Rock Mechanicsin the NationalInterest,Elsworth,Tinucci& Heasley (eds),

¸ 2001 Swets& ZeitlingerLisse,ISBN90 2651 827 7

Evaluationof stressinfluenceson oredilution:a casestudy

J.G.Henning& EK.Kaiser
Geomechanics
Research
Centre,MIRARCOMiningInnovation,
LaurentianUniversity,
Sudbury,
Ontario,
Canada

H.S.Mitri
Department
ofMiningandMetallurgical
Engineering,
McGillUniversity,
Montreal,
Quebec,
Canada

ABSTRACT: Stopedilutioncanbe influencedby a numberof parameters, mostnotablyby mining-induced

stressregime,the strengthand structuralcharacteristics
of the hostrock,andthe type of stope:primaryor
secondary.A casestudyfrom the Bousquetmineoperationis presented.Adjacentprimaryandsecondary
stopes,situated
at 1100meterdepth,werestudiedto assess stress-induced
yieldof orezoneandhanging-wall
rock,usingbrittleHoek-Brownparameters, compared againstmeasured stopeblastvibrationattenuation
and
minedstopeprofiles.

1 INTRODUCTION
•;11 \FT
In a globalcompetitivemarket,thereis pressure
on
minesto reducecosts. One approachto reducing
mine costs is in ore dilution reduction. Dilution has
a directand largeinfluenceon the costof a stope,
andultimatelyon theprofitabilityof a miningopera-
tion. Consequently,methodsof controlling factors
in thedesignprocess,whichresultin dilutionreduc-
tion shouldgo a longway to increase the overall
profitability
of a mine. I
The Bousquet depositis a lensof massivesul-
phide and associated disseminated brecciaand
stringer
sulphides, locatedapproximately
50 kmeast
of Rouyn-Noranda,
Qutbec.Theorebody
is hosted
withina seriesof volcanicrocks,primarilyschists
of FigureI. Planviewshowing
typicalmineinfrastructure.
varyingquality.The mainmassive
pyritelensex-
tendsfrom 180 metersbelow surfaceand is openat to approximately
50 mm in thickness.The lenticular
and dips shapedmassivepyrite orebody,rangesin thickness
depth. The orebodystrikeseast-west
steeply(80 degrees)
to thesouth. from 4 to 19 meters, and has lateral and vertical di-
TheBousquet
property
is situated
in theAbitibi mensionsof 300 m and 1500m respectively.
region
of northwest
Quebec,
in thesouthern
partof
theAbitibiGreenstone
Belt in theSuperior
Province 2 STOPE DESIGN AND RECOVERY
of the CanadianShield. The orebodyfollows an
east-west
regional
structural
trend,dippingsteeply The Bousquetore zone is divided into transverse
southin a tabularform, shownin Figures1 and 2 primary(15 m wide) and secondary(15 m wide)
andis accessed
by a shaft,drivento a depthof 1245 stopeswith sublevelslocatedat 30 meterverticalin-
meterson the footwall sideof the orebody. tervals. Transverse
openstopeminingmethodwith
Rock mass conditionsare controlledextensively delayedbackfill is usedat Bousquetin ore widths
bythegeological history, withthedominant schis- exceedingfour metersto take advantage of steeply
tosefabriccontrollingthebehaviour of wallrocksin dippingtabularorebodygeometry.Primarystopes
all underground
excavations.
Thehostrockmassis are mined one lift at a time and backfilled with ce-
strongly
schistose,
quartz-mica
schist. mentedrockfill. Secondarystopes,mined between
The schistocitycontainssericiteand acts as a two primarystopeswhenthe latterstopeshavebeen
dominantlow frictionangleweaknessplane in the mined over two lifts, are filled with non-cemented
rock mass. Schistocity
planesform platy blocksup rockfill.

