COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOILS PART IL LECTURE 3TIME RATE OF CONSOLIDATION From the previous lecture, we learned that consolidation is the result of the gradual dissipation of the excess pore water pressure from a clay layer. The dissipation of pore water pressure increases the effective stress which induces settlement. Hence, to estimate the degree of consolidation of a clay layer at some time t after the load is applied, we need to know the rate_of dissipation of the excess pore water beeTIME RATE OF CONSOLIDATION The rate of consolidation for a homogenous fine-grained soil depends on its hydraulic conductivity (permeability), the thickness and the length of the drainage path. As the hydraulic conductivity decreases, the soil will take longer to drain the initial excess pore water, and settlement will proceed at a slower rate. A measure of the rate of consolidation is the coefficient of consolidation C, (unit cm2/min or m2/yr).TIME RATE OF CONSOLIDATION From the theory of one-dimensional consolidation, the time rate of consolidation is expressed as Vat 1k- Ma Pe Un a-Tasdiela) (so amc olg C, - coefficient of consolidation H,, — thickness of the drainage layer = 1 if one-way; 0.5 if two-way drainageTIME RATE OF CONSOLIDATION Time rate in actual compared to laboratory test. 2 CMa COLE Time rate if two degrees of consolidation are given. t, U%z CICDEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION The time factor T, is related to the average degree of consolidation U, which is the average excess pore water pressure dissipated (change in effective stress) divided by the initial excess pore water pressure or the settlement that occurred at time t divided by the expected settlement when all the excess pore water pressure dissipated. bn hia", AH, i = Lig bly — INitagenDEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION Dee ae Ce Ome coon CRs eee uit ne ne Nuri eae coos eke cae Suit ne emo epDEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION A convenient set of equations for double drainage and uniform excess pore water pressure distribution found by curve fitting from the previous graph is r. _@ a grat for U < 60% yDEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION While for one-way drainage and triangular initial excess pore water pressure distribution, the equation is Ty = 1.781 — 0.933 log(100 — U) for U 2 60%COEFFICIENT OF CONSOLIDATION There are two popular methods that can be used to calculate C,. ¢ Root time Method — proposed by Taylor in 1942 LLL aut ~ Log time Method — proposed by Casagrande and Fadum in 1940 SOLE Te Vv aaMODULUS OF VOLUME CHANGE at modulus of volume compressibility m, is found from plotting the vertical strain, ¢, = AH/H, versus the vertical effective stress and determining the slope as shown in the figure. In the one-dimensional consolidation coe nya eee leeMODULUS OF VOLUME CHANGE The modulus of We) TaaT ey (c) compressibility m, is expressed as ee (C7 )iak 7 ee (CPP) =e MO eG > Gea) 7Sample Problem 1 A soft clay layer 0.5m thick is situated between layers of sand. The initial vertical total stress at the center of the clay layer is 50kPa and the pore water pressure is 20kPa. The increase in vertical stress at the center of the clay layer from a building foundation is 25kPa. The vertical stresses and pressures at the center of the clay layer are assumed to be the average vertical stresses and pressures of the clay layer. What are the vertical effective stress and excess pore water pressure at the center of the clay layer when 60% consolidation occurs?Sample Problem 1 GIVEN: IND Aga, = 25kPa a, Au OE a¢h/4 G, = 50 kPa u, = 20 kPaSample Problem 1 1. Calculate the initial excess pore water pressure. Kacon Au, = Ao,= 25 kPa 2. Calculate the current excess pore water pressure at 60% consolidation. Au = Au, (1 — U) = 25(1 — 0.6) = 10 kPaSample Problem 1 3. Check reasonableness of answer. The excess pore water pressure after consolidation is initiated (10 kPa) must be LOWER than the initial excess pore water pressure (25 kPa). The answer then is reasonable. 