Whitechapel Gallery
London
‘The MIT Press
‘Cambridge, Massachusetts
LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY GF RICHMOND
Edited by Simon Motley Documents of Contoliparary AitHB rectepatcotery ll
Documents of Contemporary Art
tn econ decades atts have progressively expanded the Boundases af et
they have sought to eneage with an inreasinaly pualistic environment.
eaching,cvatng and understanding of art and isl culture ae kewise 10
Tanger grounded in rational sesthebcs but centred on sigiiant ideas topics
and themes ranging fm the everyday tothe uncanny, che psychoanalytic
the poles,
The acu of Contemporary Ar seis emoeges fom ths contest. Each
volume focuses on 3 specie subject ar Body of wing tat as Been of Key
intuence contemporary at nternationly. Fated ad inzoduced by a schelr
ss nicer curator each ofthese courte Books provides sce to platy af
‘oie: and perspectives define a sficat thea o tendeny
Fer aver century the Whitechapel Gallery has fered public piafrm
arc and les. In the sane spn, each guest editor represents a dsinet yet
aivcre approach - ater tha one instiuciaal position or seool of thought
and fas conceived each volume co adress nt only 2 proton audience but
allineresed readers,
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FHL O.LNI 3NO AYYVO ‘GYOIIV NMO Sil 40 ‘NVI WNIGAW 3HL MOH
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INTRODUCTION//012
‘THE UNPRESENTABLE//022
‘TRANSCENDENCE//070
NATURE//106
TECHNOLOGY//128
‘TERROR//148
‘THE UNCANNY//198
ALTERED STATES//210
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES//224
BIBLIOGRAPHY//229
INDEX//233
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS) /238‘THE UNPRESENTABLE
Henri Michaux To Draw the Flow of Time, 1957//024
Bamett Newman The Sublime is Now, 1948//025
Jean-Frangois Lyotard The Sublime and the
Avant-Garde, 1988//027
Jacques Dertida Parergon, 1978//041
Jean-Luc Nancy The Subiime Offering, 1988//047
Philip Shaw Lacan: Sublimity and Sublimation,
2007//052
Slavoj Zizek The Sublime Object of Ideology, 1989//056
Barbara Claire Frooman The Feminine Sublime,
1995//064
Jacques Ranciére The Aosthlic Revolution
‘and Its Outcomes, 2007//067
TRANSCENDENCE
Yves Klein Truth Becomes Reality, 1961//072
Dorest LeViite Harten Creating Heaven, 1999//073
Luce Irigaray Belfef Itself, 2002//077
David Morgan Secret Wisdom and SeltEftacement:
‘The Spiritual in the Modern Age, 1996//082
Jean Fisher The Echoes of Enchantment, 1996//086
Anish Kapoor Interview with Marjorie Allthorpo-
Guyton, 1990//091
Shirazch Houshiary Interview with Stelle.
Santacatterina, 1994//093,
Bill Viola The Crossing, 1996//095
Lymn M. Herbert Spirit and Light and the Immensity
Within, 1996//096
Lee Joon Void: Mapping the Invisible in Korean Art,
2007//102
NATURE
Richard Long HEAVEN AND EARTH, 2001//106
Robert Rosenblum The Abstract Sublime, 1961//108
Gemard Richter Statement, 1973//113
Robert Smithson Frederick Law Olmsted and the
Dialectical Landscape, 1973//113
Walter De Maria Some Facts, Notes, Data, Information,
‘Statistics and Statements, 1980//118
‘Tacita Dean Bas Jan Ader, 197//122
Olafur Eliasson The Weather Forecast and Now,
2001//123
John Berger Into the Woods: On Jitka Hanzlova's Forest,
2006//125,
TECHNOLOGY
Jear-Prangois Lyotard Presenting the Unpresentable:
‘The Sublime, 1982//190
Jeromy Gilbert-Rolfe Beauty and the Contemporary
Sublime, 1999//136
Fredric Jameson Postmodemism, of, The Cultural
Logic of Late Capitalism, 1991//141
Roy Ascott Is There Love in the Telematic Embrace?,
1990//146
TERROR
Gustav Metzger Manifesto: Auto-Dostructive Art,
1960//150
Vijay Mishra The Gothic Sublime, 1994//151
‘Thomas Weiskel The Logic of Terror, 1979//157
Julia Kristeva Approaching Abjection, 1980//159
‘Thomas McEvilley Turned Upside Down and Torn
Apart, 2001//168
Gone Ray Josoph Beuys and the After Auschwitz
Sublime, 2001//174
‘Marco Belpoliti Memory of Oblivion, 2006//178
Lawrence Rindor Tuymans' Terror, 1997//182Doris Salcedo Intorviow with Charles Merewether,
1998//188
Okvrui Enwezor The American Sublime and the
Racial Self, 2006//193
‘THE UNCANNY
Gilles Ivain Formule: for a New Urbanism, 1958//200
Mike Kelley In Conversation with Thomas McEvilley,
1992//201
Hiroshi Sugimoto Noh Such Thing as Time, 2002//205
AK Dolven A Found Page, 2004//208
ALTERED STATES
Marina Abramovie Statoments, 1992//212
Stelare Beyond the Body, 1988//213
George Quasha and Charles Stein HanD HearD/
Liminal Objects, 2000//214
Marina Warner ‘urself behind Ourselt, Concealed ..:
Ethereal Whispers from the Dark Side, 2000//217
Fred Tomaselli Interview with Siti Hustvedt, 2007//220
Eleanor Heartney Zhang Huan: Becoming the Body,
208/222
"ARIE HIKING MILES INTO THE
WILDERNESS
AND DISCOVERING MY FIRST REAL
WATERFALL,
UIMMEDIATELY BEGAN LOOKING FOR THE PUMPS AND
CONDUIT
THAT MAKE IT WORKSimon Morley
Introduction//The Contemporary Sublime
‘Teaser claim ofthe hl hae mn cane fasting a speck ance the
han, Wha. if ayig es been the aman ~ Ga he gos the daemon cr
Natures cer for res sagreran
Thoms Welsh The maa Sublime: Stade In eh Stace and Psycho
of ascend 1976)
‘he Subtie Now
Toay we ae constantly leaving of new reais oo versnowsy complex,
seem, for us ever fll 10 encompass them in our mi Astronomers now
tev, fr example tthe visible universe contains an esimated 100 bilion
sales and thst each gala also costs of tlons of ars etn rays in
!nytad vain of coeur fom ghmmerng cool rest adn het ues and
whites Wow often tends tobe ovr inkl lestforwoeds response 0 such
intimation theres or infty. Unde he segir ofthe subline ~ a cancept in
‘voton since the catia ers ~ his anthaogy explores the range of eset
ars tnery and practice hat aes tate sich maments of ete
‘encounter with all that exceeds our comprenenson, Ir rvestigates whit &
contemporary subline might be and what «might mesa in today’s wor,
‘The eats selected hore sc to describe alae what takes held ous when
reasoners and eras bein ermble, Tey ate about bing taken to the
limits. the subline experience & fundamentally transformatve, about the
relationship becween donee and ord, and che dsrption of the stable
coordinates of time 20d space. Sometbing rushes in and we ate rooundly
sitereAndso, nll the eevance ofthe concept contemporary tt We
also addressing an experience wth impiations that far bead sextet.
