Vector Calculus Vector Differential Operator(V) yaj24 jo+k 6 Curve [x(t), y(0), 2(t)] Tangent vector Normal Vector useful to find (1) Gradient ofa scalar Gg z di 7 _| af (2) Divergence of a vector VA dt |T| at (3) Curl ofavector 5, j 1. Normal to the surface $(x,) ve vol (x-4 )i+(y-91)J+(2-41) UnitNormal A= z)=c; Normal =V¢, Tangent= dr & VodF = Equation of Tangentis a-dr=0 “ve, IV¢| Directional Derivative: The components of Vg in the direction ofa vector d ie Vod *I V-A=0, then A is Solimoidal if Vx A=0, then A_ is Irrotationala UV PHYSICS ACADEMY MMP 1 Vector Algebra 2 _ 1. Scalar Product i Vector Product [= j 2 G-b =abcosO = @xb=absinOi=|a, a, a, 2. Product Rules a. - G-b=6-a G-(6+2)=a-b+a-6 axb=-bxd| 3. Triple Product Vector Triple Product eae OM Maa ey yodute Namah Sad rom)UV PHYSICS ACADEMY Three — Dimensional Coordinate System cos¢ = rsin 8 cos¢ y= psing=rsinO sing z=rcos0 “ye Y" 2.22 pr=(x?+y? +27) MMP 3 4 =cos(z/r); $= tan (y/x) Coordinate system] Rectangular Cylindrical Spherical (41,4243) (x, ¥ 2) (2.9.2) (7,89) Metric element aly (.p,)) (ursrsind) (Aysfashy) :. Volume element dxdydz pd pdbdz (7? sin @dradoag) yp LA eS ; 1.Gradient ofasealar Vf =7'2—+ : inh Be --_-F,.%,.of Cartesian [Catal = (anny) os Ste indi of 1a. .a Cylindrical [(4) 4/5) =(1,,1)]Vf = Paptteag*? s , Spherical [Mihaly =hrsrsind}oy = 72, xr ie ope 35" rsin@ dp ™= a é 2 2. Divergence V7.4 = aa 4 igh, + Bq Aah hy )+ aq, (4shity | Alyhy 5 jo the, Oe, A Cylindrical: 9.4 = + 2 1 Oy 0A cartesian: @,j-= 24 4 24e 4 de 1 VA=——{pdp)+——t Se Cartesian: Yad = a a y opt ) po & sje! 2 [2ap), Lt Aosin) | 1 Ay Spherical: v4= So" ar)ee ind 0 rsin@ ap ai daty Gly te 5 8 BS. Curl: Vx a = Bay, 8/0q, 8/ Oy; Cartesian Vx A =|a/ax A/ay a/ér| iyhgh TA Ip Igy A AOA, __ {4% @ 2 Cylindrical VxA=—l0/ap 0/86 ave 4 Ap A, - - 6 rsin og Spherical Vx 4 = =|8/ a Peng|?/® 2/00 arag | ry rsinoA,UV PHYSICS ACADEMY 6. Radial Forms | yp" = nr"? w < = Oo + = > x * u A = Zz 5 Vr= 7. Changing variables in surface and volume integrals Area A in the xy plane maps, intoan area 4’ inuv plane. & ax] Oxy) _lau By] F(x, y)dedy = | J f(u,v)dudv, where J =——— = J } uv) |e oy similarly for volume Integral [du dv] [2 J s0x.y2)axdyde = fF f(u,», 0) dudvdw, J = PIP V|Y QeUV PHYSICS ACADEMY 4. —_— of Scalar vise [2 (tb a), 2 (hh), 2 (ie 2) tah, th 84, ) Gqz\ hy 42) 2q3\ ty a5 Cartesian: (X, 2) V2/ a5! ZL of 1 Cylindrical: (P.62)V2 f= 12 ears Pp Pp op Pp ag 2 16(2.9 1 ar) 1 2 Spherical :(r,0,¢) V7 =——| r° fs Fano 20 (ag ry wat oF ir 5. Differential Operator Identities V(fe)=SVe+eVh 9x (Px, A)=V(V.4)-V7A Vf) = fV.A+ ANS ¥.(4xB) = B(x A)- 4(¥ xB) ¥x( Md) = SV A+ (Vf)xA V.(Vf)=V? f:Vx(Wf)=0;0.(Vx 4) =0 av V (4B) = Ax(VxB)+ Bx(9xA)+(a: B )B+(B9) A * ¥x(AxB)= A(v- B)+ (8 Vv) 4- qa (9-4)-(4.9) aUV PHYSICS ACADEMY _ raed) = fear fe" ml a Sp alintegrals f x"e" = 0 a a (a> 0,n=0, 1, 2, ....) [. ‘Ne [Ee oe a fetal _ a on - a fowl of at Vi1.3.5...(2n-1)! fx “al = i 1 [itu de =F fx? (ea) deo 2 o 2 0 (p++)! { nw ees a = dt _ (= eft ral exp(-7 Ie ~ sina van OSA) fe cos bxd = — fee ulUV PHYSICS ACADEMY MMP 7 Transformation of Integrals Stoke's Theorem (line = surface) gf Adl = fv +A) di Gauss Divergence (surface <2 volume) 4 Adi = J (V.A)dy & ’ Green's first Theorem 6 ( / Vy) i = Jv(ve)dv= J[lvve +(W/).