A/CN.4/SER.A/2004/Add.

1(Part1)
A/CN.4/SER.A/2004/Add.1(Part1)
 ƨǜƷȐǷ
ǪƟƢºƯȁ ȃƾƷƛ ńƛ ƨdzƢƷȍơ ǃȂǷǂdzơ ǽǀǿ ƾƷƗ ƽơǂȇƛ řǠȇȁ .ǵƢǫǁƗȁ ǥȁǂƷ ǺǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǪƟƢƯȁ ǃȂǷǁ ǦdzƘƬƫ
.ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
ƨºȈdzȂƷ ńƛ ƨºdzƢƷȍơ řºǠƫ ȆȀǧ (ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ :ȐưǷ) ƨǼLjdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦƬǷ "ƨȈdzȂƷ" ƨǸǴǯ ƾǴĐơ ơǀǿ Ŀ Ʃƽǁȁ ƢǸưȈƷȁ
ơƆǁƢºƦƬǟơȁ .ƨȈdzȂƸǴdz ȅDŽȈǴǰǻȍơ ǎǼdzơ ńƛ ƩƢƸǨǐdzơ ǵƢǫǁƗ Śnjƫ ÎÖÕÎ ƨȈdzȂƷ ŕƷȁ .ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ƨǼLjdzơ Ǻǟ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ
.ĺǂǠdzơ ǎǼdzơ ńƛ ƩƢƸǨǐdzơ ǵƢǫǁƗ Śnjƫ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ ƨǤǴdzƢƥ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƢƆǟƢƦƫ ǁƾǐƫ ǥȂLJȁ ƩǁƾǏ Ŗdzơ ÎÖÕÏ ƨȈdzȂƷ ǺǷ
:ǺȇƾǴů ǺǷ ƨȈdzȂƷ Dzǯ ǦdzƘƬƫȁ
.ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƩƢLjǴŪ ƧDŽƳȂŭơ ǂǓƢƄơ ǺǸǔƬȇȁ :DZȁȋơ ƾǴĐơ
:ǺȇƗDŽƳ ǺǷ ǦdzƘƬȇȁ :ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ
žƧǁȁƾdzơ DZȐƻ ƢȀƬLJơǁƽ ƩǂƳ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơȁ śǏƢŬơ ǺȇǁǂǬŭơ ǂȇǁƢǬƫ ǺǸǔƬȇȁ DZȁȋơ ƔDŽŪơ
.ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ńƛ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǂȇǂǬƫ ǺǸǔƬȇȁ ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ
"ƨºȈdzȂūơ" ƩơƾǴĐ ƨǟȂƦǘŭơ ƨȈƟƢȀǼdzơ ǍȂǐǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢȀǼǷ ƩƢǨǘƬǬŭơȁ DZƢǸǟȋơ ǽǀǿ ńƛ ƩơǁƢNjȍơ ǞȈŦȁ
.ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƩơǁȂnjǼǸǯ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơȁ

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Ƣºēǁȁƽ DZȐƻ ƢȀƬLJơǁƾƥ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƪǷƢǫ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơȁ śǏƢŬơ ǺȇǁǂǬŭơ ǂȇǁƢǬƫ ƾǴĐơ ơǀǿ ǺǸǔƬȇȁ
ƨºǻƢǷȋơ ǺºǷ ƧǁƽƢǐºdzơ ƩƢƦȇȂǐƬdzơ DZƢƻƽƛ ƾǠƥ ƨƼLjǼƬLjǷ ƨǴǐǨǼǷ ǪƟƢƯȁ Ŀ ƢǿǁȁƾǏ ǪƦLJ Ŗdzơȁ śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ
.ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǎǼdzơ ʼnƾǬƬdz ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ƨȇǂȇǂƸƬdzơ ƩȐȇƾǠƬdzơȁ

A/CN.4/SER.A/2004/Add.1
S (Part 1)

ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩơǁȂnjǼǷ

A.10.V.9.PT.2 :ǞȈƦŭơ Ƕǫǁ
ISBN 978-92-1-633069-9
ISSN 1014-5532
 ƩƢȇȂƬƄơ
ƨƸǨǐdzơ
iv ...................................................................................... ƨdzDŽƬƼŭơ ŚƥƢǠƬdzơȁ ƩƢȈǸLjƬdzơ DzȈǐǨƫ
v .............................................................................................. ƩƢLJƢƦƬǫȏơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǜƷȐǷ
(DZƢǸǟȋơ DZȁƾƳ ǺǷ Ï ƾǼƦdzơ) ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
Î ................. ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƢȇƢǣ ȂȈƳǁȂƳ ƾȈLjdzơ ǽƾǟƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ǻǟ ňƢưdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ - A/CN.4/541 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ
ÏÐ ................................................ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǺǷ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǜƷȐŭơȁ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ - A/CN.4/545 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ
(DZƢǸǟȋơ DZȁƾƳ ǺǷ Ð ƾǼƦdzơ) ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
ÒÎ ..................... ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƽǁƢǣȁƽ ǹȂƳ ƾȈLjdzơ ǽƾǟƗ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ Ǻǟ džǷƢŬơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ - A/CN.4/538 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ
ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ) Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
(DZƢǸǟȋơ DZȁƾƳ ǺǷ Ñ ƾǼƦdzơ) (Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȄǴǟ
Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƬdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ Ǻǟ ňƢưdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ - A/CN.4/540 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ
ÔÒ ............................................................................. ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȁơǁ ƢLJƢǨȈǼȇǂLJ ƾȈLjdzơ ǽƾǟƗ
Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǝȂǓȂŠ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǶǜǼdz ƨȈƟƢǐǬƬLJơ ƨLJơǁƽ - A/CN.4/543 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ
ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ) Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ
ÎÍÎ ........................................................................................ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ ƢēƾǟƗ (Ƨǂǘƻ
(DZƢǸǟȋơ DZȁƾƳ ǺǷ Ò ƾǼƦdzơ) DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ÏÓÔ ...... ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȂȈǼȇƾȈƯ džȈǤȇǁƽȁǁ ǁȂƬǰȈǧ ƾȈLjdzơ ǽƾǟƗ DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ ǞƥƢLjdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ - A/CN.4/542 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ
(DZƢǸǟȋơ DZȁƾƳ ǺǷ Ó ƾǼƦdzơ) ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ
ÐÏÔ .......................... ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǾȈǴȈƥ ǹȏƕ ƾȈLjdzơ ǽƾǟƗ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǞLJƢƬdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ - A/CN.4/544 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ
(DZƢǸǟȋơ DZȁƾƳ ǺǷ Ô ƾǼƦdzơ) ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ
ơƽƢǷƢȇ ȆLJȂNj ƾȈLjdzơ ǽƾǟƗ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ :ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ Ǻǟ ňƢưdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ - Add.1ȁ A/CN.4/539 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ
ÐÐÒ ....................................................................................................... ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ
ÐÒÐ ........................................................................ śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂƥ ƨȈǠƳǂǷ ƨǸƟƢǫ

iii
 ƨdzDŽƬƼŭơ ŚƥƢǠƬdzơȁ ƩƢȈǸLjƬdzơ DzȈǐǨƫ
ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơȁ œȇǁƢǰdzơȁ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ ǹơƾǴƥ ƨǟȂǸů ACP
œȇǁƢǰdzơ ǞǸƬĐơ CARICOM
(ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƢƆǬƥƢLJ) ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ EC
Ƣƥȁǁȁȋ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ECE
ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ ĺǂǣ DZȁƾdz ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƽƢŢȏơ ECOWAS
ƤǴǐdzơȁ ǶƸǨǴdz ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ECSC
ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ EEC
ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ EU
ƨǟơǁDŽdzơȁ ƨȇǀǣȌdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨǸǜǼǷ FAO
ƧǁƢƴƬdzơȁ ƨȈǯǂǸŪơ ƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǵƢǠdzơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ GATT
ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ IAEA
ƢȈƳȂdzȁǁƾȈŮơ ȆȈƟƢǐƻȋ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǘƥơǂdzơ IAH
ňƾŭơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹơŚǘdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ICAO
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ICJ
Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ IMF
ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƷȐǸǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǷȂǰūơ ƨȇǁƢnjƬLJȏơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ IMCO
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ IMO
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DzǸǠdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ILO
ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ IOPC
ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ITLOS
ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ȁƽƾǠƬŭơ ǹȂƦǫơǂŭơȁ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ MFO
ȆLjǴǗȋơ DZƢſ ǦǴƷ ƨǸǜǼǷ :ȂƫƢǼdzơ NATO
ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ OAS
ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ OECD
ȂǤǻȂǰdzơ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ONUC
ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǂǜƷ ƨǸǜǼǷ OPCW
ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ PAHO
ƨǸƟơƾdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ PCIJ
(ǮLJǂŮơȁ ƨǼLJȂƦdzơ) ǁơǂǬƬLJȏơ ǪȈǬŢ ƧȂǫ SFOR
ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬǴdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨǼŪ UNCC
ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ UNDP
ƨƠȈƦǴdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ UNEP
ƨǧƢǬưdzơȁ ǶǴǠdzơȁ ƨȈƥǂƬǴdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨǸǜǼǷ UNESCO
ǹƢǼƦdz Ŀ ƨƬǫƚŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƧȂǫ UNIFIL
ǍŐǫ Ŀ ǶǴLjdzơ ǚǨū ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƧȂǫ UNFICYP
DZƢǷȂǐdzơ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǴǸǟ UNOSOM
Ňƽȋơ ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ śȈǼȈǘLjǴǨdzơ śƠƳȐdzơ DzȈǤnjƫȁ ƨƯƢǣȍ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨdzƢǯȁ UNRWA
ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƽƢŢơ WEU
ȆŭƢǠdzơ ƔơǀǤdzơ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ WFP
ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ WHO
ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ WTO

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iv
AJIL American Journal of International Law (Washington, D.C.)

I.C.J. Pleadings ICJ, Pleadings, Oral Arguments, Documents

I.C.J. Reports ICJ, Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders

ILM International Legal Materials (Washington, D.C.)

ILR International Law Reports (London)

LGDJ Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence (Paris)

P.C.I.J., Series A PCIJ, Collection of Judgments (Nos. 1–24: up to and including 1930)

P.C.I.J., Series A/B PCIJ, Judgments, Orders and Advisory Opinions (Nos. 40-80: beginning in 1931)

P.C.I.J., Series C PCIJ, Pleadings, Oral Arguments, Documents (Nos. 52-88: beginning in 1931)

REDI Revista Española de Derecho Internacional (Madrid)

RGDIP Revue générale de droit international public (Paris)

UNRIAA United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards

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ƩƢLJƢƦƬǫȏơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǜƷȐǷ

.ȆǴǏȋơ ǎǼdzơ Ŀ ƽǂȇ Ńȁ ǥƢºǔǷ ƾºȈǯƘƬdzơ ǹƗ ǽƢǼǠǷ *ƧǁƢNjƛ ǞǷ DzƟƢǷ ǖş śƦŭơ DžƢƦƬǫơ ȁƗ ƨǴŦ ȁƗ ƨǸǴǯ ȄǴǟ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ
.Ǯdzƿ ǥȐƻ ǂǯǀȇ Ń ƢǷ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ ƢȀƬŦǂƫ ƾǫ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ Śǣ ȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǤǴƥ DZƢǸǟƗ ǺǷ ƩƢLJƢƦƬǫȏơ

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.www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htm :ŅƢƬdzƢǯ Ȃǿ ƪǻǂƬǻȍơ ƨǰƦNj ȄǴǟ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǹơȂǼǟ

v
 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
[DZƢǸǟȋơ DZȁƾƳ ǺǷ Ï ƾǼƦdzơ]
A/CN.4/541 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ

ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƢȇƢǣ ȂȈƳǁȂƳ ƾȈLjdzơ ǽƾǟƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ǻǟ ňƢưdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ
[ƨȇDŽȈǴǰǻȍƢƥ :DzǏȋơ]
[ÏÍÍÑ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ Ï]
ƩƢȇȂƬƄơ
ƨƸǨǐdzơ
Î ........................................................................ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ
Ï ............................................................................................ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳơǂŭơ
ƩơǂǬǨdzơ
Ñ Ñ-Î ................................................................................................. ƨǷƾǬǷ
DzǐǨdzơ
Ò ÎÐ-Ò ......................... ƨdzȁƽ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ śƥ ƨǫȐǠdzơ - DZȁȋơ
Õ ÏÕ-ÎÑ ............................................. ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJȍ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ - ňƢưdzơ
ÎÏ ÒÍ-ÏÖ ............ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǥǂǐƫ ƪŢ ƢȀǠǔƫ Ŗdzơ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ ǥǂǐƫ - ƮdzƢưdzơ
ÎÔ ÒÖ-ÒÎ ............................................... ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƽȁƾū ǃȁƢƴƬŭơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ƨdzƘLjǷ - Ǟƥơǂdzơ
ÏÍ ÓÐ-ÓÍ ................................. ƢȀǼǟ ƧǁƽƢǏ ƢǿŐƬǠƫȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ƣđ ǥǂƬǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơ - džǷƢŬơ
ÏÎ ÓÔ-ÓÑ .......................................... ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƩȏƢƷ - DžƽƢLjdzơ

ººººººººººº

ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ

United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.
32, No. 178, p. 387.
Ibid., vol. 298, No. 4301, p. 167.
Ibid., vol. 535, No. 7780, p. 197.
Ibid., vol. 564, No. 621. p. 193.
Ibid., vol. 565, No. 8230, p. 3.
Ibid., vol. 585, No. 8487, No. 147.
Ibid., vol. 588, No. 8525, p. 197.
ÏÑ ǺǘǼºNjơȁ) ƨºȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǹơƾºǴƦǴdz ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷȁ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ śƥ ǩƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÑÖ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ
(ÎÖÒÔ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÏÒ ƢǷȁǁ) ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨƠnjǼŭơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ
ǶºǷȋơ ƾºǓ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ ǹƘnjƥ ƢƆǫƢǨƫơ Dzǰnjȇ ƢǰȈƴǴƥȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ śƥ DzƟƢLJǁ DZƽƢƦƫ
(ÎÖÓÒ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÏÍ ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ) ȂǤǻȂǰdzơ Ŀ śȈǰȈƴǴƥ śǼǗơȂǷ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ǶºǷȋơ ƾǓ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ ǹƘnjƥ ƢƆǫƢǨƫơ Dzǰnjȇ ơǂLjȇȂLJȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ śƥ DzƟƢLJǁ DZƽƢƦƫ
(ÎÖÓÓ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ Ð ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ) ȂǤǻȂǰdzơ Ŀ śȇǂLjȇȂLJ śǼǗơȂǷ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ǶºǷȋơ ƾºǓ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ ǹƘnjƥ ƢƆǫƢǨƫơ Dzǰnjȇ ǹƢǻȂȈdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ śƥ DzƟƢLJǁ DZƽƢƦƫ
(ÎÖÓÓ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÍ ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ) ȂǤǻȂǰdzơ Ŀ ǹƢǻȂȇ śǼǗơȂǷ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƾǓ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ ǹƘnjƥ ƢƆǫƢǨƫơ Dzǰnjȇ ǡŐǸLjǰdzȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ śƥ DzƟƢLJǁ DZƽƢƦƫ
(ÎÖÓÓ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÍ ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ) ȂǤǻȂǰdzơ Ŀ śȈǣŐǸLjǰdz śǼǗơȂǷ DzƦǫ ǺǷ
ǶºǷȋơ ƾºǓ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ ǹƘnjƥ ƢƆǫƢǨƫơ Dzǰnjȇ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ śƥ DzƟƢLJǁ DZƽƢƦƫ
(ÎÖÓÔ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÕ ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ) ȂǤǻȂǰdzơ Ŀ śȈdzƢǘȇƛ śǼǗơȂǷ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ

1
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ 2

Ibid., vol. 993, No. 14537, p. 243.
A/CONF.67/16.
United Nations, Treaty Series,
vol. 1833, No. 31363, No. 3.
A/CONF.129/15.
United Nations, Treaty Series,
vol. 1924, No. 32847, p. 3.
Ð ǺǘǼºNjơȁ) ǑơǂǬǻȏƢºƥ ƧƽƾȀŭơ ƨȇŐdzơ ƩƢƫƢƦǼdzơȁ ƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ǝơȂǻƘƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢšȏơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÔÐ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ
ÎÑ ƢºǼȈȈǧ) ȆŭƢǠdzơ ǞƥƢǘdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǞǷ ƢēƢǫȐǟ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ DzȈưǸƬdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÔÒ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ
(ÎÖÕÏ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÍ ȅƢƥ ȂǤȈƬǻȂǷ) ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ śƥ ƢǸȈǧ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơȁ DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÕÓ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÏÎ ƢǼȈȈǧ)
œȇǁƢǰdzơ ǂƸƦdzơȁ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ DZȁƽ ƨǟȂǸůȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ śƥ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ȆǷȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÕÖ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÒ ȆǷȂdz) ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơȁ
ººººººººººº