‘Tue concept of te sublime became important in the eighteenth cena
when twas applied in elation to teat describe aspects of ature that nt
ave and wonder, steh 35 movntaes, avalanches, waterfall, stemy seas othe
lofnte wail ofthe tary sy. Tay however ther than nae the erable
ower of eealogy = mre key to supply thera material fer wht can be
termed = caracterstically contemporary slime, Moreover, the experience of
modecn if te has een ved by such thinkers ean -Frangoi yard and
Fredric Jameson in terms of the sublime, as the extreme space-time
compressions produced by loblizedcomminication technologies give set.
petcepton of the everyday as fundamensallydestabining and excessive Ae |
‘ymrmopucTion
r
and wonder can quik Bor inte terror ging ise eo 2 daeraspet ofthe
‘lime expenence then the exhsating feeling of elit metamorphesesinto
‘hination with dissltion and che"eaemone
"Toe works of comtemporary arts a5 verse a5 Anish Kapoor: Mike Key,
ports Saledo, Hitoshi Sugimoto and Fred Tomaselli can all useflly be
Considered within 3 conceptual Famework provided by the concept af the
Sime, Bt ee root of sch preocciations ie Inthe pero ater Wold War
Twente desire evoke subi fling of transcendence and elation
toakon particilat importance or the Abstract Expresso generation of ais
in wont Arerica aswell eats sch as Yes Ksin in Europe Then, ar 4
feted when the concept spp gly from view, nthe 1980s nee wave of
fostmdeist ubimi'y Swe over he art word age provoked by 2 gene
(Sesastaction with he potential ration of zn he Po aesthetic, on one
hand, and on the other it overintelletuaiaation Ia Btinimal art and
Concepuais nthe instalation of Amercan artist James Tare forexampie
the inensfntion of subline experience through the eocaton of spat
Jvmensity, a8 formulated y Barnet Newman apd Marc Rot, took anew
ection through lavestigatng the mre fll immersive effects of space and
Tight Also in North America, Bll Viol is pushing the new medium a video
towards powscfl evocation: of extreme stats of min, while Mike Kelley ws
cexpecng in both disturbing and witty molt-medainstaiaions, the dares
‘ide of eh soli. Esewnere artists such sJseph Buys, Anselm Kiefer ar
later, Dos Salcedo, have addressed the sublines eoaecton to traumatic
istorcl events, wile more recently from beyond the West atts such as
out Sugimeto and Zhang Hn have brovet new perspectives 0 the
unerving ses at sake in dscussons of Sui
‘The theorecal underpinings for such escusions were provided By Jah
‘ancaistytard’s ntuental essays The Sublime end the Avant-garde’ (1984)
and Presenting the Unpreseatble: Te Sublane’ (1982) wich es appeared in
“Arcorum. They anounced. the cera othe theory of postmodemism of
ants concept of che sublime. Lyotaw’s texts subsequently spawacd =
lumicous debate and in 1985 “es tmmatraye, an exibition curated by
Iyoea at the Ceere Pompidou Paris brought these ideas a wide publi Du
Sublime, an inportane collection of texte edited by Jean-Francois Courtine,
appeared in 1988, ange the contemerary hilosophcal context ann 1885,
{hs was rsa into nls 1999 ee pantenrwrte Jeremy Gilbert Rte
published Beauty and the Contemporary Subie aklesing wae called
“reshnolgia elie and in 2002 sees fess eed by Bul Bey cited
Sicy Sublime endesvoures ta catch something of the ich diversity fo
approiches tthe subject. The contnsngintres nthe sublime evideatinthe
sdoney/mo Contemporary Sabiee/}3‘tes research project devon ote sul which has broght togeiher ats,
writers poets, composers at stron, posers, scents theologians and
curators ima series of events. for example a sympaskim io 20073 Tate Brita,
Londen ocommernerat the 2501h anniversary of Edmund Burke's isi text
on the subject. There hve also been scvcal major exhibitions addressing the
subject drectly o indirect during te lst wo decades. For example i 193
The Sutin Vion Mem of he Igiaton fearing over ewer art,
took place a the Musée des BeaBk AMS BUSS, 2004 SAW Te Sg Nhe 3t
‘he ICA Phloepia, which, o quote ts press statement nesta the vod
tne inefabl, the subline, mesa esi, zero. In 2007 “On the Sublime’
fate the wer of Rothko, Kein 3 Trl was std hy the Caggeni
‘Muzsum in Berl, wl n 2008 "Various Vids A Retrospective atthe Centre
Pompido aserbied 2 hos of interstona rts in 3 survey covering the ast
Fy yens and, ke the ICA Philadephia show, placed the sublime witia the
one of bree cull debates concerning te nts of epesentation,
A or History ofthe Sublime
‘The word ‘bine’ may seater outros ~ etymology comes fom
the Latin sublims elated aly: sie) derived fom te pepostion sub
hae meni "up t, apd some sourees tate, Hen, the tee, surround ot
lstelof acorway. while thes refer th lines abundary orlinit Inthe Mle
Nes submis was modified inca ve, salumare |e elevate commonly ose by
alchemists to describe the pifying proces by which substances urna 3 38
(on Bing subjected to heat then ool and become 3 newly transformed solid
Mdeen demiry sil refers to te sublimation of substances ut f course
vathout myst alcherial connotation. where puriaton aso ented
sutton in a igher state of spiritual eastece
Sublime’ begins to seqie its modern resonances in the seventeenth
entry when i appears in the tanslton af a hagmentary Grek text on
‘atavic by the anonym Roman-re ator Known 3 Langinus. The fist
Ie2nslaton of dis work Du Sublime 167), by Nios Boas inal anew
Interest he iveigation of powerfal erotonal effet nat tongs bd
eto that tue nobly inact and Ife as fo be dlcowers through a
fonirontation with the threatening and unknowa, and crew atention ¢
anything in ar that challenges oue capacity to unrstand ane ils us with
‘wonder The sublime artist was, according 0 tongs, 2 Kit of superhuman