(Vg) Ja Green's second Theorem Gf (/¥x- AVP). = [(/¥y—4¥? sav Limits ’ P sya] = Inequalities nx" > 0.as noo foranye Triangle Inequality pa iar x” — 0a now ml la, sinx 4, |S], +a, [Sa |+/a,) 2 has xo x . et 2a, 2a... ah => 4, >, ee im by > by & dy. (1 é 2) > as n> Chebysheve Inequality a iI a 2 n n fet eins as 220 [Ess] 54 DF = Cauchy inequality a it et 4 yok b (= fete dt sare Inequality i jot $f (ay def (een) ae : a a* Linear Differential Equation Sy P(X)y = (x) y[1 F]=folurlar+c, where IF = el" dy ‘ 1 dz * Bernouli Equation apt y= Let yer ne gy (ae (alo (linear eqn) * Exact Differential Equation M (x, )dx+N(x, y)dy =0 Conditi a ‘ondition eM _ ON _, Max + j Nay =c y ox y-const free from x * Equations reducible to the exact form (a) if +{%-2] is a function of x alone or y alone say f multiply DE with IF x allem 4, Jui (6) If M = yfi(x,y) & N= xf; (x,y), then IF =1/ Me—NyDifferential Equations (ODE) Involving derivatives wrt single variable. 1. Order of DE order of the highest derivative 23 2 Eg: (=) + (2) + y =0; order = 2, Degree =3 ae de 2. Degree of DE: Degree of the highest derivative after removing radial sign and fraction 3. Methods of Solution (1" order ODE) * Separation variables f(x) dx = g(y) dy * Homogencous equation 4 = Loy) ; fand g are of same degree dx g(x,y) * Reducible to Homogencous form dy _ actbyte | re -o aX + bY +ah+ak , Lei de Ax+By+C’ y= +k dx dX AX +BY + Ah+ Bk Choose h. ksothat #+5k+e=0 dy _ aX +b . Ah+Bk+C=0{ de AX +BY 1 dy axtbyte a_b i 2222-5 9- OO Case of failure A Bom m(ax+by) +eUV PHYSICS ACADEMY MMP 11 Linear DE of Second order (constant Coefficients) ¢ dx? Complementary Function (a) Roots are Real and Different y =c,e”"* +c,e”"* P+ pL +Qy= = R, where P, Q, R are functions of x; Y= Yop + ¥py (b) Roots are Real and Equal y =(¢, +¢2x)e™* (c) Roots are Complex y = ¢, gen +eyet i y= [1 cos Bx +c sin Bx] Particular Integral (q) ew a! l= = TE =0 5 Fai Fay? NMOS Oe (6) 7h (or) cosar= sin ax (or) cosas If f(-a)? =0 = 507 cosa (6) a Ae)= [SDI] #s}:6(2)—> polynomial ¢ 64) > polynomia “7 Ca 75 = (4) eee pyc LO gy 1 gyey ep Ly f(D) f(D£a) 0 J) [royUV PHYSICS ACADEMY Properties of Determinants (Exist for a square Matrix) For a diagonal and Triangular i |4B| =|A|| B|, Aand Bare of same order (n x n) |AFza, i 2.14" HAl 3. [KAIEK" | A] 4. [Al's] a"|V neN 5. |AI-O { (product of diagonal elements) . Ifany two Rows or Columns are identical or same |A|=O 8cif two Rows or Columns are Interchanged the determinant changes its sign only. for sin gular matrix for Skew symmetric Properties of adjoint Every element of a square matrix is replaced by its cofactor, then the transpose of the matrix so obtained is called adjoint of A. 1. A(adj A) = cual |All, 5, Adj (A)= (adj A)". 9. Inverse of a matrix 4~! aT A 2. fad 4l =|" 6. adj( AB) = (adj B) (adj A) 3. adj(adj4)=}4\"2 A 7 aadj( A" m4 (adiA)” 4 [adi(adis)| af 8: adj(ka)= 4" (ad)UV PHYSICS ACAVEMT MMP 12 Matric Algebra (A rectangular array of Elements Types of Matrices 1. Transpose of Matrix:- By interchanging Rows: and the corresponding columns ie aed=a,ed s T 7 2. Symmetric Matrix: A" = A ie ay =a, r Skew symmetric: A" =—d ie ay; =—ay, (diagonal elements of Skew symmetric matrix are zero) 4. Triangular Matrix: A square matrix whose clements below the principal diagonal are zero is upper triangular & Lower triangular if the elements above the principal diagoaal are zero. 5. Orthogonal Matrix: 447 = / 8. Unitary Matrix: Ad* =/ 6. Hermitian Matrix: 4 — 4° = (4° 7 7. Skew Hermitian Matrix: 4 =—* Diagonal elements of Skew Hermitian matrix are either zero or pure Imaginary. *(ABooN = NT BTAT * (ABN)! = NY B AY — =UV PHYSICS ACADEMY MMP 45 ——_———<—$ <<—$ <“— mm Properties of Eigen values| 4~A/ |= 0 1. Trace of A (ya Yas 2. Eigen values of A and A‘ are same 3. 1fAasinvertible matrind |B and BA ' have same eigen values 4. If A. Ay..-A, are the ergen values of A then ergen values of - 1 1 (a) AT are 7 i (b) kA are kA, kA, kA, Ly a (ec) A™ are AN Ay AT (d) (adj A)are Lal tal dal Addy ” If 4 is the eigen valuc of an orthogonal matrix (447 = 1) then + ts also the eigen value of the matrix.Inverse of a Matrix, AB = BA =I = Bea! nate at |4] a(at)'s(atjr CALEY= Hamilton Theory: 1 Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation | 4-Al |= 0 te. f(A) =0=> f(A) =0 doesn't exist If|Al = 0 3.