48 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. VT-35, NO.

2, MAY 1986

Elements of Cellular Mobile Radio Systems

Absboct-A major concern in a ddar mobik radio system is the co.

channel interference. Therefore, the reduction of co&annel interference
k o w s a nuIs thrust for the system design engineers. We use the co-
channel interference reduction factor os a design criterion and prrdict thc
sigd-to-interfenne ( S A ) ratios in different system configurations. The
handoff mechanism and algorithmic coddcrations, the traffic capacity
andprocedure for splitting cells, and the ncar-end-to-far-ed ratio
interference and reduction are the dements described.

I. INTRODUCTION
HE PURPOSE OF THIS paper is to introduce a simple
T methodologywhichwillenable us to understand better
how each element affects a cellular mobile radio system. The
first recognition is that hexagonal shaped cells are artificial
andsuchashapecannotbegeneratedintherealworld. {Fl}ANDlmlARETWO SETS OF FREQUENCY CHANNELS
Engineers draw hexagonal-shaped cells on a layout to simplify
the planning and design of a cellular system. This paper also @ RElNmATlNG CALLS
illustrates asimplemechanismwhichmakesthecellular @CELL SITE
system implementable based on hexagonal cells. Otherwise a
statistical approach will be used in dealing with a real-world
situation. Fortunately the outcomes resulting from these two HIGH POWER
approaches are very close, yet the latter does not provide a
URGERCEU
clear physical picture. Besides, today these hexagonal-shaped
cells havealreadybecomeawidelypromotedsymbol for 0 NOHANDOFFS
cellular mobile systems. Use of hexagonal .cells here can be Fig. 1. Conventional mobile system.
easily adapted by the readers for this reason.
A majorproblemfacingtoday’sradiocommunication
industry is the limitation of available radio frequency spec- system which fits this requirement 1s the recently developed
trum. A conventional mobile system is usually designedby cellularmobileradiosystem.Recentarticlesin the Bell
selecting one or more channels from an allocation for use in SystemTechnicalJournal [l], andbyBlecher [2] and
autonomous geographical zones shown in Fig. 1. The com- Oetting [3] provide an overall structural viewofacellular
munication coverage area of each zone is normally planned tomobilesystem. To make the cellularsystemtheydescribe
be as large as possible. The user whostarts a call in one zone work properly, more information will be needed, and w i be
l
has to reinitiate the call as he moves into a new zone(seeFig. introduced in this paper. Since the general and more realistic
models are very technical, this paper will try to offer a simple
1).
In this kind of system, the number of active usersis limited explanationofacomplicatedsystem. Therefore, certain
to the number of channels assigned to that zone. Also, this assumptions will be simplified, and
the results are more easily
system is not a desirable radio telephone system sincethere is understood.
no guarantee that every call can be a complete call without a II. BRIEFDESCRWMON OF MOBILE RADIO ENVIRONMENT
handoff capability. The handoff will be addressedlater.
In settingallocationpolicy,theFederalCommunications A mobile radio signal r(t) illustrated in Fig. 2 can be
Commission (FCC) seeks systems which need minimal band- characterized by two components m(t) and ro(t) basedon
width but provide high usage and consumer satisfaction. One natural physical occurrences.

Manuscript received March 10, 1985; revised January 25, 1986. This work
was presented at Seminar on Cellular Radio for Voice and Data Communica-
tions, New York, N Y , November 8, 1984. m(t) is calledlocalmean,long-termfading, or log-normal
The author was with ITT Defense Communications Division, 492 River fading which is due to the terrain contour between the base
Road, Nutley, NJ. He is now with Pactel Mobile Companies, 3355 Main
Street, Irvine, CA 92714. Telephone (714) 5536042. station and the mobile unit.ro is called multipathfading, short-
IEEE Log Number 8609783. term fading, or Rayleigh fading which is due to the waves

