‘4.40. Gas Dynamics and_Jet Propulsion “gt? FORMULAE USED the shock ch number ater tl xch number (ot) Mat 1, Down steam Mas 2am? a 2, 11 yD 71 shock 2. stati pressne ratio crashes Py, at yet te Yel 7 soss the shock 5, Statie temperature ratio a tio across the shock 4. Density % , loss, AP Pox Pay ssxagusion pret BQ"POTPO gay 4: reaentage f stagnation pressure, Pa aa 2s} 7 inoreaseinentropys As=R ima 8.Diffuser efficiency, 1D Normal Shock Waves 4.41 44.49 SOLVED PROBLEMS The upstream mach number, pressure and temperature of normal shock wave are 24, 2 bar and 270 K respectively. Cleulte the ‘Mach number, pressure, temperature and elocly ofthe gas forthe down stream ofthe shock. Check the cleulted values with those sven i the gas tables. Take 7 = 1.3 R= 460 Ihe K. Given My=24 Peo 2bar=2 105 Nim? T*270K ret R=460 kg K Tofind 1. Dov seam Mach number, M, 2. Down seam pressure, py 3. Down trea temperature, 4. Dovmn ream veloc Solution We know that, 1. Down stream Mach number, M,” = ——_—— Downstream Mach number (or) Mach number after the shock wave” Mo 05044.42 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 2, Static pressure ratio across the shock Bly Pe” ya Me = 2413 aap is+t = py = 6380%P, > 6.380 * 2% 105 by = 12.76 108 Nim? Downstream pressute (ot) Pressure after the shock => Py™ 12:76 * 10° Nim? 3. Static emperature ratio across the shock [tet Ley ye 2 ya aaa gut ont 1 a3a+y x@aye 2 13-1 ey Normal Shock Waves 4.43 = 1.795 «T, = 1,795 » 20 T, = 484.65 K Downstream temperature (Ot) >. gga.g5 K ‘Temperature after the shock 4, Downstream velocity (or) velocity afer the shock Mya, = Myx VTE, = 0.508% JTS TAO AES [e, = 271.32 mis] Refer Normsl shocks tables for M,=2.4 and Y= 1.3 M,= 0.505 so 630 [Prom gos tables (SM. Yat % Fifth elton) page no.4] T, BL = 1207 From these values we came to know calculated values and gas tables values are same. Result: 1. M,=0.505 2. Pye 12.76» 105 Nim? 3. T, = 484.65 K 271.32 mvsmnamsies and Jet Propulsion var 70K an 0.7 ar aan vial Mac number of 19. ‘A wave, determine the following 444 Gas By Aderarei it pases throug anormal se Jor downstream of the shock 1. Mach number 2, Pressure 4. Temperature 4, Speed of sound 5, Jet veloclty 6, Density Given : T= 210K pu 0.7 bar 0.7 «108 Ni? Ma 19 ond s [Ae downstream] 1 My 2Py 31, 4a, 5.6 br Solution: Refer Normal shocks tables for Mx 19 and = 14 M, = 0.596 [From gastables pogeno 53) | \ [ Normal Shock Waves 4.45 fy = 4045 py = 4.045 « 0.7 x 108 ———_ Py = 2.831 * 105 Nim? | 1,608 x T, > 1,608 «270 Ty = 434.16K Speod of sound at downstream of the shock By YRT, = Ta 287 BAG 3 = 41766m | a, = 417.66 mis Jel velocity at dow: = 01596 « 417.66 248.93 mis Py 2.83 » 108 Density 2.83 «108 Rhy 297 <434.16 2.27 kg/mm? 2.27 kg/m Result 1 My= 0.596 2. py 2.831 « 108 Nim?4.46 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 1, = 434.16K 417.66 mis 5. Gy = 248.93 mis 6p, * 227 kei, Air ata Mach number of 1.6, pressure of 0.9 bar, and temperature of 370 K passes through a normal shock. Calculate the density after the shock. Compare this value with isentropic compression through the same pressure rutio. Given M.= 16 p= 09 bar = 0.9 x 108 Nin? 1,=370K Tofind 1. Density ater the shock, 9, 2. Compare tis value with isentropic compression. Sotuion Refer Normal shocks tables for M,= 1.6 and ¥= 14, M,= 0.668 p, =e = 2.820 [From gas tables page no.52] Normal Shock Waves 447 => py = 2820xp, = 2,820 x0.9 x 105 Py = 2.538% 10°Nin? 1.388* Ty = 1.388370 fy = 513.56K We know that "RE, = 2.838108 287 «313.56 p= L722 kgm? Density after the shock, p, 1.722 ky? For Isentropic flow,48 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 1 09 108 = 22218 2.820) per70 p= 177 kein? «to know thatthe Final density in the isentropic From that we eamé srovess is greater than in shock process. Result 1. py For shock wave process] = 1-722 kg/m’. 2. py [For Isentropie process} = LTT kg/m? Mach nuniber of 1-1 at ane altitude of 15,000 achieved by anormal Determine the (D) Anatrrae ses a0 se pen Thecompression ns engine party hock wave standing at ke entry of is diffuser Joltowing for downstream of the shock. 1. Mach number 2. Temperature ofthe alr 4. Pressure ofthe ait “4 Stagnation pressure loss across the shock. Given M=1) 5,000 Altitude, Fofind [Atdownstream] LM, 24, 3 4. 8Py= Pox” Pow Normal Shock Waves 4.49 Solution : Refer gas tables for Z = 15,000 m = 216.6K : : p= 0.120 bar p, © 0.120 * 105 Nim? Refer Normal shocks tables for M= 1.1 and'7= 1.4, oot Py 7 has [From gas tables page no. 52] 1, 106s ut ty Poy Fie 7 0998 Poy per 2s By = 1245 xp, = 1.245 « 0.120 x 108 By 0.149 x 108 Nim? I, = 1.065 « Ty = 1,065 « 216.6 230.67 K4,50 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 2 Poy 2133*B, = 2.133 « 0.120% 105 Poy, ~ 0.2559 105Nin® Poy Fe 70.998 Pe AST in Pox * 9998 = 02559108, 0.998 Poy 70.2568 « 108 Nim? Stagnation pressure loss Pox Poy = 0.2564 x 105~0.2559 « 105 ‘Apy= 50Nim? 3. py 0.149 108Nin? 4, Apy=50Nin2 A Normal Shock Waves 4.51 i air enero ifsc noua normal shock wave aan ial ‘Mach number of 1.4. Determine the following 1. Efficiency 2. Percentage of stagnation pressure loss 3. Increase in entropy Given : M,= 14 rela R= 287 kg K To fin : 1. Diffuser efficiency, np 2. Percentage of stagnation pressure loss, APy 3. Increase in entropy, &s. Solution = Refer