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H ˜H ˜ s
  s   ˜ s


k±FRHILFLHQWGHSURSRUĠLRQDOLWDWHvQUHJLPVWDĠLRQDUTm±FRQVWDQWDGHWLPSPRUWT±FRQVWDQWDGHWLPS


    9ODG0XUH‫܈‬DQ‡0LKDLO$EUXGHDQ‡7LEHULX&ROR‫܈‬L

2. Funcia de transfer a coninutului de O2 în gazele arse în raport cu debitul de

combustibil:

L^O ` k 
H   s  H Tm s 
L^q c `   T s
> h˜  @
>Nm @

O  > @ > ˜ h @
k   
ª Nm º >Nm@
q cn o m « »
¬ h ¼
 Tm > sec@  T > sec@ 

˜H ˜ s
 H  s   ˜ s


3. Funcia de transfer a presiunii aburului viu în tambur în raport cu debitul de
combustibil:

L^ pabt ` k
H  s  ˜ H Tm ˜s 
L^qc `   T ˜ s 
pabvtnom >bar @ ª h ˜ bar º
k «  »
ª Nm º ¬ Nm ¼ 
qcnom « »
¬ h ¼
Tm >min@ > sec@ 
T >min@ > sec@ 

˜H ˜ s
H  s  ˜ s


4. Funcia de transfer a debitului de abur viu în raport cu debitul de combustibil:

L^qabv ` k
H  s  ˜ H Tm ˜s  
L^qc `   T ˜ s
ª ton º
qabvnom « » 
¬ h ¼ ª tona º
k « »
ª Nm º ¬ Nm ¼ 
qcnom « »
¬ h ¼
Tm >min@ > sec@ 
T >min@ > sec@


˜H ˜ s
H  s  ˜ s




 Conducerea Proceselor Industriale – îndrumtor de proiect 

5. Funcia de transfer a temperaturii aburului în supraîncalzitorul intermediar în raport

cu debitul de combustibil:

L^Tabvsi ` k
H  s  ˜ H Tm ˜s 
L^qc `   T ˜ s 
T ab VLQ om >qC @ >qC @ ª h ˜ $C º
k  
«  »
ª Nm º ª Nm º «¬ Nm »¼
qcnom « »  « »
¬ h ¼ ¬ h ¼
Tm >min@ > sec@ 
T >min@ > sec@ 

˜H ˜ s
H  s  ˜ s


6. Funcia de transfer a temperaturii aburului viu în raport cu debitul de combustibil:

L^Tabv ` k
H  s ˜ H Tm ˜s 
L^qc `   T ˜ s 
T abvnom >qC @ > $C @ ª h ˜ $C º
k «  » 
ª Nm º ª Nm º ¬« Nm ¼»
qcnom « »  « »
¬ h ¼ ¬ h ¼
Tm >min@ > sec@ 
T >min@ > sec@ 

˜H ˜ s
H  s  ˜ s



7. Funcia de transfer a presiunii aburului viu din cazan în raport cu debitul de aer de
combustie

L^ pabv ` k
H   s  ˜ H Tm ˜s  
L^qaer `   T ˜ s
pabvnom >bar @ ª h ˜ bar º
k  «  » 
ª Nm º ¬ Nm ¼
qaernom « »
¬ h ¼
Tm  >min@ > sec@ 
T >min@ > sec@ 

˜H ˜ s
H   s  ˜ s



    9ODG0XUH‫܈‬DQ‡0LKDLO$EUXGHDQ‡7LEHULX&ROR‫܈‬L

8. Funcia de transfer a coninutului de oxigen în gazele arse în raport cu debitul de aer

de combustie:

L^O ` k
H   s ˜ H Tm  ˜s 
L^qaer `   T ˜ s 
O nom >@ >@ ª˜hº
k  « »
ª Nm º ª Nm º

¬ Nm ¼
qaernom « »  « »
¬ h ¼ ¬ h ¼
Tm  > sec@ 
T > sec@ 

˜H ˜ s
H   s  ˜ s


9. Funcia de transfer a depresiunii din focar în raport cu debitul de aer de combustie:

L^'pF ` k
H   s  ˜ H Tm  ˜s 
L^qaer `   T ˜ s 
'pFnom >mmH O @ >mmH O @ ª h ˜ mmH O º
k  «  »
ª Nm º ª Nm º ¬ Nm ¼
qaernom « » « »
¬ h ¼ ¬ h ¼
Tm  > sec@ 
T > sec@ 