Agate capable of sng bove arduous and ominous eens and experiences i
‘order to procucea nobler and mae veined ste
From she mid eghtveth entry, however, the word Bogan tobe used in 2
erent contest eat relected a new cultural awareness ofthe profoundly |
ied atte ofthe sell and which led artists, wees, composes end
Fhlosopbers to draw tention t intense expenences which lay Beyond
owreus contre ard threatened india 2utenom, closely asscate wih
the Romantie movenest the concep othe sublime began to be empiayed by
thove wo wished 19 chullenge vaditional systems of thought that were
(Guxked inthe ld language of eligon.2rhetoi that now seme founded on
Serdated conception of Mian experience They hoped 3s the contempasry
phinsopher Phiippe Lacoze-Labarhe has characterized it 10 explore the
Ireonmensurbiy of he sensible with the mietapiel (thee, God:
Ind Pifoophial Enquiry into the Ongns of Our dea ofthe Sub and
enti 175) tees politics theerst rd philosopher Emon Burke noted
that here were cern experiences wich supply a kine of thrill or shudder of
perverse pleasure, mixing fear and delight. He shited the emphasis in
{sessions of the suinetonands experiences proved by aspects of mature
ich ve co tei vastness or obscurity could not be considered beautiful and
ended wer key 10 il us wlth a care of hora
‘he pasion caned by the great and sublime Jn ture, when those cates
operate moe pone is Atopishmen, ane eonshmert that tte of te
eulin which li motions ar suspended, wh some depee of hoor «No
fest Fore Daeg an apprenesion of anor dat, operates ina manne hat,
‘esebles cual pin Whatever thesfne i eb, wth od 10 sh
‘nine To. ned terri al eaten whatoeer eter mre openly or
aor tbe ruling princi ofthe subi?
surke was inerestedin iat happens tothe ef when assed by that which
seems to endanger its sun, He abo moved the anclsis anay fam the
sublime objec and towards the experince ofthe beholder, us making his
‘navy & psychological ene, The sublime, declared Burke, was ‘the tamgest
son, ar he bel ted the impotanc of he beaut, arming that i was
rmerelyaninstanceaf rettiness, The sublime experience, onthe other an ha
the power to tansfarm the sell, and Burks Ike Longiaus, saw somedting
‘nnobling in thi eeortnged hil 36 the challenge posed by some threat
served sitenathen thes
lmumanue Kant nis Critique of jdgemen (179) aso stout to explore
hat happens tthe borer where eso inst lis te characterize
Thee types of subliny: heal, ee Lafty andthe splendid. ana continued
and deepened the sft of foes nated by Burke, by asserting that the sublime
‘25 nn 0 much esa quay of sone pawl phenomenon asa subjective
Moly he Contemporary Satin 18conception ~ something that happens inthe mind He thereby hited the
ana wards the impact and consequence ofthe slime experience upon
onsioustess apd argueé tht the sublime was essential about a neatve
experience of linus twas 3 way of aling about what happens wen we ae
faced wth something we donot have the capa to understaed or onto ~
something eicesive, Behind Kant’ discussion lay 2 keen sense of the
Independence of nature, whose sheer complexity and grandeur conisly
‘exceeds any huran ability cont or understand This sense of the subline
‘ay be insite bythe tenniyng aspect of native suchas Bue desde, oF
bb provoked by an experince so complex tha! our inability to fon 3 lee
settal conception of leas to sense of te maequacy of ur imagination
and of te vast gl beeen tat experience ante thoughts we hae about
‘We are made aware, Kant observed, thit sometimes we cart present 10
urselves am acount ofan oxperice tha isin ary way coherent, We cannot
encompass by thnkine. apd so remains indiscernible or unnameabe
lundeciable, indeterminate and unpresentable
“The fecing of the sublime. wrote Kant, sat ance a feeling of epee,
arising fom the inadequacy of imagination inthe sesthctic estimation of
‘magnitude atin to estimation of restora 2 simultaneous awakened
Plessure.arsng ro this very judgement of the inadequacy of sense o being in
accord with ideas of reason, so faras the effort to aan f Mes fr HS a
‘Thus hecause the sublime adress what cane be commanded cele it
is grounded nan avavenes of lick Anda aconsequenceofthisawarness fat
Inaceesible form of excess, arpied Kant, we cme #0 3 rcogition of out
limations and so transform a sense of negative nein apie gin
Suh experiences serve to establish our reasoning powers more fy within
‘hei rightful although diministe, comin
Several ther important inetenth- and ec wentith century thinks
lke contbuted the evation of maviern concep ofthe subline. Fedich
Sétller claimed in Oa the Slime (1801 that While the beastie is valuable
nly wit reference tothe human being the sublime isthe way the eon
within man reveals sl edi ep his Lectures onthe Phlsophy af
Religion (1827 slo contested Kans zee segstive interpretation He aw
the suatime aet so mich 8 voiding ofthe power af ran bt ar momen of
[usin wit the Absore in which ho beats Aled 3 decared tat
Sublimly was ehe way by which the divine manifested Kel nthe nat
World® In a similar vein, Arthur Schopenhauer, in The World as Wil and
Representation (1819, exploced the fect hat es a the hear being nd
envisage ase that can in certain situations observe sts inthe very act of
foe ens # queson of 3
tendency toward sameting. ofthe diteton or project of 3 struggling eb,
‘ham of he tension ofthe ite. Wha tends, and what tends here toward
form theexteeme. the la, The Seema ofthe age of any maze ~ o he
schema of waa, the scheatisr of ttl union ~ is extended toward and
tense inthe extreme isthe iit he into is (ex Rension, the acing
whic sn longer quantile a hence aceatle- of magnitad, Sethe 0
‘he it, hemi the contour of heures stretched tothe breakin pol.