4. Compute for the increase in vertical effective stress at 60% consolidation. Ao', = Ao, — Au = 25-10 =15 kPaSample Problem 1 5. Check reasonable of answer. Since 60% consolidation has occurred, the current excess pore water pressure (10 kPa) must be LESS than the excess pore water dissipated (15 kPa). Then answer then is reasonable.Sample Problem 1 6. Calculate the current vertical effective stress. Op = Op Uy = 0 = 70 = 30 nan O' 7f = O79 + Ao'p= 30 +15 =45kPa Note that U =U, + Au = 20+ 10 = 30 kPaSample Problem 1 7. Check reasonableness of answer. The current total stress is 50 + 25 = 75 kPa. o, =0', tu=45+30=75kPa Then, the answer is reasonable.Sample Problem 2 A one-dimensional consolidation test was performed on a sample, 50mm in diameter and 20mm high taken from a clay layer 1m thick. During the test, drainage was allowed at the upper and lower boundaries. It took the laboratory sample 75 minutes to reach 50% consolidation. A. lf the clay layer in the field has the same drainage condition as the laboratory sample, calculate how long it will take the 1m clay layer to achieve 50% and 90% consolidation.Sample Problem 2 ae Bl lena iam litr-(o [om ox 0.02 Cc tO) aa ee (Har) fieia = oe er) ray Peer WEN Mme Rts Carer) (0.5m)? (75min) eg SSS oe LO aA sna Chae ee tricia = 130.21 days for 50% consolidationSample Problem 2 _ U%io (ts0) _ (0.9)?(187500) >i OSE Fe Pa OLA AY for 90% consolidation = 607,500minSample Problem 2 A one-dimensional consolidation test was performed on a sample, 50mm in diameter and 20mm high taken from a clay layer 1m thick. During the test, drainage was allowed at the upper and lower boundaries. It took the laboratory sample 75 minutes to reach 50% consolidation. B. How much more time would it take the 1m clay layer to achieve 50% consolidation if drainage existed on only one boundary?Sample Problem 2 ae BT lin ia mtn Me lee litre(o | ox 0.02 Cc tO alee Car) sieia = 1m Pere BURR ts _ Har pieta(tian) _ (Am)?(75min) a RU ic) ens Hr tab TD tricia = 520.83 days for 50% consolidationSample Problem 2 Note: If drainage exists on only one boundary rather than both boundaries of the clay layer, the time taken for a given percent consolidation in the is four times longer.Sample Problem 3 Under normal loading condition, a 3.6m thick clay (normally consolidated) has an initial effective stress of 190kPa and initial void ratio of 1.22. A surcharge of 190kPa reduces its void ratio to 0.98. The hydraulic conductivity of the clay for the loading range is 6.1 x 10° m/day. a. What is the coefficient of volume compressibility of the clay? b. What is the coefficient of consolidation of the clay? c. How long will it take for this clay layer to reach 60% consolidation if its is drained on one side only?Sample Problem 3 a. Coefficient of volume compressibility. GHA AP, = (DEK) ip ea ee ae °- RAC G) 160) a ey z= oy Ea My Aan eea oad a0 b. Coefficient of consolidation. k Seems (Hae Ee ve my (6.02 x 10-4)(9.81) = 0.01034 m?/daySample Problem 3 c. Time rate for 60% consolidation. Ty = 1.781 — 0.933 log(100 — 60) = 0.2682 Cae OERGR (3.67) cove VE Me Kieys ERT aadSECONDARY COMPRESSION The secondary consolidation settlement is atk)Sample Problem 4 Anormally consolidated clay layer, 3m thick, has the following properties: Initial void ratio = 0.8 Compression index, Cc = 0.25, Initial effective pressure, o’, = 125 kPa Expected pressure increase, Ao = 45 kPa Secondary compression index, C, = 0.02 Time for completion of primary settlement = 1.5 years What is the total settlement of the clay layer five years after the completion le aleve Rtn eeSample Problem 4 AH totat = AHy + AHs 1. Compute for the primary consolidation settlement. H oP Doe eres Toes VA ay ye rary re oT Sere a ee ROL Lm Nel CRUE\s pve Ae = 0.25 log —~— = 0.0333847 IZSample Problem 4 2. Compute for the secondary compression settlement. liga tre Soar te ta te at a OP TNEEETZ Ig) 3. Calculate the total settlement. Nr eae AHtotat = 0.0734m = 73.4mm & a ad 0.1776m = 17.76mm