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ººººººº
*ƨǷƾǬǷ
DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠȁ [ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ] ƽƢǼLJƛ ŖdzƘLjŠ
ơƾºǟ ƢºǸȈǧȁ ."ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ƾǼLjȇ ǥǂǐƫ Ǻǟ ƔƢǔǟȋơ
ƽȁƽǁ Ǧǔºƫ Ń ǵƢºǸƬǿȏƢƥ ƧǂȇƾºŪơ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȏơ ǒǠƥ
.DzǠǨdzƢƥ ƧǁȂnjǼŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ńƛ DzȈǴǬdzơ ȏƛ ƨǬǧǂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ
ńƛ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ ƧǂǸƬLjŭơ ƨnjǫƢǼŭơ ȅƽƚƫ ǹƗ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ DzǷƘȇȁ
ŕƷ ƩƢŷƢLjŭơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭơ ʼnƾǬƫ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƮƷ
Ċǥơȁ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ƨLJǁƢǸŭƢƥ ƆȏƢǐƫơ ǂưǯƗ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƨLJơǁƽ ǹȂǰƫ
.ƆƢǠǨǻ ǂưǯƗ ƶƦǐƫ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ
ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƨºȈǠǸŪơ ǹƗ ǩƢȈLjdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨǜƷȐŭƢƥ ǂȇƾƳȁ -Ð
/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢºǯ Ö ƹǁƚºŭơ ÔÔ/ÒÕ Ƣǿǁơǂǫ ǺǷ Ò ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ
:ƪƦǴǗ ÏÍÍÐ ŐǸLjȇƽ
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠǷ ʼnƾºǬƫ ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơȁ DZȁƾdzơ Ȃǟƾȇ ǹƗ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ńƛ
Ŀ ƢºŠ "ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ" ǝȂǓȂŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢēƢLJǁƢŲ ǹƘnjƥ
ƨºȈdzȁƽ ƨºǸǜǼǷ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ŐƬǠƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ǯdzƿ
.ƨǸǜǼŭơ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ
ȄǴǟ Ð ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǎǼȇ "ƨǷƢǟ ƝƽƢƦǷ" ǹơȂǼǟ ƪŢȁ -Ñ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ
ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǡǧ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ Ƥǰƫǂƫ -Ï
:DZƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ DzǠǧ Ŀ DzưǸƬȇ ǥǂǐƫ ǭƢǼǿ
.(Ñ)Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ƾǼLjȇ (Ɨ)
ńƛ ǥǂǐºƬdzơ ƽƢǼºLJƜƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ NJǫƢǼȈLJȁ
.ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǸǜǼǷ
__________
.(ǽȐǟƗ Î ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Ñ)
4
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.(Î)"ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ" ǝȂǓȂǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƽơȂǷ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ
ƨºǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ ƽơȂºŭơ ǽǀºǿ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƫ Ƨƾǟ ǭƢǼǿ ƪǻƢǯȁ
ǂºȇǂǬƫ Ŀ ǂºǜǼdzơ ƾºǼǟ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ
Ȃºǿ ơǀǿ Ɣơǁȉơ DZƽƢƦƫ Ŀ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ǹƢǯȁ .(Ï)ƨǼƴǴdzơ
ȃǂȇȁ .Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ƨǣƢȈǏ
ƔƢȀƬǻơ DzƦǫ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǂǜǻ ƣȂƳȁ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ
ƶȈºǬǼƫ ƢǷƛ ǁǂǬƫ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƨǼƴǴdz ǺǰŻȁ .ńȁȋơ ƧƔơǂǬdzơ
DzºȈƳƘƫ ȁƗ ƆȐºǏƗ Ƣđ ƩƾǸƬǟơ Ŗdzơ ƨǤȈǐdzƢƥ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ
.ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƧƔơǂǬdzơ ńƛ ƢȀƸȈǬǼƫ
ǵƢºǠdz Ƣºēǁȁƽ Ŀ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƢȀƬǷƾǫ ƨȈǏȂƫ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁ -Ï
ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ńƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢnjƬLjŭơ ƤǴǗ (Ð)ÏÍÍÏ
ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ" ƽơȂǷȁ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƫ ʼnƾǬƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ
__________
ƽơƾǟƛ ȃƾdz ƢȀǷƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢLjŭƢƥ ǹƢǼƬǷȏơ ǞǷ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǽĈȂǼȇ *
ƨºǠǷƢŝ ǽơǁȂºƬǯƽ ƤdzƢǗ) ȁƾȈLjȈȇƢǯ ǾȈLJȂƻ ƾȈLjdzơ ǺǷ Dzǯ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ
(ơDŽºȈƥ ƨºǠǷƢŝ ǽơǁȂƬǯƽ ƤdzƢǗ) ȂǤȇǁȁƽ ȂǻƢǨȈƬLJ ƾȈLjdzơȁ (ńȁȋơ džȇǁƢƥ
ǢǼºLJ ƢǰȈNjƗ ƧƾȈLjdzơȁ (ƢLjǻǁȂǴǧ ƨǠǷƢŝ ƮƷƢƥ) ŖȈnjdzƢƥ ȂdzȁƢƥ ǁȂƬǯƾdzơȁ
.(ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ ƨǠǷƢŝ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵȂǴǠdzơ Ŀ ǽơǁȂƬǯƽ ƨƦdzƢǗ)
.ÒÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÎ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Î)
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÏÔ śºƥ ƩƾºǬĄǟ Ŗºdzơ ƩƢLjºǴŪơ Ŀ ƢƆǏȂǐƻ (Ï)
ƨºȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ) ÏÍÍÐ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ñȁ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ
.(ÏÎ-ÎÑ ƩƢLjºǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ
.ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ DzƟƢLjŠ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ ȏƛ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ DzōǴŢ Ǻdzȁ
ÎÍÖ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÏ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Ð)
ǺǷ ƿȂƻƘǷ ǾȈǴȇ ȅǀdzơ DžƢƦƬǫȏơȁ .ÑÕÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÎÐ Ǎȁ ÑÓÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
.ƧŚƻȋơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
5 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơ
ƨdzȁƽ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ śƥ ƨǫȐǠdzơ
śǻƢǰŭơ Ȑǯ Ŀȁ .(Ô)(Bankoviü) NJƬȈǧȂǰǻƢƥ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ǹƢLjǻȍơ
ńƛ ǥǂǐºƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ƤŸ ǾǻƘƥ ƢȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƥ ǝǁǀƫ
ǺºǷ džȈºdz ǾǻƗ ǞǷȁ .(Õ)ǹȂǟƾŭơ DZȂǬȇ ƢǸǯ ƢȀȈdzƛ džȈdzȁ ȂƫƢǼdzơ
ƽƢǼºLJƛ ǹƛ DZȂºǬdzơ ǺǰŻ ǾǻƜǧ ƢǼǿ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ƨnjǫƢǼǷ ƤLJƢǼŭơ
Ʃơƿ ƽƢǼºLJƛ ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ ƾǠƦƬLjȇ ȏ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ƢǷ ǥǂǐƫ
ǵƾǟ řǠȇ ȏ ƨdzȁƽ ńƛ ƽƢǼLJȍơ ǹƜǧ džǰǠdzƢƥȁ ƨdzȁƽ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ
ƨºǴƥƢǬdzơ DZȂºǴūơ ǺǷ ǹƜǧ ơǀǰǿȁ .(Ö)ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ƽƢǼLJȍơ
_________________________________________
ǁǂºǬŭơ ǺǷȁ .ÕÏÓ Ǎ (ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ƾǓ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơȁ
DZȁƾºdzơ ƢºēǁƢƯƗ Ŗdzơ ƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ Ŀ ƢƆƦȇǂǫ ƨǸǰƄơ ǂǜǼƫ ǹƗ
.ƢȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ
Bankoviü and Others v. Belgium and Others, European (Ô)
Court of Human Rights, Grand Chamber, 2001, Application No.
DZȂºƦǬǷ Śǣ ƤǴǘdzơ ǹƗ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz ȃŐǰdzơ ƧǂƟơƾdzơ ƪǼǴǟƗ ƾǫȁ .52207/99
Ŀ ǁǂǬŭơ ǎǻ ƽǂȇȁ .ÏÍÍÎ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÏ ƹǁƚŭơ ǁǂǬŭơ Ŀ
.Rivista di diritto internazionale, vol. 85 (2002), p. 193
ljŚǯ ƾȈLjdzơ ƢȀǷƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǨnjdzơ ƨǠǧơǂŭơ ńƛ Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǺǰŻ (Õ)
ƨȈǟȁǂnjºǷ) ÎÖÖÖ ȂȇƢºǷ /ǁƢȇƗ ÎÏ Ŀ ơƾǼǯ ƨǷȂǰƷ DzȈǯȁ (Kirsch)
Ʃơƿ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ Higgins ǂnjǻ ƾǫȁ ž((ơƾǼǯ ƾǓ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ) ƧȂǬdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ
“The responsibility of States members for the defaults of Ŀ ƨǴǐºdzơ
ńƛȁ international organizations: continuing the dialogue”, p. 447
ǞºǘǬŭơ ǂǜǻơ) NJƬȈǧȂǰǻƢƥ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǺǷ ƨǷƾǬŭơ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ
“Chronique de jurisprudence Ŀ Weckel Ǿººƥ ƾȀnjººƬLJơ ȅǀººdzơ
ƾǼLjºĄȇ ȏƘºƥ ȃƽƢǻ ǺŲ ǹƢǯȁ .(ȅƾǬǻ ǪȈǴǠƫ ǞǷ internationale”, p. 446
Pellet ȂƫƢºǼdzơ ńƛ ȏƛ (ȂƫƢǼdzơ) ȆLjǴǗȋơ DZƢſ ǦǴƷ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƩơȂǫ ǥǂǐƫ
“L’imputabilité d’éventuels actes illicites: responsabilité de l’OTAN Ŀ
“Kosovo and the Ŀ Stein Dz Ɗ ºƦƎǫȁ .ou des États membres”, p. 199
international communityʊthe attribution of possible internationally
wrongful acts: responsibility of NATO or of its member States?”, pp.
DzȈǸŢ ƾǠƦƬLJơ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ȂƫƢǼdzơ ńƛ ȂƫƢǼdzơ ƩơȂǫ ǥ
Ą ǂǐƫ ƾǼLjĄȇ ǹƘƥ 189–190
ȄǴǟ Ƣđ (ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ) DzǸƬƄơ Ȇǟƾŭơ ǥơǂƬǟơ ǵƾǟ" ƤƦLjƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȂƫƢǼdzơ
Droit ǾººƥƢƬǯ Ŀ Verhoeven ǂº ºǰǻƗȁ .(ibid., p. 192) "Ȃº
ºƸǼdzơ ơǀº
ºǿ
ƽƾºNjȁ .ȂƫƢºǼǴdz ƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ÓÎÐ Ǎ international public
“Cour européenne des droits de l’homme et droit Ŀ Cohen-Jonathan
international général (2000)”, Annuaire français de Droit international,
ƾºǼǟ ȂƫƢǼdzơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȐǬƬLJơ ȄǴǟ ÓÐÏ Ǎ vol. 46 (2000)
.ȂƫƢǼdzơ ƨǷȂǜǼǷ ǺǸǓ DZƢǸǟƘƥ ƢȀǷƢȈǫ
ǁǂǔdzơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍƢƥ Ȃdzȁ Ritter ƨƴūơ ǽǀǿ Ǻǟ Ǟǧơƽ ǹƗ ǪƦLJ (Ö)
“La protection diplomatique à l’égard d’une Ŀ (dommage)
ƨºȈǼǠŭơ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ƪƷǂƬǫơȁ .organisation internationale”, pp. 444–445
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƛ" ƧǁƢƦǟ Ʊơǁƽƛ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǘƥơǂƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨdzƔƢLjŠ
ƨǸǜǼŭ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨǴƻơƾƬǷ ȁƗ ƨǴǐǨǼǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȅƗ ƾǠƦƬLjƫ ȏ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
"ǝȁǂnjºŭơ Śºǣ DzºǠǨdzơ ƣƢºǰƫǁơ Ŀ ƪǸȀLJƗ ƾǫ ǹȂǰƫ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ
(International Law Association, Report of the Seventieth Conference
.held in New Delhi, 2–6 April 2002, p. 797)
DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƢēƾǸƬǟơ Ŗdzơ ƽơȂŭơ ȅȂƬŢ -Ò
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ
ƽơȂºŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ǞǷȁ .(Ò)(ÎÎ-Ñ ƽơȂŭơ) ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǥǂǐƫ ƽƢǼLJƜƥ
Ŀ ǞºǓȂƫ ǹƗ ƤºŸ ǾǻƜǧ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭƢƥ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ
ńƛ ƽƢǼºLJȍƢƥ ƨǴǐºdzơ Ʃơƿ DzƟƢLjŭơ ƨnjǫƢǼǷ ƾǼǟ ǵƢƬdzơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ
Ŀ ǩƢLjƫȏơ ƤǴǘƬȇȁ .ƨȈǼǠŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǽǀŮ ƨȇǃơȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ɨǂǘȇ ŚȈǤƫ ȅƗ ƾŸ ǹƗ ƨǼƴǴdzơ DzǸǟ
DZȁƾºdzƢƥ DzǐºƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ DzȈǫ ƢǷ ƨǣƢȈǏ ȄǴǟ ŕƷȁ ƲȀǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǩȁǂǨdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭƢƥ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƩƢǧȐƬƻȏơ Ŀ ǽǁŐȇ ƢǷ
.ǂǿȂŪơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
ƨºdzȁƽ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǾǻƗ Ɣǂŭơ ǑǂƬǧơ ơƿƜǧ -Ó
ƽƢǼºLJȍ ĺƢŸȍơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ǹƜǧ ƪǫȂdzơ Ʃơƿ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛȁ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ DzƯƢŲ œǴLJ ǁƢȈǠǷ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȈLJ ƨdzȁƽ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ
ƧŚưºǯ ƩȏƢºƷ Ŀȁ .ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛ Ǿƫơƿ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƜƥ
śºǠǷ ǥǂǐƫ ƾǼLjĄȇ Dzǿ Ȇǿ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹȂǰƬLJ
ȄǴǟ .Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǍƢƼNjƗ ǺǷ ǭơƿ ńƛ DzȇƾƦǯ ȁƗ ơǀǿ ńƛ
ȄǴǟ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ńƛ ƾǼLjȇ ǹƗ ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ ƱƢƬŹ ȏ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ǹƗ
ǃƢºȀƳ ƔƢnjºǻƛ śƬdzȁƾdz ǺǰŻ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ .ǂǐūơ DzȈƦLJ
.śƬdzȁƾºdzơ ƢƬǴǯ ńƛ Ǿǧǂǐƫ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǺǷ ǵƢǟ ǾƳȂƥ ƾƥ ȏ ǭǂƬnjǷ
ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƾǼLjȇ ƩȏƢƷ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ǺǰŻ DzưŭƢƥȁ
.ƢȀƟƢǔǟƗ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ƾƷơȁ ńƛ ƪǫȂdzơ Ʃơƿ Ŀȁ
ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƭƾƷ ƢǸȈǧ DzưǸƬȇ ȆƳƿȂŶ DZƢưǷ ǭƢǼǿȁ -Ô
ơǀǿ ǁƢƯƗ ƾǫȁ .ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ȆǓơǁƗ Ǧǐǫ ǺǷ
ƾǼLjĄȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ŀ ƧŚưǯ ƩƢnjǫƢǼǷ ȅǂǰLjǠdzơ DzǸǠdzơ
.ƢȀƟƢǔºǟƗ Dzǯ ȁƗ ǒǠƥ ńƛ ǵƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ơǀǿ
ƨǸǜǼǷ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟƗ Ƨƾǟ ȄǴǟ ȃȁƢǟƽ ƪǠǧǁ ǦǐǬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ
ƢȇƢǔǫ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǵƢǷƗ (ȂƫƢǼdzơ) ȆLjǴǗȋơ DZƢſ ǦǴƷ
ǩȂºǬū ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǵƢǷƗȁ (Ó)ƧȂǬdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ƨȈǟȁǂnjǷ
__________
.ÔÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÐÎ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÎ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Ò)
Ï Ŀ ǺȇǁƽƢºǏ śǸǰƷ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǹƗ ǞǷ (Ó)
(Legality of :ƨǸǰƄơ DZȁƾƳ ǺǷ śȇȂǟƽ ȆǨǴǷ ƪǬǴǣƗ ÎÖÖÖ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ
Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Spain), Provisional Measures, Order of 2
ibid. (Yugoslavia v. United ȁ June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999, p. 761
:ƨºǬdzƢǟ DZơDŽºƫ ȏ ȃǂƻȋơ ňƢǸưdzơ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ ǹƜǧ States of America), p. 916
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơȁ žÎÏÑ Ǎ (ƢºǰȈƴǴƥ ƾºǓ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ
(ƢLjǻǂǧ ƾǓ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơȁ žÏÒÖ Ǎ (ơƾǼǯ ƾǓ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ)
ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơȁ žÑÏÏ Ǎ (ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƾǓ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơȁ žÐÓÐ Ǎ
ƾºǓ ƢȈǧȐºLJȂǣȂȇ) ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơȁ žÑÕÎ Ǎ (ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ ƾǓ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ)
žÓÒÓ Ǎ (DZƢºǤƫŐdzơ ƾǓ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơȁ žÒÑÏ Ǎ (ơƾǼdzȂǿ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǺºǷ Ǟƥơǂdzơ DzǐǨdzơ Ŀ ƽǁȁ Ƣŭ ƨǴƯƢŲ ǥȁǂǛ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ ƭƾŹ ƾǫȁ
Śºǣ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ ƔDŽŪơ
ńƛ ÎÓ ǺºǷ ƽơȂŭơ Śnjƫ DzǐǨdzơ ơǀǿ ȆǨǧ .(ÎÏ)ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȁƗ ƪǻȁƢǟ" ƢĔȋ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ ńƛ ÎÕ
Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ƪLJǁƢǷȁ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ƪȀƳȁ" ȁƗ "ƩƾǟƢLJ
ȄǴǟ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ƪǿǂǯƗ" ȁƗ "ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ DzǠǧ ƣƢǰƫǁơ
Śºǣ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǽơǂǯȍơ ȏȂdz ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǯ DzǠǧ ƣƢǰƫǁơ
(ÎÐ)
. "ǽơǂǯȍơ ƢȀȈǴǟ DžǁȂǷ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ǻǟ ơƆǁƽƢǏ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjǷ
ƩƾǟƢºLJ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƪǻȁƢǟ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ ǁȂǐƫ ȆǬǘǼŭơ ǺǷȁ
Śǣ DzǠǧ ƣƢǰƫǁơ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ƪLJǁƢǷ ȁƗ ƢȀƬȀƳȁ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ
ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ǁƢºƦƬǟơ ƤŸ ǾǻƜǧ ǾƥƢǰƫǁơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀƬǿǂǯƗ ȁƗ ǝȁǂnjǷ
Ŀ ǂºǜǼdzơ ƤŸȁ .DZȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǬƦǘǼŭơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ Ʃơǀƥ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ
ǺǷ DZȁȋơ ƔDŽŪơ ǺǷ Ǟƥơǂdzơ DzǐǨǴdz DzƥƢǬǷ Dzǐǧ Ŀ ƩȏƢūơ ǽǀǿ
.ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjǷ Śǣ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ
ƽƢǼºLJȍơ DzƟƢLjǷ ƨnjǫƢǼǷ Ŀ ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ǪƯȁƗ ƨǴǏ Ǿdz ƢŲȁ -ÎÍ
DZƢºǠǧƗ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ Ŀ ƽǂƫ Ń ƨǨǴƬű ƨdzƢƷ
ƩŐºƬǟơ ƢºĔȋ ƢºŠǁ ƨǴǐdzơ ȅƿ ǪȈǴǠƬdzơȁ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjǷ Śǣ
ƩƢºǸǜǼŭƢƥ DzǐºƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǂǜǼdzƢƥ ƧǂȇƾƳ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿȁ .ƨȈnjǷƢǿ
ǹƗ ǑǂºƬǨǼǴǧ .ǩƢȈLjdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ȃŐǰdzơ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƢȀƬȈŷȋ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ȄǔƬǬŠ ƢĔƢǰǷƜƥ ƶƦǏƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼŭ ƪdzȂĄƻ ƾǫ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǒǠƥ
ǽǀǿ ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ȃǔǟ Śǣ ƨdzȁƽ ǞǷ ǩƢǨƫơ ǵơǂƥƛ Ǯdzƿ
ǾºƬǷǂƥƗ ǩƢºǨƫơ ƨdzƢƷ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ DZƢưǷ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ǺǰŻȁ .ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ
ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨºǟƢǸŪơ ǾºȈǧ ƽǂºǨǼƫ DZƢů Ŀ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
ǀȈǨǼƫ ǂǷƗ ǭǂĄƫ ơƿƜǧ .ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ DzưǷ ǍƢǐƬƻȏƢƥ
Dzºǫȋơ ȄºǴǟ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǾƬǷǂƥƗ ȅǁƢš ǩƢǨƫơ
ǹȂǠǔºź ȏ Ǻȇǀºdzơ ǭǁƢºǸŪơ ȆǨǛȂǷ DzưǷ) ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƧDŽȀƳȋ
ǩǂºƻ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ŐƬǠƬLJ DzȀǧ (ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǥơǂNjȍ
Ǻºǟ ƨŦƢǻ ƢȀƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰƬLJ Dzǿȁ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠ ƢēƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ŸȆǿ ƢȀǧǂǐƫ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧǂƟơƾǴdz ǵƢǠdzơ ǂȇƾŭơ ǹƜǧ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ǍȂǐşȁ -ÎÎ
ǽǀºƼƬƫ ȅǀdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨǬȇǂǘdzƢƥ ƵǂNj ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭƢƥ
ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƢȀƬƷǂǗ Ŗdzơ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǧȐŬơ Ɣơǃƛ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
śƬdzȁƽ ƾǓ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ŀ ƨƠȈǿ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
:ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ǺȇȂǔǟ
ƩƢǘǴLjƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǵƢǜǼdz "ȆLJƗǂdzơ" DzǰȈŮơ ńƛ [ǂǜǼdzƢƥ]
ǹȂǻƢºǬdz ƧǀǨǼŭơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨǴǷƢǠdzơ (ǭǁƢǸŪơ Ƨǁơƽƛ) ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ
ƨºǟƢǸŪơ ǹƜǧ ǾȈǧ ǍƢǐƬƻȏƢƥ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƽǂǨǼƫ DZƢů Ŀ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ńƛ ƾǼLjƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǽǀǿ DZƢǠǧƗ ǹƗ ȃǂƫ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
DZƢºĐơ Ŀ ƧǀƼƬŭơ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬdzơ Dzǯ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DzǸƸƬdz ƢǿƽơƾǠƬLJơ ƩƽƾƳȁ
__________
.ÐÐ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ Ò ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) ÏÍÍÎ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÏ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÐ)
6
ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ƧƾƷơȁ ńƛȁ ȂƫƢǼdzơ ńƛ řǠŭơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǁȂǐƬǴdz
Ŀ ƪŷƢºLJ ƾǫ Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ DZȁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ƢŮȁƽ
.(ÎÍ)ǽǀȈǨǼƫ Ŀ ȁƗ ȅǂǰLjǠdzơ DzǸǠǴdz ǖȈǘƼƬdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ńƛ ƧƽƢǠdzơ Ŀ ƽȂǬȇ ǥǂǐƬǴdz ƱȁƽDŽŭơ ƽƢǼLJȍơ ǹƛ -Õ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǹƗ ȄºǴǟ .ƧƽƾǠƬǷȁ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȁƗ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ
ƧǁȁǂǔºdzƢƥ ǦǫȂƬƫ ȏ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơȁ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȁƗ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ
ȄǸLjĄȇ ƢǷ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ DZƢưǸǯ ǀƻȋơ ǺǰŻȁ .ƱȁƽDŽŭơ ƽƢǼLJȍơ ȄǴǟ
ƽƢºŢȏơ) ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Dzƻƾƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǘǴƬƼŭơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏƢƥ
ǩƢºǨƫơ ǩǂƻ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ .ƢȀȈǧ ƢƆǧơǂǗƗ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơȁ (ĺȁǁȁȋơ
Ǿºdzȁƽ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ śƥ ǩǂǨȇ ȏ ǖǴƬű
Dzºǯ ƩƢǏƢǐºƬƻơ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzƢƥ ȁƗ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƔơȂLJ - ƔƢǔǟȋơ
ǥǂǘdzơ ȂǔǠdzơ Śǣ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ɣơǃƛ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǰƫ - ƢȀǼǷ
ƾºǓ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ǹƢŭŐdzơ C-316/91 Ƕǫǁ ƨȈǔǬdzơ Ŀȁ .ǩƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ
ƨºǟȂǸů śƥ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ džǴů
ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǟƢǸŪơȁ ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơȁ œȇǁƢǰdzơ ǂƸƦdzơȁ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ DZȁƽ
:ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƪdzƢǫ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
ŐºƬǠƫ ƨƷơǂºǏ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƨȇƾȈȈǬƫ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ
ǂºƸƦdzơ ƨºǬǘǼǷȁ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ DZȁƾdz ƔƢǯǂNj ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ƢŮȁƽȁ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
DZȁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ Ɣơǃƛ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơ ƨǬǘǼǷȁ œȇǁƢǰdzơ
.(ÎÎ)ƧƽȂǬǠŭơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǺǷ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȅƘƥ ƔƢǧȂdzơ Ǻǟ
Ŗºdzơ ƧƾȈƷȂdzơ ƪLjȈdz ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƪưŞ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢūơȁ -Ö
Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ ǥǂǐƫ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƢȀȈǧ ƤƫǂƬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ
.Ȑ
Ɔ ưºǷ ƨdzȁƽ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǍƢƼNjƗ ǺǷ ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj
__________
ƨȇǂǰLjºǠdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ Ǻǟ ơƾǼdzȂǿ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ǂȇǃȁ DZȂǫ ƾƷ ȄǴǟ (ÎÍ)
:ljƢǬǼdzơ ǞǓȂǷ
ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǁơǂǬdzơ ǞǼǏ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ƨǴǷƢǯ ƨǯǁƢnjǷ ơƾǼdzȂǿ ƪǯǁƢNj"
ƨǴǸƸǴdz ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ǥơƾǿȋơ ǡȂǏȁ ƨȇȂŪơ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƤǻơȂƳ ǞȈǸŝ
ǁơǂºǫȁ ƨǴǸūơ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƩƾǼƬLJơ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǴȈǤnjƬdzơ ƨǘŬơ ǞǓȁȁ ƨȇȂŪơ
."DzƷơǂŭơ ǦǴƬű Ɣƾƥ ǁơǂǫȁ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƔƢĔƛȁ Ɣƾƥ
ƣơȂºǼdzơ džǴů Ŀ ƨnjǫƢǼǷ DZȐƻ ÏÍÍÍ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÎÕ Ŀ Ǿƥ Ņ Ɗ ƽƌƗ ǹƢȈƥ)
Tange, “Netherlands State practice for the parliamentary year Ŀ ǂnjĄǻ
.(1999–2000”, p. 196
.ƩơǁơǂºǬdzơ ǀȈǨǼƫ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǶǜǠǷ ƪǯǁƢNj ƾǫȁ
śǐºdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ Ƣđ ƪǷƾǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ǹƗ ǩƢȈLjdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƧǁƢNjȍƢƥ ǁƾŸȁ
ƾºǫ ÎÖÖÖ ȂȇƢºǷ/ǁƢȇƗ Ô Ŀ ƽơǂǤǴƥ Ŀ śǐdzơ ƧǁƢǨLJ ǦǐǬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
(United ƨºȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ śǐdzơ śƥ ȆƟƢǼƯ ǩƢǨƫƢƥ ƪȇȂĄLJ
States Department of State, Digest of United States Practice in
International Law 2000 (Washington, D.C., International Law Institute)
.(http://www.state.gov)
Reports of Cases ÎÖÖÑ DžǁƢºǷ/ǁơƿƕ Ï Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ Ƕǰūơ (ÎÎ)
before the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance (1994–3),
.pp. I-661–662 (recital 29)
7 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
Ǯdzƿ ƾǯƚƫ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơȁ .ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjƛ ƢǼǿ ƽǂƫ ȏȁ
ǩƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjƛ ȄǴǟ ǁȂưǠdzơ ǺǰŻ ȏ Ȑ Ɔ ưǸǧ
ǾƦƳȂŠ ƪƠnjǻƗ ȅǀdzơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơȁ ȆǴȈNj śƥ ǵŐŭơ ǍƢŬơ
ƨºǴŦ ǺǷ ƾǯƘƬǴdz ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ Ŀ ƨǏƢƻ ƨǧǂǣ
:ƢȀǼǷ ǁȂǷƗ
ǍƢƻ ǾƳȂƥȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƢēƢǷơDŽƬdzƢƥ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƪǷDŽƬdzơ Dzǿ
ƨǘnjǻƗ Ŀ ǥƢȈLjdzơ ǮǸLjǴdz ƨȇƢǸūơ ǹƢǸǔƥ ƢȀǼǷ ÎÎÖ ńƛ ÎÎÓ ǺǷ ƽơȂŭơ
Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ƢŮȁƽ ǺǷ ȅƗ ǶǴǠdz ƨǠǧơǂdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ Ƣđ ǞǴǘǔƫ Ŗdzơ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǏ
.(ÎÔ)ȆǴȈnjdz ƨǐdzƢŬơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǬǘǼǸǴdz ƨŨƢƬŭơ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ŅƢǟƗ
ǑȁǂǨŭơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ƨǷȂǟDŽŭơ DZƢǨǣȍơ ƩȏƢƷ DzǸnjƫȁ
.ƨȈǼǠŭơ ǺǨLjdzơ ƢȀȈdzƛ ȆǸƬǼƫ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ƢǿǀƼƬƫ ǹƗ
ǥǂǐƬdzƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ɣơǃƛ ƨǷDŽƬǴǷ Ȃǔǟ ƨdzȁƽ ǹȂǯ ǹƛ -ÎÐ
ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ǭȂǴLjdzơ ǹƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ řǠȇ ȏ śǠǷ Dzǰnjƥ
ƨºǘǬǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ƪƸǓȁƗ ƾǫȁ .ƨdzȁƾdzơ ńƛ džȈdzȁ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ƾǼLjȇ
ƾǓ M. & Co. ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬū ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƔȐŝ
ǾƫǁƾºǏƗ ǶºǰƷ ƿƢǨǻƜƥ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǵƢȈǬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ
:ƨȈǻƢŭƗ ƨǯǂNj ƾǓ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ
ǎºƸǨdz ȆǐºƼNj ǍƢǐƬƻƢƥ ƢȀǠƬŤ ǵƾǟ ńƛ ȏƆ ȁƗ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Śnjƫ
Ǯºdzƿ ǹƗ ȏƛ ... ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƩƢǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ Ʃơǁơǂǫȁ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ
ƧȂǬdzơ ƢȀƸǼǷ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ƪǧǂǐƫ ƾǫ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǹƗ řǠȇ ȏ
ƨȀȈƦºNj ƧDŽȀƳƗ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǺǷ ǁƽƢǏ Ƕǰū ƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơ
ƢȀºLJǁƢŤ Ŗdzơ ƨƥƢǫǂdzơ ǩƢǘǻ ƱǁƢƻ ǁƾǬdzơ Ǯdzǀƥ ǞǬƫ ƢĔƗȁ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƧDŽȀƳƘƥ
.(ÎÕ)ƨȇƾȈǴǬƬdzơ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ
__________
Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Swordfish (ÎÔ)
Stocks (Chile/European Community), Order of 20 December 2000,
.ITLOS Reports 2000, pp. 149–150
Ƕºǫǁ ƤºǴǘdzơ ǹƘnjºƥ ÎÖÖÍ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj Ö ƹǁƚǷ ǁơǂǫ (ÎÕ)
ƧǁƢNjȍƢƥ ǁƾŸȁ .Decisions and Reports, vol. 64, p. 144 ÕÔ/ÎÐÏÒÕ
ƣǂºǠƫ Ń ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨǸǴdz ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơ Śǣ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǾǻƗ
ƾºǓ ǹȁǂǯ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ǦdzƢű ȅƗǁ Ǻǟ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƩƢǟƢǸƴǴdz DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ
Krohn & Co. v. Commission of the ) ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƩƢºǟƢǸŪơ ƨȈǓȂǨǷ
European Communities, case 175/84, Reports of Cases before the Court
ǹƗ ƢĔȐǟƜƥ (of Justice and the Court of First Instance (1986–2), p. 768
ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢºƥ ǾºƬƦdzƢǘǷ DzȈǴǠƬdz Ȇǟƾŭơ Ǿƥ ƲƬƷơ ȅǀdzơ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ ǥǂǐƬdzơ"
ǹƢºǯ ȅǀºdzơ (Bundesanstalt) ňƢŭȋơ ȅƽƢŢȏơ ƾȀǠŭơ ńƛ ƾǼLjȇ ȏƗ ƤŸ
ǹƗ ǞºǷȁ ."ƢȀLjºǨǻ ƨȈºǓȂǨŭơ ńƛ Dzƥ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƬdz DZƢưƬǷȏơ ƢƆǷăDŽǴǷ
ǁƢºƦƬǟơ ńƛ ȃDŽºǠȇ ȏ ǂǷȋơ ơǀǿ ǹƜǧ ƆƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƩŐĄƬǟơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ
ǹƘƥ DzƟƢǬdzơ ȅƗǂdzơȁ .ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨǸǴdz ƨǠƥƢƫ ƨƠȈǿ ňƢŭȋơ ȅƽƢŢȏơ ƾȀǠŭơ
ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨǸǴdz ƨǠƥƢƫ ƩƢƠȈǿ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ DzǸǠƫ ȏ DZȁƾǴdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ
“International organizations and Ŀ Ǯdzƿȁ Scobbie ơƆǂƻƚǷ ǽƾȈǯƘƫ ƽƢǟƗ
žCohen-Jonathan, loc. cit., p. 623ȁ žinternational relations”, p. 892
Ŀ Klein ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ NJǫƢǻȁ .ÑÑÔ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Weckelȁ
La responsabilité des organisations internationales dans les ordres
Ŀ Klabbersȁ juridiques internes et en droit des gens, pp. 385–386
.An Introduction to International Institutional Law, pp. 307–308
ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ȃȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ Ʃǀţơ ƔơȂLJ ƨȈǯǂǸŪơ ƩȐȈȀLjƬǴdz ƽƾƄơ
.(ÎÑ)ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ȃȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ
ǑȁǂºǨŭơ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƆƢǼǸǓ ƲȀǼdzơ ơǀǿ Śnjȇȁ
Ǻºǟ DZȁƾºdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨdzȁƽ ńƛ ǽƽƢǼLJƛ
ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ Ɔȏƾƥ ƾǼLjȈLJ ƆƢȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjǷ Śǣ DZƢǠǧƗ
ƽƢǠƦƬºLJơ ǺºǰŻ ȏȁ .ǍƢǐºƬƻȏƢƥ ƢǿƽơǂǨǻơ ƤƦLjƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
DZƢºů Ŀ ƨºǴǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǏƢƻ ƩơǁȂǘƫ ƭȁƾƷ
ƨºǏƢƻ ƾºǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ńƛ ƨƳƢƷ ȏ ǾǻƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ .DzǷƢǰƬdzơ
.ƩȏƢºūơ ǽǀºǿ DzºưǷ Ŀ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƾȈǯƘƬdz ƽƢǼLJȎdz
ńƛ ǥǂǐƫ ƽƢǼLJƛ ȄǴǟ ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǧ
Ŀ ǵơDŽƬdzƢºƥ ƢǷ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƾȀǠƬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǸǧ .(ÎÒ)ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǽǀǿ
ƢºŮȁƽ ǥǂǐºƫ ȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ơǀđ ƾȈǬƬdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ǦǫȂƬȇ ǥȁǂǛ
ǥǂǐºƬdzơ ƿƢºţơ Ŀ ƔƢǔºǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ Ʃǂǐǫ ơƿƜǧ .ƔƢǔǟȋơ
ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ƾǠƬºLJȁ ǵơDŽƬdzȐdz ǭƢȀƬǻơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ǹȂǰȈLjǧ ƤǬƫǂŭơ
.ƆƢǼǸºǓ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ńƛ ƨƳƢƷ ȏ ǾǻƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ .ƨdzȁƚLjǷ
ǥǂǐºƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ȄǴǟ ƧƽƢǟ ǦǫȂƬƫ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƗ ǞǷȁ
(ǽȐǟƗ Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ) Ð ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ Ƨƽǁơȁ ƨǘǬǻ ǽǀǿȁ
.DZơȂƷȋơ ǞȈŦ Ŀ ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ ƭƾŹ ȏ Ǯdzƿ ǹƜǧ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdz ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ǞLJƢƬdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ Ŀ ƽǂȇȁ -ÎÏ
ƽƢǼºLJƛ ȄºǴǟ ȏ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ȄǴǟ DŽǯǂȇ ƲȀǼdz DZƢưǷ ǁƢƸƦdzơ
ƢºŮȁƽȁ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ Ò ƧƽƢŭƢǧ .ǥǂǐƬdzơ
DzƟƢLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƢȀǼǷ Dzǯ ǍƢǐƬƻơ Ǻǟ ǹȐǟȍƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ƔƢǔǟȋơ
:Ó ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƔƢƳȁ .ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz Ǟǔţ Ŗdzơ
Ǫºǧǂŭơ ơǀºǿ ǺǷ Ò ƧƽƢŭơ ȄǔƬǬŠ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ȁȁƿ ǥơǂǗȋơ DzǸƸƬȇ
.(ÎÓ)ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀŮ ǂƻƕ ǭƢȀƬǻơ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ȁƗ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏƢƥ ƔƢǧȂdzơ ǵƾǟ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
__________
ƨdzƢºLJǂƥ ƨǬǧǂǷ ÏÍÍÐ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ Ô ƨƻǁƚǷ ƨȈǷȐǟƛ ƧǂǯǀǷ (ÎÑ)
ƨºȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧǂƟơƾºǴdz ǵƢǠdzơ ǂȇƾŭơ (Michel Petite) ƪȈƬƥ DzȈnjȈǷ ƾȈLjdzơ ǺǷ
