American Gas Association

AGA Report No. 3

ORIFICE METERING OF NATURAL
GAS AND OTHER RELATED
HYDROCARBON FLUIDS
PART 1
General Equations and
Uncertainty Guidelines
Copyright O
American Gas Association and American Petroleum Institute 1990, 2003
All Rights Reserved

American Gas Association

400 North Capitol Street, N.W., 4thFloor
Washington, DC 20001
U.S.A.

Third Edition, October 1990

2nd Printing, June 2003

Catalog No. XQ9017

 DISCLAIMERS AND COPYRIGHT

Nothing contained in this publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication

or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use in connection with any method, apparatus, or
product covered by letters patent, or as insuring anyone against liability for infhgement of
letters patent.
This publication was developed as a service to the natural gas industry and to the public. f i e
of this publication i s voluntary and should be taken after an independent review of the
applicable facts and circumstances.
Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in this
publication; however, the American Gas Association (AGA) makes no representation,
warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expr,essly disclaims
any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or *om the use of any
product or methodology described herein; for any violation of a y ffederal, state, or
municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict; or for the infringement of any
patent from the use of this publication. Nothing contained in this publication should be
viewed asan endorsement by AGA of any particular manufacturer's products.
Fb Permission is granted to republish material herein in laws or ordinances, and in regulations,
administrative orders, or similar documents issued by public authorities. Those desiring
r
t permission for other publications should consult the Operations and Engineering Section,
F American Gas Association, 400 North Capitol Street, NW, 4'h Floor, Washington, DC
20001,USA.
i. '

Copyright 01990, 2003 American Gas Association and American Petroleum

Institute, All Rights Reserved
 FOREWORD

AGA Report No. 3, Orifce Metering of Natural Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbon
Fluids, consists of four parts. This one is Part 1 - General Equations and Uncertainty
Guidelines. Other parts are:
Part 2 - Specifzcution and installation Requirements
Part 3 -Natural Gas Applications
Part 4 -Background, Development, Implementation Procedure, and
Subroutine Documentationfor Empirical Flange-Tapped
Discharge Coefjicient Equation
Each of the four parts is published separately to facilitate future changes, allow immediate
use, and reduce the size of the applicable part needed by most users. Although for many
applications each part can be used independently, users with natural. gas applications should
obtain Parts 2 , 3 and 4 before implementing
. . . Part 1.
This report applies to fluids that, for all practical pwposes, are considered to be clean, single
phase, homogeneous, and Newtonian, measured using concentric, square-edged, flange-
tapped orifice meters; and the Part 1 of the report provides equations for computing the flow
through orifice meters and offers guidelines for uncertainty determination. Users of ~ i v tave
orifice meters are referred to AGA ~evort'No.3, Part 3, for some eauations and guidelines
relevant to those meters.
This report has been developed through the cooperative efforts of many individuals from
industry under the sponsorship of the American Gas Association, the American Petroleum
Institute, and the Gas Processors Association, with contributions from the Chemical
Manufacturers Association, the Canadian Gas Association, the European Commynity,
Norway, Japan and others.
It may become necessary to make revisions to this document in the future. Whenever any
revisions are advisable, recommendations should be forwarded to the Operations and
Engineering Section, American Gas Association, 400 N. Capitol Street, NW, 4Ih Floor,
Washington, DC 20001, U.S.A. A form has been included at the end of this report for that
purpose.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

From the initial data-collection phase though the hnsl publication of this revision of the
AGA Report No. 3, Oryice Meiering of Natural Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbon
Fluids, many individual6 have devoted time and technical expertise. However, a small
group of individuals ha8 bccn very active for much of the project life. This group inchlea
the following people:

H.Bean, EL Paso Natwal Gaa Company (Retired)

R Beaty, Amoco Pmduction Company, Committee Chahan
D. Be& NOVA Copration
T. Coker, Phillips Pekoleum Company
W. Fling. OXY USA Inc. (Retired), ProjectManager
J. Gallagher, Shell Pipe Line Corporation
L. Hillburn, Phillips Petroleum Company (Retired)
P. Hoglund, Washhgton Natural Gas Company (Retired)
P. LaNasa, CPL &Associates
G. Less, Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America (Retired)
J. Messmcr, Chevmn U.S.A. Inc. Q M r c d )
R Teyssandier, Texaco Inc.
E. UPP
K. West, Mobil Research and Development Corporation
During much of the corresponding time period, a similar effort occwrcd in Europr. 'Ihc
following individuals provided valuable l i o n between the two eff-

D. Gould, Commission of the European Communities

F. Kinghom, National Engineering Laboratory
M. Reader-Harris, National Engineering Laboratory
J. Satbuy, National Engineering Laborator,.
E. Spencer, Consultant
J, Stolz, Consultant
P. van der Kam, Gasunie

Tbe American P e k o l e p Institute provided.most of the funding for the research project.
Additional support was provided by the American Gas Association and the Gas Processors
Association. Special thanks is given to the Gas Research Institute and K. Kothaii for
providing fun&g agd manpow& for the nanual gas calculations used in this project and to
the National Institute of S tandark and Technology i n B odder, Colorado, for additional
flow work
J. Whetstone and J. Breman were responsible for the collection of water daa at the
National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland. C. Button, S.
Caldwell, and W. Seidl of the Colorado Engineering Expmimmt Station Inc., were
responsible for the oil data. G. Less, J. Brenuan, J. Ely, C. Sindt, K. Starling, and R
Ellington were re8pomblc for the Natural Gas Pipeline of Amaica test data on natural gas.
. ..
~ ~e been aqart of the Chapter 14.3 Working
--- ---
y Group
and its many task forcer The list below i s the roster o f t K e W ~ ~ ~ ~ g r a u g m & f t r i a s k
forces at the time of publicahon but is by no means a oomplete list of the individuals who
participated in the developmnt of this dommmt.

R A d d , Exxon Chemical Americas - BOP

R. Bass
M. Bayliss, OccidentrjPetroleum (Caledonia) Ltd.
R. Bcaty, &now Production Company
D. Bell, NOVA Company
B. Berry
J. Bosio, Statoil
 J. Brcnoan, National MNte ofstadds and T W o g y
E Buxm
S. CaldweU
Rmvim,AmricanPeaolarm~
T.Colrcr, Phinips Petmleum Company
H. Colvard, Euon Comprmy, USA
L. Daaa-Bmm, UnitedGas Fipeiine Company
D. Embry, Phillips Petroleum Company
w. Fling
J. Gallagher, Shell Pipe Line Corporation .
V. GeWm, KtmMcGee Corpontion
B. George, Amoco Fwduction Company
G. Givens CNCl T r a n s m i s s i o u l ~ m
T. Glazebmok, Tumcco Gas TmqwrWion Compsny
D. Goedde, Texas Gas Tiansmission Corpalion
~ . c o u i a . ~ o n o f r l ~ e ~ C o ~ t i ~
K Gray, Phinip Pemkum Company
R. Hanlrinsoq PhiUips 66 Nahual Gas Company
RH a d
E Hickl, Union Carbide Coqmation
LHillbum
P. Hoglund, Washington Natural Gas Company
J. Hord, National Instilute of Standardsand Tefhoology
E Jooes, Jr., Chevron Oil Eeld Research Company
M. Keady
K Kothari, Gas Research lnstim
.'F LaNasa
G. Less
G. Lynn, Oklahoma N a n d Gas Company
R.Maddox
G. Mauiugly, N a t i d Institute of Staudards and Technology
B.McConaghy. NOVA Corporation
C. Mcna
L. Nonis, Exxon E'mduction Research Company
K. Olsou, Ckmical Manufadwen Association
A. Rasher, Gas Company of New Mexiw
E. Raper, OXY USA, IUC.
W. Rysn, El Paso Naiural Gas C o m p y
R. Segers
1. Sheffield
s. St&, W~LliamsNatural Gas Company
=&
K starrig
--------