Isentropic flow table for M,=My = 1.4 and Y= 1.4 1 t= ons [From gas tables page no.32) Tor Refer Normal shocks tables for M,= 1.4 and Y= 1.4 Poy ox To [Fe T [Por | Diffuser efficiency, Np = = 0.958 [From gas tables page no.52] 54.33 yor umber 234), Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion LL. «oss -1 ons _ ons 142). aap 2 0.938 Nip =958% | Pos Poy. = Poe. 100 Percentage of stagnation pressure oss, AP ~ "Phy 4 «100 fred 1 =0,958) « 100 Pox ncrease in entropy, A= 8"| By) ean fgia) 1 1p7958% 3. As =12.3 IhkeK. _ Normal Shock Waves 4.53 (El The siegnaron pressure aud temperature of ale atthe entry of a nacle are S bar aud 450 K respectively, The exit Mech number is 2.1 where @ normal shock necurs. Calculate the fllowing {uantites before and after the shock 1. Static temperatures 2. Stagnation femperauures 3. Stati pressures 4. Stagnation pressures 5. Stagnation pressure loss 6 Increase in entropy Given: Pp = Sbar= 5% 108 Nim? Ty 450K My“ M,=2.1 (Normal shock occurs at this section) To find : 1. Static temperatures (Ty, T,) 2, Stagnation temperatures (To, Toy) . State pressures (P,9,) 4. Stagnation pressures (Pag Py) 5, Stagnation pressure loss (Ap,) 6. Increase in entropy, (48). Solution : Refer Isentropic flow table for Mz My=21and¥= 14 % Ty, ©0531 [From gastables page no.34) Tor Tox:43d Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 0.531 * To. 531450 Ty = 238.95 K = Be = 0.109 * Pog [-To* Tod = 0,109 x5 x 108 [Pp Pod Py 0.545 * 108 Nim? Refer Normal shocks tables for M,=2.1 and Y= 1. M,= 0.561 5 = 1.770 T ors ogra Pos = pn 497xE = 4978 «0545 «105 = 2.71 105 Nim? L770 xT, = 1,770 « 238.95 422.94 K Normal Shock Wives 4.55 > Py 7 0674 xP, = 0.674 x 5% 108 yy 337 * 10° Nin? Pp* Pog! We know that, Stagnation temperature remains constant = [To=Te=Ty= 450K ‘Stagnation pressure loss P= Por Poy = 5x 1093.37 108 App = 1.63 * 105 Nin? Increase in entropy, As = Rin Fe} oy [_S 108 = 207 S| As = 113.22 Vg k Lo Ty=23895K Result T,=422.94K 2. Stagnation temperature remains constant To= Tox ® Toy = 450 K4.56-Gas Dynami and Jet Propulsion 3. py 0.545 x LOSNim? py = 2.71 « 108Nim? A pgp S*10SNImE [+ Pg™ Poxl Poy 337 * 105i 5. Apy® 1.63 108 Nim? 6 s#13.221K8K Airs enter m1 supersonic wind tne tno throat area of 200 cm? and test cross sectional area of 330 ent?, If the normal Shocks lacted nthe ts section, find the following 1. Test section Mach number 2, Diffuser throat area Given ‘Nozzle throatarea, A,*= 200 om?=200« 10‘? ‘Test section area, Ay= 330 em? =330 * 10-4 m? Tofind 1, Test seetion Mach number, M, 2, Diffuser throat area, A,* Solution Shock wave Throat. Throat A,” [~ Entry — | ( a ecto qa Exit Normal Shock Waves 4.57 Ay. BOL AS 200-104 Ls A Refer leniopi Now ble for = 1.65 = 1.686 and Y= 4 M = M,= 197 [From gas tables page no.34) [Note : Upstream Mach number, M, value is always greater than one] Refer Normal shock table for M, = 1.97 and Y= 1.4 [From gas tables page no.53} We know that At Pax Ay! Poy { Pox = 200 104 L * = 0.0272 m3 Result : |. Test section Mach number, M, = 1.97 2. Diffuser throat area, A,* = 0.0272 m?4.38 Gas Dynamies and let Propulsion TH] a det ofr emerng the subsonie dfuser at py = 1 bar and = 280 K. The entry Mach nuinber is 2 and the ratlo of the'exit to nary area ofthe afer is If there ts a nora shock wave ast suid the aiffserenry, determine the foltoing for exit 1. Mach number 2, Temperature 3. Pressure 4, Stagnation pressure loss. Pos Atexit 1. Mach number, Mp 2. Temperature, T> 3. Pressure, p, 4, Stagnation pressure 1058 (Pg. Poy) Solution = Refer isentropic flow table for M,~ My = 2 and ¥~ 1.4 hot ne 9555 perm gaichspoero 34 ot Tor piety ae Por Pox Normal Shock Waves 4.59 ‘Normal shock / w | | { x T Ry ty Ty foc Toy Pp Por Pay Te A neceee Por A 1, > Tyna 555 280 0555 Tor = 508.50K py 01128 Poy = 0.128 «1 «108 Py= 0128 « 108 Ni4.60 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Refer Normal shocks tables for M,~2end Y= 1.4 M,= 0577 Bee 430 [ From gas tables page no.53] 2 = 1687 ?, ee = 0721 > w= 450% py = 4,50 «0.128 « 105 Py = 0.576 « 108 Nim? = he bret, 1687 « 280 T,= 47236K) (Bezeenl caida Refer Isentropic flow table for M=M,=0.577 = 0.58 and Y= 1.4 2 20796 [From gas ables page o.29] Poy 4 r= 1.213, Ay Py 0.576108 9795 x 108 Nin? = a = STERIC 6 9.795 « 108 Nin? Poy ~ 0796 0.796 ee ie 723 * 105 Nim? Normal Shock Waves 4.61 Refer fsentropic flow table for ya la 4.852 = 4.864 and Ay (Note: For SF = 4.882 value, we ean refer gas ables page no.28 and page no 38. But we have to take M T, = 0.9971 x Ty, = 0,971 * 504,50 T= 50303 K [ Tae™ Tog] = Py ~ 0.989 * Pop = 0,989 « 0.723 x 108 Py = 0.715 #108 Nim?4.62. Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Stagnation pressure loss APo= Pos Poy = 1 105=-0.723 » 108 0.277 « 108 Nim? Apy= 0277 * 108 Result 1 Mye0.2 2, Ty 503.03 3. py = 0.715 « 108 Nin? 4. Apy* 0.277» 105Nim? BD) Me pressure temperatre and veloly of «noma shock wave ‘moving ino stagnant air are I bar, 20 and $20 ms respective Ife areu of cross section ofthe duct constant, caleulareat exit 1. Pressure (2. Temperature ‘3. Velocity 4. Stagnation temperature 5. Mach number Given ye Vbar= 1 108Ni Tyr 20°C= 204273 = 293K e,= 520 mis Tofind ps Ty lowing towards left Normal Shock Waves 4.63 Solution : We know that ag> VTRT, = (14887 x23 343.11 mis] M,= 1515K] Refer Normal shocks tables for M,* 1.515 = 1.52 andY= 1,4 694 [From gas tables page no.52] ‘The shock is stationary and the stagnant air on the right of the wave4.64 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion > py 2.529% Py = 2.529 «1 * 108 [py = 2.529 * 105 Nin? From fig, we know that p, = py! pyE = 2.529 1050 = T, = 1334%T, 334 * 293, T= 390.86K 1 From fig, we know that T, = 7, = [t1=390.86K Myx ay M,xV7RT, = 0.694 x Ta «287 + 390.86 75.02 m/s % From fig. we know that or oF Se = 520-275.02 oy! =244.98 mls Now the shock is considered as moving, Normal Shock Waves 4.65 244.98 14x 287 » 390.86 M,! = 0.618 Refer Isentropie flow table for M=M,! f 618 ~0.62and Y= 14, THEETE > 0.928 [From gas tables page no.30) ° Tr 390.86, Toy! =e = 32086 a % 0.928 0.928 421.18 K Result : 1. py = 2.529 « 108 Nim? 2. Ty! = 390.86K 3. 6! = 244.98 m/s Le 4, Ty! = 421.18 K 5. My! = 06184.66 Gas Dynamics und Jet Propulsion 4.1.44 SOLVED UNIVERSITY PROBLEMS ‘The state of the gas [7 1.3 und R= 0.469 ki/kg KJ upstream of normal shock wave is given by the following data : My * 25, ng = 2 bar, Te = 275 K, Calculate the mach mumber, pressure, iemperature of the gas downstream of the shock. [Ana Univ-May 2005) Given: Ye13 R = 0.469 kitkg K = 469 Veg K M,* 25 bar =2 % 108 Nim? P, T= 205K Tofind 1. Down stream mach number, M,, 2. Down stream pressure, p, 3, Down stream temperature, T,, Solution = Refer Normal shocks table for M,=2.5 and 7= 13 M,= 0.493 [From gas tables 2. 6.935 (SM Yohye, Fifth edition s page n0.49] Sp = 6935 ep, 6.935 »2 «105 = 13.87 10 Nie Normal Shoek Waves 4.67 = 1.869 «7, 1.869 « 275 513.97] Result : 1M, = 0.493 2. py = 13.87 * 105 Nim? 3.1, 951397 K Air flows adiabatically in a pipe. A normal shock wave ts forme. The pressure and temperature of air before the shock are 150 Nin? and 25°C respectively. The pressure just after the normal shock is 350 KN/n®. Caleutate @ Mach number before the shock (i) Mach number, tate temperature and velocity of ai after the shock wave. (it) Increase in density of air (iv). Loss of stagnation pressure of ait (9) Change in entropy {Anna universig, May 2004] Given p,= 150 kNim? = 150 « 10° Nia? T, 225° C#273 = 298 K 350 « 10? Nim? py = 350 kNim? To find : 1. Mach number before the shock, My 2. Mach number, static temperature and velocity after the shock [My.Ty.s)] 3, Increase in density of ar, [p,~ Py]4.68 Gas Dynamites and Jet Propuision 4. Loss of stagnation pressure, (Ap) 5.Cha in entropy, (As) Solution netromel as is fr Be 2385 -2520and1= 14 M,= 146 M,=0.716 1.294 (From gas tables page no.52) Poy Fe 7 9982 Poy _ 5 pe 7 3265 = T= 1294xT, = 1,294 x 298 T, = 385.61 K 3.265 * py = Poy 3.265 » 150 * 103 i [Poy ~ 489.75 « 10 Nin? Normal Shock Waves 4.69 Boy _ 489,75 « 10 5199 » 108 Nim? Pox gga” 0942 Bseceeeeaeetaeerceaeoss Pog = 519.9 » 10° Wi? | Stagnation pressure loss Pq Pox Poy = 519.9 10 -489,75 * 108 facto eer p= 30.15 «10° Nin] ‘Mach number after the shock = 0.716 « (14 ¥ 287 385.6) [5 = 281-83 ms) Density before the shock = 330108 "2875298 Py = 1153 kom) after the shock ei4.70. Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion - 350x108 287 «385.61 Increase in density = py — = 3.162 - 1.753 Tnerease in density = 1.409 ka/m? ox change ines, a= Rin = or nfs 17.148 stg K Result : 1 My= 146 2. My=0.716, T,~ 385.61 K, c= 281.83 m/s 3. y~ By= 1409 kg/m? 4. py = 30.15 « 109 Nin? 5. As = 17,148 she K A convergent divergent nozele is designed to expand air from @ reservoir in which the pressure is 800 kPa and temperature is 40°C to give a Mach number at exit of 2. The throat area is 25 cm?. Find (Mass flow rate (i) Exitarea Normal Shack Waves 4.71 (ii) When a normal shock appears at a section where the area is 40 em, determine the pressure and temperature ut exit [Arma univ Deo-2003 & Madras Univ Apr! Given: are Py= 800 kPa = 800 « 103 Pa = 800 x 103 Nim? = 8 « 105Nin? Ty 40%C-+273=313 Note + In the reservoir, pressure and temperature maintains stagnation conditions ie, py, To} M)= 2.5 A*= 25 em? =25 «10-4 m?= Act ATA, Ay = 40cm? = 40 x 10-4 m? Arm Ay] To pid : 1. Mass flow rate, 1 2. Exit area, Ay 5. Pressure, temperature at exit (py, 3) /When the shock appears} Solution + Refer isentropic flow table for My= 2.5 and Y= 1.4 444 0.0585 {From gas tables page no.36) Ag qe * 2637 = Ty = 0444 «Toy = 0444 x 313, 138. (2 Tp = T= Tal472 Gas Dynamics ‘= 0.0585 * Por . 0.0585 *8* 10 wet ad 2 Becky 3 Tage * Fa 3425 0468-210 «5.598 107 2 = ope 13897 eae 19897 Normal Shock Waves 4.73 16 A, Refer Iseiropie flow table for <*> = 1.6 and Y= 14. My= 1.94 [From gas tables page no.34) (Upstream Mach number, M, value is always greater than one) Refer Normal. shock table for M, = 1.94 and Y= 14 M,= 0.588, P. Pe = 0.749 {From ges tables poge no.53] ox = = 0.749 * Py, Poy = 0,749 «8x 108 992 * 105 Ni Po = Post Poy Refer Isentropic flow table for M, = 0.588 = 0.59 and 7= 1.4. [From gas tables page no.29} A= AL AO 04 1.200 At = 3.33 «1079 m Ay 659109 1977 AY 333109sy M;=031 Pa : = 0.936 [From gas tables page no,29} Poy Ta = py = 0936% py, = 0.936 * 5,992» 108 5.60 * 108 Nim? = T= 0981 x Ty, = 0.981 x 313 [Ty = Toy Ty 307.05 K Ag [Note : For “2 = 1.977 value, we can refer gas tables page n0.29 ay and page no.35, But we have to take M < 1 corresponding values. Refer fig) Result : La 568 kes 