Phillips Curve

Macroeconomics
Cunningham
Original Phillips Curve
z A. W. Phillips (1958), “The Relation
Between Unemployment and the Rate of
Change of Money Wage Rates in the
United Kingdom, 1861-1957”, Economica.
z Wage inflation vs. Unemployment
z New Zealander at London School of
Economics
z Missing Equation of Keynesian
economics?
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5½ % = zero inflation

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5½ %

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Phillips’ Conclusions
z There exists a stable relationship
between the variables. The
relationship has not substantially
changed for over 100 years.
z Negative, nonlinear correlation.
z Wages remain stable/stationary
dw
( w =0) when unemployment is 5½%.

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Conclusions, Continued
z From the dispersion of the dw
data points, Phillips w
concluded that there was a
countercyclical “loop”:
– Money wages rise faster
as du/dt decreases, faster
– Money wages fall slower
as du/dt increases
– Implies an inflationary slower
bias, and is consistent
with sticky wage theory. u

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Problems with Phillips’ Study
z Empirical method suspect.
z Is this an empirical result in search of a theory?
z To tie to theory, need a way to relate this to real
wages in order to connect this to labor market
conditions.
z R.G. Lipsey (1960) attempts to address these
points in “The Relationship Between
Unemployment and the Rate of Change of Money
Wage Rates in the UK, 1862-1957: A Further
Analysis”.

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Lipsey’s Phillips Curve
Derives the Phillips curve from supply-demand analysis of the labor
market.
Ns = N + U
Nd = N + V
Where U refers to the number unemployed,
V refers to the number of job vacancies.

Excess demand Nd – Ns = X = V – U.
So
X V U
s
= s − s = x = v −u
N N N
Where v is the vacancy rate and u is the unemployment rate.
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Lipsey, Continued
Step One. Wage Adjustment Function

dw ⎡N d − N s ⎤
w= =k×⎢ s ⎥
dN ⎣ N ⎦
This amounts to saying that the change in the money wage rate
is proportional to the excess demand for labor.

Step Two. Establish a theoretical negative correlation between

the excess demand for labor and the rate of unemployment.

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 Lipsey, Continued
Individual Labor Market Conditions

wage inflation
d
N −N s
Asymptotic dw
x=
Ns (u=0 not possible) w

uf u unemployment
dw
w
uf u
Individual
labor market

N d −N s
x= 10
Ns
Lipsey, Continued
z The result is a Phillips curve for an
individual market.
z Next, aggregate across markets for
the aggregate Phillips curve.

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Samuelson-Solow (1960)
P. Samuelson and R. Solow. “The Problem of Achieving and Maintaining a
Stable Price Level: Analytical Aspects of Anti-Inflation Policy,” American
Economic Review (May 1960), 177-94.

z Popularized the curve.

z Made relevant to policymakers.
z Relation is general price level
inflation vs. unemployment.
z Recommended to policymakers as a
trade-off.
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Samuelson-Solow, Continued
z Key transformation from Phillips-Lipsey to
S-S is through mark-up pricing.
pricing
– Firms set prices by adding a fixed mark-up to
labor costs.
– The mark-up = the industry-wide profit margin
+ depreciation of fixed K
Wt Nt
Pt = (1 + a ) unit labor
yt costs
mark-up

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Samuelson-Solow, Continued

Pt y t = (1 + a )Wt Nt

nominal nominal
output (GDP) wage bill
yt
Let Λ t = (labor productivity)
Nt
Substituting: Wt
Pt = (1 = a )
Λt
In logs:
log Pt = log(1 + a ) + logWt − log Λ t
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Samuelson-Solow, Continued
This implies:
∆Pt ∆Wt ∆Λ t
= −
Pt Wt Λt
or π=w −λ
inflation rate = wage inflation rate
– growth rate of labor productivity
z Increases in wages matched by
productivity increases are not inflationary.
z There is a relationship between wage
inflation and goods price level inflation.
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Samuelson-Solow, Continued
Generalize further in the form of a Phillips curve relation:
−1
w = π + bu
e
+ βλ , b > 0, 0 ≤ β ≤ 1

offsetting productivity gains

demand
pressure
inflation expectations
(assumed “stable”, i.e., equal to zero)
Substitute: π = w − λ

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Samuelson-Solow, Continued
π = πe + bu −1 − (1 − β)λ

z This is the modern Phillips curve.

z Technical relation between inflation
and unemployment.
z Each point is an equilibrium state of
the economy.

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Friedman-Phelps Phillips Curve
Milton Friedman. “The Role of Monetary Policy,” American Economic
Review (March 1968), 1-17.
Edmund Phillips. “Phillips Curves, Expectations of Inflation and Optimal
Employment Over Time,” Economica (August 1967), 254-81)

z They question the stability of the

relationship. They conclude:
– The trade-off is short-run.
– Different Phillips curves exist for different
inflation rates
– Changes in inflation expectations shift the
short-run Phillips curve.
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Friedman-Phelps Phillips Curve
π = f (u ) + πe
π
LRPC

Short run
Phillips curves
πe=π1
U
U1 U* πe=0

Natural Rate of Unemployment

or NAIRU
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Friedman’s
Accelerationist Hypothesis
π = f (u ) + π e

Accelerationist Hypothesis:
let f (u ) = − b(ut − u *)
Use adaptive expectations:
π et = θπ t −1 + (1 − θ)π et−1
So that
π t = θπ t −1 + (1 − θ)π et−1 − b(ut − u *)
Problem: π et−1 is not observable.
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Friedman’s
Accelerationist Hypothesis
Lag one period, multiply by (1 − θ)
(1 − θ)π t −1 = (1 − θ)π et−1 − b(1 − θ)(ut −1 − u *)
Subtract from the original equation:
π t = π t −1 + b(1 − θ)(ut −1 − u *) − b(ut −1 − u *)

Replaces the expected

inflation term

When inflation is fully anticipated,

π t = π et , π t = π t −1 , and ut = ut −1.

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Friedman’s
Accelerationist Hypothesis
Substituting,
π t − π t −1 = − bθ(ut − u *) − b(1 − θ)(ut − ut −1 )
But π t = π t −1 ⇒ π t − π t −1 = 0
and ut = ut −1 ⇒ ut − ut −1 = 0.
So 0 = − bθ(ut − u *)
and ut = u * .

Which implies that unemployment reverts to the

natural rate at the long run Phillips curve once
inflation is fully anticipated.
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Another view:
Keynesian Perspective
AS2
AS1
3

AD2
AD1

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More Friedman
z In his Nobel lecture, Friedman offered the
possibility of a positively-sloped Phillips curve:
– “Stabilization” policy increases the inflation rate and
variability.
– This requires nominal contracts to be renegotiated to
shorter lengths.
– Efficiency is lowered.
– Inventories grow.
– Unemployment rises.
z “The broadcast about relative prices is, at it were,
being jammed by the noise coming from the
inflation broadcast.”
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