as 6129 : Part 1 : 1981

UDC 621.643.43

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Code of practice for

The selection and application of
bellows expansion joints for
use in pressure systems
Part 1. Metallic bellows expansion joints

Code de bonne pratique pour la selection et I'utilisation des joints de dilatation a soufflet
dansles systemes sous pression
Partie 1. Joints de dilatation a soufflet metallique

Richtlinie fOr die Wahl und Anwendung von Wellrohrdehnungsausgleichern in Druckanlagen

Teil1. Metallische Wellrohrdehnungsausgleicher

British Standardslnstitution
BS 6129 : Part 1 : 1981

Contents
Page Page
Foreword Inside front cover 10.2 Cases where a standard pressure test,
Cooperating organizations ga£-kc~er in accordance with 10.1.5, on a system
including expansion joints is not
Code reasonably practicable 151.Scope
1 11. Guide for maintenance of expansion joints
2. References 1 after installation 15
3. Terms and definitions 1 11.1 General 15
3.1 Nominal size (DN) 1 11.2 Inspection afterfirst full movement 15
3.2 Movement 1 11.3 Periodic inspection after an agreed interval
3.3 Expansion joints 1 of time 15
3.4 Effective area 2 11.4 Accessibility 16
3.5 Expansion joint components 2 12. Modifications to pressure systems
3.6 Associated equipment 2 incorporating expansion joints 16
4. Materials for convolution manufacture and 12.1 General 16
precautions to avoid corrosion in service 3 12.2 Examples of modifications hazardous to
4.1 General considerations affecting the choice systems containing all types of
of material for the convolutions of a expansion joints 16
bellows expansion joint 3 12.3 Examples of modifications particularly
4.2 Precautions during storage, installation and hazardous to systems containing
use to avoid damage due to corrosion 3 unrestrained axial expansion joints 16
4.3 Typical materials used in the fabrication 12.4 Examples of modifications particularly
of bellows convolutions 4 hazardous to systems containing
5. Application and use of expansion joints 5 restrained expansion joints 16
5.1 General 5 13. Certification 16
5.2 Thermal expansion of various pipe materials 5
5.3 Unrestrained expansion joints 5 Table
5.4 Restrained expansion joints 6 1. Classification of inspection procedures 9
5.5 Special service conditions 7
6. Definition of design conditions and working Figures
conditions and classification of inspection
1. Typical system using unrestrained expansion
procedures 8
joint 16
6.1 General 8
6.2 2. Examples of unsafe practice in a system
Design conditions 8
using unrestrained expansion joints 17
6.3 Working conditions 8
6.4 3. Diagrammatic explanation of cold pull of
Classification of inspection procedures 8
unrestrained expansion joint 17
7. Information to be provided by the purchaser
4. Typical system using a tied double expansion
and the manufacturer 9
7.1
joint with hinged-end tie-bars 17
Information to be provided by the purchaser 9
7.2 Information to be provided by the
5. Typical system using a tied double expansion
joint with spherical-ended tie-bars 18
manufacturer 9
8. 6. Typical system using two single gimbal
Pre-installation inspection and testing 10
expansion joints 18
8.1 General 10
8.2 7. Typical system using one single hinged
Class I 10
expansion joint and two single gimbal
8.3 Class II 12
expansion joints 19
8.4 Class III 12
9. Identification, protection, packing,
8. Typical systems using single hinged
expansion joints 19
transportation and installation 13
9.1 9. Examples of unsafe practice in systems using
Identification 13
gimbal expansion joints 20
9.2 Protection 13
10. Examples of cold pull in a piping system with
9.3 Packing and transportatiOn 13
restrained expansion joints 21
9.4 Installation 13
10. Testing of systems containing expansion
11. Systems using a pressure-balanced
expansion joint 22
joints 14
10.1 General 14

Foreword
This British Standard has been prepared under the
direction of the Pressure Vessel Standards Committee.
Although there is a large amount of well established
useful data on the use of bellows expansion joints this is
contained either within manufacturing companies or
publications originating outside the United Kingdom.
Industry, user organizations, inspecting authorities and
other interested parties have therefore combined to
prepare a new code of practice to give guidance on the
application and use of expansion joints in pressure
systems.
This is the first Part of the code and deals with metallic
bellows expansion joints; Part 2 will deal with non-
metallic bellows expansion joints.

British Standard Code of practice for
The selection and application of bellows expansion
joints for use in pressure systems
Part 1. Metallic bellows expansion joints
1. Scope
This British Standard gives information and recommenda-
tions on the selection, application and testing of metallic
bellows expansion joints for use in pressure systems.
2. References
The titles of the standards publications referred to in this
code are listed on the inside back cover.
3. Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this code the following terms and
definitions apply.
3.1 nominal size (ON). A numerical designation of size
which is common to all components in a piping system
other than components designated by outside diameters
or by thread size. It is a convenient round numberfor
reference purposes and is only loosely related to
manufacturing dimensions.
3.2 movement. The various dimensional changes which
an expansion joint is required to absorb, such as those
resulting from thermal changes in a piping system.
3.2.1 axial compression. The dimensional shortening of
an expansion joint along its longitudinal axis. Axial com-
pression has been referred to as axial movement
or compression.
3.2.2 axial extension. The dimensional lengthening of an
expansion joint along its longitudinal axis. Axial extension
has been referred to as axial movement, elongation or
extension.
NOTE. Axial compression and extension are sometimes referred
to as minus and plus respectively but this designation is non-
preferred and is, in any case, to be used only in addition to and not
instead of a clear statement describing axial movement in terms
of compression or extension.
3.2.3 lateral deflection. The relative displacement of the
two ends of an expansion joint perpendicular to its longi-
tudinal axis. This has been referred to as lateral offset,
lateral movement, parallel misalignment, direct shear, or
transverse movement.
3.2.4 angular rotation. The relative angular displacement
of the two ends of the expansion joint so as to displace the
longitudinal axis of the expansion joint from its initial
straight line position into a circular arc. This has been
referred to as angular or rotational movement.
BS 6129 : Part 1 : 1981
3.2.5 rated movement. The maximum amount of
movement (axial extension, axial compression, lateral
deflection, angular rotation, or any combination thereof)
which an expansion joint is capable of absorbing. This
rating may be different for each size, type and make of
expansion joint and is established by the manufacturer.
3.2.6 cyclic life. The minimum number of cycles of move-
ment at the specified conditions which an expansion joint
is designed to withstand without failure.
3.3 expansion joints. Devices containing one or more
bellows used to absorb dimensional changes, such as
those caused by thermal expansion or contraction of a
pipeline, duct or vessel.
3.3.1 single expansion joint. The simplest form of expan-
sion joint, of single bellows construction, designed to
absorb all of the movement of the section in which it is
installed. The most common example is that of a single
bellows designed to absorb axial movements only. This is
often referred to.as an axial expansion joint.
3.3.2 single gimbal expansion joint. An expansion joint
containing one bellows and designed to permit angular
rotation in any plane by the use of two pairs of
hinges affixed to a common floating gimbal ring.The
gimbal ring, hinges and pins are designed to restrain the
thrust of the expansion joint due to internal pressure and
extraneous forces, where applicable.
3.3.3 single hinged expansion joint. An expansion joint
containing one bellows and designed to permit angular
rotation in one plane only by the use of a pair
of pins through hinge plates attached to the expansion
joint ends. The hinges and hinge pins are designed to
restrain the thrust of the expansion joint due to internal
pressure and extraneous forces, where applicable.
3.3.4 pressure balanced expansion joint. An expansion
joint designed to absorb axial movement and/or lateral
deflection while restraining the pressure thrust by means
of tie rods interconnecting the flow bellows with an
opposed bellows also subjected to line pressure. A pres-
sure balanced expansion joint sometimes contains two
bellows in the flow section separated bya common
connector, to permit greater lateral movement.
3.3.5 externally pressurized expansion joint. An expan-
sion joint designed so that the pressure acts on the outer
surface of the bellows. This form of construction is often
used where it is necessary periodically to completely
drain the fluid within the system ..
BS 6129 : Part 1 : 1981
3.3.6 double expansion joint. An expansion joint consist-
ing of two bellows separated by a short connecting tube
used to accommodate larger movements than are possi-
ble with single expansion joints.
3.3.6.1 untied double expansion joint. A double expan-
sion joint capable of absorbing combinations of axial.
lateral and angular movement. For this reason this type of
expansion joint is sometimes referred to as a universal
expansion joint.
3.3.6.2 tied double expansion joint. A double expansion
joint in which the pressure thrust is carried by external or
internal ties across the bellows. These ties may be in the
form of hinged or spherical ended bars attached to
opposite ends of the unit or in the form of individual hinges
or gimbal rings spanning each bellows. Because of these
ties the units are only capable of absorbing lateral and/or
angular movements. Depending on the construction, tied
double units may be referred to as articulated, double
hinged or double gimbal expansion joints.
Two tie bars are designed to allow limited angular rotation
in one plane; three or more tie-bars prevent this rotation.
3.3.7 internally guided expansion joint. An expansion
joint designed so that axial guidance is provided within the
expansion joint by means of heavy internal sleeves which
may incorporate bearing rings.
3.4 effective area. The cross-sectional area of the
bellows over which the pressure is assumed to act, which
is used for the calculation of axial thrust.
3.5 Expansion joint components. The following are part
of, or are used in connection with, expansion joints.
3.5.1 bellows. The flexible element of an expansion joint,
consisting of one or more convolutions and the end cuffs,
if any.
3.5.2 convolution. The smallest flexible unit of a bellows.
The total movement capacity of a bellows is proportional
to the number of convolutions.
3.5.3 cuffs. The straight, unconvoluted portions at the
ends of the bellows. They are sometimes referred to as
tangents or tails.
3.5.4 weld ends. The ends of an expansion joint equipped
with pipe suitably bevelled for welding to adjacent
equipment or piping.
3.5.5 flanged ends. The ends of an expansion joint
equipped with flanges for the purpose of bolting the
expansion joint to the mating flanges of adjacent
equipment or piping.
3.5.6 internal sleeve. A device which shields the convolu-
tions from direct contact with the flow of fluid. This device
has also been referred to as a liner, telescoping sleeve or
baffle sleeve.
3.5.7 cover. A device used to provide limited protection of
the exterior surface of the bellows of an expansion joint
from foreign objects or mechanical damage. It is some-
times referred to as a shroud or external sleeve.
3.5.8 root reinforcing rings. Devices fitting snugly in the
roots of the convolutions to reinforce the bellows against
internal pressure. Root reinforcing rings are fabricated
from tubing or solid round bars of carbon steel, stainless
steel, or other suitable alloys.
3.5.9 reinforcing collars. Devices used to reinforce the
cuffs of bellows.
3.5.10 equalizing rings. Rings, usually T-shaped in cross
section, used to distribute movement equally between the
convolutions of the bellows. They are usually designed to
act as reinforcing rings.
3.5.11 tie rods. Devices, usually in the form of rods or
bars, attached to the expansion joint assembly, whose
primary function is to restrain the pressure thrust or pull
due to internal pressure or vacuum. Tie rods may be
designed to provide the features of control rods.
3.5.12 control rods. Devices, usually in the form of rods or
bars, attached to the expansion joint assembly, whose
function is to distribute the movement between the two
bellows of an untied double expansion joint. These
devices are not designed to restrain bellows pressure
thrust.
3.5.13 purge connections. Connections, usually installed
at the sealed end of each internal sleeve of an expansion
joint for the purpose of injecting a liquid or gas between
the bellows and the internal sleeve to keep the area clear
of erosive and corrosive media and/or solids that could
pack the convolutions. Purging, where required, may be
continuous, intermittent or used only on start-up or shut-
down.
3.5.14 shipping restraints. Temporary rigid or adjustable
support devices also known as sizing bars installed on an
expansion joint to maintain the overall length of the
assembly for shipment. These devices may also be used
to precompress, pre-extend or laterally offset the bellows,
to facilitate correct installation.
3.5.1 5 movement indicator. A device used to indicate
the axial or angular movement, relative to its free position,
to which the expansion joint is being subjected. A move-
ment indicator is particularly useful when checking that
the correct cold pull has been applied to the system.
3.5.16 lagging shroud. A device used to prevent lagging
inhibiting free movement of convolutions.
3.6 Associated equipment. The following equipment is
associated with pressure systems containing expansion
joints.
3.6.1 main anchor. An anchor which is designed to with-
stand the full bellows thrust due to pressure, flow, spring
forces, etc. (see 5.3.1.1 ).
A main anchor base for connection to the anchor structure
can be furnished as an integral part of an expansion joint, if
desired.
3.6.2 intermediate anchor. An anchor which is designed
to withstand the bellows thrust due to flow, spring forces,
etc., but not the thrust due to pressure (see 5.3.1.2.)
An intermediate anchor base for connection to the anchor
structure can be furnished as an integral part of an
expansion joint, if desired.
3.6.3 directional restraint. A device which is designed to
absorb loading in one direction while permitting motion in
another. This device may be either a main or intermediate
anchor, depending upon the application involved. When
designed for the purpose, a directional restraint may also
function as a pipe alignment guide. A directional restraint
is known also as a sliding restraint.