a6 one sys andi at does cea, ding Wein the instant beeween wo
bouders, the border of the gue ad its united unborering.Sublie pre
sentation rhe Feng of thistriving ee nat ofuptue the imagen
Sal for an instant seasibleto ise although no longer tsa. in extreme tension.
and distension (overowins!of ‘abyss
(agai, de sivng a Strvng co each and ouch te st The Lins
the striving itself andthe touching Toaching isthe mit of self helm of
images and words, contact ~and with thi, paradoicly, the impos bist of
touching ineribed in touching ince touching i then, Thus oac =
‘trving because 6 no asa of as Bua MCS hot one Sensory tate
og ches ster oat no a passive theaters. a ofthe
amo ase therselves sensing, 36 Aso WOU bare i (ho, more
set eau ht here can be otra cotse ihr the strain
ouch more thine oer senses tales place ont in touching isl
free han the thre ae, teh ches iN a3 HM es
eset for ne (ous ony ih general tthe limit. Touching does nt
sr a eas oa eng sess)
"Ive subline preseottion is presentation because i gives ks wo be
sense br hissteinent hi fling sngla Ara wentet fhe
‘Sipe sentiment fan inensbty 3 ronsense sentiment apatea phiems
fais bona Rant 3), 2 seapatien of sencimert. uc cs bse
‘Fenen swell ct determines as please or opin bat ching the one
onthe other ovched by tease a the ter The liane peor with
fa ought not be undersea fea and ease of cmt and
ecnfrecembined none set Wy a perese contain. For this
inglar abate hast cist ofl with thea that the bj vaished
Inotc isalso nur thecase dha the sbjec gain easur y ean af ain gs
Nant end to pt i does ot pay the price ofthe one tort have the
(xe ater the pin bre ithe please that once 6. he hi ouch
Tie supende te beating heat
It feing property so-alesialways subjective, if is ndced he cove of
subjectity na poor eeting ones" of wheal the great phosephies
fine sujet ead prvide evidence, ncating the moe inlets among
fem then the eting ofthe sublime sts Kel ff = ot et self ~ reise
2 the overs of Doth feeling and subjectivity. Tae subime ate, Kant
Stirs, gos 38 ar a the snperson of aflecton the paths of pathy, This
Feling ino a etngonesel ain hs sase sno a felng 3a One
{ould 5 thai ht remain of olin he iene no longer
felis or when there ino longt anythin el OF he beating heart one
‘can ay with equal jostfeation ete that iets only its Beating or ha ino
loge fees angetngt elt
‘On the border of he synccpatin ling for a moments fess, witout
any ge ing et elt lt i eine aes etn ess
tos, br tas fein no longer Derg aough tis feng qe
singly i oe, ds etng snot as taken up in the loss wich
its tne feting Tis lng fo fe bt 9 be apo
‘rinther words dra would have const 3 dvble nate fol
‘one analytic of te fetng of appropriation, and another ana of fe Feeing
‘ef exposton: ene of 3 fein huh or by oneself a anater ofa fei
hough oy the eer Canon fel ugh teeter, though be ous
Nancy /Te subse Onen29//09‘ven thcuzh eting seers to depend onthe sei 2 its means and eventhough
precsly this dependence canons aesthetic jgesnen? Tis is what the
Fecing ofthe sublime forces ust think, The subject of fing and ofthe
judgement of taste are converted hace into the singularity of Ieling and
jgement hat remain tn be sre singular, but where the singular as sch i
ist ofa exposed ote une tality oan outs” ater tn ated to
its proper lninacy Or in eer word is he Inmacy ofthe to fe andthe
to feel oneself that paces itself here, paradoxical, as exposition to wha
yond the self passage ene insnsile a (unfeeling Lief the se
(an one sill sy thatthe tality is presented! in tie instant? IF were
propery presented. a would be in orto tac istance af presentation for
{re)resentation) which sthesubjec'viy of feeling. ur the ullutednes hat
alles the exposed felimgof the sobre cannot be presented oth his
‘nltedoess cannot become present and for 3 subject. nts syncepaticn,
the imazinaon presents ely presents fel 2 nite, beyond ts figure
tou this means thar it 16 affected by (is) aonpreseniaton, When, Kant
characterizes feeling. in the svn forthe im a3 representaion one mist
ouside his concep in dhe absence af he vais presence an the eset.
‘One most learn ~ and this is perhaps the secre ofthe sublime 2s well s the
Secret of the schematisi - hat presentation coes indeed ake pace bt ha i
oes not present anything. Pure peesntaian (presentation of presentation
itself orpresentaon ofthe tty presente nathing al One ould no doe
‘ay. ana cea vocabulary char & presents thing or the nothing In sna
vocabulary. one cul say that ie presents the nonpresentae Kant hin
writes tha the gens (who represen & pate subject the instance ofthe
sublime iat) expresses and communicates the unnamable The withoue
name is named the inexpresible is communicated al is presented ~ tebe
Tine Bat inthe end nd peel this i el where ale achieved and
wher all bein. wil be necessary to deny presentations name
il be nacesary to ay tat he totaly ~ortbe anon ofthe utited 2nd
the unlimicedaes of unien, or egan presentation sel, ts Taal, at and
subject Ic fered to the feeling ofthe subline or sored, nthe sublime.