(Hans Corell) DzºȇǁȂǯ DŽǻƢºǿ ƾȈLjdzơ ńƛ ƨȀƳȂǷ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭƢƥ
ȅƗǂdzơ ǽǀǿ ǂǜǼdzơ ƨƌ ȀƳȁ džǰǠƫȁ .Ï Ǎ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢnjƬLjŭơ
The European Communities in Ŀ Groux and Manin ǾǼǟ ƣǂǟƗ ȅǀdzơ
.the International Order, p. 144
ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ǫȇǂǧ ǵƢǷƗ ƨȇȂǨnjdzơ ƩƢǠǧơǂŭơ Ŀ (ÎÒ)
ƤȈºLJơȂƸǴdz ƨºǼȈǠǷ ƩơƾºǠŭ ȆǯǂǸŪơ ǦȈǼǐƬdzơ - ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƩƢǟƢǸŪơ
European Communities—Customs Classification of Certain Computer )
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǮNj ǹȁƽ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ ƩƽƾNj (Equipment case
ǪƫƢºǟ ȄǴǟ ȏ ƢȀǬƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ȄǬǴĄƫ ƢŮȂǐƷ DZƢƷ Ŀ ƩƢǯƢȀƬǻȏơ Ǻǟ
Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨƆ ƷơǂǏ ƾǼƬLjȇ ȏ ȅƗǂdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ .śƬȈǼǠŭơ ǺȇȂǔǠdzơ śƬdzȁƾdzơ
.ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ ńƛ DZȁƾǴdz ƨȈǯǂǸŪơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǥǂǐƫ ƽƢǼLJƛ ƨdzȂǬǷ ńƛ
Mixed Agreements as a Technique for Ŀ Heliskoski ƤƬǯ (ÎÓ)
Organizing the International Relations of the European Community
Ǫºǧǂŭơ ǺǷ Óȁ Ò ǹƢƫƽƢŭơ ƢƆLJƢLJƗ ƞnjǼƫ" :and its Member States, p. 165
."ƽƢǼLJȍơ ƨdzƘLjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǭȂǰnjdzơ ƨŪƢǠǷ ǾǼǸǓ ǺǰŻ ƢƆȈƟơǂƳƛ ơǁƢǗƛ ǞLJƢƬdzơ
.ǥǂǐƬdzơ ȏ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƽƢǼLJƛ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƘƥ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ǶȀǨȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ńƛ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǘǴLJ ǥǂǐƫ ƽƢǼLJƛ ȆǤƦǼȇ śƷ Ŀȁ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ƤƫǂƬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ǾǻƜǧ ǝƢǓȁȋơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸĐơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ
.ǽȐǟƗ ƢȀȈǧ ǂǜǼdzơ Ļ Ŗdzơ ƣƢƦLJȌdz ƨǸǜǼŭơ
_________________________________________
ƾºȈǯƘƬdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹȁƚnjǴdz ƾǟƢLjŭơ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ (Ralph Zacklin) ǺǴǯơǃ
ǹƗ ȄºǴǟ ƢȀLjºǨǻ ƨȈǔºǬdzơ Ǻºǟ ÎÖÖÕ ȂȇƢǷ /ǁƢȇƗ Ñ ƨƻǁƚǷ ƨdzƢLJǁ Ŀ
ǞƥƢƬdzơ ǺǷȋơ džǴů ǺǷ ƨǓȁǂǨŭơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ ƩơƔơDŽŪơ ƿƢǨǻƛȁ ǪȈƦǘƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ"
."DZȁƾdzơ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ǞǬƫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz
ňƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJȍ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ
ƶǴǘǐºǷ ƨºǸǰƄơ ƪǷƾƼƬLJơ ƾǫȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ǞƥƢƫ ǃƢȀƳ
ǞƬǸƬȇ ȏ ȁƗ ǞƬǸƬȇ ǎƼnjdzơ ǹȂǰdz ƢƆǷƢǸƬǿơ ǂǠƫ Ńȁ "śǨǛȂŭơ"
ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨȈǔǫ ǹƘnjƥ ƢǿơȂƬǧ Ŀȁ .Ȇũǁ DŽǯǂŠ
ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ƢŮȁƢǼƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩǁƢNjƗ
ȅǀºdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ȃȂǟƽ Ǟǧǁ ȄǴǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƧǁƾǬƥ
:ƨǴƟƢǫ ƢȀȈǨǛȂǷ ǺǷ ǦǛȂŠ ǪƸǴȇ
ȅƗ ǾºǻƘƥ ȅƗ ǪǴǘǷ ŘǠǷ ǞLJȁƘƥ "ǦǛȂǷ" ƨǸǴǯ ƨǸǰƄơ ǶȀǨƫ
ǹƢǯ ƔơȂLJȁ ǂƳƗ ƔƢǬdz DzǸǠȇ Ȇũǁ Śǣ ȁƗ ƢƆȈũǁ ƢƆǨǛȂǷ ǹƢǯ ƔơȂLJ ǎƼNj
ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ƧDŽȀƳƗ ǺǷ ǃƢȀƳ ǾȈdzƛ DzǯȁƗ ƨǸƟơƽ Śǣ ȁƗ ƨǸƟơƽ ƨǨǐƥ ƢƆǷƾƼƬLjǷ
ǎƼºNj ȅƗ Ȃºǿ ǁƢǐƬƻƢƥȁ .ƢȀƟơƽƗ Ŀ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ ȁƗ ǾǨƟƢǛȁ ȃƾƷƛ ƔơƽƗ
.(ÏÐ)ǾdzȐƻ ǺǷ ǃƢȀŪơ DzǸǠȇ
ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƧƽƢºŭơ ǺǷ ÏÏ ƾǼƦdzơ ǩƢƦǘǻơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǬƷȐdzơ ȃȂƬǨdzơ Ŀȁ
:ǾǻƗ ńƛ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩǁƢNjƗ ƢēƢǻƢǐƷȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩơǃƢȈƬǷơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩǂǘǓơ ƾǬǧ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ǺǷ ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǸǴdz ƢƆǬƦǗ
Ŀ ƾºȇơDŽƬǷ Dzǰnjƥ ƩȁƢǨƬƫ - ƩƢǸȀǷ DzǯȂƫ ǹƗ ńƛ ǞǫơȂdzơ Ŀ ƩƢƦLJƢǼǷ Ƨƾǟ Ŀ
.(ÏÑ)ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ȆǨǛȂǷ DŽǯǂŠ ǹȂǠƬǸƬȇ ȏ ǍƢƼNjƗ ńƛ - ƢȀƬǠȈƦǗ
ȃȂƬǨdzơ Ŀ ƨǸǰƄơ Ʃǂǯƿ ƩƢǻƢǐūơȁ ƩơǃƢȈƬǷȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ
:ƢȀLjǨǻ
Ǻºǰdzȁ ȅǁơƽȍơ ǶǿDŽǯǂǷ Ŀ ǖǬǧ džȈdz ǺǸǰȇ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǂǿȂƳ ǹƛ
.(ÏÒ)ǶȀƬǸȀǷ ƨǠȈƦǗ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ
__________
Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the (ÏÐ)
.United Nations, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 177
Applicability of Article VI, Section 22, of the Convention on (ÏÑ)
the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, Advisory Opinion,
.I.C.J. Reports 1989, p. 194, para. 48
.Ibid., para. 47 (ÏÒ)
8
ƢǿƾºƦǰƫ Ļ Ŗºdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ȃȂǟƾdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ DzƯƢŲ Dzǰnjƥȁ
ļȂƦȈƳ Ŀ ƨǼȈǨLJ ǂȀǛ ȄǴǟ ƨƸǴLJƗ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ ȃȁƾƳ ǵƾǟ ƤƦLjƥ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋƢƥ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹȁƚnjdzơ ƤƬǰǷ ƧǂǯǀǷ Ŀ ƽǁȁ
ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ǺǷȋơ džǴů ǾǓǂǨȇ ȅǀdzơ ǂǜūơ ǀȈǨǼƫ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǞǬƫ
ȅƗ ǦȈdzƢºǰƫ DzºǸŢ Ǻǟ Ǯdzǀdz ƢƆǠƦƫ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ
.(ÎÖ)ǂǜƸǴdz DZƢưƬǷȏơ ǹƢǸǔdz ƢƆȇǁȁǂǓ ǽơǂƫ ǍƢƻ ƔơǂƳƛ
__________
śºǷȋơ ńƛ ƨȀƳȂǷ ÎÖÖÒ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÎ ƨƻǁƚǷ ƧǂǯǀǷ (ÎÖ)
ǶǷȌdz ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈdzȂūơ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩƢȈǸǴǠdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƾǟƢLjŭơ ǵƢǠdzơ
United Nations Juridical Yearbook, 1995 (United ) ÎÖÖÒ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ
Ǧºdzơǁ ƾȈLjdzơ ǁǂǯȁ .(Nations publication, Sales No. E.01.V.1), p. 465
DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ -ÎÑ
ƢƆLJƢLJƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǦǫȂƬȇ (ÏÍ)ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ
ǺºǷ" ǾǻƘƥ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ǾǼǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǹƢȈǰdzơ ȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơ ǦǏȁ ȄǴǟ
śǠǷ ƶǴǘǐǷ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ȄǴǟ ƽƢǼLJȍơ ƾǸƬǠȇ ƢǸǴǫȁ ."ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƧDŽȀƳƗ
džȈdz ǶLJƢūơ DzǷƢǠdzơ ǹƜǧ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ .ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ
ƩǁƢNjƗ ƾǫȁ ."ǃƢȀƳ" ǾǻƘƥ ƢƆȈũǁ ǥǂĄǟ ƾǫ ǹƢȈǰdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ Ȃǿ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ńƛ ƢȀǬȈǴǠƫ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ
ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ .ǶLJƢƷ ǂǷƗ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ơǀȀǯ ǃƢȀƳ ƨǠȈƦǗ ƾȇƾƸƬǧ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƧDŽȀƳƗ DŽǯǂǷ ƾȇƾƸƬdz ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ȆǨǰƫ ȏ ȃǂƻƗ
ƩƢǻƢȈǯ ǦƟƢǛȁȁ DŽǯǂǷ ƽƾƸƬȇ ȏ ǶǜǼdzơ ǒǠƥ ȆǨǧ .ƣƢƦLJƗ ƧƾǠdz Ǯdzƿȁ
ǹȂºǰƫ ǹƗ ǺºǰŻȁ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǥǂǠdzơȁ ƨLJǁƢǸŭƢƥ Dzƥ ƤLjƸǧ ǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥ ƨǨǴƬű
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ǦǓƗ .ƨǴǴǔǷ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ńƛ ơƆǂǐƷ ƧǁƢNjȍơ
ƢƆǨȈǼǐƫ "ƧDŽȀƳȋơ" DŽǯǂǷ ƢŮ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǻƢȈǰdzơ ǦǼǐȇ ȏ ƾǫ ƢǷ ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ
ǹƢȈǯ ƩƢǘǴLJ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ǽǀȀǯ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀȁ .ƢƆƫƢƬƥ ƢȀǨǼǐȇ ȏ ƾǫ ȁƗ ƆȐǷƢNj
ǾǨȈǼǐºƬdz ƨºǸȀǷ ȆǴƻơƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ȃǂƻƗ ƩƢƠȈđ ǾƬǫȐǟȁ ƢǷ
.(ÏÎ)ǾLjǨǼƥ ǦȈǼǐƬdzơ ƨǸȀǷ ȅƽƚȇ Ǻdz ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƜǧ "ǃƢȀƴǯ"
ǹƘnjƥ ŚǜǼdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ DzƯƢŲ ŚLjǨƫ ʼnƾǬƫ ǺǰŻȁ
.ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ
ǩƢưȈǷ ǍȂǐǻ ǒǠƥ ǵƾƼƬLjƫ śƷ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ǂǯǀdzƢƥ ǁƾŸȁ -ÎÒ
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǹƜǧ (ÏÏ)"ƧDŽȀƳȋơ" ƶǴǘǐǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
ǶºLJƢƥ ǹȂǴǸǠȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ DŽǯǂŭ ƢȀưŞ ƾǼǟ ǖǬǧ ƪǸƬǿơ
ǺºǷ ǦƟƢºǛȁ ǾȈdzƛ ƪǴǯȁƗ ƾǫ ǎƼnjdzơ ǹȂǰƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
__________
.ǽȐǟƗ Ò ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÍ)
ÒÐ-ÒÏ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÎ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÏÎ)
.Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ȄǴǟ ǪȈǴǠƬdzơ ǺǷ (ÎÎ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ
"ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ" ńƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǩƢưȈǷ ǺǷ Ô ƧƽƢŭơ Śnjƫ (ÏÏ)
.ÏÖȁ ÏÏ śƫƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƧŚƻȋơ ƨȈǸLjƬdzơ ƽǂƫ ƢǸǯ "ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ"ȁ
9 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ Ǿƫǂǯƿ ƢǷ ǪƦǘǼȇȁ -ÎÕ
DzǸǠȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ȄǴǟ ǶǟƗ Dzǰnjƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋƢƥ
(ȏ ȁƗ ƨǨǐºdzơ ǽǀđ ƪǧǂĄǟ ƔơȂLJ) ƢēDŽȀƳƗ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƢȀǸǜǠǷ
.ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǦƟƢǛȁ ƔơƽƗ ǶȀȈdzƛ DzǯȂȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ śǨǛȂŭơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸůȁ
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÐÍ Ŀ ȅǂLjȇȂLjdzơ ȅƽƢŢȏơ džǴĐơ ǁơǂǫ Ŀ ƽǁȁ ƾǫȁ
:ǾǻƗ ÎÖÖÓ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ /DZȁȋơ
DZƢºǠǧƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ƾǼLjĄȇ ǹƗ ƔǂǸǴdz ǺǰŻ ƨǷƢǟ ƧƾǟƢǬǯ
ǶȀƬºLJǁƢŲ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƢȀȈǨǛȂǷȁ ǞƥƢǘdzơȁ ȃȂƬLjŭơ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƢēDŽȀƳƗ ƩȏƢǨǣƛȁ
.(ÏÖ)ǶēƢǏƢǐƬƻȏ
ǦºǛȂŭơ ȁƗ ǃƢȀŪơ śƥ ƨǴǏ ƽȂƳȁ ƩƢƦƯƛ DzƳƗ ǺǷȁ -ÎÖ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ" ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǶƟȐŭơ Śǣ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȈLJ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơȁ
Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂºdzơ ƧǁƢºNjȍơ ƾºȈǴǬƬdz ƨdzȁƢŰ Ŀ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz "ȆǴƻơƾdzơ
Śºǣ DZƢºǠǧƗ Ǻºǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ
ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƪǜƷȏ ƾǫȁ .(ǽȐǟƗ ÎÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ) ƆƢȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjǷ
:ǹƗ ƨǬƥƢLJ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ
Ɔơǂǜǻ DzǯƢnjŭơ ǒǠƥ Śưƫ ǥȂLJ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz "ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ" ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ
Ŀ Ņȁƽ ƤºǻƢƳ Ǿºdz ȆǴƻơƽ ƤǻƢƳ ȄǴǟ ǾdzƢǸƬNjơ ǞǷ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǹȋ
.(ÐÍ)ȃǂƻƗ ƩȏƢů
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ƧƽƢǟ DzǸǠƬLjŭơ ƶǴǘǐŭơȁ -ÏÍ
ƢºǼȈȈǧ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ (ȅ)Î-Ï ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀȁ "ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ" Ȃǿ
śƥ ƢǸȈǧ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơȁ DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz
ǵƢºǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ) ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ
ơǀºŮ ƆƢºǨȇǂǠƫ ǺǸǔƬƫ Ǻȇȁƾƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƭƾƷƗ Ȇǿȁ (ÎÖÕÓ
:ŅƢƬdzơ ǎǼdzơ ƽǂȇ ƶǴǘǐŭơ
_________________________________________
ǶȈǴLjƬdzơ ǹƗ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ƾǠƥƗ ÐÔÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Klein Ƥǿǀȇȁ
ȅƗǂºdzơ ơǀǿ ƣ Ą ǁƢǬȇȁ .ƽƢǼLJȎdz ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ Ȃǿ ƧǂǘȈLjǴdz ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƨLJǁƢǸŠ
“State fault and the forms and degrees of Ŀ Arangio-Ruiz ȅƗǁ
international responsibility: questions of attribution and relevance”, p. 33
ƽƢºŸƛ Ŀ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƢǿƾƷȁ Ȇǿ "ƢǿŚȇƢǠǷȁ ƨȈǠǫơȂdzơ džȈȇƢǬŭơ" ǹƗ ŐƬǟơ ȅǀdzơ
ƽȂºƳȂƥ ǾǧơǂƬǟơ ǵƾǟ Ƕǣǁ Śƻȋơ Ǧdzƚŭơ Ǧ ĉ Ǽȇ Ńȁ .ƨdzȁƾdzơȁ ƽǂǨdzơ śƥ ƨǴǏ
ǮºǴƬǯ "ƩƢǓơǂƬǧȏơ ǺǷ ƨǴǫ" ƾƟơȂǧ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƽƢǼLJȍơ ƾǟơȂǫ
ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjǷ Śǣ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ ÎÎ-Ñ ƽơȂŭơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ
Arangio-Ruiz, “Dualism revisited: international law and ǂººǜǻơ)
.(interindividual law”, p. 985
“En :ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ ȆǴǏȋơ ǎǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨŦǂƬǷ (ÏÖ)
règle générale, sont imputables à une organisation internationale les actes
ou omissions de ses organes de tout rang et de toute nature et de ses
VPB 61.75 ƨººǬȈƯȂdzơ) agents dans l’exercice de leurs compétences.”
.(ƪǻǂƬǻȍơ ȄǴǟ ȅǂLjȇȂLjdzơ ȅƽƢŢȏơ džǴĐơ ǞǫȂǷ ȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠŭơ
.ÏÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÐÍ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÎÖÕÏ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÐÍ)
ƢºǿơȂƬǧ Ŀ ƆơǂƻƚǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƩǁƢNjƗ ƾǫȁ -ÎÓ
ƨºȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩơƔơǂºƳȍơ ǺǷ ƨǻƢǐūƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǥȐƬƻȏơ ǹƘnjƥ
:ǹƗ ńƛ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ ƨǼƴǴdz ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬǸǴdz
Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ Ǻǟ DŽȈǸƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǺǷ ƨǻƢǐūơ ƨdzƘLjǷ
ƢǿȂǨǛȂǷ ȁƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ DZƢǠǧȋ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƢǿƾƦǰƫ ǶƬȇ ǁơǂǓƗ ȅƗ
.(ÏÓ)ƨȈũǂdzơ ǶȀƬǨǐƥ ǹȂǴǸǠȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ
ƽƢǼLJƛ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ƣēơƿ ȃȂƬǨdzơ Ŀ ǁƢǐƬƻƢƥ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪdzȁƢǼƫȁ
:ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ńƛ ƧŚnjǷ ǥǂǐƬdzơ
Ǻȇǀdzơ ƢǿȂǨǛȂǷ ȁƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ DZƢǸǟȋ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƧƾƦǰƬŭơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DzǸŢ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ńƛ ƤǴǘĄȇ ƢŠǁ ... ƨȈũǂdzơ ǶȀƬǨǐƥ ǹȂǴǸǠȇ
.(ÏÔ)DZƢǠǧȋơ ǽǀǿ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ
DzǸnjȇ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǥǂǐƫ ǹƜǧ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗȁ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ
Ƣđ ǵȂǬȇ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ƨȈǟǂǨdzơȁ ƨȈũǂdzơ ƢēDŽȀƳƗ ǥǂǐƫ ƤǻƢŝ
Śnjȇ ǹƗ ƶǴǘǐŭơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƾǐƌǫ ƾǫȁ .ǶēȏƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ "ƢǿȂǨǛȂǷ"
Ǻȇǂºƻȉơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ńƛ ƆƢǔȇƗ Ǻǰdzȁ śǨǛȂŭơ ńƛ ǖǬǧ džȈdz
ƪǴǯȁƌƗ ǦƟƢǛȁ ȄǴǟ ÅƔƢǼƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨƸǴǐŭ ǹȂǴǸǠȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ
.ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƧDŽȀƳƗ ƾƷƗ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǶȀȈdzƛ
ǹȁƾºȇƚȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƔƢȀǬǨdzơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ǾLjǨǻ ȅƗǂdzơ ƾȇƗ ƾǫȁ -ÎÔ
ǦºǛȂŭơ śºƥ ƨȈǨȈǛȁ ƨǴǏ ƽȂƳȁ ȄǴǟ ÅƔƢǼƥ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ
Ŗºdzơ ƢēDŽȀƳƗ ƾƷƗ DZȐƻ ǺǷ Ǯdzƿ ǹȂǰȇ ƢǷ ƧƽƢǟȁ ƨǸǜǼŭơȁ
ƞnjǼŭơ Ǯǐdzơ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ Śǣ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ȁƗ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƘnjǼƫ
.(ÏÕ)ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz
__________
Difference Relating to Immunity from Legal Process of a (ÏÓ)
Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights, Advisory
.Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1999, p. 88, para. 66
.Ibid., pp. 88–89, para. 66 (ÏÔ)
“International organization and the law of Ŀ Eagleton ŐƬǟơ (ÏÕ)
DzºǸƸƬƫ ǹƗ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǺǷ Ǟă ǫȂƬĄȇ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ" ǾǻƗ responsibility”, p. 387
ǹȂºǨǛȂǷ Ƣºđ ǵȂǬȇ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơȁ ŚǤdzƢƥ ǪƸǴȇ ȅǀdzơ ȃƿȋơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
“The premises of international Ŀ Butkiewicz ǂººǜǻȁ ."[ƢȀȇƾººdz]
ǭȂǴºLJ" Ŀ responsibility of inter-governmental organizations”, p. 123
ǞºǷ) ƨºȈǨȈǛȁ ƨǫȐǟ ȄǴǟ [ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǞǷ] ǹȂǜǧƢŹ ơȂdzơǃ ƢǷ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ
“The Ŀ Tomuchat ȃǂºȇȁ ."(ƢȀȈǧ śǴǷƢǠdzơ ǞǷ ȁƗ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ƨǠƥƢƫ ƧDŽȀƳƗ
ƤºŸ" ǾǻƗ international responsibility of the European Union”, p. 180
ƢºǷ ǁơƾǬŠ śǠǷ ƽǂǧ ǥǂǐƫ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ DzȈǸŢ ǺǷ ǺǰǸƬdzơ
Śnjȇȁ ."ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǮǴƫ ǶLJƢƥ ǥǂǐƬȇ ǹƘƥ ǎƼnjdzơ ǭơǀdz ƢƆǻȁƿƘǷ ǹȂǰȇ
ǞƥƢºƫ ǃƢȀƳ ǾȈdzƛ ƾȀǠȇ ǎƼNj ȄǴǟ "ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ" ƨLJǁƢŲ ǕǂNj ńƛ Ƨƾǟ ǹȂǨdzƚǷ
žÑÑÎ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Ritter Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ ǂǜǻơ .ƢǷ ƨǸȀŠ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz
Pérez González, “Les organisations internationales et le droit de la ȁ
Amerasinghe, Principles of the Institutional Law ȁ žresponsabilité”, p. 88
Sands and Klein, Bowett’s Law ȁ žof International Organizations, p. 241
ǵƢȈǬǯ ƨȈũǁ ƨǴǏ ƔƢnjǻƛ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ǃȂŸȁ .of International Institutions, p. 520
.ƧǂǘȈLjǴdz řǸǓ ƽȂƳȁ ƨƥƢưŠ ƢǷ ƨǸȀŠ ǎƼNj ǦȈǴǰƬƥ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ǞƥƢƫ ǃƢȀƳ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
DZȂºǬȇ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢnjƬLjŭơ ƤƬǯȁ .(ÐÒ)ǽǂȇȂǘƫ
Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ǩȐǘǻơ ƨǘǬǻ ǾǨǏȂƥ ƆƢƦLJƢǼǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǥȂLJ" ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ǹƛ
.(ÐÓ)"ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǺǷ ǑǂǤǴdz ƤLjǻƗ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǞǓȂdz
ƾǟơȂǫ" ǹƘnjƥ ǽȐǟƗ ƽǁơȂdzơ ǦȇǂǠƬǴdz ƨǷƢŮơ ƩƢǸLjdzơ ǺǷȁ -ÏÏ
ǪǬŹ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ .ƨLJǁƢǸǸǴdz ơƆŚƦǯ ƢƆǻǃȁ ǽƙƢǘǟƛ "ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ƢƆȈũǁ ƨdzȂƦǬŭơȁ ƨƠnjǼŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ ƢȀǼǸǔƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ śƥ ƢƆǻǃơȂƫ
ǁȂºǘƬƫ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƨƳƢƷȁ ƨȀƳ ǺǷ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ǥǂǗ ǺǷ
ƢºǿơȂƬǧ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ Ʃǂǯƿ ƢǸǴưǷȁ .(ÐÔ)ƨLjLJƚǸǯ
:ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨȈǔǫ ǹƘnjƥ
Ŀ Ƣºđ ǥǂºƬǠŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁ ǩȂǬūơ ǞȈŦ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǹȂǰƫ śƷ Ŀ
ǦǫȂƬƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ ƨǸǜǼŭơ DzưǷ ƩƢǻƢȈǯ ƩƢƦƳơȁȁ ǩȂǬƷ ǹƜǧ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨƠnjǼŭơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ Ŀ ƢƆǼǸǓ ȁƗ ƨƷơǂǏ ƽƾƸƬȇ ƢǸƦLjƷ ƢȀǷƢȀǷȁ ƢȀǓơǂǣƗ ȄǴǟ
.(ÐÕ)ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ Ŀ ƾLjƴƬȇ ƢǸƦLjƷȁ ƢŮ
ƢǿǀƻƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ ƾƷƗ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ DzưŤȁ -ÏÐ
ƩǂĈLjǧ ƾǬǧ .ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼŭ ƞnjǼŭơ Ǯǐdzơ ŚLjǨƫ ƾǼǟ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ
Ð ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ƢȈƦȈǷƢǻ ƨȈǔǫ ǹƘnjƥ Ƣǿǁơǂǫ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ
:ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƔȂǓ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǩƢưȈǷ ǺǷ ÏÔ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ
ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƧŚưǯ ƨdzƽƗ ƨǴȇȂǗ ƧǂƬǧ ƢǿƽơƾƬǷơ ȄǴǟ ǺǷȋơ džǴů ƩȏȁơƾǷ ǺǸǔƬƫ
ƔƢǔºǟȋơ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ džǴĐơ ƔƢǔǟƗ ƢǿǀƼƬȇ Ŗdzơ ǦǫơȂŭơȁ ƨȈLJƢƟǂdzơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ
ƢƆǟƢǼƬǷơ ǶƟơƽ Ȃǔǟ ǝƢǼƬǷơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ǂLjǨƫ ǦǫơȂǷȁ Ʃơǁơǂǫ Ȇǿ ǹȂǸƟơƾdzơ
ȅǀºdzơ ƔơǂºƳȍơ ơǀǿȁ ... ƢǷ ǁơǂǫ ƿƢţơ ǹȁƽ ƨdzȂǴȈūơ ǵƾǟ Ŀ ƨƦǣǂdzƢƥ ƢƆȈǟȂǗ
__________
ÎÑ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ǺǷ Dzǯ Ƣđ ƪdzƽƗ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ (ÐÒ)
ž(ÑÒ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛȁ ž(ÐÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.14)
ÎÒ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) DZƢǤƫŐdzơȁ ž(ÒÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ƢLjǻǂǧȁ
ǂǜǼdzơ ǃȂŸ ƾǫ" ǾǻƗ ńƛ Śƻȋơ ǹƢȈƦdzơ ǁƢNjƗȁ .(ÏÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.15)
."ȏƆ Ȃſ ǂưǯƗ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǡȂǏ ǥƾđ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ǂǏƢǼǟ Ŀ
Thomas S. R. ) ǢºǼȈƥȂƫ .ǁ .Dž DžƢºǷȂƫ ƾȈLjdzơ ǺǷ ƨdzƢLJǁ (ÐÓ)
ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÖ Ŀ ƨȀƳȂǷ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢnjƬLjŭơ (Topping
ǶºǷȌdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢnjƬLjŭơ DzȇǁȂǯ DŽǻƢǿ ƾȈLjdzơ ńƛ ÏÍÍÐ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ
ƨºƳǁƾdzƢƥ ƨȈǔºǬdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǶȀȇ ƢǷ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨdzƢLJǂdzơ Ŀ ƽǁȁ ƾǫȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ǺǷ ƨƠǧ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨǸǜǼŭơ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjƛ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǬƥȍơ Ȃǿ ńȁȋơ
.ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǮǴƫ "ƾǟơȂǫ"
ƵȂºǓȂƥ ƨdzƘLjºŭơ ǽǀºǿ Ǻºǟ Charles de Visscher ǂĈƦǟ (ÐÔ)
“L’interprétation judiciaire des traités d’organisation internationale”, Ŀ
.p. 187
.ÎÕÍ Ǎ (ǽȐºǟƗ ÏÐ ƨȈºNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1949 (ÐÕ)
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÏÏ ƹǁƚºŭơ ȆƟDŽŪơ ǁơǂǬdzơ Ŀ ǎǼdzơ ơǀŮ ƾȈȇƘƬdzơ ǞǷ ƽƢȀnjƬLJơ ƽǁȁȁ
ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ ƨºǸƟơƾdzơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨºǸǰŰ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢºǐdzơ ÏÍÍÏ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ
ƪǧƢºǓƗ .Horst Reineccius et al v.Bank for International Settlements
ƩƢƦLJƢǼǷ Ŀ ȆLJƢLJȋơ ǾǷƢǜǻ DzȇƾǠƬƥ ǥǂǐŭơ ǵƢȈǫ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇ" :DZȂǬdzƢƥ ƨǸǰƄơ
ǵƢºǜǼǴdz ƨºȈƴūơ ȅƿ ŚLjºǨƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzȈdzƾdzơ Ȃǿ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƧƽƢǷ ǾƳơǁƽƜƥ Ƨƾȇƾǟ
(UNRIAA, vol. XXIII (Sales No. E/F.04.V.15), "ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ȆLJƢLJȋơ
International Council for Commercial Arbitration, ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ žp. 224
.(Yearbook: Commercial Arbitration, vol. XXVIII, 2003, p. 120, para. 43
10
ƨƠnjǼŭơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ "ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ" ŚƦǠƬƥ ǍȂǐŬơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ƾǐǬĄȇ"
.(ÐÎ)"ƢȀȈǧ ƧǂǬƬLjŭơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơȁ ƢŮ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƧƾǸƬǠŭơ Ƣēơǁơǂǫȁ ƢēơǁǂǬǷȁ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz
ǵƢºǠdz ƢºǿǂȇǂǬƫ Ŀ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǾºƬȀƳȁ DZơƚºLJ ȄǴǟ ơƆƽǁȁ -ÏÎ
Ǻºǟ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ ȆǴưŲ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ƣǂǟƗ (ÐÏ)ÏÍÍÐ
ƾºǼǟ ƽơȂºŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ Ŀ ǽȐǟƗ ƽǁơȂdzơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ DzǸǠƬLjĄȇ ǹƘƥ ȅƗǂdzơ
.(ÐÐ)ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ƢǷ ǥǂǐƫ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǷƢǟ ƧƾǟƢǫ ǞǓȁ
śǴưǸŭơ ǒǠƥ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ (ÐÑ)Ǯdzƿ ǥȐƻ ơȁƗǁ śǴưǸŭơ ǺǷ ƨǴǫ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ
ƧƽƢȇǃ ƣȂƳȁ ńƛ ơȁǁƢNjƗ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǬƥȍơ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ơȂǴǔǧ Ǻȇǀdzơ
__________
Î ƧƽƢºŭơ Ŀ ƢƆǨȈǨǗ ƢƆǧȐƬƻơ ǦǴƬű ǦȇǂǠƫ ȄǴǟ ǁȂưǠdzơ ǺǰŻ (ÐÎ)
ƩƢºǸǜǼŭơ ǞºǷ ƢēƢǫȐǟ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ DzȈưǸƬdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ (ÐÑ)Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ Ŗdzơ ȆŭƢǠdzơ ǞƥƢǘdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ǭȂǰǐºdzơ ƨǏƢƻ ƨǨǐƥ ‘ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ‘ ŚƦǠƬƥ ƾǐǬȇȁ"
ƧǂǬƬLjŭơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơȁ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơȁ ƩơǁǂǬŭơȁ ƨȈLjȈLJƘƬdzơ
."ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz
ƧǂºǬǨdzơ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ƢȀǼȈǟ ƨǣƢȈǐdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƪƷǂƬǫơȁ
ƨºȈdzȁƽ ƨºǸǜǼǷȁ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ śƥ ƨǷŐŭơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ (ȅ)Î
ƾǴĐơ ÎÖÕÏ ƨȈdzȂƷ) ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ śƬȈdzȁƽ śƬǸǜǼǷ śƥ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ȁƗ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ
ƲƟƢƬǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǁơǂǬdzơ ǺǷ (Ʊ) Ï ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀȁ .(ÏÓ Ǎ ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ ňƢưdzơ
ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ǽƢš ƢēƢǷơDŽƬdzƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƔƢǧȁ ǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƾȀǠǷ Ƨǁȁƽ Ŀ ǀţơ ȅǀdzơ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
:ŅƢƬdzơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ƵǂƬǫơ ÎÖÖÒ ǵƢǟ ƨǻȂƦnjǴƥ
ƨºǸǜǼǸǴdz ƨƠnjǼŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ ‘ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ‘ ŚƦǠƬƥ ƽơǂȇȁ"
ƢȀºƦƳȂŠ ƧƾºǸƬǠŭơ ƨºǸǜǻȋơȁ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƪƊǴƻƽƌƗ ƩȐȇƾǠƫ ȅƗȁ
ǭȂǰǐºdzơ ǽǀºŮ ƢƆºǬǧȁ ƧǀƼƬŭơ ƨǷDŽǴŭơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơȁ ƩơǁǂǬŭơȁ
."ƨǸǜǼŭơ Ŀ ƧǂǬƬLjŭơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơȁ
.(Institute of International Law, Yearbook, p. 447)
.ÏÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÔ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÐÏ)
ƾȇȂLjºdzơȁ ơƾǼǴLjºȇƕ ǶLJƢƥ ǭǂŶơƾdzơ ǺǷ Dzǯ Ƣđ ƪdzƽƗ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ (ÐÐ)
ǹȂLjºǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ) ƲȇȁǂǼdzơȁ ơƾǼǴǼǧȁ
ƢLjºǸǼdzơȁ ž(ÏÒ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.14) ÎÑ ƨLjǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ
ƢºȈdzƢǘȇƛȁ ž(ÐÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ǹƢƥƢȈdzơȁ ž(ÐÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ơƾºǼǯȁ ž(ÒÕ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ƢLjǻǂǧȁ ž(ÑÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ǹƢºǻȂȈdzơȁ ž(Ïȁ Î ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.15) ÎÒ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
DZƢǤƫŐdzơȁ ž(ÏÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) DzȈƟơǂLJƛȁ (ÎÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ž(ÐÍ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơȁ ž(ÏÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ž(ÑÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) DžȁǁȐȈƥȁ ž(ÑÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛȁ
ƢȈǻƢǷȁǁȁ ž(Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16) ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ǂǐǷȁ
Ȑºȇȁŗǧȁ ž(ÒÐ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.19) ÎÖ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ǹȂȈdzơŚºLJȁ ž(ÏÎ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.21) ÏÎ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
.(ÑÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ǮȈLjǰŭơȁ ž(ÏÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ǹȂƥƢǣ ǹƢȈƥ Ŀ "Ǒ Ɖ ǂǷ Śǣ" ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ơǀǿ ŐĄƬǟơ (ÐÑ)
Ŀ ǀºċƦƄơ ǺǷ ǹƗ ńƛ ǂǜǼdzƢƥ" :(Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.15) ÎÒ ƨLjǴŪơ
ƩƗǁȁ ."ǪºȈƦǘƬǴdz ǺǰŲ ǩƢǘǻ ǞLJȁƗ ƽƢŸƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȇȂǘǼŭơ DzƟƢLjŭơ
ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂǴdz ƶǐǼĄȇ ȏ ǾǻƗ" (ÏÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ƢĔƢȈƥ Ŀ śƬǼƳǁȋơ
."ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ‘ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ‘ ǦȇǂǠƫ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍƢƥ
11 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ƾºǫ DzǸǠƬLjºŭơ ƶǴǘǐŭơ ǹȋ ƨǬȈǫƽ Śǣ "ƩơǁơǂǬdzơȁ ƩơǁǂǬŭơ"
ǺǸǔºƬƫ ǹƗ ƩơǁơǂºǬǴdz ǺºǰŻ ƆȐưǷ) ǦǴƬű ŘǠǷ Ǿdz ǹȂǰȇ
ƨȈŷƗ ƢŮ ƢǷ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǦǴƬű ǹȋȁ (ƩơǁǂǬŭơ
ǵƢǟ ǦǏȁ ƔƢǘǟƛ ńƛ ȆǷǂȇ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ǹƗ ƶǓơȁȁ .ƨƫȁƢǨƬǷ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ
Ŀ ǾƬǣƢȈºǏ ǺǰŻ ǾǻƗ ƾȈƥ .ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ƨǴǏ Ǿdz ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ƣŭ
.DZȂǸnjºdzơȁ ƨǫƾdzơ ǺǷ ŐǯƗ ƨƳǁƾƥ ǶLjƬȇȁ ƆƢȇǂǜǻ ƤLjǻƗ DzǰNj
ȁƗ ǃƢºȀŪơ ńƛ ƤLjºǼĄƫ ǵƢºȀŭơ ǹƗ Ȃǿ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǶȀŭơȁ
ǮǐǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨǸǜǼŭơ Ǿƥ ǵȂǬƫ DzǠǨƥ ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj ńƛ ȁƗ ǦǛȂŭơ
ƨºLJǁƢǸŭơ" ƶǴǘǐºŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǹĊ ƢƯ ǺǰŲ śLjŢ ǭƢǼǿȁ .ƞnjǼŭơ
ǂǐºǼǟ Ȃǿȁ ǺǷDŽdzơ ǂǐǼǟ ȄǴǟ ƽƾnjƫ ƨǣƢȈǐdzơ ǽǀȀǧ ."ƧǂǬƬLjŭơ
ƢƆƷȂǓȁ DzǫƗ Dzǰnjƥ Śnjƫȁ ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ƨǴǏ ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ Ǿdz ƪLjȈdz
ƢǷ ȄǴǟ DzċǔǨĄȇ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .(ÑÏ)ǶǿƗ ȁƾƦȇ ȅǀdzơ ǵƢǠdzơ DZȂƦǬdzơ ǁȁƽ ńƛ
ƾºǫȁ .ŅƢūơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ǺǷ śƦǻƢŪơ ǺȇǀŮ DzƟơƾƥ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ȁƾƦȇ
śƥ ƨǼǰǸŭơ DzƟơƾƦdzơ ǒǠƥȁ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƨǣƢȈǏ ǺǷ Dzǯ Ʃƽǁȁ
.(ÏÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ) ǽƢǻƽƗ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ƨǧȂǬǠǷ DžơȂǫƗ
ƾǟơȂǫ" dz ȄǘǠȈLJ ȅǀdzơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ƽơǂȇƛ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǭƢǼǿȁ -ÏÓ
Ï ƧƽƢºŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ǵƗ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ƽǂȇ Dzǿȁ "ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƪƦdzơ ƘƳǂĄȇ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǺǸǔƬȇ ȅǀdzơ
"ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ" ƶǴǘǐǷ ǹƢǯ ǹƛ ǂưǯƗ ƶǔƬȇ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨdzƘLjŭơ
ǹƗ ǵƗ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ǖǬǧ ǂȀǜȈLJ
ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ .ȃǂƻƗ ǵƢǰƷƗ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ DzǸǠƬLjĄȈLJ ǾLjǨǻ ƶǴǘǐŭơ
ńƛ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǺǷ Ð ƧǂǬǨǯ ƢƆȈdzƢƷ ƵǂƬǬĄȇ ƢǷ DzǬǻ ǺLjƸƬLjĄȇ
.Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ
Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁȁ -ÏÔ
ǃƢȀŪ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǥǂǐƫ ƽƢǼLJƛ ƭƾŹ ƆƢȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ƨȈƟƢǔǫ ǵƗ ƨȇǀȈǨǼƫ ǵƗ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƫ ǦƟƢǛȁ DžǁƢŻ ǃƢȀŪơ ǹƢǯƗ ƔơȂLJ"
ǶȈºǜǼƫ Ŀ ǾǴǤnjȇ ȅǀdzơ DŽǯǂŭơ ǹƢǯ ƢƆȇƗȁ ȃǂƻƗ ǦƟƢǛȁ ƨȇƗ ǵƗ
ƨºǷȂǰūơ ƧDŽºȀƳƗ ǺǷ ǃƢȀƳ ǾǻƗ ǾƬǨǏ ƪǻƢǯ ƔơȂLJȁ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ƩơƾºƷȁ ǺºǷ ƨºȈǸȈǴǫƛ ƧƾƷȁ ƧDŽȀƳƗ ǺǷ ǃƢȀƳ ǵƗ ƨȇDŽǯǂŭơ
ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ȄºǴǟ ƧƽƢºǟ ǪƦǘǼȇ ȏ Śƻȋơ ǦǏȂdzơȁ .(ÑÐ)"ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ǺºǰŻ ǾºǻƗ ƾȈƥ ȃǂƻȋơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǬƥȍơ ǺǰŻȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ǝȂǻ ƾȇƾŢ ǍƢƻ Dzǰnjƥ ƢƆȇǁȁǂǓ džȈdzȁ .ǖLjƥƗ Dzǰnjƥ ƢȀƬǣƢȈǏ