J. S t u t Pacific Gas and Electric Company

w Studzimki. NOVAlHusky Research Company
M. Sumn,Gas Processors Association
R. Teyssaudier, T-0 IUC.
V. Tmg,Chevron Oil Field Research Company
L. Traweek. American Gas Association
E. Upp
F.Van Orsdol, Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
N. Waranak. National Research Labomtory of Metrology, Japan
K. West. Mobil Research and Development Corporation
P.Wilcox, Total of France
J-WiOryx~Company
M.William$Amcco Fwduaion Company
EW-
, UnitedGas Pipebe Company
C womlloXYusA,Ioc
 CONTENTS

1.1 Introduaion ..............................................................................................

1.1.1 Scope
1.12 ~ m 0 f S t a o d a r d...................................................................
1.13 Referenmi Publications .................................................................. ..
1.2 Field of Al.rplieaton .
-
1 2 1 Applicable Fluids .................................... .......-.-..-....-...-.. ............. -
1.22 Types of Meters ....................................................................................
1.23 Unceminty of Measorement ............................................................
1.3 Mcrhod of Calculation
1.4 Symbols ................................................................................................ ..
. .
1.5 DafimImm ............................................................................................... - ..
1.5.1 PrimatyElemmt .- :
15.2 PressureMeasuremm
15.3 Temperature Measurement .................................................................
- .......
1.5.4 Flow Rate Deternunahon .-
. . ............................. . . ........................................
15.5 Fluid Physical F'qerties ".................................
1.5.6 Base Conditions
1.5.7 Semitivity Coeffickm ........................................................................
13.8 Merer Factor
1.6 O r i l k Flow Equation
1.6.1 Velocity ofApproach Factor .................................................................
1.6.2 OrificePlate Bore, Diameter
1.63 Meter Tube Internal Diameter .............................................................
1.7 Empirical C0efficie-mof Discharge .......---.--..I ......------- -
1.7.1 R e p s i o n Data Base
1.7.2 Empirical Coefficient of Discharge Equauon for FiangcTappad
Orifice Meters ......................................................................................
1.7.3 Reynolds Number
1.7.4 Flow Conditiom
1.7.5 Pulsating Flow
1.8 Empirical Expansion Factor for FlangbTap@ OrifiaMcten .................-.
1.8.1 Upsarrm Expansion Factm
1.8.2 Downstream Expansion Factor
1.9 In-Sim Cal~bration
1.9.1 General ...................................................................................................
1.9.2 Meter Comction Factor
1.10 Fluid Physical Properiies ........................... 2................................................
1.10.1 Viscosity ..................................................................................................
1.102 Density ....................................................................................................
1.10.3 lsentwpic Exponent ...............................................................................
1.1 1 Unit Conversion Factors ..............................................................................
1.11.1 Orifice Flow Equation
l.ll.2 Reynolds Number Equation
1.1 1.3 Expansion Factor Equation ........................................ ..
1.1 1.4 Flow Rate per Unit of Time Conversion

vii
 Page
1.12 RacticalUncertaimy Guidelines ............................................................. 23
1.121 General - 24
1.122 Uwettainly O v a a Flow Range ................ 24
............................................................. -
;

1.123 UncataintyofFlowRate 24
1.124 Typical Unceaaimies .................................................................. . 26
1.125 Example U m e m i q Calculations 31

APPENDIX I-A-SmRENCES - 35
APPENDIX I-B-DISCHARGE COEFFlCENTS FOR FLANGE-TAPPED
ORIFICEMETERS 37
AFTENDM IC-ADlUSThENTS FOR INSTRUMENTGUIBRATION
AND USE ....................................................................... 51

I-l-Orifice Meter
I-2-orifice Tapping Location .............................................
:........................
1-3-Contribution to Flow Enw due to Diik'mtial Ressure Immmmmion .
1-4-Empirical Coefficient of Discbarge: UnCertaimy at In6nite Reynolds
-
Number ....-......-...L..................................... :....................................
1-5-Relarive Qlange in Unanainty: Dcpeademeon ReywIds Number ........
I-6-Ranid U d t y Levels ...............................................................
Tabk
I-l-Linear CoefficientofThcrmal Expansion .............................................
I-2-Orifce How Rate Eqdm.Unit Conversion Factor .
1-3-Reynolds Numbe.r Equation: Unit Conwasion Faaor ..............................
1 4 - E m p i Expansioo Fa*or Quation: Unit Cooversion Faaor ...............
1-5-Umcataiuty Slamneat for Empirical Expansion FFanor .............................
Id-Exampk Unt~alainlyEstimate for Liquid ROWCalCUhdon
I-7-J3ample Unanainty Estimste for Natural Gas Flow Calculation ............
I-B-l-Discharge Coefficients for Fhge-Tapped OrificeMeters:
Nominal 2-Ineh (50-Millhem) M*a - :
1-B-2-Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Ma Meters:
Nominal 3-Inch (75-Millimaer) Meter
I-B-3-Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters
Nominal 4-Inch (100-Millimeter)Meter .............................................
1-B-4-Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped e d c e Meras:
Nominal 6-Inch (150-Millimeter) Meter
I-B-5-Discharge Ccdicients for Flange-Tapped Orifice Mctas:
Nominal 8-lnch (200-Mi-) Meter
I-B-6-Diszhge Coe.fIicients for Flange-Tapped eda Meters:
Nominal 10-Inch (250-Millimaer) Meter
I-B-7-Di~ckge &effi&m for Flange-Tapped OriliceMeters:
Nominal 12-Inch (3WWmeter) Meter
I-B-8-Discharge Cceflicieutsfor Flange-Tapped O r i h Meters:
Nominal 16-Inch (400-Millimeter)Meter .-
I-B-9-Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped OrificeMQrc
Nominal 20-Inch (MOMilbmter) Meter ..............................................
I-B-10-Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Oritice Meters:
Nominal 24-Inch (600-Mi) Meter -
1-B-1l-Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters:
Nominal %Inch (750-MiUhem)Meter
 PART 1-GENERAL EQUATIONS AND UNCERTAINTY GUIDEUNES

1. Introduction
1.1.1 SCOPE

This standard pmvides a single reference for engheahg equations, uncertainty estima-
tions, cgns&on and insallation requiremeas, and standanlid implementation recom-
meadations for the calculation of flow rate though cmceneic, square-edged, flangetapped
o*ce nmetas. U.S. customary [Inch-Pound (IF')] and International System of Units (SI) are
included.

1.12 ORGANIZATION OF STANDARD

The standard is organized into four pats. Parts 1,2, and 4 apply to the measurement of
any Newtonian fluid in the petrolarm and chemical hdumies. Part 3 foouses on the appfi-
cationofPam 1,2,and4tothemeasurementofnaturalgas.

112.1 -
Part 1 General Equations and Uncertainty Guidelines

The mass flow rate and ham (or staadard) vohmewic flow rate equations are discussed,
along with the tenns required for solution of the flow equation.
The empirical equations for the coefficient of discharge and expansion fector are pre-
sented. However, the bases for the empmcal equations are contained in other sections of this
standard or the appropriatereference document
For the proper use of this standard, a discussion is presented on the prediction (or deeri
mination) of the fluid's properties at flowing conditions. The h i d ' s physical pmpedies shall
be determined by direct measurements, appropriate technical atandads, or equations of state.
Unceriainty guidelines are presented for determining the possible m r associated with
the use of this standard for any fluid application. U s e r - d e f d mcednties for the fluid's
physical propaties and auxiliary (secondary) devices are nquired to solve the practical
working formula for the estimated uncertainty.