Feeling The ofering retains ofthe “presen Implied by pesenation only the
sesture of presenting. The offering offers. cares. and places before
(cxymologialy, oFtering 6 nt very diferent for Obed, bu it does not
install in presence, Whats effere reais li, suspended on te border
ofa eerpion an acaptnce— which zara ints teinve any form other han
that ofan otering, To tho offre totaly, the imagen Is offered ~ thai
a sactiice /augeopes as Kant wes. The sacifced imagination i the
Imagination offered ot mic
sora unaesranLe
mene Oe one ei ee oe oe se oer bs
ee eee ee eae
Stetahe rye ti eateries
Saracen caaneiesnnese manors
pieatees canny euete ants
eee ees ereemas near
Ss eae
PomeratDomine Lnorme contapr Pe He, 9B ans te se, Oe Sine
Philip Shaw
Lacan: Sublimity and Sublimation//2007
{1 Lacan therapeu practice i censedon geting the Init come to
‘erm ith his of her llegated identity, ee fact tat is oF her desire for
wholeness or competion i am llision Patents wo have fale to aucept the
Split ia ir deity remain i hala state of being kr asthe Imaginary
‘They remain convinced tat union with che eae ior nage possible
because the refer acconimdtethemseves toe Fc hatch io
sn fect of language Lacan groupe the linguistic and seca stutare, hich
reextthe uiject’ entry int the word under the coletive tem Synbaie
The Symbolic which ee inant normally entes aro the age of tw, ule
‘oo functions nthe ane han enables the nan o become a flli-tedged
subject is able now o arcuate al efit. its needs and desks. Othe
‘othe han, che efant sored a exchange ks saseof wholeness fora level of
‘being that is 99 viewe of imeripcon in Tangunge and society, forever
‘compromised by its elation wit he dese of the Othe
‘Ey ino theSynbolc comes therefore at aprice: we give wp oUt
of completion onde to bein the world of ord, bat the World of words, we
soon discover fl satis. AS son as wo enter the symbolic contre, when
swelear for example, that he word other sno sbsttte for thera hing
(ur dese forthe last object, in this cas the moter boxn. is importa
rasp at this pint tht for Lacan the fost abject o ea hing Is essentay
missed of missing (See Lacan, The Four Fandamentel Concepts of
‘Psjeheanalyi, 1979, 54-5) Thats, the lost obec could never be pores sed in
te fst place; 3 an inlet ofthe Res a once that mite dstingiened
ftom empirical reaity and, er thar matey, rom the abstracted eealty of the
supesensbe the lst object can never be represent apps athe, 3 the
indiator of the canta! impossibility, the vid Thing a the heat ofthe
Symbolic whic can never be presented in reality but which must nevertheless
be presupposed if ely ist cohete (The Seminar of facques Lacan Book Vi,
1992: 119-21)
s2yrmurumseTaRLE
prs syle ht isn hpi engage wth he asf the
eaten tect hupson tc ls eter Inge nd iy
ss Jama wa 0 cnet) Te Eso Pte
Gos tneantin tert athoapnic casey on esa
eich ay ine 2a) he cst ah a
et tina pvr haa len corse sworn ig
een Ts mrt bes ompined ef hat eae
temas seve cv es (on Tena
setumars se ae ore its ang yer ete
terri one hs pangs whe emer eal nd
een se, Tec spats ene
ses teamed wi ht Onn ean a erpiess On an
Setescrrone rca ssn nite one mao
‘Stop tnspc (16 Tener shows enchant vm
‘Eine pitino gsm wha tne hepa
Set cero et yoann ata tha
‘vont nes otenstnr tore heer
faning tet mate asec of ages iy cag th
erence ef ye map of tone ae
Niortai ito he eter nar md tha
‘Sem esc inber flrs he saa oe
ut rgd ty ses cn aan ale sept aig hat
tne moa ey nes oer mea tert ter
Teed ru sao ee water edgy tng
tia). te Trg buses ete emp se cnt te Re we
Sora nscain sper ee ea }n
feud sion te Ting Does hn he el us fo he
Sone ns nce wee toate te enn et meng
presi to ig comp she bs
Stas acan cna ee Re etn cnn presened
tno ppt, Te Tir cher Uae yh it
msl eine #129 te beds comets the Sane
‘lr mate tty aan sand ofan nto wae
Salta vo race eight sect
haere uc te oth, aaed se ty te Ting ts
Secnessine aan owe ath sage epee atte
couse bony tote cone shan eatery He
Smo treo te pasty och thetic arte fm
ta ojo he eo led) tors an ob a a
snow Lac: Sbliy ond Sumeton/52‘vious conacton with this need (twas, sy the love of God) Tn Lacan's
enorkng of Fe this prose severed: the ido f shied rom the vold
ofthe “unservieable" Thing to some concrete, materi object of ned tha
Sssumes a sublime quality che moment it occupies the place of he Thing (The
“eek Reader, 1998, 157)" The mother aoe inner sublime; rather she
tcomessoline couse she inde the vot dhe bear symbolzton
The subline object pts theefors tothe furdamertal emptiness, he
seyond-of the sige (Lacan 1982: 54) wou which no sigifation could
‘ecu Objet hat comeo sign tis beyone thus become biel tractive
Feat overbearing. oF te simply subline AC this pont, Lacan recalls Feds
‘ets wank Beyond the leasute Principle 1822) n which Feu angues that
aye lifes governed by the deste to eglate pleat and pain Too much
lester claims leads the rmination of deste and thus oe end oF
Ii ise As tacansurimarizes, at Feels "he pleasure principle govens
the seat for ite lt} abject and imposes the detours which tira the
Aistace in relation tots end (192: 58) 16 the pleasure pence moter
words, that erabes the subject to ite around the vod, substuing the
lus satistacton othe signe for the deadly encounter withthe Tins.
cars lscouse on the sublime i$ picked up Inte in The Ethics of
Pychaanalss in bis detaies reading of Antigone The significance cf the lay
tums onthe conict between two vale stems the values of the plc
"stem, esposed the Theban leer Creon ad he vals offal tov,
imarfeted jn the devotion of Antigone @ hes deud ad dngoced. brother
lyme. Tragedy is bom out of Antigone’ ful observe Ceons inion
aunt the extension of bul ites to traitors Love, he argues. rus anscend
th pod othe stat, Rather than speculating 35 previous compmenatrs Rave
done, onthe rights oF wrongs of Artgones dance. Laan focuses steal on
Antizne’sesthetc qualities, Aigane, he acts, psseses “unbearable
Splendour, he asa cual that bot acs us and sates usin the serse of
Inmate ust this treble, saloilled victim cstrbs us (247). Sachs
‘tiga’ splenou that he males rational cosiération of er defiance abut
Impasse, othe Chars sets comes rembody the spitof Eros or awe:
‘ere sth ua fe
be ishere
nee oom ofr ce
lyin net
‘an te gp of his madss
pres pets ov ma,
prring he ecous a
wing is sto ares 8
Rane dings nose
oa ep ins oesef a bie ese
fates consones
Mpa ofthe gat
mode e003)
‘or her a all
sopnces, Ange 47 ane Bes 780-98)
retin tc omens 3 the chase te Se MAS
a ya mae she Ces ens a nis SHON
th ee pec ight hve fe edit ae Teh ac
ee ib ner ‘beauty’ is clearly sublime in effect.