409
 ß A, K3\ ).
' :•,,VAGAV
v
oli8 m
ßV
•
•
V%
[] Mi•d
I dicated that comparedto primary stope results,
Region of study
Figure2. Longitudinal
sectionof Bousquet
orebody
Stopeproduction drillingpatternvariesbetween
theprimaryandthesecondary stopeblocks.Thetop
sill of primarytransverse stopesis excavated
to the
full stopestrikelengthto permitdrillingof parallel
100 mm diameterblastholes,typicallyat a 2.5.meter
burdenand2.5 meterspacing,with an off-center1.2
meter diameter raisebore slot.
For secondary transversestopeslocatedbetween
two backfilledstopes,100 mm diameterblastholes
are drilled in a fan-patternfrom a narrow,5 meter
wide,top sill access, with a central1.2 m diameter
raisebore slot.
Productionblasting in both stope types is per-
formedwith AN-FO explosivesin mid-stopeand
footwall blastholes. To limit hanging-wallblast
damage, low energycartridgeexplosives areusedin
near-hanging-wallblastholesof both primary and
secondary stopes.
Dilution hasa directand largeinfluenceon the cost
of a stope,and ultimatelyon the profitabilityof a
miningoperation.A reviewof techniques to quan-
tify the costof dilutionby Pakalniset al. (1995) has
shown that there are several definitions of dilution.
A commondefinitionfor recordingdilutionin useat
manymines,includingthe Bousquetmineis:
% Dilution = Tonnes waste rock milled
Tonnes ore milled
where Waste = Wall rock outside of the planned
stopeboundary; Ore = Rock planned, drilled and
blastedwithinthe stopeboundary.
The measurement of minedstopeprofile hastradi-
tionally beendifficult, due to the non-entrynatureof
the openstopemining method. In recentyears,ac-
curate surveyingof excavatedstope surfaceshas
been made possiblewith the applicationof auto-
mated non-contactlaser rangefinders,such as the
Cavity Monitoring System, (CMS), describedby
Miller et al. (1992). Surveysconductedon each
minedstopeprovidea detailedpictureof the stope
boundary,from which dilution values are deter-
mined.
A CMS hasbeenemployedat Bousqueton a sys-
tematicbasissince1995. Historically,extractionof
thesecondary stopepanelshasresultedin lowerlev-
els of'dilutionand hanging-wallsloughagethanthat
encounteredwith the primary stopes. Stopingre-
sults,summarized in a studyby Golders(1999), in-
measuredstopeoverbreakwas approximately 15%
lower in secondarystopes.
3 CASE STUDY
To examinefactorsinfluencingstopehanging-wall
stability,two stopeblocks,bothlocatedat a depthof
1140 meters,and spaced45 metersapart horizon-
tally were compared.The 9-0-15 stope,was mined
as a primarystope,isolatedfrom adjacentmining.
The secondblock, labeled the 9-0-11 stope, was
mined as a secondarystope, following the mining
and backfillingof' the neighbouringstopes. A plan
view of mine level 9-1, showingexistingmined
openingsis presentedin Figure 3. A longitudinal
sectionof the Bousquetminezone,with the location
of the 9-0-15 (primary) and 9-0-11 (secondary)
stopes,as well asadjacentminedblocksis shownin
Figure4. The stopes,measuring30m high by 15m
wide,wereapproximately eightmetersthick.
The hanging-wallsof both stopeswere reinforced
with cableboltsinstalledfrom a hanging-wallaccess
drift. In both stopes,cableboltswere installed in
ringsfanningfrom-14øto -63øbelowhorizontal
at 2
(1)
Figure3. Planview of muckinghorizonof 9-0-15 (primary)
and9-0-11 (secondary)stopelocations.
410
meter intervalsalong strike, resultingin a 2m toe thesecondary9-0-11stopeindicatethata loweram-
spacingat thestope/hanging-wall boundary. plitudevibrationis reachingthe geophones,
dueto
increasedhanging-wallvibrationattenuationfrom
the blast source.
(Primary)
stope
I To predicttheimpactof individualblastholeson
the hanging-wall,explosive-specific Site Factors
werecalculatedfrom the vibrationsgenerated by in-
9-0-I l
dividualexplosivetypes. AN-FO loaded100 mm
diameterblastholes, representing
48% and 40% of
(Secondary)
thetotalblastpopulations for the9-0-15and9-0-11
stope
stopesrespectively, werecompared.Vibrationat-
tenuationplotsfor a typicalblasthole,
locatedat 2.5
m from the stope/ hanging-wallboundary,and
loadedwith 100 kg AN-FO, providedin Figure5.
showestimated hanging-wallvibrationlevelswithin
five metersof the stopeboundary.

Table I. Calculated blast vibration Site Factors.