1.12.2 Part 2 - Specification and Installation Requirements

Specifications are presentad for orifice meters, in particular, orifice plates, d ~ c plate
e
holdem, scnsing taps, meter tubes, and flow conditioners,
Installation requirements for orifice plates, meter tubes, thermometer wells, flow
conditionem, and a p s W d o w m m a m meter tube lengths are presented.
1.1.2.3 Part 3 - Natural Gas Applications
The application of lhis staadard to nahual gas is presented, along with praotical
guidelines. Mass flow rate and base (or standard) volumetric flow Fate methods are presented
m conformance with N o h American irdustry practices.

1
1.1.2.4 -
Part 4 Background, Development, and Implementation
Procedure and Subroutine Documentation for Emplrlcal
Flange-Tapped Discharge Coefficient Equation
The coefficient of discharge database for flange-- orifice meters and its background,
dwelopment, and limitations are presented.
Implementation procedures for flange-tapped orifice m e w are pmented, along with a
set of example calculations. The examples are designed to aid in checkout procedures for any
routines that are developed using the implementation prooedures.

1.1.3 REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS

Several documents served as references for the revision of this standard. In panicular,
previous editions of AGA Report No.3 (ANSI'/API 2530; Chapter 14.3) provided a wealth
of information. The l h t o l y reports for the experimental databases also pmvided valnable
i n f d o n concerning the control of independent variables, both qualitatively and
quantitatively. Other publications, symposium proceedings, trade journals, textbooks, and
society papas were consulted for the revision of this standard.
A complete bibliography is available upon &pest 6om the American Petroleum Insti-
tute. A reduced list, referencing the major expeximental m h , is wntained in Appendix
1-A.

1.2 Field of Application

1.2.1 APPLICABLE FLUIDS

This standard applies to steady-state mass flow conditions for fluids that, for all practical
pmposes, are considered to be clean, single pbase, homogeimous, ahd Newtonian in13 have
pipe Reynolds numbers of 4000 or greater. All gases, most liquids, and most dense phase
fluids associated with the petroleum, petrochemical, and natural gas industries are usually
considered Newtonian fluids.

1.2.2 TYPES OF METERS

This standard provides design, construction, and installation specifications for flange!
tapped, concentric, square-edged ori6ce meters of nominal 2-inch Schedule 160 and largex
pipe diameters.
An orifice meter is a fluid flow-measuring device that produces a differential pressure to
infer flow rate. The meter consists of the following elements (see Figure 1-1):
a. A thin, concentric, sqwreedged orifice plate.
b. An orifice plate holder consisting of a set of oritice flanges (or an orifice fitting) equipped
with the appropriate differential pressure sensing tap.
c. A meter Nbe consisting of the adjacent piping sections (with or without flow condition-
4.
The auxiliary (secondary) devices necessary for the precise determination of flow rate are
not included in the scope of this standard. These devices are usually instruments that sense
the differential and static pressure., fluid temperature, and fluid density andlor relative density
(specific gravity), and either mechanical recording devices or electronic calculato~~.
Publications of the AGA, API, GPA', and others should be used to specify and install these
auxiliary (secondary) devices.

'Amuiwn N a t i m l Standards lnsliMc, 25 Wesl43."S

& New Y& New Yak 10036
'Amaica Gas Assmiation. 400 N. Capitol Sired, NW, Wpphin-, DC ZWOl
'Gx Processon Associfdion, 6526 East 60* Smec, Tulrs, O k M m 74145.
., .- . . . . ;g OPE

On m

-
Figure 1-1 M c e Meter

13.3 UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENT

Many factors inmtence the overall measurement unc&ty associated with a metering ,
application. Major contributors include comtrnction tolerances in the meter componens,
. tolerances of empirical coefficient of discharge data bases or in-situ flow calibrations, pre-
dictability of and variations in the fluid's physical pmperties, and uncatahties associated
with the auxiliary (secondary) devices.
Using the guidelimes contained in this standard in combination with the associated
uncatahty tokrances for the fluid's physical properties, in-sim calibrations, or coefficientof
discharge data bases, and the appropriate auxiliary (secondary) devices, the user can estimate
the d l measurement uncertainty waciated with a properly designed, inststled, and
maintained thin plate, concentric, q w w d g e d orifice metenag application.

1.3 Method of Calculation

This standard provides mommended standardized calculation implementation me&&
for the quantification of fluid flow under defined conditions, regardless of the point of origin
or destination or the units of meawe. required by governmental customs or statute. The
reannmnded implanenation procadurcs provided in AGA Report No.3, Part 4, allow
different entities using various computer languages on different computing hardware to
arrive at nearly identical r e d u ~using the same standardized input data.
The following two recommended implementation procedures have bem prepared to 3-
lushate the standardized set of mathematical expressions and sequencing, including itera-
tionlrounding techniques:
a Mass flow rate.
b. staadard V O I U now
~ ~rate.

The~mplsented~onlyihesolmioaof~ftowraa~mdrrqoirc
specific inpms (fixed and variable). Typical fixed inpuls indude meter tube inmnal diam-
eter, orifice plate bore diameter, and linear &dent of expansion for steels @ipe and
aifiaplate).TypicdvariabIe inpntsmay i n d u d e d i & r e n t i e l i m d m i c ~ t e m p e r -
ahlre, 5uid dmsity. isenuopic exponent forcompredile fluids, and fluid visaosity.
The fluid's physical proper& shall be determined by directmtssmunents, appropriMc
~calPtandanls,or~~ll~ofstatcifmultiplei#lrtiesminvolvedin~masure-
mem,thc a p p p d e &cal method selected for deemking the fluid's physical prop-
d e s shall be muNaUy agreed upon.

1.4 Symbols
This standvdreflects d c e meter applicationto fluid flow matsurement with symbols
in generaI technicaluse.
Symbol Rcpresentcd Quantity
C, 'Orifice plate coefficient of discbarge.
C,O (kfiicient of dischargeat a specifd pipe ReymW m r m k fo~
orifice meter.
C, Coefficient ofdischarge a t infinitepipe Reynolds number.
C.(W CoefiiCient of discbarge at M t e pipe. Reynolds number for uxner-tapped
orifice meter.
C j g C d c i e n t of discharge.at M t e pipe Reynolds number for flange-tapped
dicemeter.
c, Specific heat at constant pressm.
cu Specific heat at cmstmt volum.
d Orifice plate bme d i e d d a t e d at flowing -, Tp
dm Orifice plate bore diameter measured at T,
d, Orifice plate bore diameter at refaena tanperarme, Tp
D Meter Nbe.intrmal diameter calctllated at flowingtempaature, T,
Dm Meter tube internal diameter measured at .T 4
D, Metertubeintanaldi;aneteratIef-mnperaaupT,
AP Orifice ditfaential pressure.
OC Ternperam, in degrees Celsius.
OF Templalure,in~Fahmheit.
K Temperatwe, in kelvins.
"R Tcmpcranne,inindagrees~.
E, Velodtyofappmachfa*or.
g, DirnQKional conversion consant
G, Ideal gas relative density (specilic gravity).
k Isenaopicexponent.
k, Ideal g& ismtropic exponent
k, Perfect gas isentropic exponent
k, Real gas isompic expmcnt
MF In-situ calibration meter factor.
Mr,, Molar mass of air.
Mr, Mdm mass of gas.
N, Unit conversion factor (orifice flow).
N, Unit conversion factor (Reynolds number).
N, Unit conversion factor (expamion factor).
N, Unit conversion factor (discharge codftcimt).
P, Base ( r e f m c e OI standard) pressure.
 Static pressure of fluid at the pressure tap.
Absolute static pressure at the orifice upstream differential pressure tap.
Absolute static pressure at the orifice domtreamdifferential ~ u r tap. e
Mass flow rate.
Mass flow rate indicated by the orifice meter being calibrated.
Mass flow rate determioed by the primasy mass flow system (or masterme).
Volume flow rate at flowing (actual) conditions.
Volume flow rate indicated by the orifice meter being calibrated.
Volume flow rate at base (standard) conditions.
U N Vgas~COnSranL
Roughness average value from continuously averaging metersmdings.
Pipe Reynolds number.
TemperaNre.
Base (reference or standard) temperature.
Temperature of fluid at flowing conditions.
~ ~ p e r a t uofr ethe orifice plate or mder tube at time of d i e t e r measure-
ments.
Reference temperature of orifice plate bore diameter and/or meter tube inside
diameter.
Ratio of differential pressure to absolute static pressure:
Ratio of differential pressure to absolute static pressure at the upstream pres-
sure tap.
Sensitivity coefficient (influence coefficient).
Expansion factor.
Expansionfactor based on upstream absolute static pressure.
Expansion factor based on downsueam absolute static pressure.
Fluid compr&ibility.
Fluid compressibility at flowing conditions.
Compressibility of the fluid flowing at the upstream pressure tap location.
Compressibility of the fluid flowing at the downsneam pressure tap location.
Linear coefficient of thermal expansion.
Linear coefficient of thermal expansion of the orifice platemarerial.
Linear coeflicient of thermal expansion ofthe meter tube material.
Ratio of &ce diameter to meter tube diameter calculated at flowing condi-
tions.
Absolute viscosity of fluid flowing.
Universal constant.
Density of the fluid.
Density of the fluid at base conditions (P,, T,).
Density of the fluid at flowing conditions (Pf, T,).