(4B)'=B'A 4 (4) '-(a'y 5. IfA is a diagonal (useful to find A‘) A=diag{aa;...a, => 4! diag | a'a3! a,' | Eigen Values & Eigen Vectors (4~4/).¥ <0 A (cigen values ) are the roots of characteristic equation | 4—-7/ |= 0ing Rows or Columns are equal or Identical, Eigen values A=0,0,...(n-1)& Za, 2 =0, ,... (1-1) & (sum of diagonal elements) 11 t) [2 2 2 12 3)f1 2 3]/{a 1a ex:}1 11] J2.2 2] ]2 4 6]]/1 2 3} Jala ria] [22 2] [3 6 9} [2 4 6Jla la 2=0,0,3 2=0,0,6 2=0,0,14 4=0,0,9 A=0,0,1+2a ab 0 0 ab 0 ou 3 ab . > [ ‘| ba 0} ja Oe -21 0 6% a eco -3i 61 0 A=ath A=c,ath A=0,tNa' +h 4e% A=0,47UV PHYSICS ACADEMY 10, n* Roots of z «= aE oo 224) isin 2224] =0,1,2,..n-1) a n 11,C REquations: f(z) =u(x, y)+iv(x, y) HOY gO OP polar form=o % 1H g & ox Gy Gy Ox or ro. or Az) is Analytic if it satisfy CR equations. 1. A polynomial in x and y f(x, y) is given If f(x, y) contains z or 2" terms => f(x,y) is Analytic If f(x,y) contains Z or Z" terms => f(x,y) is Not Analytic Ex: Analytic Ex: Not Analytic lL fx, n=(2 -y + 2ixy—3)) 1. (lextiy)' (Q+x4i) 2. fy)=(xtiy)’ (1x) 2. B4+x-iy)) 2. f(z) and g(z) are any two Analytic functions, then the following are also Analytic (a) ftg (b) fe (©) fe (A) (g,z) & gf)HYSICS ACADEMY ‘Complex Analysis ‘Complex Numbers 1. Cartesian form 2=x+i¥ — 2, Polar form 2 = pel? - Mzeare 3. @ozP-2+¥ be 7. Modulus | = |= Jx? +)? =r 8. Properties of Modulus a. 342, Plz 1-122] a. |y/4ullal e 4 2 f are( 2.) Argz, ~ Argzy 2 b. Jz) +22 19214122! c. Arg (22) = Arge, + Argzy 9. D’ Moivre’s Theorem 2" =r"cisnO a. cos(ix)=coshx , sin(ix)=isinhx c. sin(x-tiy)=sin xcosh yticos.xsinh y 4. cos(x+iy) =cosxcosh y+ i(sin xsinh y)16. 7 Cauchy Integral Theorem Contour Cile+ati If poles lie outside _poles lie inside f@ 1 LO dain gr (2)dz =0 Tear aero n!*derivatie 17, Residue Theorem f(2)d: = 2ni(Enelosed Residues) vl za)" r3] (a) If fz) has a pole of order natz=a Res(f,a)=— wale (b) If f(z) hasa simple pole and /(z)= 22. Res = #9 v(2) ya) © Resiqe of fe)at 352 se (NR 2 DR) Improper fraction (NR < DR) 2 Proper fraction S(2)= v Res(f,o) = Lim{-f ©] in the expansion of f(z) I Res(f,20) =-ve coef of 1 (4) fz) has essential singular pointatz=a, Res(f,a)=coal ofUv PHYSICS ACADEMY MMP 19 13. Harmonic funetion/(z) = u(x, y) +iv(x, y) is Analytic u(x,y) and (x,y) are Harmonic conjugates satisfy Eapliciaa equation V?4=0 and V?v=0 =Utiv 14. Construction of Analyt fu If V(x, y) is given | If U(x, y) is v= fa feu u= [Pace jeu 15. Types of Singularities /(z) = y a,(z-a)" + x4, (z-a)" n= n=l Analytic part Principal part (a) If PP contains infinite no.of terms => Essential singularity (Isolated/Not Removable) Eg: f(z) = eV? 2 | () If PP contains finite no.of terms=> pole of order Eg: f(2)= —— (2-1) (z+2) (c) If PP contains No terms => Removable singularity Eg: f(z) = sizUV PHYSICS ACADEMY 7 Integral Transform I.T of a function f(t), F(s)= /[/(@O]= J Skat Laplace (a=0,b=00) Fourier (a =-o0,b = co) Fourier f™ &cosine (a=0,b =<) ost = eit ; kee k=e k=sin st k=cos st Fej=froeta — F=f Mea F fesinsiae | fencos.ta o > o 0 Fourier Transform Pairs e-* (Gaussian) = ave" ®* (Gaussian) TT 2 od s “i = |6(s—a)—4 fe-nee@rs) sere F\= | poeta Emma +a] t 12 cosar=+|6(s-a) +8(s+4) pon FO) flay= jai oer 2 Wel gee 5@=s Real, asymmetric = complex, Hermitian Imaginary, asymmetric = complex, anti-Hermitian ‘omplex, even / odd = Complex, even / odd even = even; odd = odd Real, even = Re al even, Real, odd = Imaginary, oddUV PHYSICS ACADEMY Fourier Series and Transforms Sij=% oy Real Form — n=l L ot a J (—x) = f(x) even nT one