbitEdlmanGayurab;Ban;
qñamM kehIyenaHeT? RbEhlCamincg;eTemIleTA luHRtaEtvaCaEpø
kaMbitekary:agmut EdleFIVeLIgBIsli aGubsIueDon kBa©kP; ñMePøIg
FmµCati. dUcCaEpøkaMbit nig cugRBYjRtUv)aneRbIR)as;Cit 1800qñaM
edaybuBbV ursrbs;eyIg. fµI²enHGñkrUbviTüa)anrkeXIjkareRbI
R)as;fmµI YyeTotényuKsm½ysmÖarHfµTaMgenH. eBlmYyenaHEpø
kaMbitGubsIueDonTaMgenH RtUv)aneRbIR)as;edIm,IRbmaj;;stV
Mammoths edIm,Iykeram \LUvenHRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CakaMbitvH
kat;enAkñgú bnÞb;vHkat;.
EpøkaMbitGubsIueDonmYyGacmanEKml¥dUcCam:eU lKulEtmYy.
1> silaGubsIueDon rW EdkEfb?
CaRbéBNI RKUeBTü )aneRbIR)as;EpøkaMbitEdleFVIBEI dkEfbsMrab;deM NIrkarvHkat;. EpøkaMbitEdkEfb
mYymantMélRbEhlEt 2 duløa ehIykarvHkat;eRbIR)as;vaEtmþgb:eu NÑaH k¾e)aHecal ÉEpøkaMbitEdl eFVI
BIsilaGubsIeu Donvij mantMéléføCagKW 1RbEhl 20 duløa b:uEnþeKGaceRbIR)as;va)aneRcIndg mun nwg mux
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kMLúgeBlvHkat; kaMbitEdkEfb CakarBiteTAKWGacvHEs,k[ecjBIKña. ÉkaMbitGubsIueDon
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ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ 130
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ
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5>tamKMnitpÞal;rbs;Gñk
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lRbsinebIGkñ GaceFVItamCMhanTaMgLayedIm,IbegáIt]bkrN¾eFIVBIsilaedayxøÜnGñkpÞal;.
cUrRby½tñkMuvayRmamédrbs;Gñk RtUvBak;Ev:ntakarBarpg.