0018-9545/86/05ooM)48$01.00 0 1986 IEEE

LEE: CELLULAR MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS
I I
Fig. 2. A mobile radio signal f&g representation. (a) A mobile radio
signal f a g . @) A short-term signal fading.
reflectedfromthesurroundingbuildingsand man-made
structures. The. long-term fading m(t) can be obtained from
the following:
m(tl)= ["+' r(t) dt
11-T
where 2T is the time interval for averaging r(t). T can be
determined based on the fading fate of r(tj; usually 20 to 40
fades [4]. Therefore m(t) is the envelope of r(t) as shown in
Fig. 2(a). m(t) is also found to be a l o g - h o d distribution
based on its characteristics caused by the terrain contour.
The short-term fading ro is obtained by
ro (dB)= r ( t )- m u ) (dB) (3)
as showninFig. 2(b). ro(t) follows a Rayleigh distribution
assuming that only reflected waves from local surroundings
are the ones received (ah o d situation for the mobile radio
environment). Therefore thetermRayleighfadingisoften
Used.
III. CONCEPT OF REUSE FREQUENCY CHANNELS
A frequency channel consists of a pair of frequencies, one
for each directionof transmission, thatis used for afull duplex
system. A particular frequency channel,say F,, used by a user
in one geographical zone called cell,
a say C1,with a cbverage
radius R , can be used by another user in another cell withthe
same coverage radius at a distance D away.
This frequencyreuseconcept is the core of the cellular
mobile radio system. In this frequency reuse system, users in
different geographical locations (different celis) may simulta-
neously use the same frequency channel. If the system is not
properly planned tbis arrangement Can cause interference to
occur.Interferenceduetothecommonuse of the same
channeliscalledco-channelinterference,andco-channel
interference is ourmajorconcern. Schemes to reduceco-
49
channel interference are developed and described below. The
impad on the handoff m e c h ~ s m ,cellsplitting,and fre-
quency management are also addressed.
N.REDUCTION OF CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE
Reusing an identical m u e n c y channel in different cells is
limited by co-channel interference to become a major prob-
lem. In ordei to reduce this c6-channel interference, several
effective schemes are used.
A. Co-channel Interference Reduction Factor
Assume thit the size of cells isroughlythesame.The
cell size isdeterminedbythecoverage area ofthesignal
strength in each cell. Aslong as the cell size is k e d , cu-
channel intetference is independent of the transmitted power
of each cell. Actually, co-channel hiterference is a function of
a parameter Q d e M as
Q =D / R (4)
where R is the radius of cellsand D is the separation between
two co-channel cells.
The parameter Q is the co-chamel interferenck reduction
factor. When the ratio Q increases, the cocha&el interfer-
e k e decreases. F b e r m o r e , theseparation D in (4) is a
function of KOand SA where KOis the number ofcochannel
interfering cells iri the first tier as shown in Fig. 3, and SA is
the received si@-to-interference ratio at the desired mobile
receiver:
s
-=-
s
1 KO
- E l k
k= I
In a M y equipped hexagonal-shaped cellular system, there
are always six m-channel interfering cells in the first tier as
s h o d ih Fig. 3, i.e., KO = 6 , Co-channel interference canbe
experienced both at the cell site and at mobile units in the
Center cell. If the interference is much greater than the noise
from all other sotmes, then the signal-tu-interference ratio at
the mobile units caused by the six intedering sites is (on the
avekge) the same as the SA received at the center celi site
caused by interfering mobile units in the six cells, acuirding to
the reciprocity theorem of radio Propagation. The SO can be
expressed as
. -=-
S R-7
(6)
I KO
c DL'
k= 1
where y is a propagation path-loss slope[SI determined by the
actual terrain environment; -y usually lies beMeen two and
five. KO is the'number of cochanciel interfering cells, and is
equal to six in a fully developed system, as shown in Fig. 3.
he co-channelinterfering cells in the second tiercause
weaker interference than those in the first tier. Therefore, the
co-channel interference from the second-tier interfering cells
can be negligible.
50 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. VT-35, NO. 2, MAY 1986

Fig. 3. Six effective interfering cells of ceh %l.