3.6.4 pipe alignment guide. A guide in the form of a
sleeve or framework fastened to some rigid part of the
installation which permits a pipe line involving expansion
joints to move freely in only one direction. Pipe alignment
guides are designed primarily for use in applications
involving axial movement only, but may also be used in
certain applications involving lateral deflection and'
angular rotation.
3.6.5 singfepfane pipe guide. A pipe guide which permits
lateral deflection and!or angular rotation of the pipeline
in one plane only. This device is commonly used in
applications involving lateral deflection or angular rotation
resulting from' L'-or 'Z'-shaped piping configurations.
3.6.6 pipe support. A device designed to carry the weight
of a pipe, its contents. insulation etc. A pipe support is not
necessarily intended to act as a guide. Pipe supports are
usually required at more frequent intervals than are
alignment guides or other forms of restraint. Most pipe-
work systems require both supports and guides.
4. Materials for convolution manufacture and
precautions to avoid corrosion in service
4.1 General considerations affecting the choice of
material for the convolutions of a bellows expansion
joint
4.1.1 Bellows wall thickness. The convolutions of
metallic expansion joints generally have a wall thickness
substantially less than that ofthe equipment in conjunc-
tion with which they are used. It is therefore essential to
select material for their manufacture having adequate
resistance to all the corrosive agents likely to be
encountered in any particular application.
For a material to be satisfactory it should be especially
resistant to pitting corrosion, intergranular corrosion and
crevice corrosion. in addition to being adequately resistant
to general corrosion under the intended working condi-
tions. The possibility of stress corrosion in some
environments should also be considered.
4.1.2 Corrosion allowance. Only in exceptional circum-
stances is it desirable to incorporatea corrosion
allowance in the design of a bellows. Therefore, the use of
material having a higher corrosion resistance than that
used in the associated plant is generally necessary to
ensure a satisfactory service life.
4.1.3 Environmental factors. Convolution material should
not be selected only by reference to the corrosive
agents present on the process side. The environmental
conditions existing on the non-process side should always
be carefully considered, and may dictate a choice of
material superior to that needed for the process side. In
the case of multi-ply bellows, the inner and outer plies
may be made from different materials to provide optimum
corrosion resistance to the internal and external
environments.
Typical cases where the external environment may dictate
the required corrosion resistance are exposure to
industrial or marine atmospheres and submerged or
buried pipelines.
4.1.4 Stress corrosion. The operating stresses in bellows
convolutions are high, and under some operating condi-
BS 6129 : Part 1 : 1981
tions, and in the presence of certain specific corrosive
agents, notably chlorides. caustic alkalis. hydrogen
sulphide, and nitrates. the possibility of stress corrosion
should be considered. Where such conditions are likely to
be encountered, the use of convolution material resistant
to this type of failure is essential, and suitable material
should be selected in each case. by agreement between
the user and the bellows manufacturer.
4.1.5High or low temperature service. The choice of
material should take account of the elevated temperature
and low temperature mechanical properties and corrosion
resistance of the materials which are suitable for the
manufacture of bellows convolutions. In some types of
service high temperatures may alternate with lower
temperatures with attendant risk of condensation and
corrosion. and in these cases special materials may be
required. The effect of condensation which may occur on
start-up and shut-down should also be considered.
4.1.6 A voidance of condensation. In some cases less
expensive materials than would otherwise be required
may be made to give satisfactory service by minor
modifications of the operating conditions local to the
bellows convolutions. For example, lagging to maintain
the temperature above the acid dew point is of
considerable value in boiler uptakes, and can virtually
eliminate corrosion which would otherwise be severe. The
condensation which may occur at start-up and shut-down
should also be considered but these periods are usually of
short duration and. provided condensate does not remain
for long periods, this factor may often be ignored, as corro-
sion may not be serious. Condensation may also
occur when plant is operated well below full rating, and
this factor should not be ignored as serious corrosion may
result in the absence of suitable preventive measures.
4.1.7 Specification of working conditions. In order that Con-
volution material may be correctly chosen, it is essential
that the user should supply the fullest details of the
operating conditions and substances in contact with the
bellows to the manufacturer at the time of enquiry.
When specifying the substances in contact with the
bellows. details of any plant cleaning routines, precom-
missioning acid descaling of pipework, etc. should also be
given. and in the case of ste(jm and condensate lines the
possibility of contamination with process media should
not be overlooked. External environmental factors should
also be specified. In critical applications the choice of
material should be the subject of discussion and agree-
ment between the manufacturer and the user.
4.2. Precautions during storage, installation and use to
avoid damage due to corrosion
4.2.1 Pressure test water. Pressure test water may remain
entrapped in bellows convolutions for a long period of
time between installation and plant commissioning. The
use of impure water may give rise to pitting corrosion of
bellows materials in these circumstances, particularly if
debris is present in the convolutions. Mains water should
be regarded as being of the minimum acceptable purity for
this purpose. In the case of austenitic stainless steel
bellows a chloride content of 30 mg!1 should not
be exceeded. In critical applications, particularly
where complete drainage after testing is not
practicable, a chloride content of lmg!1
maximum is recommended.
BS 6129: Part 1 : 1981
4.2.2 Storage, handling and cleaning on site. Bellows
should not be allowed to come into contact with acids or
other chemicals, or with cements, plasters or insulating
materials, many of which contain chlorides which may
cause corrosion of bellows materials.
Trichlorethylene and other chlorinated solvents should not
be used for cleaning austenitic stainless steel bellows.
4.2.3 Installation of lagging. It is inadvisable to allow
lagging material to be in direct contact with bellows
convolutions, because
(a) lagging materials usually contain chlorides in varying
amounts and in the presence of moisture present a risk
of pitting and stress corrosion to bellows materials, and
(b) even if the original lagging were chloride free, any
liquid in the form of rain, plant leakages, etc. would soak
the material and there would be risk of corrosion of the
bellows by any impurities present.
Lagging should always be installed on lagging shrouds,
placed with an adequate clearance from the convolu-
tions to allow for movement, and arranged to be easily
removable for inspection purposes.
Shrouds should be correctly replaced after inspection and
not allowed to touch the convolutions because of risk of
fretting damage under vibrational conditions.
4.2.4 Lagging to maintain bellows convolutions above the
dew point. It is essential to maintain this lagging in sound
condition at all times, and to ensure complete replace-
ment after inspection, otherwise rapid corrosion may
occur due to acid condensation.
4.2.5 Drip shields. Bellows may need to be protected from
plant leakages and spillages. Where bellows are installed
in culverts, consideration should be given to the need to
shield them from drippage with suitable covers. Culverts
should be adequately drained to avoid groundwater
coming into contact with expansion joints.
4.2.6 Painting. Paints containing low melting point metals
or their compounds, particularly those containing
aluminium, lead or zinc, should not be allowed to
come into contact with bellows convolutions as there is a
danger of intergranular penetration in elevated tempera-
ture service, particularly with stainless steels and high
nickel alloys.
4.2.7 Contact with zinc and other non-ferrous metals. At
temperatures over 450 ·C, either under working conditions
or as a result of a plant fire, zinc can rapidly penetrate and
embrittle austenitic stainless steels and high nickel
alloys. The use of galvanized material or paints containing
metallic zinc should be avoided in the vicinity of expansion
joints. More information on this subject is available in
Technical Data Note no. 53/1, 'Zinc embrittlement of
austenitic stainless steel' issued by the Health and Safety
Executive. Other non-ferrous metals may cause damage
similar to that caused by zinc.
4.2.8 Protection against internal or external corrosion. Non-
metallic coatings may be used inside or outside metallic
bellows to provide additional protection, e.g. PTFE and
rubber. Spark testing may be needed to test the integrity
of the lining (see CP 3003 : Part 1).
4.2.9 Gasket materials containing graphite. The use of
• Specified in BS 1501 : Part 1.
t Specified in BS 1501 : Part 2.
gasket materials containing graphite, or gaskets faced
with graphite in contact with stainless bellows flanges
should be avoided as there may be risk of galvanic
corrosion.
4.2.10 Self-adhesive labels. Self-adhesive labels are often
made of PVC and, on heating, these liberate hydrochloric
acid which can cause severe corrosion and stress corro-
sion of bellows materials, particularly stainless steels.
Such labels should therefore not be applied to bellows.
4.2.11 Galvanic corrosion. The large majority of stainless
steel and nickel alloy bellows are supplied fitted with mild
steel or low alloy steel pipe ends or flanges, and are
installed in pipe lines made from similar materials. The
general situation is that the pipeline is anodic to the
bellows convolutions, and that in the more aggressive
environments some small increase of metal loss can occur
over a short length of pipe adjacent to the bellows. This is
usually barely detectable and is seldom of practical conse-
quence. However, care should be taken when installing
such units in pipes made from, or lined with, non
metallic materials, e.g.concrete or asphalt, as a narrow
band of anodic material may be exposed and suffer severe
localized metal loss. Specially designed bellows units are
available for use in lined pipes and applications of
this type should be discussed with the bellows manufac-
turer. For general guidance, reference should be made to
PD 6484.
4.3 Typical materials used in the fabrication of bellows
convolutions. In principle, any material that is obtainable in
sheet form and which has reasonably good ductility and
weldability is capable of being formed into bellows.
However, practically all service requirements in industry
can be met by selecting one of a comparatively small
range of materials given in 4.3.1 to 4.3.14 together with a
general indication of their field of application.
The actual choice of material should be the subject of dis-
cussion between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
4.3.1 as 1501 - 151 *. This carbon steel is used in general
only in heavy walled bellows having a thickness similar to
that of the connecting pipe or vessel.
Carbon steel bellows are fabricated in many cases from
shells, half shells or sections and are used mainly for heat
exchangers for medium/low pressure duties where resis-
tance to damage occasioned by rough handling is more
important than flexibility.
4.3.2 as 1501 - 6201. This heat-treatable Cr Mo steel is
usually hot spun into bellows form and is used in an
intermediate wall thickness for medium and high
pressure applications with steam or high pressure hot
water or for other relatively non-corrosive services.
4.3.3 as 1449: Part 2, Steel321 S 12. This is the most
common material for convolution manufacture, having
adequate corrosion resistance and mechanical properties
at ambient and elevated temperatures for the large
majority of bellows applications.
4.3.4 as 1449 : Part 2, Steel316S 16. This steel has
improved corrosion resistance as compared with steel
321 S 12, particularly with regard to pitting corrosion, and
can usefully be specified where steel 321 S 12 is
inadequate, but where conditions are not sufficiently

