KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

TERMINAL EXAMINATION-II-ANSWER KEY EX-06

Rev: 0
AP 7201 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
PART A
1. List some applications of feedback.
Positive feedback is used in the design of oscillator and other application.
In a PA system get feedback when you put the microphone in front of a speaker and the sound
gets uncontrollably loud.
Speed control-If the car starts to speed up above the desired set-point speed, negative feedback
causes the throttle to close, thereby reducing speed; similarly, if the car slows, negative feedback
acts to open the throttle
2. List some op-amp design parameters.
Gain
Small signal bandwidth
Large signal bandwidth
Output swing
Linearity
Noise and offset
Supply rejection
3. Define gain boosting.
The gain boosting is to further increase the output impedance without adding more cascode
devices. Gain boosting technique improves accuracy of cascoded CMOS circuits without
4. What are the types of noises encountered in op amps?
Shot noise,Thermal noise,Flicker noise,Burst noise and Avalanche noise.
5. Define slew rate.
It is defined as the rate of change of output voltage per unit of time.

6. Mention any one method for improving slew rate.

The slew rate is defined as the maximum rate of change of output voltage caused by a step input
voltage. An ideal slew rate is infinite which means that op-amp’s output voltage should change
instantaneously in response to input step voltage.
There is a capacitor with-in or outside of an op-amp to prevent oscillation. It is this capacitor
which prevents the output voltage from responding immediately to a fast changing input.

7. State the importance of phase margin in op amp design.

The oscillation will occur because the fed-back output signal will then reinforce the input signal
at that frequency. In conventional operational amplifiers, the critical output phase angle is −180°
because the output is fed back to the input through an inverting input which adds an additional
−180°.
8. Define Pole Splitting.
Pole splitting is a phenomenon used in an electronic amplifier. When a capacitor is introduced
between the input and sides of the amplifier and it moves the output pole away from the origin.
This effect is called pole splitting.

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9. Write the T(s) of a multipole system.

10. An amplifier with a forward gain of Ao and two poles at 10 MHz and 500 MHz is placed in a
unity gain feedback loop. Calculate Ao for a phase margin of 60°.

PART B

11. (a) Draw voltage current feedback amplifier. Draw the basic amplifier without feedback and
derive open loop transfer gain and from this find the closed loop transfer gain. (13)

(b) Compare telescopic and folded – cascode topologies of single stage op amp and discuss the
effect of gain boosting in cascode devices. (13)

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12. (a) (i) Explain PSRR with an example circuit. (7)

(ii) Write short notes on gain boosting. (6)

(b) List the various factors that limit the slew rate of op amps and discuss two methods for
improving the same. (13)

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13. (a) For a telescopic operational amplifier with single ended output, identify the number of poles
and discuss the effect of device capacitance on the internal nodes. (13)

(b) What are the difficulties in compensating two stage CMOS op amps? Discuss the
compensation technique using a common gate stage. (13)

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14. (a) Construct the root locus for a two pole system. (13)

(b) Explain compensation methods of two stage op amp in detail. (13)

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15. (a) (i) Explain the need for frequency compensation in operational amplifiers. (7)
Typical op amp circuits contain many poles. For this reason, op amps must usually be
“compensated,” that is, the open-loop transfer function must be modified such that the closed-
loop circuit is stable and the time response is well-behaved.
Stability can be achieved by minimizing the overall phase shift, thus pushing the phase crossover
out.
Stability can be achieved by dropping the gain thereby pushing the gain crossover in.

(ii) Calculate input common mode voltage range and closed loop output impedance for cascode
op amp. (6)

(b) (i) Discuss on folded cascade circuit and its large signal characteristics. (8)
Basic folded-cascode amplifier:

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 VDD VDD

M1 RD RD
vout vout
vin M1 VB
vin

M2 M2
VCAS VCAS

I1 I1
(a) (b)

Fig. 1 Folded-cascode circuit with proper biasing with the source terminal of M1 at
VDD (a) and at a suitable bias voltage at VB.
Large signal behavior

(c) Fig. 2 Large-signal characteristics of folded cascode

(ii) Construct the root locus for a one-pole system. (5)

PART C

16. (a) Explain the four types of feedback topologies. (15)

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(b) Discuss about pole zero compensation. (15)

Staff in-charge HOD

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