9-0-15 Stope 9-0- I I Stope

(PrimaryStope) (Secondary
Stope)
K a K a
Figure4. Longitudinalsectionillustrating9-0-15 and 9-0-11
Total Blast 498 I. 19 126 0.70
stopelocations.
Population
AN-FO Blast 283 0.58 141 1.20
The hanging-wallsof the two case studystopes Population
were examinedin terms of productionblast vibra-
tion attenuation,surveyedstopeprofile, measured
A blast vibration level of 600 mm/second was se-
hanging-walldeformationand the severityof in-
ducedrockmassyield. lected from publisheddamagecriteria, CANMET
(1993), as a typicalthresholdlimit for vibrationin-
ducedblastdamage.Usingthis vibrationthreshold,
3.1 Blast vibrationmonitoring the blastingback-analysis from Figure 6 indicated
that existingblastingtechniquesnegativelyinflu-
The severityof productionblast vibrationswithin encethe hanging-wallsof both primaryand secon-
the stope hanging-wallregion was monitoredon dary stopes,to a distanceof approximately one me-
bothstopesusingtriaxialgeophones installedontoa ter from the stope/hanging-wallcontact. The
solid,competent wall surface,Henninget al. (1997). severityof blast vibrationdamagediminishesaway
Geophonelocationsare indicatedin Figure3.
from the stope boundary. Mid-stope blastholes,
Hanging-wallvibrationdata was compiledusing typicallylocatedat a distanceof 2.5 metersfrom the
the peak vector sum velocitiesof individual blast
hanging-wallcontact,generatedsignificantpeakvi-
holes. Non-distinctor overlappingwaveformswere brationsintothe hanging-wall.
omitted from the database, as were blast vibration
values likely influencedby air gaps betweenthe •1000
blastholeandthe geophone.For the two stopesex- 800
aminedin this study,hanging-wallblast vibration
datawasstatisticallyanalyzedusingscaleddistance 600 600
mm/sec
/ ,
relationships(Atlas, 1987), to determinethe Site
Factors"K" and "a", usedin the following equa-
tion:
400
•oo ......... •y
stope
I
o

I 2 3 4 5
PPV=K( R/ •/•' ) -a (2)
Depth into hanging-wall (m)
wherePPV = peakparticlevelocity(mm / second);
R = radial distancefrom blast center(meters);and Figure5. Hanging-wallblast vibrationattenuation.AN-FO
W = explosivechargeperdelay(kg). explosivepopulation:lO0 Kg charge,locatedin blastholes2.5
metersfromhanging-wall.
The Site Factors "K" and "a" are functions of
the effectof localrockcharacteristics
on groundmo-
tion.Factor"K" appliesto amplitudewhereas"a" Lower vibrationlevels recordedduring 9-0-11
indicates vibration attenuation. Calculated Site Fac- mining are associatedwith observedde-lamination
tors are listed in Table 1. The lower Site Factors tbr of schistocity
parallelto the stopewall.