severe to require the use of more expensive materials,
such as high nickel alloys. Typical uses include high
sulphur oils, brackish waters, flue gases, organic acids,
and numerous other applications in chemical and
petrochemical manufacture and petroleum refining.
4.3.58S 1449: Part 2, Stee/304S16. The uses of this
unstabilized steel are generally similar to those for steel
321 S 12. For some applications, however, its corrosion
resistance is inferior.
4.3.68S 1449: Part 2, Stee/304S12. The corrosion
resistance of thi~ steel is similar to that of steel 321 S 12
but as the mechanical properties are lower it should only
be specified when specially required, e.g. for nitric acid
service.
4.3.7 BS 1449: Part 2, Stee/347S17. This steel is almost
identical in properties to steel 321 S 12. As it offers no
advantage in service over steel 321 S 12 and is less
suitable for bellows manufacture its use should be
avoided.
4.3.8 BS 1449: Part 2, Stee/316S12. This steel has a
range of application similar to steel 31 6S 16, but with
lower mechanical properties. It has no advantage over
steel 31 6S 16 except for special applications, e.g. urea
plant, and should not be specified unless specially
required.
4.3.9 BS 1449: Part 2, Stee/31 OS24. This steel has good
high temperature properties and corrosion resistance,
useful for severe service conditions in petroleum refining
and petrochemical manufacture. It has better resistance
to chloride stress corrosion than 321 type steels.
4.3.10 BS 3072 - NA 16. This is a high nickel alloy with a
wide range of uses where the 300 series of stainless steels
is inadequate. It has excellent resistance to chloride stress
corrosion and to sulphuric acid. Applications include
steam service when chlorides may be present, dew point
conditions in flue gases, static or contaminated sea or
brackish waters and sulphuric and phosphoric acids. It is
susceptible to caustic stress corrosion at elevated
temperatures.
4.3.11 BS3072 - NA 15.This is a high nickel alloy having
good high temperature properties and corrosion
resistance. It has improved resistance to chloride stress
corrosion compared with austenitic stainless steels. It is
useful for severe service in petroleum refining and
petrochemical manufacture.
4.3.12 BS 3072 - NA 14. This alloy combines good general
corrosion resistance with improved resistance to chloride
stress corrosion, good high temperature properties and
resistance to oxidation. It has specialized uses in petro-
leurn refining and petrochemical manufacture.
4.3.13 BS 3072 - NA 13. This nickel-copper alloy has
some special uses including chlorine service.
4.3.14A/uminiumalloys, Some aluminium alloys are
suitable for the manufacture of bellows. The use of these
materials is mainly in cryogenics and each application
should be discussed between the manufacturer and the
user.
5. Application and use of expansion joints
5.1 General. It is very important to distinguish between
the unrestrained type of expansion joint which is usually
used in axial movement, and the restrained unit using
bellows fitted with tie bars or hinges taking up lateral
movement or angular movement. The unrestrained expan-
BS 6129: Part 1 : 1981
sion joint on the one hand and the restrained expansion
joint on the other have completely different applications,
act on the pipe in an entirely different manner, and should
be installed in quite a different way.
It is, therefore, most important at the design stage to
examine thoroughly what pipe movements are involved,
the working and test conditions required, and the
environment they are to work in. Any piping system,
regardless of its complexity, can be divided by means of
anchors into a number of individual expanding or contract-
ing pipe sections, each having relatively simple configura-
tions, i.e. straight runs, 'L'-shaped bends and 'Z'-shaped
bends. The location and number of pipe anchors used will
depend upon the piping configuration, the amount of
movement which can be accommodated by a single
expansion joint, the availability of convenient structural
members suitable for anchors, etc.
Expansion joint elements are limited in their capacity to
transmit torque or absorb torsional rotation. Therefore,
care should be taken at the design stage to prevent such
loading on the expansion joints. If it is not possible to
eliminate this turning action the expansion joint
manufacturer should be consulted.
As a guide to assist in choosing which system is most
applicable for any given piping system, this subject is dealt
with in two subclauses: 5.3 concerning unrestrained
expansion joints and 5.4 concerning restrained expansion
joints.
5.2 Thermal expansion of various pipe materials.
as 3351 gives the thermal expansion of various pipe
materials and from this the system designer can
calculate the actual change in length of each individual
pipe section due to the temperature variation of the
working process and normal ambient conditions.
5.3 Unrestrained expansion joints. Axial expansion joints
are not pressure restrained, i.e. when pressurized they
tend to open out lengthwise much in the same way as a
piston in a cylinder. The thrust is equal to the effective
area of the bellows multiplied by the internal pressure
(including vacuum conditions). This force acts on the pipe
and pipe anchors, and when the pipe expands it has
to overcome not only the flexibility force of the bellows (its
stiffness) but also this pressure force. In most cases the
pressure force is much larger than the elastic force.
NOTE. Under vacuum conditions the bellows tries to contract and
thus exerts a pull on the anchors.
The recommendations given in 5.3.1 governing the
installation of unrestrained units should be followed
carefully to ensure a satisfactory installation.
5.3.1 Anchor points. (See figure 2 which illustrates a
number of unsafe features in an axial bellows layout.)
It is the function of the anchors to absorb the line loads
and to control the direction of the movernent.
To ensure a satisfactory installation (see figure 1) the
following should be observed.
(a) Only one expansion joint should be used between
two anchor points. This is to ensure each unit only
works within its design movements.
(b) The pipe between the anchors should be straight.
both in plan and in elevation. If the pipe is not straight,
the forces exerted by the expansion joint will tend to
push the pipe sideways or bend any pipe offsets unless
the pipe is adequately guided. This can over-extend the
expansion joint and cause it to fail by instability.
BS6129:Part1 :1981
(c) The anchor points at the end of the pipe should be
strong and stiff enough to resist all forces acting upon
them, otherwise they cease to be anchors. In
calculating the loading on apgrticular anchorpoint, the
following influences should be considered.
( 1) Deflection load due to change in length of
expansion joint.
(2) Pressure thrust (effective area x design pressure).
(3) Frictional resistance of pipe moving over its
guides.
(4) Changing fluid momentum at changes in direction
of piping.
(5) Dead weight loads on horizontal, sloping and,
particularly, on vertical pipes.
(6) Shock loads, e.g. due to operation of quick-acting
valves or bursting discs.
(7) Wind loading.
(8) Any additional thrusts due to the specified test
pressure.
5.3.1.1 Main anchor. A main anchor should be installed at
any of the following locations in a pipe system containing
one or more bellows.
(a) At a change in direction of flow.
(b) Between two bellows units of different size installed
in the same straight run. (On small differences of pipe
size intermediate anchors should be adequate.) (See
also 5.3.1.2.)
(c) At the entrance of a side branch into the main line.
This is only applicable where the side branch is of
approximately equal dimensions to the main pipe.
(d) Where a shut-off or pressure-reducing valve is
installed in a pipe run between two bellows units.
A main anchor should be designed to take the resultant of
pressure loads and spring rate forces and other loads
imposed upon it as given in 5.3.1 (c).
5.3.1.2Intermediatelmchor. In theory intermediate
anchors need only to be of light cbn.structionsince the
pressure thrust forces are being taken by the main
anchors. However it may still be advisable in practice
(except perhaps on high pressure and large diameter
pipes) to design these anchors as main anchors to
eliminate the possible risks of failure that could occur
should the pipe line be subsequently modified, or
incorrectly tested.
5.3.2 Pipe alignment guides. This guide is any form of
constraint which allows the pipe true axial movement
along its length, but prevents lateral movement.
The use of internally guided expansion joints,does not
eliminate the necessity for adequate external pipe guides.
Guides can take various forms and may permit axial
movement while at the same time preventing lateral or
angular movement. Proper design of pipe alignment
guides should allow sufficient clearance between the
fixed and moving parts of the guide to ensure positive
guiding without introducing excessive frictional forces.
The effectiveness of pipe alignment guides can be
negated by improper installation (especially guide
misalignment) or through the use of materials whichdo
not have the strength, rigidity and resistance to wear
necessary for long-term operation.
5.3.2.1 Position ofguides. For axial expansion joint(s) the
first guide should be positioned as closely as possible to
the expansion joint(s). Under no circumstances should the
first guidebe at a distance greater than four pipe
outside diameters from the expansion joint. The distance
between the first and second guides should not be more
than 14 pipe outside diameters.
The spacing between pipe guides should take account of
the possibility of pipe buckling as a result of the loads
given in 5.3.1 (c).
There should be sufficient clearance between the guide
and the bellows flange to allow for bolt access.
5.3.3 Cold pulling expansion joints. Expansion joints are
suitable for both compression and extension from the
natural free position.
Full advantage of this can be taken by presetting
the expansion joints prior to installation. This is effected by
extending or compressing the expansion joint by a propor-
tion of the movement that it will be subjected to, and can
be carried out in the final stages of installation (see
figure 3).
NOTE. Presetting of axial expansion joints may be done by the
expansion joint manufacturer upon request and should consist of
fitting temporary ties across the convolutions. It is most
important that these temporary ties be removed after installation
and before system pressure testing and start-up.
The on-site presetting of bellows expansion joints should
allow for the difference between the temperature at the
time of installation and the operating temperature range.
The necessary length adjustment of the expansion joint
should be calculated using the thermal expansion coeffi-
cients specified in BS 3351. This is particularly important
in lines working at atmospheric temperatures absorbing
expansions due to day/night, summer/winter
temperature changes.
5.4 Restrained expansion joints (see figures 4 to 11 ).
Restrained expansion joints operate on completely differ-
ent principles from the unrestrained expansion joints dealt
with in 5.3. Restrained expansion joints are restrained
by spherical seated or hinged tie bars or other means
which prevent them from opening out lengthwise when
subjected to internal pressure. Theseunits are truly
pressure restrained expansion joints having the same
advantage in this respect as a pipe loop. In addition the
bellows are very much easier to deflect than is a plain
piece of pipe, consequently the elasticity forces involved
with restrained expansion joints are usually low. Where
tied, double expansion joints are used, it should be borne
in mind that different forms of construction impart differ-
ent characteristics. It is recommended therefore that,
where this type of expansion joint is used, the manufac-
turer or an engineer competent in the application of this
equipment should be consulted.
5.4.1 Anchor points. It is the function of the anchors to
absorb the line loads and to control the direction of the
movement.
The anchor points at the end of a pipe should be strong
and stiff enough to resist all forces acting upon them,
otherwise they cease to be anchors.
In using restrained units, the pressure load is carried by
the unit itself; therefore there are no main anchors
required in this type of piping system. The only types of
anchor required are intermediate or directional restraint
anchors.