B. m e Normal Case in an Omnidirectional Antenna

System
Assume that all Dkare the same for simplicity as shown in
Fig. 4, then

and
Q=(6 * S/I)”7. (8)
In (8), thevalue of SA is based on the required system
performance, andthe specified valueof 7 based on the terrain
environment. With given values of S / I and 7 , the cochannel
interference reduction factor Q can be determined. Normal
cellular practice is to specifySI1 to be 18 dB or higher based
on subjective testsand the criterionthat 75 percent of theusers
say voice quality is ‘‘good” or “excellent” in 90 percent of
the total covered area on a flat terrain [ 6 ] .Since the S / I of 18
dB is measured from the acceptance of voice quality from.
present cellular mobile receivers,this acceptance implies that
both themobile radio multipathfadingandtheco-channel @I
interference becomes ineffective at that level. 0 CELL SITE
The path-loss slope y is equal to about four in a mobile radio MOBILE UNLT
environment [SI. Then (8) becomes Fig. 4. Determination of SO in an omdinxa’onal antenna system. (a)
NormalCaSeinaIlOlMkhXb‘d ~ntennasystem. (b) Worst case in an
Q=(6~63.1)’/~=4.41. (9) omnidirectional antemla.

which is veryclose to Q= 4.6 from asimulation [6].

 LEE: CELLULAR MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS 51

The ninetieth percentile of the total coverage area in a cell One way of solving this problem is to increase the number
would be achieved by increasing the transmitted power which of cells N in a sevencell frequency reuse pattern. However,
does not affect (9). when N increases, the numberof frequency channels assigned
The factor Q can be related to the number of frequency inacellmustbecomesmaller(assumingafixed total
reuse patterns (a set of cells) in a hexagonal-shape cellular allocation), and the efficiencyof applying the frequency reuse
system by scheme decreases.
Q =J ~ N . (10) Instead of increasing the number N in a set of cells, let us
Substituting Q from (9) into (10) yields leave N = 7 and introduce a directional-antenna arrangement
as follows.
N=7. (1 1)
Equation (1 1) indicatesthata sevencell reusepatterri'is D. Worst-case Design in Directional Antenna System
neededfora S/I of 18 dB. The sevencell reusepatternis
shown in Fig. 5 . The cochannel interferencecanbereduced byusing
Based on Q = D / R , the determination ofD can be reached directional antennas. This means that each cell is divided into
by choosing a radius R ih (9).Usually, a greater value of Q three orsix sectors anduses three or six directional antennas at
than that shown in (9) should be desirable. The greater the a base station; the three-sector case is shown in Fig. 5 . To
value of Q, the lower the co-channel interference. In a real illustratetheworst-casesituation, two cochannelcells are
environment, (6) is always true, but (7)is not.Since (9) is shown in Fig. 6(a). The mobile unit in the right shaded cell-
derived from (7), the value Q maynotbe large enough to sector will experience interference from the left shaded cell-
maintainasignal-to-interferenceratioof 18 dB. This is
sector site, but not vice versa. This is because the front-to-
particularly true in the worst case as shown below. 10 dB or
back ratio of a cell-site directional antenna is at least
more in a mobile radio environment. The worst cochannel
C. Worst-Case Design in an Omnidirectional Antenna interference case in the interfered directional-antenna sectors
System may be calculated as follows.
In the worst case, the mobile unitis at the cell boundaryR, The S/I at the mobile unitin the worst case is when the unit
and its distances from two co-channel interfering sites are D is at the position B, at which the distance between the mobile
- R (see Fig. 4). The others can be approximatelyD + R/2, unit and the interfering antenna is D + R/2. Because of the
D - R/2, D,and D + R as figured out from Fig. 3. use of directionalantenna~,the numberof principal interferers
Then the signal-to-interference ratio is is reduced fromsix to twoas shown in Fig.5 . The value ofS/1

