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DC MC Notes 1520418478 PDF
DC MC Notes 1520418478 PDF
• by designing the magnetic circuit so that the reluctance varies with rotation of the
rotor.
• By any of these methods, the flux linking a specific coil is changed cyclically, and a
to as the rotor.
Elementary DC Machines
• When a machine is converting electrical energy into mechanical form, it is operating in the
MOTORING mode
• When a machine converts mechanical energy into electrical form, it is operating in the
GENERATING mode
• Mechanically, all machines consist of two main parts: STATOR and ROTOR.
• In order for a machine to operate (either as a motor or a generator), a magnetic field should exist
• This field is usually produced electromagnetically, by exciting (energizing) the FIELD windings of
• Once the magnetic field exists in the air-gap, the machine can convert electrical and mechanical
energies into one another using the ARMATURE winding. In other words, the armature winding
• Due to this reason, the power rating of a machine is actually the power rating of the armature
section.
• Usually, the field winding consumes only a small fraction of the electrical power supplied to, or
produced by a DC machine.
DC MACHINES
• In DC machines, the field winding is wound onto the stator, while the armature winding is located on the rotor.
• Current is supplied to the rotating armature winding through Commutator Segments.
• Each commutator segment (also located on the rotor) is connected to an armature winding coil.
• Mounted on the stator are carbon BRUSHES, which actually touch two or more of the commutator segments
at a time.
• This current can be supplied either from an external battery (separately excited), or by the generated voltage from
the armature winding itself (self excited).
• Mechanical power should be supplied to the shaft of the generator (i.e., the generator should be rotated by an
external mechanical power source such as a steam turbine, or a second motor connected to the same shaft).
• The generated electrical power will be available from the armature terminals of the generator.
• The generated voltage will be directly proportional to the speed of the shaft and the field current.
• An electric motor CANNOT be considered as a passive electrical load.
• In a passive load (such as a resistor or an inductor), the current flowing into the load will be
proportional to the voltage applied across its terminals (i.e., V=Zload.I).
• The armature current and armature voltage of an electric motor are completely independent!
• The armature current is determined by the mechanical load (i.e., torque) the motor is
driving, which is not related to the voltage applied to the armature.
• For a DC MOTOR, the efficiency is the electrical output power divided by the mechanical
input power, or
P
mech
Pelec
• For a DC GENERATOR, the efficiency is the electrical output power divided by the
mechanical input power, or
Pelec
Pmech
• Note that the efficiency of a DC machine will vary with the operating conditions (i.e.,
speed, voltage etc).
• The value of efficiency calculated for a particular speed, torque, voltage or current will
not be the same at another operating point.
• When a DC motor is rotating at constant speed (i.e., steady state), the torque produced
by the motor is balanced by the torque required from the load.
• Hence, the net torque on the shaft is zero, which means that there is no acceleration or
deceleration (i.e., speed remains constant).
d
Tnet Tmotor Tload J
dt
Where;
• J is the total inertia of the rotating parts (rotor, shaft and the load),
• ω is the angular speed of the motor and dω/dt gives the acceleration of the motor.
• Tmotor > Tload, the motor increases its speed (i.e., accelerates).
• Tmotor < Tload, the motor decreases its speed (i.e., decelerates).
THE MAGNETIZATION CURVE OF A D.C. MACHINE
• The magnetization curve of a D.C. machine shows the relationship between the induced armature
emf, Ea and the field excitation, If.
• Due to the magnetic properties of the core, the magnetization characteristic is in the form of a loop
(hysteresis loop) as shown in Fig.1.
• However, the magnetization curve of a D.C. machine is often shown as a single curve taken upwards
from the residual value, Ea,res or from a demagnetized state (i.e. origin).
• Note that, the magnetization characteristics should be drawn for constant speeds. Figure 2 shows
two different magnetization characteristics for two different speeds.
Ea
E
W 1W 2
eR
If
1
W
=
2
W
m
W
=
-eR
m
W
Wm: Constant
If
Ea K a p m M m I f
OF
• They may be magnetized by supplying current to the field winding from a separate D.C.
source, such as a battery, etc. This type of excitation is called separate excitation.
• They may generate their own magnetizing currents. This type of excitation is called self
excitation. Such machines may have their field windings connected
Advantage : Value of the exciting current is entirely independent of the load current in
the armature. Thus, machine is may work satisfactorily over a range of voltages
extending from zero to the maximum which the machine can generate. However, the
practical voltage range during operation is limited.