411
3.2 Surveyedstopeprofile Bousquetto evaluate the effect of cable bolts on
A lasercavity-monitoring system(CMS) was used rock massstability,Bawdenet al. (1998). Instru-
to obtain measurements of mined stopeprofile and mentationresultsof bulbedstrandSMART cables,
thevolumeof hanging-wallsloughage. installedintothehanging-walls
of bothstopesat an
To calculatethe extentof hanging-wallfailureon angleof 45ø belowhorizontal
andintersecting
the
a representativetwo-dimensionalsection,the vol- stopewall at the stopemid-height,areshownin Fig-
ure 7.
ume of wall sloughagewas comparedagainstthe
initial surfaceareato obtainthe EquivalentLinear The distributionof anchorpoint displacement
Overbreak/ Slough(ELOS), as describedby Clark alongSMART cableinstalledin the9-0-15 primary
and Pakalnis(1997). stopehanging-wall,indicated thatthegreatest
rateof
Surveyedprofilesof the two stopes,presented in cabledisplacement (stretchalongthe king wire) oc-
Figure 6, mirror the trendsdocumentedby Golders curredclosestto the stope. Thesecabledisplace-
(1999). Stopesloughagemeasurements are summa- mentswere thoughtto be indicativeof groundde-
rized in Table 2, alongwith typicalCMS surveyre- formations.Displacement at anchorpointslocated
sultsof hanging-wallperformancefrom primaryand withinthreemetersof the stopecouldnot be meas-
secondarytransverseaccessstopes,selectedon the ureddueto the64 mmpotentiometer
limitbeingex-
basisof having similar hanging-walland footwall ceededat thesepoints.
rock massqualityand stopedimensions to the two In the9-0-11 secondary
stopehanging-wall,
(Fig.
stopesexamined,Henning(1998). 7b) the magnitudeandrateof displacement
of the
The hanging-wallELOS valuescalculatedfrom mid-stope-heightSMART cabletowardsthe open
the 9-0-15 and 9-0-11 stopeswere similarto the stopedid not increase
significantly
withinapproxi-
mately7 metersfromthecablebolttoe,butits gra-
typicalvaluesof othersurveyed primaryandsecon-
darystopes. dientwashigherat largerdistancesfromthestope
wall.
Whencompared
to the displacement
distribution
Table2. Hanging-wallsurveyedmeasurement
of Equivalent of the similarlyorientated
9-0-15primarystopeca-
LinearOverbreak/Slough
(ELOS). ble, the results show a marked difference in near-
9-0-15(primary)stope ELOS= 2.7 meter stopecableboltdisplacement. As shownin Figure
Typicalprimarystope 2.6 meter 7a,thehanging-walldeformationat thestopefaceis
higherin the primarystope.The strongnon-linear
9-0-11(secondary)
stope ELOS= 1.1meter
Typicalsecondary
stope 1.3meter deformationgradientof theprimarystopehanging-
wall towardsthe openstopeis indicative of high
lOO
3.3 Measuredhanging-walldeformation
Instrumented SMART
the hanging-walls
cablebolts were installed into
of the two casestudystopesat
• Pote
ntio
me
te
rLimit
(64m
m)
•'20
i5 o
5 10 15 20

Distance
alongcablefromstope

(a) 9-0-15(primary)stopehanging-wall
SMARTcable.
9-0-15 stope
lOO

E 80
I-IMaximum SloughageDepth
'gj 4 ,- 60
ß Equivalent Linear Slough
(ELOS)
•'20
;• 0
0 5 10 15 20 25

Distancealongcablefromstope

9-0-15 Primary 9-0-11 Secondary

Stope
(b) 9-0-11(secondary)
stopehanging-wall
SMARTcable.
Stope
Figure6. CMS surveyresultsof hanging-wall sloughage
from Figure7. Hanging-wallSMART cabledisplacement.(after
the 9-0-15 (primary)and9-0-I I (secondary)stopes. Bawdenet al., 1998).

412
elastic stressrelease. With the secondarystope,
(Fig. 7b) the horizontalnear-stopedisplacement
pro-
file indicatesdeep-seated rigid block movementor
delamination.

4 NUMERICAL MODELLING

Three-dimensional mine-wide elastic numerical

modellingof the Bousquetminingsequence leading
up to miningof the 9-0-15 and 9-0-11 stopeswas
performedusingMap3D (Mine Modelling,2000) to
assess induced stress conditions in the ore zone and
hanging-wall.
The modelledproductionsequence is presentedin
Figure8. The stagenumbersin Figure8 indicatethe Figure8. Longitudinal
viewof Map3Dmodelshowingmod-
orderthe stopesweremined. For example,at stage elledproduction
sequence.
#4, stopeslabeled#1 to #3 are minedandbackfilled,
stage#4 stopesare mined,and the remainingstopes enceson rock masscompetency, prior to extraction
are unmined. Stopesmined prior to the 9-0-! 5 and of thetwo casestudystopes.
9-0-11 stopeswerebackfilledwith cementedrockfill The calculatedstressesare comparedwith two
(CRF). Assignedrock strengthparametersare failure criteria: conventional and brittle Hoek-Brown
summarized in Table 3 and stress tensor values for parameters.First, brittle parameters(Martin et al.
Bousquet, obtainedfrom Arjang(1988) are summa- 1999a)were appliedto estimatethe extentand se-
rized in Table 4. verityof brittledamageenvelopingthe 9-0-15 (pri-
Modellingexaminedstopeconditionspriorto the mary) and 9-0-11 (secondary)stopes,prior to their
extraction (pre-mining) and following removal extraction. Underlyingassumptions for brittle pa-
(post-mining) of thetwo casestudystopes. rametersare discussedin Kaiseret al. (2000). Brit-
tle parameters of (m = 0, s = 0.25), representing the
thresholdfor visible rock mass damage, back-
Table 3. Rockstrengthparametersusedin the numericalmod- analyzed from field observationsby Diederichs
elling. (1999), wereapplied.
Ore Zone Host Rock CRF
Rockmass
Elasticity 45 GPa 30 GPa 1.5GPa
Modulus, E,,
Poisson's Ratio 0. I 0 0.21 0.35
3oo . .•[ Høek
Bmwnrøckma
(m=5'8'
s=0'036)
250 ,O,ø•--v,Secondary
stope
data
UniaxialCompressive 211 MPa 112MPa 3 MPa
Strength(UCS) a. .' ' O I Brittle
Damage
GeologicalStrength 70 50
Index(GSI) E'5ø 100 I(m=0,
s=ø'25)
ß ' Primarystopedata
Table4. Stress
tensor
values,
Arjang(1988). o