1.5 Definitions
This standard reflects orifice meter application to fluid flow measurement Tbe defint
tions are given to emphasize the particular meaning of the tenus as used in this standard.

1.5.1 PRIMARY ELEMENT

'The primary element is defined as the orifice plate, the orifice plate holder with its asso-
ciated differential pressure sensing taps, and the meter tube.

1.5.1 .I Orifice Plate

'The orifice plate is defined as a thin plate in which a circular concentric ape- (bore)
has been machined. The orifice plate is described as a thin plate with sharp, square edge be-
cause the thickness of the plate material is small, compared with the iatcmal diameter of the
~~aperture@ore),sndbecausethcup~edgeofthe~ngapertureisshsrp
and square.

1.5.1.2 OrMce Plate Bore Dlameter (d, dm d,)

The calculated orifice plate bore diameter (4 is the internal diameter of the orifice plate
measuring aperture @ore) computed at flowing temperature (n,as specified in 1.6.2. The
calculated orifice plate bore diameta (4is used in the flow equation for the determination of
flow rate.
Tbe measured orifice plate bore diameter (da is thc measured internal diameter of the
o* plate measuring ape nu^^ at the temperatme of the orifice plate (T.) at the time of bon
diameter measurements, detamined as specified in AGA Report No.3, Part 2.
The nfermce orifice plate bofe diameter (d,)is the internal diameter of the orifice plate
measuring aperture at reference temperature (T,),calculated as specified in AGA Report No.
3, Part 2. The reference orifce plate bae diameter is the certified or stamped orifice plate
bore diieter.

1.5.1.3 Orifice Plate Holder

The o r i f i plate holder is defined as a pressuracontahin'g piping element, such as a set of
orifice flanges or an orifm fitting, used to contain and position the orifice plate in the piping
system.
1 . 4 Meter Tube
The meter tube is defined as the straight sections of pipe, including all segments that are
integral to the orifice plate holder,~~ and downstream of the orifce plate, as speci-
fied in AGA Report No.3, Part 2.
1.5.1.5 Meter Tuba Internal Diameter (D, Dm D,)
The calculated meter tube internal diameter (D)is the inside d i i e t e r of the upstream
section of the meter tube computed at flowing temperature (TJ, as specified in 1.6.3. The
calculated meter tube internal diameter (D)is used in the diameter ratio and Reynolds num-
ber equations.
Thc measured meter hrbc internal diameter (Dm) is the outside diamctcr of the upstream
section of the meter tube.at the tempexatwe of the meter tube (
T.) at the time of internal di-
ameter measurements, determined as specified in AGA Repott No.3, Part 2.
The ref- meter tube internal diameter (D,)is the inside diameter of the upstream
section of the meter tube at the reference temperature (T,),calculated as specified in AGA
report No.3, Part 2. The.refemme meter tube.internal diameter is the ccnified or stamped
meter tube internal diameter.
1.5.1.6 Diameter Ration (B)
The diameter ration GB) is de.fhd as the calculated orifice plate bore diameter (d)divided
by the calculated meter tube intrmal diameter (D).
1.5.2 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

1.5.2.1 Tap Hole

A tap hole is a hole drilled radially in the wall of the meter tuhe or orifice plate holder, the
inside edge of which is flush and without any bum.
1.5.2.2 Flange Taps
Flange taps are a pair of tap holes positioned es follows (see F w 1-2):
a The npsaam tap anm is located 1k h (25.4 millimems)upsheam of the -t plate
face.
b. The down- tap center is bcated 1 inch (25.4 millimeters) downstreamof the near-
est phoe face.

152.3 D i i Pressure (AP)

'Ihe differential pressure (AP)is the static pressure d i f f m e measured between the up
-s and downsueam flange taps.

15.2.4 . Static Pressure (4)

The static pressure (4)is the absolute. flowingfluidplesslne measured at one of the
b g e tap holes. The absolute prrsswe may be measured directly or can be obtained by
adding local baromeaic pressme to measured gauge pnsmre:
AbsoIute static pressu~= Gauge d c plessure + Local baromenic plessure

Redmlafion wne

FIANGE-TAPPED ORIFICE METER

Figure 1-2--Orifice Tapping Location

8

1.5.3 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT (Tlf

The temperature is the flowing fluid temperame (9) maswed at the designated up-
stream or downstream location, as specified in AGA Report No.3, Part 2.
In flow measurement applications where the fluid vebcity is well below sonic, it is wm-
mon practice to insert a temperatumsensing device in the middle of the flowing stream to
obtain the flowing temperature. For practical applications, the sensed trmtperatun is as-
summed to be the static tempature of the flowing fluid.
The use of flowing temperature in this part of the standard requires thc tempgahlre to be
measured in degrees F M e i t or degree$Celsius. However, if the flowing temperature is
used in an equation of state to determine the density of the flowing fluid, it may require that
the Fahrenheit or Celsius values be converted to absolute temperature valucs of dcgrees
Rankine or Kelvin though the following relationships:
R
' = OF + 459.67
K = "C + 273.15

1.5.4 FLOW RATE DETERMINATION

1.5.4.1 OMce Flow Rate (q, q,, Q.)
The orifice flow rate is the mass or volume flow through an orifice meter per unit of time.
. .
1.5.4.2 Orifice Plate Coefficient of Discharge (Cd)
The orifice plate coefficient of discharge (Cd)is the ratio of the flow to the theoretical
flow and is applied to the theoretical flow equation to obtain the actual (true) flow.

1.5.4.3 Velocity of Approach (E,)

The velocity of approach factor (&) is a mathematical expression that relates the velocity
of the flowing fluid in the orifice meter appmich d o n (upsueam meter tube) to the fluid
velocity in the oritice plate. bore.
1.5.4.4 Expansion Factor (Y)
The expansion factor (Y) is an empirical expression used to correct the flow rate fok the
reduction in fluid density that a compmsible fluid experiences when it passes through the
orifice plate bore.
1.5.4.5 Pipe Reynolds Number (Reo)
The pipe ReyaoIds number is a dimensionless ratio of forces used to wrrelate the vari-
ations in the orifice plate coefticient of dixharge (Cd)with changes in the fluid's properties,
flow rate, and oriftce meter geometry.
1.5.5 FLUID PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1.5.5.1 D e ~ i t GOb,
y PD)
The flowing fluid density) @
, is the mass per unit volume of the fluid beiig measured at
flowing conditions (qP,).
The base fluid density @b) is the mass per unit volume of the fluid being measwed at base
conditions (Tb,Pb).
1.5.5.2 Absolute Viscosity Q
Tbe absolute viscosity Q is the measwe of a ftuid's intermolecular cohesive fow's re-
sistance to shear per unit of time.
 The~lity(Z)isanadjusrmem~usdmaaamtfor~deviationfromthe
ideal grr law.