ange 3 ble Det eAEY
enn oe, ope eas ll
casing fms eed oto aera cots oF hrm eM
i pt tmsh Aire inde eso, se ave
a eden son nthe oes censor othe Fon
cee ee tin ve a ta 0 eae Het
2 ea an te oda iver ices eo
ee at ve thes ssh ees 0
Fg fer be porto he past of Wag,
‘ei oD) Teint concen y Lacan ta
ca a eae of the stun fone hing ete a
Sng st tthe tes of be
a Sete inet y aig ob
I sd epee pepe an <0 SIS he RC fe
A ae fsb oes he Desig: tam dea nd {ee
ea ae ugar embrace href Ser dese fo Pale
palin the eave she ast be ede he
ee aan et vce ane, by sanding the HE of
‘seca tg bs comes]
aon nen et eae Aan ir These MINAS
sna haca Sbliniy an Subimation//58Stavoj Zizek
‘The Sublime Object of Ideology//1989
‘Te Logie of Sublity
Inhisessayon Te Religion ubliity'(1982} Simla Yvethas pointed out
2 esti inconsistency in Hees sstematzation of elon. an CONSE MGY
“tic does noe result ely fom the vey principle of Hegel's pilsophy bt
xpress athe a contingent mpi! pejuaice of Hege's 3s an ind,
nd can therfore be recied by consequent vse of Hegel own dalectica
procedure. Thie Inconsistency concems the pace occupied respectively by
eis and by ancent Greek Flgon: n Hees Lessons un che Philosophy of
‘Religion, Cis iraediatey preceded by ne forms the Yeligion of
‘pinto dusty the eis lpia of Subbiney Erhabenbet the Ciel
‘igon of ety. andthe Reman religion of Understanding [Verstand) In this
secession te fist lowest places taken bythe few religion ~ thas, reek
religion conceived 2 higher sage in sprtua development han the ows
religion, According £0 You! Hegel has ere given way to is personal ant
Seonte prejudice, Becae to be consistent with the logic of the dialectical
Drocess its undoubtedly the ech religion which shoul lw the Creek.
Despite some rezerations abo te cetall of Yoel: arguments. Ws
fundamental point seins {0 Ne the mark: the Greek Jewish and Chuan
religions do form a Kind of tad which coresponds pode 10 the tid of
fefection (posting, external and determinate retetion. to this elementary
trax of the dilecica! process Greek eligon erboais the mement of
Dostng reflection: si the platy oF spiral individuals (gos) is
tmmeciely “poste a6 the ghea spiitial essence of the werld. The fewish
relsion intedaces the moment of exteral ection all posirty i abolished
by teference tothe unapptoaabl, rnscenent Gol the absolute Maser, the
(ne of absolute nesatty: we issn concetes he ntviduityof mat
rot ae something exer to God but a a weective deesmination” of God
himse (inthe age of Chis, Go himself beomes ma).
eissomething of mystery wi Yow! does act mario he ec argument
Jn is avour the very interconnection ofthe notions OF rout and Subhmty
Greek eign i acrording te Hegel che reion of Baur and jews eon
‘ha of Subic thatthe very gic ofthe daleteal proces compe
‘nto conchae th Sublinty shout follow Desaty becouse is the point of
byealdowa oft mediation, oft sltteteental negating the couple
eouty/Sobiety Hegel rls of ure. om Kaas Crea Judgement, where
su/PacenomesenAt
subsite opal ng se emt mes ny ats
ttn fay cams 290 ners SAMY
Sa any nthe sent ped whe the spss
causa Fshamona ornaton = 2
nr a yet ea i ens sea
Sen of sey che 0 ca HME
rt omc ough ene) MOUS
Tes een Bey a Sty ate opposed slog ce 28s
tera eo eyes us peste le he ot
pe ences Son sl ose necatln
sei na ce fuer 864 tas HO he
A then pole sepa eee ec
tn ran ut aon tela dios
ae eset haere ato atone
acct fee bate — HE
oe ative mas fo Bessy a 0 of ecavn fe
re cer xml eat oes tn mean roe the
aa Let qt the aan defen othe Seine
estes
se Sutlne may be eseibed in eis way- 1 6 an objet fof eure) the
Mecano [Vorng| of which determins te min to exert the
[Dart] Son Rt 968: 9)
dete wo to pe ata La data of
A te ocrn etc o ann oe
sai pire ang. a sah ae he
Oe Cet ay ct ene ene
Satie ea tense a ghee saab
SI ee abn ese lon oe ee
Ten nga ees sexpert Hom Pe
Sea au ir enpen senor
a qaequy pert oar he Te 1
vo Sat essime Hanon ih ne con pean
Sr seman eof eto >
a saa te ey ar of eesti ek
SePsCethan atc ue ae ote ag Ta wy ot
Se tenga gs sens as
cat edanns bce sae RE
aor naa) ees psy
neu) he Sui bet ot cteg!/57the tous, incompsrablegreaness of the Thing. surpassing every possible
pinesomena, empiric! experience
The feng the Subneeeeor, Cone afin of plessu. sing
rte adequacy of magiation nthe aesthetic estimation of magni 9
tan os estimation by resan, and 3 Hattanewsly avakene pleasure,
tng fem the very germent af the inadequacy of the areaest ay cf
Sens being in acco ith ena rexson. sofa (hee ata oes
for 3 Want, 1964: 100
‘We ca ow see why iis precisely nature in ts most chaotic, bones,
tering dimension which I est ali to awaken nw te Feng oF the
Sabie: here ete te esti mapnato 3 saled eo wm, where
allfinte determinations isle therseies, the ale appears atts purest
‘he Sublime therefore the parade ofan objet wc, ln the very eld of
esesonation, proves 2 view in negative way ofthe dimension of what
Unrepesntbet 2 uniqbe pits Kans systema pot at which the sre,
the zp Denen phenomcnon and Things, sols in aregtve way
becase nt he pheorerrs cy nay to represent te Thing deel i
insribed inthe phenomenon to, ae Kat at eve ifthe eas f reason
‘cn bein ao way aq represented inte Sensunes-pheoeral wot hey
ane eed deve inthe mindy meas oN Wey Inacemuary whic an
De presented in asensoes ways hedaon aden —thissuccessa
presentation 97 mins of ale ofthe inadequacy if ~ which distinguishes
Enhsis evoked by the Sublime for: fal amas [Sohwarmee