5.4.1.1 Intermediate anchors. An intermediate anchor
should be designed to withstand the transferred forces
and moments imposed upon it by each ofthe pipe
sections to which it is attached. In the case of a pipe con-
taining one or more expansion joints these loads will
consist of the moments and forces required to deflect the
expansion joints plus the other moments and forces due
to friction, self weight, wind load and changing fluid
momentum at changes in direction of piping. The pressure
load is absorbed by the tie rods, hinged restraints, gimbal
restraints, etc. of the expansion joints.
5.4.1.2 Directional restraint anchor. A directional or sliding
restraint is one which is designed to prevent movement in
one or more directions while permitting motion in another.
It may be either a main or intermediate anchor, depending
upon the application considered. When designed for the
purpose, a directional restraint anchor may also function
as a pipe guide. When designing a directional restraint
anchor, frictional load should be minimized by the use of
suitable low friction surfaces in order to reduce the
loading on the piping and equipment and to ensure correct
functioning.
5.4.2 Pipe alignment guides. Expansion joint systems
incorporating restrained units differ significantly from
unrestrained systems in that they exert reduced forces on
the anchors.
These forces comprise some or all of the following.
(a) Load due to deflection of expansion joint.
(b) Frictional resistance of pipe moving over its guides.
(c) Changing fluid momentum at changes in direction of
piping.
(d) Dead weight loads on horizontal, sloping and,
particularly, on vertical pipes.
(e) Shock loads, e.g.due to operation of quick-acting
valves or bursting discs.
(f) Wind loading.
These forces can become critical in certain applications.
Forfurther information reference should be made to the
manufacturer. Because anchor loading is lower, restrained
expansion joint-systems can frequently function with a _
pipe supported on hangers, provided the hanger rods are
long enough, the dead weight of the pipe being sufficient
to keep it aligned. It should be noted that when
restrained units are displaced there is a small overall
length change and it is therefore necessary to install pipe
guides on each side of the system which allow for the
change in length in one plane only (see figure 4).
Sometimes on short runs where space is restricted
(between vessels, machinery, etc.) it may not be
necessary, or possible, to provide guiding or support. As a
rule however it is necessary to support the dead weight of
the pipe and contents. The weight of pipe sections
between bellows units may have to be supported, sliding
supports being used for horizontal systems and spring
supports for vertical systems. This is particularly
necessary in the case of large diameter pipes carrying, for
example, water. If it appears impossible to provide sup-
ports, the problem should be discussed with the expan-
sion joint manufacturer before ordering units, as it may be
necessary to give additional strength to the restraining
parts.
"7
as 6129: Part 1 : 1981
The longer the pipe run the greater is the force between
pipe, supports and guides due to friction and in conse-
quence the greater the load on the anchors. If restrained
bellows are to be used on long pipe runs, the use of roller
supports or low friction pads should be considered to keep
frictional forces to a minimum.
Supports and guides should be designed to accommodate
the large movements that can occur. There is a danger
that under conditions of maximum movementthe pipe
could fall off or distort the support.
5.4.2.1 Position ofsupports and guides. Supports and
guides should protect an expansion joint from torsion. If
this is not done the expansion joint, or its restraint, could
be incorrectly stressed. See BS 3974: Part 1 for
maximum spacing of pipe supports when using steel
pipes (excluding fittings).
5.4.3 Cold pulling expansion joints. The theory of cold pull
calculations in a restrained expansion joint system is
similar to that in an unrestrained system (see 5.3.3),
except that the expansion joint does not have to be
extended or compressed. As shown in figure 10, preset-
ting is applied by cutting the pipe run short by a proportion
of the total movement to which the expansion joint will be
subjected.
5.5 Special service conditions. Departures from some of
the recommendations given in this Code of practice may
be necessary, but should be undertaken only in full consul-
tation with the expansion joint manufacturer.
Cryogenic applications should receive special considera-
tion by the purchaser and the manufacturer with particular
reference to the means adopted for thermal insulation.
5.5.1 Internal sleeves. Internal sleeves should be specified
for all expansion joints in the following cases.
(a) Where it is necessary to hold friction losses to a
minimum and smooth flow is desired.
(b) Where flow velocities are high and could produce
resonant vibration of the bellows. Sleeves are generally
recommended when flow velocities exceed the
following values.
(1 ) Air. steam and other gases
(i) up to DN 150; 0.05 mls per r.nm of diameter
(ii) over DN 150; 8 mls
(2) Water and other liquids
(i) up to DN 150; 0.02 mls per mm of diameter
(ii) over DN 150; 3 mls
(c) Where turbulent flow is generated upstream of the
expansion joint by changes in flow direction, valves, tee
or elbow sections, cyclonic devices, etc. When
sleeves are long or large in diameter and turbulence is
high, thick sleeves may be required.
(d) Where there is a possibility of erosion, such as in
lines carrying catalyst or other abrasive media. In this
case thick sleeves should be used. At no time
should the relatively thin bellows be directly exposed to
erosion.
(e) Where there are high temperature applications, to
decrease the temperature of the bellows and enable the
bellows metal to retain its higher physical properties.
(To obtain a maximum effect, the expansion joint should
not be externally insulated.)
BS 6129: Part 1 : 1981
Where lateral deflection or rotation is present, the sleeve
should be sufficiently small in diameter to provide
clearance between the external diameter of the sleeve
and the internal diameter of the bellows. If this
reduction of inside diameter is not acceptable, an oversize
bellows or an alternate expansion joint design should be
used, or the expansion joint may be cold pulled to reduce
the total lateral movement which occurs (see 5.3.3
and 5.4.3).
Drain holes should be provided for sleeves in expansion
joints for steam or liquid service when the flow direction is
vertical.
Internal sleeves should not be used where high viscosity
fluids, such as tars, are being transmitted, since these
fluids may cause 'caking' between the internal sleeve and
the convolutions which, in turn, may cause premature
expansion joint failure. Where the fluid is such that purg-
ing will effectively prevent the 'caking', internal sleeves
may be used in conjunction with purge connections.
6. Definition of design conditions and working
conditions and classification of inspection
procedures
6.1 General. The structural integrity of a piping run con-
taining a bellows expansion joint is critically dependent
upon a proper combination of the characteristics of each
and every component. This requires that detailed
consideration be given to the pipe run, its supports and
anchors and their interaction with the bellows expansion
joint.
6.1.1 Neither a bellows expansion joint nor the associated
piping supports or anchors should be modified in any way
unless expert advice has confirmed that the proposed
modification will not affect adversely the safety of the
bellows expansion joint and/or the piping system.
6.1.2 The designer responsible for the modifications
should unambiguously define everything that should be
done or provided in order to ensure that the assembly
perfor!TIs as intended.
These requirements should be documented fully and
passed to the personnel responsible for the installation of
the bellows expansion joint, associated piping etc.
6.1.3 Where bellows expansion joints are used in a
system both the design conditions and the working condi-
tions should be specified by the user. In many
cases these conditions may coincide, in which case the
fact should be stated.
6.2 Design conditions
6.2.1 General. The design of an expansion joint should
provide for the most severe conditions of temperature and
pressure. Where two or more distinct conditions occur
they should be separately evaluated using the appropriate
design temperature and pressure applicable in each case
considered.
The frequency and magnitude of cyclic movements which
will occur under these conditions should be specified by
the user.
6.2.2 Design pressure. The design pressure should not be
less than the pressure at the most severe condition of
coincident internal or external pressure and temperature
and which results in the greatest required thickness and
the highest component rating.
The maximum differences in pressure between the inside
and outside of the expansion joint should be cOnsidered,
including the unintentional loss of external or internal
pressure. The design pressure should be not less than the
following.
(a) When the pressure is not limited by a relieving
device: the maximum pressure which can be attained in
service.
(b) When the pressure is limited by a relieving device:
the set pressure of the pressure relieving device or the
pressure which will exist in the expansion joint when
the pressure relieving device starts to relieve, whichever
is the higher.
The value of the design pressure to be used should include
static head, where applicable.
It is recommended that expansion joints subject to
vacuum be designed for a full negative pressure of 1 bar
unless a vacuum breaker valve or a similar device be pro-
vided in the system, in which case a less onerous design
pressure may be agreed.
6.2.3 Design temperature. The design temperature should
be the actual metal temperature expected in service coin-
cident with the design condition under consideration.
The design temperature should include a margin adequate
to cover uncertainties in temperature prediction.
For internally insulated expansion joints the design tem-
perature should be the fluid temperature unless tests or
experience substantiate other temperatures. In other
cases the design temperature should be the fluid
temperature.
6.3 Working conditions. The working conditions are the
predicted normal operating conditions to which the
expansion joint will be subjected. The cyclic life of the
bellows should be based on all predicted movements
occurring at the working conditions of temperature and
pressure unless otherwise specified. Where a system can
operate at more than one set of conditions, each set
should be specified together with the expected cyclic
movements and the required number of complete cycles
at these conditions.
6.3.1 Working pressure. Working pressure is the pressure
to which the system will be subjected during normal
operation.
6.3.2 Working temperature. Working temperature is the
temperature to which the system will be subjected during
normal operation.
6.4 Classification of inspection procedures. For the
purpose of inspection bellows expansion joints may be
divided into three classes. The class for each bellows unit
should be agreed between the purchaser and the
manufacturer. The inspections and tests pertaining to
each class of bellows are given in clause 7.
In assessing the classification of a bellows expansion joint
consideration should be given to the potential consequen-
tial effects following a failure. The most hazardous
applications should be to class I and the non-hazardous
applications to class III. Whilst the classification of any
 856129: Part 1 : 1981

