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Llaves Ii PDF
Llaves Ii PDF
SPECIAL ARTICLE
This isPart II of a two-part article. Part I was published in the AMERICANJOURNALOF ORTHODONTICS
AND DENTOFACIALORTHOPEDICS,"VoI. 103, No. 4. Part I discussed the problem of accurate orthodontic
diagnosis. Part I1 discusses the solution to the orthodontic diagnostic problem. (AM J ORTHOD
DENTOFAC ORTHOP 1993;103:395-411 .)
395
396 Arnett and Bergman American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
May 1993
,..) )
Go ~
30 ~
LI)dt
9 CIL
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ILITd
Fig. 3. Constructed horizontal reference line is formed by draw- Fig. 4. Important midline structures are assessed. Nasal bridge
ing line through pupil area parallel to floor. This line is used (NB), nasal tip (NT), filtrurrt (F), upper incisor midline (UIM),
when the pupil plane is not parallel to the floor (eyes are not lower incisor midline (LIM), and chin midline point (Me') should
level) when the head is in frontal postural horizontal. be on a line that is perpendicular to the frontal postural hori-
zontal. Filtrum is usually the least asymmetric of these points
and is therefore generally used as a starting point for midline
angle, or body augmentation. A common asymmetry structure assessment. All midline points may not line up. The
correction is chin shifting to the right or left to center dental midlines and chin should be placed to integrate with other
the chin on the facial midline. midlines (most importantly the filtrum center).
1/3
Constructed
Posaa-alHorizontal
Middle 1/3
,..7 ,_7
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Me I
ation of skeletal or dental midlines, etiologic factors odontically correct the bite when the etiologic factor is
are assigned. skeletal can produce buccal plate violation and gingival
Dental midline shifts are the result of multiple dental recession.4'~
factors including:
Facial one thirds (Fig. 6)
1. Spaces
2. Tooth rotations The face divides vertically into thirds from hairline
3. Missing teeth to midbrow, midbrow to subnasale, and subnasale to
4. Buccally or lingually positioned teeth soft tissue menton (Fig. 6). The thirds are within a
5. Crowns or fillings which change tooth mass range of 55 to 65 mm, vertically.' The hairline is vari-
6. Congenital tooth mass difference from left to able, and the upper third is frequently low range. In-
right creased lower one-third height is frequently found with
vertical maxillary excess and Class III malocclusions
(lack of interdigitation opens vertical height). De-
Model examination is used to distinguish dental creased lower one-third height is associated with ver-
midline shift etiologic factors (spaces, rotations). Den- tical maxillary deficiency and mandibular retrusion
tal midline shifts are treated orthodontically. Asym- deep bites. Production of correct proportion influences
metric premolar extractions may be necessary to align the choice of surgical procedure used to correct the
dental and skeletal midlines. Skeletal midline shifts are occlusion (i.e., maxillary impaction to correct Class II
not corrected orthodontically, surgery is employed. malocclusion associated with long lower one-third
When the dental and skeletal midlines deviate together, rather than mandibular advancement). The equality of
the etiologic factor is usually skeletal, and surgery is the middle and the lower thirds should not be used as
used to correct (i.e., chin and lower incisor midline are the determining factor in facial height changes. The
3 mm to the left). Stability, periodontal health, and appearance of the landmarks (incisor exposure, inter-
facial balance are optimized when dental shifts the re- labial gap) within the lower third are more important
sult of skeletal deviation are treated with surgical, rather- in assessing balance than are the equality of the middle
than orthodontic, tooth movement. Attempts to orth- and the lower thirds.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofitcial Orthopedics Arnett and Berg/nan 309
Vohtme 103, No. 5
1,% ._. f . t
UTTL
G,
Sn
Fig. 10. Profile angle is measured by connecting points glabella Fig. 11. Nasolabial angle is developed by connecting columella
(G'), subnasale (Sn), and soft tissue pogonion (Pg'). The angle line (inferior nasal septum) (C), subnasaTe (Sn), and upper lip
is measured on the left hand side with the patient facing right. anterior point (ULA).
crowns. A 3 to 4 mm repose incisor exposure may include maxillary protrusion (rare), vertical maxillary
expose unacceptable amounts of gingiva when smiling excess (common), and mandibular retrusion (common).
because of short maxillary incisor crowns. This situa- Class III skeletal patterns include maxillary retrusion
tion is properly treated by placing normal length crowns (common), vertical maxillary deficiency (rare), and
(veneers) on the maxillary incisors and treatment plan- mandibular protrusion (common).
ning from the repose and smile perspective. The "gin- Surgical procedures should generally address the
gival smile" is never treated to ideal at the expense of cosmetic imbalance established with this angle. The
underexposing the incisors in the relaxed lip position. profile angle is the most important key to the need for
anteroposterior surgical correction. When values are
PROFILE VIEW
less than 165~ or greater than 175 ~ skeletal malocclu-
Natural head posture, centric relation, and relaxed sions needing surgery are probably the cause. Angles
lips are used to accurately assess profile.' at the extreme of normal (greater than 175~ or less than
165~) are usually caused by skeletal disharmony. Soft
Profile angle (Fig. 10)
tissue thickness differences are not capable of causing
This angle is formed by connecting soft tissue gla- these extreme angle changes.