S R-4
I 2(D-R)-4+ (D-f)-4+D-4+ (D+$)-4+(D+R)-4

2(Q + 1)4+ ( Q - 1)4 + (Q+i)4+(Q-i)4

+-
(Q2 -
(Q2-a>4 Q4

=49.56 (=) 17 dB

provided Q = 4.6 and y = 4. From (12).it is determined that can be obtained by the following expression:
the S/I in the worst case is less than 18 dB. In reality, due to
ehical
owing,
and
locations
imperfect
site the R-4
( W w m case =

besituation;
must
system
traffic
heavy
the S / I cari be even worse. Such an instance can
therefore,
the a
easily occur in

designed around the SA in the worst case. In that case, a co-

KO (D+:)-'
channel
interference
reduction
factor of Q = 4.6 is insuffi- (Q+0.5)4
cient . -
-
KO
where Q = 4.6 and KO = 2. Then (13) becomes
In this seven-cell reuse pattern, the total allocated frequency band is
divided into seven subsets. Each particular subset of frequency channels is
assigned to one of Seven cells. (S&m W ~ 2 5 . dB.
3
52 IEEX TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR T E C H N O m Y , VOL. VT-35, NO. 2, MAY 1986
The S/I received by a mobile unit from the 120' directional
antenna sector system expressed in(14) weU exceeds 18 d.3 in
a worst case, Equation (14) shows that using directional
antenna sectors can improve @e signal-tu-interference ratio,
i.e., reduce the co-channel interferemi.
We may also divide a ell into six sectors by using six 6
0'
beam directional antennas as shown in Fig. 6(b).In this case,
only one instance of interference can occur in each sector as
shown in Fig. 5 .
S (Q+0.7)4 (= ) 29 dB
-=. (in sevencell
a system)
I 1
(15)
which shows a further reduction of co-channel interference.
The price we have to pay is more antennas mounted on an
antenna mast and more frequent handoffs due to the greater
c h y x of the mobile wits traveling across thesix sectors in a
e!. Furthermore, theassignmentofthe proper frequency
c1- to the mobileunit in eachsectorismore difficult
because @e locating device af the cell site cannot accurately
determine thel&tion of a mobileunit in eachsector. In
addition, the trunking efficiency becomes poor also.
Once the value of Q is determined, thecellularmobile
System is M y to be implemented in its service area. For a
given value of radius R , a specified value of D is associated
because of the value Q.
For a startup system, the radiusR of a cell can be very large.
That means 'a large coveragearea and light traffic density. The
size'of the eel! is detennined only by the required signal-to-
nbise &ti0 received at the ceg boundary rather than by the
signal-tu-interference ratio. Therefore, thesize of the cell can
be enlarged by increasing the antenna-height,theantenna
gain, or the transmitted power.
LEE: CELLULAR MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS 53

Althoughwehaveshownarealcellularconfigurationin
Fig. 5 , it is easy to use aonedimensional illustration to depict
the handoff concept shown in Fig. 7.
Two cochannel cells using the frequencyFI separated by a
distance D are shownin Fig. 7(a). Theradius R andthe
distance D are governed by the value of Q.Now we have to
fill in with other frequency channels such as F2,F3, and F4
between two co-channel cells inorder to cover a communica-
tion system in a whole area. The fill-in frequenciesF2,F3,and
F4are also assigned to their corresponding cells, C2,C3and C4
(see Fig. 7(b)) according to the same value of Q.
Suppose a mobile unit is starting a call in cell C1then it
moves to C2.The call can be dropped and reinitiated in the
new cell C2, or it can be carried on by changing the frequency
channel from F,to F2while the mobile unit moves from cell
C1to cell C2.This process of changing frequencies can be
done automatically by the system without the user’s interven-
tion. This process is called a handoff.
The handoff processing schemeis an important taskfor any
successful mobile system. How does one make any one of the
necessaryhandoffssuccessful?Howdoesonereduceall
unnecessary handoffs in the system?
The following approaches are used to make every handoff
successful and to eliminate all ~ ~ e ~ ehandoffs. ~ ~ a Suppose
r y
that - 100 dBm is a threshold level at the cell boundary at
which a handoff wouldbe taken. Given this scenario, we have Fig. 7. A cellular system illustrated in one dimension. (a) Co-channel
to set up a level higher than - 100 dBm, say - 100 dBm + A interference reduction. (b) Handoff occurrence. (c) Cell splitting.
dB, and when the received signal reachesthis level, a handoff
request is initiated.If the valueof A is fixed and large, then the
timeittakes to lower - 100 dBm + A to - 100 dBm is
longer.Duringthis time, manysituations,such as turning
back toward the cell site or stopping can happen due to the
direction and speed of the moving vehicles. Then the signals
willneverdropbelow - 100 dBm. It meansthatmany
handoffs may occur just because we have taken
the action tooearly. If A is s m a l l , then there is not enough time
for the call to handoff at the cell site, and many calls can be
lost while they are handed off. Therefore, A should be varied
according to the path-loss slope of the received signal strength
and the level crossing rate of the signal strength as shown in
Fig. 8.
Let the value of A be 10 dB in the above example, it means
that the level of requesting a handoff is not90 dBm. Then we <--1OOdem
can calculate the velocity V of the mobile unit based on the
predicted level crossing rate [7] at - a 10 dB level with respect
to the root mean square (ms) level which is at - 90 a m .