1.5.5A Isentropic Exponent (k)

The isentmpicexpcmem(k)is a tkrmcdynamic sate property that establishes the rela-
tionship betwcen an aptding fluid's presnnc and density as the fluid flows rhrough the
a c e plate bore.

1.5.6 BASE CONDITIONS(P, TJ

Hismridly, the flow measurement of some fluids, such as cusmdy rransfer and proess
connu1havebeen sratedin volume units et base (nf- or smndard) & t i m ofpres-
sllrc and mpmme.
The h e anditions hthe flow i~xmumnent of fluids, such as cru& pcuuleum and its
~md~uct$whoscvapapessmiscqualtoorLssrhanam~~atbssef~mper-
anne are de6ned in the United States as a prepire of 14.6% pounds per square inch abso-
lute (101.325 kilopascals) at a temperature of 60.0°F (15.56°C)..According to the
lntunationa! Smdan3s O g a n i o n , base conditions are defined as a pressure of 14.6%
pounds per square inch absolute (101.325 kilopascals) at a temperature of 59.000F
(15.0000
Fbrfluids, such as liquid hydmarbom, whose vapor pasure is gream than atmosphaic
pressureatbgsemnpntun,thebace~~~~iscusromariiydesi~sstheequilibrium
vaporpressunat~mnpnmue.
The b a s cmditions for the flow memwmemof nanwl gases are defined in the United
States as a pessm of 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute (101.560 kilopascak) at a
tempaahue of 60.0°F (15.56°C). According to the Internationat Standards Organizarion
base conditions are defined as a pressure of 14.6% pounds per square inch absolute
(101.325 kilopasds) ata temperahue of 59.WF (15.WO.
Fm both liquid and gas applications, these base conditions can change h m one cmnhy
to the next, one state to the next,or one industry to the next. Th.erefore, it is ntwssary that
the base conditions be identified for standard volumewic flow measurement.
,
15.7 SENsmMn COEFFICIENT (S)
In estimating the lmcenainty associated with the metering facility, a number of variables
must be combiied. The mathematical relationships among the variables establish the sen-
sitivity of the me- quantities to each of thm variables. As such, each variabk mat may
inEua~lethe flow equation has a specific sensitivity coefficient The derivation of this coef-
ficient is based on a mathematical relationship or Mimated 'om calcalaticm, rables, or
Quves.

15.8 METER FACTOR (MF)

The meter factor (MF) is a n u m b obtained by dividing the quantity of fluid measured
by the primary mass flow system by the quantity indicated by the orificemeter during cal-
ihtim.

1.6 Orifice Flow Equation

The accepted one-dimensional equation for mass flow through a concentric. square-
edged orifia meter is stated in Equation 1-1 or 1-2 The derivation is based on conserv~
of mass awlenagy,cwdmcnsional fluid dynamics,and empirical functions sufh as e q m
tions of state and dmmodynamic process smements. Any derivation is accume when all
the assumptions used to develop it are valid. As a result, an empirical orifice plate meffi-
 -

cient of discharge is applied to the theoretical equation to adjust for-nr vis-

ams fluid dynamiceffeds In addition, an empirical expaosionfxtor is applied to the the-
oretical equation to adjust for the reduction in fluid density that a compressible fluid
experiences when it passes dmugh an orifice plate.
The fundamental orifice meter mass flow equation is as follows:
qm= CdE.Y(d4)d2 (1-1)
Whm:
C, = d c e plate wefiicient of discharge.
d = orifice plate bore diametez calfulated at flowing empmmm (T,).
Ai? = orifice ificeacntial pksure.
E. = velocity of approach fmor.
g, = dimensional convasion wnstaut
r = uuivesal anstant
= 3.14159.
q. = massflowrate.
p , = density of ik fluid at ffowing c d t i o n s (4,T,).
Y =.expansimfaaor.
The pmaidorifice meter flow equation used in this standard is a sirnpli6ed form that
combmes the numerical camants and unit convasion anstants in a unit conversion fanor
(N,):
q- = N,C,E,Yd2 (1-21
Where:
Cd = orifice plate cdefkient of discharge.
d = d c e plate borc diameter calculated at flowing tempemme (TI)
AP = orifice differential pressure.
E,. = velocity of appmach factor.
N, = unit wnversion factor.
q, = mass flow rate.
p , = dmsity of the fluid at flowingconditions (P,,T,).
Y = expansion factor. '

The expansion factor,Y, is included in Equations 1-1 and 1-2 because it is applicable d
aU single-phase, homogeneous Newtonian fluids. For it~ampressiblefluids, such as wam
at 60°F (15.56*C)and atmospheric presrure, the empirical expansion factm is defined as
1.0000.
T k orifice plate coefficientof diihage, C ,and the expansion factor, Y, are empirical
hmctions derived from experimmtal data
The orifice meter is a mass meter from which a differential pressure signal is developed
as a himxion of the velocity of the fluid as it passes through the orifice plate bore. hhip
&tion ofthe density variable in ik equation permits calculation of flow rate in either mass
or volume unio. The volumetric flow rate at flowing (actual)conditions can be calculated
using the following equation:
9" = s./& (!3)
The volumetric flow rate at base (standard) conditionscan be calculated using the follow-
ing equation:
Q, = 4.1~6 (1-41
The mass flow late (q,) can be convened to a volumetric flow rate at base (standard)
conditions (QJ if the fluid density at the base conditions (p,) can be determined or is spd-
fied.
The unit convasion factor, N,, is delined and presented in 1.11.
I . . VELOCITY OF APPROACH FACTOR (E,)
The velocity of approach factor, &, is calculated as follow: .t

d = orifice plate bore diameter calculated at flowing temperature (q).

D = meter tube internal diameter calculated at flowing temperature (TI)
1.6.2 ORIFICE PLATE BORE DIAMETER (d)
The orifice plate bore diameter, d, is defined as the diameter at flowing conditions and
can be calculated using the following equation:

d = d,[l + a,(? - T,)] (1- 7)

Where:
a, = linear coefficient of thermal expansion for the orifice plate material (see Table 1-1).
d = orifice plate bore diameter calculated at flowing bmpemm (Tf)
d, = rcfmcncc orifice plate born diameter at T,
?j = temperature of the fluid at flowing conditiom.
T, = reference temperahue.of the orifice plate bore.diameter.
Note: 4 Tj and T,must be in consistent units. For the purpose of this standard, T,is assumed
to be 68T (20°C).
The orifice plate bore diameter, d, calculated at T, is the diameter determined in actor.
dance with the requirements contained in AGA Report No.3, Part 2.

1.6.3 METER TUBE INTERNAL DIAMETER (D)

The meter tube internal diameter, D, is defined as the diameter at flowing conditions and
can be calculated using the following equatb~~:

D = D,[I + a>(? - T,)]

Wbex

a2 = l i i coefficient of thermal expansion for the meter tube material (see Table 1-1).
D = meter tube internal diameter calculated at flowing temperature (TI)

Table 1-1 -Linear Coefficient of Thermal Ex~ansion

LhmCoeflieient
.. . ~ -of .-
~.~.~~~

U. S. Uniu
Mateid
.. - c
MQiG Uniu

Type 304 and 316 stainless steel' 0.W000925 O.OW0167

Monel" 0.00000795 0.0000143
Carbon steep O.WOW620 0.OoODl I2

Note For flowing lrmperaturc conditions o d e those siatsd abow ad fa

oher malerialr,rere to be Ammcan soeiuy for McUls Melah H M d M
'For %wing Mndiions bctwrm - I W 9 and -3009, &a to ASME PTC
19.5.
'For nowing d i o n r between-PFsnd + IWF. r&mClnp*. 12,Sls-
lion 2.
 D, = reference mem tube internal diameter at T,
T/ = tempemwe of the fluid at flowing conditiom.
T, = reference tempemture of the meter tube internal diameter.