ǺǷ ǂǜƬǼĄȇ śƷ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ƢȀǼǷ ƣƢƦLJȋ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƢȀLJǁƢŤ Ŗdzơ ǵƢȀŭơ
ǥǂǐƫ ǹƜǧ ǽȐǟƗ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ǵƢȀŭơ ǞȈŦ DžǁƢŤ ǹƗ DZȁƾdzơ ǞȈŦ
.DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ȃǂƻƗȁ ƨǸǜǼǷ śƥ ǦǴƬź ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ
__________
ǞǘǬŭơ Ŀ "ǵƢǠdzơ DZȂƦǬdzơ" ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƩǁƢººNjƗ (ÑÏ)
Ŀ Amerasinghe ǁƢºNjƗȁ .(ÏÐ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ) ǽȐºǟƗ Ǿºƥ ƾȀnjƬLjŭơ DZȁȋơ
ńƛ “Interpretation of texts in open international organizations”, p. 200
ǩƢºǨƫȏơ ńƛ ŚƫƢºLJƾdzơ ŚLjǨƫ Ŀ ƨǬƷȐdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ Ŀ ƽƢǼƬLJȏơ" ƧǁȁǂǓ
[ƨºdzȁƾdzơ] ƶƦǐºƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ" DZȂƦǬdzơ ńƛ ǖǬǧ Śnjȇ ǾǻƘǯȁ ơƾƥ ƢŶƛ ."ƢǓǂdzơ ȁƗ
.(ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) "ƨȈLjȈLJƘƫ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ Ŀ ƢƆǧǂǗ
.ǽȐǟƗ Ò ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÑÐ)
Ŀ ǩƢºưȈŭơ ǺºǷ ÏÔ ƧƽƢºŭơ DzȇƾºǠƫ ƾºǠƥ ŚȈǤƫ ǹȁƾƥ ǺǷȋơ džǴů ǾǠƦƫơ
DzȈdzƽȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƔƢǔǟƗ ǥǂǗ ǺǷ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ DZȂƦǬǷ ƔơǂƳƛ Ȃǿ ÎÖÓÒ ǵƢǟ
.(ÐÖ)ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƨǷƢǟ ƨLJǁƢŲ ƽȂƳȁ ȄǴǟ
ƨºdzȁƽ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ DZȂƷ ƢǿơȂƬǧ Ŀ ơƆǂƻƚǷ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩǁƢNjƗȁ
:ńƛ ƶǴLjǷ ǝơDŽǻ Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƸǴLJȋ
ǍƢºƻ ǝȂºǻ ǺǷ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ DzƐưŤ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼŭ ƨƠnjǼŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ ǹƗ
ƨȈdzȐǬƬºLJȏơ ǺºǷ ƨƳǁƾƥ ǞƬǸƬƫ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƩƢǻƢȈǯ ǪǴƻ Ȃǿ ƢȀǧƾǿȁ
ǮǴƫ Śưƫ ǹƗ ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǷȁ .ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ǶȀǧơƾǿƗ ǪȈǬŢ ƨǸȀŠ ƢȀǧơǂǗƗ ƢŮ ƾȀǠȇȁ
ȅƽƢºǟ ǞƥƢǗ Ȃǿȁ ƢȀǠƥƢǗ ƢȀǼǷ ƣƢƦLJȋ ƧƽƾŰ ŚLjǨƫ DzǯƢnjǷ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ
ȅǀºdzơ ǥƾºŮơȁ Ǿƫơƿ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǞƥƢǗȁ ǾLjǨǻ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ȆLjLJƚǷȁ
ƩƢLJǁƢŲ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛ ƨȈdzƢǠǨƥ ƢȀǷƢȀŭ ƢȀƟơƽƗ ƩƢƦǴǘƬǷȁ ƢǿȂLjLJƚǷ ƢŮ ǽƽƾƷ
śºŹ ƢǷƾºǼǟ ƨǏƢƻ ƨȇƢǼǟ ǪƸƬLjƫ ƾǫ DzǷơȂǟ ƢȀǴǯ Ȇǿȁ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
.(ÑÍ)ƨƠnjǼŭơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǮǴƫ ŚLjǨƬdz ƪǫȂdzơ
ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƨǴǏ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƪnjǫƢǻȁ -ÏÑ
ƨȈǴǸǠƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǶǰŞ ƨǴǐdzơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ȏƆ ȁƗ ǽȐǟƗ ƩƢLJƢƦƬǫȏơ Ŀ
ƨºǸǜǼǷ ƩƢȈƷȐǐƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ľ ǺǷȋơ džǴů Ŀ ǁơǂǬdzơ ǞǼǏ
ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ "ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ" ǦȇǂǠƫ ƩǀƻƗ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ
ǵƾƼƬºLJơ Ŗdzơ ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ (ÏÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ) ǽȐǟƗ
ǵơǂºƥȍ ƢēƢȈƷȐºǏȁ ƨºǸǜǼŭơ Ƨǁƾǫ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ƶǴǘǐŭơ ƢȀȈǧ
ƽƢǼLJƛ ǑǂǤdz ƣȂǐƬLjŭơ ǹƢǯ ǹƛ DZƙƢLjƬdzơ ǺǰŻȁ .(ÑÎ)ƧƾǿƢǠǷ
Ŀ ƨLJǁƢǸǸǴdz ƨȈŷƗ ƔƢǘǟƛ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȇȁơǃ ǺǷ ǥǂǐƬdzơ
ƨºǸǜǼŭơ Ƨǁƾºǫ ƨnjºǫƢǼǷ ƨºdzƢƷ Ŀ ȄǘǠĄȇ ƢŲ ŐǯƗ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ
Dzǰnjƥ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǁȂǘƫ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ Ǿǻƛ DZȂǬdzơ ǺǰŻȁ .ƢēƢȈƷȐǏ ȁƗ
ǺºǷ ƧǁȁǂǔºdzƢƥ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ȄǨǠĄƫ ȏ ƞnjǼŭơ Ǯǐdzơ ǞǷ ǪǧơȂƬȇ ȏ
ǾºǻƗ ƾȈƥ .ƢēƢȈƷȐǏ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ Dzǰnjƥ ƢȀǧǂǐƫ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƾǼǟ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ǀƻƗ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǺǰŻ
ǂƯƚƫ ȏ ƨdzƢƷ Ȇǿȁ ƢēƢǘǴLJ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƢȀȈǧ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ DZƢǠǧƗ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ
.ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƽƢǼLJȍơ ƧƾǟƢǫ Ŀ ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ
ǽȐºǟƗ ƽǁơȂºdzơ "ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ƾºǟơȂǫ" ǦȇǂǠƫ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ -ÏÒ
ńƛ ƧǁƢºNjȍơ ǹƛ ƆȏȁƗ .śƬȀƳ ǺǷ ǺLjƸƬǴdz DzƥƢǫ (ÏÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ)
__________
Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence (ÐÖ)
of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding
Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J.
.Reports 1971, p. 22, para. 22
Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in (ÑÍ)
.Armed Conflict, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 75, para. 19
[...] ƔȂºǓ Ŀ" ƞnjºǼŭơ Ǯǐdzơ ŚLjǨƫ ƣȂƳȂƥ ƢŮȂǫ ƨǸǰƄơ Ʃǁǂǯȁ
.(P.76, para.21) "ƨǸǜǼŭơ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ
ǺºǷ ƧǂºǬǧ ǺǸǓ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ "ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ" ƧǁƢƦǟ DzǸǠƬLjƫ (ÑÎ)
ÑÓ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀȁ (ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ƾǬǠdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈǴǿƗ) Ó ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƨƳƢƦȇƾdzơ
ǍƢǐƬƻȏƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫȁ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷƗ)
śƫƽƢºŭơ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƨǬǧơȂŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ (ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ƾǬǠƥ
ÐÓȁ (ƨºưdzƢƯ ƩƢǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƨưdzƢƯ DZȁƽ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƞnjǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ) ÐÒ
.(ƨưdzƢƯ ƩƢǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƨưdzƢƯ DZȁƾdz ƢƆǫȂǬƷ ƞnjǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǦºǛȂŭơ ȁƗ ǃƢȀŪơ Ǯdzƿ ǾǴǤnjȇ ȅǀdzơ DŽǯǂŭơ ǹƢǯ ƆƢȇƗ Ņȁƾdzơ
.ƨǸǜǼŭơ DzǰȈǿ Ŀ ǎƼnjdzơ ȁƗ
Ŀ ǶȀȈºdzƛ ǁƢnjºŭơ ǍƢƼNjȋơȁ ǹȂǨǛȂŭơȁ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ -Ï"
.ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ ƤƳȂŠ ƩƢǨǐdzơ ǮǴƬƥ ǹȂǸLjƬȇ ǺǷ Ƕǿ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
Dzǰnjƥ ‘ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ‘ řǠƫ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǑǂǤdz -Ð"
DZƢºǠǧƗȁ] [ƩơǁơǂºǬdzơȁ ƩơǁǂǬŭơȁ] ƨƠnjǼŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ ǍƢƻ
[ƧǂǬƬLjºŭơ] ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ƨLJǁƢŲȁ ƢŮ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƩƾǸĄƬǟơ Ŗdzơ [ƨǸǜǼŭơ
."[ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ƨdzȂƦǬŭơ]
ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ
ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǥǂǐƫ ƪŢ ƢȀǠǔƫ Ŗdzơ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ ǥǂǐƫ
ƧDŽºȀƳƗ ǶȀƬǨǐºƥ ǹȂǧǂǐƬȇ ƮȈŞ śǨǛȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƨdzȁƽ ƩǁƢǟƗ ơƿƛ
ńƛ ȏ ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ƤLjºǼȇ ǶȀǯȂǴºLJ ǹƜǧ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz śǠƥƢƫ śǨǛȂǷ ȁƗ
.(ÑÔ)ƧŚǠŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ǥǂǐƫ ƪŢ ơƆǃƢȀƳ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ Ǟǔƫ ƢǷƾǼǟȁ -ÐÎ
DzưǸƬƫ ȏ ƽƢǼLJȍƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƜǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ
ǹƛ Dzƥ .ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ ńƛ ǃƢȀŪơ Ǯdzƿ ǥǂǐƫ ƽƢǼLJƛ Ŀ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ
Dzǿ :ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƾǼLjĄȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƾȇƾŢ Ȇǿ ƨdzƘLjŭơ
.ƧŚǠƬLjºŭơ ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǵƗ ƧŚǠŭơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ȇǿ
.(ǽȐǟƗ Ôȁ Ó śƫǂǬǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ) ƱȁƽDŽŭơ ƽƢǼLJȍơ ƽƢǠƦƬLJơ ǺǰŻ ȏȁ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƜƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ƩŚƯƌƗȁ -ÐÏ
DZȐƻ ƨƸǴLjŭơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ǥǂǐƬƥ DzǐƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗ ƨdzȁƽ ńƛ ȁƗ
ǺºǷ ǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .ǺǷȋơ džǴů Ƣđ ǹƿƗ ȁƗ ȄǏȁƗ ƩȐƻƾƫ
ƩƾºƳȁ ǹƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ǺǰŻ ȏ ƩȏƢūơ
ƩơȂǬdzơ ǹƘƥ DZȂǬdzơ ǺǰŻ ȏ ƿƛ .ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǵȂȀǨǷ ȄǴǟ ƨǸƟƢǫ
ǂºǷȋơ ơǀºǿȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǥǂǐƫ ƪŢ ƪǠǓĄȁ Ƣđ ǹȁƿƘŭơ
ƩơȂºǫ ƪǨǐºǫ ƨºȇǁȂǰdzơ ƣǂūơ DZȐƼǧ .ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǽƾǯƚƫ
ƽƢºŢȏơȁ śǐºdzơ ȆǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƢƆǧơƾǿƗ ƆƘǘƻ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƪǴƦǫ śǐdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ
ǂǷȋơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ
ǾǨnjǰȇ ǹƛ ǺǰŻ ƢǸǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DzĈǸŢ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƩơǂƟƢǗ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ ǁơǂǓƗ ǺǷ ǹƢǰŭơ śǟ ȄǴǟ ƾȇƢŰ ǪȈǬŢ
.(ÑÕ)ƢȀƬƯƾƷƗ ƾǫ
__________
.ÒÔ ƧƽƢŭơ ȄǴǟ ǪȈǴǠƬdzơ ǺǷ (Ð) ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÕÑ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÔ)
ńƛ ƢºȀȀƳȁ Ŗdzơ ÎÖÒÍ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÓ ƨƻǁƚŭơ ƨdzƢLJǂdzơ (ÑÕ)
ȅǀºdzơ ȅȂºŪơ ǦǐºǬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ DzưŲ ƤƟƢǻ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ
ƾºǫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ DzưŲ ǹƢǯȁ .(S/1813) ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ȆǓơǁȋơ Ǿdz ƪǓǂǠƫ
ơǀºǿ ǹƘºƥ ƢƆǟǁǀƬǷ (S/1722) ƨǴƯƢŲȁ ƨǬƥƢLJ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǨǻ
.(S/1727) "ƢȇǁȂǯ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ńƛ" ƾǼLjĄȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ǭȂǴLjdzơ
12
ǞºǓȁ ȆºǤƦǼȇ ǽȐǟƗ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǜƷȐŭơ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟȁ -ÏÕ
ńƛ ǥǂǐºƬdzơ ƽƢǼºLJƛ" ǹȂǼǠǷ Dzǐǧ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ
:ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǐdzơ ƵǂƬǬĄƫȁ ."ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ
ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǷƢǟ ƧƾǟƢǫ -Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ"
ƨºȈdzȁƽ ƨºǸǜǼŭ ǞƥƢºƫ ǃƢºȀƳ ǥǂǐƫ ŐƬǠĄȇ -Î"
ǺºǷ ƔDŽŝ ǾȈdzƛ ƾȀǠĄȇ ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj ȁƗ ƢȀȈǨǛȂǷ ƾƷƗ ǥǂǐƫ ȁƗ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ȄǔºƬǬŠ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǮǴƫ Ǻǟ ơƆǁƽƢǏ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǡǧ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǵƢȀǷ
Ŀ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢºǸǜǼŭơ ƢȀǰǴŤ Ŗdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ƨȇƽȁƾƄ ơƆǂǜǻ -ÏÖ
ƧDŽȀƳƗ ƧƾǟƢLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƾǸƬǠƫ ƢǷ ƢƆƦdzƢǣ ǾǻƜǧ ƢȀǧơƾǿƗ ǪȈǬŢ ńƛ ƢȀȈǠLJ
ǒºǠƥ ǞºǓȁ ƩƢǸǜǼǸǴdz DZȁƾdzơ ƧƾǟƢLjǷ DZƢǰNjƗ ǺǷȁ .ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǞǓȁ ǹƜǧ ƆƢǠǘǫȁ .ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǥǂǐƫ ƪŢ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƧDŽȀƳƗ
ơƆǁƢnjƬǻơ ǂưǯƗ ƧǂǿƢǛ Ȇǿ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǥǂǐƫ ƪŢ ƢēDŽȀƳƗ ǺǷ ơƆǃƢȀƳ
.ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǥǂǐƫ ƪŢ ƢēDŽȀƳƗ ǺǷ ơƆǃƢȀƳ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǞǓȁ ǺǷ
ȅǀºdzơ DZȁƾºdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǺǸǔƫȁ -ÐÍ
ǃƢºȀƳ" ƨºdzƢƷ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjƛ Ö ǾƫƽƢǷ Ŀ ńȁƗ ƧƔơǂǫ Ŀ ƾǸƬǟơ
ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹƗ ŐƬǟơƌȁ ."ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǥǂǐƫ ƪŢ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ...ǾǠǔƫ
ǾǠǔºƫ ǃƢȀƳ ƨdzƢƷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǫƢƦǘǻơ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǼƫ ƢȀLjǨǻ
ƧƔơǂºǬdzơ DZȐºƻ ƪƦǘĄNjȁ .(ÑÑ)ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ǥǂǐƫ ƪŢ ƨdzȁƽ
Ŗdzơ ƨǴƯƢǸŭơ ƩơǁƢNjȍơȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ (ÑÒ)ƨȈǻƢưdzơ
.ǥǂǐºƬdzơ ƽƢǼºLJƜƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DzǐǨdzơ Ŀ ńȁȋơ ƧƔơǂǬdzơ Ŀ Ʃƽǁȁ
DžƢLjŭơ ǵƾǟ ǕǂNj ƱơǁƽƜƥ ÒÔ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƧƔơǂǬdzơ ǎǻ ȆǨƬǰȇȁ
ƨºLJơǁƾdz ƢƆºƷȂƬǨǷ DZƢĐơ ǭǂƫ ǾǼǷ ƾǐǬĄȇȁ (ÑÓ)ȃǂƻƗ ǵƢǰƷƘƥ
ȄºǴǟ ǪºȈǴǠƬdzơ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȃǂƻƗ DzƟƢLjǷ
ƨºdzȁƽ ƢºȀȈǧ Ǟǔƫ Ŗdzơ ƨLJȂǰǠŭơ ƨdzƢūơ Ŀ ǃƢŸƜƥ ǂǜǻ ÒÔ ƧƽƢŭơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǾȈǧ ƽǁȁȁ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǥǂǐƫ ƪŢ ƢēDŽȀƳƗ ǺǷ ơƆǃƢȀƳ
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:ńȁȋơ ƧƔơǂǬdzơ Ŀ ƩƾǸƬǟơ Ŗdzơ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÑÑ)
Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ȄǔƬǬŠ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ǻǟ ơƆǁƽƢǏ ȐƆ Ǡǧ ŐƬǠĄȇ"
ƨºdzȁƽ DzºƦĉǫ ǺǷ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ ǥǂǐƫ ƪŢ ǞǓȂȇ ǃƢȀƳ ǥǂǐƫ
ǒǠƦdz ƨLJǁƢŲ ǥǂǐƬȇ ǃƢȀŪơ ơǀǿ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ȃǂƻƗ
ƪºŢ ǃƢºȀŪơ ǞǓȂȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨȈǷȂǰūơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƩƢǏƢǐƬƻơ
ÎÏÔÕ ƨLjºǴŪơ DZȁȋơ ƾºǴĐơ ÎÖÔÑ ƨºȈdzȂƷ) ."ƢȀǧǂǐƫ
.(ȅDŽȈǴǰǻȍơ ǎǼdzơ ǺǷ ÐÖ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÒÑ Ǎ
ÎÔÏ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÎÖÖÕ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÑÒ)
.ÑÏÑ-ÑÏÏ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ
ÐÎ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÎ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÑÓ)
.ÔÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
13 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ǚºǨƷ ƩơȂǫ ǥǂǐƫ ƽƢǼLJƛ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ȃƾǷ" ƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ
ǥǂǐƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƽƢǼLJƛ ȃƾǷȁ ƩơȂǬƥ ƨŷƢLjŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ńƛ ǵȐLjdzơ
ƽȁƽǂºdzơ ǮǴƫ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǂnjƫ Ńȁ .(ÒÐ)"ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ńƛ
ƩơȂǫ ǥǂǐƫ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǹƘnjƥ ƧƽƾŰ ƧƾǟƢǫ ƨǣƢȈǏ ȄǴǟ ƢǿƾǟƢLjƬLJ
ƆƢǔǫƢǼƬǷ ƤLjƸǧ ǹȂǰȇ Ǻdz ȄǠLjŭơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ .ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ
ƢȀǷDŽǟ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƪǼǴǟƗ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǖŶ ǞǷ
ƆƢƦǠºǏ ǹȂǰȈLJ ƧƽƾŰ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȄǴǟ ǎǼdzơ ǹƛ Dzƥ ƢȀǟƢƦƫơ ȄǴǟ
ƧȂǫ" ƧǁƢƦǠdz ƤLjǼƫ ƢǷ ƆơŚưǯ Ŗdzơ Ʃȏȏƾdzơ ǝȂǼƬdz ǂǜǼdzƢƥ ƆƢǔȇƗ
."ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ
ǶºǷȌdz ƨȈǟǂǧ ƧDŽȀƳƗ ƨƥƢưŠ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩơȂǫ ŐƬǠƫȁ -ÐÒ
ǹƜǧ Ľ ǺǷȁ DZȁƾǴdz ƨǠƥƢƫ ƧDŽȀƳƗ ǺǷ ǦdzƘƬƫ ƢĔƗ ȄǴǟ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƩǂºǫƗ ƾǫȁ .ƆƢǷƢƫ ƆƢƷȂǓȁ ƨƸǓơȁ Śǣ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ƨdzƘLjǷ
ƧǂǸǴdz ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩơƾƷȂdzơ ǥǂǐƫ Ǻǟ ƢȀƬȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
ƢºǰȈƴǴƥ ǞºǷ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ƨȇȂLjƬƥ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ǵƢǫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ńȁȋơ
Ŀ ƢºȀȈǼǗơȂŠ ƪǬū Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȃǂƻƗ DZȁƽ Ǟǔƥȁ
ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƽơǂǧƗ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ƨȇƿƚŭơ DZƢǸǟȌdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ȂǤǻȂǰdzơ
ƩƢºǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǸǓ Ʃƽǁȁ ƾǫȁ .(ONUC) ȂǤǻȂǰdzơ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
:ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨǴǸŪơ
ǹƗ ƪºƦưȇ ƢǸưȈƷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƣǂȀƬƫ Ǻdz ƢĔƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǺǴǠƫ
.(ÒÑ)ƨƠȇǂƥ ǥơǂǗƘƥ Ǿdz ǁŐǷ ȏ ǁǂǓ ǩƢūƛ Ŀ ȐƆ Ǡǧ ơȂƦƦLjƫ ƢȀȈǨǛȂǷ
.Ƨƾºǟ ƩƢƦLJƢǼǷ Ŀ ơǀǿ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǦǫȂǷ ƾȈǯƘƫ ƾȈǟƗ ƾǫȁ
ǹȁƚnjdzơ ƤƬǰǷ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǏ ƧǂǯǀǷ Ŀ ƽǁȁ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟȁ
ƨºȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ƨºȇƽȂǸǟ ƧǂƟƢǗ Ǿdz ƪǓǂǠƫ ƭƽƢƷ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨū ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƧȂǫ ǥǂǐƫ ƪŢ ǍŐǫ Ŀ ƪǠǓȁ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ (UNFICYP) ǍŐǫ Ŀ
ƧȂºǬdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƧƾƷȂdzơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟƗ ƨȇƽȂǸǠdzơ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ ǶǫƢǗ ƽơǂǧƗ
ǮºǴƫ Ƣºđ ǵȂǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩȐƷǂdzơȁ ǍŐǫ Ŀ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨū ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
Ŗºdzơ ƩƢºȈǴǸǠdzơ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .ƧȂǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ȅǂš ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ
ƧȂǬdzơ ƾƟƢǬdz ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƪŢ ǶƬƫ ƨȇƽȂǸǠdzơ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ǭǁƢnjƫ
ǺǷȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǺǸǓ Dzƻƾƫȁ ȅƽƢȈǬdzơ DzLjǴLjƬdzơ DZȐƻ ǺǷ
ƪºŢ ƨºȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨȇƽȂǸǠdzơ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ǞǓȂƫ Ŗdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ǹƜǧ Ľ
ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟơ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ ǮǴƫ ǹƗ ǽƽƢǨǷ ƱƢƬǼƬLJơ ńƛ ƽȂǬƫ ƧȂǬdzơ ǥǂǐƫ
.ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƨǠƥƢƫ
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ÎÔ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÒÐ)
.(Ʊ)ÏÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ǶºǷȋơ ƾǓ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ ǹƘnjƥ ƢƆǫƢǨƫơ DzǰNj DzƟƢLJǁ DZƽƢƦƫ (ÒÑ)
ƪºǷǂƥƗ ƾºǫȁ .ÎÖÖ Ǎ ȂǤǻȂǰdzơ Ŀ śȈǰȈƴǴƥ śǼǗơȂǷ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƨºȈdzȂūơ Śnjºƫȁ .ǹƢǻȂȈdzơȁ ǡŐǸLjǰdzȁ ơǂLjȇȂLJȁ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ ǞǷ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ
United Nations :ƢºȈƦǷơǃ ǞǷ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ńƛ (ÎÖÔÒ) ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
Juridical Yearbook, 1975 (United Nations publication, Sales No.
“Les conditions Ŀ Paud De Visscher ǚºƷȏ ƾºǫȁ .E.77.V.3), p. 155
d’application des lois de la guerre aux opérations militaires des Nations
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ȄºǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƔƢǬdzƜƥ Ȅǔǫ ƵơǂƬǫơ ǺǷ ƢǷ ǹƗ Unies”, pp. 54–55
.ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƩơȂǬdzƢƥ ƨŷƢLjŭơ
ƩơȂǬdzơ ǹȂǰdz ƢȀǨLJƗ" Ǻǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƪƥǂǟƗ ƢǸǯ
ǭƢȀºƬǻơ Ŀ "ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƧƽƢȈǫ ƪŢ ƪǯǁƢNj ƾǫ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ
ƨǷǃȐdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ʼnƾǬƬdz ƢǿƽơƾǠƬLJơ" ƪǼǴǟƗȁ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƧƽƢȈLjdzơ
ƨǠƥƢƫ ƨǼŪ ƢǿƽƾŢ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ǁơǂǓƗ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz
.(ÑÖ)"ǂƻƕ ƤLJƢǼǷ ƔơǂƳƛ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz
ƩơȂǬdzơ ǥǂǐƬƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǾǻƗ ƆƢǸƟơƽ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ŐƬǠƫȁ -ÐÐ
Ǯºdzƿ ǹƜºǧ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ȅƽƢȈǬdzơ DzLjǴLjƬdzơ ǩƢǘǻ ƱǁƢƻ
DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ .ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ńƛ ƾǼLjȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ǥǂǐƬdzơ
ƧǁơƽƜƥ ƨȈǻơƾȈŭơ ƽơƾǷȍơȁ DzǬǼdzơȁ Ƨǁơƽȍơ ƨƦǠNj ǂȇƾǷ ƤƬǯ DZƢưŭơ
ǶƟơƾºdzơ DzºưǸŭơ ńƛ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ Ŀ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ
ƭƽƢºƷ Ǻºǟ ƨšƢǻ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ȃƾdz ƢǰȈƴǴƦdz
DZƢǷȂǐdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǰȈƴǴƦdzơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ƪǻƢǯ :ƆȐƟƢǫ DZƢǷȂǐdzơ Ŀ ƧǁƢȈLJ
Dzǰnjºƫ ÎÖÖÐ DzȇǂƥƗ /ǹƢLjȈǻ ÎÐ Ŀ ƭƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ăƪǫȁ
ǺºǷȋơ džºǴů ƢǿƘnjºǻƗ Ŗdzơ ƧƾƷȂŭơ DzǸǠdzơ ƨǫǂǧ ǺǷ ƆơƔDŽƳ
ƨºȈǴǸǟ ǺǷ džȈdzȁ (ÎÖÖÏ)ÔÖÑ ǽǁơǂǫ ƤƳȂŠ (UNITAF)
ƢºȇƢǟǂdzơ ǹƗ ǞǫơȂdzơȁ .(UNOSOM) DZƢǷȂǐdzơ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
ǶºǷȋơ ƨºȈǴǸǟ ǺǷ ƆơƔDŽƳ ơȂǻƢǯ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǺȇƾȈƷȂdzơ śȈǰȈƴǴƦdzơ
ǂºǯƿ ƾºǫȁ .ǂºǬŭơ ȆǨǛȂǷ ǺǷ ơȂǻƢǯ DZƢǷȂǐdzơ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
DzºǸǠȇ ǹƢºǯ ǾǻƗ ǾƥơȂƴƬLJơ ȃƾdz ƭƽƢūơ ơǀđ řǠŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ
ǽǁƢºƦƬǟơ ǺǰŻ ȏ Ľ ǺǷȁ DzǷȋơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƆƢƻƢƦǗ
DzǸǠdzơ ƨǫǂǧ ƩơȂǫ ǹƗ ǥƢǓƗȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǺǷ ƆơƔDŽƳ
ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ƪƥƗƽ ƾǫȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƧƽƢȈǬdz ƨǠǓƢƻ Śǣ ƧƾƷȂŭơ
ǹƘnjºƥ ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȅƗ ǒǧǁ ȄǴǟ
DZȁƾºdzơ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ .(ÒÍ)ƩơȂǬdzơ ǮǴƫ ƢŮ ƪǓǂǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƭƽơȂūơ
ƪǴƦǫ ƾǫ ǺǷȋơ džǴů Ƣđ ǹƿƗ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ƢēơȂǫ ƪǯǁƢNj Ŗdzơ
.(ÒÎ)ƲȀǼdzơ ơǀđ ƆƢǷȂǸǟ
ƽƢǼºLJƜƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǺǷ Őǯȋơ ƤǻƢŪơ DzǐƬȇȁ -ÐÑ
ƆƢǟȂǓȂǷ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƧDŽȀƳƗ ƾƷƗ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢūơ Ŀ ǥǂǐƬdzơ
ơǀºǿȁ .(ÒÏ)ǵȐLjºdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩơȂǬƥ ƢǷ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǥǂǐƫ ƪŢ
ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǿǂȇǂǬƫ Ŀ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ǟǧƽ ȅǀdzơ ƤƦLjdzơ Ȃǿ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǸȈǧ
Ǻºǟ ƩƢºǷȂǰūơ Ɣơǁƕ ȄºǬǴƬƫ ǹƗ Ŀ ƨƦǣǂdzơ Ǻǟ ƣǂǠƫ ǹƗ ńƛ
__________
ńƛ ƨȀƳȂǷ ÎÖÒÍ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÖ ƨƻǁƚǷ ƧǂǯǀǷ (ÑÖ)
.(S/1856) ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ DzưŲ ǺǷ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ
.ÎÖÖÕ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÒ ƨƻǁƚǷ ǂnjǼƫ Ń ƨdzƢLJǁ (ÒÍ)
ƾȇ ȄǴǟ ŅƢǷȂǏ ƣƢNj DzƬǬŭ ƢƆǔȇȂǠƫ Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ ơƾǼǯ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƪǠǧƽ (ÒÎ)
Young and ǂǜǻơ) ƧƾƷȂŭơ DzǸǠdzơ ƨǫǂǧ Ŀ ƨȇƾǼǰdzơ ƧƾƷȂdzơ ƔƢǔǟƗ ǺǷ ǒǠƥ
Molina, “IHL and peace operations: sharing Canada’s lessons learned
.(from Somalia”, p. 366
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢnjƬLjŭơ DzȇǁȂǯ DŽǻƢǿ ƾȈLjdzơ ƤƬǯ (ÒÏ)
ƨƦǠºĄNj ǂȇƾºǷ ƢºǰdzȂǰȈǷ ǥȐǰǧ ƾȈLjdzơ ńƛ ÏÍÍÑ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj Ð Ŀ
ǂưǯƗ ... ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƝƽƢƦǷ ƩǁȂǘƫ ƾǬdz" :DZȂǬȇ ƧǂǯǀǷ Ŀ ǺȇȁƾƬdzơ
ƨºǸǜǼǸǴdz ƨºLJǁƢŲ ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ DZƢů Ŀ ƩǁȂǘƫ ƢǷ
.(Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ) "ƨǼLJ śLjŨ ƩǂǸƬLJơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǺǷ) DzǠǨdzơ ǝȂǫȁ ƨǜū ƢȀūƢǐdzȁ ƢȀũƢƥ ǥǂǐƬȇ ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǹƢǯ
ǹƢºǯ ȅǀºdzơ ǁƢǗȍơ Ȃǿ ǹƿƛ ǶLJƢūơ ǂǷȋƢǧ .(ȆǨȈǛȂdzơ ǁȂǜǼŭơ ƮȈƷ
.(ÒÕ)ƨǴǐdzơ ȅƿ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǾȈǧ ǥǂǐƬȇ řǠŭơ ǃƢȀŪơ
ƆƢǔȇƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩơƾƷȂdzơ ǥǂǐƫ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ -ÐÕ
ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjdzƢƥ ǚǨƬŢ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹƗ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ śǠƥ ǀƻƘȇ ǹƗ
ǹȁƚnjdzơ Ŀ ǂǐūơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ƨȇȏȂdzơ DžǁƢŤȁ ƨȈƦȇƽƘƬdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ
ǶǷȋơ ƢȀǷŐƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ƆƢǷȂǸǟ ǽƽƾŢ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ .(ÒÖ)ƨȈƟƢǼŪơ
ƧƾºƷȂdzơ ǹƜǧ Ľ ǺǷȁ .(ÓÍ)ƩơȂǬƥ ƨŷƢLjŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǞǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƾǫȁ ǵƢƫ Dzǰnjƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǥǂǐƫ ƪŢ ǞǓȂƫ ȏ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ
ȄºǴǟȁ .ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƜƥ DzǐƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǁƢƯƕ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬȇ
ƢǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋƢƥ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹȁƚnjdzơ ƤƬǰǷ ȃƗǁ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ
:ȆǴȇ
ƨȇŐdzơ ƩƢƫƢƦǼdzơȁ ƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ǝơȂǻƘƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢšȏơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ] ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƪǻƢǯ Ƣŭ
DZȁƾºdzơ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǷƢǰƷƗ ƿƢǨǻƛ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ǟǔƫ [ǑơǂǬǻȏƢƥ ƧƽƾȀŭơ
DZƢºǠǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨȇȏȂdzƢƥ ǚǨƬŢ ƩơȂǬƥ ƨŷƢLjŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǹƛ ƮȈƷȁ ǥơǂǗȋơ
ȄǴǟ ǞǬƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƿƢǨǻƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƜǧ śȇǂǰLjǠdzơ Ƣǿƽơǂǧȋ ƨȈƟƢǼŪơ
.(ÓÎ)ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ ǥơǂǗƗ Ȇǿ Ŗdzơ ƩơȂǬƥ ƨŷƢLjŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǪƫƢǟ
ƨǘǴLjºdzƢƥ ƩơȂºǬƥ ƨŷƢLjŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǙƢǨƬƷơ DzǰNj ƾǫȁ -ÐÖ
ǵƾºǟ ǺºǷ Ƕǣǂºdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƟƢǼŪơ DzƟƢLjŭơ Ŀ ƨȇȏȂdzơȁ ƨȈƦȇƽƘƬdzơ
Ŗºdzơ ƨºǸȀŭơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ ƾƷƗ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀđ ǾƬǴǏ
ǹƢLjºȈǻ ƾºǓ ǵƢǠdzơ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƩơƽǁȂǴdzơ džǴƴŠ ƩƾƷ
ƨǷȂǰƷ ȄǴǟ ǹƗ ƲƬǼƬLjȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ (Attorney General v. Nissan)
ƩơȂºǬdzơ DZȐƬºƷơ ƤƦLjƥ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƾƫ ǹƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ
__________
Ŀ ƽǁȁ ȅǀºdzơ ƨȇDŽȈǴǰǻȏơ ƨŦǂƬdzơ ǎǻ Ǻǟ ǞǘǬŭơ ơǀǿ džƦƬǫơ (ÒÕ)
ǎºǻ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȏơ ǺǰŻȁ .International Law Reports, vol. 77, p. 472
Österreichische Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht und Ŀ ȆǴǏȋơ Ƕǰūơ
.Völkerrecht, vol. 31, Nos. 3–4 (1980), p. 310
Ƨǁơǃȁ Ŀ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹȁƚnjdzơ ƤƬǰǷ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǏ ƧǂǯǀǷ Ŀ ƔƢƳ (ÒÖ)
:ƨȇƾǼǰdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ
ƾǟơȂǬdz] ƨǨdzƢű DZƢǠǧƗ ȄǴǟ ƨǸǯƢŰ ȅƗ ǹƛ ǥƢǘŭơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ"
ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ Ƣđ ǞǴǘǔƫ (ȆǴƄơ ȁƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƨǨdzƢű ȁƗ) [ǭƢƦƬNjȏơ
ƢǿƾǸƬǠƫ ƨȇƽƢǟ ƨLJǁƢŲ ǽǀǿȁ .ƩơȂǬƥ ƨŷƢLjŭơ DZȁƾǴdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ
."ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨƸǴLjŭơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ǞȈŦ
(Kirsch, "Canadian practice in international law", p.388)
ƨºȇȏȂdzơ" ńƛȁ "ƨºȈƦȇƽƘƬdzơ ƨǘǴLjºdzơ" ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍƢƥ ƆȐưǷ ǂǜǻơ (ÓÍ)
ǶºǷȋơ ƧȂºǫ Ŀ ƨǷƾŬƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ "ƨȇƢǼƳ ȁƗ ƨŻǂƳ ȅƗ ǍȂǐş
United Nations Juridical (UNFICYP) ǍŐǫ Ŀ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨū ƧƾƸƬŭơ
Yearbook, 1966 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.68.V.6),
Ǻǟ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ǂȇǂǬƫ ǂǜǻơ ƆƢǷȂǸǟ ƽȂǼƦdzơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdzȁ .pp. 42–43
(A/49/681) ƢºȀȈǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơȁ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨū ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ƧƽƢȈǫ
.Ó ƧǂǬǨdzơ
United Nations Juridical Yearbook, 1994 (United Nations (ÓÎ)
.publication, Sales No. E.00.V.8), p. 450
14
DzċǸƸĄƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ȆȀǧ ƨǴǫƢǼdzơ ƨȀŪơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǁƢƦƬǟƢƥȁ
ƨºưdzƢưdzơ ǥơǂºǗȋơ ƢȀºǴďǸŢ ǹƗ ȆºǠȈƦǘdzơ ǺǷ Ŗdzơ Ȇǿ Dzƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨȇƽȂǸǠdzơ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ǭǂƬnjƫ Ŗdzơ ƭƽơȂūơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
žǥơǂºǗȋơ ǮºǴƬƥ ƩƢƥƢºǏƛ ȁƗ ǁơǂǓƗ ǩƢūƛ ńƛ ȅƽƚƫ Ŗdzơȁ ƧȂǬǴdz
ǥơǂºǗȋơ ƩƢºƦdzƢǘǷ ǾȈƳȂƫ ǞǫȂƬȇ ǹƗ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƧǁȂǐƥ ȆǤƦǼȇ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ
.(ÒÒ)ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ńƛ ƨưdzƢưdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŠ ǪǴǠƬŭơ Ǻǿơǂdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ǎŬȁ -ÐÓ
:ǾdzȂǫ Ŀ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩơȂǫ ǥǂǐƫ Ǻǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
ƢēơȂǫ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƢȀƬȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǺǷ ƆƢǧơǂƬǟơ
ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǻǟ ƢȀƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ƔƢnjǻƛ ǀǼǷ ƪǴǸŢ ƢĔƜǧ
... ǶȀǷƢȀǷ ƔơƽƗ ƾǼǟ ƢēơȂǫ ƽơǂǧƗ ǾƦƦLjȇ ȅǀdzơ
ǍƢºŬơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǞƥƢºǗ ƢŮ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƬƥ ƾȀǠƬdzơȁ
ƩƢºƦdzƢǘǷ Dzºưŭ ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ƨȇȂLjƬdzơ ƨLJǁƢŲȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƾǓ ƨǷƾǬŭơȁ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƘƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǥơǂƬǟơ ȄǴǟ DzȈdzƽ ... ǽǀǿ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ
.(ÒÓ)ƨǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ȃDŽǠȇ ƢēơȂǫ ƽơǂǧƗ ǾƦƦLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ
ȃǂƻƗ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀȁ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ Ʃƽǁȁ ƾǫ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǹƗ Ƕǣǁȁ
ƽƢǼLJƜƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ƗƾƦŭơ džǨǻ ǹƜǧ ǍƢŬơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ńƛ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƤºƳȂŠ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ȄǴǟ ƆƢȈǼǸǓ ȅǂLjȇ ǥǂǐƬdzơ
ǺºǷ ŅƢƬdzơ ǞǘǬŭơ Ŀ ƵȂǓȂƥ DZƢǬƬǻȏơ ơǀǿ ȄǴƴƬȇȁ .Ņȁƾdzơ
:ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢnjƬLjǸǴdz ƮȇƾƷ ǹƢȈƥ
ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƆơƾǼLjǷ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩơȂǫ ȃƾƷƛ Ǿƥ ǵȂǬƫ ȅǀdzơ DzǠǨdzơ ǹȂǰȇ
ǹƜºǧ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢȈǟǂǧ ƆơǃƢȀƳ ƧȂǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ńƛ ƗƾƦŭơ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǞƦƬƬLjºȇ ǾǻƜǧ Ņȁƽ ǵơDŽƬdzȏ ƆƢǯƢȀƬǻơ DzǠǨdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ǟǫȁ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ Ŀ ǂƯƚºȇ ȏȁ .ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƽ Ǻǟ ƢȀƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ơǀǯȁ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz
DzǠǧ ȅƗ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǥơǂǗȋơ ȁƗ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ŚǤdzơ ǽƢš ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ƨȇǂǰLjºǠdzơ ƩơƾƷȂdzơ ȃƾƷȍ śǠƥƢƫ ƽơǂǧƗ Ǻǟ ǁƾǏ ƾǫ DzȈƦǬdzơ ǭơƿ ǺǷ
.(ÒÔ)ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǺǷ ƆơƔDŽƳ Dzǰnjƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ
(Oberlandesgericht) ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǴǏȂƫ ƾǫȁ -ÐÔ
ǞƥƢºƫ ƽǂºǧ ǥǂǐƫ ƽƢǼLJƛ ƨdzƘLjŭ DzƯƢŲ DzƷ ńƛ ƢǼȈȈǨdz ƢȈǴǠdzơ
ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÏÓ ƹǁƚǷ ǶǰƷ Ŀ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩơƾƷȂdzơ ȃƾƷȍ
ƪºǻƢǯȁ .(N. K. v. Austria :ƢLjǸǼdzơ ƾǓ .ǭ .ǹ) ÎÖÔÖ
ƧƾºƷȁ Ŀ Ɔơƽǂǧ ǹȋ ƨȇȁƢLjǸǼdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƾǓ ƪǷƾǫ ƾǫ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ
ƆơǁǂǓ ǪūƗ ǭƢƦƬNjȏơ ǒǧ ƨƦǫơǂŭ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƧȂǫ Ŀ ƨȇȁƢLjŶ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ńƛ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪȀƬǻơȁ .ƩƢǼǰưdzơ Ŀ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ
(ȆºǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ǁȂǜǼŭơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ) ǃƢȀŪơ Ȃǿ džȈdz ǞǫơȂdzơ Ŀ ǶLJƢūơ ǂǷȋơ
Ŗºdzơ ƨȀŪơ Ȃǿ ƢŶƛȁ ǁǂǔǴdz ǾƯơƾƷƛ ǵȂǟDŽŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǾȈdzƛ ȆǸƬǼȇ ȅǀdzơ
__________
United Nations Juridical Yearbook, 1980 (United Nations (ÒÒ)
.publication, Sales No. E.83.V.1), pp. 184–185
ǚºǨū ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ DzȇȂŤ Ǻǟ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ǂȇǂǬƫ (ÒÓ)
.Õȁ Ô ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ Ñ Ǎ (A/51/389) ǵȐLjdzơ
ÒÏ ƨȈºNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢnjƬLjŭơ ƧǂǯǀǷ (ÒÔ)
.Ô ƧǂǬǨdzơ (ǽȐǟƗ
15 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ƧǂǘȈºLJ DZƢǷȂǐdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƧȂǫ ƾƟƢǬdz Ǻǰƫ Ń
ȄºǴǟ ƨºƫȁƢǨƬǷ ƩƢƳǁƾƥ ƩǂǏƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩơƾƷȂdzơ ǦǴƬű ȄǴǟ ƨȈǴǠǧ
.ƧȂǬdzơ ƾƟƢǫ ǂǷơȁƗ ǀȈǨǼƫ DzƦǫ ƢĔơƾǴƥ Ŀ ƢŮ ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǺǷ ǂǷơȁȋơ DžƢǸƬdzơ
ǶǴǟ ƪŢ Ƣđ ǝȐǘǓȏơ Ļ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ǺǷ Śưǰdzơ ǹƢǯȁ
ǩƢǘǻ ƱǁƢƻ DZƢǷȂǐdzơ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƨȇȏȁ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
ȄºǴǟ ƨũƢūơ ƢǿǁƢƯƕ ƢŮ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǿƔơƾǏƗ ǹƗ Ƕǣǁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǶǰŢȁ ƧƽƢȈǫ
.(ÓÒ)ƢǿƽơǂǧƗ ƨǷȐLJ ȄǴǟȁ DZƢǷȂǐdzơ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƨǸȀǷ
"ƨºȈǴǠǨdzơ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ƨƳǁƽ" ǁƢȈǠǷ ǹƗ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ŐƬǟơȁ -ÑÎ
:ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǶLJƢƷ
Ŗºdzơ ƨȈƥǂūơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ Ǻǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƾǼƬLjƫ
ƪŢ ȅǂš ƮƸƦdzơ ƾȈǫ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǹƗ ǑơǂƬǧơ ńƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩơȂǫ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ
... ǂǐūơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƧǂǘȈLJȁ ƧƽƢȈǫ
ƩƢǧǂǐºƫ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǸǰƫ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ Ŀȁ
ƩƢºƦȈƫǂƬǴdz ƢƆºǬǧȁ ƨȈƫƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơȁ ƧƽƢȈǬdzơ Ƣđ ǕƢǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȀŪƢƥ ƩơȂǬdzơ
.ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơȁ ƩơȂǬǴdz ƨǷƾǬŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ śƥ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ǪƟơǂǘdz ƨƠnjǼŭơ
DZȁƾºdzơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ śƥ ƨȈũǁ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƫ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ DZƢƷ Ŀȁ
ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ƨƳǁƾdz ƢƆǠƦƫ ƢǿƽǂǨŠ ƨdzƢƷ Dzǯ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǁǂǬƬƫ ƩơȂǬǴdz ƨǷƾǬŭơ
.(ÓÓ)ƨȈǴǸǠdzƢƥ ǝȐǘǓȏơ ȃƾdz śǧǂǘdzơ ǺǷ ȅƗ ƢȀLJǁƢŻ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ
ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzƢǯ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ Ǻǟ DzȈǫ ƢǷ ȅǂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ
DZƢǷȂǐºdzơ Ŀ ƨºȈǻƢưdzơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨưǠƥ ƢȀȈǧ ƪǯǁƢNj Ŗdzơ
ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ȄǴǟ DZƢǷȂǐdzơ Ŀ ǞȇǂLjdzơ ƽǂdzơ ƨȈǴǸǟȁ
ƩȏƢºů DŽºȈȈŤ ƢǿǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƢǷ ǁƾǬƥ ƆƢǔȇƗ
ƨŷƢLjºŭơ ƨºdzȁƾdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ
ǶǷȋơ ǁơǂǏƛ ǶȀǧ ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǷ ǹƗ Ƕǣǁȁ .ƧƾƷ ȄǴǟ Dzǯ ƩơȂǬƥ
ǵȐLjºdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩơȂǫ ƧƽƢȈǫ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƘƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ȄǴǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƩƢºȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈdzƢǠǨdz ƆƢǻƢǸǓ ƢȀȈǴǟ śƬǧȂǫȂǷ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơȁ
ơǀǿ Ŀ DŽǰƫǂȇ ǹƗ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǹƜǧ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ
.ȆǠǫơȁ ǁƢȈǠǷ ȄǴǟ ǹƘnjdzơ
ǁƢºNjƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ňƢLjǻȍơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩƢǯƢȀƬǻƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÑÏ
ǶºǷȌdz (ÓÔ)"ƨǬǧơǂƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ" ńƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ
DžƢºLJƗ ƶºǓȂȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ƩơȂºǬƥ ƨŷƢLjŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
Ɣǂŭơ ǎǴź ƾǬǧ .ǭƢȀƬǻȏơ ǥȁǂǛ ȄǴǟ ǦǫȂƬȇ ơǀǿȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǺºǰǸŭơ ǺǷ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ žƨǯǂƬnjǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǥǂǐƬdzơ džǨǻ ƽƢǼLJƛ ńƛ
ǶºǷȋơ ńƛ ƢºǷƛȁ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ńƛ ƢǷƛ ƩƢǯƢȀƬǻȏơ ƽƢǼLJƜƥ DZȂǬdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ
DzǐƷ ǹƛ ƨȇǁȁǂǔdzơ ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ DZƢǨǣƛ ǹƗ śƷ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
__________
ÏÑÐ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ ÐÖ Ǎ (S/1994/653) ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ǺǷ ƧǂǯǀǷ (ÓÒ)
.ÏÑÑȁ
ÎÔ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ Óȁ Ò Ǎ (A/51/389) ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ńƛ ǂȇǂǬƫ (ÓÓ)
.ÎÕȁ
Ŀ ƨdzƘLjºŭơ ǽǀǿ ŀƢǠƫ ȏ .ÑÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÍ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÔ)
ňƢLjºǻȍơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzƢƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩơȂǫ ƾȈǬƫ ǹƘnjƥ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ Ƨǂnjǻ"
.(Î Ǎ ST/SGB/1999/13) "Ņȁƾdzơ
ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨū ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƧȂǫ ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ
ƢƆƸºǓơȁ Ǯdzƿ ǹƢǯȁ .(ÓÏ)ƨƬǫƚǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ňƢƦŭơ ƾƷȋ ǍŐǫ Ŀ
:Morris of Borth-y-Gest ƽǁȂǴdzơ ȃȂƬǧ Ŀ ƢƆǷƢƫ ƢƆƷȂǓȁ
ƩƢǸȈǴǠƬdzȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨǘǴLjdz ƨǠǓƢƻ ƪǻƢǯ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩơƾƷȂdzơ ǹƗ Ƕǣǁ
DzǛ Ľ ǺǷȁ .ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ǶȀƬǷƾƻ Ŀ ơȂǴǛ ƧȂǬdzơ Ŀ ƽơǂǧƘǯ ƽȂǼŪơ ǹƜǧ ƾƟƢǬdzơ
ǶǷȋơ ƧȂǫ ƽơǂǧƗ ǺǷ Dzǯ ǹƢǯȁ .ƨǰǴŭơ ƨdzȐŪ śǠƥƢƫ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ƽȂǼƳ
ȅƘºƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǂǐūơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ǾƬdzȁƽ ƨȇȏȂdz ƢƆǠǓƢƻ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
.(ÓÐ)ǍŐǫ Ŀ ƢǿȂǧǂƬǫơ ƨȈƟƢǼƳ ǶƟơǂƳ
ƨºȇȏȂdzơȁ ƨȈƦȇƽƘƬdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƽȂƳȁ ǹƛ DZȂǬdzơ ƨǤdzƢƦŭơ ǺǷȁ -ÑÍ
ǁƢƦƬǟơ ƢƆǬǴǘǷ řưƬLjȇ ƩơȂǬƥ ƨŷƢLjŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƾȈƥ ƨȈƟƢǼŪơ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ
ƢºǷ ȂºŴ ȄǴǟȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǥǂǐƫ ƪŢ ƨǟȂǓȂǷ ƩơȂǬdzơ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨũƢūơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇ (ÓÑ)ƔƢȀǬǧ Ƨƾǟ ǾȈdzƛ Ƥǿƿ
ƢºŮ ǹȂºǰƫ Ŗºdzơ ƨȀŪơ ƾȇƾŢ Ŀ ǺǸǰƫ śǠǷ ǥǂǐƫ ƽƢǼLJƜƥ
ǺºǷ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟȁ .řǠŭơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ
ǥȁǂºǛ Ŀ ƩơȂǬdzơ ǥǂǐƫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ńƛ ƾǼLjȇ ǹƗ ƤǠǐdzơ
Ŀ ǪȈǬƸƬǴdz ƪƠnjǻƗ Ŗdzơ ǪȈǬƸƬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǂȇǂǬƫ Ŀ ƪǨǏȁ Ŗdzơ DzưǷ
Ŀ ƨºȈǻƢưdzơ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƽơǂǧƗ ȄǴǟ ƨƸǴLjŭơ ƩƢǸƴŮơ
:(UNOSOM II) DZƢǷȂǐdzơ
__________
ƾǫȁ .The All England Law Reports (1969), vol. 1, p. 639 (ÓÏ)
ȅǀdzơ ibid. (1967), vol. 2 ǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơ ƨǸǰŰ ǁơǂǫ ƩơƽǁȂǴdzơ džǴů džǰǟ
Dzǰnjºƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ǹƗ (Lord Denning) ǢǼȈǼȇƽ ƽǁȂǴdzơ ǾȈǧ ƾǯƗ
ǥǂǐƬƫ"(UNFICYP) ǍŐǫ Ŀ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨū ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƧȂǫ ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ
.(ÎÏÑÑ Ǎ) "ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƨƥȁƾǼǷ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ
.Ibid. (1969), vol. 1, p. 646 (ÓÐ)
Simmonds, Legal ȁ žÑÑÏ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Ritter (ÓÑ)
Problems Arising from the United Nations Military Operations in the
Amrallah, “The international responsibility of the ȁ žCongo, p. 229
United Nations for activities carried out by U.N. peace-keeping forces”,
ÎÏÒ-ÎÏÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Butkiewiczȁ žpp. 62–63 and 73–79
Hirsch, The ȁ žPérez González, loc. cit., p. 83ȁ žÎÐÒ-ÎÐÑȁ
Responsibility of International Organizations toward Third Parties:
ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Amerasinghe,ȁ žSome Basic Principles, pp. 64–67
Scobbieȁ žÐÕÍ-ÐÔÖ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Kleinȁ žÏÑÐ-ÏÑÎ Ǎ
Pitschas, Die völkerrechtliche ȁ žÕÖÎ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀººŭơ ǞººƳǂŭơ
Verantwortlichkeit der Europäischen Gemeinschaft und ihrer
ȁ žMitgliedstaaten, p. 52
Sorel, “La responsabilité des Nations Unies
śǨdzƚŭơ ǒǠƥ Śnjȇȁ .dans les opérations de maintien de la paix”, p. 129
ǵȂºȀǨŭơ ơǀºǿȁ ."ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ" ńƛ ǹȁǂƻƕȁ "ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ" ńƛ
Streitkräfte internationaler Ŀ Bothe, ƢƆǔººȇƗ ǾǴǸǠƬººLJơ Śººƻȋơ
śºƥ ƾºƷ ǞǓȁ Ɣơǁȁ ǺǸǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƥȂǠǐdzơ ƢǷƗ .Organisationen, p. 87
“Le statut des forces Ŀ Condorelli ƢŮȁƢǼƫ ƾǬǧ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơȁ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ
ƩǁƢNjƗȁ .de l’ONU et le droit international humanitaire”, pp. 887–888
Ŀ Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǘƥơǂdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨdzƔƢLjŠ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ
ƧǂǘȈLjºdzơȁ ǶǰƸƬºdzơ) ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ" ǁƢȈǠǷ ńƛ ǾƬƷǂƬǫơ ȅǀdzơ ǝȁǂnjŭơ
.(ÔÖÔ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǘƥơǁ) "(śȈǴǸǠdzơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǶƬºȇ ǹƗ ȆºǤƦǼȇ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ƽƢǼLJȍơ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ śƥȁƾǼŭơ
.ƩơȂǬƥ ƨŷƢLjŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ (ÔÑ)ǂǐǬȇ ŕƷ ȁƗ (ÔÐ)ƢƆǠǷ śǼƯȐdz
ƾȇƾŢ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ǁƢȈǠǷ ƨȈŷƗ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ǒǠƥ ƩƾǯƗȁ
.(ÔÒ)ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƾǼLjȈLJ Ŗdzơ ƨȀŪơ
ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩơȂǫ ȄǴǟ ƨǬƦǘŭơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǞLJȂƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ -ÑÒ
ǶºǷȋơ ǥǂǐƫ ƪŢ ǞǓȂƫ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƧDŽȀƳƗ DzǸnjƬdz
ƤºƬǯ Ŗdzơ ƭǁơȂǰdzơ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ƨƯƢǣȍơ ƩơƾƷȁ DzưǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
:ȐƆ ƟƢǫ ƢȀǼǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ
ǶºǷȋơ ƢēƘnjºǻƗ ƾǫ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƭǁơȂǰdzơ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ƨƯƢǣȍơ ƧƾƷȁ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ
ȅƗ ǹȂǰƬLJȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƢƆǠƥƢƫ ƢƆȈǟǂǧ ơƆǃƢȀƳ ƧƾƷȂdzơ ǹȂǰƬLjǧ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀǠǓȁ Ŀ ƨǴƯƢŲ ǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƭǁơȂǰdzơ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ƨƯƢǣƛ ƧƾƷȁ
.(ÔÓ)(UNFICYP) DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǍŐǫ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƧȂǬdz
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJơ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ -ÑÓ
ƪŢ ƢēDŽȀƳƗ ƾƷƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƢȀȈǧ Ǟǔƫ Ŗdzơ ƧǁƽƢǼdzơ ƨdzƢūƢƥ
ǂŤƚºǷ Ǯdzǀºdz ƆȏƢưǷ ǵƾǫ ƾǫȁ .ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǥǂǐƫ
śºƥ ǩƢºǨƫȏ ƨƴȈƬǻ DzǸǠȇ ȅǀdzơ ƨƸǐǴdz ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ
ƨºȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷȁ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ
_________________________________________
ơƾºǼǯȁ ž(ÑÓ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛȁ ž(ÐÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ǞƳǂŭơ) ǹȂƥƢǣȁ ž(Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.15) ÎÒ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ǞºƳǂŭơ) DzȈƟơǂLJƛȁ ž(ÎÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ǹƢǻȂȈdzơȁ ž(Ò ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ
ƢȈǻƢƦºLJƛȁ ž(ÐÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơȁ ž(ÏÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ
ǂǐºǷȁ ž(ÑÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) DžȁǁȐȈƥȁ ž(ÑÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ǮȈLjºǰŭơȁ ž(Ï ƧǂºǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16) ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
.(ÑÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.21) ÏÎ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ƾȇȂLjdzơȁ ơƾǼǴLjȇƕ ǶLJƢƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǭǂŶơƾdzơ ǺǷ Dzǯ Ƣđ ƪdzƽƗ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ (ÔÐ)
(A/C.6/58/SR.14) ÎÑ ƨLjº ºǴŪơ ǾLjº ºǨǻ Ǟº ºƳǂŭơ) Ʋȇȁǂº ºǼdzơȁ ơƾººǼǴǼǧȁ
(A/C.6/58/SR.15) ÎÒ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ) ǹƢǻȂȈdzơȁ ž(ÏÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
.(ÏÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) DzȈƟơǂLJƛȁ ž(ÎÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ÎÑ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ƢLjǸǼdzơ ǺǷ Dzǯ Ƣđ ƪdzƽƗ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ (ÔÑ)
ơƾǼǯȁ ž(ÑÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛȁ ž(ÐÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.14)
ǞƳǂŭơ) ǹȂƥƢǣȁ ž(Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.15) ÎÒ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ȆºLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơȁ ž(ÏÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) DzȈƟơǂLJƛȁ ž(Ò ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ
ǂǐºǷȁ ž(ÑÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) DžȁǁȐȈƥȁ ž(ÐÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
.(Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16) ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ÎÑ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ ǺǷ Dzǯ Ƣđ ƪdzƽƗ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ (ÔÒ)
ÎÒ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ) ơƾǼǯȁ ž(ÑÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.14)
ž(ÏÎ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) DzȈƟơǂLJƛȁ ž(Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.15)
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ) ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛȁ ž(ÐÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơȁ
ǞºƳǂŭơ) ǮȈLjǰŭơȁ ž(ÑÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) DžȁǁȐȈƥȁ ž(ÑÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ȅǀºdzơ ǹƢȈƦdzơ ǁƢNjƗȁ .(ÑÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.21) ÏÎ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ
(A/C.6/58/SR.15) ÎÒ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ) ǹƢºǻȂȈdzơ Ǿƥ ƪdzƽƗ
ƽƢǼºLJȍ Ǿºƥ DZȂǸǠŭơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ƢǸȀǨǏȂƥ "ƧƽƢȈǬdzơȁ ƨǘǴLjdzơ" ńƛ (ÎÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
.ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ńƛ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩơȂǫ ǥǂǐƫ
United Nations Juridical Yearbook, 1971 (United Nations (ÔÓ)
.publication, Sales No. E.73.V.1), p. 187
16
džºǨǻ ńƛ DzºǏȂƬdzơ ǺºǰŻȁ .(ÓÕ)ǂƻȉơ ǎƼnjdzơ ńƛ ƾǼLjȇ
ǵȐLjºdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩơȂǫ ƽơǂǧƗ ƩƢǯƢȀƬǻƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJȏơ
.(ÓÖ)ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ ƨȇƢŧ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ǺȇƽƢȈǷ džŤ Ŗdzơ
ƨŷƢLjºŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ śƥ ǶƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬdzơȁ -ÑÐ
ǥǂǐºƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ƨdzƘLjǷ ȄǴǟ ǂƯƚƫ ȏȁ ǖǬǧ śǧǂǘdzơ Ƕē ƩơȂǬƥ
ǩƢºǨƫơ ƾºǯƚȇ DZƢƷ ƨȇƗ ȄǴǟȁ .ǵƢǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ
ƨưdzƢưdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǽƢš ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȆƳƿȂǸǼdzơ ƨŷƢLjŭơ
ƪŢ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ƽơƽǂƬLJơ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǪƷ ȄǴǟ ǖǬǧ ǎǼȇȁ
Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƨƥƢǏȍơ ȁƗ ƧƢǧȂdzơ ȁƗ ǦǴƬdzơ ȁƗ ǹơƾǬǨdzơ" DzưǷ ǥȁǂǛ
Ǻȇǀºdzơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƾǸǠƬǷ ǥǂǐƫ ƔȂLJ ȁƗ ǶȈLjƳ DZƢŷƛ
.(ÔÍ)"ƨǷȂǰūơ ǶȀǷƾǬƫ
ǵƢºǠdz ƢºǿǂȇǂǬƫ Ŀ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǾƬƷǂǗ DZơƚLJ ȄǴǟ ơƆƽǁȁ -ÑÑ
ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ DZȁƽ ĺȁƾǼǷ Ƨƾǟ ǮLjŤ (ÔÎ)ÏÍÍÐ
ƾǼLjºȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩơȂǫ ǥǂǐƫ ǹƘƥ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǠǸƴǴdz
ǒºǠƥ ƾºƳȁ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ .(ÔÏ)ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ńƛ ƨǷƢǟ ƧǁȂǐƥ
__________
“Le azioni dell’ONU e l’applicazione Ŀ Condorelli ǂǯǀȇȁ (ÓÕ)
del diritto internazionale umanitario: il ‘bollettino’ del Segretario generale
“Le respect du droit Ŀ Benvenutiȁ del 6 agosto 1999”, p. 1053
international humanitaire par les forces des Nations Unies: la circulaire du
ƨºLJǁƢŲ ȄǴǟ ǍǂūƢƥ ƨǷDŽǴǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǹƗ Secrétaire général”, p. 370
.Ņȁƾdzơ ňƢLjǻȍơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǭƢȀƬǻơ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ƨȈƟƢǼŪơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ƨŷƢLjŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ǶºǷȋơ Ŀ ƨºȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƥƢǫǂdzơ ƩƢǷƾƻ ƤƬǰŠ ǂǷȋơ ơǀǿ Ǟǧƽ (ÓÖ)
.ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ ŕNj Ŀ ȆLjǼŪơ DZȐǤƬLJȏơ Ƕē ǹƘnjƥ ƩƢǬȈǬŢ ƔơǂƳƛ ńƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
United States House of Representatives, The U.N. and the Sex ǂºǜǻơ
Slave Trade in Bosnia: Isolated Case or Larger Problem in the U.N.
System? Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Operations
ƨLjǴƳ) .and Human Rights of the Committee on International Relations
ƨºǼƴǴdz ƨºǠƥƢƬdzơ ǹƢLjºǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠǴdz ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǵƢǷƗ
ȄºǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdzȁ .(ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ƣơȂǼdzơ džǴƴŠ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ
Murray, “Who will police the peace- :ǂºǜǻơ ƨºȇƾǬǻ ƨȈƟƢǐǬƬLJơ ƨLJơǁƽ
builders? The failure to establish accountability for the participation of
United Nations civilian police in the trafficking of women in post-
.conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina”, especially pp. 518 et seq.
ƽǁơȂŠ ƨŷƢLjŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ DZȁƾdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ śƥ ƨŷƢLjǷ ǩƢǨƫơ (ÔÍ)
ž(Ó Ǎ Ö ƧƽƢºŭơ Ǫǧǂŭơ A/50/995) ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨū ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀ
ƨŷƢLjŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ DZȁƾdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ śƥ ƨŷƢLjŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏ ƨȈƳƿȂŶ ƧǂǯǀǷȁ
Ö ƧǂºǬǨdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ A/51/967) ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨū ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ƽǁơȂŠ
ǽǀºǿ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ Ȇǿ ƨǷȂǰūơ" ǹƗ ǎǼdzơ Ŀ ƽǁȁ ƾǫȁ .(Ó Ǎ
śǷȌdz ǪƷȏ ǂȇǂǬƫ Ŀȁ .ȄĆ ƻȂƬǷ ȁƾƦȇ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ "ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ
ƪºŢ ǎǼºdzơ ơǀǿ ńƛ ŚNjƌƗ (ÑÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÎ-ÎÍ Ǎ A/51/389) ǵƢǠdzơ
."ƨǬǧơǂƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ :ƩơƾƷȂƥ ƨŷƢLjŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ƽơƽǂƬLJơ" ǹơȂǼǟ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶºǷȋơ ǾǴǸǠƬLjºƫ ȅǀdzơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ƧǂǯǀǷ Ŀ ǾƥƢnjǷ ǎǻ ƽǁȁ ƾǫȁ
.(Ǫǧǂŭơ ST/AI/1999/6) DzƥƢǬǷ ǹȁƽ śǷƾǬŭơ śǨǛȂŭơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz
.ǽȐǟƗ ÐÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ (ÔÎ)
ƾȇȂLjdzơȁ ơƾǼǴLjȇƕ ǶLJƢƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǭǂŶơƾdzơ ǺǷ Dzǯ Ƣđ ƪdzƽƗ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ (ÔÏ)
ǹȂLjºǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ) ƲȇȁǂǼdzơȁ ơƾǼǴǼǧȁ
ƢLjºǸǼdzơȁ ž(ÏÔ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.14) ÎÑ ƨLjǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ
17 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ƢƆǔºȇƗ ƤŸ ƧƾȈǨƬLjŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ǃƢȀŪơ ơǀǿ ńƛ ƧƾǼLjŭơ ǵƢȀŭơ ƔơƽƗ Ŀ
ƢēǂǘȈºLJȁ ƢȀǧơǂºNjƛ ƪºŢȁ ƧƾȈǨƬLjŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzƕ ǞǷ ǹȁƢǠƬdzƢƥ DzǸǠȇ ǹƗ
.(ÕÍ)ƧŚǠŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƫ ȄǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥ ȏ śǐdzƢŬơ
ʼnƾǬƫ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ǎǼdzơ Ŀ ƢƆƷȂǓȁ ǂưǯƗ ƨǘǬǼdzơ ǽǀǿ DzǠƳ ǺǰŻȁ
ǞºǓȂƫ ƢǷƾºǼǟ ǁƢºưƫ Ŗdzơ ƽƢǼLJȍơ DzƟƢLjŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ
.ƨđƢnjºǷ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀȁ ƢǷ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǥǂǐƫ ƪŢ ƨȈǼǗȁ ƩơƾƷȁ
ƧƽǂǨǼŭơ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ Ȃǿ džȈdz ǶȀŭơ ǂǷȋơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ
ȄºǴǟ DZƢºưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ƆơƾƥƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ Ƣđ ǞƬǸƬƫ Ń Ŗdzơ
ǭǂƬȈLJ ƢƆǔȇƗ ơǀǿȁ .ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ȃƾǷ Dzƥ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩơƾƷȂdzơ
.ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơ ǝơȂǻƗ ǒǠƦdz ȆƟƢǼưdzơ ƽƢǼLJȎdz ƢƆƷȂƬǨǷ ƣƢƦdzơ
DŽºȈŻ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƜƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÑÖ
śǨǛȂŭơȁ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ śƥ (ǽȐǟƗ ÏÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ) Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ
ȁƾºƦȇ ȏ ƾºǫȁ .ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ǵƢȀǷ ǶȀȈdzƛ ƧƾǼLjŭơ Ǻȇǂƻȉơ ƽơǂǧȋơȁ
ǶȀǧ ơƿƛ ƆȐȈǬƯ ǎǼdzơ DzǠƴƬLJ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǨǏơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ ǁơǂǰƫ ƢƆȇǁȁǂǓ
ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǪȈƦǘƬǴdz DzƥƢǫ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȅƗ ƧDŽȀƳƗ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǼȇ ƢǷ ǹƗ
.Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ǶȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ Ǻȇǂƻȉơ ƽơǂǧȋơȁ śǨǛȂŭơ
:ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǐdzơ ƵǂƬǬƫȁ -ÒÍ
ƨǸǜǼǷ ǥǂǐƫ ƪŢ ǞǓȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ -Ò ƧƽƢŭơ"
ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƨȈdzȁƽ
ǞºǓȂȇ ƨºȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdz ǞƥƢƫ ǃƢȀƳ ǥǂǐƫ ŐƬǠȇ"
ǮºǴƫ ǵƢºȀǷ ȃƾºƷƛ ƨLJǁƢǸŭ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǥǂǐƫ ƪŢ
ƧŚƻȋơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ Ǻǟ ơƆǁƽƢǏ ƢƆǧǂǐƫ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
."ǃƢºȀŪơ ǥǂǐƫ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǽǀǿ DžǁƢŤ ƢǷ ǁƾǬƥ
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(Ï) ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ÒÒ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÎ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÕÍ)
.Ó ƧƽƢŭơ ȄǴǟ ǪȈǴǠƬdzơ ǺǷ
Ǟƥơǂdzơ DzǐǨdzơ
ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƽȁƾū ǃȁƢƴƬŭơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ƨdzƘLjǷ
ǃȁƢºƴƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǼǸǓ DZƾȇ ȏ ƶȇǂǐƬdzơ ơǀǿȁ
.ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǮǴƫ ńƛ ǽƽƢǼLJƛ ơƆƾƥƗ ǺǰŻ ȏ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ DzǸǟ
ȅƗ ƨǘǴºLJ ƽȁƾºƷ ǃȁƢºƴƬȇ DzǠǧ ȅƗ ǹƜǧ ƵȂǓȂƥȁ -ÒÏ
ƾºǫȁ .ƢºēDŽȀƳƗ ǺǷ ȅƗ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ Ǯdzǀǯ ŐƬǠȇ ƨǸǜǼǷ
ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ǾȇƾǠƫ ƤƦLjƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǾƫƢǘǴLJ ƽȁƾƷ ǃƢȀƳ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ
ƶǼºŤ Ń ƩƢǘǴLJ ǵƾƼƬLjȇ Ǿǻȋ ȁƗ ǂƻƕ ǃƢȀŪ ơƆǂǐƷ ƨƷȂǼǸŭơ
ǹƘnjƥ ƢǿơȂƬǧ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƪǧǂƬǟơ ƾǫȁ .ǃƢȀƳ ȅȋ
ǃƢȀƳ Ƣǿǀţơ DZƢǠǧƗ ƽƢǼLJƛ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƜƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩƢǬǨǻ ǒǠƥ
:ƨǸǰƄơ ƪdzƢǫ ƮȈƷ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ǾƬǘǴLJ ƽȁƾƷ ơƆǃȁƢƴƬǷ
ǾºǻƗ ȏƛ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǵƢȀǷ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ ǞǬȇ Ʈȇƾūơ ǁƢưǷ ƔơǂƳȍơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ Ļ ơƿƛ
ƧDŽºȀƳȋơ śºƥ ǵƢȀŭơ ǶȈLjǬƫ ǞǷ ǪǨƬƫ ȏ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǾƫǀǨǻ ȁƗ ǾȈǧ ƪǟǂNj ƢĔƗ ǶǟDŽĄȇ
ƨƸǐºdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ƤƬǰŭơȁ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǾǨǏȂƥ"
ǵƢºǰƷƗ ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ ŅơȂƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤdzơ Ƨǂǰdzơ ǦǐǼdz ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢnjƬLjŭơ ǁƢNjƗȁ .(ÔÔ)"ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǁȂƬLJƽ
ǹƜǧ ƤȈƫǂƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƆơƽƢǼƬLJơ :ǾǻƗ ńƛ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ
ǹƗ ǺºǰŻ ƢȀȈǨǛȂǷȁ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ DZƢǠǧƗ
.(ÔÕ)ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ DzǸŢ
Ǻºǟ DZȁƾºdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ Ó ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ŐƬǠȇȁ -ÑÔ
ǥǂǐºƫ ƽƢǼºLJȍ ǶLJƢūơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ǹƗ ƆƢȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjǷ Śǣ DZƢǠǧƗ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ńƛ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƨdzȁƽ ǥǂǐƫ ƪŢ ǞǓȂȇ ǃƢȀƳ
ǃƢºȀŪơ" ǹƗ ƨºǬȈǬƷ Ȃǿ ǃƢȀŪơ ơǀǿ ƢȀǧǂǐƫ ƪŢ ǝȂǓȂŭơ
ƨºdzȁƾǴdz ƨȈǷȂǰūơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƩƢǏƢǐƬƻơ ǒǠƦdz ƨLJǁƢŲ ǥǂǐƬȇ
ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǹȂǰƫ Ǻdzȁ .(ÔÖ)"ƢȀǧǂǐƫ ƪŢ ǃƢȀŪơ ǞǓȂȇ Ŗdzơ
Ŗºdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨƦLJƢǼǷ ƨȈǷȂǰūơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ
ƧǁȂǐƥ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǺǷ ǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿ DžǁƢŤ ƢǷ ƆơǁƽƢǻ
.ƨǸǜǼǷ ȅƗ ǵƢȀǷ ƨLJǁƢŲ ńƛ ǂưǯƗ ƨǷƢǟ
Ǻºǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ Ó ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǵƾǬȇ ȏȁ -ÑÕ
ǞǓȂȇ ŕǷ ƾȇƾŢ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ǂǏƢǼǟ ȅƗ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjǷ Śǣ DZƢǠǧƗ
ǭƢºǼȀǧ Ǯºdzƿ ǞǷȁ .ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ "ǥǂǐƫ" ƪŢ śǠǷ ǃƢȀƳ
ƽƾŹȁ .ƧƾȈǨƬLjŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ǺǷ ƢǷ ǝȂǻ ƢƆȈǼǸǓ
:ǾǻƗ ƨǴǐdzơ ȁƿ ǪȈǴǠƬdzơ
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ǹơƾºǴƦǴdz ƨƸǐºdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ DzǷƢǰƫ ǹƘnjƥ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ (ÔÔ)
.ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷȁ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ
ňȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǁƢnjºƬLjŭơ ǢǼȈƥȂƫ .ǁ .Dž DžƢǷȂƫ ƾȈLjdzơ ǺǷ ƨdzƢLJǁ (ÔÕ)
ńƛ ÏÍÍÐ ŐǸLjºȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÖ Ŀ ƨȀƳȂǷ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ
.ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢnjƬLjŭơ DzȇǁȂǯ DŽǻƢǿ ƾȈLjdzơ
.ǽȐǟƗ Ò ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÔÖ)
ȅȋ ƨǘǴLjºdzơ ƽȁƾū ǃȁƢƴƬŭơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ -ÒÎ
ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ƨdzȂƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ƽȁƾƷ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ƢƆǧǂǐƫ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ
ƨǸǰŰ ƪǼȈƥ ƾǫȁ .śǠǷ ǃƢȀƳ ƩƢǘǴLJ ƽȁƾƷ ȄǘƼƬȇ ƢƆǧǂǐƫ ȁƗ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ƨȈǟȁǂnjǷ ȃƾǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƢǿơȂƬǧ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ
:ǹƗ ƨƸǴLjŭơ ƩƢǟơŗdzơ Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȌdz
.ƨºǷƢǟ ƩƢȈƷȐºǏ ǮºǴŤ ȏ DZȁƾdzơ ǥȐş ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ [...]
ǺºǷ ƩƢǘǴLJ ƨdzȂű ƢĔƗ ȅƗ "ǎǐƼƬdzơ ƗƾƦǷ" ƢȀǸǰŹ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭƢǧ
ƩƾºȀǟ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ŁƢǐŭơ ȄǴǟ ƢǿƽȁƾƷ ǦǫȂƬƫ ƢēƘnjǻƗ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ DzƦǫ
.(ÕÎ)ƢǿDŽȇDŽǠƬƥ ƢȀȈdzƛ DZȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ
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ÔÕ Ǎ (ǽȐºǟƗ ÑÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1996 (ÕÎ)
.ÏÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Ǻºǟ ǁƾǐºƫ ƨǘǴLjºdzơ ƽȁƾƷ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ǹƘnjƥ ƢǿơȂƬǧ Ŀ ƨǸǰƄơ Ʃǂǯƿ ƾǫȁ .śdzȁƚLjŭơ Śǣ ǍƢƼNjƗ
ǁǂºǬǸǴdz ƨºȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǺǷ ƨǻƢǐūƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǥȐƬƻȏơ
:ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ ƨǼƴǴdz ǍƢŬơ
ƨȈũǁ ƨǨǏ ȅƘƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ȆǨǛȂǷ ǞȈŦ ǹƛ DZȂǬdzơ Ǻǟ řǣȁ [...]
ǹƗ Ǯdzǀºdz ȆºǤƦǼȇȁ ǶȀǷƢȀǷ ǩƢǘǻ ǃȁƢš ơȁǁǀŹ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǹȂǴǸǠȇ
.(ÕÔ)ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƾǓ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ Ǟǧǁ ńƛ ȅƽƚƫ ȏ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ơȂǧǂǐƬȇ
ƨȈdzƢūơ ƨȈǔǬdzơ Ŀ Ȃǿȁ - ǦǛȂǷ ȅƗ Ǎǂū ƶǓơȂdzơ ƤƦLjdzơȁ
DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǾǷƢȀǷ ǩƢǘǻ ǃȁƢš ǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ - ƨǸȀǷ Ŀ ŚƦƻ
ǺºǰŻ ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ǹƗ Ȃǿ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǓ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ ƤǼš
.ǦǛȂŭơ ǥǂǐƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ DzǸƸĄƫ ǹƗ DzǠǨdzƢƥ
ƤºƫǂƬƫ Ȇºǰdz ǾºǻƜǧ ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ƧDŽȀƳȋ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢǷƗ -ÒÒ
ƨºȈũǂdzơ ǵƢȀŭơ śƥ ƢǷ ƨǴǏ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ơǀǿ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ .Ʈȇƾūơ ǁƢưǷ ǥǂǐƬdzơȁ ǎƼnjdzơ ȁƗ ǹƢȈǰǴdz
ƨºȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹȁƚnjºdzơ ƤºƬǰǷ ǽǀºţơ ȅǀdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ Dzǰnjȇ
DZƢǠǧƗ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŠ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƧǂǯǀǷ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋƢƥ
:DzǸǠdzơ ƱǁƢƻ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩơȂǫ ƽơǂǧȋ
ǚǨƷ ƩơȂǫ ƽơǂǧƗ ƩƢǧǂǐƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨLJƢȈLJ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ȄºǴǟ ƤºƫǂƬƫ ȏ ǾǻƗ Ȇǿ DzǸǠdzơ ƱǁƢƻ ǵȐLjdzơ
ǮºǴƫ Ǻºǟ ƞºNjƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ȃƿȋơ ȁƗ ƧƢǧȂdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzƢǷ ȁƗ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ
[...] .ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơ
"DzǸǠdzơ ƱǁƢƻ" ƨdzƢƷ ƽȂƳȂƥ Ƕǰūơ Ŀ ȆLJƢLJȋơ DzǷƢǠdzơ ǹƗ ŐƬǠǻ ǺŴȁ