The separately excited generator terminal characteristics (terminal voltage vs. load
current)departs from the ideal flat shape due to the resistance voltage drop, caused by the
load current and armature reaction, as shown in Figure.
Self-Excited Shunt Generator
• number of turns in the field winding is large, the field winding resistance is higher, and
the rated field current is lower that of the other types.
The shunt generator has a more drooping characteristics than the separately excided
generator. This is because as the machine is loaded, the terminal voltage decreases (as in
the case of a separately excited generator). This, in turn, also decreases the field current
which reduces the generated emf, causing a larger voltage drop in the terminal voltage than
that would be observed in the case of a separately excited generator.
Self-Excited Series Generator
• The series generator characteristics are quite different from the two types of generators
considered before.
• This is because the field flux increases with increasing load current; hence the terminal
voltage increases as well. This goes on until certain (critical) load current value is reached.
Further increase of load current causes the terminal voltage to fall rapidly due to armature
reaction.
Compound Generator
OF
Ia I f (4)
If we assume that
f Kf If (5)
T K .I a2 (6)
where
K Kg K f (7)
T
Kg f K Ia (8)
Ia
V I a ra
t (9)
K g f
Then;
V I r
t a a (10)
K Ia
This is the relation between the armature current and speed. If ra is neglected;
Vt
(11)
K .I a
Vt
Ia (12)
ra K
K Vt2
T (13)
ra K 2
This equation describes the torque-speed characteristics of a series motor.
For the series motor, the torque vs. armature current characteristics and the torque vs. speed
characteristics are a parabola (Fig.1) and a hyperbola (Fig.2), respectively. Also, it is seen that
decreasing the toque or the armature current increases the speed.
A series motor should never be allowed to run under no-load conditions. If the torque tends
to zero, then the armature current goes to zero so the speed tends to infinity!
T
Cumulative
Series Compound
Shunt
Differential
Torque (nt-m)
Compound
Rated
Ia
Armature Current
Speed vs. Torque Characteristics of DC Motors
Torque vs. Current Characteristics of DC Motors
SHUNT MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS
In the shunt motor, the field winding is connected directly across the supply voltage and the field
current is therefore approximately constant. The equations for speed and torque are as follows;
1
K g f (where K is a constant) (14)
K
From equations (2) and (14);
I
T a (15)
K
Vt I a ra K (16)
o K I a ra where o Vt K (17)
o K K raT (18)
o K T where K K K ra (19)
For the shunt motor, therefore, torque is directly proportional to the armature current and
speed is virtually independent of the armature current ( if Iara is neglected ). In practice, however, the
speed falls slightly as the armature current increases. It may be deduced from equation (19) that, for a
shunt motor, the speed falls slightly as the torque increases. Such a drooping characteristic is ideally
suited for constant speed applications and the machine is widely used for nearly constant speed
applications.
COMPOUND MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS
Consideration of equation (9) shows that if, as armature current increases, the field flux is also forced to increase, then
the motor will have a drooping characteristics of speed against armature current. If on the other hand, as the armature
current increases, the field current is decreased, then the motor may have a rising characteristics. These form the basic
principles for understanding compound generator operation.
The field flux may be changed with armature current by winding an additional field winding on the poles, connected in
series with the armature. The series winding may be connected such that, the flux produced by it either aids or opposes
the main field flux of the shunt winding. If the series field is connected such that the flux produced by it aids the shunt
winding, then assuming a linear magnetic characteristics;
T K g f ,shunt f ,series I a (20)
T K g are KI a2
I acumulatively
Motor with such an arrangement called
f ,shunt compounded motors and have a drooping (21)
characteristic
Motor with such (Fig.2).
an arrangement are called cumulatively compounded motors and have a drooping characteristic
Similarly,
(Fig.2). if the series field is connected in the opposite direction (i.e. its flux opposes the shunt
field’s flux),
Similarly, then;
if the series field is connected in the opposite direction (i.e. its flux opposes the shunt field’s flux), then;
T K g f ,shunt f ,series I a (22)
T K g f ,shunt I a KI a2 (23)
Those with such an arrangement are called differentially compounded motors and have either a constant or rising
Those with such an arrangement are called differentially compounded motors and have
characteristic (Fig.2). The result is therefore a combination of shunt and series motor characteristics.
either a constant or rising characteristic (Fig.2). The result is therefore a combination of shunt and
IMPORTANT NOTE
In differentially-compounded motors, during starting, the field weakening effect of
the series winding may be sufficiently great to cause instability or run-away. This winding
should therefore be shorted out while the motor is started.
References:
EE 361 laboratory manual and lecture notes, Middle East Technical University