2.Ay = 6.59 x 10° me 3. py 5.60 « 108 Nim? T= 307.05 K [A] A convergent divergent nozzle is designed 10 expand air from a reservoir in which the pressure is 700 kPa and temperature Is $°C and the nozzle inlet mach number i 0.2. The nozzle throat area is 46 cm? and the exit area is 230 ci. A normal shock appears at a section where the area is 175 cn2. Find the exit pressure and temperature, Also find the increase in entropy across the shock. [Anna Univ-Dec'04) Normal Shock Waves 4.75 Given pr 700 kPa =700 x 103 Pa = 700 x 108 Nim? Ty= SC #273 = 278K M,-02 Ab = 46 om? = 46 x 104 m2 A? [APH A} Ag 230 em? = 230» 10+ m? Aya 19S em? = 175 * 10-4 m? To find : 1. Exit pressure, Py 2, Bxit temperature, T, 3. Increase in entropy, AS Solution = As 5 Refer Isentropie flow ables for <4 =3.80 = 3.813 andy M,« 2.89 [From gas tables pageno.37)4.76 Gas Dynamics and Jet Pro [Note :Upstream Mach number, M, value is always grester than one) Refer Normal shock table for M, = 2.89 and Y= 1.4 M, = 0.482 Poy pe 20.361 {From gas tables page no.55} oy > Py, * 0.361 * Poy 1361 x 700 * 109 Pop = 252 105 Nin? Po * Pox) Pos) Increase in entroy asennf fe Poy) = fA = 287 In oi ‘As = 292.42 Jkg K Refer Isentropic flow table for My = 0.482 = 0.48 and Y= 1.4, : Ay Ay Ay - 1.380 380 178 x 104 AY x 104 PE. BOX Ly gy Ay 0.01268 Normal Shack Waves 4.77 = Az Refer Isentropie low table for 72>" 1.81 ~1.823 and T= 14 M, = 034 ® ao = 0923 [From gastables page n0.29] Pay T; at - 0977 y > py 7 0.923 * Poy = 0.923 «2.52 x 108 py = 232 © 105 Nim? = Ty7 0977 *Ty = 0977 = 278 [12 Ty = Toe= Toy] 271.60 K| Result 1. py =232 » 108 Nim? 2, Ty=271.60K 3. As= 292.42 Ig K When a converging divergine nozse 's operated at offtesign condition a normal shock occurs at section wiere the cross sectional ared Is 18.75 em? in the diverging portion, At intet to the odie the sugnation stare i given as 0.21 MPa and 36°C. The throut area Is 12.5 cor? and exit area is 25 cmn?, Estimate the exit ‘mach mumber, exit pressure and lass tn stagnation pressure for flow through nozzle. [Anna Univ-Dec'05)Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Given : A,= 18.75 em 8.75 = 10-4 m= y Py™ 0.21 MPa= 0.21 x 106 Pa=0.2) * 106 Nim? To= 36°C +273 =309K Ate Ag = 12.5 em? = 12.5 «104 m? [ASAT Ag = 25 om? = 25 x 10-4 m? To find : 1. Exit Mach number, Mz 2. Bxit pressure, pp 3. Loss in stagnation pressure, (A py) Solution = Ay _ 18.75 «104 AS 2s* ot AL Refer Isentropie low tables for “S15 and = 14. M,= 1.86 (From gas tables page no.34) [Note ipstream Mach numer, M, value is always greater than one), Normal Shock Waves 4.79. Refer Normal. shock table for M, = 1.86 and Y= 14 M, = 0.604 Poy Foe 70786 {From gas tables page no.53} = yy = 0.786 * Poy = 0.786 0.21 x 108 [rs 1.65 « 10 Nim? [Pg = Pos} Refer Isentropic flow table for M, = 0.604 =0.60 and Y= 1.4 A, —% = 1188 [From gas tables page no.29} Ae A, ae ne Tse panera 1875 «104 1.188 AYT= S78» 109 a? Ag | 25x04 AS Iss 103 = 1.584 Ay Refer Isentropic Now table for [2-» 1'584 01.590 and Y= 1.4 [From gas tables page no.29] > p, = 0895 * py, 0.895 » 1,65 » 108 476 » 105 Nim?480 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion We know that, Stagnation pressure loss, AP= Py, ~ Poy = (0.21 * 108) (1.65 x 108) Le ‘p= 045 > 108 Nin? Pos) Result : 1, M)= 0.40 2. py = 1476 « 108 Nin? 3. p= 045 x 108 Win? By A pore Kept in supersnte wind tunnel forms «bow shock, ‘ahead oft. The statle pressure upstream ofthe shock is 16 KPa find the pressure othe mouths 70 Pa, Estimate the Mach number ofthe tunnel. Ifthe stagnation temperatures 30°C, eateate he Static tmperanire end otal pressure upstream and downstream of tube. (Anna Univ-Dec'03 and Dec'0] Given: Pitot tube Normel Shock Waves 4.81 p,= 16 KPa = 16% 108 Pa= 16 108 Nin? Poy TOKPa = 70» 103 Pa= 70 x 103 Nin? To=Tox™ Toy = 300°C +273 = 573 K Tofind 1. MoM, 21,7, 3: Pow Poy Solution Py 0x Fe = BHO n 431s 315 = 4.443 and Y= 14 Poy Refer Normal shocks tables for > My= 174 M,=0.631 336 1.487 (From gas tables page no.53] 08394.82 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion ‘We know that, 14-1 = 1+ 1.14 a iP From = 1214877, 1487 x 356.89 30.69K 1 Mg= 78 M,= 0.631 2 1, =35689K 1, = $30.69 3. poy™ 0.834 % 108 Nim? Poy7 70 * 108 Nin? (From Chapter | — Equation no(1.7)] Normal Shock Waves 4.83 A convergent-divergent air nozzle has exit to throat area ratio of 3. A normal shock appears at the divergent section where the existing area ratio is 2.2. Find the Mach number, before and after the shock. If the inlet stagnation properties are $00 kPa and 450K, ‘Sind the properties of air at exit and entropy increase across the shock: {Madras Univ - Apr'991 Given: Normal Shock Pp = 500 kpa = 500 x 103 Pa S00 » 103 N/m? Pp * 10 Nim? T= 450K To find : 1. Mach number before and after the shock (M,, M,) 2, Properties of air at exit (Pp, Ta, >) 3, Increase in entropy (A). Solution : As Refer Isentropie flow table for “= 2.2 2.213 and Y= 1.1494 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion M,7 231 [From gos tables pagen0.35) Refer Normal shock table for M,=231 and ¥= 14 0.533 Py ~ os7ss {evo gas ables page no.54) Poy = 05785 * Poe = 0.5785 « 5 * 108 v9" Poel 2.89 « 105 Poy ~289 108 Ni Pox aerate inser, i=in | = 257 aris ‘As = 157.07 Jrkg K Refer Isentropie flow table for M, = 0.533 = 0.53 and 