belle, subnasale, and soft tissue pogonion'(Fig. 10). 7.8
General harmony of the forehead, midface, and lower Nasolablal angle (Fig. 11)
face is appraised with this angle. Maxillary and man- This angle is formed by the intersection of the upper
dibular basal bone anteroposterior discrepancies are lip anterior and columella at subnasale (Fig. 11). This
easily visualized. Class I occlusion presents a total fa- angle can change noticeably with orthodontic and sur-
cial angle range of 165 ~ to 175~ ' Class II angles are gical procedures that alter the anteroposterior position
less than 165~ and Class III are greater than 175 ~ or inclination of the maxillary anterior teeth. 9I' All
Skeletal discrepancies producing Class II angulation procedures should place this angle in the cosmetically
402 A rnetl altd Hergma/z American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
May 1993
O~
(.
M~SC
Fig. 13. Mandibular sulcus contour (MdSC) is subjectively as- Fig. 14. Orbital rim projection is measured from the anterior
sessed. The contour is either accentuated, gentle curve (nor- most globe (Gb)to the orbital rim point (OR).A subjective orbital
mal) or flat. Measurement of this contour is impractical. rim description is also given: Normal, flat, or protruded.
Surgical procedures that correct the basal bone gener- deficient in combination with maxillary retrusion. De-
ally will improve the mandibular sulcus angle (i.e., ficient cheekbones may correlate positionally with a
deep contour associated with deep bite Class II mal- retruded maxillary position because the osseous struc-
occlusion or flatness associated with mandibular pro- tures are often deficient as groups, rather than in iso-
trusion). lation. Cheekbone contour is used as one of the main
indicators of maxillary retrusion. This area should have
Orbital rim(Fig. 14) an apex at the cheekbone point (CP) and not appear
The orbital rim is an anteroposterior indicator of fiat. The CP is located 20 to 25 mm inferior and 5 to
maxillary position. Deficient orbital rims may correlate 10 mm anterior to the outer canthus (OC) of the eye
positionally with a retruded maxillary position because when viewed in profile (Fig. 15). When viewed fron-
the osseous structures are often deficient as groups, tally the CP is 20 to 25 mm inferior and 5 to 10 mm
rather than in isolation. The globe normally is posi- lateral to the OC (Fig. 16). It should be noted that true
tioned 2 to 4 mm anterior to the orbital rim (Fig. 14). t mandibular prognathism can show mild malar flatness
The surgical maxillary versus mandibular decision is as a relative observation to the extreme chin protrusion.
influenced by the orbital rim position. Deficient orbital True maxillary hypoplasia often is associated with true
rims dictate maxillary advancement, all other factors malar deficiency.
being equal.
Nasal base-lip contour (Figs. 15 and 16)
Cheekbone contour (Figs. 15 and 16)
The nasal base-lip contour (Nb-LC) line requires
Cheekbone assessment requires frontal and profile -'-frontal and profile examination simultaneously (Figs.
examination simultaneously (Figs. 15 and 16). Cheek- 15 and 16). The line is the continuation of the cheek-
bone contour (CC) correlates with maxillary antero- bone contour line. This area is an indicator of maxillary
posterior position, frequently the cheekbone contour is and mandibular skeletal anteroposterior position. Nor-
404 Arlzell atzd Bergman American Jot*rnal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
May 1993
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Figs. 15 and 16. Cheekbone contour is anteriorly facing, curved line that starts just anterior to ear,
extending forward through cheekbone point (CP), then extending anteridr-inferiorly ending at maxilla
point (MxP) adjacent to alar base of nose. F.ordescriptive purposes the cheekbone contour is divided
into three areas: (1) zygomatic arch, (2) middle contour area, and (3) subpupil areas. These three
areas, when taken together, constitute the cheekbone contour. Reconstruction of cheekbone contour,
when deficient, should analyze all three parts separately in terms of correction. CP and MxP indicates
osseous cheekbone and maxillary base positions, respectively. The nasal base-lip contour (Nb-LC)
extends inferiorly from the maxilla point (MxP) as a gentle, anteriorly facing curve, ending just below
and lateral to the mouth commissure. In normoskeletal patients the cheekbone-nasal base-lip contour
complex is a smooth continuation, anteriorly facing, curved line. This line, when viewed frontally or
from the side, is a definite flowing curve with no interruptions which are apparent with skeletal defor-
mities.