particular bellows expansion joint application requires to (j) Maximum loads and moments permitted on any
be considered individually, it is recommended that the sensitive equipment (e.g. machines, vessels).
class designation complies at least with the relevant (k) Weight, wind and seismic loads on expansion joint
details given in table 1 components, such as hinges, gimbals, tie rods.
Cryogenic applications require special consideration by (I) Expansionjoint construction features required:
the purchaser and the manufacturer.
(1) type of expansion joint (axial/angular, etc.);
(2) internal sleeves;
Table 1. Classification of inspection procedures
(3) externalcovers;
Service Class I Class II Class III (4) anchor base (main anchor/intermediate anchor);
(5) tie rods;
Gases Over 17 bar * Over 1 bar but Upto
(6) movement control devices;
and or less than class I class II
(7) maximum outside diameter (where critical);
vapours Over 220·C conditions conditions
(8) total length (where critical);
Over 17 bar and (9) movement indicators.
Over95 ·C Over 1 bar but Upto
Liquids less than class I class II (m) Spec'fications forend connections between
Over 24 bar or conditions conditions expansion joint and pressure system:
Over 200·C ( 1) stub pipes;
(2) weld ends;
NOTE. All pressures and temperatures relate to design
conditions. (3) flanges.
(n) Requirements for drain/purge/instrumentation.
7. Information to be provided by the purchaser (0) Inspection classification and name of inspecting
and the manufacturer authority.
7.1 Information to be provided by the purchaser. It is (p) Special requirements for fabrication, pre-setting,
recommended that the following information be supplied inspection, testing and certification. Specification of
by the purchaser. pre-installation testing including quality of water used
(a) Reference numbers and sketch of general arrange- for hydraulic testing.
ment of piping system containing proposed expansion (q) Special requirements for marking, packing, shipping
joint installation, including available anchorages. A restraints, lifting lugs.
statement indicating whether the piping system is new
7.2 Information to be provided by the manufacturer. It
or existing.
is recommended that the following information be
(b) Details of service fluids, including possible supplied by the manufacturer.
contaminants, entrained solids, pickling fluids. External
(a) Purchaser's expansion joint reference number and
environment and contaminants, details of any coatings
manufacturer's drawing, design pressure and design
or cathodic protection on mating pipes or equipment.
temperature.
(c) Details of bellows element material.
(b) Type of expc;lnsion joint.
(d) Flow conditions, including flow velocity, flow
(c) Details of expansion joint construction:
direction(s), turbulence and pressure pulsation or pressure
shock (e.g. water hammer). (1) material of convolutions;
(
(e) Specification of pipeline (material, outside diameter, (2) number of convolutions;
thickness and lagging). (3) number of plies;
(f) Design conditions. (4) thickness of each ply.
(1) Design pressure (internal/external) (see 6.2). (d) Expansion joint dimensions:
(2) Design temperature (see 6.2). (1 ) inside diameter of convolutions;
(3) Design axial compression, axial extension, lateral, (2) outside diameter of convolutions;
angular and torsional movements (full details, (3) free length over end connections;
including simultaneous combination of movements).
(4) installation length over end connections;
(4) Cyclic life (number of cycles). (5) internal diameter of sleeves;
(5)Design state (start-up, shut-down, excursion). (6) outside diameter of covers;
(g) Operating conditi.ons. (7) maximum diameter or width of unit;
(1) Working (normal operating) pressure (8) effective area;
(inte~nal/external). (9) approximate weight of complete unit.
(2) Working (normal operating) temperature. (e) Attachments fitted, and where appropriate,
(3) Normal axial, lateral and angular movements (full materials used for:
details, including simultaneous combination of
(1 ) internal sleeves;
movements).
(2) external covers;
(h) Vibration amplitude, direction and frequency. (3) anchor base (main anchor/intermediate anchor);
(i) Test conditions. (4) tie rods;
(1) System test pressure (internal/external). (5) movement control devices;
(2) System test temperature. (6) drciin/purge/instrument connections;

* 1 bar= 10 5 N/m 2 =100 kPa.

BS 6129: Part 1 : 1981
(7) equalizing rings/reinforcing rings;
(8) guides.
(f) Details of end connections and materials of
construction:
(1 ) stub pipes;
(2) weld ends;
(3) flanges.
(g) Minimum life (cycles) for:
(1 ) design conditions;
(2) normal operation;
(3) specified vibration conditions.
(h) Manufacturer's test pressure (internal/external) and
test temperature.
(i) Total available deflections (axial, lateral, angular).
(j) Maximum deflections at design conditions (axial,
lateral, angular).
(k) Spring stiffness of bellows (axial, lateral, angular).
(I) Calculated forces and moments at critical points
(anchors, vessels, etc.) shown on the purchaser's sketch
for both dl3sign and test conditions.
(m) Recommendations for:
(1 ) cold pull;
(2) installation temperature;
(3) guides;
(4) additional constraints;
(5) tolerance for construction.
(n) Nature, location and colour of temporary fittings for
shipping, erection, etc.
(0) Any additional limitations the manufacturer
imposes.
8. Pre-installation inspection and testing
8.1 General. This clause gives guidance on the inspection
and testing of components and complete expansion joints.
Bellows expansion joints may be divided into three
classes. The class to which an expansion joint is to be
inspected and tested should be agreed between the
purchaser and the manufacturer (see 6.4).
All operators performing examinations and tests should
be suitably qualified in the methods being employed.
The minimum criteria for pre-installation inspection
and testing for each of the classes is given in 8.2, 8.3
and 8.4.
8.2 Class I
8.2.1 General
8.2.1.1 The purchaser or his representative should have
access at all reasonable times to those parts of the works
engaged in the preparation, fabrication and testing of the
expansion joints. The manufacturer should afford the
purchaser or his representative all reasonable facilities for
inspection during progress and on completion of the work.
8.2.1.2 The inspection and test procedures and accep-
tance standards to be applied should be agreed between
the purchaser, the manufacturer and the inspection
authority and should be specified in the purchaser's order
prior to manufacture.
8.2.1.3 All inspections and tests should be compatible
with those specified in the standard used for the design of
the pressure system into which the expansion joint is to
be installed.
8.2.2 Inspection
8.2.2.1 Inspection by the purchaser or his representative
may be carried out during all stages of fabrication,
assembly and testing of the expansion joint at the
manufacturer's works.
8.2.2.2 All bellows units should be visually inspected to
ascertain their general compliance with design require-
ments and to ensure the convolutions are not damaged by
scores, dents, weld spatter, arc strikes and undercuts.
8.2.2.3 All bellows units should be inspected to confirm
that the wall thickness is within the design tolerance.
8.2.2.4 All expansion joint materials should be inspected
prior to use in manufacture to positively establish their
identity and should be marked accordingly so that all
materials in the completed work can be traced to their
origin.
8.2.3 Welding procedure tests and welder approval
8.2.3.1 Prior to commencement of any welding the proce-
dures to be used should be subjected to welding proce-
dure approval tests as specified in BS 4870: Part 1.
8.2.3.2 Before a welder is permitted to commence
welding he should be subjected to and pass welder
approval tests in accordance with BS 4871 : Part 1. The
frequency of approval testing should be agreed between
the purchaser, the manufacturer and the inspecting
authority but in any event the interval between
tests should not be longer than that permitted for the
system into which the bellows joint is to be installed.
8.2.4 Non-destructive testing
8.2.4.1 Radiographic and ultrasonic examination. All
welded seams should receive 100 % internal flaw
examination. Where internal flaw examination is not
practicable, 100 % surface flaw examination should be
performed using one of the methods given in 8.2.4.2.
With regard to longitudinal seams the internal flaw
examination should be performed prior to convoluting.
The internal flaw examination should be performed in
accordance with the code requirements for the system
into which the joint is being installed and may be
achieved by either radiography or ultrasonics.
In view of the thin material involved the examination
procedures and acceptance standards for the bellows
welds should be agreed between the purchaser and the
manufacturer. All other welds should be in accordance
with acceptance standards at least as stringent as those
applicable to the system into which the expansion joint is
being installed. Examinations should comply with the
requirements of BS 2600 : Part 1, BS 2910 and BS 3971
for radiographic examination and BS 2704, BS 4331,
BS 4336, BS 3889, BS 4124, BS 3923 : Part 1 and
BS 5996, as applicable, for ultrasonic examination.
8.2.4.2 Surface flaw examination. Surface flaw examina-
tion may be achieved by one or more of the following
methods.
(a) Dye penetrant.
(b) Fluorescent penetrant.
(c) Magnetic particle.