L ax; 4 f nrx NRX ax; soe +Ye cos cosine series 6, =i fy (x)sin =k Parseval’s Theorem j [QP de= fire ds innx L innx Complex Form f(x) = > ce & Cy = 4 a] ror L n= MMP 22 (+ cos +b, sin L J(-x) =~ fx) odd S()= yo sin 7=* n=l sine series Perseval’s Theorem HJ vorr an LS +03) = Die P nlLaplace Inverse Transform (0) = L'F(s)= fe" F(s)ds Properties: o LE [ah (9) +bF(s)]= als) +6076)! [+ 20'[F(sta)]=e°"LF(s) 3.0" [F(s)]=-iL F(s) 4.L" [sF(s)] =25'F0) s.r [Lew |-[c'mea 3PHYSICS ACADEMY ———____—___. MMP 25 yy dy sendre Col nla vy yoey-an(nel)y=d y= p,(x) 2 n 1 Legendre Equation: (n wy! , (n/2) =nl2 nis even PAY)= . xen . peng TES eter 27 ara ni 3. Rodrigues formula P= 2 nl dy” “(x iy piel pQ=x 4. Generating function 5. Orthogonality Visa avi? 0 if men wed=g 21) (taser st)" "pen [retora 2 d : 3x) n=O tel if m=n ww=5( x 3, 6. Expansion of plane wave git = gitrcosd _ S+ Nii (kr) p, (cos 8) 7. Recurrence Relations t=O (a) (n+1) pay =(2+1)xPq— "Pps (c) (n+1) Py = Phar Ph (b) (2n+1)p, = pha — phy (d) (1-2?) py = (2,1 -2Pa) (© (1-2?) 04 =(n+1)(x94- Poet) } Pa =! Pa(—D=(-1)" Pa = a0!)UV PHYSICS ACADEMY Laplace Transform LLM] = J Se" dt (8 >0) 0 L[t]=1/s unit step function Properties fe Jest pai) |b Linearity L[af + b8(0]=aL[ 400] +4L[8(0] 2. L[e S0]= Fea) SFa , A a 3. 2["seo}=( SF 2 2 o me 4.u[4 0 |=[Fi ae 1 ! Sea 5. L[f'O]=sF@)- SO 6.L[f7O] =8FO)-fO-F'O ELS] = F)-s* 10)-s)-FO) L[se-a]=e* L[5(0]=11. Equation: 2. Explicit form H,(x)= igue’s formula, (x) =(-1)" e* 3. Rodrigue’s formula (1) Pe Ay (x)=) Hy(x)= 2x Hy(a) = 407-2 Hy (x) = 83 -12x 4. Generating function»? $. Orthogonality femHna[° men a [rave ifUV PHYSICS ACADEMY Bessel Function aa ay diya > . Equa SF eS ht yet 1, Equation a tates w)y O;y=J,(x) 2. Series Expansion (Bessel Function of I* kind) y _ 57/4)" | (@) " pa Yar @erst) 2 3. Neumann's function (Bessel Function of 2™ kind) wy, a dalsdeos na ~J_4(x) 4. Generating function e sin nt O iF; 5. Orthogonality fata, 2, (4,x) de = 0 A, and A, are the roots of J,(4x) Te (Ax) b= ij 6. COS =Jg — Wz +QWguu sine = 2, -2Wy + Wy... 7. Recurrance Relations. isn, - 2d, jars: (x,)Regression (least squ To fit a straight line by least squa observations by y; =a + B(x) —¥) zero mean and variance as 2 (5i-¥) = Y.-F =4D (x -F) arandom variable with 2 Sample statistics: 52 Estimators: @ where residual variance +S {yal -¥)} 4.2.6 52 ld and B are — and = n nx Correlation coefficient: Estimates for the variance of res ton pairs of points (x,, y, model the "+ ¢;,where the €, are independent samples of n n E(¥ at x)= + B(x-¥)i6 = 5 (residual variance), 2(A,B,...) then Combination of Errors: If () If z=ALBEC then (a. 2 (2) = AB or A/B then (=) @) =A" thenS fa (5) z=exp AthenUV PHYSICS ACADEMY Distributions 1, Mean, Variance and standard Deviation of sample {x, } N Bionomial Distribution Discrete probability distribution of a sequence of independent Bernouli Trials (ie YES/NO expt that yiclds a success with probability p) 1. The probability of getting exactly “n” successes out of N trials is N N-n N NI rs=( Je l-p 5 a. t ( ) where ars (w=ny! 2.Mean y= np 3, Standard Deviation 0 = yp (! -p)UV PHYSICS ACADEMY Distribution Limiting case of a Binomial Distribution Hot wera MH x! Poi (p0, n> 0 => np =f constant) f(x Gaussian Distribution (Normal Distribution) Continuous probability Distribution that describes data that collect around a mean 1. Probability Density p(x) = = Mean, o =SD (width of the Distribution) 2. The standard Normal Distribution applics when ore 1 M=0 and o =1 p(x)=—~e von 3. Brror function enf(x)=Numerical Solution to f(x) = 0 Secant Method Newton- Raphson Method Sn a7 rum a Numerical Solution to Ordinary DE Method Runge - Kutta 4th orderMethod Eulers Method 