n.A Fig.8. Handoff algorithmsfor unnecessaryhandoffsand necessary han-

V= ft/S doffs.
6 (0.27)

=n - A mih There are circumstances when handoffs are necessary but

(17)
cannot be made.Onesuchcircumstanceoccurswhen the
where n is the levelcrossing rate (crossingsh) counting mobile unit is located at a signal strength hole within a cell but
positive slopes and h is the wavelength in feet. not at the boundary (see Fig. 8). Another happens when the
Here, two pieces of information, the velocity of vehicle V, mobile unit approaches a cell boundary, but no channelsthein
and the path-loss slopey, canbe used to determine the valueof new cell are available.
A so that the number of unnecessary handoffs can be r e d u d In the first circumstance, the call must be kept in the old
and the required handoffs can be completed successfdly. frequencychannel until thecallisdroppedduetoan
54 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. VT-35, NO. 2, MAY 1986

unacceptable signal level. In thesecond case, thenewcell allow traffic to increase16 times. As the cell splitting goeson,
must rearrange its frequency assignment or the call willbe the general formula can be expressed as
dropped.
The system switching office usually controls the frequency new trafficload
assignment in each cell and q n rearrange channel assignments
or split cells whenthis occurs. Cell splitting is described the
in =(4)"' (the trafficload of startupcell) (25)
following section.
where m is the number of splittings. For m = 4 it means that
VI. CELL SPLITIWO an original startup cell has split four times.The traffic loadis
A . Traffic Load After Splitting 256 times larger than the traffic load of the startup cell.