Stress Value Orientation o 20 40 60

Tensor
Sig 3 (MPa)
o• 2.24 Ov Perpendicular to orebodystrike
03 1.50 Ov Parallelto orebodystrike Figure 9. Modelled pre-miningore zone stressconditions
Ov 0.027x depth
(m) Vertical
(overburden
weight) withinprimaryand secondary stopes. Modelledstopemid-
heightstresses
are plottedagainstconventionalHoek-Brown
rockmass andHoek-Brownbrittle(m = 0) damagethresholds.

4.1 Pre-miningstressinfluences
Within the ore zone, stresseswere obtainedfrom
Observationsfrom the blast vibrationmonitoring gridplaneslocatedalongthemid-thickness of the 9-
and instrumented cable bolt performancesuggested 0-15 (primary)and 9-0-1l(secondary) stopes.Plots
thatminingof secondary stopesoccurwithina lower of majorandminorprincipalstresses at stopemid-
stressenvironment.Underground, this stressreduc- height,providedin Figure9, illustratepredicted sta-
tion is reflectedin a reducedrequirement for redrill- bility within the unminedstopes,with respectto
ing of productionblastholesand fewer accountsof Hoek-Brownbrittle (rn = 0, s = 0.25) and conven-
workingground. tionalrockmass(rn• = 5.8, s = 0.036) parameters.
Pre-miningconditions,represented as modelling The plottedtrendsindicatestableconditionswithin
stage#6 of Figure8, examinedinducedstressinflu- the primarystope. Applyingthe brittlefailuredam-

413
 age threshold,
the coreof the secondarystopere- fail if therockmasshassomeself-supporting
capac-
mains,butthesidewalls(adjacentto theminedpri- ity.
marystopes)aredamagedto a depthof threemeters. Minimum principalstress(a3) contours,located
Using conventionalHock-Brownrock masscriterion on a verticalplane locatedat the stopemid-spans,
(mi= 17), depthof sidewalldamageis lessthanone for the primaryandsecondary casestudystopesare
meter.
presented in Figures11 and 12. On bothplots,the
To assess the stabilityof the primaryandsecon- correspondingsurveyed profile of hanging-wall
dary stopehanging-walls, prior to their extraction, sloughage hasthe samegeneralshapeas the a3 con-
stresses were obtainedfrom grid planeslocatedat tours.
depthsof twoandfive metersfrom,andparallelto, In Figure 11, the a3=0 MPa contouris located
thestopehanging-wall contact.Plotsof majorand withinonemeterdepthof the modelled9-0-15 pri-
minorprincipalstresses at stopemid-height, pro- mary stope hanging-wall. However, the surveyed
videdin Figure10, illustratepredicted stabilityof contour of hanging-wall sloughageextends to a
the unexposed hanging-wall with respectto Hock- depth of four meters,and coincideswith the a3=5
Brownbrittle (m = 0, s = 0.25) and conventional MPa contour. Followingproductionblastingof the
rockmass(rob= 2.4, s = 0.002)parameters. 9-0-15 primary stope,mine inducedstresseswere
Applyingbrittleparameters, primarystopehang- redistributedaroundthe stope. The high miningin-
ing-wall values plot below the brittle damage duced stress relief generated large deformations
threshold,suggesting stablepre-mininghanging- within the first few metersof the hanging-wall,as
wall conditions.Secondary stopehanging-wall val- indicatedby the instrumentedhanging-wallcable-
uesplot abovethebrittledamagethreshold, indicat- bolts.
ing that the secondarystope hanging-wallhas For the 9-0-11 secondarystope(Fig. 12), the sur-
yielded. Damageseverityincreasescloserto the veyed contour of stope mid-span hanging-wall
stopehanging-wall contact,and towardsthe stope sloughagecoincided with the a3=0 MPa contour.
perimeters. Using conventionalHock-Brownrock Modelled we-mining brittle behaviourand an ob-
massfailurecriterion(mi= 10),thehanging-walls of servedhigherrate of hanging-wallblastvibrationat-
theprimarystope,andmostof the secondary stope• tenuationsuggestthat the rock massenvelopingthe
are indicated as stable. secondary stopemay havepre-conditioned,resulting
in the sheddingof confiningstresses.The a3=0MPa
contourof the secondarystopehanging-wallrepre-
sentsa confiningstresslimit, within which dilution
2ooSecondary /•1IHock
stopeo•to.
at5mdepth
Brown
,'ockmass
(m=2.4. I
s=0.002) occurs.