The meter lube. imernal diameter, D, calculated at T, is the diameter determined in ac-
codance with the quirements c m t a k d in AGA Repst No.3, Pan 2.

1.7 Empirical Coefficient of Discharge

Empirical coefficimts of discbarge for fiauga- orifice meters have been determined
from experimental data by compnrhg the measured and ll~meticalflow rated. A major
factor in the definition of the experimental paaen~~ for this ori6ce nscarch was dpamic
similarity. Using Reynolds' Law of Similarity, experimental comlatim can be applied to
dynamically similar meters.
To accurately predict the coeflicient of discbarge, Cd 0, for a flangetapped d c e
meter manufactured to the speci6cations of this stlmdard, cutain pammms concerning the
orifice meter and the fluid must be known. The relationshipsbetween these iimctions can be
simplified for application to c o d use. In fact, the d c i e n t of discharge can be '

shown to depend on a n n d e r of panrmetcts, the major ones b e i i the Reynolds number

(R~D), sensing tap location, meter tube.diameter (D), ands ratio:
C, = f (Re- Seasing tap location, D, B)
In 1978, Jean Stolz presented an equation form that comlates the near vicinity taps for
orifice meters based on the near field static wall pressure gradient. A complete discussion of
the bases of the equation is beyond the scope of this standard. Ho-, the biblio~rsphy
contained in Appendix I-A will allow the reader to h t b e r explore this technical discussion.
1.71 REGRESSION DATA BASE '

Working jointly, a group of technical experts from the United States, Europe, Canada,
Norway, and Japan have developed an equation using tbc Stolz linkage form chat fits the
Regression Data Set more accurately than have previously published equations. The new
equation was developed from a significsatly larger data base than was previously used for
discharge coefficient equation development.
The Regression Data Set cousists of data taken on four fluids (oil, water,natural gas, and
air) from different wsources, 11 different labomtodes, on 12 different me.te.r tubes of differing
origins and more than 100 orifice plate6 of differing origins. The data provided a pipe
Reynolds number ranp f b m accepted hvbulent flow of 4000 to 36,000,000 on which to
selec~the best model. The oritice um6guratiom included flange, comer, and radius taps.
Nominal pipe sizcs investigated were 2, 3, 4, 6, and I0 inches, in compliance with AGA
Report No.3 (ANSUAPI 2530) specifications. Nominal b ratio8 used in the equation
determination were 0.100,0.200,0.375,0.500,0.575,0.660, and 0.750.
The bivariate data (C+Reo) were measured in a manner apprqpriate for the test fluid and
laboratory. The method of determining mass flow rate, expaasion faan; fluid density, and
fluid viscosity varied with the laboratory apparatus and test fluid.
Rather than including possibly emneous data in the equation regression, the MUGPA1
AGA technical expens envisioned two clssscs of data sets for orifice research-regmsion
and comparison. At a meethg of interested international orifice metering expehs in
November 1988, it was mutually agreed that the Regmmion Data !kt be defined as follows:
The Regression Dma Set shall consist ofthosc dm poi* dried in the APYOPA md EC dib
charge coeffiimt aperimem which wfaeperfamod m mfrc phta whmediuncla was gca(cr
than 0.45 inch (1 1.4mm)and if the pipe Reynoldsnnn(w was equal to w grrrta than 4000(bu-
bulenl flow regime).
Data, which does not satisfy thee oritma, shall be hrludcd in thacompwkm D*.W.
I
I Although it does not meao that 0th data are of inferor quality, it is known that ins&-
cient information exists to determine whether the independent variables wem 001ltmlled and
quantified. Some examples of eompakm quality data are the Ohio State Uninrsity Dam
Base (303 flange-tapped points), the 1983 NBS Boulder Expuimmts, the F o x b o ~ 1 u m -
bus-Daniel 1000-Point Data Base, and the Japaueffi Water Data Base.

I t
The exclusion for orifice bore dismeters less than 0.45 inch (1 1.4 millimetas) wm due to
h increased uncertainty associated with the relative shame81 of the ori6c.e plate umeam

I
equippd with corner, radii, and flange tappings. The number of m i o n data points is
nnnmariadas follows:
~appmg No. of points

'
The empirical data associated witb the AWGPA Data Basc and the EC Data Brsa are the
highest quality and largest quantity available today.

It . b e t a r ratios a n d k i i-6
. -,-
numbas below the limit stated. & 1.12.4.1. The RG
we&iem of disc&& e & t h for aa orifiee meter equipped Ath flange taps is defmsd as '
follows:

C , O = C,(W + T o p T m

Tap Term
--
C,(CT) 0.5961 + 0.0291 8' - 0.2290B8 + 0 003(1 -B)MI
Upsrrm + Dmmn
Upp11111 = [0.0433 + 0.0712eJJLl- 0.1145eAmlX1 - 0ZA)B

------
Dnsm = -0.01 1% -0.52M3,9Icl-u4& --

Also
Where:
,9= dhmetnratio
= d/D.
C A n ) = coeflkhtof discharge at a spcdfied pipi Reynolds number for Ran-
orifice meter.
C,(m= coefficientof discharge at infinite pipc Reynolds cumber for flange-tappcd ori-
fice mefcr.
CXcr) = coeflicicnt of discharge at hibite pipe Reynolds number for comer-tapped ori-
fice maer.
d = orifice plats bore dizrm*a calculated at Tf
D = meter tube intend diemetercalculated at T,
D, = mctatube inmml diamem at refanse t e q e m m - T r
e = N a p i d constant = 2.71828.
L,= L,= dimensionlessd o n for IIKtap location
= NJD,fa flange taps.
N, = l.OwhenD,isininches
= 25A when D, is in millimexexs
ReD = pipe Reynolds number.

1.7.3 REYNOLDS NUMBER (Rg3

The RG equation uses pipe Reynolds number as the cornlaring parameter to q m t
the change inthe orifice piatecoefficient of d i s c w e . C, with d&nce to the fluid's
flow rate (its velocity through the orifice), t
bfluid density, and the fluid viscosity.
The pipe Reynolds number can be calculated using the followingequation:

-
Re, = 44"
lslD
The pipe Reynolds number equation uskd in this standard is in a simplified fonn that
combines the numerical constants and unit conversion constants:

For the Reynolds number equations presented above, the symbols are desqibed as fol-
lows:
D = macr tube imemal diameter calculated at flowing tempemm (II)
p = absolute vismsity of fluid.
N, = unit conversion factor.
x = u n i v d consrant
= 3.14159.
q, = mass flow rate.
Re, = pipe Reynolds number.
The unit conversion factm, N, for the Reynolds number equations is defined and prr-
sentedin 1.11.
 1.7.4 FLOW CONMTlONS
1.7.4.1 General
The wndilion of the meter Nbe,the mating ofthe piping sections, the AP sensing tap
holes; the straight lengths of pipe prrceding and following the primary element, and so
forth, are factors thatinfluencethe flowingcooditions. Although some factorsmay be con-
sidered insignificantfor colnmercialpurposes, flowing wnditions can influence field accu-
racy.
To assure accuracy within the maminty stated certainflow condition limitations must
be followed:
a lie ibw shall approach steady-state mass flow conditions on fluids that arr considered
clean,single phase, h o m o g e ~ ~ nand
s , Newtonian.
b.Thefluidshallnot~oanychan~ofphaseasitparsesthroughtheda.
c. The flow shall be subsonic through the orifice and the meter Nbe.
d. The Reywlds number shall be within the specified Gmimicm of the empirical 4-
cients.
e. No bypass offlow am@ the ori6ce shall occm at'any time.