4 HS (49) & HAS ye —%y & = SY) Yast = In +e Be Sat Xn Inst =In tH (ns In) b= Mf (Xan) by = Af (x, +h/2, y, +k, /2) Ky =I (iy +812, Yq thy /2 1 : 2/2) Yast =n ts (hi +h) ky =Hf (xy +A, yy +h) Runge - Kutta Method 2%” order,Numerical Analysis Numerical Integration Trapezoidal Rule y ahie [ fends 2 (5428 42 tect Bt fy) Tl Js) © p=(xy—ay)/N (sub Interval width) | | [ Simpson’s Rule (1/3 rd Rule) > x, Xy f roa=4(p FAP AI t4fy tnt Ayr thy) be 2 Rule= (4 + fy )t Kt het Sat So toch Walt t fot Sy tnt Sy-s)] Numerical Differentiation a =a Ls («+h)- S (x-A)] fh Ls n)-27(2)+F(0-A)] LL. AL p(x 2h)-2f (oon) 24 (2-8) -f(8-2H)]UV PHYSICS ACADEMY 4. de Broglie wavelength of a Non Relativistic particle. (KE << E,). yet bp _mk Charged particle . Neutral h L A= - v2ng¥ Particle Gas I 3 KE=k,T =rk, =Kg Electron Proton a particle KE aha 4a i226 40 0.286 0.101 h h 1236 a We na haa SBmk,T Pkt ac 5. Relation between de Broglie & Compton wavelengths 2 =Om Mea IModhue Namah wth) UV PHYSICS ACADEMY 3 Energy Density g(y) = St/v*_ (e) = ent | de-Broglie Dual Nature of Matter A material particle in ‘motion is associated with a wave called matter wave » 1. Wave length of de Broglie wave a= t=. pm @) 2. Velocityof matter wave yal y velocity of particle v (can’t be measurable, No physical significance) “Matter wave is neither mechanical nor EM wave” 3. de-Broglic wave length of a Relativistic particle. (AE >> Ey) he hc Black Body Radiation, Electromagnetic radiation emitted bya block body held at s iF 7 [Total power Delivered — pa sgt (-)-—_™ A~ Surface Area of the black body Ams T = cons tant (2.898% 107 m — beGroup and Phase Velocities Phase Velocity (Vv, ) + Velocity of individual wave Group Velocity (¥, ): Velocity of group waves that carry energy or momentum 6. Dispersion Relation y=", + { Non Dispersive Medium aw, Rm =0> V, = Vv, dw dE 1 V, =a 8 dk She 9. For a Relativistic particle V,V, = 10. For a free particle ¥, = 2Y,1S. Infinite Square well ID BOX) potential V(x) = { 1. Wave function & Energy, (x) 38e 0 O—, where x is the length ofthe Box in A 0 2 2p 3. Expectation values (x)= 24 £ 2n?n? 4. Probability of finding the particle * a 14 Pous=4-Zq Puswur Fowin=V/2 Fria to 18 Sane (el=ele)= wh aby Pre wesus = 42x 1 Pur = 1/2 Liilp _—— a5 tt] Buse a9UV PHYSICS ACADEMY 11, Wave function and Properties i. yw must be finite, ii, y must be square Integrable iii. y and “must be continuous and single valued, ox 12, Schrodinger’s Equation (Non Relativistic & Spinless) = fytroe| Eo svea}een th Sylrst) ot 2m 13. Current Density (J) “Iyy =“ [1p or v'vy] ” m I J =Velx| amp R.P(v" py) A Real wave function doesn’t contribute any fux. 14, Equation of Continuity one $V. =0, where plrst) =v" (retylrat) is the probability densityLet Vinal = Vos << 10m” state) = Panp (Gs tom! state) Uf n= Mm > Py = ‘amp = 6. Expressing any function in the Basis of 1D Box {y,, } S8)= i) = Y]»)(n| fea) = (nl FE9)|n)= Nc, |n) ” where C, = (nl F@9) = J feox E sin gy a aSpecial blems 1A particle moving on a Ring of Radius R. (wave function with Periodicity) a2 ah we y — ae ytd) =w(pr2A) Saph PTO thE on All exeited states are doubly degenerate 2. A fire particle in spherical cavity malo <® wr>R a nzr Wave function: y =—sin = Pressure exerted on the walls of cavity W Energy: E = 469) A panicle in Dirac Delta potential wave funetion v(x) = Vke tsk = ma /h? ‘ Energy E=-ma?/2h* (Bound states)UV PHYSICS ACADEMY © otherwise Wave function and energy y, (x) = fe cossn =odd asa 2. nax = ,/— sin—,n=even a a 1 i (2n+1) g, |nex POX) =" (anylnn = sin? as a a 2. yw isalinear combination of Basis Y(0) = AV, +BY AYO PA ALY e F +1 BP Ym E 21 ANBLYam ivex0f -[4P Wal’ +1 Wal #214B¥Y 608(e,— Eq )t 0 L & |y_ P +B’ Ym P FLABY Am )iih yO) = ay, 2B¥, = OF AP |v, F +B? ln P FLABY Ae Si0(Eq — Em lwenofSeo(x) = 1+ Col(x) = aretan(x) = 4a 6 xs OS 3015 3Is Tan(x) = x+ 3 S Cre(xy ag ty TE , 3 ++}... 