1= 14. [From gas tables page no.29] fe Az Ad Normal Shock Waves 4.85 Ay Refer Isentropic flow table for [2 = 1.785 = 1.735 and Y= 1.4 \ M)= 036 [From gas tables page no.29] = T+ 0975 Ty = 0.975 « 450 T= GBK Py = 0.914% Poy = 0914 «289% 108 Py = 2.65 » 108 Nim? Exit velocity of ai, cy = Mp" 99 To= Tar = Tay 7 450) = Myx PRT = 036 x 14 287 «B.S je = 151.15 ms Result: 1 My= 231 M, = 0.533 2, py #265 108 Nin? = 438.15 K ey 151.15 mis 3. As = 157.07 dike K4.86 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion ee EG EA Convergent divergent moze has an ext area fo throat area ratio of 25. The total properties ofa at inlet are 7 bar and 87°C. ‘The throat area is 6.5 cm?. Determine Mach number, static pressure, static temperature and stagnation pressure at exit, when a plone normal shockstands ata point where the Mach number is 2, Assume Iseniropie flow bfore and after the shock. [Manonmaniue Sundaranar Unis - Apr'97) ‘Norpoal Shock ‘Throat (+) yn Tbar=7 105 Nin? Tom 8° C+273 =360K AtTA,T= 65om?= 6.5% 10“ m? M,=2 Tefind 1. Exit Mach number, My 2, Exit State pressure, Py 3 Exit stati temperature, Tp 4, Eni stagnation pressure, py Solution Refer Isentropic flow table for M,= 2and Y= 1.4 Normal Shock Waves 4.87 Ay Rena [From gas tables page no.34) Refer Nonmal_ shocks table for M,=2and Y= 1d, M,=0.577 Poy Fe 7 721 [From gas tables page no.53} Pay = O721* Pay = 0.721 © 7x 108 [Py * Poul eee Poy = 5.087 * 108 Nim Refer Isentropie flow table for M, 0.877 = 0.58 and = LA. 4 a fora [From gastablespogen029) ‘We know that, [v Ay 1 = 25x 1213 1.6 es Feaeeaacey] 4 2 17975 | 4 Refer enpie Now uber ®2. = 70701778 md = La . My = 0.35 [From gas tables page no.29} 72 = 0976 Toy4.88 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Po Poy 0918 = Tz = 0.976*Ty, = 0976 + 360 ( Extienpeteure,Ty> 35136% py 7 0912 Pay = 0.912 5.047 105 Exit pressure, py = 4.60 » 108 Ni? Weknow, Stagnation pressure at exit, Py) ~ Poy =| Ppp 5.047 «108 Nim? Result 1 My= 035 2. py = 4.60 10°Nin? Ty= 35136K, 4. gg 5.087» 105 Nin? Dy the fetowtng dra refer to compressible utd ow na consergent- divergent nozzle. Throat Area = 24cm? Exit area = Sem? Stagnation pressure. = 7bar Stagnation temperature = 100°C a nn Normal Shock Waves 4.89 ‘Normal shock occurs uta section where the cross sectional area is 3.4.em?. Taking the flow as isentropic before and after the shock. Determine 4) The properties ofthe fluid just after the shock 8) Exit Mach number 6) Properties of the fluid at exit [Manonmanium Sundaranar Univ - Nov'9?) Given Nosmal Shock Throat (+) £4 Entry M M1 Convergent ~ Divergent nozzle 2.4em?= 2.4% 104m? sx lo4tm * y= 7bar=7 x 105 Nim? Tox 100*C+273=373K Ap= 3doma3.4x 104m? A, TAA) To find 1, Properties ofthe fui just aftr the shock (My Ty. Py) 2. BxitMach mumber, M 3, Properties ofthe Muid at exit (Py, Tas 3} Solution _ 34x04 Tani =14161Al6~ L418 and 72 14, 0612 [From gas tables page no.33] i= 0179 [Note : Upstream Mack number M, value is always greater than one) Ty = 06128 Ty, 612 « 373 [Ted [i= 2807 = Py = 0.179 « Poe = 04179 «7 = 108 Lv pp Pod « Py = 1.253 % 108 Ni? Refer Normal shocks tables forM,= 1.78 and Y= 1.4. M,= 0.621 2 -3530 1si7 [From gos tables page no.53] pe > 0.822 > py ~3.530%p, 3.530 * 1.253 x 105 4423 * 105 Nim? Normal Shock Waves 4.91 > 4, by = LSIT xT, 1.517 «228.27 [n, - 34028 Loeeeeeeee Poy = 0822 Boe x7 4108 0.822 «7x 10 fe mera Poy = 5.754 x 108. Nim? We know, ey Mea Myx /7RT,, 0.621 « TA 287 346.28 Gy = 231.63 ms Refer Isentropic flow table for M, = 0.621 ~ 0.62 and 7= 14. 166 [From gas ables page no.30] A, oo ASA, MS" Tie6 eee A 5x10 = = 1718 291.59 * 10-% m? m8= Ty = 0975 *Tyy © 0975 «373 =el T= 363 = pp = 0914 * pyy = 0.914 » 5.754 « 108 Py = 5259 108 Nim? We know, Maem PAT = 036» (TATTOO = M, Result 1 V7 646.28 K py = 4.423 « 105 Ni 231.63 mnls Normal Shock Waves 4.93 2 M;= 036 3. py = 5.259% 105 Nim? Ty7 368.67K c= 137.61 ms Mach -2 aireraf engine employes a subsonic inlet diffuser of area ratio 3. A normal shock is formed just upstream ofthe diffuser inlet. The free-stream conditions of upstream of the diffuser are P= 0.10 bar, T= 300 K, determine a) Mach number, pressure and temperature atthe diffuser exit. b) Diffuser efficiency including the shock. Assume isentropic flow in the diffuser donwstream of the shock. [Manonmanium Sundaranar Univ - Apr'96] Pg, 0.1 bar=0.1 « 105i? T= 300K To find 1. Mach number, pessure and temperature at the diffuser oxi, (My, PT) 2, Diffuser efficiency, np Span pepeSolution : Refer Isentropic flow table for M,=2 and 7= 1.4 [Prom gas tables page no,34) 0.555 To, = 540.54 K Refer Normal shocks tables for M,= 2and1= 1.4, M, i> 0.877 we = 0.721 {From gas tables page no. 53] = 0.721 Pog 0.721 * 0.1 x 108= 0,072 x 105 Nim? O72 = 105 Nim? Normal Shock Waves 4.95 Ag Refer Isentropic flow table for —7> = 3,639 = 3.673 and Y= |. M,= 0.16 0.9949 [From gas tables page no.28] 0.982 => Ty 09949% Ty, 0.9949 « 540,54 T= 537.78 K Ceca => py = 0.982 poy = 0.982 0,072 x 105 070 * 105 Nim? Diffuser efficiency, np > p=4.96 Gas Dynamics and ‘Jel Propulsion Result Lo M016 Ty2537.78K Pp 0.070 x 108 Nim? 2 np=80.12% An air plane having a diffuser designed for subsonic fllght has a normal shock attached to the edge of the diffuser when the plane is Alying at a certain mach number. If at the exit of the