˜H ˜ s
H   s   ˜ s

/DFUHúWHUHDGHELWXOXLGHDHUGHSUHVLXQHDVFDGHODYDORULQHJDWLYH

10. Funcia de transfer a presiunii aburului din tambur în raport cu debitul de aer de
combustie:

L^ pabt ` k
H   s ˜ H Tm  ˜s 
L^qaer `   T ˜ s 
pabvnom >bar @ ª h ˜ bar º
k «  »
ª Nm º ¬ Nm ¼ 
qaernom « »
¬ h ¼
Tm  >min@ > sec@  T >min@ > sec@ 

˜H ˜ s
H   s  ˜ s

 Conducerea Proceselor Industriale – îndrumtor de proiect 

11. Funcia de transfer a debitului de abur viu în raport cu debitul de aer de combustie:

L^qabv ` k
H   s ˜ H Tm  ˜s 
L^qaer `   T ˜ s 
ª tona º
qabvnom « »
¬ h ¼ ª tona º
k  « » 

ª Nm º

¬ Nm ¼
qaernom « »
¬ h ¼
Tm  >min@ > sec@ 
T >min@ > sec@ 

˜H ˜ s
H   s  ˜ s


12. Funcia de transfer a temperaturii aburului viu în supraîncalzitorul intermediar în
raport cu debitul de aer de combustie:

L^Tabsi ` k
H   s  ˜ H Tm  ˜s 
L^qaer `   T ˜ s 
T ab VLQ om >qC @ >qC @ ª h ˜ $C º
k  
« 
 » 
ª Nm º ª Nm º ¬« Nm ¼»
qaernom « » « »
¬ h ¼ ¬ h ¼
Tm  >min@ > sec@ 
T >min@ > sec@ 

˜H  s
H   s  ˜ s


13. Funcia de transfer a temperaturii aburului viu în raport cu debitul de aer de
combustie:

L^Tabv ` k
H   s  H Tm  ˜s 
L^qaer `   T ˜ s 
T abvnom ª¬qC º¼  ª¬qC º¼ ª h ˜ $C º
k  «  » 
ª Nm º ª Nm º «¬ Nm »¼
qaernom « »  « »
¬ h ¼ ¬ h ¼
Tm  >min@ > sec@ 
T >min@ > sec@ 

˜H ˜ s
H   s  ˜ s



    9ODG0XUH‫܈‬DQ‡0LKDLO$EUXGHDQ‡7LEHULX&ROR‫܈‬L

14. Funcia de transfer a depresiunii în focar în raport cu debitul de gaze arse:

L^'pF ` k
H   s  ˜ H Tm  ˜s 
L^qga `   T ˜ s 
'pFnom >mmH O@ >mmH O@ ª h ˜ mmH O º
k  «  »
ª Nm º ª Nm º ¬ Nm ¼
qganom « »   « »
¬ h ¼ ¬ h ¼
Tm > sec@ 
T > sec@ 

˜H ˜ s
H   s ˜ s

ÌQLSRWH]Dqaer ‫܈‬Lqap VHFRQVLGHUăFăSUHVLXQHDvQIRFDUHVWHHJDOăFXFHDGLQ
H[WHULRU'DFăVHSRUQHVFH[KDXVWRDUHOHODTJDQRPPHQ‫܊‬LQkQGvQFRQWLQXDUHqaer vQIRFDU
UH]XOWăRGHSUHVLXQHFDUHvQUHJLPVWD‫܊‬LRQDUHVWH±>mmH2O@

15. Funcia de transfer a nivelului apei din tambur în raport cu debitul apei de
alimentare:

L^h` k
H   s H Tm  ˜s  hnom >mm@ >m@
L^qapa `   T ˜ s
hnom > m@ > m@ ªh˜mº
k « »
ª tona º ª tona º ¬ tona ¼
qapanom « »  « »
¬ h ¼ ¬ h ¼
Tm  >sec@
T >sec@
˜H ˜ s
H   s  ˜ s


