PULEELEUL ELL LEU UUUL UL UL UL UU UL UU UUVUUUUUUUUVEUUULELUUEL ‘TRANSFORMER GEC—ALSTHOM SECTION 10.1 DESIGN HANDBOOK Transformers Limited Sheet 1 covencxr ©) 1998 oti i CALCULATION OF FAULT CURRENTS General Uony books and technical papers hove been published on this cubl ect co tay peers otgaty eeratches the surface, concerning itself wilh 2 ee eteimetige. a iittle theory and a few worked examples thal |he Wher ie Tikely te com across. Those seeking solul ions. cat ner designe’ ittenment, are referred io the computer progrom SCI25MW in Section 1.2.5 wy The mihemat ies is based on the theory of “symmetrical components’ in them en asymm ricel S-phase system of vectors my be represented in Tenet eiesteaysteme, one of which hes ¢ positive order of vectors by 5 autre! hor megai ive order of vectors and the third are In phase Wet hemat tes Toh Val a ep vao vgo veo dye wee acto! vectors are shown In Figure 1: ond the syametrical components in Figure 2. Subscripts 1 are the positive sequence gomponents pecriple Z.are the gegat ive sequence vectors and Wobstripre O ere the “In phese", or zero sequence. Th The reletionship between the actual quantities and the symmetrical components (3: Vo = Vat + Va? + Vad : Vb = Voi + Vb2 + VbO 2 Ve = Vel + ¥e2 + Ve0 3 In Figure 2, becouse the components ore symmetrical all the vectors qonlbe slprassed tn term of The vectors of ene phase — say phase “a. Sorting’ on operator. a, which rotates ony vector by 120" in the Gieact ian of increasing positive angle. Note: @ = e282" = cos(120) +] sin(t20) = - 0.5 +] 0.866 Thus: vet = a? Yo Ver = a Vo Vb2 = @ Yor Ver = a? Va? Yoo = Vad veo veo Substituting in (1), (2) and (3) Ve = Yet + Vo2 + Yoo we 4 Vo Sazvat ta Var + Veo ta i WEES val dozer + veo ; é (cont ined DATE OF | 08 Present ‘Approved: k ISSUE _ 1995 Me ates ae. eySECTION 10:1 | _GEC—ALSTHOM TRANSFORMER Sheet 2 |__ transformers Limited DESIGN HANDBOOK 2. The Nathemet ics (continued) Adding (4), (5) end (6) gives: Vet Vb + Ve = 0 + 0 + 3¥o0 & Va = (Va + Vb + Ve)/3 From (4), (S)xa end (6)xa2 Vo = Vol + Va2 + Yoo aVb = Vol + at¥a2 + aVad ave = Val ta Val + ated Adding Yat avb + aie = 3Val +0 +0 & vor 2 (Vo faves aate)/s Similarly var = (va tate +aVe)/3 The unbclenced set of vectors in Figure 1 may represent ony set of three sinusoidal currents or voltages of the som: frequency in a powar The belonced sets of vectors in Figure 2 represent the set in tai c moment in time (when Va is ot 12 o'clock). positive sequence se? are spaced 120° apart in the order o b & Fogolive sequence set are spaced 260° apart in the same order Taro sequence sat ore spaced 360° apart, i.e. in phase Whoa the unbelenced set of vectors rotates so do ALL THREE SETS of sequence veclors, and in the some direct lon. Positive, negative and Zedo refer to {he order of the vectors not io their direction of rotat fon Phase Power Systems Theory of Application te Th When these different sequence volt: phase network they will in generol s faa symmetrical static elreuit: i)'The impedances me! by any particular sequence voltage are the some in ail three phases li) Voltages of a particular sequence produce current of that sequence only Lit) For transmission lines ané transformers the positive and negative sequence impedances the some (and this is equal to Pha normally eeleulated impedance), but the zero sequence impedance my be different are oppiied to o thre different impedances. However Assuming thot the oll circuit impedances ore linear the effects of each se! of sequence voltages may be considered separately ond the feculis sunmated, Furthermore, in