6 360 15120 1 Arc sin(x) = x+— esin(a)= x45UV PHYSICS ACADEMY - oa 1 Bound states of Finite Square well (n—|)” a a a 1 (EDV; 7! + — sin” 2k, energy spectrum is unbounded continum ro 4E(E-¥) > _ 2m(E-V) with ak, and ak, lie on hyperbola. a bh y= > Im(V-E . (iy, Ev 7x EMO E) ate Ah = 2n(h-£) The energy spectrum isa Ye bounded continuum with ak, and ak, lieona circleUV PHYSICS ACADEMY 8ma? StepPotential Energy ofIncident particle, ( »-{ Reflection and Transmission Copfiicient My x20 | E>Vy E<\ 2 2 pa lhcky pa thaiby ap = 2mE ge = (A +h) (A, tiky)P a T= Ahaha T=0 IME ya (A +h) ky =F = Finite square well potential: _ {° Ixba Transmission coefficient (E> V) VV, Is a lee Joy lint one ye a 2m(EHY) Fn) T 4| E(E+V) _? he Ramsauer Effect wen? | mnsaci 2 ((4,8)) - - Uncertainty Principle A4AB le) Aand & are the operators of physical quanti- 1, We can’t measure two canonically conjugate pairs simultaneously and accurately. 2 [ A, 3] =0, the two physical quantities are said to be compatible. > Vavya ail) 3. Momentum — Position Energy-time Number — phase ARAp 2 h/2 AEAt > h/2 Andgzh/2 — ALA@ZAS2 JCommutators [ 4,8 |= Ab- BA 1 [aa]=-[B4] 2 [4a] [aa] [Aae]-[As]e+a[ 4c] 4 [ala eae aye alJ-0 +. [7(4).4]-[44)@) [i] 1. eb Be" = s[ 48) ZL ateells~ ‘ 2 6. ete? =e 8, The product of two hermit ian operators is also hermitian, if they commute each other2. Probability: Let y = ag, +a), + ay, Kal | _MelvyP | _ elwyf 8 lv) 8 ly) 8 ly) 3. Average energy (£) = Mea P; 7 Gaussian Wave function (x) -( > ws 2) e aa” Expectation values of (i) & (#) (%) =centre= wyi(i*) -a y(p)xe 2 2_a =o teenire =— +x 2 = py) ANP la? =e lr) Expectation values of (Px ) & (02) 2 (a, ) = centre = py (e3)= +centre* nate AK= (#) -( =¢ ap, = (v?)-(e.)° =* aa. fi a AtAp, =>UV PHYSICS ACADEMY Expectation Values yp yw Ay (i401) J 7 (If WisNormalized (y|y) =1) 2. Time dependence 3. Ay, =ay, and y= PCy, d aa , <(: i) = a (aa) (2) then( A) = Lie, Pa 4. Ehrenfest’s Theorem Ai yak <( (p)=-(¥r) “ md Postulates of QM: 1. State of a space [A linear vector space over ystem: Represented by a state vector belongs to Hilbert complex Numbers] ge Yow, Position Representation y(x) = (¥ |v); w(x) is Fourier inverse transform of ¥te) vier fa “w(p\dp = ta Jet vind a Momentum Representation y(p) = (P|v):y(p) is the Fourier transformation of vin)_ WVPHYSICSACADEMY, = x\<0 I Linear Harmonic Oscillator V(x)= 7* cd 1. Wave function & Energy “= (x= H, (ax) E, =("+1/2)ho y=(-1e" d" as! Here H,(ax) isthe Hermite polynomial HU, =(-lf"e a (mai -ip,).@ 2. Ladder operators 4" = (mai + ip, ) wo Ani Properties: i. a" and @ are Hermitian conjugates ofeach other a _! kaa = A + 1 =-N (Number of operator) ha 2 ho ‘ti. (4,a" |= 1[a.t1 | = had,| a” 1] = -head® ‘iv, at |a) = nel |n+!).a|a) = vn|a-l) i iL 3 Ne (a )=(a)=0 (rs hs Expectation values: ii, a a=UV PHYSICS ACADEMY QM 16 . i i = h (as mw (4 . Bi tate) ¢= J—— p. =i foe (at - 4. Expectation values (Vis @ Basis state) =f" (a +4) p, =i 7 (a -4) (8) = zero (8) = 52 (2m 1): by) = zer0 (i2)="32 (ane +1) | s_ [a h os At= Tm (241.47, = Ao (2n+1) saa, =A (n+1/2) Above expectation values do not change after time t | 5. y isalinear combination of Basis states y = A | n) +B| n+ 1) Tt Attime t=0 Attime 120 (a) =P" arts ae (i Ji 1A8 cosa ( )=0 2) (?)