The examination procedures and acceptance standards
should be agreed between the purchaser, the
manufacturer and the inspection authority and should be
at least as stringent as those applicable to the system into
which the bellows joint is being installed. Examinations
should comply with the requirements of BS 3889,
BS 4124 and BS 4416, as applicable, for penetrant tests
and as 3889, BS 4069, BS 4124 and BS 4397, as
applicable,for magnetic particle tests.
8.2.4.3 Pressure testing
8.2.4.3.1 Standardtest pressure. All bellows expansion
joints subject to positive internal pressure should be
subjected to the standard test pressure. The standard test
pressure P t should be agreed between the purchaser and
the manufacturer and should be not less than that given
by the following expression.
1.3P S
=
Pt - - - ' <o- - "c -
Sh
where
Pt is the test pressure, bar;
Po is the design pressure, bar;
Sc is the design stress of the bellows material at the test
temperature;
Sh is the design stress of the bellows material at the
design temperature coincident with the design
pressure, Po'
The design (allowable) stresses should be obtained
from the standard governing the system into which the
bellows expansion joint is being installed for the
relevant material at the temperature concerned or
should be agreed between the parties concerned.
The test pressure should be maintained for a period of
time to be agreed between the purchaser and the
manufacturer. Before close inspection for leaks is
carried out the pressure should be reduced as agreed
between the parties.
The test temperature should be agreed between the
purchaser, the manufacturer and the inspection
authority and should be such as to obviate the
( possibility offreezing of the test water.
The means of containing the pressure thrust during the
test should be agreed between the purchaser and the
manufacturer. The following three test conditions,
arranged .in order of increasing severity, have been used.
(a) Test of expansion joint only, with pressure thrust
contained by external anchors.
(b) Test of tied expansion joint, with pressure thrust
contained only by the tie bars, hinges, etc. as fitted to
the expansion joint for subsequent service.
(c) As for (b) above, but with the expansion joint held
at the design deflection during the test.
Pressure testing may be achieved by either of the
methods given in 8.2.4.3.2 and 8.2.4.3.3.
8.2.4.3.2 Hydraulic testing. The pressurizing medium
should normally be water. Where other liquids are used,
additional precautions may be necessary, depending on
the nature of the liquid. Bellows should be properly
vented before the test pressure is applied to prevent the
formation of air pockets. Attention is drawn to the need
to control the chloride content of the test water in the
case of austenitic steel bellows (see 4.2.1).
1 1
BS 6129 : Part 1 : 1981
8.2.4.3.3 Pneumatic testing. Pneumatic testing is
potentially a much more dangerous method of pressure
testing than hydraulic testing, irrespective of bellows size,
due to the energy released should a failure occur.
Consequently pneumatic testing should only be
performed subject to the following conditions.
(a) The bellows expansion joint is of such design or
construction that it is not reasonably practicable for it
to be filled with liquid, or the expansion joint is for use
in processes that cannot tolerate trace liquids and
where the removal of these following the test is
impracticable.
(b) Consultation is held at the design stage with the
inspecting authority and other relevant safety authori-
ties on the adequacy of the safety precautions
proposed by the manufacturer to ensure that as far as
possible no person is exposed to injury should the
expansion joint fail during the test operation, and to
establish any special precautions to minimize the risk
of such failure. Written approval should be received
from the inspecting authority before the test by the
procedure specified giving particular reference to the
following.
(i) The adequacy of blast protection.
(ii) The extent of the area cleared for test safety
purposes.
(iii) The degree of confidence in stress analysis of
expansion joint details.
(iv) The adequacy of any non-destructive testing
carried out before the test.
(v) The resistance of the expansion joint materials
to fast fracture.
(vi) The procedure to prevent local chilling during
filling and emptying of the expansion joint.
(vii) The extent of remote monitoring provided
during test. Attention is drawn to the fact that if the
gas is let down to the expansion joint under test
from high pressure storage, its temperature will fall.
The test arrangement should be such that the tem-
perature of the gas entering the expansion joint is
not lower than the agreed test temperature. Atten-
tion is also drawn to the possibility of condensation
occurring within the bellows.
(viii) Prior to the pneumatic test any welds not
previously non-destructively tested should be
tested as specified in 8.2.4.1 and 8.2.4.2.
8.2.5 Vacuum testing. It is recommended that expansion
joints which are to be subject to vacuum conditions
should be subjected to a vacuum test. This test
should be in accordance with the requirements for system
testing given in 10.1.6.
8.2.6 Leak testing. Leak testing of the bellows unit may be
specified by the purchaser to supplement pressure testing
where higher leakage sensitivity is required. However,
when leak testing is performed at low pressure, it can only
determine the presence of a leak but not validate the
structural integrity of the item being tested. Should leak
testing be required to replace pressure testing where the
latter is not practicable the inspection authority should be
consulted and the leak tests should be supplemented by
thorough internal flaw non-destructive examination.
BS 6129 : Part 1 : 1981
8.2.7 Destructive testing
8.2.7.1 General: Destructive testing should be performed
on prototype units to establish in practice the generic per-
formance of any type of bellows unit. Such tests will
render an expansion joint unfit for installation in an operat-
ing system. Destructive tests previously carried out on
expansion joints of similar design can be accepted by
agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
8.2.7.2 Cycle life testing. Cycle life testing may be
performed to verify the endurance of a bellows or its
ability to withstand a given number of flexing cycles.
Although the most dependable way to determine cycle life
is through fatigue testing of bellows, cy~le life calculations
may be made. These calculations should be considered
valid only when parameters used therein are correlated to
bellows test data. I n order to establish the material and
manufacturing constants in the fatigue life calculation of
anyone type of bellows expansion joint. not less than 25
separate life tests, in which the material is cycled to
failure, should be carried out.
With all other shape factors remaining constant. cycle life
will generally increase with diameter. Therefore, it may be
acceptable to cycle test the smallest size expansion joint
being furnished for a given series for identical service con-
ditions. It may also be acceptable to cycle test at room
temperature any expansion joint which will be furnished
for operating temperatures up to the active creep range
for the bellows material, provided that a temperature
correction factor is applied. For expansion joints operating
within the creep range, consideration should be given to
testing at elevated temperatures.
Because of the effect of misalignment, cycle life testing
should be performed on bellows having at least three
convolutions.
Cycle life testing may be performed at constant pressure
or at varying pressure where maximum pressure occurs
when the expansion joint is in its compressed position.
This latter procedure generally more closely approximates
to the service to which the expansion joint will be
subjected.
An adequate margin of safety between the number of
operational cycles and the number of test cycles should
be established and agreed between the purchaser,
the manufacturer and the inspection authority.
8.2.7.3 Yield rupture testing. Yield rupture testing deter-
mines the internal pressures which will cause yielding and
then rupture of a bellows. The test fluid should be a non-
flammable liquid (such as water), as pneumatic testing is
too hazardous. Rupture should not occur at a pressure
less than four times the design pressure (corrected for
temperature as specified in 8.2.4.3).
The measurements taken to detect yielding, and the pres-
sure cycle programme should be agreed between the
manufacturer, the purchaser and the inspection authority.
8.2.7.4 Squirm testing. Squirm testing determines the
internal pressure which will cause the bellows convolu-
tions to become unstable by squirming, i.e. uneven
spacing and/or lack of parallelism of adjacent
convolutions.
The details should be agreed between the manufacturer,
the purchaser and the inspection authority and should
include the following.
(a) Test fluid.
(b) Test position (vertical or horizontal).
(c) Restraint conditions.
(d) Initial displacements.
(e) Instrumentation to measure squirm.
The ratio of the internal pressure at which the bellows will
become unstable (squirm) to the equivalent cold operating
pressure should exceed 2.5. By definition, squirm should
be considered to have occurred if, under internal
pressure, an initially symmetrical bellows deforms, result-
ing in a lack of parallelism or uneven spacing of adjacent
convolutions at any point on the circumference. Unless
otherwise specified, this deformation should be construed
as unacceptable squirm when the ratio of the maximum
convolution pitch under internal pressure to the convolu-
tion pitch before application of pressure exceeds 1.1 5 for
unreinforced bellows and 1.20 for reinforced bellows. In
the case of universal expansion joints, which consist of
two bellows joined by a cylindrical section, compliance
with these criteria should be satisfied by the entire
assembly. No external restraints on the bellows should be
employed during squirm testing other than those which
will exist after installation.
For single joints used in axial or lateral motion, the squirm
test may be performed with the bellows fixed in the
straight position at the maximum length expected in
service. For rotation and universal joints, the bellows
should be held at the maximum design rotation angle or
off-set movement. In the case of single joints subjected to
rotation movement or universal joints subjected to
lateral off-set movement, an instability condition as pre-
viously defined mayor may not appear. Instead, move-
ment of the convolutions may occur due to the
superposition of the lateral internal pressure component
.on the applied rotation.
In the case of the squirm test, the equivalent cold working
pressure is defined as the design pressure multiplied by
the ratio Ec/Eh , where Ec and Eh are defined as the
modulus of elasticity of the bellows material at test
temperature and normal operating temperature,
respectively.
8.3 Class II
8.3.1 General. The criteria for class I bellows
recommended in 8.2 also apply to class II bellows except
as follows.
8.3.2 Non-destructive testing
8.3.2.1 Radiographic and ultrasonic examination. The
recommendations of 8.2.4.1 should be complied with
excepting that spot radiography may be used ensuring a
coverage of at least 10 %. Where the bellows contain
T-junctions between longitudinal and circumferential
weld seams these junctions should be included within the
10%.
8.3.3 Destructive testing
8.3.3.1 Yield rupture testing. The recommendations
of 8.2.7.3 should be complied with excepting that rupture
should not occur at a pressure less than three times the
design pressure (corrected for temperature in accordance
with 8.2.4.3).
8.4 Class III
8.4.1 General. The use of class III expansion joints and the
inspection and testing to be applied should be agreed