each sequence sysiem {he currents Gnd voltages ore bolanced ond jhe impedances In each phase are equal; fence each three phase sequence system con be replaced dy o single phase systemin wnich the currents ond voltages are {hose of the Peterence phase used in clause 2, In These sequence nel works each Pisce of apparctus Is represented by on appropriaie equivalent circuit Phat represents its behaviour in thot sequence The theory determines the interconnection of the sequence impedence networks for different types of fault by considering the voltage ond Curcont conditions af the point of fault, but if iz no! intended to Gsmonstrare this here: only the results are given in clouse 5.» pare oF | 08 [Peepers ‘Approved: ooo SUE 1995 Mis P 50000851 corymcitVOSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSEEEUEUUULEDULELULEULUULUELELUL TRANSFORMER GEC-ALSTHOM SECTION 104 DESIGN HANDBOOK Transformers Limited Sheet 3 corcnont ©) 1998 ote 1 4. Consteuction of Sequence Equivalent Circuits The impedances must be expressed in percentage values of @ commen (or baseJ WA, usually the nameplate rofing of The transformec. | For. eeraPSS and three winding frensformors the positive and negal ive pete ate impedances are the same. The difference in the cireults is Tha the positive sequence eirewi! Include erator of positive Sequence voltages. The significance of t ome apparent when Tha interconnect lon of the sequences Is described in clause 5. The zero sequence impedances my be different depending on the consteucl ion and winding connget fon of the transformer. | For th selulorion of Zero sequence impedances see Section 3.3.1. In the Cieeui! diagrams: ~ {inks "a! are closed where on earthed neutral yore sequence current fo flow in the lines Pree tegen ire closed where a delto winding permits zero sequence Current fo eireulale within the della. is present to permit system hog no power feod the generator in its positive Ted (ia open clreuit) and the equivalent branches {n e circuits are also open circuit. If any eireult ts. om fhe negative and zero sequenc Aut Tao Winding Teaneformrs Zi, 12 and 10 are the transformer sequence impedances: Zs is the Sequence imedance of The system (which again may be ‘eppropriat Giiferent. in the zero sequence network) Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Taro Sequence Hs 7HL Zs. ZHs_—ZHL Zs tis oH Heal. L's Pat 4.2 Three winding Trensformers For this case the three winding theory, as described in Section 3.3 clause Be is used to separcte the Impedances between poirs of windings (ahs *2Ht ana ZLT) Into ZH, ZL and ZT, impedances attributed te single indings, The cesult ing single winding Impadances have no physical METIS put "ere mat hemet ically valid in the calculation of faults. As see thy two winding cireuits Zs 1s the appropriate sequence system impedance Positive Sequence Nagalive Sequence Zero Sequence ZHs 7H ZL zis 2Hs 7H ZL Zs Ziis oH ZH 24 ol its it =z aT, 7 O® DATE OF | 08 [Prevoreai]f] —Aporeved: | fry 50000332SECTION 10.1 GEC-—ALSTHOM TRANSFORMER Sheet 4 [__ Transformers Limited [_ DESIGN HANDBOOK 5. Interconnect ion of Sequence Circuits The interconnection of the circuits depends on the type of fault It, [2 and 10-are the total positive, negelive ond zero sequence currents respect ively. The distribution of these currents bet naan the systems and the transformer and then between the windings of the transformer is determined by the relative impedances of the branches In each sequence equivalent circuit The connection to each sequence circuit is mde cl the point of the fault + for example, the foul! is