16. Funcia de transfer a debitului aburului viu în raport cu debitul apei de alimentare:

L^qabv ` k
H   s H Tm  ˜s 
L^qapa `   T ˜ s 
ª tona º ª tona º
qabvnom « »  « »
k ¬ h ¼ ¬ h ¼   
ª tona º ª tona º
qapanom « »  « »
¬ h ¼ ¬ h ¼
Tm  >min@ > sec@  T >min@ > sec@ 

˜H   ˜ s
 H   s    ˜ s

 Conducerea Proceselor Industriale – îndrumtor de proiect 

17. Funcia de transfer a salinitii în raport cu debitul apei de alimentare:

L^S` k
H   s ˜ H Tm  ˜s 
L^qapa `   T ˜ s 
S nom ª¬ º¼ >@ ªh˜º
k « »
ª tona º ª tona º ¬ tona ¼
qapanom « »   « »
¬ h ¼ ¬ h ¼
Tm  >min@ > sec@ 
T >min@ > sec@ 

˜H ˜ s
H   s  ˜ s


18. Funcia de transfer a temperaturii aburului viu în supraînclzitorul intermediar în
raport cu debitul de injecie (ap sau abur)

L^Tabsi ` k
H   s  H Tm  ˜s 
L^qij `   T ˜ s 
'T ab VLQ om qC  
'T ab VLQ om >qC @ > $C @ ª h ˜ $C º
k     « »
ª tona º ª tona º ¬« tona ¼»
qijnom « »  « »
¬ h ¼ ¬ h ¼
Tm  > sec@ 
T > sec@ 

˜H ˜ s
H   s  ˜ s


19. Funcia de transfer a salinitii n raport cu debitul de purj:


L^S` k
H   s H Tm  ˜s 
L^q pj `   T ˜ s 
'S nom >@ >@ ªh˜º
k    « »
ª tona º ª tona º ¬ tona ¼
q pjnom « »  « »
¬ h ¼ ¬ h ¼
Tm  > sec@ 
T > sec@ 

H ˜H ˜ s
  s    ˜ s






    9ODG0XUH‫܈‬DQ‡0LKDLO$EUXGHDQ‡7LEHULX&ROR‫܈‬L

6HSRDWHUHSUH]HQWDPDWULFHDGHWUDQVIHUDFD]DQXOXLDYkQGGLPHQVLXQHD[FX

IXQFĠLLGHWUDQVIHUúLUHVWXOHOHPHQWHORUQXOH

 TF TDHU TJD TDSD TLM TSM

SDEY + +    
2 + +    
ǻS)  + +   
K    +  
SDEW + +    

TDEY + +  +  

șDEVL + +   + 
șDEY + +    

6    +  +
Figura 5: Matricea de transfer aferent cazanului

$FHVW SURFHV HVWH XQ H[HPSOX WLSLF GH SURFHV FRPSOH[ DYkQG XUPăWRDUHOH
FDUDFWHULVWLFL LPSRUWDQWH GH OD XQ VHPQDO GH LQWUDUH VHPQLILFDWLY TF OD XQ VHPQDO GH LHúLUH
VHPQLILFDWLYTDEYWHRUHWLFH[LVWăUHODĠLLFRPSOLFDWHGDUFDUHSULQLQWHUSUHWDUHDXQRUUăVSXQVXUL
WLSLFHVHSRWDSUR[LPDSULQIXQFĠLLGHWUDQVIHUFDUHFXPXOHD]ăGRDUFk‫܊‬LYDSROLGRPLQDQĠLVLXQ
QXPăU IRDUWH PDUH GH SROL UH]LGXDOL FDUH VH QHJOLMHD]ă vQ DFHVW FD] FX  SkQă OD  SROL
GRPLQDQĠL ‫܈‬L FHO SXĠLQ  SkQă OD  SROL UH]LGXDOL VH MXVWLILFă DSUR[LPăULOH VLPSOH DOH
IXQFĠLLORUGHWUDQVIHU
2EVHUYDĠLD GH PDL VXV HVWH YDODELOă PDL DOHV OD SURFHVH SXWHUQLF LQHUĠLDOH OD FDUH
SULPHOHGRXăGHULYDWHVXQWVHPQLILFDWLYHLDUFHOHODOWHGHULYDWHVXQWSXWHUQLFDWHQXDWHGHFLVH
MXVWLILFăQHJOLMDUHDDFHVWRUD
T±GHELWTWHPSHUDWXUăK±QLYHO'S)±GHSUHVLXQH2±FRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHS±SUHVLXQH