Mandibular Protrusion
NP
NT
(Fig. 19).' Nasal projection is an indicator of maxillary Fig. 19. Nasal projection (NP) is measured from subnasale (Sn)
anteroposterior position. This length becomes particu- to nasal tip (NT). The lines through Sn and NT are perpendicular
larly important when contemplating anterior movement to the floor when the head is in a natural postural position.
of the maxilla. Decreased nasal projection contraindi-
cates maxillary advancement. With a Class III maloc-
clusion, short nose, and all other factors equal,9 man-
dibular setback is indicated.
~'~'Sn
' / A :'
Fig. 22. A, Normal lip relationship to Sn-Pg' line. B, Premature aging associated with premolar ex-
tractions and incisor retraction. The lips fall on or behind the Sn.~Pg' line giving the "dished-in" orthodontic
appearance. The nasolabial angle may also open to unacceptable ranges.
CLASS I's
Oe ien
Fig, 24. Class I occlusion and chin projection can occur in combination with vertical maxillary excess
or vertical maxillary deficiency. The anteropOsterior profile is normal, but the vertical height of the face
is long or short.
4'
Table II. Vertical maxillary excess: c o m m o n Table Ill. Vertical maxillary deficiency: c o m m o n
facial characteristics o f vertical maxillary facial characteristics o f vertical maxillary
excess are listed deficiency are listed
Vertical maxillary excess Vertical maxillary deficiency
Class II's
Exce~
-<~
Fig. 25. Class II bite and chin projection can be produced by entirely different skeletal patterns. Maxillary
protrusion, mandibular retrusion and vertical maxillary excess all can produce identical bites with similar
chin profiles. The a r r o w s indicate the skeletal abnormality responsible for the bite and profile dis-
harmony.
Class III's
V~llary
Deficienc'~
(.
Fig. 26. Class III bite and chin projection can be produced by entirely different skeletal patterns.
Maxillary retrusion, mandibular protrusion, and vertical maxillarydeficiency all can demonstrate identical
Class III bite and similar profile characteristics. The a r r o w s indicate the skeletal abnormality responsible
for bite and facial profile disharmony.
T a b l e VIII. C l a s s II m a l o c c l u s i o n s c a n b e p r o d u c e d b y m a n d i b u l a r r e t r u s i o n ( m o s t c o m m o n ) , m a x i l l a r y
p r o t r u s i o n (rare*), o r vertical m a x i l l a r y e x c e s s ( c o m m o n ) . (Facial traits in the facial a n a l y s i s o f this article
d i s t i n g u i s h a m o n g t h e s e skeletal p r o b l e m s )
Class II profiles
Mandibular retrusion J Maxi'laD"protrusion I Vertical tncL~illaryexcess
Lower one-third Normal to decreased (1) Normal Increased
lnterlabial gap Normal to decreased (I) Normal Increased
Incisor exposure Normal Normal Increased
Smile Normal Normal Gingiva
Mentalis strain Yes (2) Yes (2) Yes
Profile angle Decreased Normal to decreased Decreased
Mandibular sulcus contour Increased (2) Increased (2) Increased
Nasal projection Normal Normal to short Nornml
Alar base Normal Normal to increased Normal
Cheekbone Normal Normal Normal
Nasolabial angle Normal Decreased Normal
Throat length Decreased Normal Decreased
*Maxillary d~ntal protrusion is common (i.e., thumb sucking), but true maxillary basal bone with dental protrusion is extremely rare.
(1) Decrease d secondary to deep bite.
(2) Upper incisors impinge on lower lip and make lip closure strained.
T a b l e IX. C l a s s III m a l o c c l u s i o n c a n b e p r o d u c e d b y m a n d i b u l a r p r o t r u s i o n ( c o m m o n ) , m a x i l l a r y r e t r u s i o n
( m o s t c o m m o n ) , or vertical m a x i l l a r y d e f i c i e n c y (rare). ( F a c i a l traits in the facial arlalysis o f this article
d i s t i n g u i s h a m o n g t h e s e skeletal pi-oblems)
in orthodontic treatment planning. Part I. AM J ORTIIOD 17. Worms I"W, Spiedel TM, Bevis RR, Waite DE. Posttreatment
1983;84(1):1-28. stability and esthetics of orthognathic surgery. Angle Orthod
13. lloldaway RA. A soft-tissue cephalometfic analysis and its use 1980;50(4):251-73.
in orthodontic treatment planning. Part II. AM J ORTIIOD 18. Worms FW, Isaacson RJ, Speidel TM. Surgical orthodontic treat-
1984;85:279-93. ment planning: profile analysis and mandibular surgery. Angle
14. Oliver BM. The influence of lip thickness and strain on upper Orthod 1976;46(1):1-25.
lip response to incisor retraction. Ast J ORTIIOD 1982;82(2):
Reprint requests to:
141-9.
Dr. G. William Arnett
15. Peck H, Peck S. A concept of facial esthetics. Angle Orthod
9 E. Pedregosa St.
1970;40:284-317.
Santa Barbara, CA 93101
16. Burstone CJ. Lip posture and its significance in treatment plan-
ning. AM J ORTIIOD 1967;53:262-84.