-—— * [(2n+i)laP +(2n43)18P ] (ee). [(2n+1)| AP +(2n+3)1B7 | (2), =(2),,1, Wave function and Energy: E=(n+1/2)ha, +(m+1/2)hays y = 4,Ae 2 12 a, 2 wher (=25) A, = (x4) and @, 2, isotropic Oscillator («, =, =«); E=(n+m+I)ho 3. Degeneracy of jy" excited state=N +1 3D Harmonic oscillator V(x, L Isotropic oscillator (¢ 2. Degeneracy of N® excited state is (N+1)(N +2) 2UV PHYSICS ACADEMY 6. Probability 1. Probability of finding the system, in the classical forbidden region, if itis in the ground state is 16% 2. Probability of finding the system in the ground state when the parameters are in (nitially the system is in the Ground state) Geena on k-nk 2n 2nl'* P=— ie p= V2 er l+ nl? 3. Asymmetric LHO: wxs0 VOxy= {e x>0 "Value in symmetric oscillator is replaced by (Q2n+1)ieodd numbers ¥_ = Boundary Conditions: y (x) should be vanished at x = 0; E, =(+1/2)he, n =| Sy Ey = (20+3/2) hoo, = 0,1,2,3, 4,00Standard Integration forms Judy [ea] [var fete vf ude ffs) ate 1 Jvtac =" (nl) Ja= In| fetde= Joa fae*de=e a Jinavdy = x(Inav-1) fn on de= In f(x) 1 v xtnarde="—(Inax—4)] fo de= Join axe (nar 7) fod onh (b> 0) bx teed n tt i, d= tin(a bs) Verh ae Lge at | Je 1 bx — di = 57 de = — aretan| — (ath Barby | 2th * ab a J1 Jett x(x" +4) x atts arsin( =) y? a dv = (x? £a?)!? ds = pins? 1e| fx) 7 LO a= 7G SS Fay = J f(x)Uv PHYSICS ACADEMY QM 20 3. Constants of Motion i, Aparticle moving in central potential Vina(? +y Pyat)= 2 r le a= ofé,. = ofé. A= 0; £,c, and i, are constants of motion Wversy seo f)zofi,. A|eofé.. a= 0 vette . ate 2 [i,t ofi,.7]+0[2.,4 ]=0 4. Expectation values (y js a Basis state | n/m)) (i:)=0 (2) [res | (i)-0 ()=4 [ius] (i,)=0 (B)=mn2 Mutually Commuting sets: {2,s? Pde 5} &(2,57,L | J Jesb- 5°, LSS:UV PHYSICS ACADEMY AngularMomentum {= 7x 5 =(yp, ~zp,)#+(zp,—ap.) 3+(sp, — ype)? P=2+2+2 [2.4]=0 Ply)=ru(leijly) — [L,, H]=0 Z. |v) =mply) Discrete spectrum 1, Ladder Operators 7, = i, +i ik =, -ii, Ey \lm)=n Jt(0+1)=m (m1) l,m) ii -B +B oni, -2-2 +i, inp, ath a 0 te SF ]=-ink [i.t.]= ni eth fy()-Ean A=W(I+1) ii. Expectation values of 2, ,i_ and i,,i, (i.)= Dar (i)-Dar. Ay =hefl(T+1)=m(ml) 4 on fiet)=m(m=), Ar AAy Ps SAP Pe Sap rn : ‘inci <1 (1+1)-m 6. Uncertainty Principle AL, AL, SL) |7, Spherical Polar Coordinates . lg cord cosd &- i, =net| coro 24 2 rs naling 20 +cot A cosg Z| 7 cot d sing — | o¢ | Harmonics ¥;" d-state 00 La aap sod + sin 00 00 2(22) ce oj Prt or) 12 2I+1)! Lowest State: ¥)‘ [| sin! e"!* 4x > (3c03" 0-1) sin 0 cos Oe** =>. sin? BeWave functions of Hydrogen Atom vio (8) = Lyris Vino (28) == (-Z)e" 7 rx a y322a,\ 4% 1 r 1 r | rida nr i (=}. * cos 0 Waist = er sin et va = Fs (au learad % pin Algebra ;*|s,m,) =°s|s+1)|s,m,) 5, |sm,) = hfs (s+1)—m (m1) |s,m21) ilsm)=mifsm) 8 =4(5, +2).5, <3 8) i li=i48, [5,3 ]=iney & (2)=(8)=4 [s(o+1)-m] 1.Pauli Spin Matrices (Spin -1/2) 5, oto, ah of sto, {{\ ‘| i 0 1 30,0,,0, are Pauli spin matricesHydrogen like Atoms: Schrodinger Equation 2 yy Vale = E Vein 2 4rzor (1 Reduced Mass) a2 1. Wave function and Energy Vain } He Le ON" (0.9) (2a SS (ede by (n-d-1- kta! 2. Radial Expectation values} Fora state with mauimum orbital angular momentum [3a -1(0+1) ((en-1) feral non-t)ean( net (mnie? [ant =UV PHYSICS ACADEMY 2. Spin Matrices Eigen states and Eigen Values eff olon3l ole nde] |T)= lil t= lib ‘) [ eigen values of s are +h/2 lal} aL eof] a 3. Spin is measured along x, v and z-axes Spinor y -()) Along z-axis Along x-axis Along y-axis i fh la h\__ la? pg ty-_lavor _ (4 =—_laciot _ (+3). 2 [a+ bP +]a—bP 2) |a+ibP +la a) |r p (- ). la-bP o,(-2)-—lexot = 1. Ee Pe ae 2 ral *) jar+loe “\ 2) farbP+la-oP "\ 2) jaribP +aJUV PHYSICS ACADEMY QM27 . Properties of Pauli Spin Matrices Oo, = ol sO, = 0-4 30, = a ———— roof li of Alo = i. a,0, =i0, ii. [o,.0, ]= 2io, iii, of =o, =0; =1 oa, =i, [¢,,.¢, ]=2i0, o" -{f n=even 9,0, =10, [e,,0, ]=2ic, o, n=odd iv. Trace of o =0, Trace of a? =2, Trace of o,0; = 25, v. (6.4)(4.8) vit. [6A |=2i(Axe) vitt X.0,0_ =2(l+a,) .B+iG.