+±IXQF‫܊‬LDGHWUDQVIHUDFD]DQXOXLFRQVLGHUkQGFDLQWUDUHTDHU‫܈‬LFDLH‫܈‬LUHTDEY






 Conducerea Proceselor Industriale – îndrumtor de proiect 


&DSLWROXO$FRUGDUHDUHJXODWRDUHORUSHQWUXSULQFLSDOHOHEXFOHGH
UHJODUHDSUHVLXQLLDEXUXOXLYLXúLDGHELWXOXLGHDEXUYLX

$5HJODUHDSUHVLXQLLDEXUXOXLYLX

%XFOD GH UHJODUH GLQ )LJXUD  HVWH XQ VLVWHP GH XUPăULUH vQ UDSRUW FX UHIHULQĠD GH
FRPDQGă DYkQG R FRPSRUWDUH UDSLGă SHQWUX Fă VHUYRPRWRUXO SQHXPDWLF SOXV URELQHW 635
SRVHGăLQHUĠLHUHGXVă

 &LS
5 5 (
L SDEY D 3, FL D F  F S T&+ kH  s˜Tm SDEY
 3, L L 635 H s Ts
   (U
ǻS
&ǻSL
 LT&+
 L
 U ǻS

 .0

 L
 S
 &SL

Figura 6: Bucla de reglare a presiunii aburului viu

&LS²FRQYHUWRUFXUHQWXQLILFDWSUHVLXQHGLIHUHQĠLDOă
635²VHUYRPRWRUSQHXPDWLFFXURELQHW
&SL ² FRQYHUWRU SUHVLXQHFXUHQW XQLILFDW FDUH DVLJXUă UHDFĠLD H[WHULRDUă
SULQFLSDOăvQUHJLPVWDĠLRQDU
L SDEY ² FXUHQW XQLILFDW GH UHIHULQĠă GHVWLQDW VWDELOL]ăULL SUHVLXQLL DEXUXOXL
YLX
(U²H[WUDFWRUGHUDGLFDO

%XFODGHUHJODUHLQWHUQăDUHXQFRQYHUWRUǻSLúLGHRDUHFHSUHVLXQHDGLIHUHQĠLDOă
FD VHPQDO GH LHúLUH GLQ GLDIUDJPD FDOLEUDWă HVWH SURSRUĠLRQDOă FX SăWUDWXO GHELWXOXL VH
LPSXQHH[WUDJHUHDGHUDGLFDO

Diafragma calibrat

 T



 S !S ǻS SST NǜǻS


     9ODG0XUH‫܈‬DQ‡0LKDLO$EUXGHDQ‡7LEHULX&ROR‫܈‬L

2EVFLúLFLVXQWVHPQDOHGHFRPDQGăvQFXUHQWXQLILFDWLDUFSHVWHVHPQDO
GHFRPDQGăvQSUHVLXQHXQLILFDWă

Se stabilesc funciile de transfer componente ale schemei de maisus

D&RQYHUWRUXOFXUHQWSUHVLXQH&LS
 VHFRQVLGHUăQHLQHUĠLDOFXIDFWRUXOGHSURSRUĠLRQDOLWDWHFDUHUH]XOWăGLQ
FDUDFWHULVWLFDVWDWLFăDDFHVWXLD
 S>EDU@

 

   >bar@ ªbarº ª barº
 kCip « » Ÿ H Cip s kCip « »
   >mA@ ¬ mA¼ ¬ mA¼


    L>P$@

Figura 7: Caracteristica static a convertorului

 
E6HUYRPRWRUXOSQHXPDWLF635FXURELQHW
 VHFRQVLGHUăFăDUHRFDUDFWHULVWLFăOLQLDUăGDULQHUĠLDHYLGHQĠLDWăSULQFRQVWDQWD
GHWLPSGHVHFQXVHSRDWHQHJOLMD
 cp12[bar]
  

T 
&+>1P K@  

qCH4nom
 TF>1PK@ W>VHF@
 7(
T&+QRP


 FS>EDU@
  W>VHF@
  
  > @ 
 Figura 9: Rspunsul indicial al SPR
Figura 8: Caracteristica static a SPR

 ª Nm  º
 q cnom « »
¬ h ¼  ª Nm º 

 k E  « »
    ¬ªbar ¼º «¬ h ˜ bar »¼
 TE  > sec @
 L^ q c ` k E  
 H E   s 
L^C p `   T E  ˜ s  s