ƨºȈũǁ Śºǣ ƨǨǐƥ ǥǂǐƬȇ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƨưǠƥ Ȃǔǟ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ Ȃǿ
džƦºǴȇ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ȏ ƭƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƾǼǟ ƨȈƥǂūơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzƢƥ DzǐƬƫ ȏ
ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ȏȁ ƭƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƪǫȁ ňƾŭơ DžƢƦǴdzơ ȁƗ ȅǂǰLjǠdzơ ȅDŽdzơ
.ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨǬǘǼǷ ƱǁƢƻ ȁƗ Dzƻơƽ Ǟǫȁ ƾǫ ƭƽƢūơ
ƽǂǨǴdz ǺǰŻ ƨȈdzƢŭơȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ [...]
ǺºǷ ǞǓȁ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷ ǀƼƬȇ ǹƗ ǾƦǼƫ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǹȂǰȇ ȅǀdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƽơǂǧƗ ǺǷ
ƔơƽƗ ńƛ ȃDŽºǠĄƫ ȏ ƨºȇƽǂǧ ƨǨǐƥ ǥǂǐƫ ǾǻƗ Ȃdz "DzǸǠdzơ ƱǁƢƻ" Ȃǿ
.ǮǴƫ ƧƽƾƄơ "ǾƦǼƬdzơ ƨdzƢƷ" ƧǂƬǧ DZȐƻ ƨȈũǁ ƩƢƦƳơȁ
ǺºǷȁ ƨdzƢƷ Dzǯ Ŀ ƨȈǠǫơȂdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ƩȁƢǨƫ ńƛ Śnjǻ ǹƗ ƽȂǻȁ [...]
Ȃǿ ǺǷ ǞǓȁ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƨưǠƥ Ȃǔǟ ǞǓȁ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢŠ Ƕǰūơ ǹƜǧ ƢǼǿ
ȄºǴǟ ǾºǼǷ ƔDŽºƳ Ŀ ǦºǫȂƬȇ ƾǫ DzǸǠdzơ ƱǁƢƻ Ȃǿ ǺǷ ȁƗ DzǸǠdzơ Ŀ
ǹƢºǯǁȋơ džȈƟǁ ȁƗ ƧȂǬdzơ ƾƟƢǫ ȅƗǁ ǀƻƗ ǞǷ ƨdzƢūƢƥ ƨǏƢŬơ DzǷơȂǠdzơ
.(ÕÕ)ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ
__________
ÕÖ Ǎ (ǽȐºǟƗ ÏÓ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1999 (ÕÔ)
.ÓÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
United Nations Juridical Yearbook, 1986 (United Nations (ÕÕ)
.publication, Sales No. E.94.V.2), p. 300
18
DzǰȈŮơ ńƛ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ȃȂƬLjŭơ ńƛ DzǬƬǼȇ Ɣǂŭơ ǹƜǧ ǩƢưȈŭơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǎǼȇ Ŗdzơ ƧƾȇƾǠdzơ
ƢƆºǨdzƢű ŐºƬǟơ ƘǘŬơ ǃƢȀŪơ ǽǀţơ ƾǫ ƔơǂƳȍơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷƗ .ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ȆǴƻơƾdzơ
ǹƗ ƧǁȁǂǔºdzƢƥ řǠȇ ȏ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ ȏƛ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ DzǰȈŮơ Ǯdzǀdz ǝȂǓȂǸǯ ƧƾǟƢǬǴdz
ƢºŷȐǯ Ņȁƾºdzơȁ řǗȂºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ .ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƩƢǬǨǻ ƪLjȈdz ƧƾƦǰƬŭơ ƩƢǬǨǼdzơ
ƨºǷDŽǴǷ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ƨƠȈŮơ ȁƗ ƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ƨƠȈŮơ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ ƢȇƢǔǬdz ǹƢǗƢƬŹ
.(ÕÏ)ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƽȁƾƷ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ƢȀȈǨǛȂǷ ƾƷȋ DzǠǧ ȅƘƥ ƨưdzƢƯ ǥơǂǗȋ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
ǶºǷȋơ ǹƗ ƩƗǁ ƾǫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ -ÒÐ
ǃȁƢºƴƬƫ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǻ ƩƢǬǨǻ DzǸŢ ńƛ ǂǘǔƫ ƾǫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƩơǁƢºƦƬǟơ džºǰǠȇ Ǯdzƿ ǹƜǧ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ ƾƷƗ ƩƢǘǴLJ ƽȁƾƷ
ǹƛ ƿƛ ƘºǘŬơ ǥǂǐƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ȃȂǫƗ ŕƷ ȁƾƦƫ ƩƢLJƢȈLJ
ȏƛ ǥƢǐºǻȍơ ǺǷ ƨưdzƢƯ ƆƢǧơǂǗƗ ǵǂŹ ƾǫ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǒǧǁ
ƨºǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƨºdzȁƽ ńƛ ǥǂǐºƬdzơ ƽƢǼºLJƛ ǹƢǰǷȍƢƥ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ
Ŀ ǞLJȂƬdzơ ƨưdzƢƯ ǥơǂǗƗ ƨȇƢŧ ńƛ ƨƳƢūơ ȆǔƬǬƫȁ .(ÕÐ)ȃǂƻƗ
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ǃDŽǠȇ ȅǀdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ƤƦLjǴdz ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơ ƩƢǨdzƢƼŭơ ǒǠƥ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƢȀǷŐƫ Ŗdzơ
ǾǻƗ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ .(ÕÑ)ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǵơǂƥƛ ƨȈƷȐǐƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdz
ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƨȇƢŧ ǹƘƥ ǝǁǀƬdzơ ǩƢȈLjdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ǃȂŸ
ǃƢȀŪơ ǥǂǐƫ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǻ ǺLjŞ ƾǸƬǠƫ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫ ȄǴǟ ǂǐƬǬƫ ǹƗ
ƢȇƢǔǫ ǶǜǠǷ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǼȇ ȏ ǾLjǨǻ ǪǘǼŭơ ǹƜǧ .(ÕÒ)śǨǛȂŭơ ȁƗ
.ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ ǥǂǐƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨºȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ śǨǛȂŭơȁ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ ǥǂǐƫ śƥ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ǹƛ -ÒÑ
ǺºǷ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǵƢȀǷ ǺǷ ƔDŽƳ ǶŮ DZȂǯȂŭơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǥǂǐƫȁ
ƨȈŷȋơ ńƛ ǂǜǼdzƢƥ ǥƢǯ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ơƆǁŐǷ ǹȂǰȇ Ǻdz ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ
ƩƢºǸǜǼŭơ ƩƢºLJǁƢŲ Ŀ DŽºȈȈǸƬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ Ŗdzơ ƧƽȁƾƄơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƩƾǯƗ ƾǫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ .(ÕÓ)ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
__________
Certain Expenses of the United Nations (Article 17, (ÕÏ)
paragraph 2, of the Charter), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1962,
.p. 168
“Attribution and international responsibility Ŀ Dorigo ǂǯƿ (ÕÐ)
ƧƾƷȁ ǥĈǂǐƫ ǹƐ Ɨ for conduct of UN peacekeeping forces”, pp. 933–935
ƨŷƢLjŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾLJǁƢŤ ȅǀdzơ ǖǤǔdzơ ƤƦLjƥ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƽȁƾū ǃȁƢƴƬŭơ ƨȈǼǗȁ
.ƢǿƾƷȁ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ńƛ ƾǼLjȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ǥǂǐƫ Ȃǿ ƢŶƛ
.ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÑÓ ƧƽƢŭơ ńƛ ƢǼǿ ƧǁƢNjƛ (ÕÑ)
Arsanjani, “Claims against international ǂǜǻơ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ (ÕÒ)
Aramburu, ȁ žorganizations: quis custodiet ipsos custodes”, p. 153
“Responsabilidad de los organismos internacionales y jurisprudencia
ǃȁƢƴƬŭơ DzǠǨdzơ ƨƸǐƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǖƥǂȇ Reinisch ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ .argentina”, p. 4
International Organizations before National Courts, Ŀ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƽȁƾū
.pp. 80–81
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƨǘƥơǂdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨdzƔƢLjǷ ƨǼŪ ƪƷǂƬǫơ (ÕÓ)
:ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ
ǥǂǐƫ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ȄǔƬǬŠ ƨǸǜǼŭơ Ǻǟ ơƆǁƽƢǏ Ȑ ƌ Ǡǧ ŐƬǠȇ"
śǠƥƢƬdzơ śǨǛȂŭơ ȁƗ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǐƫ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼŭ ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ
ǾƬǨǐºƥ ǥǂǐºƬȇ ǦǛȂŭơ ȁƗ DZȁƚLjŭơ ȁƗ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǸǜǼŭ
ƨºƷȂǼǸŭơ ƨǘǴLjºdzơ ƽȁƾºƷ ǥǂǐƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǃȁƢš Ȃdzȁ ŕƷ ƨȈũǂdzơ
."(ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƽȁƾƷ ǃȁƢš) ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƬdzơ ǦdzƢƻ ȁƗ
.(International Law Association, op. cit., p. 797)
19 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ ƨȈũǂdzơ ǶȀƬǨǐƥ DzǠǨƥ ǹȂdzȁƚLjŭơ ƢȀȈǧ ǵȂǬȇ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ ƢǷƗ
ƢȀǼȈƥ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ƤƴȈǧ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƬǴdz ƆƢǨdzƢű ȁƗ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ ƆȐǠǧ DzǠǨdzơ ơǀǿ
ƨȈũǂdzơ ǶȀǷƢȀǷ ǩƢǘǻ Ǻǟ ƆơƾȈǠƥ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ śƥȁ
śȇƽƢǠdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǥǂǐƫ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ʊơǁƽƛ ƤƳȂȇ ƆơƾǠƥ
.(ÖÐ)ƨdzȁƾdzơ ńƛ ƤLjǼȇ ȏȁ
ǾºǻƜǧ (ÖÑ)ƨǸȀƦǷȁ ƨƸǓơȁ Śǣ "ƨǨǐdzơ ǽǀđ" ƧǁƢƦǟ ǹƗ ǞǷȁ
Ȇǟơƽ ȏ ǾǻƗ ƶǓȂȈLJ ơǀǿȁ .ƢȀȈǴǟ ƔƢǬƥȍơ Dzǔǧȋơ ǺǷ ȁƾƦȇ
ƧƾºǟƢǫ ǞǓȂdz ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭƢƥ DzǐƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
.(ÖÒ)ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǬƦǘǼŭơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨǨǴƬű
ƨǤȈºǏ Ŀ ƨºǨȈǨǗ ƩơŚȈºǤƫ DZƢƻƽƛ śǠƬȇ ǾǻƗ Śǣ -ÒÕ
Śºǣ DZƢºǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ Ô ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ
ǒºǠƥ" ƧǁƢºƦǟ ǹƜºǧ ƔȆNj Dzǯ DzƦǫȁ .ƆƢȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ƢºĔƗ Śºǣ DZȁƾdzơ ƤLJƢǼƫ "ƨȈǷȂǰūơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƩƢǏƢǐƬƻơ
.ƆơƾƳ ƧƽȁƾŰ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ȏƛ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǼƫ ȏ
ǁƾƴȈǧ ƩƢǻƢȈǰdzơ ȁƗ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ȁƗ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ƢǷƗ
ǥƢǔŭơ ŚǸǔdzơȁ .Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ƨǤȈǏ śƥȁ ƢȀǼȈƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ
ǝȁǂnjǷ ǺǷ Śƻȋơ ǂǘLjdzơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ "ǾƬǘǴLJ" ƨǜǨdz Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ
.ǽƙƢǤdzƛ ǺǰŻȁ ǶȀƦǷ Ô ƧƽƢŭơ
:ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǐdzơ ƵǂƬǬƫȁ -ÒÖ
ƩƢǸȈǴǠƬdzơ ƨǨdzƢű ȁƗ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƽȁƾƷ ǃȁƢš -Ó ƧƽƢŭơ"
Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ȄǔƬǬŠ ƨǸǜǼŭơ Ǻǟ ƆơǁƽƢǏ ƆȐǠǧ ŐƬǠȇ"
DZȂű ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj ȁƗ DZȁƚLjǷ ȁƗ ƢēDŽȀƳƗ ǺǷ ǃƢȀƳ ǥǂǐƫ
ǃƢºȀŪơ ǹƢºǯ ơƿƛ ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ǵƢºȀǷ ǒǠƥ ƨLJǁƢŲ ƨȈƷȐǏ
ǃȁƢš Ȃdzȁ ŕƷ ƨǨǐdzơ ǽǀđ ǥǂǐƬȇ ǎƼnjdzơ ȁƗ DZȁƚLjŭơ ȁƗ
."ƩƢǸȈǴǠƬdzơ ǦdzƢƻ ȁƗ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƽȁƾƷ ǥǂǐƬdzơ
__________
(Ô) ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ÒÕ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÎ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÖÐ)
.Ô ƧƽƢŭơ ȄǴǟ ǪȈǴǠƬdzơ ǺǷ
System of the Law of Nations: State Ŀ Brownlie ǁƢºNjƗ (ÖÑ)
śƷ ȆǨǧ .ƢȀƬǣƢȈǏ Ŀ Ȃnjūơ ƾǸƬǠƫ" ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹƗ ńƛ Responsibility, p. 147
ǵƾºǟ ȆƻȂºƬƥ ƿȐŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȅƽƢǨƫ DžƢLJƗ ȆNjƢƸƬdz ƨƦǣǁ ƨť ǹƗ
ơǀǿ Ŀ "ƨǨǐdzơ ǽǀđ" ƧǁƢƦǟ ƩơŚLjǨƫ ŕNj Ǻǟ ƨǴưǷƗ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdzȁ ."ƨǫƾdzơ
Condorelli, “L’imputation à l’Etat d’un fait :ǂººǜǻơ ǩƢȈLjººdzơ
internationalement illicite: solutions classiques et nouvelles tendances”,
Fischer, La responsabilité internationale de l’État pour les ȁ žp. 94
.comportements ultra vires de ses organes, pp. 234–235
ƨºǬƥƢǘǷ ÐÖÍ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Klein ǺǷ Dzǯ ƾĈȇƗ (ÖÒ)
ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Pitschasȁ žƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơȁ DZȁƾdzơ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ DZȂǴūơ
.Daillier and Pellet, Droit international public, p. 782ȁ žÓÍȁ ÒÓ Ǎ
ƱǁƢƻ" ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩơƾƷȂdzơ ǺǷ ƽǂǧ ȅƗ ǥǂǐƫ ǹƗ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ
Ŀ" ǥǂǐƫ ȅƗ ǹƜǧ (ÕÖ)ƨǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ƾǼLjȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȏ "DzǸǠdzơ
Ŀ ǂºǜǼȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ Ɣǂŭơ ǹƗ ǞǷ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƾǼLjȇ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ "DzǸǠdzơ
ƨǘǴLjºdzơ ƽȁƾºū ǃȁƢƴƬǷ ǥǂǐƫ ȅƗ Ƣđ DzǐƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǨȈǰdzơ
.řǠŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ńƛ ƨdzȂǯȂŭơ ǵƢȀŭƢƥ
:DZȂǬȇ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdz ǵƢǠdzơ ǁƢnjƬLjŭơ ƤƬǯ ƾǫȁ -ÒÓ
ƨƷȂǼǸŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǃȁƢš ƾǫ ǦǛȂŭơ ǹƢǯ Ȃdzȁ ŕƷ ƽƢǼLJȍơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǃȂŸ
ǦǛȂŭơ DZƢǠǧƗ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ .ƆȐǸȀǷ ǹƢǯ ȁƗ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǞƦƬȇ Ń ȁƗ Ǿdz
.(ÖÍ)ƨǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ƾǼLjƫ ȏ ƨȈũǂdzơ ǾƬǨǐƥ ƢȀȇƽƚȇ ȏ Ŗdzơ
ƩơǁƢƦǠƥ ǢȈǏ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ Ȃdzȁ DzƯƢŲ ǵȂȀǨǷ ȄǴǟ ǁȂưǠdzơ ǺǰŻȁ
ƨºǠƥƢƬdzơ DZƾºǠdzơ ƨºǸǰŰ ǾƫǁƾǏƗ ȅǀdzơ Ƕǰūơ Ŀ ƨǨǴƬű
:Sayag v. Leduc ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƩƢǟƢǸƴǴdz
ǾºȈǧ ƤƦLjºƬƫ ȅǀºdzơ ǁǂǔºdzơ ńƛ ƾƷơȁ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ƧǁƢNjȍƢƥ
ƧƽƢŭơ ƶǓȂƫ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ȂǨǛȂǷ ǾȈǧ ƤƦLjƬȇ ȅǀdzơ Ǯdzƿ ńƛȁ ƩƢLjLJƚŭơ
ǹƗ [ƨºȇǁǀdzơ ƨºǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨƠnjǼŭơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǺǷ] ÎÕÕ
ŐƬǠƫ Ŗdzơȁ ƢǿȂǨǛȂǷ Ƣđ ǵȂǬȇ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ ȏƛ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ Śǣ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
ƨºǫȐǟ ńƛ ƆơƽƢǼƬLJơ ƩƢLjLJƚŭơ ńƛ ƨdzȂǯȂŭơ ǵƢȀǸǴdz ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ƽơƾƬǷȏơ
.(ÖÎ)ƧǂNjƢƦǷȁ ƨȈǴƻơƽ
Ǻºǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ Ô ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǎǼȇȁ -ÒÔ
:ļȉơ ȄǴǟ ƆƢȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjǷ Śǣ DZƢǠǧƗ
ǥǂǐƫ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ȄǔƬǬŠ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ǻǟ ƆơǁƽƢǏ ƆȐ Ǡǧ ŐƬǠȇ
ƨºLJǁƢŲ ƨȈƷȐºǏ DZȂºű ǹƢºȈǯ ȁƗ ǎƼNj ȁƗ ƢēDŽȀƳƗ ǺǷ ǃƢȀƳ
ǎƼnjºdzơ ȁƗ ǃƢȀŪơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨȈǷȂǰūơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƩƢǏƢǐƬƻơ ǒǠƥ
ǾƬǘǴºLJ ƽȁƾºƷ ǃȁƢºš Ȃdzȁ ŕƷ ƨǨǐdzơ ǽǀđ ǥǂǐƬȇ ǹƢȈǰdzơ ȁƗ
.(ÖÏ)ƩƢǸȈǴǠƬdzơ ǦdzƢƻ ȁƗ
ǹȂºǰƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ ƨǫȐǟ ńƛ ƨǷƢŮơ "ƨǨǐdzơ ǽǀđ" ƧǁƢƦǟ Śnjƫȁ
ǵƢºȀŭơȁ ƨǘǴLjºdzơ ƽȁƾƷ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ śƥ ƨǸƟƢǫ
.ǦºǛȂŭơ ȁƗ ǎƼnjºdzơ ȁƗ ǹƢȈǰdzơ ȁƗ ǃƢȀŪơ ńƛ ƨdzȂǯȂŭơ
:ļȉơ ǂǯǀƥ ǂưǯƗ ơǀǿ ǪȈǴǠƬdzơ ƶǓȂȇȁ
__________
ǹƢǼƦdz Ŀ ƨƬǫƚŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƧȂǫ ƽơǂǧƗ ǺǷ ƽǂǨdz ƨƸǓơȁ ƨȈǔǫ (ÕÖ)
ƨȈǴȈƟơǂºLJȍơ ȆǓơǁȋơ ńƛ ƩơǂƴǨƬǷ DzǬǼƥ "DzǸǠdzơ ƱǁƢƻ" ǵƢǫ (UNIFIL)
ÎÖÔÖ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÎÍ ƹǁƚǷ ǶǰƷ Ŀ ƨȈǴƄơ ƢǨȈƷ ƨǸǰŰ ƢȀȈǧ Ʃǂǜǻ ƾǫȁ
United Nations Juridical Yearbook, 1979 (United Nations publication,
.Sales No. E.82.V.1), p. 205
(François Gianviti) ŖȈǨǻƢºȈƳ ơȂLjºǻǂǧ ƾȈLjdzơ ǺǷ ƨdzƢLJǁ (ÖÍ)
ÏÍÍÐ ǂºȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦºNj Ô ƨƻǁƚǷ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdz ǵƢǠdzơ ǁƢnjƬLjŭơ
.Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ śǷƗ ńƛ ƨȀƳȂǷȁ
ÓÖ/Ö ƨȈǔǬdzơ Ŀ ÎÖÓÖ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÎÍ ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ǁƽƢǐdzơ Ƕǰūơ (ÖÎ)
ƾºǫȁ .(European Court Reports, vol. XV (1969–1), p. 336 (recital 7))
ƨºǏƢŬơ ǾƫǁƢȈºLJ ƨǷƾŬơ ȆǨǛȂǷ ǺǷ ǦǛȂǷ DZƢǸǠƬLJơ" ǹƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǜƷȏ
.(ibid., recital 9) "ǽȐǟƗ ƧƽƾƄơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ ĿȂƬLjȇ ȏ ǾǷƢȀǷ ǾƟơƽƗ ƔƢǼƯƗ DzǬǼǴdz
.ǽȐǟƗ Ò ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÖÏ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
džǷƢŬơ DzǐǨdzơ
ƢȀǼǟ ƧǁƽƢǏ ƢǿŐƬǠƫȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ƣđ ǥǂƬǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơ
ƢºǷ ǁƾºǬƥ ‘ƪŞ ǵƢǟ ňȂǻƢǫ ǾȈƳȂƬǯ‘ ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ
ƾºȈǫ ƨdzƘLjºŭơ ȄǴǟ ƔȂǔdzơ ƔƢǬdzƛ ȄǴǟ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ƾǟƢLjƫ
ƆơƔDŽºƳ ƧǂƟơƾdzơ ƪLjƦƬǫơ DžƢLJȋơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ .(ÎÍÏ)"ƮƸƦdzơ
.(ÎÍÐ)Ǿƥ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ǪȈǴǠƬdzơȁ ÎÎ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǺǷ ƆơŚƦǯ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƧǂƟơƾdzơ ƪǧƢǓƗ Ľ
ŚȇƢǠǷ džǨǻ ǵƾƼƬLjȇ śǧǂǘdzơ Ȑǯ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨȈƟơƾƬƥȏơ ƧǂƟơƾdzơ ǽȂǼƫ
ǮǴƫ DzƯƢŤ Ȇǿȁ "ǁơǂǫȍơ"ȁ "DZȂƦǬdzơ"ȁ "ǶȈǴLjƬdzơ"ȁ "řƦƬdzơ"ȁ "ǥơǂƬǟȏơ"
Ȃǿ Ɔơƿƛ DZơƚLjdzơȁ .ƢŮ ƨǴƯƢŲ ŚȇƢǠǷȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƢȀƬǷƾƼƬLJơ Ŗdzơ
ǪºȈǬŢ ƧȂǫ ǹƗ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ƨǓǂƬǨŭơ ǞƟƢǫȂdzơ ńƛ ƆơƽƢǼƬLJơ ǺǰŻ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ
ƆƢǧǂǐºƫ ǽǁƢƦƬǟơ śȈǼǠŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ǥǂǐƫ "ƪǼƦƫȁ ƪǧǂƬǟơ" ƾǫ ǁơǂǬƬLJȏơ
.(ÎÍÑ)"ƢȀǼǟ ƆơǁƽƢǏ"
ǪºȈǬŢ ƧȂǫ ǥǂǐƫ ǹƗ ǽƽƢǨǷ ƱƢƬǼƬLJơ ńƛ ƧǂƟơƾdzơ ƪǴǏȂƫȁ
‘ƆƢǧơǂƬǟơ‘ ȁƗ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ ǥǂǐƬǴdz ‘ƆƢȈǼƦƫ‘ ƾǠȇ ȏ" ǁơǂǬƬLJȏơ
.(ÎÍÒ)"ƢȀǼǟ ƆơǁƽƢǏ ƆƢǧǂǐƫ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ Ǿƥ
ƆƢºǷƢŤ ƆƢºȇǃơȂǷ ǵƾǬȈLJ ȅǀdzơ ǎǼdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ -ÓÐ
Śºǣ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ ÎÎ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjŭ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǸǯ ǎǼdzơ ǹȂǰȇȁ .ƆƢȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ƨºǸǜǼǷ Ƣđ ǥǂƬǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơ -Ô ƧƽƢŭơ"
ƢȀǼǟ ƧǁƽƢǏ ƢǿŐƬǠƫȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ
ƤºƳȂŠ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ƾǼLjȇ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ"
ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ǽǀǿ Ǻǟ ƆơǁƽƢǏ ƆȐǠǧ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷ ŐƬǠȇ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƽơȂŭơ
ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ǽǀºǿ ƪǧǂƬǟơ ơƿƛ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ȄǔƬǬŠ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ơǀºǿ ǁƾºǬƥȁ ƢȀºǼǟ ƆơǁƽƢºǏ ǾºƫŐƬǟơȁ ǥǂǐƬdzơ Ǯdzǀƥ
."ǁƢƦƬǟȏơȁ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
__________
.ÓÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÍÏ)
.ÓÐȁ ÓÏ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÍÐ)
.ÓÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÍÑ)
DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơ ǒǧǁ ƾǫȁ .ÓÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÍÒ)
ǥƢǼƠƬºLJȏơ ƨºǸǰŰ ƪǜƷȏ ǽǀǿ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ƾǼƦdzơ ȆǨǧ .ǦǴƬű
ǥƢǘƬƻȏơ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ǎǫƢǼƬƫ ȏƗ ƤŸ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ƨLJǁƢŲ" ǹƗ ǖǬǧ
ƆƢǯƢȀƬǻơ Ƣēơƿ ƾŞ ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ ǶŮƢǠǧƗ Dzǰnjƫ ȏ ǹȂǏƢƻ ƽơǂǧƗ Ƣđ ǵȂǬȇ Ŗdzơ
ǂºƻƕ ǹƢȈǯ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǑǂŢ Ń ƢǷ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƧƽƢȈLjdz
ƨºǓǁƢǠdzơ ǹȂºǠǘdzơ Ǻºǟ ǁơǂºǫ) "ƢȀºǼǟ ȄǓƢǤƬƫ ȁƗ Ƣđ ǥǂƬǠƫ ȁƗ
/ǹơǂºȇDŽƷ Ò) IT-94-2-AR73 Ƕºǫǁ ƨȈǔǬdzơ DZƢǬƬǟȏơ ƨȈǟȁǂnjǷ ǹƘnjƥ
.(ÏÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (ÏÍÍÐ ǾȈǻȂȇ
20
ƾǠƥ ǾȈǼƦƫȁ ǥǂǐƬdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƨȈŷƗ ńƛ ǂǜǼĄȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ -ÓÍ
ƨºdzƢǯȂdzơ ƝƽƢºƦǷ ǺǷ [...] ƆƗƾƦǷ" džǰǠƫ ƢĔƗ ȄǴǟ ǾǟȂǫȁ
ƨȈƟơǂƳƛ ƧƾǟƢǬdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟơ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǺǰŻȁ .(ÖÓ)"ǁơǂǫȍơ ȁƗ
ȁƾºƦȇ ǾǻƜǧ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ƨȀƳȁ Ǻǰƫ ƢǸȀǷȁ .ƨdzƽȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ
ȅǀºdzơ ƲȀǼǴdz ƆơǂȇƢǤǷ ƆƢƴĔ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƲȀƬǼƫ ǹƗ DZȂǬǠŭơ Śǣ ǺǷ
DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ ÎÎ ƧƽƢŭơ ǁơǂǫƛ ńƛ ƢǿƽƢǫ
ƧƾǟƢǫ ǞǓȂdz ǁŐǷ ȅƗ ƾƳȂȇ ȏ ƢǸǯ .(ÖÔ)ƆƢȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ
.DZȁƾdzơ ǶǰŢ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫ Ǻǟ ǦǴƬţ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼǸǴdz
ƨưȇƾūơ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǺǷ DzȈǴǫ ƽƾǟ ǭƢǼǿ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛȁ -ÓÎ
ƾƷƗȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ DzăƦĉǫ ǺǷ řƦƬdzơ ȁƗ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DzǸƸƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ Ǿǻȋ ƢǷ ƆƢǟȂǻ ǾȈǧ ǭȂǰnjǷ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǽǀǿ
ƩƢºǠǧơǂŭơ DZȐƻȁ .(ÖÕ)ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƜƥ ƾȇƾƸƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ȏȁ
ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ ƨºȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ ǞƥƢƫ Ǫȇǂǧ ǵƢǷƗ ƨȇȂǨnjdzơ
ƩơƾºǠŭơ ǒǠƦºdz ȆǯǂǸŪơ ǦȈǼǐƬdzơ - ƨȈƥǁȁȋơ ƩƢǟƢǸŪơ
ƾºǓ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƢȀƬǠǧǁ ȃȁƢǟƽ ȄǴǟ Ɔơƽǁȁ ƨȈƥȂLJƢūơ
:ƢºĔƗ ƨºȈƥǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƪǼǴǟƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ ơƾǼdzǂȇƕ
Ŀ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DzǷƢǯ DzǸƸƬdz ƧƾǠƬLjǷ
ǝȂºǓȂǷ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ Ʃǀţơ ƔơȂLJ ƨȈƦȇǂǔdzơ ƩȐȈȀLjƬdzơ DZƢů
ȃȂƬLjºǷ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ȃȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ ȃȂǰnjdzơ
.(ÖÖ)ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ
ƨºȈǻƢưdzơ ƨȈƟơƾƬƥȏơ ƧǂƟơƾdzơ ǁơǂǫ ƶǓȁȋơ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǺǷȁ -ÓÏ
Ŀ Ʃǂºǜǻ Ŗdzơ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȈdz ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz
ƧȂǫ ńƛ ǶȀƬŭơ ȄǴǟ ǒƦǬdzơ ƔƢǬdzƛ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ƨdzƘLjǷ
ǹƢǣơǁƽ ƾǓ ǵƢǠdzơ Ȇǟƾŭơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ (SFOR) ǁơǂǬƬLJȏơ ǪȈǬŢ
ƧǂƟơƾdzơ ƩǁƢNjƗȁ .(Prosecutor v. Dragan Nikoliü) NJƬdzȂǰȈǻ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƽơȂǷ ǹƗ ńƛ Ɣƾƥ ȅƿ ƝƽƢƥ
ƪLjºȈdz" ƆƢȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ
ÒÔ ƧƽƢºŭơ ǝȁǂnjºǷ ńƛ ƩǁƢNjƗ Ľ .(ÎÍÍ)"DZȁƾǴdz ƨǷDŽǴǷ
DZȁƾºdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƆƢLJƢLJƗ ǥƾȀƬLjƫ ƽơȂŭơ" ǹƗ ńƛ ƪǿȂǻȁ
.(ÎÍÎ)"ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǻƢȈǰdzơ ȁƗ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǥƾȀƬLjƫ ȏȁ
ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǵƾƼƬLjƫ" ǹƗ Ʃǁǂǫ ƧǂƟơƾdzơ ǹƗ Śǣ
__________
.ÎÒÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Brownlie (ÖÓ)
.ǽȐǟƗ Ò ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÖÔ)
.ǽȐǟƗ ÎÒ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÖÕ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÖÖ)
“Decision on defence motion challenging the exercise of (ÎÍÍ)
.jurisdiction by the Tribunal”, case No. IT-94-2-PT, para. 60
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÍÎ)
21 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
DžƽƢLjdzơ DzǐǨdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƩȏƢƷ
ǺǴǟƗ ȁƗ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƧDŽȀƳƗ ǺǷ ƤLJƢǼǷ ǃƢȀƳ DzǠǨdzơ ǂǫƗ ơƿƛ ȏƛ Ņȁƾdzơ
.(ÎÍÔ)ǾǼǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DZȂƦǫ ƨƷơǂǐƥ
Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐƥ ȆLjȈƟǁ Dzǰnjƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǹƢȈƦdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ǞǷȁ
ơƆƔDŽƳ ƧƽƢǟ ǹȂǰƫ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǵƢȀǷ ǒǠƥ Ƣđ ǕȂǼŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈǰdzơ ǹƜǧ
.ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ȆǴƻơƾdzơ DzǰȈŮơ ǺǷ
ǝȁǂnjºǷ Ŀ ƽǁơȂºdzơ ǩƢǘǼdzơ ǞLJơȂdzơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ȆǬƦĄȇ ȏȁ -ÓÓ
ƢƆºȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ
Õ ƧƽƢºŭơ ǝȁǂnjºǷ ǖŶ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƧƾǟƢǬdz ƽȁƾŰ DZƢů ȃȂLJ
ƪŢ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢȀȈƳȂƫ ȄǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥ Ƣđ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ǶƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơ)
ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ƶǸLjƫ ƮȈƷ ƨǏƢƻ ƧǁȂǐƥ Ǯdzƿ ǩƾǐȇȁ .(ƢȀƬƥƢǫǁ
śǠƥ ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ƨƥƢǫǂdzơ ƩȏƢƷ ǀƻƘƥ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ
ȅȂºǘǼȇ ƾºǫȁ Õ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ DŽȈŤ ƩȏƢūơ ǽǀǿȁ .ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ
.ŐǯƗ ƨƥȂǠǏ ȄǴǟ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ƢȀƳơǁƽƛ
ƣƢȈǣ Ŀ Ƣđ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ǶƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơ) Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷȁ -ÓÔ
ǝȁǂnjºǷȁ (ƢºȀǷƢȀŠ ƢȀǷƢȈǫ ǵƾǟ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ȁƗ ƨȈũǂdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ
ǹƘnjƥ (ƨȇƽǂǸƬdzơ Śǣ ȁƗ ƨȇƽǂǸƬdzơ ƩƢǯǂūơ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ) ÎÍ ƧƽƢŭơ
ƧƽƢȈLjdzơ ǹƢǓǂƬǨȇ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ƨưȇƾūơ ƩơǁȂǘƬdzơ ǺǷ DzȈǴǫ ƽƾǟ Ƕǣǁȁ .ȆǓơǁȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨǬƦLjŭơ
DZƢǸƬƷơ ƢǷƗ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ơƆǁƽƢǻ ƭƾūơ ơǀǿ DZơDŽȇ ȏ
ÎÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ǮǴƬdz ƨȇǃơȂǷ ƨdzƢƷ ǝȂǫȁ
ƨºǷȂǰƷ" ńƛ ƽǂºŤ ƨǯǂƷ DZȂŢ Ŀ ƨǴưǸƬǷ - ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
.ơƆƾƳ ƾȈǠƥ DZƢǸƬƷơ ȂȀǧ - "ƧƾȇƾƳ
__________
.ǽȐǟƗ ÖÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÍÔ)
Ŀ ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƜƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DzǐǨdzơ ǺǸǔƬȇ -ÓÑ
ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ
ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨǴȈǴǫ ƨȈŷƗ Ʃơƿ ƢĔƗ ȁƾƦȇ ȃǂƻƗ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƨǠƥǁƗ (ÎÍÓ)ƢƆȈdzȁƽ
ƽơƾºǟƛ Ǻǟ ǝƢǼƬǷȏơ Ƨǁȁǂǔƥ ȆƷȂȇ ơǀǿȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼǸǴdz
ƨǏƢŬơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǵƢǷƗ ƢƆƷȂƬǨǷ DZƢĐơ ǭǂƫȁ ƨȇǃơȂƬǷ ǍȂǐǻ
ƘnjǼƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƧǁƽƢǼdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ DžƢȈǬdzơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzƢƥ
ȃƾºƷƛ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƽƢǼLJƜƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǴǰnjǷ ƢȀȈǧ
.ƽơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ
Śǣ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ Ò ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷȁ -ÓÒ
Ŗºdzơ ƩƢǻƢȈǰdzơ ȁƗ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ" DZȁƢǼƬȇ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ƨǘǴLjºdzơ" ƧǁƢƦǟȁ ."ƨȈǷȂǰūơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƩƢǏƢǐƬƻơ ǒǠƥ DžǁƢŤ
ƢȀǷơƾƼƬºLJơ ǺǰŻ ȏ ƆƢǬƥƢLJ ǾȈdzƛ ŚNjƗ ƢǷ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ "ƨȈǷȂǰūơ
Ǻºǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭƢƥ ǎƬź ƢǸȈǧ ƢƆƦLJƢǼǷ ƢƆǷơƾƼƬLJơ
ǝȁǂnjºǷ Ŀ ƽƢǼLJȎdz ƨǷƢǟ ƧƾǟƢǬǯ ƵǂƬǬŭơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ
ǺºǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ ǎƼNj ƢȀȈǧ ńȂƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ ǞȈŦ ȆǘǤȇ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ
ǵƢºǠdzơ ǁƢnjºƬLjŭơ ƽƢºǧƗ ƩƢǻƢȈǰdzơ ǎź ƢǸȈǧȁ .ƨǸǜǼǷ ǵƢȀǷ
:ȆǴȇ ƢŠ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdz
DZƢǠǧȋơ DZȁƢǼƬƫ Ŗdzơȁ ƽƢǼLJȍƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƾǟơȂǫ [...]
ƢºǸȈǧ ƢºŮ ƨȈŷƗ ȏ ȁƗ ƧƽȁƾŰ ƨȈŷƗ ƢŮ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ƩƢǻƢȈǯ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ
Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ DzǠǧ ƢȀȈǧ ƾǼLJƗ ƨdzƢƷ ƨȇƗ ǥǂǠǻ ȏȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭƢƥ ǎƬź
ȅƗ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǺǰŻ ȏ ƢǼȇƗǁ Ŀȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ńƛ ȆƳǁƢƻ ǹƢȈǯ
ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ńƛ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ Ǻǟ ƱǁƢƻ ǹƢȈǯ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ DzǠǧ
__________
.ǽȐǟƗ Ò ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÍÓ)
 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
[DZƢǸǟȋơ DZȁƾƳ ǺǷ Ï ƾǼƦdzơ]
A/CN.4/545 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǺǷ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǜƷȐŭơȁ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ
[ƨȇDŽȈǴǰǻȍƢƥ :DzǏȋơ]
[ÏÍÍÑ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÒ]
ƩƢȇȂƬƄơ
ƨƸǨǐdzơ
ÏÑ ........................................................................ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ
ÏÒ ................................................................................................................... ƨǷƾǬǷ
ÏÓ ......................................................................... ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǺǷ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǜƷȐŭơȁ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ
ÏÓ ..................................................................................... ƨǷƢǟ ƩƢǜƷȐǷ - ǦdzƗ
ÏÓ .......................................................................... ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ -Î
ÏÓ ....................................................................... Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ -Ï
ÏÕ ................................................................. ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǝƢǬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ -Ð
ÏÕ ....................................................................... ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Ñ
ÏÕ ................................................................ ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǩƢǘǻ -Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ - ƔƢƥ
ÏÕ ................................................................ ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ -Î
ÏÖ ....................................................................... Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ -Ï
ÏÖ ............................................................. ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ -Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ - ǶȈƳ
ÏÖ ................................................................ ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ -Î
ÐÍ ....................................................................... Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ -Ï
ÐÍ ........................................................................ƨǷƢǟ ƝƽƢƦǷ -Ð ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ - DZơƽ
ÐÍ ................................................................ ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ -Î
ÐÍ ....................................................................... Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ -Ï
ÐÎ .......................................................................... "ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ" ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ - ƔƢǿ
ÐÎ .......................................................................... ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ -Î
ÐÏ ................................................................ ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ -Ï
ÐÏ ....................................................................... Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ -Ð
ÐÏ .................................................................. ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ -Ñ
ÐÏ ....................................................................... ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Ò
ÐÏ .............................................................................. "ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ" ǦȇǂǠƫ - ȁơȁ
ÐÏ .......................................................................... ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ -Î
ÐÐ ................................................................ ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ -Ï
ÐÐ ....................................................................... Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ -Ð
ÐÐ .................................................................. ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ -Ñ
ÐÐ ....................................................................... ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Ò
ÐÐ ................................. ƨŷƢLjŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ńƛ ȁƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ńƛ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩơȂǫ ǥǂǐƫ ƨƦLjǻ - ȅơǃ
ÐÐ .......................................................................... ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ -Î
ÐÐ ................................................................ ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ -Ï
23
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ 24