between the purchaser, the manufacturer and the
inspecting authority (if applicable).
The specification of class III bellows expansion joints
should be made only for non-hazardous applications.
Whilst the selection of inspections and tests is optional,
normally the following should be performed as a
minimum.
8.4.2 Inspection. The recommendations of 8.2.2 should be
complied with.
8.4.3 Welding procedure tests and welder approval.
Welding procedure testing is optional, but in the absence
of procedure testing, welder approval should comply with
the requirements of BS 4872 : Part 1.
9. Identification, protection, packing,
transportation and installation
9.1 Identification. Before shipment from the manufacturer,
9.3 Packing and transportation
each unit should be fitted with a nameplate, or marked in
some other way, to show the pipe size and the name of 9.3.1 Protection for transportation to a United Kingdom site,
the manufacturer. and immediate installation. Units provided with external
covers need no additional protection.
NOTE. Self-adhesive labels made of PVC should not be used
(see 4.2.10).
9.2 Protection. Certain of the following arrangements or
devices may be required.
9.2.1 Shipping restraints. Where necessary, expansion
joints should be fitted with clearly identified shipping
restraints to hold them to the correct length during trans-
portation and installation. Shipping restraints are not
intended to withstand pressure thrust and should be
released or removed immediately after installation, to
prevent damage during pressure testing and to allow the
expansion joint to compensate for thermal movements
due to ambient temperature changes affecting the pipe-
line. Units fitted with covers and shipping restraints
should carry a warning on the cover to ensure that the
restraints are removed after installation of the unit.
9.2.2 Lifting facilities. Expansion joints heavier than can be
lifted by one man should be clearly marked to show lifting
points suitable for positioning slings. Where necessary,
lifting lugs should be provided. Expansion joints should not
be lifted by passing wire ropes or chains round the
corrugated elements.
9.2.3 Covers. The bellows section of an expansion joint
has a thickness sufficient to withstand the design pres-
sure but should be flexible enough to give the required
cycle life. Consequently, this relatively thin section may
have to be protected during transportation, handling and
installation. It is recommended that units should be fitted
with external covers to prevent mechanical damage and
damage from arc strikes and welding spatter and to keep
dirt out of the convolutions.
9.2.4 Sealing. It is recommended that the open ends of
internal sleeves should be taped to keep out dirt. Flanged
'units should be sealed by either wooden or sheet metal
blanks bolted in position and sealed by tape.
Welding ends should be sealed by plastic caps or wooden
or sheet metal blanks.
For additional protection, rubber insertion disks can be
placed under end closure blanks.
9.2.5 Surface preparation. Unless otherwise specified by
the purchaser, surfaces to be protected should be cleaned
by wire brushing to remove loose rust and mill scale.
BS 6129: Part 1 : 1981
9.2.6 Painting. Stainless steel and high nickel alloy
bellows sections should be left unpainted (see 4.2.6
and 4.2.7).
Carbon and ferritic steel bellows sections subject to
atmospheric corrosion should be suitably protected,
e.g. painted.
Before shipment from the manufacturer, restraint
mechanisms and external surfaces of pipe sections and
flanges should be given one coat of red iron oxide primer,
unless otherwise specified.
9.2.7 Rust prevention. Flange faces and inside surfaces of
tubular section should be treated with a suitable rust
inhibitor.
Special surface preparation, painting and rust protection
should be specified by the purchaser at the enquiry stage.
If shot blasting is required, this should be carried out prior
to fitting the bellows sections.
Units without external covers require suitable temporary
protection to avoid damage during handling, transporta-
tion and installation. It is recommended that small
diameter units should be suitably packaged for
transportation to prevent damage or loss.
9.3.2 Protection for transportation to a United Kingdom site,
andinstallation after storage for up to three months. Crates
of robust construction should be used, having suitable
partitioning and supports to prevent movement of units
during handling, transportation and storage.
9.3.3 Protection for transportation to a United Kingdom site
and installation after storage for in excess of three months or
for transportation overseas. Boxes should be of robust con-
struction and lined with waterproof material. Internal
partitions and supports should be provided to prevent
movement during handling, transportation and storage.
The lid should be securely fixed and sealed with
pitch.
Depending upon the anticipated duration of storage, it
may be necessary to use a desiccant in the box. When this
is used, clear instructions should be attached to the out-
side of the box giving details of periodic examination,
methods of renewal and renewal quantities. Provision
should be made in box construction to ensure airtightness
and facilitate the examination and renewal of the
desiccant and resealing.
For very long periods of storage, consideration should be
given to enclosing the units in specially made toughened
plastic covers with provision for controlling the atmos-
phere by the use of a desiccant.
NOTE. BS 4672 : Parts 1 and 2 give a guide to hazards in the
transport and storage of packages (see also BS 1133).
9.4 Installation
9.4.1 Coldpreset. Any preset required on lateral and
angular units should be obtained on site during
installation. See 5.3.3 and 5.4.3.
Axial units can be preset either in the manufacturer's
works or on site. This is a matter for agreement between
the manufacturer and the purchaser.
BS 6129: Part 1: 1981
9.4.2 Direction off/ow. Before shipment from the manu-
facturer, internally sleeved expansion joints should be
clearly marked with the direction of flow, preferably by the
use of diagrammatic arrows permanently marked on the
expansion joint flange or pipe section.
9.4.3/nstallation instructions. Each expansion joint should
be shipped with waterproof installation instructions relat-
ing to handling and installation. These instructions should
be left in position until the unit is installed. They should
contain the following information.
(a) Clear instructions regarding the purpose and
removal of shipping restraints.
(b) Specific handling instructions.
(c) Instructions concerning cleanliness, particularly with
respect to the bellows.
(d) A warning regarding alteration of unit length during
installation.
(e) A warning drawing attention to the importance of
ensuring that the unit is installed with the flow indicator
in the correct position.
(f) A note drawing attention to the importance of ensur-
ing that guides and anchors are correctly installed.
(g) A note concerning the quality of water to be used for
the pressure test.
(h) A warning against painting the bellows (where
applicable).
(i) A warning regarding chloride leeching from lagging.
(j) A warning regarding protection of bellows during
welding operations in the vicinity of the units.
(k) A warning against imparting torsional loads other
than those considered at the design stage.
(I) A reference to the installation drawings.
(m) The manufacturer's name and address and a state-
ment that the manufacturer should be consulted if
further information is required.
9.4.4 Any pre-set or cold set of the expansion joints
should be carried out in accordance with the procedure
agreed with the manufacturer.
9.4.5 No movement of the expansion joint (compression,
extension, off-set or rotation) should be permitted to cater
for misalignment of the pipework.
9.4.6 Where expansion joints are only partially installed,
they should be temporarily supported and any open ends
capped off to keep internal surfaces clean.
10. Testing of systems containing expansion
joints
10.1 General. So far as is reasonably practicable, erected
expansion joints should be pressure tested with the pres-
sure system in which they are installed in accordance with
the following recommendations to demonstrate, so far as
is practicable with a test of this nature, the integrity of the
completed system.
10.1.1 Basic requirements. The finished system should, in
the presence of the inspecting authority, pass satis-
factorily whichever of the following tests applies.
(a) Hydraulic test (see 10.1.3).
(b) Pneumatic test where the use of liquid testing media
is not practicable (see 10.1.4).
1 0.1.1.1·lt is important to ensure that the first pressuriza-
tion is carried out under controlled conditions with appro-
priate safety precautions. The procedure to be followed
should be agreed beforehand, preferably at the design
stage, betweenthepartie$ concerned and shoYWbe such·
as to minimize risk to personnel in the event of failure of
the system during test. Consideration should be given to
factors such as the test fluid, the size and location of the
system under test and its position relative to buildings,
plant. public roads and areas open to the public and other
equipment and structures in the vicinity. The agreed
procedure should define any area at risk during the test
and how areas are to be controlled.
10.1.1.2 Where it is not practicable to pressure test a
complete system the test procedure for the whole or part
of the system should be subject to agreement between
the purchaser, the manufacturer and the inspecting
authority at the design stage.
10.1.1.3 Systems which have been repaired during or
subsequent to the pressure test should again be subjected
to the specified pressure test after completion of the
repairs and after any heat treatment.
10.1.1.4 No system undergoing pressure testing should
be subjected to any form of shock loading e.g., hammer
testing.
10.1.1.5 All temporary pipes and connections and blank-
ing devices should be designed to withstand the test
pressure determined in accordance with 10.1.5.
10.1.2 Preparation and procedure. Paint and/or insulation
should not be applied over welded or mechanical joints
before the completion of system pressure testing.
10.1.2.1 Where conditions require a test pressure to be
maintained for a period of time, during which the test fluid
in the system might be subjected to thermal expansion,
provision should be made for the relief of resulting excess
pressure.
10.1.2.2 Care should be taken to ensure that the system,
its supports and foundations can withstand the total load
that will be imposed onthem during the test.
10.1.2.3 The system should be inspected prior to, during
and after the pressure test, checking for unanticipated
movement, leakage and those items included in 11.2.
Before close inspection for leaks is carried out during the
test the pressure should be reduced as agreed between
the parties concerned.
10.1.3 Hydraulic testing
10.1.3.1 The standard test pressure determined in
accordance with 10.1.5 should be applied.
10.1.3.2 Water normally should be used as the
pressurizing agent. Where other liquids are used
additional precautions may be necessary depending on
the nature of the liquid. Attention is drawn to the need to
control the chloride content of test water in the case of
au.stenitic stainless steel (see 4.2.1 ).
10.1.3.3 Systems should be properly vented before the
test pressure is applied to prevent the formation of
air-pockets.
10.1.3.4 To avoid the risk offreezing it is recommended
that the temperature of the water during the test should
not be less than 7 ·C.