on the LV the connect ion point is between ZHL and ZLs for a two winding tronstormer or bel ween EL and Zis on @ three winding trons ermer Line to Ground Fault: (foul! on phase “a”) lat = tet = 100 7 7 Pos | Neg Zer Tet be! b= Line to Line Fault: (fault between phases "b” and “o") _ 3 4 Ho " ifr] Ffneo | “zere Line to Line to Ground: (to ond groune) lot # 102 + 100 = 0 ete line be Line: tat = 100/21 ts wy a2 = tao z'0 ‘| zero Line to Line to Line te Grow tat = 190/z1 ty sa aL] ee t Pos | A) t Neg {| Zero | I I MM) Approved: Zt nave or T OR copvnioit (6) 1998 cte-Aitom UsSCC CCC CSCC COT COT OTT TT SST UTTOSSSSSSLSEEESESEEU TRANSFORMER GEC—ALSTHOM SECTION 10.1 DESIGN HANDBOOK Transformers Limited Sheet 5 cornout ©) 198 OFC 1 Examples The theory contained in the previous clauses is mot hematicol ly complete os it caters for the simple cases as well a3 tho more Complex ones. In som of the examples given the solutions are Giready well known te the designer, bul They are included to the theory behind The pract ice. demonstra 6.1 "Three Phase” Foult on @ Two Winding Transformer The well-known solution is-to divide 100 by the transformer Impedance (including “thes sysiem impegonce, if known) in percent forgive the per unit fault current or “times normal” current. Considering the sequence interconnection diagrams of clause 5 we {and two tires phase foult conéft fons: LrL-t cong) L-L=L-8 Thelonty Sittarence being thot the fault to ground shorts out the Loe dekusnse chreuits Ghis is purely e methematleal dist inct ion EEE eval yhere are ne generafed zero sequence voltages mo zere aeeeuet, Cureents will fiow shorted of nots. Similarly, no aegat ive LiNense currents flow, ond’ only the posit ive sequence need be considers Generator Transformer SOOWYA Impedance 15% HV" System SC Level S5GVA Zs = 600x100/35000 = 1.7% nak Alternator Sub-tronsient Reactance 24% ZLs For a fault on HV, connecting the sequence(s) at the point of fault: Total Fault Impedance = 1.7 x (24 + 15 Neat (i7 + 24+ 15) @) Hv w Positive es Sequence Total foult current = 100/1.63 = 61.38 Distributed os follows In tronsformer = 61.38 x 1.7/(1.7 + 24 + 15) In HV System. = 61.38 = 2.96 2.56 per unit 58.82 per unit For a fault on LY, connecting the sequence(s) at the point of fault Totel Fault Impedance = 24 x (1.7 + 18 (iu? + 3b 18) 9.85 Totel foult current = 100/9.85 = 10.15 In transformer x 24/(1.7 #24 #15) 99 per unit In LV System 5.89 18 per unit The worst fault currant (In the traisferme) occurs with an LY foulf with 5.99 pu current. Compare 100/(15 + 1.7) = 5.88 pu ~ the Tt known solution. Rate OF ' G8 [Prepared:]G{] Approved: y 477 Sonn n8ASECTION 10.1 GEC-—ALSTHOM TRANSFORMER Sheet é Transformers Limited |_DESIGN HANDBOOK 6.2 Single Line to Ground “Fault” on © Delta Connected Winding As If 1g conmon practice to earth one corner ef an unleaded delte gonnected fart iery winding if iz clear that this iscnol e fauit Fault currents will not flow. this my be expieined by eonsider ing the connect ion of the sequence circuits fore singis. line ta ground faulty on the tert tory of an culoctranstermr. itis net nesessory fovallocate numerical values 1 the transformer ond system Impedsncee as there are no fault currents to colculate = Because the tertiary is ualocded there is in etfect no tertiary system and certainly no power fed fromthe terticry system following the rules, the tertiary generator and the equivalent connect tons in the negative end zero branches are open circuit For a line to ground fault the three sequence circuits are connected in series ai the point of the foul Links "o* and “b" are open and closed respectively, in ling with the rules for zero sequence circuits ond delta connecied windings. The series connection contcins on open circuit of Ihe point *, where the ZTs Impedance would be connected, hence there is no fault current 6.3 Three phase fault on a tertiary winding fed from HY and LY Only the positive sequence circuit need bs considered Transformer Details: ~ 24OWVA auto 400/132/13kV _(souvA) Impedences on 240WVA base IHL = 20% ZHI'= 50% ZLT = 26% Using 3-winding theory IML + TAT + ZLT = 98% TH = 98/2 - 2802 21% ZL = 98/2 - 50 = -1% ZT = 98/2 - 20 = 29% HV System 35GVA gives Zs= 240 x 100/35000 = 0.7% LV System SGVA gives ZLs= 240 x 100/ 5000 = 4.6% Calculation of total fault impedance HV and LV fosds in poraliel are in series with The TV impedence (0.7 + 21)//(4.8 = 1.0) + 29 2t.7 x 38/25.8 0 $29 = 32.23 if = 100/32. 23 1 x norm! Current fromHV = 3.1 x 38/255 82 x norm! Lvs 304 x 21.7/2515 38 x norm ALL Af is in TY x normal These are line currents based on 240WVA. The TY is only rated of GOYA and the transformer [Is auto connected so the winding currents mist be celeulated on this basis. £C-Aisthom LtFPPC SSCS CSCC TTT TSCSCSCSSTSTSOSTSTSOSSSTSOUVUEVUUYUUULESEUULYU TRANSFORMER GEC-ALSTHOM SECTION 10.1 DESIGN HANDBOOK Transformers Limited Sheet 7 av av Ww 1 Line amps sag. | 1049.7 | 10652 8 240M Line fault x 462) x 2.638] W341 amps = iso 2769" | -33040 | Sertes | Common 1 Ls Winding ems | 160 2929 | -19075 Chack balance of Ampere-Turns (V/T = 160.5) Winding kV 1387) 78.24 13 Winding Turns| 964 475 at kat 154 1331 -1545 hom Ld commnont @) 1088 ote n_LW Fed only from HV to Line to Ground foul! Transformer Is §OMVA 152/33kV Stor /Delta THE = 12.5%, ToW = 10.5% ~~ Zero Seg WV System 7.SGVA ZHs = 60'x 100/7500 = 0.8% Zotis= 0.4% (usually Posit tve/2) Parallel the Negative and Zero sequence Total fault impedance 18 - circuits and pul the Positive sequence in gertes with them giving (0.8 + 12.5)/M(r4 4.10.5) # (0.8 + 12.8) ee aaae $F ass : eo FANS = 19.3% Fault current, {f = 100/19.3 = 5.18 x normal let =I x norm = - le? - leo lez = - 10.9/24.2 x normal tao = - 18.3/24.2 x normal la st ¥ Tao x formal : At first sight this iso very disappointing result, os the foult current {2 ZERO. This ef course ts true only for “at phase, which is hot involved inthe fault between "bv & "ct & ground, The fgult Lirrent wa are trying to colculote is thal in phases “b* ong “e" Ib = qtlet talo2 + 100 (where a is os defined in clause 2) 0° 5-1 0. 866) (5.18) + (-0. 841 0.866) (22.83) + (-2.85) Taga # 1.198 > 2.85) + j (-4. 486 ~ 2,018 74.275 = 6.504 je]= 7178 x norm! Similerly [le]= 7.78 x normal TaTF AFT aR |Preparedfh| Approved: | ke sananeteSECTION 10.1 GEC-ALSTHOM | TRANSFORMER Sheet Transformers Limited | DESIGN HANGBOOK 5.5 Single Line to Ground on the LY of on Auto-ironstorner This {s the core, using symmatcical componants, thai the designer MUIU most offen be required to eclculate a: it usually gives theeet gnerous Vault current on the Common winding and, If Ihecteriiary To not Brought out for loading, ls the wors! foul!’ far the ry. Transtormer Details: As tor the example in clause 6.5 with the additional informiion for the zero sequence net ork. ZoKL = 18.0% ZowT = 38.8% ToL? ="25. ax Giving by S-winding theory: ZoW = 22.3% Zo. = 1.5% fot 2 tee Tho transformer neutral is solidly earthed and for the Systeme ZoHs = 0.35% Zols = 24x iy |ewaig tery | pe a circuits ore connected fauit, in the zero sequence network bectiary (delta connected) and the HV and LV Tinks a" are closed becouse the transformer neulral 1s vortheds To calculate the total fault impedence calculate each sequence Impedance and sum the results Positive sequence: (21 + 0.7)//(4.8 - 1) = 21.7 x 3.8/25.5 = 3.23 Negative sequence: Som os positive sequence = 323 Zero sequence: First calew (22.3 #03 22.65 x 16,5/39.15 9.55 Add Lv: 9.55 4 1.5 = 11108 and pul this te parallel with Zels 11.05//2.4 = 11,05 x 204/18. 