1.7.4.2 Law of Simitsrity

The empirical coefficientsd d a t e d fmm the equations m this standard are valid if dy-
namic similarity exists beiween the metering installation and the expimental data base.
Technically. this approach is termed the Law of Similarity.
Dynamic similarity is the underlyingprinciple for -t-day tkoretical and ex+-
tal fluid mechanics. The principle statesthat two geome.tricaUy sitnilat meters with identical
initial flow directiong.shall display geometricany similar strramlines.
The mechanical specificationsfor the meter rube, the orifice plate, the orifice flangesor
fitting, the diierential pressure sensing taps, the upstream and downstreampiping require-
ments. the flow straightener (if applicable), and the themowell must be adhered to, as
stated in the standard, to assure geometric simiity.
Geometric similarity requires that the experimental flow system be a scale model of the
field installations. The experimental pattern's design identifies sensitive dimensional re-
gions to explore, measure,and empirically fir A proper experimental pattan for orifice me-
teas allows the user to extrapdate to larger meter tube diameters wimwt irmreasing the
unawinty.
Dynamic sitnila& implies a correspondence of fluid forces between the two mctaiog
systems. The Reynolds number is a measure of the ratio of the inenial to vixws forces. For
the orifice me&. the inertial to viscous forces are the forces considered significant within
the application limitation$of this standard As a result, the Reynolds number is the term that
oxelates dynamic s h h i t y in all empirical d c i e n t of discharge equations. In fact, t
k
Reynolds number comlation provides a rational basis for exnapolation of the empirical
equatioa provided the physics dthe fluid does not change. For instance, the physics ass*
ciated with subsonic flow is not similar to that associated with sonic flow.
For the empirical data base, undisrumedflow wnditions (flow pattern and fully devel-
oped velocity profile) were achieved h u g h the use of straight lengths of meter tube both
upstream and downstream from the orifice and the use of flow sfmightenen. For both the
AF'I/GPA and EC experiments, an umlistllrbedflow condition was defined as the equivalent
of a symmetrical, approximately swirl-free velocity profile located approximately 45 pipe
diameters downsueam of a Sprenkle flow conditioner, in circularpipes with an average in-
ternal surface wall roughness, Re, of approximately 150 miminches

1.7.5 PULSATING FLOW

Reliable measurenents of flow cannot be obtained with an orifice meter when apprecia-
ble pulsatioos are present at the point of measurement. Currently, no satisfactory theoretical
or empirical adjustment for orifice measuremmt in pllsaring b w applications exists Ibat,
when applied to custody wader 1neamemen5will maintain t k mamemmt a c c q
predicted by this srandsrd

1.7.5.1 Sources
Pulsations in a pipeline, o r i g k h g fmm a reci- device, a mtary device,valve
aeti~pipingconfiguration,or~similarwna~c,consiptofsuddenchmgesinthev~
locity, prenure, and dmsity d t h e iinid flowing. 'Ihc most.- sources o f w o n are
the following:
a Recipmcating comprrsk, eogioeg or h p k r - t y p e b o o s k .
b. Pumping or 1-y sized pressurr regulatm rmd -1 or wom valves.
cImgolarm0v~ofquantitiesofwataoroil~tesintheLine.
d. Intermitters on wells,autnnetic mipa or dumps.
e. Dead-endedpiping tee j d o n s and similar cavities. .

135.2 Pulsation Reduction

To obtain =liable meanrremm, it is necessary to sopplcss pllsarion In general. the fol-
lowing practikes have been effeitive in diminishing pulsatioo and/or its effect on oriiice
flow measmemenc
a ~ocatingthemetertubeinamnefavaabkl0*!&wimregardto~sourccof&pll-
sation, such as the inlet side of regulators, or hucmimg the distance frmn the so- of
Iile pulwion.
b. lmerting capacity tanks (volume), flow wmictions, or specially designed filters in the
line between the source of pulsation and the meter tube to nduce the amplitude of &
pulsation.
c. Using short-coupled Lnpllselubi~~g a d o r manifolds of approximately the same size as
the pressure rap to the differential pressure measurement insrmmmt
d. Operating at d i f f d a l s as high as is practicable by replacihg the orifice plate in use
with a smallerorifice bore platc or by concenaatingflowin a multiple meter tube instal-
lation through a limited number of tubes.
e. Using small& s i r e d n k tubes and keeping -ally the s& orifice dianmer while
maintainimg the highest practical Limit ofthe d i f f d pressure. 4

Considerable smdy and experimentation have been conducted to evaluate the re-
quitemenfs and methods neassary to achieve pulsation reduclion. This material is outside
the scope of this standard and may be found in many publimiom that an readily available.
1.7.5.3 Pulsation Instruments
Instruments, both mechanical and elt%konic,have been developed fhal indicate the pes-
ence of pulsation. These devices are used to demmine the efieuiveness of pulsation sup-
pression practices.

1.8 Empirical Expansion Factor (Y) for

Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters
F , x p d i t y mearch on water, air, steam, and natural gas using orifice meters equipped
with various sensing taps is the basis for the present expansion factor equation. The empir-
ical mearch compared the flow for an incompressibk fluid with that of several compress-
ible fluids.
The expansion factor, Y,was defined as follows:
 17

where:
C, = d c i e n t of discharge from eomprrssible fluids tests.
C4 = weflkkm of discfisge ~mcomgresslblefluids tests.
BuckiDgham derived the empirical expansion factor equations for orifice meters
e q ~ w i f h v a r i ~ ~ ~ ~ t a p s b s s e d o n t h e f d l ~ g ~ -
r=futr~) (1-23)
I
! Wltm:
p = diamrmratio (dD).
I k = isentcopicexpcment.
x = ratio of diffe~ntialpressure to absolute static laessure.
compssiie fluids expand as &ey flow tbmugh a squaracdgsd a c e . F a pnletical ap

*
plidongitis;lssomdthaf~e~onfoUowsapol~,W,~~

This assumpion de6nes the expansion as rev-le and adiabatic (00 heat gainor loss).
Wxthin practical openaing ranges of diffamtial presstnc,flowingpm, and twnpera-
ape,theexpansionfaaaequalionis~mthevalueof~~~As
aresulstbe~o11ofapcrfcctorW~~ir&~for~ap
plicatiom. This approach was adopted by Buckingham and Bean in their comelation They
m p i k - a ~ ydnnlopcd the upsueamexpansion fecfor (Y,)usiag the doamaream tempaa-
-=~upsh'ompssme.
Within b e limits of mis standard's application,it is assumedthatthe bmpaammof the
fluid at the upstream and dmvnsmam diffuential sensing taps an identical f a the expan-
sion h c t O r c a I ~ 0 1 1 ..
The application of fhe expansion factor is valid as long as the following 6hwnsionless
w u r e ratio climiaare followed:

O C -
AP < 020
M3?,

0.8 < 6: c
- 1.0
TC
When:
A P = orifice differeutial pmstnr.
N, = unit convgsion factor.
P, = absolute smic pressure at the pressure tap.
6 = absolute static pressure at the upseeam pressure tap.
p, = absolute static p s m e at the downs- pleuun tap.

Although use of the upstream a do- expansion factor equation is a matter of

choice, the ups- expansion fact01 is mommended because of its simplicity. If the u p
sheamexpansionfactor is chosen, then the determinationofthe Rowing fluidcomp&bil-
ity should be based on the upstream absolute static pressure, 4%. Likewise, if the
downstream expamion faaor is selected. then tbe demmktion oftbe flowing Buid mm-
pressibility should be based on the downstream absolute static pressure. 4:.
The expamion factor equation for flange raps is applicable over aprange of 0.10-0.75.