diffuser the mach number is 0.3. What must be the flight mach number assuming isentrople diffusion behind the shock. The area at inlet 4s 0.29 m? and that exit is 0.44 m?, [Madras Univ « Apr'96} Given My = My Entry Normal Shock Waves 4.97 Neral Shock Waves 4.97 M;=03 Ay=Ay= 0.29 m? Ap = 0440 To find: 1. Flight Mach number, My Solution : Refer Isentropic flow table for M,=0.3 and Y= 1.4 Az e238 [From gas tables page no.28) We know that, Refer Isentropie ow tables for = 1.341 1340andY sy My* 05 [Note : Downstream Mach number [From gas tables page no,29] tis always less than one} Refer Normal shocks table for My=0.5 and'7= 14 M,=2.6¢ [From gas tables page no 34} Result: Flight Mach umber, M, = 2.644.98 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 2] Air with Mach number 28 enters a convergent duct with an aren A ratio 2. i Under certain conditions, normal shock occurs at sponses Ax 06 Fortis conn flr est Mash mnber ; and pressure ratio across the duct, [Madras Univ - Apr'97] Given: My =2.5 Entry Exit Solution : Refer Isentropic flow table for My =2.5 and Y= 1.4 {From gas tables page no.36} We know that, i AL AF ae = 06 A AL * {Ag = Ay Ar Refer Isentropic flow tables for +" M, = 1.92 Normal Shock Waves 4.99 eet = rar 0.6 x 2.637 Ae = = 1.582 Ay 1.582 6 1.58 and7= 1.4, {From gas tables page no.34] Note: Upstream Mach number M,, is always greater than. one] Refer Normal shocks tables for M,, M, = 0.592 Refer Isentropic flow table for M,, A ae = 1.20 Ay ‘We know that, Ap a Ar > +e Ay 92 andy [Prom gas tables page no.53] A, 592 = 0.59 and y= [From gas tables page 10.29]4,100 Gat Dynamics and Jet Propulsion A Refer tentope ow ables for 22 = band y= 1a M,=1 Py 20528 [From gas tables page no.31] Poy Since exit Mach number is 1, exit section is throat section, ‘We know that, Pr Poe 1 x 7 o 9.528 xt : Poy Pi 038s E> Py= Pos) ah = 9025 x i Pos = 9.025» 0,758 P2534 Py Normal Shock Waves 4.101 GB A convergent divergent uct is operating under off design conditions as it conducts air from a high pressure tank where p= 210 kpa and T= 37°C. A normal shock is present in the diverging section of noztle. Find he exit pressure, loss in staguation pressure, and increase in entropy for the following areas. Agr 13 om? Aegy ® 26 cm? Ag= y= 195002 Given: ({[Madvas Univ - Oct'96] ‘Normal Shock Throat (+) Mr - Mz Ay eons Convergent — Divergent nozzle Po = 210 kPa= 210 « 103 Pa=210 * 103 Nim? =2.1 « 108 Nim? To= SP CHIT 310K 13 ome 13 x 10-4 m? Aggc™ Az ® 260m? = 26% 104 m? Ag Ay® 19.5 em2= 19.5 «10-4 m? SRT ; a4.102 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Normai Shock Waves 4.103 Tosnd: 266 10-4 = 1584 164109 |. Exit pressure, p, 2. Loss in stagnation pressure, (Ap,) A 1584 = 1.590 and Refer Isentropic flow table for 3, Increase in entropy, (As) Solution + = = 0.895 [From gas tables page no.29} 19.5 «104 ng as 13104 ‘i > Py = 0895 * poy Roferlsa “How able for Z3>= 15 1507 and 7= U4 eect 1.86 [From gas tables page no34) Exit pressure, p, = 1.476 * 105 Nim? [Note : Upstream Mach number M, is always greater than one] Stagnation pressure loss Refer Normal shocks tables for My= 1.86 and Y= 14 = 0.604 P)= Pox Poy R = 21x 105-165 » 108 = 0.786 (From gas tables page no 53) Pox Po™ Poy] ‘py = 0.45 x 105 Nim? > Py = 0.786 * Pog = 0.786 «2.1 « 108 P 0.786 «2.1 x 104 Change in entropy, te=nn[ Fe] 7 Boy = 165% 10 int 2x03 faa eeeeoe maa madera loa sea ~ ann [22 A ove (ron gstobespapen.29) ae Result Ay _ 195x104 = te = REO e164 109 nt 1 py = 1476 108i? Tiss” Tes Pa ia 2. Apg= 045 «105 Nii ee uwntoant Po 3. As = 69.2JikgK4.104 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion ‘Air enters a converging diverging nozele with stagnation pressure ‘of 29 bar and temperature of $0°C. Inthe diverging part ata section Just before a normal shock, the pressure is 5 bar, What is the ppressre just Belin the shock? Find the airflow cate per unit area at the throat. [Madras Univ - Oct'97] Given : p= 29 bar = 29 108 Nim? Ty= 50°C +273 = 323K py= Sbar= 5 * 108 Nim? To find : 1, Pressure behind the shock (p,) 2. Alt flow rate per unit area atthe throat (2) Solution + és BoP $10 on Po Pox ~ 29% 108 Py (Py Posd = 0.172 eae Pox By Refer Ietope low able for =~ =OA72= 0.171 and Y= 14 M,= 181 [From gas tables page no 34] [Note : Upstream Mach number (My is always greater than one) Refer Normal shocks tables for Mg 1.81 and 7= 1.4, M,= 0614 Be = 3.658 [From gos tables page no 53) pny Normal Shock Waves 4,105 > Py = 3.655 * py = 3.655 «5 « 108 Py = 18.27 « 108 Nem We know, icc aa aa VS = See ie AP {From Chapter 2 ~ equation no (2.26) Substitute 7 = 1.4 and R= 287 J/kg K : las Ynoe VIB [FAT _a_)eD prc fie” (ras) = | AME 2651895 kom? Result : 1 py * 18.27% 108Nim? Tmax 6518.95 kg/s-m? A turbojet engine works at a Mach number of 1.3 at an altitude of 15250 metres (T = 218 K, p = 0.118 bar). A normal shock occurs ahead of its inlet diffuser. Determine the Mach number and stagnation pressure after the shock. What is the percentage of stagnation pressure loss across the shock. (Madras Univ - Apr'98}106 Gas Dynamics and-Jet Propulsion Given: M,=M,=13 T= 8K P= 0.118 bar = 0.118 105 Nim? To find: 1, Mach number after the shock, M, 2. Stagnation pressure after the shock, pg, 3. Percentage of loss in stagnation pressure, (494). Solution : Refer Isentropie flow table for M= 1.3 and Y= 1.4 Pe 0361 Pox Pe 0.18105 > - = 0.326 « 105 Nim? Por" 9361 0.361 cee 326 * 105 Nim? Pox. Refer Norinal shocks tables for My 1.3 and M, = 0.786 Poy’ Fe 70979 [From gas tables page no.52] >» pj, = 0979 Py, = 0.979 0,326 « 108 Po, = 0.319 x108 Name basctnaedaemne Normal Shock Waves 4.107 ® Apy= —* Pos. 100 Pox = 0326 « 108=0.319* 198. 