,so • • Secondary
stope
at2m
depth
• o•_•O•
•g/ Brittle
Damage
I
•ßaioo
so
•/•'
ß.''••--•
•
I(m=0,
Primary
stope
s=0.25)
[
at2rn
depth
• ß
o' Primary
stope
at5mdepth
0 *

0 20 40 60

Sig 3 (MPa) +5MPa

Figure 10. Modelled we-mininghanging-wallstresscondi-
tions within primaryand secondarystopes. Modelledstope
mid-heightstressesat 2 and5 metersintothe hanging-wall
are
plottedagainstconventionalHock-Brownrockmass and Hock-
Brownbrittle(m = 0) damagethresholds.

4.2 Post-miningstressinfluences
After extractionof the two casestudystopes,repre- Figure II. Primarystopehanging-wallcontoursof minimum
sentedin Figure8 as modellingstage#7, hanging- principalstress.Contoursplottedon a verticalsection,located
wall stress distributions were also examined. at the stopemid-span.
The notionthat a simpleconfiningstress(tensile
strength)criterioncan be usedto assesshanging- 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
wall stabilityand dilutionpotentialhas been re-
portedby Mitri et al. (1998), Martin et al. (1999b), Intrinsic
differences
between primary
andsecondary
and Alcott et al. (1999). Only in the regionwith stope performance,indicatedby observeddiffer-
confinement loss(a3=0 MPa) doesa potentialtbr encesin blastvibration attenuation,
measured
hang-
sloughageexists. However, not all of this zone will ing-walldeformation,
and excavated
stopeprofile,

414

' ' IcMs
contour
] ReportMRL 88-132 (TR). CANMET, Energy,Minesand
Figure 12. Secondarystope hanging-wallcontoursof mini-
mumprincipalstress.Contoursplottedon a verticalsection,
locatedat the stopemid-span.
confirmsthat the radial confining stresson secon-
darystopeis reduced.
Followingproduction blastingof adjacentprimary
stopes,stresseswereredistributed aroundthe stope.
Pre-conditioningof the secondarystopepanelhang- Henning,J.G., 1998. Ground Control Strategiesat the
ing-wallandore zone,dueto theseinducedstresses
resultedin rock massyieldingand an envelopeof
de-stressedrocksurroundingthe stope.With mining Hutchinson,D.J., and Diederichs,M.S., 1996. Cableboltingin
of the secondary
stope,additionalstressreliefoccurs
as inducedstresses are redirectedaway from the ad-
jacentbackfilled stopes,ontothe abutments.
Modelled estimates of the extent of rock mass
damageor pre-conditioningof the primaryandsec-
ondarystopes,usingtheproposed Hoek-Brownbrit-
tle parameters,
mirroredobservedtrends.
The extentof hanging-wall
dilutioncorresponded
to the a3--0MPa contourin the secondarystopeand
the a3=5 MPa contourfor the primary stope. This
suggests
thattheextentof dilutionwasquantified
by
the loss of confinementwithin the hanging-wall.
One possibleexplanationfor the differencein con-
finementlevels,is that the secondarystopehad al-
readybeenconditioned due to adjacentminingac-
tivities and therefore a3--0, as determinedby this
linear-elasticmodel,appearedto give goodcorrela-
tionswith the surveyedstopeprofile.
6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The supportof Barrick Gold Corporation- Com-
plexe Bousquetfor permissionto publishis grate-
fully acknowledged.
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