fans san isane sony ceuson that we can meaty se oF Tsp
what ies hey a bounds a sensi. whl enthusiasm recaes al ose
Dyesentaton Ents ian example purely eztv resentation that the
SSbline eject eves kts na purl negate way the pao fe Things
indicted ugh the ary are oft repeseeatin Kan iso pied ut the
annecton heen sch ton Sublmiy and theese
‘We nave reason Far that te fect of te Sloe wll suf fam sn
tran mose of presenta ith which ssopether neve as 9 what
Sensuous for thoug the ipapnatin, no doubt ods thin Hoyo ke
Senshi worl a wich any holds es tare ae of he Sense
Banners gvsits teeta lng nounced an tht eal thus pies
tn ofthe fe. As such can newer be anyQhirg mote than negue
presentation ~ ut sl resins the sol, erage tere 1 ote SDE
usage inthe Jeogh Ls han the commsnden Thou sat nat make unio
thee ary gene mg. or tienes of a than heave neath,
Svar the earth snd so th a commandment ca aloes expan he
‘itsasm which eh Jewish peopl, x he mor pero Fl or terion
sre compatingtemssies tothe: (Ka, 195: 127)
tn what consists, then, the Hepelian critism of thls Kanan neton of the
‘uanme? From Kants point of view, Hegel's dale appears, oF curse, as &
‘Rpeated fll as 2 etn ta the Scindrmere of tradition] metaphysis which
[ans to take into secount the abjs separating penotena fom the Hea an
(ier to mediate the [ds ih phenome as with the Jesh reli, to
‘hi Chesanty appears as arturo o pagan polytelsm an the narration
rend ina mitude of mansine gues)
in eget’ dence, ough o pointcut hei hls deci none of
athe detest, particule phenomena epestos cequatl the supracensile
se thas, hor he kde s the vey movement ef subacon Aun ~ the
famous Hissiawerdn, “guiding of all artlclar determinations. The
Hegelian cil s much more radial: ioe ot afi, in opposition te Kant
tne posubilgy of sone Lind ef Teconlinton- mediation between (ea and
fname the poriilty of srmousng the gap which separates them,
Jotshing te rata themes the radical neeatve celtarship ofthe Hea
‘Thing to phenomena, Hege!s reproach of Kan (and at he same time f esh
rel son the conta, that tis Kan himself who sil remains a pisoner
lof the Feld of representation. Precisely when we determine the Ming 3 2
‘tanscndeatsurphis Beyond what can be repeseted. we determine onthe
fos ofthe Feld of represeration, starting. ron it within Hs rizon a 8
egetne Umit; the (Jewish) noclon of God a sadeal Otherness. as
tnvepresntable, til remains the exteeme point ofthe api of epesenaton,
ut here sean thle Hegaian approach ean ghe way to minderstanding if
wwe ‘eaitas anassertion hatin opposition ta Kan wh esto each he hing
Trough the very bxeakdown ofthe leo phenome, by driving the hic of
representation outst in dialeeal speculation, we must rasp the ig
iis rom tse as cen spare Roynd, itout eves a bgative erence
or lationship t the fk of representation. Tis i not Heges posi: che
Knianerdcsm as hee doves job ard hs were Hegel position Hea
Aaectics ould etectety ena 2 regression ni tne wanton mexapysics
smug tan immediate approach 1 the Thing Hegel's postion i in fact "more
Kansan than Ket hima ~tadnathing othe Kanan noon he Shine:
itmetel ast more fiero than Kan ins
Hegel. of course. tans the Basie calectial mement ofthe subtime che
cio that he ieatresched through pty negative presentation = tha the
‘Rani /tn Subtine Onto aosg7/50very insdequacy ofthe phesomenaity 1 the Thing isthe aly appre vay
to prewent it.The rea! problem es eleshere: Kant sill pressppses that the
‘hingsiniself exists 3¢ something positively gven eyand the Teld af
Teoresenation, of phenomenal: the breakdown of peaomenahty, the
"aperience of phenomena. fr enly an ‘excenal reflection, ony 2 way
rindcaang win the dain f phenomenal. tis anscendent dimension
Of the Thing wich persis itself Beyond phenomena.
Peels posi in contast, that thee norhing beyond phenomena
Ipvond the field of representation. The experience of radical negativity, of the
eal nadeeuacy of genomena to the We, ce experience ofthe acca
fesre Beren the 10 = ths experiences already Ha si 3s pure radical
Tesay, Weee Kant sbi that hei sill dealing ony with a negtve
reentation ofthe Thing, we ae already in the mist ofthe Thins for
this Thing nil snoring bt (hs acca negativity noes words ~ in ¢
Somenbat oversed Hegelan speculative rst he negative experince ofthe
Thing must change into the experience of the Thingin-Gel 3s radical
Teast, The enperence ofthe Subir tus seman the sare all we REO
Costa subtret ts tanseendentpresyppston he presuppestion tat
Cceperence indicates. na negative way, sme rancendent Thing -selt
essing ts post beyond tr short, we mus int urslzes fo what
ety fmanent co tis experience, pure negativity, to the negative se
felatonship ofthe representation.
emlogous to Heyes determintinn ofthe dfeence between the death of
the pagan go ane the dest of Chrst the fisting merely the death of the
teresa! embodiment o the errestal eprsertation gre of Ged. while
lth the death of hs i God of Deyond, Cod 263 postive, transcendent
Uatesnable es which dst we could that what Kant st ae 10
count the way the experience of the nuit ef the tmadeavacy ofthe
Denomenal oe of representation, which Dts usm the sentiment ofthe
Sublime, means a: the same time she naflty, the nonexistence of the
ttunseenden Ting tse apse entity
“sti tos the Lit of the lose of representation & no eb reduce all
contents to representations to what ea be represented, bof the sont.