9p 0,326 * 105 Apy= 2.14% Result : 1M, = 0.786 2. gy = 0.319 % 105 Nim? 3. py = 214% [76] ‘The state of the gas {7= 1.3 and R= 0.47 ki/kg K] upstream of a normal shock wave mach number is 2.5. Static pressure and temperature are 200 kPa and 275 K respectively. Catcutate downstream mach number, percentage of toss in stagnation pressure and change in entropy across the shock. [Madras Univ - Oct'98} 3 R= 0.47 ithe K = 470 kg K M25 py" 200 kPa = 200 * 103 Pa = 200 > 108 Nin? =2 x 108 Nim? Tn 218K To find : 1, Downstream Mach number, M, 2, Percentage of loss in stagnation pressure, (AP) 3. Change in entropy, bs4108, Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion ‘ Solution = Refer Isentropic flow table for My~ 2.5 and Y= 1.3. My=0493 Poy 9.460 [From gas tables page no.49] Pox Poreenage of loss in stagnation presse Pox Poy. = Pam Po 5 100 APY Po a = {1-22 Ja 100 Pox = [10.460] « 100 any 54% inf 2 Change inenrepy, A2= Réel” am [ota as Weg k Result : 1M, = 0.493 2. Apps 54% 3. As = 364.96 Jikg K Normal Shock Waves 4.10% A converging diverging nozzle has an exit throat area ratio of 2. Air enters the nozile with a stagnation pressure of 6.5 bar and a stagnation temperature of 93°C. The throat area ts 6.25 em? If there is « wormal shock wave standing at a point where determine the pressure, temperature on either side of the plane of shock aud the Mach number on the down stream side of the plane. [Madras Univ Apr'97) poe 65 bar= 6.5 * 108Nim? Ty 93°C +273 = 366K AS = 6.25 om? = 6.25 x 10-4 m? Myr 15 To find 1, Pressure, temperature on either side of the plane of shock yey Ty Tl 2. Mach number on the downstream side of the plane (M,) Solution = Refer Isentropic flow table for M,= 1.5 and Y= 1.4 [From gas tables pagend.32] = Ty = 0.689 *« To = 0.689 « 366 252.17K ic4.110 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion 0.272 * poy = 0.272 * 65 x 108 (PP) [py = 1.768 108.Nim? Refer Normal shocks table for M,= 1.5 and M,=0701 8 f= 2458 Py yy ze Je 1320 (Prom gas ables page ne 52) =p, 2458xp, 2.858 x 1.768 x 109 Py = 4345 x 108 Nim > 1.320. «Ty » 1.320 % 252.17 332.86 K Result : Le py = 1.768 » 108 Nim? py = 4345 * 108 Nim? Ty = 252A7K 4, = 33286K 2. M,=0.701 Normal Shock Waves 4.111 GBA supersonic nocete is provided with constant diameter ctrelar ductat ts exe The duct dameteris sume s the nocle ext diameter [Nozze exiteross section is three times that of ts throat The entry conditions ofthe gus (y= Ld, R= 0.287 KI K) are p= 10 bar, T= 600K. Calelate the state pressure, Mach munber and velocity ofthe gas in te duct 4) When the nocsle operates tits design condition, 8) When a normal shock occurs at its ext. ©) When a normal shock occurs at a section in the diverging part where the area ratio A a [Madras Univ Apr'2000 & MSU Apr'96] yea R= 0.287 kitkg K = 287 Jke K Pom 10 bar = 10 » 108 Nim? Ty = 600K Tosina: 1. Statie pressure p, Mach number M and velocity of the gas ¢ for case ‘When the nozzle operates at its design condition Case (i) When a normal shock occurs at its exit Case (iii) ‘When a normal shocks oceurs ta section inthe diverging part where A the area ratio A = 2 an4.112 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion Normal Shock Waves 4.113, For nozzle ‘Throat (+) Entry > Msi Exit a @, Solution : Case (0 Ay Refer Isentropc flow table for >> =3 and 7= 14. M,= 2.64 (From gas tables page no.36] Th <= 04i7 Tor Pa pore 0.0871 Poo , we can refer gas tables page no 30 and 36. But Ao [Note : For <2 [Not a ‘we have to take M > | corresponding values since the exit is divergent nozzle) = Ty OAT Top = 0417 « 600 —a [> Ty" Toy * Toa) [n= 2502K te seer = py = 0.0871 * pop 0.0471 « 10 x 105 [ Bg™ Poy * Pood ‘471 x 105 Nim? We know, cy = My = My» VIR, = 2.66 « (TARDE ey = 857.05 mi case (ly Normal shock occurs at its exit, ‘Throat (+) : _-r Shock wave Exit [+ Inthis ease, Ay= Ad) A Refer Isentropic flow table for —E =3 and ¥= 14 Py FE = o0a71 [From gas tables page no.36] os = Ty = 0417 XT yy = 0.417 = 600 72502 K a T4.114 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion =p, = (0471 * po, = 0.0471 x 10 « 108 [> Po™ Pol Dy = 0.471 « 108 Nim? Refer Normal shocks table for M,= 2.64 and Y= 1.4. M,= 0.500 ’, = 7.965 Pe = 2219 [From gastables page no.54] => py = 7.965%, 7.965 * 0.471 * 108 Bp = 378 105 Nine = 1,=2279 «1, = 2.279 «2502 Ty = 570.20K = M*a = Myx JARI, = 0,500 « /7.4 8 287 «570.20 139.32 mis Case (ity dS ea ratio qe =2 A Refer isentropic flow table for 5"; 2 and Y= 1.4. M,=2.20 [From gas tables page no.35} Refer Normal shocks table for M,* 2.20 and Y= 1,4, w,=0547 Py = oss [From gas table sy fe = 0 ram gascbles page no 33} > py = 0628 Py = 0,628 « 10% 108 oy ™ 6:28 « 108 Nin Refer Isentropic flow table for My= 0.547= 0.55 and Y= 1.4 Aye 1.255 {From gas tables page no.29] " We know that Arm Ay AD a aaNormal Shock Waves 4.117 4.116 Gas Dynamics and let Propulsion 2 Result “ Case pp = 0471 % 108 Nin? Mr Refer lentopie low iable for 2m 1.8825 = L871 and Y= 14 pr 5 M,= 033, [From gas tables page no.29] py = 3.75 * 108N M, = 0.500 72 0978 - Tea 6, 23932.5 ee Case Poy 5,82 % 108 Nim? => 1, = 0978%Ty, = 0.978 * 600 Ty 586.8 K =p, = 0927 Py = 0.927 6.28 « 105 y= 5.82% 108 Nim? e™ Ma* a = Myx VIR = 033 x 14 ¥ 287 x S68 ey = 160.23 mis M; = 033 oy = 160.23 mis. 4.4.48. SOLVED DERIVATIONS 1. Starting from the energy equation for flow throug @ normal shock ‘obtain the following relation.