1.8.1 UPSTREAM EXPANSION FACTOR (Y,)

The upmeam expansion factor quires determination of the upsmam static pressure,the
diameter ratio, and the isonPopic exponenL
where:
AP = oridce diffemltial pressure.
k = ismtropieexpownt
N3 = unit conversion fans.
5,= a b s o 1 m e s r P t i c p l e S u 1 c a t r h e ~ ~ I a p .
P, = abso1ute&c~atthedowrmeampnssmetap.
q = ratiod~pe*anemabsolukstaticprssmeat~upsaesmtap.
x,/k = upmeam aco&ic~ratio.
Y,= cxpansionfa*or~ontheabsoIot~staticpnssuremessuredatrheupstream
tap.

he dbw- oxpansion factor requires dewmintionof the downmeam static pres-

sure, the upsheam static pressure, h e dowaseeam oomprrssibility factor, the upsheam
capressibiity factor, the diameter ratio, and the isentropic exponent. The value of the
downsueam expamion factor. Y, shall be calcnhed using the following equatioa-

When the upstRam static pressure is measured.

When the downmeam ~ ~ ~ m e a m a l .

Where:
AP = d c e diffemnd pressure.
k = isentropic exponent.
N3 = unit comesion factor.
5,= absolute static pressure at the upsaeam pressure tap.
P,, = absolute static piesure at the domsmam m u r e tap.
 I9

x, =ratioofdiffenmialpcssurem~stsricpmcsmeatUiellpstrcllmtap.
xJk r q s & a m ~ r a t i a
Y, = expansicnfscrorbasvdontheakwlutestaticpressme~nttkupskcam
tap.
Yz= e J p i n s i o n f a c m r b a s e d o n m s * d ~ ~ a t m e ~
+, = tap.
fluidcnmpIe&bililyat&~~tap.
z,=m~ii~atmeQwnstreampressuretap.

1.9 In-Situ Caliiratfon

19.1 GENERAL
Thes~offhelllKertainyoftbeanpMcaI~ciemof~forconantric,
q w e 4 g . d ori6ce wten,C, is predicated on cmplhce wifh the nqntemenaof this

h~oracaPatemersmemm~catiolr~thcflowmaadad~pi~shoutdmeet
~ ~ O f * ~ p l n e f e a M y t h e m o s t s f i m g mspeciscarion
t, ofme staodard.
DwM~is frcm the standard's -s (for example., ecaaw&y. steps kxwemad-
jacentse&m ofpipe, prwunlengthswith or without a flow conditioner, *-w leugtb,
dpipcwall~~glmess)tvininvalidatethe~aatemnt
T o ~ m ~ ~ o f s u c h t l o w ~ ( k t b e n s q m a y w i s h m ~ b
metamsiar.'Ihisi~~~~ggested~odfiesmeterslmda2incbes(50millimb
mS)nominalpipcsizcZnsituiSdefinedar~rmdanovmalclpadting~ns,wi~
theacaral~pipingw~o~usingrheadual&ridwiththeacatalorificeplare
and Reordingsystem in place.
Cali~oaofmorificem*ermsinrreqpires~oseofsprimsrymassflowsynan.
ThisHimarymassfkwsysremmaybc~orpamanentlyiostallcd.Amsrtermeter
that has been c a l i i with a primary mass flow sandard can also bc used for in-situ cal-
ibration.
Ibe in& c a l i i strould be performed with a pimary mass flow systcm (or masar
m~)witbanovd~lessthsnthcrvaallrmmtaintyofq.oftbcmeterbeing
calibrated. L
- ferm fbwod;ingu n d t y equafion given in 1.12.
Topaformanirrsimcali~m,~~massflows~(orIllapterm*er)~
beinstatledeimer~ordownsae;naofmCpiPtMriagnearrstm&mnernrbe~
meter Nbe manifold so that it provides a calibration of the mmm its normal Bowing
con@mion (mat is, velocity m e ) . In-sim calibmion should be perfomd at the nor-
mal flow ran, tempenhue, and pessure of tbe mmstsrion. Additionally, iri-situ calibra-
tionmay bepsrfOIMdonrrberangeofflowrates,rmnperahnes,dpessmestoassllrc
a bigher confidewe level over the complete range of flowing u m d i r i ~ i s .

199 METER CORRECTION FACTOR

Tbe in-sim d i b d o n can provide a mete^ factor (MF) that may be used to correct the
calculatedmassllowrsreasdetermincdby~onI-1,ifPgPeeduponby&panies.Thc
MF is defined as follows:
MF=%=% (1-31)
q", 4'",fi+
Where:
qn, = mass flow rate dnennined by the primary mass flow system (or mastermem).
q , = mass k w rate indicated by rhe orifice meter being calibrated
q, = volumetric flow m e indicated by the orifice membdng c a l i i .
p, = density (mass) of fluid at the meter at flowing cooditio~ls.
 Akmatbly, the nsulo may be used m idenrify installationsthat exceed the uncerraiaty
estimatedusing 1.12.It&MFfalls-htheO.99tMF<l.l 1imits.thesyskmshould
be investigated until the &&al cause for the dcviaoion ha6 been identified and comued.
Whenthemeterfarxrnsaredclaminedovaarpneeof~d~~e~enrlval-
ues of MF may result. A plot of MP v- . .pipe *numb;; (ReD)shollld pmvide a
siogkmrvematmaybeusedfbrdemmmm gMFcomcbm
~~~~isappliedmthem~~forcn~tod~mm~fer~thenio-situ
calibrationshddbepri~yrcpeatcdm~accuratt~AddiIionalin-
s i calibmiom
~ should be performed when physical changes to tbe matring system or
signsumuy different o p e d n g cwditims are mmmmaF

1.10 Fluid Physical P r o m

Carain fluid physical gropeaies are r e q u i d to solve the &ce Bow equation
For the mass flow equatiaa,the f o U o w i fluid proprtieoarc requksk
aThevi&ityatflowingcooditions,p
b. The fluid density a!flowing codition%p,+.
c. The W c exponent,k,for c o u p s i i e fluids.
For the standard v o l d Bow equation,the density at base omdiths p, is required
for so1ution

1.01 vlscosrn (p)

TheabsoIlrtc (ordynamic) viscosity ofdte fluid at flowingconditions is requiredm CMP
plte the pipe Reynda n u m k Flnidviscosities m y be measured expexhmtally or eom-
puied fmm empirical equations.
For high Reynolds number applicatias, vkoxily variations are nsuaUy i g n o d since a
sensitivity aDalyrir indiutes negligible Meet in the flow Canprtaron.For low Reynolds
number apphtions, aecllrate vkecsity values and their variation with compsition, m-
peraaae, and presnne may have a significant affezton the flow computation.

1.I02 DENSITY (pW pJ

Appmprhe values for the density of the fluid, pi, and ph can be obtained using one of
IWO memods:
a Fmp5cal density condatim The empiricaldensity value may be cPlculated by an equa-
tion of state or another technically qualiliedexpression
b. On-line density mems. An on-lihe density maer can measure he fluid density at oper-
ating cOditioa6 (or base conditions).
F a on-lii density meta applicatiom where the density at flowingconditions (or base
conditions) is gream than 0.30 per cubic centhe% refer m Chapter 14.6 for the in-
stallation, openrrion, ard cal~Brdtionof* devices.
For on-linc dmsily meter applications where the density at flowing conditions (or base
conditions) is less than 0.30 gram per cubic eentimcter, refer to themanldacnuers' recnn-
mendations for the installation, operation, and calibration of these devices. The manufac-
turer should be able to demonstrate that o p e d o n of the on-line density measurement
devia will not intcrfge with the basic operation of the Orificemeter.
F m a m 4 S a d p i i the fluid tempame differences bemeen the upatnam sens-
ing tap, the downsatamsensing tap, and the temperalure & d i g device are assumedto be
insignificant when the t c m m e device is installed as nquired in Chapter 14.3, Part 2
For fluids whose density b g e s rapidly with c w in Rowing tempaanue, for low fluid
velocities, andlor to minimize ambient temprahue mi heat wnsiercffew,the user may