fhe very presuppostign of some posiive entity (Thing-n-tself) beyond
Dhenomenat representation. We overcome phenomenal a0 By reachins
Pevond au by the experience of ove tere ecg Deyona it~ Raw ts
beyond predsely hs Nothing of bsohe negativity. Fe wlmost inadequacy
ofthe appearance to tsnoin. Te suprasensbie essences the'apperance gu
Sopesrance tut iti aot enough to sy et the appearace is neve
“dasquatetolisesence we must ale ad tot his esence seis nothing But
soy BUNRRESTTASLE
pe naegcy of he appre set ts nan wabeay WHsh
ee it us] a appr)
He esas el the sine sj s dpc est imperepniby, bit
porches deciselythe seine 40 Toger an eel emt
tote ou sey adequacy the dimension of» ascends TH
inte en) bat a eect which eccmles the place epee se he
ine rte Tig a= the vod sre pte hing of ate esl
em line i an obet bose postive Body is jst ae embatient of
sane wc noc hich by vada ges Dy tote
aa emo hc eared in Heer he fom otiese-ed
sa geen. adgement in whi toe aid predicate ae aia
‘able incomparable Sits a one; Wes the Sa he Stare
Ib Monat Cod is Christ
Morar te ec ofthe Sum seve by some boundless rer
aa phenomenon asag nate 2 soon en ee we are sing
veer itl pce ofthe Rea =e Spt ie net eh he
wep Set this pee of rea tha aa bodingin my bad he Sete
aaa onl organization of soca if isthe tie dy of he Monarch God
aan td the wu sess he mserabe intvua cried rogetet With
aoe oer, eres the ast secre of acta pecan: notin the
cea mediation ssimaton ofa comings, empl reality, nots the
ulation ol elit fomene mediating movement of abohute nepal
epee that ti ey negativity 0 atin ts eing-fooslf- must emDOay
‘eit apan in scme miserable radially contingent corporeal ove.
‘Tre Spits a Bone"
bermmecite evel that of understanding of representation [Vastlot
sie proposition appeats, of course, a5 an extreme variation of vulest
rpatenatn seducing the spc, the subject, pre cgay, the most mobile
eval clement an everesoping To. 02 rp, Sned, ead objet oft
irc, toanabenutelynor-ialectl presence Consequenty, we reac ike
tie shocked sorte treneta in te Rabioxitch joke: we are sae 8
“Jourd and nonvenszals the proposition the Spits 2 bone’ provkes in ws 8
deere of mda unbesable contactor; Coes an nage of gotesGHe
lscord ofan extemelyoegatve relationship.
onever, a inthe case of Rabinowc, it precisely thus that we progure
insapeatetie uth because this agate this unbeurahl dscns, comcces
veresijeety fel is ee any may to make present and palpable’ the
most ~ tht self-referential ~ nega whic characterizes the spit
‘Rbjectty, We sieceedin ransmttng he eimension of subjectivity By means
‘beef abe Ob tesa 62ofthe aore tlt throveh tee cadicl insulin, through the abseate
‘maladjustment ofthe predicate in celation to the subject. This why te Si
Is bone’ is a perfect example cf wht Mee! cals he speculative propos,
2 peopotion whose terms are incompatible, without commen measure. A
eel pointcut inthe Preface tthe Phonomenoingyof Spit ram herve
meaning af tach 2 proposition we must go ick and read i over again, decane
this true meaning arises tom the very fale ofthe Bost mmediae reading
Does not the proposion he Spite isa bane’ ~ ths equation of twa
absolutely incompatible terms, pare negative movement ofthe subject and the
Total inertia fii object offer us rething ike a Hegelian versio ofthe
LLeanian formula af fantasy: $0 27 To convince ourselves that it does. ts
‘enough to pace this proposion in sis proper context che passage rom
pysiognom co phvenlagy in the Phenomenology ofS
Fysognomy ~ te language of the body th expresion of the sje’
imevior nc Spontaneous gestures an ginaces~ sl Belongs 1 the level a
language, of ining representation ertan compres element (ast. 2
rac) represents, sts, he non-corporeal nei ef he sje Te al
result of pyshgnony i ts utr faiure- evry sigalvngreprescetanion bet ays
the set pees deforms what te sipped to reve: herein proper
ssgiler of the subjeet. Ard the pasage from plysiognany to phrerology
Functions 25 the chang of evel om. epresentationo presence: oppesiion te
sestures and sees, the Sul IHD Sigh expressing a ner epresenS
oth: ei ~inits ery inte ~ the immediate presence of the Spc
tn pysognny, Spit suposed to he can in Io ae asp. 3692
bong which ste ueraneo! Sit - tke vsleiiey oF essence...
‘eastern yt to beconsered However he ter aspect Last a wal
noble ery wich sata sown sel peaking sgn but, sated fo
felseonsious meme, potent elf an aw aceaue and ie a ere Tg
(eel, 1977195)
“he bon, the skal thus an jac which, by means of ts presence ls ut
‘the void the impessibiliy of the signtyng repeesctation ofthe subject
Leann erm i the abjctiaton of 3 certs ack’ 2 Thing ozeupes the
ace where the signifier sacking: the faasy-oject fils out the eck inthe
‘Other (he signers eer), The inert abject OF phenology Cie shaban) i
othngbuta postive frm of certain fall: embodies, erally ‘gives body
to. the atimate fare ofthe signifying representation of the subject It
therefore oveaie the subject as ar in Lealan theory the subj
's nothing bute impesiity of is own sigtyingrepresetation - the empty
ce apeaed up nthe ig Oe bythe Flue of this eersentato, te cn
et ce how means sth sul veprachacrdng fo wien Hegelan
‘Daeces ables a he et betters nog othe ie tbe
‘Sascea edition: the very even of lets mph onthe coms.
facie cays 3 core onan, cen etover escaping esl of
Mijeteation of stbecive aporptinon-medition. and te subject
sly coeltve fo Ins leftover: $a. The leo Wc esis
opatvaor enbodes the inposbalty wikt the sibjec: In ate
ons he ube cy corte ow lps i ss
poate codon
“The Hee ec vse consis ater inte conversion ofthis ako
cee snier io the sige othe ae Ho aaa thar we no hat the
Siero hls comersen by meus of whieh Syboledsthe
halls here we encooter east pie in che Heelan tet =a the
Enoch section on rel. epee ves the pale metaphor 0
dessa the relationsip between eto lvls of eg tte Popesioon
the Sr na Done: the una reading. tha of representation unersuding
ded she spective one:
The apt which spt brings ot ram thin = toy Fr it ple
inking comcooses whee Ie It rrsih an the agorance o ths
consinsnes about what relly sya the sie cannon te Mh
ted tbe low which inte lig beiag Nature mae exrees then itcembines|
the ran ef its ges fume, he onan of ane th the eae of
exon The init udgesent qu int, wall be the flien of He hat
‘omprenends tee onscreen jaere ht retains at
theletel a pictresnkingbehaen as uation [Heel 197,219
Smale eb prenaratn ars pi yl wih eee hs te
pe ere mond
qe oe tt teh anette inept ban he
pow ete neath ir ee ae a
Shiv Ze, cert Te Sane Oe eon dN Yc, 8)
‘se Tu Sabie Oba of deleoy/63