[Prandtl-Meyer relation] ) exena2 i) Mex =1 [Anna Univ — May’04, Bharathidasan Univ— Nov'96, Bharathiyar Univ —Nov'96, Madras Univ Apr'9?, Apr'98, Apr'02 & Apr'03] Solution [Refer section 3.1.2) 2, Prove +M2 M2-1 {[Bharathiyar Univ - Nov'97]4.118 Gas Dynamics ard Jet Propulsion ‘Solution {Refer section 4.1.3] 3. Derive the static pressure ratio across the shock. By (Anna Univ -Dec'03, MU ~ Oct'97 & Oct'96) Solution [Refersection 4.1.4) 4. Derive the temperature ratio across the shock. Mi Ban Bay [MU -Apr96 & Apr Sotuion {Refer section 4.1.5] 5. Derive Rankine-Hugoniot equation, IMRU ~ Apr'96, MSU — Nov'95 & Nov'96, MU Oct'95 & Oct'99} Solution [Refer section 4.1.7] 6, Derive stagnation pressure ratto across the shock wave. Poy Normal Shock Waves 4.119 ‘Solution [Refer section 4.1.8) 7. Dertve change in entropy across the shock, Terao] 2 Solution [Refer section 4.1.9] 4 & Show that strength of shock wave is proportional to iz -1 | a Px Solution {Refersection4.1.10] 4.1.16 TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. What is meant by shock waiie? ‘A shock wave is nothing but a steep finite pressure wave, The shock Wave may be described as a compression wave front in a supersonic flow field across which there is abrupt change in flow properties, 2. What is normal shock? (Madras. Uni, Apr'2003] ‘When the shock wave is at right angle to the flow, it is called normal shock. 3. What is oblique shock? [Anna Univ ~ May’04 & Madras Univ, Apr'2003) When the shock wave is inclined at an angle to the flow, itis called oblique shock4.120 Gas Dyntmies-and Jet Propulsion 4, What is Prandtl —-Meyer relation? [Madras Univ; Apr'96) Prandtl-Meyer relation which is the basis of other equation for shock ‘waves, It gives the relationship between the gas velocities before and after the normal shock and the critical velocity of sound. M,*M,2= 1 Xen at? 5. Define strength of shock wave. [Anna Unix, Dec'2003, May'2004 & Madras Univ Apr'03] It is defined as the ratio of difference in downstream and upstream shock pressures (p,-p,) to upstream shock pressure (p,). Itis denoted bys. Py=Px By How the Mach number before and after the occurrence of « normal shock are related? [MK Univ Apr'96] ‘Mach number after the normal, shock an enstia 2 ya ri 7 What are applications of moving shock wave? It is used in EMS Univ Apr'96] 1. Jet engines 2. Shock tubes 3. Supersoni¢ wind tunnel 4. Practical admission turbines, Normal Shock Waves 4.121 8, Write the equation for efficiency of « diffuser. IMS Univ Apr'96} 11 Sam 9. Shock waves cannot develop in subsonic flow? Why? {MS Univ Nov'95} In subsonic flow, the velocity of fluid is less than the velocity of sound. Due to this reason, déeeleration is fot possible in subsonic flow. So shockwaves cannot develop in subsonic flow. Ty ‘across the normal shock. 10, Give the expression for = is {[Oct'96 MU and Nov'96 MKU] Me Me yey 2-1) Seve II. Define compression and rarefaction shocks? Is the latter possible. [ MKUniv Nov'96 de Bharathiyar Univ - Apr'97] ‘A shock wave which is at a higher pressure than the fluid in to which it is moving Is called compression shock wave. ‘A shock wave which is ata lower pressure than the fuid into which it is moving is called an expansion shock wave or rarefaction shock wave. It is not possible. 12, State the necessary conditions for a normal shock to occur in ‘compressible flov. [Bharathiyar Univ - Nov'96]4122 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 1. The compression wave is to be at right angle to the compressible flow. 2. Flow should be supersonic. 13, Write down the Rankine-Hugoniot equation. [Madras Untv - Oct’97} 14, Is the flow through a normal shock an equilibrium one. [MEUntv - Nov'97} No. Since the fluid properties like pressure, temperature and density are changed during normal shock. 15. Write down the static pressure ratio expression for a normal shock. [Bharathiyar Univ - Nov'97} 16, Give the difference berween Normal and Oblique shocks. [MS Univ - Nov'97, Oct'96 & MU-2000) Normal shock Oblique shock Shock wave is inclined at an angle to the flow 1. Shock wave is right angle to the flow 2. One dimensions! flow ‘Two dimensional flow 17, Thestagnation pressure anormal shock. ‘and statte pressure: across (0cr'95 MU} Ans : Decreases, Increases Normal Shock Waves 4.123 18, What are properties changes across a normal shock? (Apr96 MUT 1. Stagnation pressure decreases. 2, Stagnation temperature remains constant. 3, Static temperature and static pressure increases. 19. Calculate the strength of shock. wave when normal shock appears at M=2, [Apr'99 MU] Py Pr Strength of shock & = Refer Normal shocks table for M,=2 and y= 1.4 2. 450 [From gas tables page no.52] = ga4s-1 5-35 20. Show the normal shock in hs diagram with the help of Rayleigh ine and Fano line. [MU Apr'99 & Oc'99} Fano line h ~7 Shocks