10.1.4 Pneumatic testing
10.1.4.1 Pneumatic testing is potentially a much more
dangerous operation than hydraulic testing in that any
failure during testing is likely to be of a highly explosive
nature. Pneumatic testing should only be carried out
subject to the conditions laid down in 8.2.4.3.
10.1.4.2 The standard test pressure determined in
accordance with 10.1.5 should be applied.
10.1.5 Standard test pressure
10.1.5.1 The standard test pressure Pt should, except
when otherwise stated in 10.1.6, be not less than the
system test pressure or that calculated from the
following equation, whichever is the greater.
Pt = 1.25Po~
Sh
where
Sc is the design stress of system material at test
temperature
Sh is the design stress of system material at the design
temperature coincident with the design pressure Po
For other nomenclature see 8.2.4.3.
10.1.5.2 The specified test pressure should include the
amount of any static head acting at the point under
consideration.
10.1.6 Vacuum tests for expansion joints subject to
external pressure. It is recommended that systems con-
taining expansion joints which are subject to vacuum
conditions should, where reasonably practicable, be
subjected to a vacuum test of 70 mbar absolute or less.
Alternatively an external test pressure of 1.25 times the
maximum difference between the internal and external
pressure may be applied.
As a further alternative when it is not reasonably prac-
ticable to apply vacuum tests an internal test pressure
may be applied, the test pressure being 1.5 times the
maximum differential pressure the bellows are designed
to withstand.
10.2. Cases where a standard pressure test. in accor-
dance with 10.1.5, on a system including expansion
joints is not reasonably practicable. In special
cases, other means of ensuring the safety of the system
should be employed as agreed between the manufac-
turer, the purchaser and the inspecting authority.
Consideration should be given to pressure testing fabri-
cated piping and expansion joints prior to erection in
addition to increasing the amount of inspection of weld
preparations, welding and completed welds. In general,
increased radiographic or ultrasonic examinations
supplemented by other non-destructive testing should
be applied. It should be noted that 100 % radiography
alone would not necessarily provide complete assur-
ance of the safety of the system. It is most important
that, in the absence of a standard system pressure test,
special attention should be given to the safety and
integrity of anchors, guides and supports.
11. Guide for maintenance of expansion joints
after installation
11.1 General. The following guidance notes are appli-
cable to expansion joints and are supplementary to
other inspection requirements for the other parts of
the system in which the expansion joints are installed.
BS 6129 :Part 1 : 1981
11.1.1 Periodic inspection should be undertaken to
ensure that expansion joints and associated piping,
guides, supports and anchors operate satisfactorily.
11.1.2 Following the completion of a satisfactory pres-
sure test the system, including expansion joints, should
be examined when under operating conditions in order
to ensure that the designed movement and vibrations
are not exceeded.
11.1.3 Expansion joints should be examined by a
competent person at the times stated in (a), (b) and (c)
as follows.
(a) After the first full movement.
(b) At regular intervals depending on the service
conditions. Intervals between examinations should be
not greater than those for the associated system.
(c) Immediately after the system has been subjected
to any abnormal temperature or pressure condition.
11.2 Inspection after first full movement. Inspection
after the pressure test will confirm that the expansion
joints, pipe supports, guides and anchors are satisfactory
for the pressure forces. The first movement imposes pipe
support frictional forces and other forces on the system.
This is particularly applicable to pressure-restrained
systems which operate with very long lengths of pipe and
where pipe support frictional forces are important.
During the inspection a check should be made to enSure
that:
(a) the anchor is firm in its foundation which should be
undisturbed, and that the pipe is attached to the anchor;
(b) the guides are not bent or distorted and allow the
pipe to move easily through them;
(c) the pipe insulation is in good condition and is cut
away to allow free movement;
(d) the insulation is adequate to prevent heat loss and
possible condensation and the expansion joint is
undamaged externally;
(e) the bellows is deflected correctly with no evidence of
excessive distortion or squirming. No unanticipated
vibration should be occurring in bellows.
11.3 Periodic inspection after an agreed interval of
time. The same points should be examined as stated
in 11.2 with, additionally, a check on the complete system
using the following procedure.
(a) By observation of the system and inspection of plant
records the inspector should check for internally
corrosive conditions, in particular the presence of
chlorides which attack austenitic stainless steels and
chemical additives which may induce caustic
embrittlement, etc. (see clause 4).
(b) On all systems, a general inspection should be made
of the mode of operation of the plant, and in particular a
check should be made for water hammer or shock.
Anchors, guides and supports should be carefully
examined; also the operation of other equipment should
be checked in case malfunction ofthe general system
has occurred. In the case of steam piping the line should
be well drained with adequate and correctly operating
steam traps.
(c) A check should be made to ascertain that plant
operators are adequately trained and aware of the
dangers that can arise from the maloperation of valves
etc.
BS 6129: Part 1 : 1981
(d) Any defects found during the inspection should be
reported and given immediate attention.
11.4 Accessibility. Where expansion joints will not be
accessible for inspection after installation, prior agree-
ment to this arrangement should be obtained between the
user and the inspecting authority.
12. Modifications to pressure systems
incorporating expansion joints
12.1 General. After a period of operation it may be neces-
sary to modify a system and this may seriously affect any
expansion joints within this system or associated with it. It
is, therefore, important to keep a careful record of any
pressurized system containing expansion joints since
expansion joints are often hidden under lagging (see 6.1).
It is particularly important to distinguish carefully between
the two main types of expansion joints:
(a) the axial. or unrestrained type of expansion joints
imposing pressure forces on pipes and pipe anchors,
and
(b) the tied or hinged pressure restrained units imposing
smaller forces on pipes and pipe anchors.
Modifications permissible with one type may not be
permissible with the other and a competent engineer
should be always consulted.
12.2 Examples of modifications hazardous to systems
containing all types of expansion joints. Any changes
involving basic design considerations affecting the expan-
sion joints directly in terms of pressure, temperature,
movement or changes in chemical contents, including cor-
rosive traces, should be referred back to the manufacturer
or a competent engineer.
Specific examples of alterations to a system that could
cause unacceptable conditions to be imposed on an exist-
ing expansion joint and warrant careful consideration are
(a) changing pipe material to one with a higher expan-
sion rate, e.g. replacing carbon steel by stainless steel.
which may lead to excess movement on the bellows;
(b) alterations to the pressure control or pressure relief
140 40
Ar~~
fr--=-r--=:-----i t---=-ir$-j III ~ ~;~-=------=T:--\.r
Main
anchor
Pipe alignment guides
D =pipe outside diameter
Figure 1. Typical system using unrestrained expansion joint
system, including the possible consequences of relief
valves sticking shut;
(c) fitting a 'slam-shut' valve in the line, which may
cause a pressure shock not de_~gned for at the
expansion joint design stage.
12.3 Examples of modifications particularly hazardous
to systems containing unrestrained axial expansion
joints. The following specific examples do not purport to
embrace all possible conditions warranting careful
consideration before implementation.
(a) The loosening or removal of pipe anchors or guides
while the pipe is pressurized.
(b) Offsetting or altering the run of the pipe, either in
plan or in elevation.
(c) Fitting additional valves or blank flanges in a pipe run
so that part of the run is pressurized and part is not
(particularly if some anchors have been designed as
intermediate anchors).
(d) Altering the diameter of pipes at any point close to
the expansion joints,
(e) Fitting any pressure reduction valves in the line.
12.4 Examples of modifications particularly hazardous
to systems containing restrained expansion joints. The
following examples can be encountered in widely varying
forms.
(a) Impeding the very large pipe movement often
occurring with these systems, e.g. restricting the free
movement of the pipe at any point with insulation or
erecting scaffolding or structures near the pipe run.
(b) Interfering with or removing any part of the tie baror
hinge system over the bellows.
13. Certification
On completion of all the tests described in this code of
practice a suitable certificate should be issued by the body
responsible for these tests and should be countersigned
by the inspecting authority, if appropriate.
Main
anchor
 B56 129 : Part 1 : 198 1

Sling rods

~~~--Inadequate
anchor

>
~ Width of bearer
insuff icient to
allow for expansion
No guides

Figure 2. Examples of unsafe practice in a system using unrestrained expansion joints

I 1I11I1
Bellows cold pulled

Main
anchor

Bellows neutral
f

Main
anchor

J
I 111ll)
Bellows hot
-,
!4- Total movement due to expansion
Main ..... 14- Cold pull
anchor

Figure 3. Diagrammatic explanation of cold pull of unrestrained expansion joint

Anchor

Hinge
in tie

SinglePlan~
pipe guide

ry Anchor

Figure 4.Typical system using a tied double expansion joint with hinged-end tie-bars
BS 6129 : Part 1 : 1981

Anchor

~ Anchor

Figure 5. Typical system using a tied double expansion joint with spherical-ended tie-bars

Pipe alignment
guide

~
~ Single gimbal
expansion joints

Anchor

Anchor

Figure 6. Typical system using two single gimbal expansion joints

10
 BS 6129: Part1 : 1981

Single hinged
expansion joint

Single gimbal
expansion joints
Anchor

/Pipe alignment guide

~

~~ Anchor

Figure 7. Typical system using one single hinged expansion joint and two single gimbal expansion joints

T-+--,-spring supports
(constant or variable
where required)

t> '" /
Single plane

IT \ pipe guide / '

Anchor

(a) U-type pipe configuration

Pipe alignment Single plane

pipe guide
guide
~ /'
t>
Anchor
Pipe alignment

/.S~

Anchor

(b) Z-type pipe configuration

Figure 8. Typical systems using single hinged expansion joints

as 6129: Part 1 : 1981

Anchor

Anchor

Single hinged
.----- expansion joint

Anchor

UNSAFE
Anchor

NOTE. A pipe connecting two gimbal expansion joints should be straight in both plan and
elevation.

Figure 9. Examples of unsafe practice in systems using gimbal expansion joints

 BS 6129: Part 1 : 1981

Expansion <J
_---i H Y--::::--1
--J l.- :rAnChor

Cold pull gap

Half total expansion
Tied double expansion
joint with hinged end
tie bars

Anchor

Single hinged
expansion joints

c> Expansion 62

AnCh:fJ L
Cold pull gap
Half total expansion 62

Cold pull gap

Half total expansion 6, r I 6 Expansion 61

IKAnc~or

All expansion joints shown in neutral position

Figure 10. Examples of cold pull in a piping system with restrained expansion joints
BS 6129 : Part 1 : 1981

Plant
Hinged-end item
tie-bars -----I~I

II--Pipe alignment
guide

Ancoor ~I

(a) Example of a system designed for a small lateral deflection

Hinged-end
tie-bars with
movement control---il~'F;-""F
device Anchor
Pipe alignment
guides

Anchor

(b) Example of a system designed for a larger lateral deflection

Figure 11. Systems using a pressure-balanced expansion joint

Standards publications referred to
as 1133 Packaging code
as 1449 Steel plate, sheet and strip
Part 2 Stainless and heat resisting steel plate, sheet and strip
as 1501 Steels for fired and unfired pressure vessels. Plates
Part 1 Carbon and carbon manganese steels
Part 2 Alloy steels. Imperial units
BS 2600 Methods for radiographic examination of fusion welded butt joints in
steel
Part 1 5 mm up to and including 50 mm thick
BS 2704 Specification for calibration blocks for use in ultrasonic flaw
detection
BS 2910 Methods for radiographic examination of fusion welded circumferential
butt-joints in steel pipes
BS 3072 Specification for nickel and nickel alloys: sheet and plate
BS 3351 Piping systems for petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants
BS 3889 Methods for non-destructive testing of pipes and tubes
as 3923 Methods for ultrasonic examination of welds
Part 1 Manual examination of fusion welds in ferritic steels
BS 3971 Image quality indicators for radiography and recommendations for their
use
as 3974 Pipe supports
Part 1 Pipe hangers, slider and roller type supports
BS 4069 Magnetic flaw detection inks and powders
BS 4124 Non-destructive testing of steel forgings
as 4331 Methods of assessing the performance characteristics of ultrasonic flaw detection equipment
as 4336 Methods for non-destructive testing of plate material
as 4397 Methods for magnetic particle testing of welds
BS 4416 Method for penetrant testing of welded or brazed joints in metals
BS 4672 Guide to hazards in the transport and storage of packages
Part 1 Climatic hazards
Part 2 Climatic hazards (maps and diagrams)
as 4870 Approval testing of welding procedures
Part 1 Fusion welding of steel
BS 4871 Approval testing of welders working to approved welding procedures
Part 1 Fusion welding of steel
as 4872 Approval testing of welders when welding procedure approval is not
required
Part 1 Fusion welding of steel
BS 5996 Specification for testing and quality grading of ferritic steel plate
by ultrasonic methods
CP 3003 Lining of vessels and equipment for chemical purposes
Part 1 Rubber
PO 6484 Commentary on corrosion at bimetallic contacts and its alleviation

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This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction
of the Pressure Vessel Standards Committee, was published
under the authority of the Executive Board and comes
into effect on 31 July 1981.
© British Standardslnstitution, 1981
ISBN 0 580121224
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Cooperating organizations
The Pressure Vessel Standards Committee, under whose
direction this British Standard was prepared, consists of
representatives from the following:
*Associated Offices Technical Committee
Association of Shell Boilermakers
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British Compressed Gases Association
*British Gas Corporation
British Insurance (Atomic Energy) Committee
British Steel Industry
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Department of Trade (Marine Division)
*Engineering Equipment Users' Association
*Health and Safety Executive
Institution of Chemical Engineers
Institution of Gas Engineers
Amendments issued since publication
Amd. No. Date of issue Text affected
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8107 -7 -1.6k-B
BS 6129 : Part 1 : 1981
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Committee reference PVE/13 Draft for comment 77/79382 DC
*Institution of Mechanical Engineers
Lloyd's Register of Shipping
*Oil Companies Materials Association
*Process Plant Association
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
University of Manchester. Institute of Science and Technology
*Water-tube Boilermakers' Association
Welding Institute
The organizations marked with an asterisk in the above list,
together with the following, were directly represented on the
Technical Committee entrusted with the preparation ofthis
British Standard:
High Pressure Pipework Consultative Committee
Ministry of Defence
Individual expert
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