When traffic density starts to build up and the frequency C. Cell Splitting Technique
channels Fi in each cell Ci cannot provide enough mobile calls, The technique of cellsplitting in real time isdescribed
the original cell can be split into smaller cells. Usually the newbelow.
radius is one-half of the original radius (see Fig. 7(c)):
Cellsplittingshouldproceedgraduallyover a systemto
a new cell radius = 1 /2 theoldcell radius. (18) preventdropped calls. Supposethatthe area, just halfway
between two old 24 sectors, needs more traffic capacity as
Then based on (18), the following equation is true: indicated in Fig. 9. We can take the middle point betweentwo
old2Asectorsandnameitnew2A.ThenewlAsectorcanbe
a new cell area=1/4 the
old
cell area. (19) foundbyrotating the old 1A-2A line (shown in Fig. 9)
Leteachnewcellcarrythesamemaximumtrafficloadofthe clockwise 120' [a]. Then the orientation of thenewsetof
old cell; then seven cells is determined. To maintain service for ongoing
calls while doing the cell splitting we let the channels assigned
a new traffic load per unit area=4X (the traffic in the old 2A sector separate into two groups:
load
per old
unit areathe
of cell). (20)
2A=(U)'+(M)" (26)
B. Transmitted Power After Splitting
The transmitted power Pt2for a new cell due to its reduced where (2A)' is the frequency channels used in both new and
size can be determined from the transmitted power Ptlof the old cells, but in the small sectors and (2A) " is the frequency
old cell. channels only used in the old cells.
If we assume that the received power at the cell boundary is At theearlysplittingstage,only a fewchannels are in
P,,then the following equations can be deduced from (4): (2A) ' . Gradually, more channels will be transferred from
(2A) " to (2A) '. When all the channels are transferred in
-
P,= a * PtI R-7 (thereceivedpower at the (2A)' and no channels are leftin ( M ) " ,thecellsplitting
boundary of
the
old
cell) (21) procedureiscompleted. The software algorithmprogram
should have no problem handling the cell splitting procedure.
R -7 (the receivedpoweratthe
pr=a * pt2 * (r) boundary of the new cell) W.ADJACENT CHANNELINTERFERENCE [8]
(22) Usually, a given set of serving channels are assigned to each
cell site. If all the channels are simultaneously transmitted at
where a is a constant. To set up an identical received power P, one cell-site ane tma,enough band isolation between channels
at the boundaries of two different sized cells, dropping the is required for the multichannel combiner to reduce intermod-
parameter P, by combining (21) and (22), we find ulation products. This requirement is no different than other
d i l e radio systems.Assumethatbandseparation re-
Pr2=Prl(1/2)-7. (23) quirements can be resolved, for example say using multiple
For a typicalmobile radio environment, y = 4, then (23) antennas instead ofoneantennaat the cellsite.Thereis
becomes another adjacentchannel interference that isuniquetothe
mobile radio system.
pt* In the mobileradio system, most mobileunits are in motion.
Prz=- (12 dB less than Pt,). (24) Their relativepositions change from time to time. Thereis no
16
fixed frequency plan that can be carried out to avoid mutual
The new transmitted power must be 12 dB less than the old interference.
transmitted power. The new value of Q2 after cell splitting is The following situation is shown in Fig. 10. Distance &
equaltothevalueofQsince~DandRweresplitinhalf. between a callingmobiletransmitter and a base-station
When cell splitting occu~s,the value of Q is always kept receiver is much larger than the distance dIbetween interfered
constant.Thetrafficloadcanincreasefourtimesinthesame mobile transmitter and the same base-station receiver with the
area after splitting the original cell into four subcells. Each interferedmobiletransmittercloseenoughto ovemde the
subcell can again be splitintofoursubcells,whichwould desired base-station signal. This interference, which is based
LEE: CELLULAR MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS 55

OLD CELL FACTOR

NEW CELL FACTOR

2A = (2A)’ + (2A)”
C E U S ONLY
-
LINE 1A AFTER
2A SWlllNG BOTH NEW AND OLD C E U S

Fig. 9. Cell splitting techniques.

occurs at the edge of the channel, B/2. Then from B/2 to B

results in another 24 dB loss, from B to 28 results another 24
dB loss and so forth. In order to achieve a loss of 64 dB, we
may have to double the frequencyband more than two times as

where L isthefiltercharacteristic.Thefrequency band

separation for 64 dB isolation is

on the distance
ratio, can be expressed as Therefore, a minimumseparation of four channels is neededto
satisfy an isolation criterion of 64 dB. The general formula for
SA= ($)-r
(27)
requiring a channel separation based on the filter characteristic
L isexpressed as follows:

The ratio dr/dois thenearend-to-farend ratio. From (27)the frequencyband separation = 2G * B/2(30)
nearend-to-fared ratio affectsthe signal-to-adjacent channel where G is indicated as2
interference ratioaccording to the relative positioqs dueto the
motion of the mobile units.
For example, if the calling mobile unit is 10 mi away from
the base station receiver andthe interfering mobile unitis 0.25
mi away from the base station receiver, then the signal-to-
interference received at thebase station receiver withy = 4 is If a separation of 4B is needed for two adjacent channels in a
cell in order to avoid the nearend-to-farend ratio interfer-
ence, it is then implied that a minimum separation of 4 isB
required among all adjacent channels in one cell.
Since we distribute the total frequency channelsin a set ofN
This kind of interference can be r e d u d only by frequency
separation with a specified filter characteristic.Assume that a
filterofchannelBhasa24dB/oct.slope[l],thena24dBloss
56 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. VT-3S. NO. 2, MAY 1986

IX. SUMMARY
AND CONCLUSION
The cellular mobile system is a high capacity system. It can
be designed to use spectrum efficiency while providing the
highestqualitytelephoneservices.Thetechniqueswehave
I I69 170 171 I12 In 111 I t 9 I discussed include frequency reuse, handoff, andcell splitting.
The major problems which this system faces are co-channel
interference and adjacent channel (nearend to farend) inter-
ference.Severaltechniquescan be usedtosolvethose
problems including reduction of transmitted power for s m a l l
cells, therequirementofco-channelcellseparationforco-
channel interference reduction, and frequency chayel separa-
tion for adjacent channel isolation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author thanksDr. Robert Powers, FCC Chief Scientist,
for his stimulating discussion of this paper.