45 97 Total foult impedence = ay Total foult current, If = 100/8.43 = 11.86 x norm! Within each sequence proportion the fault current between the transformer and the system Rositive: Transtormr carries 11.85 x 4.8/25.5 = 2.23 x normal Negative same 2:23 & normal Zero 11.86 x 2.4/13.45 = 2012 x mormel Apportionment a} the terminels of the transformer gives LW carries oll the transformer's ellocation of the fault current: Not + 192 # 90 = 2.23 4 2.25'6 2.12 = 6.58 v norne WV carries all the positive and ego! ive, bul shares zero wiih ey lat + 1o2 + 1a0 x 16.5/39.15 = 2.29 + 2.25 +0-69 ©5755 a norms TWogaeries only zere sequence currents and only the proportion whteh [2 not carried by the HV: [a0 22.65/98. 15 2 (38 0 noone where “normal” current 1s besed on 240WVA fer all windings 1995 GEC-Alsthor Ud ccomvmicutVELELEECESELELELELELLULLULLLULELULULLELLLLULEULLUUL TRANSFORMER GEC—ALSTHOM SECTION 10.1 DESIGN HANDBOOK Transformers Limited Sheet 8 HY W wd Line oms a4s.4 | 1049.7 | 10688 @ 240uvA Line fault 15.35 | x.-6.58 | x 1.28 ame = 1853 6307 13193 Series | Common W WS Winding oms | 1853 5054 7583, Check balance of Anpare-Turns (V/T = 160.5) Winding kV 138 76.21 13 Winding Turns| 964 475 at kAT +1786 -2400 +613(=0) coovnnut (G) 1998 OFC Ue 7. Fault Impedance The fault my noi be o deed short circult. Any fault imosdance willteduce the fault current and must be included in the inter- sae eeeee ot the sequence networks in the correct place and of the sonnet ton onitude. df ieithe feull impedance on the same base os ances. It ts included as follows: ~ the network imme Line to Ground: ne Tl “Ties Line to Line “t[ros| ffs] Tze Line to Line to Ground DATE OF | 08 [Preparedi]({] Approved: AA SOUMSSSSECTION GEC—ALSTHOM TRANSFORMER 10.1 Sheet 10 [___ Transformers Limited DESIGN HANDBOOK 8. Worked Example with Two Transformers in Peraliel Most cases will be calculated for a single tronsformor, but this cas demonstrates the mthod should the requiremat arise, The cose considered is two identicol, three-winding trans{ermrs connected. in parallel on the HY ond LV, but not on the tertiaries.. The fault ts Ling to Line to Line on one of the tertiories, fed irom both the AV and LV systems. To rosolve the impedance networks @ delta/star transformation will be required, the details of which ore quoted here: — oN oe oe, aoe a ae SY & a va Za = (Zeb x Zee)/(Zeb + Ibe + Zea) Zeb = Za + Ze + Tb = {Zbe x Zab)/(zab + Zbe t tea) be = tot tet Ze = (Zea x Zbe)/zas + Zoe tise) Zea = de tte t Transformer impedances: fox zur = tse 7 giving x TL 2 Ae system impedances asx asl 2 ak Using only the positive sequence network for a 3-Phase faul! ond with the Transformers in paraiiel (excep! for the TVs} using Delta/stor trenstormat fon: Giving 0 total fault impedence of: (0.61412.52 x 1.4244)/13.94 = 5.89 Fault currents: ~ In TY = 100/5.88 = 17.0 pu UY = 170 x 12.52/13.94 = 15:26 pu WY = 1710.4 142/13.94 2 1.76 pu and in the unfauited transformer the “voliage” beiween 4 and L is Beh tT ag CT) 34.00% therefore current in HY and LY is 34.40/10 5.44 pu If the tertiary is rated at one third of the main winding the 17pu fault current is equivalent fo 3x 17 = Sipu of the tertiary rated current re 1985 G&C-Aishom Ua coryaieut