 Conducerea Proceselor Industriale – îndrumtor de proiect 

F &LUFXLWXOLQWHUQGHUHDFĠLH

 FXSULQGH WUDGXFWRUXO GH GHELWSUHVLXQH GLIHUHQĠLDOă .0 FRQYHUWRUXO GH SUHVLXQH
GLIHUHQĠLDOăFXUHQWXQLILFDWH[WUDFWRUXOGHUDGLFDODOFăUXLHIHFWFRPSHQVHD]ăHIHFWXO
SăWUDWLF DO WUDGXFWRUXOXL WRDWH DFHVWH HOHPHQWH VH FRQVLGHUă vQ DQVDPEOX
QHLQHUĠLDOH
 FRHILFLHQWXOGHSURSRUĠLRQDOLWDWHUH]XOWăGLQILJXUDGHPDLMRV
LT&+
 >P$@


    ª¬mAº¼ >mA@ ª PA˜ h º
kM   «  »
 ª
qcnom «
Nm º


ª Nm º
¬ Nm ¼
» « »
 ¬ h ¼ ¬ h ¼




  T&+QRP T&+>1PK@

Figura 10: Caracteristica static a circuitului intern de reacie

%XFODGHUHJODUHLQWHUQăDUHXUPDWRDUHDIRUPă

5  &LS   ( 

 FL D +5 FL Kcip FS H  s  K E TF
E
   TE ˜ s
 
 LTF


 KM

 (U&ǻSL

$FHVWVLVWHPILLQGGHLQHUĠLHPLFăúLGHVWDELOL]DUHUHJXODWRUXO5VHYDDFRUGDGXSă
FULWHULXOPRGXOXOXL>@FRQVWDQWDGHWLPSPRUWILLQGQHJOLMDELOăQXH[LVWă7P>@
 
H R  s  ˜ 
 ˜ T6 ˜ s ˜   T6 ˜ s  H EX   s 
K cip ˜ K E ˜ K M   K Ex
H EX   s  
  TE ˜ s   T6 ˜ s   TE ˜ s  ˜   T6 ˜ s 

XQGHT±VXPDFRQVWDQWHORUGHWLPSQHFRPSHQVDELOH

T >sec@ >sec@‫܈‬LTE >sec@KEX 



    9ODG0XUH‫܈‬DQ‡0LKDLO$EUXGHDQ‡7LEHULX&ROR‫܈‬L

   T6 ˜ s ˜   TE ˜ s   TE ˜ s

H R  s  ˜ 
 ˜ T6 ˜ s ˜   T6 ˜ s   ˜ T6 ˜ s
TE ˜ s     
H R  s     VR   
 ˜ T6 ˜ s  ˜ T6 ˜ s   ˜ s Ti ˜ s

VR Ti >sec@ĺUHJ3,


G&LUFXLWXOH[WHUQGHUHDFĠLH

 5
L SDEY KMT
 DF  &+S
H   s
K Tms
H DEY
 3,  

 ÂT6 s   T6 s   T s
B

U
 L
 
S

 &SL
6SUH GHRVHELUH GH EXFOD LQWHUQă vQ DFHDVWă EXFOă H[WHUQă H[LVWă R FRQVWDQWă GH WLPS
UHODWLY PDUH Tm  PLQ &D XUPDUH DFRUGDUHD UHJXODWRUXOXL 5 VH IDFH DQDORJ
SURFHVHORU OHQWH GXSă FULWHULXO =LHJOHU1LFKROV >@ vQ YDULDQWD GH VWDELOL]DUH DYkQG
IXQFĠLDGHWUDQVIHUH[WHULRDUă

 K M  K Tm ˜s
K ˜ K cpi Tm˜s
H EX   s  ˜ H ˜ K cpi # H 
   ˜ T6 ˜ s   ˜ T6 ˜ s    T ˜ s   T ˜ s
 L>P$@
&RQVWDQWDGHSURSRUĠLRQDOLWDWH.&SL
UH]XOWăGLQFDUDFWHULVWLFDVWDWLFăGLQ 
ILJXUDDODWXUDWă

