1994 年我国开始连年顺差，特别是 2005 年起顺差额便是逐年扩大。请解释 1994 年以

来我国贸易顺差持续发生的主要原因。

自 1994 年以来，由于经济结构的调整，中国出现了贸易顺差的高速增长，这造成了出
口增长的差距和进口（设备进口）的放缓，这导致贸易顺差急剧增加。改革开放以来，
中国采取了出口带动的模式。通过出口赚取外汇成为外贸政策的主要目的。自 1999 年
中国实施“以科技促进贸易”战略以来，中国的制造业产品出口迅速增长，已成为中
国贸易顺差的重要驱动力。从文化的角度来看，有三个主要原因可以解释中国持续的
贸易顺差现象。

1.中国的集体力量
首先，政府出口导向型政策的成功是通过中国人民的集体力量实现的。中华民族的文
化特征之一就是集体主义。在中国社会中，从出生起就将人们融入强大而团结的群体
中，这些群体继续保护他们，以换取毫无疑问的忠诚度。集体主义表明，中国人民更
加重视国家的目标和福祉，因此政府有可能以有条理的方式执行政策。

中国人还具有“儒家和儒家传统文化”，它以勤奋，节俭，毅力和远见卓著而著称，
这说明了中国人民良好竞争力的特征。此外，中国的所有事物都有思考未来的趋势，
而不仅仅是现在。这种长期的发展方向与国民经济的发展速度有关。除了长远的眼光
和人民的集体力量，中国还成功地采用了出口导向型政策，成为世界净出口国。

2.创业精神
儒家传统文化污蔑了获利和企业家精神。中国有非常深厚的企业家文化根源，而中国
经济转型最明显的特征之一就是企业家精神。以这种心态，随着制造业中心在 1990 年
代和 2000 年代从东南亚转移到中国，特别是在最终产品生产方面，中国人民抓住了这
个机会，为中国的经济发展做出了贡献。

3.节省倾向和节俭心态
中国的储蓄率非常高，中国人认为财富的积累是确保家庭生活的途径之一。实际上，
中国贸易顺差高的主要原因是，由于储蓄率如此之高，中国既不消费大量进口商品也
不消费国内生产的商品。中国年复一年可以进行大量投资的原因是，投资是由高储蓄
率提供资金的。而且由于中国人储蓄如此之多，因此他们购买的进口商品少于在国外
出售的商品。

自 1990 年以来，中国持续的贸易盈余是由于国内储蓄总额高于国内投资总额的原因。
中国成为发展中国家中最大的外国直接投资接受国，并发展成为大规模的制造和加工
基地。中国在劳动力和交易成本上具有相对优势，这鼓励外商投资企业在这种出口促
进体制下开展业务。自采取“对外开放”政策以来，中国在吸收和利用外国直接投资
方面取得了显著成就。

ENGLISH:
Since 1994, China experienced a high-speed growth of trade surplus due to the adjustment
of economic structure which causes a gap in export growth and slower imports (imports of
equipment) and this led to a sharp increase of trade surplus. Since the reform and opening-
up, China has adopted export-led model. To earn foreign exchange through exports became
the main purpose of the foreign trade policy. Since China implemented the "Promoting
Trade through Science and Technology" strategy in 1999, China's manufacturing goods
exports have grown rapidly and have become an important driver of China's trade surplus.
From cultural perspective, there are 3 main reasons that explain the phenomenon of China's
continuous trade surplus.

1. China's Collective Strength

Firstly, the success of the government's export-led policy was achieved through the
collective strength of Chinese people. One of the cultural characteristics of the Chinese is
Collectivism. In China's society, people from birth onwards are integrated into strong,
cohesive in-groups which continue protecting them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty.
Collectivism indicates that Chinese people attach greater importance on the goals and well-
being of the country, therefore making it possible for the government to implement the
policies in a disciplined manner.

中国人还有“孔儒传统文化”，埋头苦千、勤俭节约、坚忍不拔以及深谋远虑，解释了中国人
的不俗竞争力的特点。另外，中国凡事都有想到未来的倾向，而非只想到现在，这种长期导向
与国家经济发展速度之间是有关系的。Along with the long-term orientation and
people's collective strength, China has successfully applied export-led policies to
become the net exporter of the world.

2. Entrepreneurship
Traditional Confucian culture stigmatized profit-making and entrepreneurship. There are
very deep cultural roots of entrepreneurship in China, and one of the most conspicuous
characteristics of Chinese economic transition is entrepreneurship. With this mindset, as
manufacturing centers moved from Southeast Asia to China through the 1990s and 2000s,
especially in final goods production, Chinese people jumped at the opportunity and
contributed to the development of China's economy.

3. Saving Tendency and Thrift Mindset

China has a remarkably high savings rate, the Chinese view that accumulation of wealth is
one of the pathways for securing the family line. In fact, the main reason for China's high
trade surpluses is that with such a high savings rate, China doesn't consume either a lot of
imports or domestically produced goods. A reason that China can invest so much, year after
year, is that the investment is financed by high savings rates. And because people in China
save so much, they buy fewer imported goods than they sell abroad.

China sustained trade surplus resulted from the higher ratio of gross domestic saving than
gross domestic investment since 1990. China became the largest recipient of foreign direct
investment among developing countries and grew into a large-scale manufacture and
processing bases. China has a comparative advantage in labor and transaction costs which
encourages FIEs to operate under this export promotion regime. China has obtained
remarkable achievements in absorption and utilization of FDI since adopting its "open door"
policy.