(4xB) vi, e&' =I cosO+iosin® - ‘i we pega +=0,tio, ix.o, =o_ =zero xi.(o-fi) eigen values of s andovi_ are same Eigen values ofd = a0, + bo, +ca, are equal to Va? +b° +c? Eigen values of A= aS, +S, +cS, are equal to a’ +B +c nNi>UV PHYSICS ACADEMY 4, Spin is measured in arbitrary direction (3) eigen values of s and 5.4 are same an (A=2h/2) fi=(sinOcos¢,sin sin 4, cos) eae cos sinde’ } sinde* -cos0 cos @/2¢7'#/? -sin9 /2¢#? Eigen Vectors v (+f /2)= w(-h/2)= "een Wee (4n72) sind / 20”? (4/2) cos @ / 20/2 ls. Electronin Magneticfield 1 =—j,.8-£" 68-2" 5p 2m 2m a (alt))_ (alt) _ (a(t))_fae™ )_ 13-5) = (i= (eee }vo Expectation values of S,»5y>S, at later time (2) =4[e' @H9+5' Oa] (s)=4i[ @a-2 ov] (s.)= 4[e Maw-E («|UV PHYSICS ACADEMY 6. Graphs of Wave functions LD Box (-Lsx Km|14"|n)f oy _ 10) s 3. Ey = Bean Hn) + TeQM 30 Jone Ft is degenerate state with degeneracy “g” Construct the matrix corresponding to 4’ of Diagonalisation of 7" order 2x & Eigen vectors provide correction to the wave function Eigen values provide correction To the energy rk Effect H'=eE z=eErcos0 |. For Ground state Yioo (Non Degenerate) I A; a8 = (vig) l * Firet order stark effect is absent for the r0 ground state of Hydrogen Atom41D Box (05x51) H'c x(Linear) = bt H' c.x? (Quadratic) H' = bx? a =H(e?)=a{£ : } 5.LHO Voxy= th? H' = bi (Linear) H'= bx? (Quadratic) H'=62 bh 0 = (a) = ef) =—(n+1/2 as ai =b(i)=20r0 | at = (neta) 0 = zero 2 2 2 7), wot 2) = 2412) ei =-(Zeneyy?s Zone 2mo? Imre? 4 16 * energy levels are | Energy levels are Equally spaced not equally spaced ICH" = bi (Linear) Equillibrium position is shifted by ~b/ mao?UV PHYSICS ACADEMY 2. First excited state(¥/299,W210»¥211»Y21-1) degeneracy = 4 4 Bier) ea, NS 0 -3eEgy 0 0 Je \#] 4 , ; , |-detin 0 00 ite (210 H'|W200) = ~Sebiay => H1'=] 00 0] 7 7219*¥200 are affected 0 00 of. byclectric field No of Stark levels of n" state = (2n - 1) Time Dependent Perturbation Theory. os ° ° A()=H +H"), wher Hy, = Ey, Perturbed Hamiltonian v= Ya, (oe"™ |n) Eigen values 4 = 0,0,43cEay Perturbed Wave function ; A, =|A0 of where 4g) = frente I. System making transition from n—> m; PM, =|al? 2, Fermi Golden Rule(Transition probability per unit time from i* state to j* state) 2 lly, [a'|wilf ete,) (ole, is density states) Tay =UV PHYSICS ACADEMY Ww Appro} Energy of the particle E>V(x) E<¥(x) (2 -e \v =0 2m(V -E£) Re A lia (0° +4") =0 RB am(E-V) k ar _ A ifs ans (sin usoidal) (Exponential) * Transmission coefficient -2f kde Tee w Quantization of energy is € 0 n”*2 * i Vixyox’, Useful in calculating tunneling rates through potential barriers and bound state energy Quantization of energy levels |, Both boundaries are smoot! c= af nt mT =(n+1/2)2h 2. When one Boundary is smooth and other is Rigid J pate =(n43/4) xh 3. When Both Boundaries are Rigid { pdc=(n4+l)2h x and xy are turning points and n=0, 1, 2,3,Dv PHYSICS ACADEMY | Finding approximations to the Ground state by choosing trial wave function] |. Based on physical intuition, make a guess of trial wave function that takes physical Y, = (@),0,..-), where a's are parameters H-Atom properties of the state BcLHO Gs (Nomnodes) = y, = de“ Ground state y = Ae FES(onenode) => y, = Axe" (No Nodes) (Symmetric about the centre) | ) wlAl¥o, ¢ 2 Ba NE Feround ste Calculate energy wv OE 9 3. Tofind the parameters a,,, minimize F ie aa, 4, Substitute, in Eand Yr_ Wave function and energy eigen values rool 2 2 mh Fan a(n tm; Sprit =h23.an, =1.2.3,.. , Degeneracy: 121222UV PHYSICS ACADEMY Density of states of Free particle “2 (x/L) dN=ak 2x wie de 2nh? dN= £ kdk 2n m Generally If energy of the particle Eak* * Density of state is “d” Dimension is 4 4, Dos ae* For a Relativistic free particle E = pe= hike] dN — ae dély