Roots

Different classifications of roots based on origin:

a. Primary Root- the first root formed
b. Secondary root- The roots arise from the primary roots
c. Tertiary roots- the roots that arise from secondary roots. Branches of the tertiary roots
may be referred to as rootlets.
d. Adventitious roots- the roots arise from structures other than the hypocotyl or mature
roots, such as those arise from stems and leaves.

Different classifications of roots based on manner:

a. Taproot system- The taproot system develops from radicle of the germinating seed. It is
also called the normal root system. The taproot system is present in only dicotyledonous
plants.
b. Fibrous root system- primary roots is lost and is replaced by numerous adventitious
roots called seminal roots arising from the base of the stem.

Different longitudinal regions of roots:

a. Root Cap: The root cap is a thimble-like structure covering the tip of the root. The root
cap protects the tender root apex when it makes its way through the soil.
b. Embryonic or meristematic region- the actively dividing region which contains the
apical meristem.
c. Region of Elongation: This part is responsible for the meristematic activity. The cells in
this region are very small, have a thin wall and dense protoplasm.
d. Region of Maturation: We get the root hairs in this region. These are a part of the root
epidermis.

Leaves
Leaf Venation
a. Netted or reticulate venation- the veins branch profusely and form a network over the
blade.
a. Pinnately netted- a principal vein called the midrib is present
b. Palmately netted- several principal veins arise from the tip of the petiole
c. Radiately netted- Several principal veins radiate from around the tip of the
petiole
b. Parallel venation- the veins that do not form a network
a. Parallel venation with the veins parallel to the midrib
b. Parallel venation with the veins at acute or right angles to the midrib

Epidermis- a outermost, protoderm-derived layer of cells covering the stem, root, leaf, flower,
fruit, and seed parts of a plant. It provides a protective barrier against mechanical injury, water
loss, and infection.
The mesophyll is a soft spongy material located between the upper and lower epidermal
surfaces, and is where photosynthesis takes place. It also contains the chloroplasts that
give leaves their glossy green appearance.

The vascular tissues include xylem, which conducts water and minerals from the roots upward
and throughout the plant, and phloem, which transports dissolved nutrients in all directions
within the plant. The main conducting vessels of xylem are the tracheids and the vessels.

Midrib- a large strengthened vein along the midline of a leaf. It provides mechanical support to
leaf. It also helps to transport water, minerals to different cells of leaf. It transports synthesized
food from leaf to stem where from it is carried to different parts of plant