T min7ȈT
Tm min7ȈTP
 
  SDEYQRP SDEY>EDU@

  > mA@ > mA@ ª mA º
K cpi  « »
pabvnom >bar @ >bar @ ¬ bar ¼

6HIDFHPRGHODUHDSHQWUXFRQYHUWRU


 Conducerea Proceselor Industriale – îndrumtor de proiect 


i mA

 S  L
 
 N н




  >mA@ >mA@ ª mA º
K  « »
pabvnom >bar @  >bar @ ¬ bar ¼ 
i i  K ˜ p >mA@  >mA@ >mA@

)RORVLQGFULWHULXO=LHJOHU1LFKROVREĠLQHP
V T > sec@
R  ˜  ˜  
Tm > sec@
Ti11 ÂTm >min@ >sec@
 H  s   ˜     Ÿ reg PI 
R
 s 



%$FRUGDUHDUHJXODWRUXOXLGLQEXFODGHUHJODUHDGHELWXOXLGHDEXUYLXvQ
WDPEXU


Figura 11:Bucla de reglare a debitului de abur viu

ih o FXUHQWXOXQLILFDWGHUHIHULQĠăSHQWUXQLYHOXODSHLvQWDPEXUh
$SDFRQGHQVDWăODWHPSHUDWXUDGHILHUEHUHvQWDPEXU

K



     9ODG0XUH‫܈‬DQ‡0LKDLO$EUXGHDQ‡7LEHULX&ROR‫܈‬L

D&RQYHUWRUXOFXUHQWSUHVLXQH&ip43

VHFRQVLGHUăQHLQHUĠLDOFXIDFWRUXOGHSURSRUĠLRQDOLWDWHFHUH]XOWăGLQ
FDUDFWHULVWLFDGLQILJXUDGHPDLMRV



S>EDU@


 

  >bar @ ª bar º
KCip   « »Ÿ
  >mA@ ¬ mA ¼
ª bar º
 H Cip   s  KCip   « »
¬ mA ¼

   L>P$@

Figura 12: Caracteristica static a convertorului


E6HUYRPRWRUXOSQHXPDWLFFXYHQWLOGHUHJODUH635FXURELQHW

VHFRQVLGHUăFăDUHRFDUDFWHULVWLFăOLQLDUăDYkQGFRHILFLHQWXOGH
SURSRUĠLRQDOLWDWHUH]XOWkQGGLQILJXUD
T DSD>WRK@ cp43[bar]

qapanom 

TDSD>WRK@ W>VHF@
 7(
TDSDQRP


FS>EDU@ 

    
W>VHF@


 ª tona º 
ª tona º  «
qapanom « »  »
¬ h ¼ ¬ h ¼  ª tona º
H E  K E    
  >bar @ >bar @  «¬ h ˜ bar »¼
TE  > sec@ 
L^qapa ` K E   
H E   s  
L^C p `   TE  ˜ s  s

 Conducerea Proceselor Industriale – îndrumtor de proiect 


F&LUFXLWXOLQWHUQGHUHDFĠLH
 FXSULQGH WUDGXFWRUXO GH GHELWSUHVLXQH GLIHUHQĠLDOă FRQYHUWRUXO GH SUHVLXQH GLIHUHQĠLDOă
FXUHQW XQLILFDW H[WUDFWRUXO GH UDGLFDO DO FăUXL HIHFW FRPSHQVHD]ă HIHFWXO SăWUDWLF DO
WUDGXFWRUXOXL WRDWH DFHVWH HOHPHQWH VH FRQVLGHUă QHLQHUĠLDOH DYkQG FRHILFLHQWXO GH
SURSRUĠLRQDOLWDWH

  > m A @ > m A @  ª m A ˜ h º
K M   « tona »  
ª tona º  ª tona º    ¬ ¼
q apanom « »  « »
¬ h ¼ ¬ h ¼
&RHILFLHQWXODUH]XOWDWGLQILJXUDGHPDLMRV
LTDSD>P$@




 
 TDSDQRP TDSD>WRK@


G&LUFXLWXOH[WHUQGHUHDFĠLH

 FRQĠLQHDFHOHDúLHOHPHQWHFDúLEXFODLQWHUQăDYkQG
  >mA@  ª mAh º
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