REFERENCES
Fig. 11. Frequencymanagementchart
[l] “Advancedmobile phone services,” Special Issue, Bell Syst. Tech.
J., vol. 58, Jan. 1979.
cells, each cell onlyhas 1/Nof the total frequency channels. [2] F. H. Blecher, “Advanced mobile phone service,” IEEE Trans. Veh.
Technol., vol. VT-29, p p . 238-244, May 1980.
We denote, { F , } , {FZ}, {F3},{Fd}, ...
forthe sets of [3] J. Oetting, “Cellular mobile radio-An emerging technology,” IEEE
frequency channels assigned in their corresponding cells, C,, Commun. Magazine, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 10-15, Nov. 1983.
[4] W. C. Y . Lee, “Estimate of localaveragepower of amobile radio
c
29 c3, c4. signal,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. VT-34, p p . 22-27, Feb.
Now thequestion is how tomakeagoodfrequency 1985.
management chart to properly assign theN sets of frequency [5] -, Mobile Communications Engineering. New York: McGraw-
channelsandavoidtheproblemsindicatedabove.The Hill,1982, pp. 101, 374.
[6] V.H.MacDonald, “The cellular concept,” Bell System Tech.J., vol.
followingsection addresses how cellularsystemengineers 58, pp. 1 5 4 3 , Jan. 1979.
solve this problem. [7] W.C. Y . Lee, “Statistical analysis of the level crossings and duratioa
of fades of the signal from an energy density mobile radio antenna,”
VIII. FREQUENCY
MANAGEMENT Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 4 6 , pp. 417 4 8 , Feb. 1%7.

A frequency management plan is very crucial in a cellular

system. The problems indicated in the frequency reuse, the
handoff, cellsplitting, and the nearend-to-farend ratio
interference,dependuponagoodfrequencymanagement W U C. Y. Lee (”64-SM’WF’82) received
plan. An existingcommercialfrequencymanagementchart the B.S.degree from the Chinese Naval Academy,
can be used to illustrate its advantages. The chart is shown in Taiwan, China, in 1953, and the M.S.and %.D.
degnes from The Ohio State University, Colum-
Fig. 11. bus, both in electricalengineering, in 1960 and
There are 2 1 frequency channel sets. Those 2 1 sets can be 1963, respectively.
grouped indifferentways as long as the adjacentchannel From 1964 to 1979 he worked forBell Telephone
Laboratories. He created both fading and propaga-
separation meets therequirement.For a sevencell reuse tion path loss models, searched effective schemesin
pattern, three subsets can be used in each cell and the adjacent- reducing multipath fading, studied mobile antennas
channel separation is 6 B which is adequate. In each set, say ing and analyzing the Belland polarization effects, and participated in d e s i g n -
System Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
1A ,the adjacent channel separation is 20 B which is more than system.Hedevelopeda software program based on his UHF propagation
required to reduce the adjacentchannel (nearend-to-farend model used for the mobile telephone system design. He joined IlT Defense
ratio)interference.Thedistance D for a sevencell reuse tion Communications Division, in 1979 where he worked on military communica-
system and adaptive antenna array theory. He is now Vice Resident of
patternis 4.6 R. Forthesake of furtherreducingtheco- Corporate Technology for PacTel Mobile Communi&ns, bine.,CA.
channelinterference,the insert inthecenterofthechart Dr. Lee is an Associate Editor Of IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR
disclosesasystemusing TECHNOLOGY. He is the author of two books: Mobile Communications
three 120’ or six 6 0 ” directional Engineering, published by McGraw-W in 1982, and Mobile Communica-
antennas at each cell site in the system. The directivity is a tion Design Funakmentak, publishedby Howard W. Sams Book Co. in
means to help reduce the co-chanael interference. 1986.