ÐÐ ....................................................................... Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ -Ð

ÐÐ .................................................................. ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ -Ñ
ÐÑ ................................................................................ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ƾǟơȂǫ - ƔƢƷ
ÐÑ .......................................................................... ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ -Î
ÐÖ ................................................................ ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ -Ï
ÑÍ ....................................................................... Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ -Ð
ÑÎ ....................................................................... ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Ñ
ÑÎ ....................................................................... ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Ò
ÑÎ .................... Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀǯƢȀƬǻơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƾǓ ƨǟȂǧǂŭơ ȃȁƢǟƾdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ - ƔƢǗ
ÑÎ ................................................................ ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ -Î
ÑÎ ....................................................................... Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ -Ï
ÑÏ ................................................ ƢŮ ǹȂǠƥƢƬdzơ ǹȂƦǫơǂŭơȁ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ -Ð
ÑÐ ............................................................. ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǂǜƷ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Ñ
ÑÑ .................................................................... ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Ò
ÑÒ ................................................................ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ -Ó
ÑÒ ....................................................................... ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Ô
ÑÒ ....................................................................... ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Õ
ÑÒ ............... ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ Ŀ śǴǷƢǠdzơ śȈǼǗȂdzơ ƢȇƢǟǂǴdz ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǺǸǓ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ Ʊơǁƽƛ - ƔƢȇ
ÑÒ .......................................................................... ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ -Î
ÑÓ .............................. ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǺǷ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǜƷȐŭơȁ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzƢƥ ƨǬǧǂŭơ ƩƢǬƸǴŭơ ƨǸƟƢǫ -Ǫǧǂŭơ
ººººººººººº
ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ
ǁƾǐŭơ
United Nations, Treaty Series, (ÎÖÑÑ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ô ȂǣƢǰȈNj) Ņȁƾdzơ ňƾŭơ ǹơŚǘdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
vol. 15, No. 102, p. 295.
Ibid., vol. 1, p. 15. (ÎÖÑÓ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÎÐ ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ) ƢēƢǻƢǐƷȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩơǃƢȈƬǷơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
Ibid., vol. 213, No. 2889, p. 221. (ǹƢLjºǻȍơ ǩȂºǬū ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ) ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƩƢȇǂūơȁ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÒÍ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ñ ƢǷȁǁ)
Ibid., vol. 261, No. 3729, p. 141. (ÎÖÒÎ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÎÕ džȇǁƢƥ) ƤǴǐdzơȁ ǶƸǨǴdz ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨƠnjǼŭơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ
Ibid., vol. 994, No. 14538, p. 3. ÏÖ ǹǂºƥ) (ǹǂºƥ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ) ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǺǷ Ǻȇơǂdzơ ǂĔ ƨȇƢǸū ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǩƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÓÐ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ
Ibid., vol. 729, No. 10485, p. 161. (ÎÖÓÕ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ Î ǺǘǼNjơȁ ȂǰLJȂǷ ǹƾǼdz) ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǁƢnjƬǻơ ǵƾǟ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ
Ibid., vol. 1833, No. 31363, p. 3. (ÎÖÕÏ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÍ ȅƢƥ ȂǤȈƬǻȂǷ) ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
Ibid., vol. 1836, No. 31364, No. 3. ÏÕ ǭǁȂºȇȂȈǻ) ǁƢºƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ǂnjǟ ȅƽƢūơ ƔDŽŪơ ǀȈǨǼƬƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÖÑ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ
Ibid., vol. 2167, No. 37924, p. 3. ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÎÍ ƨƻǁƚŭơ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǀȈǨǼƬƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ
ƧƾºǏǁȋơȁ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ƨǴƻơƾƬŭơ ƧƾǏǁȋơ Ƨǁơƽƛȁ ǚǨŞ ƨǴǐƬŭơȁ ÎÖÕÏ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ
(ÎÖÖÒ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ Ñ ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ) DZƢŢǁȏơ ƧŚưǰdzơ ƨȈǰǸLjdzơ
Ibid., vol. 1513, No. 26164, p. 293. (ÎÖÕÒ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÏÏ ƢǼȈȈǧ) ǹȁǃȁȋơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨȇƢǸū ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
Ibid., vol. 1522, No. 26369, p. 3. /DZȂºǴȇƗ ÎÓ DZƢºȇǂƬǻȂǷ) ǹȁǃȁȋơ ƨǬƦǘdz ƧƾǨǼƬLjŭơ ƽơȂŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DZƢȇǂƬǻȂǷ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
(ÎÖÕÔ ŐǸƬƦLJ
A/CONF.129/15. ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ śƥ ƢǸȈǧ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơȁ DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÕÓ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÏÎ ƢǼȈȈǧ)
25 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ

United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. (ÎÖÖÍ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏӝDZȂƦǼǘLJơ) ƪǫƚŭơ DZȂƻƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
1762, No. 30667, p. 121.
Ibid., Vol. 1757, No. 30615, p. 3. (ÎÖÖÏ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj Ô ƪƻǂƬLJƢǷ) (ƪƻǂƬLJƢǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ) ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ
Ibid., vol. 1936, No. 33207, p. 269. ÎÔ ȆǰǼLjºǴǿ) ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩơŚƸƦdzơȁ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢĐơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơȁ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÖÏ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ
Ibid., vol. 2105, No. 36605, p. 457. (ÎÖÖÏ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÎԝȆǰǼLjǴǿ) ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƭƽơȂūơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ibid., vol. 1771, No. 30822, p. 107. (ÎÖÖÏ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ Ö ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ) ƹƢǼŭơ ŚǤƫ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȇǁƢǗȍơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
Ibid., vol. 2303, No. 30822, p. 162. ÎÎ ȂºƫȂȈǯ) ƹƢºǼŭơ ŚǤƫ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȇǁƢǗȍơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ ǪƸǴŭơ ȂƫȂȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
(ÎÖÖÔ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
Ibid., vol. 1760, No. 30619, p. 79. (ÎÖÖÏ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ Ò ȁŚǻƢƳ ȅƽ Ȃȇǁ) ȆƳȂdzȂȈƦdzơ ǝȂǼƬdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
Ibid., vol. 2226, No. A-30619, ÏÖ DZƢºȇǂƬǻȂǷ) ȆƳȂdzȂȈƦdzơ ǝȂǼƬdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ ǪƸǴŭơȁ ƨȈƳȂdzȂȈƦdzơ ƨǷȐLjǴdz ƢǼȈƻƢƫǁƢǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
p. 208. (ÏÍÍÍ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
Ibid., vol. 1963, No. 33545, p. 293. (ÎÖÖÑ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÍ ƢǼȈȈǧ) ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǷȐLjdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
Ibid., vol. 1954, No. 33480, p. 3. ǺºǷ ȁƗ/ȁ ƾȇƾnjdzơ ǥƢǨŪơ ǺǷ ňƢǠƫ Ŗdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ Ŀ ǂƸǐƬdzơ ƨƸǧƢǰŭ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÖÑ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÑ džȇǁƢƥ) ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ Ŀ ƨǏƢşȁ ǂƸǐƬdzơ
Ibid., vol. 2080, No. 36116, p. 95. (ÎÖÖÑ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÔ ƨǻȂƦnjdz) ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǩƢưȈǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ
Ibid., vol. 2081, No. 36117, p. 3. ÎÔ ƨǻȂƦnjdz) ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƤǻơȂŪơȁ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ƧƔƢǨǯ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǩƢưȈǷ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
(ÎÖÖÑ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
ººººººººººº
ƨǷƾǬǷ
ǹȂǻƢºǯ Ö Ŀ ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ƩƾǸƬǟơ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ Ȑƫȁ -Ï Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƪǏȁƗ ÏÍÍÏ ǵƢǠdz ƢǿǂȇǂǬƫ Ŀ -Î
ƨºǼŪ ǂºȇǂǬƫ" ǹȂǼǠŭơ ÔÔ/ÒÕ ǁơǂǬdzơ ÏÍÍÐ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ Ʃơƿ ƽơȂºŭơ ǞŦ ƨȈǤƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭƢƥ DzǐƬƫ ǹƘƥ" ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ
Ŀȁ ."śLjºǸŬơȁ ƨLjǷƢŬơ Ƣēǁȁƽ DZƢǸǟƗ Ǻǟ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷȁ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ŖdzƘLjŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ƨǴǐdzơ
ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ńƛ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ƪƦǴǗ ǁơǂǬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ Ò ƧǂǬǨdzơ .*"ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ƤLjǼĄȇ ǥǂǐƫ Ǻǟ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ
ǹƘnjƥ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ʼnƾǬƫ ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơȁ DZȁƾdzơ Ȃǟƾȇ ǹƗ
ƢŠ "ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ" ǝȂǓȂŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢēƢLJǁƢŲ ÏÐ ƨƻǁƚǷ ƨdzƢLJǁ Ŀ ƧȂǟƾdzơ ƪȀƳȁ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ÅƔƢǼƥȁ
ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƧƢǧơȂŭ ƧƢǬƬǼǷ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ÏÍÍÏ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ
Ŀ ƔƢǔºǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ŐƬǠƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ
ńƛ ƤǴǘdzơ ơǀǿ ǢǴƥƌƗȁ .ƨǸǜǼŭơ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǁƽƢǐŭơ ǺǷ ƽơȂǷ ʼnƾǬƫȁ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ ǺǷ ǾǠƦƬƫ ƢŠ
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ ǁƢȈƬƻơ ƢȀȈǴǟ Ǟǫȁ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ǹƘnjºƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƢȀȇǂš Ŗdzơ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ńƛ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ
ƪƦǴǗ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǿǂȇǂǬƫ Ŀȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
.ÏÍÍÐ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÕ ƨƻǁƚǷ ƨdzƢLJǁ ƤƳȂŠ
śƥ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ƨǴǐdzơ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟơ Ŀ Ƨǀƻƕ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ ńƛ ƨǼƴǴdzơ
ǺǷ ƽȁƽǁ ÏÍÍÑ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÍ ŕƷ Ʃƽǁȁ ƾǫȁ -Ð DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ǝǃȂƫ ǹƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ DzǸǟȁ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀǿ
śºƥ ƽȁƽǂºdzơ ʼnƾºǬƫ ƺȇǁơȂƫ ƽǂƫ) ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǂºȇǂǬƫ ǺǷ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀđ ǍƢŬơ DzǐǨdzơ ȅȂǼLJ
ÏÍÍÐ DžǁƢº ºǷ/ǁơƿƕ Ô) ƨº ºȈƥǁȁȋơ ƨȈººǓȂǨŭơ :(śº
ºLJȂǫ ƢēȏƢǯȁȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ȄǴǟ Ƣēǁȁƽ DZƢǸǟƗ Ǻǟ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ
ÎÑ) ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁ (ÏÍÍÑ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕȁ .**ƢēƢǬȈǴǠƫ ȆǬǴƬdz ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǒǠƥȁ ƨǐǐƼƬŭơ
(ÏÍÍÑ DžǁƢºǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÏÖȁ ÏÍÍÏ ŐǸǧȂºǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Îȁ ÏÍÍÏ ŐǸƬƦºLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÐ śƬƻǁƚǷ śƬdzƢLJǁ ƤƳȂŠȁ
ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÖȁ ÏÍÍÐ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj Ô) Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏȁ ńƛ ǂǯǀdzơ ƨǨdzƢLjdzơ ƩƢƦǴǘdzơ ƪǴǬǻ ÏÍÍÐ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ
ƨǘǴLjºdzơȁ (ÏÍÍÑ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÏÒȁ ÏÍÍÑ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ .ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ ƢēǁƢƬƻơ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǸǜǼǷ
ƩơȂºǬdzơȁ (ÏÍÍÐ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÕ) ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǝƢǬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ººººººººº
ÏÑ) ƧƽƾºǠƬǷ ƩƢȈLjºǼƳ ǺǷ ǹȂƦǫơǂŭơȁ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ÎÎÐ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÏ ƨȈdzȂƷ ∗
ǹȂǻƢºǯ Õ) ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷȁ (ÏÍÍÐ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ .ÑÕÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǂºǜƷ ƨºǸǜǼǷȁ (ÏÍÍÐ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ .ÒÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÎ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ **
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƽǂƫȁ .(ÏÍÍÏ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ó Ŀ ƽǂdzơ ƽǁȁ) ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ
.ƧƾºƷ ȄǴǟ ǝȂǓȂǷ Dzǯ DZȁƢǼƬƫ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǽƢǻƽƗ ƽȁƽǂdzơ ǽǀǿ
ƆơƽǂºLJ ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ ǽǀºǿ ǪǧǂǷ ǺǸǔƬȈLJ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ
.ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǺǷ ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƽȁƽǂdzƢƥ ƨǬƸǴŭơ ƩƢǬǧǂǸǴdz
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǺǷ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǜƷȐŭơȁ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ
ǺǷ ơƆǁƢǰǧƗ ǹƘƥ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǶǴLjƫ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ -Ò
ȄǴƴƬȇ ƢǷ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ "ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ DzǷƢǰƬǴdz ƨǸǜǼǷ" DzȈƦǫ
ƾǼǟ ƨǏƢƻ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǵDŽǴƬLjƫ ƾǫ ƩơƾǿƢǠǸǴdz ƨưȇƾūơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ Ŀ
ƨºǼƴǴdz ǪºƷȐdzơ ƽơȂºŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ DzƟƢLjŭơ DZȁƢǼƫ
.Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƧƾºǠƥ ƨǏƢƻ ƨǠȈƦǗ Ʃơƿ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹƗ Ƕǣǁȁ -Ó
ƔơȂLJ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢȀŪơ ǞȈŦ ȄǴǟ śǠƬȇ ǾǻƗ ƶǓơȂdzơ ǺǸǧ ǩǂǗ
DZƢºƷ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƢȀƬȈdzȁƚLjŠ ǂǬƫ ǹƗ ƩƢǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ȏƆ ȁƽ ƪǻƢǯ
ƧƢºǟơǂǷ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ơǀǿ ȆǨǼȇ ȏȁ .ƨǟȁǂnjǷ Śǣ DZƢǠǧƗ ȅƗ ǝȂǫȁ
DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ Ǿƥ ǵȂǬƫ ȅǀdzơ DzǸǠdzơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǩȁǂǨdzơ
ƔȆNj Dzǯ DzƦǫ ǵDŽǴƬLjȇ ƢǸǯ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ
ǺºǷ ǩƢǘǼdzơ ƨǠLJơȁ ƨǟȂǸů ƨȈǘǤƬdz ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƨȈǴǸǟ DZȂǴƷ DžƢǸƬdzơ
.ǺȇƽƢȈŭơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ Ŀ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơ DzǯƢȈŮơ ƨǘnjǻƗ DZȁƢǼƫȁ ƩȏƢūơ
Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ -Ï
ƨȀƳȂŭơ ƧȂǟƾǴdz ǽǂǰNj Ǻǟ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƣǂǠȇ -Î
Ǻǟ ƣǂǠȇ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ǪȈǴǠƬǴdz ǾȈdzƛ
ơǀǿ ǹƘnjƥ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ȅǂš Ŗdzơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ Ŀ ƨǯǁƢnjŭƢƥ ǾǷƢǸƬǿơ
ƨºǟȂǸů ƽơƾǟƜƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ DzǣơȂnjdzơ ǒǠƥ Ǿȇƾdz ǹȋ ơƆǂǜǻ ǝȂǓȂŭơ
ƨdzƘLjŭơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ śǻơȂǬdzơ ǺǷ
Ƣđ ǂƯƘƬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơȁ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƜƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƧƾǬǠŭơ
.ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ DZƢǸǟƗ
ǾºƫȂǟƽ ȄǴǟ ǽǂǰNj Ǻǟ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƣǂǠȇȁ -Ï
ơǀđ ƢƆǸƬȀǷ DZơDŽȇ ȏ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ơƆƾǯƚǷ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ȄǴǟ ǪȈǴǠƬǴdz
.ǵƢŮơ ǝȁǂnjŭơ
Ǻǟ ƣơǂǟȎdz ƨǏǂǨdzơ ǽǀǿ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ǶǼƬǤȇȁ -Ð
.ǝȁǂnjºŭơ ơǀºǿ ƤǻơȂƳ ǺǷ śƦǻƢƳ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǏƢƻ ǪǴǫ ǾƳȁƗ
ȄǴǟ ƨǷƢǟ ƨdzƘLjǸǯ ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǧơȂȇ ȏ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐǧ
ƩƢºǸǜǼŭơ ȄǴǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ƧǁȁǂǓ
ňȂǻƢºǬdzơ DŽǯǂŭơȁ DZȁƾǴdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơ DŽǯǂŭơ śƥ ǩȁǂǨdzƢǧ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ǩȁǂºǨǴdz ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ DZƢūơ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƨǠLJƢNj ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼǸǴdz
ǩȁƾǼǐdz ȁƾƦȇ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ śƥ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ
ǹƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭ DzȈǴŢ ȅȋ śǠƬȇ ǾǻƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ
ƢȀƦƳȂŠ ƪƠnjǻƌƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǹƢƦLjūơ Ŀ ǀƻƘȇ
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǹƜǧ ǎƻȋơ ȄǴǟȁ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǺǷ ƨǸǜǼǷ Dzǯ
26
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƲǷƢǻǂƥȁ (ÏÍÍÏ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÐÎ)
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơȁ (ÏÍÍÏ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÒ) ȆƟƢŶȍơ
ƨƸǐºdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷȁ (ÏÍÍÑ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj Ð) ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz
ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷȁ (ÏÍÍÐ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÖ) ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ
ƨǷƢǟ ƩƢǜƷȐǷ -ǦdzƗ
ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ -Î
ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ DZƢǸǟƗ ǹƘnjƥ ȅƗǁ ƽǁȁ -Î
ƨºǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǵƢǷƗ Ǿƥ ńƾŭơ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǹƢȈƥ Ŀ
.(Î)ÏÍÍÐ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÔ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz
ƽƢŢȏơ) ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ǿƥ ǵȂǬƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁȁƾdzơ ƔȂǓ Ŀȁ -Ï
ǶƬºē ƢĔƜǧ Ņȁƾdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ Ŀ ƨǯǁƢnjǷȁ ƨǴǟƢǧ ƨȀƴǯ (ĺȁǁȁȋơ
ƨºȈŷƗ Ǿdz ǹƘƥ ǂǬƫȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǝȂǓȂŠ ǞƦǘdzƢƥ
.ƢȀƬǘnjǻȋ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨǏƢƻ
Ǻºǟ ƨǨǴƬű ƢĔƘƥ ƤdzƢǤdzơ Ŀ ǦǏȂƫ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơȁ -Ð
.ǩǂºǗ ƧƾºǠƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȅȋ "ȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơ" ƱƿȂǸǼdzơ
DZȁƾºdzơ ǾºȈǧ ƾǗȂƫ ȃƾƬǼǷ ǖǬǧ ƪLjȈdz ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƆȏȁƗ
ƨȀƳ ƢȀǼǰdzȁ ƢȀǼȈƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ǶǜǼƫ ȁƗ ƢēƢǫȐǟ ƔƢǔǟȋơ
ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơȁ .Ņȁƾdzơ ƵǂLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǠǓȁ ǶǰŞ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨǴǟƢǧ
Ŀ Dzºǯ ƨºưdzƢƯ ǥơǂǗƗ ǞǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Śưǯ Ŀ ǥǂǗ
ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǵŐƫ ƩȏƢūơ ǺǷ Śưǯ Ŀȁ .ǾƫƢȈƷȐǏ ǩƢǘǻ
Ŀȁ .ƢēƢȈƷȐǐdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƢȀǼǷ Dzǯ ƢȀȈǧ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǞǷ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ
ƢºĔƗ Ŀ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ƣđ ƽǂǨǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǸLjdzơ DzưǸƬƫ ƨdzƢūơ ǮǴƫ
ƢƆºǬǧȁ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƢȀºǼǷ Dzǯ DzǸƸƬƫ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơȁ
ȃȁƢǟƾºdzơ Ŀ ƢƆǔºȇƗ ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǭǁƢnjƫȁ .ƢēƢȈƷȐǐdz
.ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ƨǏƢƻȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ
Ƣđ ǍƢƻ ňȂǻƢǫ ǵƢǜǼdz ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ǟǔţ ƆƢȈǻƢƯȁ -Ñ
ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǶȈǜǼƫȁ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ǩȂLJ ƔƢnjǻƛ ǾƦƳȂŠ Ļ ƢŮƢǸǟƗ ǶȈǜǼƬdz
DZȁƾºǴdz śǠƥƢºƬdzơ ƽơǂǧȋơȁ ƩƢLjLJƚŭơȁ ƢȀƟƢǔǟƗ śƥ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƧƾºǿƢǠǷ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƪǼLJ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơ Dzǰnjƫȁ .ƢȀȈǧ ƔƢǔǟȋơ
ƔƢǔºǟȋơ DZȁƾºǴdz ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ śǻơȂǬdzơ ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ
ŘǠŭơ ơǀđȁ .ƢȀǸǯƢŰȁ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢǘǴLJ ŅƢƬdzƢƥ ƢǿǀǨǼƫȁ
ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ Śưǰƥ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ
džºǰǠƫ ǹƗ ǶȀŭơ ǺǷȁ .ǥȁǂǠŭơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȇƾȈǴǬƬdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ
ǝȂǼƬdzơ ǵƢƫ Dzǰnjƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƢȀǠǔƫ Ŗdzơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ
.DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢǟƢŦ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ƢēƘnjǻƗ Ŗdzơ DzǯƢȈȀǴdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ȆLjLJƚŭơ
__________
ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ǂǜǻơ (Î)
.ÎÑȁ ÎÐ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.14) ÎÑ ƨLjǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ
27 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨǧǂǠǷ ǶȀŭơ ǺǷȁ .ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ƿƢǨǻƛ ȁƗ ŚLjǨƫ ȁƗ ǪȈƦǘƫ
ƢƆÈǬǧȁ ƽơȂŭơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ǶǯƢƄơ ńȂƬƫ ǹƗ ńƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƨȈǼdzơ ƪǻƢǯ
ƾȀǠȈºLJ ǾǻƗ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ Ƣǿǂǜǻ ƨȀƳȂdz
ƩƢȈƷȐǐºƥ ǞƬǸƬƫ ǹƗ ǞǫȂƬŭơ ǺǷ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨdzƢǯȁ ńƛ Ǯdzǀƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ
ƾȀǠƫ ǹƗ ńƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƨȈǼdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨǷƢǟ
ǹƗ ǵDŽǴȇ ƽơȂŭơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾǴdz ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ǶǯƢƸǸǴdz
ǞºǷ ǪLjƬƫ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǪȈƦǘƫ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ ǶǯƢŰ DzǨǰƫ
ƧȁȐºǟȁ .ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǩƢưȈǷ ƤƳȂŠ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ǪȈƯơȂǷ ǞǷ śǬLjƬǷ Śǣ ƢǻȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ śƴȀǼdzơ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ
ƩƢºǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjºƬdz ƢƆǷƢǰƷƗ Ƕǔƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǒǠƥ
.ƨȈLjȈLJƘƬdzơ ƢȀǬƟƢƯȂdz ơƆŚLjǨƫȁ
ƩƢºǸǜǼŭơȁ DZȁƾºdzơ śƥ ƨȈLJƢLJƗ ǩȁǂǧ ƾƳȂƫ ƆƢȈǻƢƯȁ -Ô
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǺǷ ȅƗ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǺǰŻ ǹƗ DzƦǫ Ǯdzǀdz śǠƬȇȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
Ŀ ƗƾºƦŭơ ơǀºǿ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ȄǴǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ
ƨºǸǰŰ Ǿƥ ƪǧǂƬǟơ Ƣŭ ƢƆǬǧȁȁ .ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ǩȁǂǨdzơ ǮǴƫ ƨȀƳơȂǷ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǵơƾƼƬºLJơ ƨȈǟȁǂnjºǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƢǿơȂƬǧ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ" ǹƜǧ ƨƸǴLjŭơ ƩƢǟơŗdzơ Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȌdz
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭƢǧ .(Î)"ƨǷƢǟ ƩƢȈƷȐǏ ǮǴŤ ȏ DZȁƾdzơ ǥȐş
ƽǂƫ ƧƽƾŰ Ǒơǂǣȋ ƢȀȈǧ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ǩƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ƘnjǼĄƫ
ƩƢǘǴºLJ ǶȈºȈǬƫ ǶƬºȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ Ǯdzǀdzȁ ȆLjȈLJƘƬdzơ ƢȀǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ
ƔȂºǓ Ŀ ńȁȋơ ƨºƳǁƾdzƢƥ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƩƢȈdzȁƚLjǷȁ
.ƨȈLjȈLJƘƬdzơ ƢȀǬƟƢƯȁ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƨȀƳơȂǷ
ǺºǷ ŚƦǯ ƾƷ ńƛ ƢȀǔǠƥ ǞǷ DZȁƾdzơ ǾƥƢnjƬƫ ƢǸǼȈƥ ƆƢưdzƢƯȁ -Õ
ƩƢºǸǜǼŭơ śƥ ƧŚƦǯ ǩȁǂǧ ƨǸưǧ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơȁ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ
ńƛ ƨȈǧƢǯ ƩơǁƢNjƛ ƨƷȁǂǘŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǺǸǔƬƫ ȏȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ƢºĔƛ Dzºƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƢȀǠƦƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ ȁƗ śǻơȂǬdzơ
ǞȇǁƢnjǷ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǹƗ ƨǬȈǬƷ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥ ƾǸƬǠƫ
DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ .DZȁƾdzƢƥ DzǐƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨdzȂƦǬǷ ǽǀǿ ƨƯȐưdzơ ƽơȂŭơ
ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƜƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǁǂǬƬƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ
ńƛȁ ƨºǸǜǼǸǴdz ƨƠnjǼŭơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ Dzǰdz
ǵDŽºǴȇȁ .ƨǸǜǼŭơ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ńƛȁ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƢēƢƠȈǿ Ʃơǁơǂǫ
ńƛ ǍƢƻ ǵƢǸƬǿơ ƔȐȇƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ DzƟƢLjǷ ƨnjǫƢǼǷ ƾǼǟ Ǯdzǀdz
Ŗºdzơ ƩơƾºǿƢǠŭơ ńƛ ƧƾǼƬLjŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơȁ śǻơȂǬdzơ Ŀ ǩȁǂǨdzơ
ƩȐºLJơǂŭơ Ŀ ƽǁȁ Ƣŭ ƢƆǬǧȁȁ .ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƢȀǠƦƬƫ
Ƣºđ ǵȂºǬȇ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǹƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ȃǂȇ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ
ƨǨǐƥȁ ǩȁƾǼǐǴdz ƤLjǼĄƫ Ŗdzơ ǖǬǧ Ȇǿ ƨȈũǂdzơ ǶȀƬǨǐƥ ǹȂǨǛȂǷ
ǥǂǐºƬȇ ǦºǛȂŭơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ǹƘnjƥ ǁơǂǫ ȅƗ ǦǫȂƬȈLJ ƨǷƢǟ
ƧDŽºȀƳȋơ ƢºȀȈdzƛ DzǏȂƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJȏơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈũǂdzơ ǾƬǨǐƥ
Ŀ ƢǿǀºƼƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ȁƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ Ŀ ƨǐƬƼŭơ
.ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ
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Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in (Î)
.Armed Conflict, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 78, para. 25
ƧǁƽƢǏ ȏƆ ƢǠǧƗ DZȁƢǼƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǹƘnjƥ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ
ƩƾºƳȁ ǹƛ ƧƽȁƾºŰ ƨǴǏ ȏƛ ƢŮ džȈdz ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ƩƢǻƢȈǯ Ǻǟ
ȅƗ Ņȁƾºdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ǶǴǟ ńƛ ǶǼȇ Ńȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭƢƥ
ǹƢȈǯ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdz ƢȀȈǧ ƪƦLjǻ ƨdzƢƷ
ǹƢºȈǯ Ǿºƥ ǵȂºǬȇ DzǠǧ ȅƗ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǾǻƗ ƾǬƬǠǻȁ ȆƳǁƢƻ
Ŀ ƤLJƢǼŭơ ǃƢȀŪơ ǶǬȇ Ń ƢǷ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ńƛ ȆƳǁƢƻ
.ƨƷơǂǏ ǾǼǟ ǾƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȐǟƛ ȁƗ DzǠǨdzơ ơǀǿ ǁơǂǫƜƥ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
ǽǀºǿ ǹƘnjºƥ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƩȐLJơǂŭơ Ŀ śƦŭơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟȁ -Ñ
ȅǀdzơ ȃƾŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩƢǜǨŢ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ȃƾƥƗ ƨdzƘLjŭơ
ƢȀƬǠǓȁ Ŗdzơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ Ǿƥ ǪƦǘƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢºǸǜǼŭơ ȄºǴǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ DzǐƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǼƴǴdzơ
.ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏơ ȃƾǷ ȁƗ
ǞȇǁƢnjºǷ ǺºǷ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ǶȈǿƢǨŭơ ǒǠƥ ƩŚǠƬLJƌơ ƆȏȁƘǧ -Ò
DzǐƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢŮ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǞǓȁ ǹȁƽ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ
ǞȇǁƢnjºǷ ǹƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ǚƷȏȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭƢƥ
DzºȈƦǫ ǺºǷ ƩơǁƢºƦǟ ǵƾƼƬLjƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƽơȂŭơ
ȅƗ ǹȁƽ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼǸǴdz "ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ" ȁƗ "ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ"
ǽǀºǿ řºǠƫȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭƢƥ DzǐƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǦȇǂǠƫ ȁƗ ŚLjǨƫ
śǻơȂºǬdzơ ǺºǷ ƨƼLJơǁ ƨǟȂǸů ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ ƧƽƾƄơ Śǣ ƩơǁƢNjȍơ
"ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ" ȁƗ "ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ" ȆƸǴǘǐǷ ŘǠǷ ƽƾŢ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
(Ó) ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƽǂȇ ǞǫơȂdzơ Ŀ Ǻǰdz ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȅƘƥ DzǐƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ƶǴǘǐºǷ ŘǠǷ ǹƘƥ ǥơǂƬǟơ Ð ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ȄǴǟ ǪȈǴǠƬdzơ ǺǷ
Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ȅƗǂƥȁ .ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ǾǐǬǼȇ "ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ"
ƩƢƸǴǘǐºŭơ ǽǀºǿ ŘǠǷ Ƶǂnjƫ śǻơȂǫ ƨǟȂǸů ƾƳȂƫ ȏ ǾǻƗ
ƽơȂºŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǵƾƼƬLjƫ ǹƗ Ǿǻơȁȋ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǺǸǧ Ǯdzǀdzȁ ƨǬȈǫƾdzơ
džǸƬºǴƫȁ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ǽǀǿ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ǽǀǿ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ńƛ ƘƴǴƫ ǵƢǰƷƗ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǬȈǴǠƫ
ȆºǤƦǼȇȁ .ƢƆȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ƢǿƢǼǠǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƩƢȀȈƳȂƫ ʼnƾǬƫ ǹȁƽ
ʼnƾºǬƬƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƩƢƦǴǘƬŭƢƥ ȆǨƫ ǹƗ ƩƢȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ǽǀŮ
ǹƢºǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸȈǧ ƪƦǴdz ǵƾƼƬLjƬLJ Ŗdzơ ƧƽƾƄơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǺǸǔƬȇ ǁƢǠNjƛ
ǒȇȂǠƫ ʼnƾǬƬƥ ƢȀƬƦdzƢǘǷȁ ƢŮƢǠǧƗ ƩƢǠƦƫ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ DzȈǸŢ ǺǰŻ
ƽƾºŢȁ ƨƸºǓơȁ ǦȇǁƢǠƫ ǞǓȂƫ Ń ƢǷȁ .DZƢǠǧȋơ ǽǀǿ ƲƟƢƬǻ Ǻǟ
ƨºȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨºƠȈƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǾƳơȂƬLjǧ ƽơȂŭơ Ŀ ƨǬȈǫƽ ŚȇƢǠǷ
ƢȀǘȈƦưƫ ńƛ ȅƽƚȇ ƾǫ ƢŲ ƧǂǷƾǷ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫȁ Dzƥ ǺǬȈƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ƢȀǨǼƬǰȇ
DZƢǸƬƷơ Ɣơǃƛ ƢŮƢǤnjǻȏ ơƆǂǜǻ ŚƦǯ ƾƷ ńƛ ƢēƢȇȏȂƥ ǝȐǘǓȏơ Ǻǟ
ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǺǷ Ǿdz ƨȇƢĔ ȏ ƽƾǟ ńƛ ƢȀǔȇǂǠƫ Ŀ ƢȀƬǘnjǻƗ ƤƦLjƬƫ ǹƗ
ǾºȈǴǟ śǠƬȈLJ ǾǻƗ Ǯdzǀdz Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ǞǫȂƬȇȁ .ȃȁƢǟƾdzơȁ
ȄºǴǟ ƽǂdzơ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ŅƢūơ ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ȄǴǟ ǾƫƢǬȈǴǠƫ DzǸǰȇ ǹƗ
ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǑơǂǠƬLJơ ƨǏǂǧ Ǿdz ƵƢƬƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƨƷȁǂǘŭơ ƧƽƾƄơ ƨǴƠLJȋơ
.(ƢǿŚǣȁ) ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ǶȈǿƢǨŭơ ǽǀǿ ǥďǂǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǠǫȂƬŭơ
ǢdzƢƥ ǪǴǫ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ǁȁƢLjȇ ǩƢȈLjdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ -Ó
ƨȈƷȐºǏ ƢŮ ǹȂǰƬLJ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǻƢȈǰdzơ ƽƾŢ Ń ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǹȋ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ -Î
ǝȁǂnjºǷ ȄºǴǟ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǪȈǴǠƬƥ DzǐƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
:(Î)Î ƧƽƢŭơ
žǪȈǴǠƫ ȏ :(Ð) ńƛ (Î) ǺǷ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ( Ɨ)
ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ƧŚƻȋơ ƨǴǸŪơ Śnjƫ :(Ñ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ (ƣ)
ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ƢȀȈǧ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ ǺǷ ǹƗ ńƛ
ǹȂºǰƫ ǹƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǾƬƦǰƫǁơ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ DzǠǧ Ǻǟ
ƨºdzƢūơ ǽǀºǿ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ .ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ơƆȂǔǟ ńȁȋơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ƢºǷ ƨdzȁƽ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢūơ ǞǷ ŚƦǯ ƾƷ ńƛ ǪƥƢǘƬƫ ƨǴǸƬƄơ
.ƢƆºȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjºǷ Śºǣ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ ƪƦǰƫǁơ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ŀ ơƆȂǔǟ
ǺǰŻ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȅƗ DzƯƢŲ Dzǰnjƥ DzǷƢǠƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈdzȁƗ ƧǁȂǐƥȁ
ƢȀǴǸƸƬƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȅƗȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ŀ Ȃǔǟ ƨdzȁƽ ƢȀǴǸƸƬƫ ǹƗ
žȃǂƻƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ŀ Ȃǔǟ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ
žǪȈǴǠƫ ȏ :(Ò) ƧǂǬǨdzơ (Ʊ)
ȄºǴǟ ƨºdzƢǯȂdzơ ǪºȈǴǠƫ ƔȂǓ Ŀ :(Ó) ƧǂǬǨdzơ (ƽ)
ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ŀ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǵDŽǴȇ (Ñ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ƢȀºƬƦǰƫǁơ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjǷ Śǣ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƢȀǴǸƸƬƫ
ǞǷ ǪƥƢǘƬȇ Dzǰnjƥ ƢȀȈǧ ơƆȂǔǟ ńȁȋơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǹȂǰƫ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ
ƨǸǜǼŭơ Ŀ ơƆȂǔǟ ǹȂǰƫ ƢǷ ƨdzȁƽ ƢȀǴǸƸƬƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ ƪƦǰƫǁơ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
džºǨǻ ƨȈdzȁƗ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǪƦǘǼƬLJȁ .ńȁȋơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ Ŀ ȂǔǠdzơ
žƩȏƢūơ ǞȈŦ Ŀ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏơ
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjƛ Ʃƽǁȁ :(Ô) ƧǂǬǨdzơ (ǿ)
ȃȂºLJ Śnjƫ ȏ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ
ȁƗ ȃǂºƻƗ ƨºdzȁƽ ƨºǻƢǟƜƥ ƢǷ ƨdzȁƽ ƢȀȈǧ ǵȂǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ ńƛ
ƢºȀȈǴǟ ǽơǂºǯȍơ ȁƗ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ȁƗ ƢȀȀȈƳȂƫ ȁƗ ƢēƾǟƢLjǷ
ƢǷ ƨdzȁƽ DzƦǫ ǺǷ DzƯƢǸŭơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ŐƬǠƫ Ń ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ ńƛ Śnjƫȁ
ȄºǴǟ DžƢȈǬdzơ ƣƢƥ ǺǷ ƨdzȂǸnjǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ǽǀºǿ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǹƜǧ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭƢƥ Dzǫȋơ
ƨºǸǜǼǷ ȅƗ ǹȋ ơƆǂǜǻȁ .Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƧǂǤưdzơ ƾLjƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ
ńƛ ƢºǷȁ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ȄǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥ ƽƢƬǠŭƢƥ ƢȀǸǰƷ Ŀ ǥǂǐƬƫ ƨȈdzȁƽ
DZȁƾºdzơ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇ ƢȀȈǧ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ƿƢţơ ƩƢƠȈǿ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǏ Ǯdzƿ
ȅǀºdzơ (ȏ ǵƗ ƽȁƾūơ ǃȁƢš ƔơȂLJ) ǁơǂǬdzơ ƿƢţơ Ŀ ƪǯǁƢNj Ŗdzơ
ǹȂºǰƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ DzǠǧ ǹƢȈƫƜƥ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz "ǹƿƗ"
ƨȈŷƗ ȁƾƦƫ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .ƧƽǂǨǼǷ ȁƗ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ƨǨǐƥ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ
ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ ƩƢºǼȈǻƢǸưdzơ DzºƟơȁƗ Ŀ ǂȇƾǐǬǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ džǴĐơ ƨdzƢƷ
ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǞǓȁ ƧDŽȀƳƗ Ƣđ ǀƼƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǩǂǘdzơ ǹƗ ȏƛ .ǝȂǓȂǸǴdz
ǀţơ ơƿƛ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ .ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨǷƢǿ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ Ƣǿǁơǂǫ
ǁơǂºǬdzơ ƿƢţơ Ŀ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǞȈŦ ǹƜǧ Ɣơǁȉơ ǪǧơȂƬƥ ǁơǂǬdzơ
__________
.ÒÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÎ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Î)
28
ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǝƢǬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ -Ð
ƨºǼŪ ǹƗ ǺǷ śǬȇ ȄǴǟ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǝƢǬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǹƛ
ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǹƗ ǶǴǟ ȄǴǟ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǹȂǻƢºǫ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ǂnjǟ ȅƽƢūơ ƔDŽŪơ ǀȈǨǼƬƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơȁ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŠ ƨǴǐºƬŭơ ƧƾȇǂǨdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǺǷ ơƆƽƾǟ ǹƢǼǸǔƬȇ ǁƢƸƦdzơ
ȄǴǟ śǠƬȈLJȁ .ƢēƢȈdzȁƚLjŭ ƢȀǴǸŢȁ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǝƢǬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ
ǽǀºǿ ǀºȈǨǼƫ ƨºȈǨȈǯ Ŀ ǂǜǼƫ ǹƗ ƨǴƦǬŭơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ Ŀ ƨǘǴLjdzơ
ƨºǼƴǴdzơ Ǿƥ ǵȂǬƫ ȅǀdzơ DzǸǠdzơ ŐƬǠƫ ƢĔƜǧ ƤƦLjdzơ ơǀŮȁ ǵƢǰƷȋơ
.ƨȈŷȋơȁ ƨǸȈǬdzơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ Ȑ Ɔ ȈǴƳ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǹǟ
ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Ñ
ƨƸǐºdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƽȂƫ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǂȇǂǬƬdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ -Î
ǹȉơ ŕƷ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǾƫDŽųƗ ȅǀdzơ DzǸǠǴdz ƢǿǂȇƾǬƫ DzƴLjƫ ǹƗ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ
ǵƢºǟ Ƨǁȁƽ Ŀ ńȁȋơ ƧƔơǂºǬdzơ Ŀ ƽơȂºǷ ƭȐƯ ƽƢǸƬǟơ ƨǏƢƻȁ
ȃǂƫȁ ƽơȂǸǴdz ǵƢǠdzơ ǪǴǘǼŭơ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƾȇƚƫȁ .ÏÍÍÐ
Ŀ ǞºƦƬŭơ ƲȀǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƗƾƦŭơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƽƢǸƬǟȏơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǁƢȈƬƻơ ǹƗ
Ȃǿ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ
ƧƽƾŰ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƫ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȃƾdz džȈdzȁ .ȆǬǘǼǷ ǁƢȈƬƻơ
.ƨǴƷǂŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƨnjǫƢǼŭơ ƾȈǫ ƽơȂŭơ ȄǴǟ
ƢȀȇƾdz džȈdz Ǿǻȋ ǦLJƘƫ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǹƗ Ƕǣǁȁ -Ï
ŅƢºūơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ Ƣđ ǶȀLjƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȃǂƻƗ ƩȏƢƷ ȁƗ ƽơȂǷ
ǁǂºǬŭơ ȁƗ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹƗ Ȃdz ǂLjȈƬȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƮŞ ǺǷ Ǿȇǂš ƢǷ ǹƜǧ
ǝȂǓȂǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǼȈǠǷ DzƟƢLjǷ ơƽƾƷ ȁƗ ƨǴƠLJƗ ƨǣƢȈǐƥ ƢǷƢǫ ǍƢŬơ
ǝȂºǓȂǸǴdz ȃǂƻȋơ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƤǻơȂŪơ ȁƗ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ
.ƨnjǫƢǼǸǴdz Ƶȁǂǘŭơ
ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǩƢǘǻ -Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ -ƔƢƥ
Ŀ ƢƆƬǫƚǷ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǾƫƾǸƬǟơ ȅǀdzơ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ
:ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ Ŀ śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLjǷƢŬơ Ƣēǁȁƽ
ǽǀǿ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǩƢǘǻ -Î ƧƽƢŭơ
ƨǸǜǼŭ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǽǀǿ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǪƦǘǼƫ -Î
.Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ DzǠǧ Ǻǟ ƢǷ ƨȈdzȁƽ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǽǀǿ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǪƦǘǼƫ -Ï
.*ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼŭ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǠǨdzơ Ǻǟ ƢǷ ƨdzȁƾdz
ººººººº
.ÒÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÎ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ *
29 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ǹƜǧ Ǯdzǀƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ƾǼǟ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǼǸǓ ȁƗ ƨƆ ƷơǂǏ ǎǼƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟȁ
ƩƢǠƦƫ DzǸƸƬƫ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƾǠƫ Ǻdz ƢȀȈǧ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ȁƗ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ƩƢǯƢȀºƬǻơ ƨºƴȈƬǻ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷ ȁƗ ȃǂƻȋơ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ Ɣơǃƛ
ƨºšƢǼdzơ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DZƢǠǧȋơ ƨƴȈƬǻ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȐdz
.ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ
Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǎǼȇ ǹƗ ƧǁȁǂǓ Ŀ ǂǷȋơ DzưǸƬȇ ƾǫȁ -Ð
DZȁƾǴdz ȁƗ ƽơǂǧȌdz ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƨƷơǂǏ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ǪǴǠƬŭơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ǪǴǠƬŭơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ƤƳȂŠ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ
DZƢºǠǧȋơ Ǻºǟ ƨºȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ DZȁƾdzơ
ȄºǴǟ ƢƆƦLJƢǼǷ ơƆǂǷƗ ơǀǿ ǹȂǰȈLJȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ
Ǻǟ DzȈǯȂǯ ǥǂǐƬƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ǍȂǐŬơ ǾƳȁ
ơǀŮ ȆǤƦǼȇ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ .ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzƢƥ ƔƢǧȂdzơ Ŀ ȂǔǠdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢLjLJƚŭơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǾǻƘƥ ƵȂǓȂƥ ǥǂƬǠȇ ǹƗ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ
ƧƘnjǼǷ ƪLjȈdzȁ ƨǟȁǂnjǷ ƨȈǟƢŦ ǥơƾǿƗ ǪȈǬƸƬdz ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ǺºǷ ƨǸƟƢǫ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzƢƥ ƔƢǧȂdzơ ǺǷ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸū ƨǴȈLJȂǯ
ǹƛ ƮºȈƷ ǺǷ) Ȃǔǟ ƨdzȁƽ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƩƢǠƦƬdzơ DzǸŢ ǹƜǧ DzƦǫ
ǥǂǐºƫ Ǻǟ (ƨǯǂNj Ŀ ǶȀLJȋơ DzǷƢū ƨǴƯƢŲ ƨǸǜǼŭƢƥ ƢȀƬǫȐǟ
ǹƗ ȆºǤƦǼȇ ƨǸǜǼŭơ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ DzǠǧ Ǻǟ ǝƢǼƬǷơ ȁƗ DzǠǧ Ŀ DzưǸƬȇ
ǺºǷ ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢŷƢLjŭơ ǢǴƦŠ ơƆƽȁƾŰ ǹȂǰȇ
.ȂǔǠdzơ Ǯdzƿ
ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ -Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ -ǶȈƳ
ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǾƫƾǸƬǟơ ȅǀdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ
:ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ Ŀ śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLjǷƢŬơ Ƣēǁȁƽ Ŀ ƢƆƬǫƚǷ
ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ -Ï ƧƽƢŭơ
ƨǸǜǼǷ "ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ" ƶǴǘǐǷ řǠȇ ơǀǿ ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ǒơǂǣȋ
ƨȈǐƼNj ǮǴŤȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǾǸǰŹ ǂƻƕ ǮǏ ȁƗ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ƤƳȂŠ ƧƘnjǼǷ
ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ Ŀ ƨȇȂǔǠdzơ DzǸnjƫ ƾǫȁ .Ƣđ ƨǏƢƻ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ
.*ȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǻƢȈǯ DZȁƾdzơ ńƛ
ººººººº
.ÏÐ Ǎ ÒÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ * Ŀ ƗƾºƦǷ ƾƳȂȇ ȏȁ .ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǮǴƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdz ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ
ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ -Î
ǝȁǂnjºǷ ȄºǴǟ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǪȈǴǠƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
:(Î)Ï ƧƽƢŭơ
.ǪȈǴǠƫ ȏ :(Î) ƧǂǬǨdzơ ( Ɨ)
ǶLjºƬƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ Ǻǰƫ Ń ơƿƛ :(Ï) ƧǂǬǨdzơ (ƣ)
ǝȁǂnjºǷ ǪƦǘǼȇ ȏ ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ƨǼȈƦŭơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ ȃƾƷƜƥ
__________
ÒÑ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Î)
.ÏÓ-ÏÎ Ǎ
ǁơǂºǬdzơ ǀºţƌơ ơƿƛ ƢºǷƗ .ƧƽǂǨǼǷȁ ƨǠǸƬů ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƾǠƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ
ƪǠǼƬǷơ ȁƗ ǁơǂǬdzơ ƾǓ ƪƫȂǏ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ŐƬǠƫ DzȀǧ ƪȇȂǐƬdzƢƥ
ŸƨȇƽơǂǨǻơ ƨǨǐƥ džȈdzȁ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ƨǨǐƥ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ǾȈǴǟ ƪȇȂǐƬdzơ Ǻǟ
Śºǣ DzǠǨƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ȃƾƷƛ ƨǻƢǷƗ ƨdzȁƽ ƪưƷ ơƿƛ ƢǷƗ
ǁƢƦƬǟơ ǂLjȇȋơ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȈLJ ǾǻƗ ȁƾƦȈǧ ƽȁƾūơ ǃȁƢŸ ȁƗ Ǿƥ ǹȁƿƘǷ
žƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ
.ǪȈǴǠƫ ȏ : (Ö)ȁ (Õ) ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ (ȁ)
Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ -Ï
ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DZƢǠǧȋơ" ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ŚLjǨƫȁ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǵDŽǴȇ -Î
śºƥ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ƤǴǘƬƫ ƨǏƢƻ ƨǨǐƥȁ ."Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ
ƮȈƷȁ .ƢƆƸȈǓȂƫ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȅȋ ȆLjȈLJƘƬdzơ Ǯǐdzơȁ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ
Śºǣ Ȑ Ɔ ºǠǧ DzºưŻ ƢǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈdzȁƽ śǻơȂǫ ƨǟȂǸů ƾƳȂƫ ȏ Ǿǻƛ
ǺºǷ ƨǟȂǸĐơ ǽǀǿ ǂȇȂǘƫ ǹƛȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ǿƥ ǵȂǬƫ ǝȁǂnjǷ
ȆǤƦǼȈǧ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ȄǴǟ ŚƦǯ ƾƷ ńƛ ƾǸƬǠȈLJ śǻơȂǬdzơ
ǪºȈƯơȂǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ ȄǴǟ ƤǴǤƫ Ŗdzơ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ ƶȈǓȂƫ
ǁƽƢǐºǷ ƾǠƫȁ ƨƷơǂǏ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƨǬǧơȂŭơ ƪŤ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ
Ʊǁƾºȇ ǹƗ ƢƆǔºȇƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƽƢǐǷ ǺǷ ƨȈLJƢLJƗ
ƨºǸǜǼǷ ǥǂǐƬƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǾǻƘƥ ƾȈǨȇ ƢǷ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ Ŀ ƵȂǓȂƥ
Ǯdzǀƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ Ǻǟ ƩƢȈdzȁƚLjǷ DzǸƸƬƫ Ǻdz ƢĔƜǧ ƢȀǫƢưȈŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ
Śºǣ ƢȀǼǰdzȁ ƢƆȈǼǸǓ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ) ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ƤƳȂŠ
ƢȀƬȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ƽƾƸƬƬºLJ Ǻǰdzȁ (ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ ƨƳǁƾǷ
(Î )
ƩƢºǸǜǼŭơ ȆǨƫ ȆǰǴǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ . ƢȀǫƢưȈǷ ƤƳȂŠ
ƽơȂŭơ Ŀ ƨƳǁƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ŚȇƢǠǸǴdz DZƢưƬǷȏơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƢȀǼǷ ǞǫȂƬŭƢƥ
ơƆǁƢǠºNjƛ ȄǬǴƬƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ ƢȀǬȈƯơȂǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ DzǸǰƬLJ Ŗdzơ ƨƷǂƬǬŭơ
ǹȋ ƨǷDŽǴǷ ǹȂǰƫ Ǻdz Ǯdzƿ ǥȐşȁ .ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǮǴƫ ǹȂǸǔŠ ƢƆȈǴǠǧ
ǡȐƥȍơ Ǖǂnjƥ ƔƢǧȂdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǶǿƗ ǮȀƬǼȈLJ ơǀǿ
.ƨdzƔƢLjǸǴdz DžƢLJƘǯ
ȅƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ǟǔţ ǹƗ ƤŸ :Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ -Ï
Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ DzǠǧ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ȃǂƻȋơ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǽƢš Ȃǔǟ ƨdzȁƽ
ƔƢnjºǻƛ ȄºǴǟ ƔƢǔºǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ Ƨǁƾǫ ǺǷ ƾŹ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƢȀƟƢǔǟƗ Ǻǟ ƨƥƢȈǼdzƢƥ ȁƗ ƨȈǟƢŦ ƨǨǐƥ ǥǂǐƬǴdz ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǸǜǼǷ
__________
ƨǼȈǠǷ Ǒơǂǣȋ ǹơƾǴƥ ƢēƘnjǻƗ ƩƢǻƢȈǯ Ȇǿ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ (Î)
ƢȀƬȈǐºƼNj ƆȐưǷ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷȁ ƨǸǜǼǷ Dzǯ ǎƟƢǐƻȁ .ƧƽƾŰ ǵƢȀǷ Ɣơƽȋȁ
ƨƳǁƾǷ ƢēƢȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǩƢǘǻȁ ƢēƢǘǴLJȁ ƢēƢǻƢǐƷȁ ƢēơǃƢȈƬǷơȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƪºǷơƽ ƢǷȁ .ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǾƦƳȂŠ ƪƠnjǻƗ ȅǀdzơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ Ʊǁƾƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȁƗ
Ŀ ƢȀȈǨǛȂǷ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ȁƗ ƢȀLjǨǼƥ ƔơȂLJ ǥǂǐƬƫȁ ƢȀǷƢȀŠ ǵȂǬƫ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
DzºǸƸƬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ȑǧ Ǯdzǀƥ ƢȀǷơDŽƬdzơ ǁƾǬƥȁ Ƣđ ǹȁƿƘŭơ ƢȀƬǘnjǻƗ ǩƢǘǻ
.ƨȈLjȈLJƘƬdzơ ƢȀǬƟƢƯȁ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼǷ Śǣ ƩƢǠƦƬdz Ǟǔţ ȁƗ ƩƢȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ǢdzƢºƦǷ ƪǠǧƽ ƢǷ ơƿƛ ƨȈũǂdzơ ƢēƢƦƳơȂƥ ƨǸǜǼŭơ Ƨǁơƽƛ DZȐƻƛ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ƾǠȇȁ
ǩƢưȈǷ ƤƳȂŠ ƨǟȁǂnjǷ ƩƢǬǨǼǯ Ƣđ ǥǂƬǠȇ ȏ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ DzƥƢǬǷ śǟƾǷ ńƛ
.ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ƢǿƾǟơȂǫȁ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Śºǣ ƨdzȁƽ ǞǷ ƨǷŐǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ƤƳȂŠ ǵơDŽƬdzȏ ǭƢȀƬǻơ Ŀ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ DzưǷ ƨǸǜǼŭ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ƨǸǜǼŭơ Ŀ Ȃǔǟ
ǎǼdz DzƯƢŲ ǎǻ ȆLJƢLJȋơ ƢȀǷƢǜǻ Ŀ ƽǂȇ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz
ǺºǷ ȂǴź ȏ ÎÍÐ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ǪȈǫƾdzơ ǂƯȋơ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .ÎÍÐ ƧƽƢŭơ
Ŀ ƔƢǔºǟȋơ Śºǣ DZȁƾºdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ) Ǯnjdzơ
.(Ï)(ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ -Ï
ǶȈǿƢǨŭơ ńƛ ǽȐǟƗ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ Śnjƫ -Î
ƩƢºǸǜǼŭơ "ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ"ȁ "ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DZƢǠǧȋơ" ƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ǵƢºǟ ǾƳȂƥ ƨǷȂȀǨǷ ƪLjȈdz ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ ƢȀǠǓȁ ǂŸ Ń Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
.ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢºǸǜǼŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǞLJơȁ ǩƢǘǻ ȄǴǟ ƨdzȂƦǬǷ ȏȁ
ǾǴǰnjºƫ ƢºǷ ǹƘnjºƥ ƢƆȀȈƳȂƫ ǺǸǔƬȇ ǹƗ ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjŭ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ
Ǯºdzƿ ȄºǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ ."ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DZƢǠǧȋơ" ǽǁǂǬƫ ȁƗ
ƽȂǐºǬǸǴdz ƢƆƸºǓơȁ ƢƆºǨȇǂǠƫ ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǺǸǔƬȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȇ
ǺºǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ơƆƾƷơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵȂȀǨǷ řǠȇ Dzǿȁ ."ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ" ƥ
:ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
DzǠǨdzơ Ǻǟ ǝƢǼƬǷȏơ ȁƗ DzǠǨdzơ ǹƘƥ ƢƆǼǴǟ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ (Ɨ)
ŸǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ ǹƢǯ
ƢºŮ ǑǂºǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ƨǸȈǫ ƾȇƾLjƫ (ƣ)
Ÿǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǠǨdzơ ƢȇƢƸǓ
Ǻºǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǂNjƢƦŭơ Śǣ ǂƟƢLjŬơ ƨǸȈǫ ƾȇƾLjƫ (Ʊ)
Ÿǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǠǨdzơ
Śºǣ DzºǠǨdzơ Ǻºǟ ƨȈƥƢǬǟ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ ƾȇƾLjƫ ( ƽ)
Ÿǝȁǂnjŭơ
DzƟƢLjŭơ ȃƾƷƛ DzưǸƬƫ "ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ" ǾȈǼǠƫ ƢǸȈǧ ǂǜǼdzơ ȃƾdzȁ -Ï
Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ƨȈǨȈǯ Ŀ ƢȀƬŪƢǠǷ śǠƬȇ Ŗdzơ
ƨȇȏȂdzƢƥ ǒȀǼƫ Ń ƢĔƘƥ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǰŰ ȁƗ ƨȈǼǗȁ ƨǸǰŰ ǽǀƼƬƫ ǁơǂǫ
Ȑ
Ɔ ºǠǧȁ ǵơDŽƬdzȏ ƢƆǔǬǻ ƨǸǰƄơ ǾƫŐƬǟơ ȅǀdzơ ǂǷȋơ) Ƣđ ƪǘȈǻƗ Ŗdzơ
ǹƗ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz ǺǰŻ Dzǿ Ÿ(ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ
ǹƗ ƨºǸǰƸǸǴdz ǺºǰŻ Dzǿȁ ŸƢȀǴǸǟ ŚȈLjƫ ǦǫȂƥ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǂǷƘƫ
ŸÅƢƆºȈdzƢǷ ƨǸǜǼŭơ DžȐǧƛ ńƛ ȅƽƚƫ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ ǑǂǨƫ
Ǻºǟ ƨºǼǴǠŭơ ƢȀǧơƾǿȋ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǪȈǬŢ ǵƾǟ ǂǨLjȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Dzǿȁ
ƢŮȁƽ ǹơƾǬǧ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬƫ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ǶǯƢƄơ ǺǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǁȁƾǏ
ǽǀºǿ Ŀȁ - ǾƬǼǸºǓ ȁƗ Ǿƥ ƪŷƢLJ ȅǀdzơ DZƢŭơ DžƗǂdz ƔƢǔǟȋơ
ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƨǸǰƄơ ǁơǂǫ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzǀǯ ǂǷȋơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁ ŸǺŭ DZƢūơ
.ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ Ƨƽơǁƛ ǃȁƢš ńƛ ƢƆȈǴǠǧ ȅƽƚȇ
__________
Bruno Simma, ed., The Charter of the United ǂºǜǻơ (Ï)
Nations: a Commentary, 2nd ed., vol. II (Munich, Beck, 2002),
.p. 1298
30
ƝƽƢºƦŭơ ǒºǠƥ ƪºǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁ .ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƽơȂŭơ
ȄºǴǟ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ǪƦǘǼƫ ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơȁ
ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǼƫ ƢĔƗ ǑǂƬǨȇ ƾǟơȂǬdzơȁ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǮǴƫ ǹƜǧ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǽǀǿ
.ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ǻǟ ǦǴƬź DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
.ǪȈǴǠƫ ȏ :(ÎÑ) ńƛ (Ð) ǺǷ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ (Ʊ)
Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ -Ï
ƧǁȂǯǀºŭơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǾƫƢǬȈǴǠƫ ńƛ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ DzȈŹ
džȈdzȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ śƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ǩǁơȂǨdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǽȐǟƗ
.ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ǂƻƕ ǪȈǴǠƫ ȅƗ Ǿȇƾdz
ƨǷƢǟ ƝƽƢƦǷ -Ð ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ -DZơƽ
ƢēƾºǸƬǟơ Ŗdzơ ǾƬǤȈǐƥ Ð ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ
:ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ Ŀ śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLjǷƢŬơ Ƣēǁȁƽ Ŀ ƢƆƬǫƚǷ ƨǼƴǴdzơ
ƨǷƢǟ ƝƽƢƦǷ -Ð ƧƽƢŭơ
ƨºȈdzȁƽ ƨºǸǜǼǷ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ DzǠǧ Dzǯ -Î
.ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǞƦƬƬLjȇ
ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǡǧ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ Ƥǰƫǂƫ -Ï
:DzǸǟ Ǻǟ ǝƢǼƬǷơ ȁƗ DzǸǟ Ŀ DzưǸƬȇ ǥǂǐƫ ǭƢǼǿ
žŅȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ƤLjǼȇ (Ɨ)
.*ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ȄǴǟ Ņȁƽ ǵơDŽƬdzȏ ƢƆǫǂƻ Dzǰnjȇȁ (ƣ)
ººººººº
.ÒÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÓ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ *
ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ -Î
ǝȁǂnjºǷ ȄºǴǟ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǪȈǴǠƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
:(Î)Ð ƧƽƢŭơ
žǪȈǴǠƫ ȏ :(Ñ) ńƛ (Î) ǺǷ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ( Ɨ)
ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ DzǠǧ Dzǯ" ƗƾƦǷ :(Ò) ƧǂǬǨdzơ (ƣ)
ƨºǸǜǼǸǴdz ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǞƦƬƬLjȇ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ
ńƛ ƧǁƢºNjȍơ ƾºȈǨŭơ ǺǸǧ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ žƺLJơǁ ƗƾƦǷ Ȃǿ "ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
žƨLjƦƬǬŭơ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ǺǷ ƗƾƦŭơ Ǯdzǀdz ƧƾƷ DzǫƗ ƨȈƟƢǔǫ ƨǣƢȈǏ
žǪȈǴǠƫ ȏ :(Ö) ńƛ (Ó) ǺǷ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ (Ʊ)
ƧƽƢºŭơ ǹƗ ǦºȈǯ ƨȇƙǁ ŚLjǠdzơ ǺǷ :(ÎÍ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ (ƽ)
ǭȂǴLjºdz ǂȇŐƫ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ ƾǫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǩƢưȈǷ ǺǷ ÎÍÐ
__________
ÒÑ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Î)
.ÏÔ-ÏÓ Ǎ
31 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ƽƾŢȁ ."ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ" ńƛ ƧǁƢNjƛ ǺǸǔƬƫ ǹƗ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ȆǤƦǼȇ
ƨºǠƥƢƬdzơ "ƩƢLjLJƚŭơ" ȁƗ "ƧDŽȀƳȋơ" ƩƢȈƷȐǏ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǽǀǿ
ƢǿȂdzȁƚLjºǷ Ƣºđ ǞƬǸƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈƷȐǐdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz
ǽǀºǿ ǩƢºǘǻȁ ƢºȀũƢƥ ǹȂǧǂǐºƬȇ Ǻȇǀºdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ȁƗ
ƨdzƢǨǰdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨǤdzƢƥ ƨȈŷƘƥ ǶLjƬƫ ƢĔƜǧ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .ƩƢȈƷȐǐdzơ
ƢºĔƗȁ Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǍƢƼNjƗ ǺǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǁƢƦƬǟơ
śdzȁƚLjºŭơȁ ƩƢLjLJƚŭơȁ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ ǞȈŦ ǥǂǐƫ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ
ƢǷȁ .ƨǨǐdzơ ǮǴƬƥ ǹȂǧǂǐƬȇȁ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǺǷ ƆơƔDŽƳ ǹȁƾǠȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ
ƽƢǼLJȍ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈŷȋƢƥ ǶLjƬƫ "ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ" ǹƗ Ŀ ǮNj ǺǷ
.ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ƽƾŰ ǥǂǐƫ
ǺºǷ ňƢºưdzơ ǝǂǨǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƨȈŷƘƥ ǶLjƬƫ ƢĔƗ ƾȈƥ -Ï
ǹƢºǯ ơƿƛ ƢºǷ ƨdzƘLjºǷ ȅƗ Ð ƧƽƢºŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ
.ƮƸƦdzơ ƾȈǫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ǵơDŽƬdzơ Ȃǿ Ǿǫǂş ȄǟĈƾȇĄ ȅǀdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ
ǁƢºƦǯ ƾƷƗ Klein ŚƦǠƫ ƾƷ ȄǴǟ ǪǴǠƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ Ȇǿ ǽǀǿ
ƢºŮȁƽȁ ƨºǸǜǼŭơ śºƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǹƢȈƥ" ƥ ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ƔơŐŬơ
articulation de la responsabilité entre l’organisation )"ƔƢǔǟȋơ
śºƥ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǞȇǃȂƫȁ (Î) internationale et les États membres
( .ƔƢǔǟȋơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƢȀǷŐƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȐdz ƨǏƢŬơ ǵƢǰƷȋơȁ ƲȀǼdzơ
ǞºȇǃȂƬdzơ ơǀºǿ ƾȇƾŢ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ ńȂƬƫȁ .ƢȀƟƢǔǟƗȁ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ƩƢȈƷȐºǏȁ ǵƢȀǷ ƽƾŢ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹȋ ơƆǂǜǻ ƨǴǷƢǯ ƧǁȂǐƥ
ǵƢºȀǷ DzƥƢǬǷ Ŀ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƢȀƬȈǐƼnjƥ ǞƬǸƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
.ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢȈƷȐǏȁ
ǞȇǃȂƫ ƨdzƘLjǷ śƥ ƵȂǓȂƥ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ -Ð
.ǥǂǐºƬdzơ ƽƢǼºLJƛ ƨdzƘLjºǷ Ǻǟ ǽǀǿ ƩƢȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ
ȄºǴǟ ƣƢŸȍƢƥ ƽǂdzơ ƾǼǟ ȏƛ ƧŚƻȋơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ƘnjǼƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȏȁ
ńƛ ǥǂǐºƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǾǻƗ ƶǓơȂdzơ ǺǷȁ .DZȁȋơ DZơƚLjdzơ
ǵơDŽºƬdzȏơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǑǂǨȇ ǹƗ ǁǀǠƬȇ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ȃǂºƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .DZȁȋơ ǵƢǬŭơ Ŀ Ǿdz ƢȀǯƢȀƬǻƢƥ ȄǟĈƾȇĄ ȅǀdzơ
ȄºǴǟ ƢȀǓǂǧ ǁǀǠƬȇȁ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ǒǂǧ śǠƬȇ ƢǷƾǼǠǧ
ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǹƢǰǷƛ ǾȈǧ ǭȂǰnjŭơ ǺǷ ǹƜǧ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ
DZȁƾºǴdz ƨºǠƥƢƬdzơ ƧDŽºȀƳȋơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ŕƷȁ) ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ
DzºǸƸƬƫ ƾǠƫ Ń ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƢĔȋ (ƔƢǔǟȋơ
.Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ
ǽǀǿ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ǺǷ ŅƢƬdzơ DZƢưŭơ ƶǓȂȇȁ -Ñ
ƨºLJƢȈLJ ǞƦƬƫ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾǴdz ƨȈǯǂǸŪơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzƢǧ .ƨǴǰnjŭơ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǞǷ ǑǁƢǠƬƫ ƢĔƘƥ ȄǟĈƾĄȇ ƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơ ǦȈǼǐƬdz
śǠƬȇȁ .ƆƢǠǷ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ƢŮȁƽȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǾƬǷǂƥƗ ǩƢǨƫȏ
ƨºǟƢǸŪơ ŁƢǐºdz ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ Ǒǂǧ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ŀ ĈƪƦdzơ
ƆƢȇǂǐƷ ƆƢǏƢǐƬƻơ ƾǠƫ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ǹȋ Ɔơǂǜǻ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
ȁƾƦȇȁ .ƆƢȈǴǯ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǾƬdzƢƷƗ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz
__________
Pierre Klein, La responsabilité des organisations (Î)
internationales dans les ordres juridiques internes et en droit des gens
.(Brussels, Bruylant, 1998), p. 426
ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ƩƢǻƢǐºƷ ǹƗ śƷ ȆǨǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ -Ð
ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ śǠƬȇ ǾǻƜǧ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ǻǟ ǵȂȀǨŭơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ǦǴƬţ
Ǻºǟ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǥȐƬƻƢƥ ǦǴƬţ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƩƢǻƢǐƷ śƥ
ńƛ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƩƢǻƢǐƷ ȅƽƚƫ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨƷǂƬǬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ
ǦºǴƬţ ƨǴȈLJȁ ƨȇƘƥ ȁƗ ƤƦLJ ȅȋ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǺǷ ƢŮȂǏƗ ƨȇƢŧ
ȅƗ ǹƘºNj ǺǷȁ .ƢēƘnjǻƗ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ Ǿƥ ƪǻƿƗ ƢǸǟ ǍƢƻ ǾƳȂƥ
Ŗdzơ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǮȀƬǼȇ ǹƗ Ǯdzǀdz ƢƆǧȐƻ ǁƾǐȇ ȆƟƢǔǫ ǁơǂǫ
ȂºƸǼdzơ ȄºǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƢēƢȈdzȁƚLjŠ ǝȐǘǓȏơ ǺǷ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǺƐǰŤ
ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǒǠƦdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥȁ .ƢēƘnjǻƗ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ
ƢƆȈLJƢLJƗ ơƆǂǷƗ ƢȀǫƢưȈǷ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƩƢǻƢǐūơ ŐƬǠƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ǺǷ ƢȀȈǸŢ ƩƢǻƢǐūơ ǹȋ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƔƢǬƥ ǁơǂǸƬLJơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷȍ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
ǶǯƢŰ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ŅƢŭơ ƢȀLJȐǧƛ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ǺǷȁ ƨȇƾȈǰdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ
ǹƘnjƥ ƨǓǁƢǠƬǷ ȁƗ ƨǨǴƬű Ɣơǁƕ ƢȀȇƾdz Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǦǴƬű ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠdzơ
ǪºȈǴǠƬdzơȁ ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ .ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ
ƨºƷȂǼǸŭơ ƩƢǻƢǐūơ ȆǤǴȇ ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǹƗ ńƛ ƢƆǼǸǓ ǹơŚnjȇ
ǵƢǰƷƗ ƽǂŸ ǹƗ ƲȀǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƘNj ǺǷ ǹƗ ȏƛ ƢȀǫƢưȈǷ Ŀ ƩƢǸǜǼǸǴdz
ơǀºǿ śƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ƵƢƬȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽȁ ƢƆȈǴǸǟ ƢǿƢǼǠǷ ǺǷ ǪȈƯơȂŭơ ǮǴƫ
ƤºǻƢƳ ńƛ "DzºǠǨdzơ Ǻǟ ǝƢǼƬǷȏơ" Ʊơǁƽƛ ȅƽƚȇ ƾǫȁ -Ñ
ȏ Ŗdzơ DzǯƢnjŭơ ǒǠƥ ńƛ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǞƦƬƬLjȇ ȅǀdzơ "DzǠǨdzơ"
ǶƴǼȇ ƾǫȁ .DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǔǫ ƨŪƢǠǷ ȃƾdz ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪƦǘǼƫ
Ŀ ƩơǁơǂºǬdzơ ƿƢºţơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǺǷ DzǠǨdzơ Ǻǟ ǝƢǼƬǷȏơ ơǀǿ
Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ŐƬǠƫ DzȀǧ .ƢȀLjȈLJƘƫ ǮǏ ƤƳȂŠ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ƨºƴȈƬǻ ƔơǂºƳȍơ ơǀǿ ƿƢţơ ǵƾǟ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţơ ǵƾǟ
ȃǂºƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ ŸƆƢǻȂǻƢǫ ƢēƢȈƷȐǐdz ƔƢǔǟȋơ ƢŮȁƽ ƨLJǁƢŲ
Ȃǿ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǩƢưȈǷ ǹƘƥ ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǥǂƬǠȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȇ
ǾºǻƗȁ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƽƾŹ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ
ǩƢºưȈǷ ǞǷ ǪǨƬƫ Ŗdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǦȈǔƫ ƢǸȈǧ
ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ȄºǴǟ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ƨƦƳơȂdzơ ƨǸǜǻȋơȁ śǻơȂǬdzơ ńƛ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ƨǓǁƢǠƬŭơ ǵƢǠdzơ ȁƗ ĿǂǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƝƽƢƦǷ ǹƜǧ ƢȀǴǸǰƫ ȁƗ
ƩƢºǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ƪƸǔƫơ ƔơȂLJ)
ǶǜǼºƫ ȏȁ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǩƢưȈǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ ȆǤǴƫ ȏ (ƶǔƬƫ Ń ǵƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
.ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǩƢưȈǷ ǵƢǰƷƘƥ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǹǟ ǀƼƬĄƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
*"ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ" ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ -ƔƢǿ
ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ -Î
ȅƗ ǹƗ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ ƾǯƚƫ (Ɨ) ƨdzƘLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ -Î
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢºǸǜǼǸǴdz ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǴǸƬŰ ƨǷƢǟ ƧƾǟƢǫ
ººººººº
:ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƩƢǷȂǰūơ Ɣơǁƕ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƪLjǸƬdzơ *
ƽƢǼºLJƛ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǷƢǟ ƧƾǟƢǫ ǺǸǔƬƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ"
."‘ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ‘ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjƛ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ
.(Ɨ)ÏÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÔ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Ò
DZȁƾºdzơ ȄºǴǟ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƢȀƬƷǂǗ Ŗdzơ ƨǴƠLJȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ȃǂƫ (Î)ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǂȇǂǬƫ ǺǷ ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ Ŀ ƨƼLjǼƬLjŭơȁ ƔƢǔǟȋơ
ƨºǷƢǟ ƧƾǟƢǫ ǺǸǔƬƫ ǹƗ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǾǻƗ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ
ƾºǟơȂǫ ńƛ ƧǁƢºNjƛ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǹƘnjƥ
ǺºǷ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (ȅ)Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ǹƗȁ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ƩƢǸǜǼŭơȁ DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ƾºǠƥ ƢºǸȈǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ) ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ śƥ ƢǸȈǧ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ƨºȇơƾƥ ƨºǘǬǼǯ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ȆǨǰȇ (ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ
.ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǺǷ ƽƾƄơ ǑǂǤǴdz ƨǷƔȐǷ ǂưǯƗ ǦȇǂǠƫ ƽƢǸƬǟȏ
ººººººº
.ÏÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÔ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Î)
*"ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ" ǦȇǂǠƫ -ȁơȁ
ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ -Î
ǹƗ ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ȃǂƫ (ƣ) ƨdzƘLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ -Î
ǺǷ (ȅ)Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ "ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ" ǦȇǂǠƫ
.ƨȇơƾƥ ƨǘǬǻ ƨƥƢưŠ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ
ǹƢºǯ ơƿƛ DzǬǐºdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽǷ ńƛ ƱƢƬŹ ƾǫ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ
.ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƨdzƢƷ DzǸnjȇ ǹƗ Ǿƥ ƾǐǬĄȇ
DzǸnjºȇ ǹƗ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǶȀŭơ ǺǷ ƆȏȁƗ -Ï
ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ƨƠnjǼŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ" ƾǠƥ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǦȇǂǠƫ
.Ǯdzǀºǯ ȃǂƻƗ ǁƽƢǐǷ "ƢŮ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƧƾǸƬǠŭơ Ƣēơǁơǂǫȁ ƢēơǁǂǬǷȁ
Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǶǴǠƫ ƢǸǯ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǁƽƢǐǷ DzǸnjƫȁ
.ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ƆơƾȈƳ
ƨǸǰƄơȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƔƢǔǫ ǪƥơȂLJ ǶLjƬƫ ƆƢȈǻƢƯ -Ð
ǹƘnjƥ ƨǷƢǿ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƫ ƝƽƢƦǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ȆȀǧ .ƨǏƢƻ ƨȈŷƘƥ ƨȈƟơƾƦdzơ
ŅƢºƬdzƢƥȁ .ƔƢǔºǟȋơ ƢºŮȁƽȁ ƨºǟƢǸŪơ śƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǞȇǃȂƫ
ƤºŸ "ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ƧǂǬƬLjŭơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ" ǵȂȀǨǷ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ ȆǤƦǼȇ
ƨȈƟƢǔºǬdzơ ǪƥơȂLjºdzơ ǺǸǔºƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ǞLJơȁ ǩƢǘǻ ȄǴǟ Ǿǯơǁƽƛ
ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈºǓȂǨŭơ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǶǯƢŰ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ
ººººººº
:ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƩƢǷȂǰūơ Ɣơǁƕ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƪLjǸƬdzơ *
ƢǸǟ (Ɨ)ÏÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ DZơƚLjdzơ ȄǴǟ] ƽǂdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ"
ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǷƢǟ ƧƾǟƢǫ ǺǸǔƬƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ
ƾºǟơȂǫ‘ ǦºȇǂǠƫ ƾºǠȇ DzȀǧ ƣƢŸȍƢƥ [ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (ȅ)Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƽǁȁ ƢǸǯ ‘ƨǸǜǼŭơ
."ƢƆǸƟȐǷ ƢƆǨȇǂǠƫ ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ
.((ƣ)ÏÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÔ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ)
32
ȅǀdzơ ƔơǂƳȍơ ǹƛ DZȂǬdzơ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ DzưǷ Ŀ DzȈƸƬLjŭơ ǺǷ ǹƗ
ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾǴdz ƨȈǯǂǸŪơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ Ǿƫǀţơ
ƾºǠƫ Ń ƢĔȋ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ńƛ ȅƽƚȇ
.ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸƸƬƫ
ƾºǟơȂǬǴdz DZƢºĐơ ǝȁǂnjºŭơ ƶȈƬȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ Ǯdzǀdzȁ -Ò
ƽƢǼLJƛ ƨdzƘLjǷ ȄǴǟ ǾƬȈŷƗ ǂǐƬǬƫ ȏ ǂǐǼǠǯ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ
- ƔȆNj Dzǯ DzƦǫ ƢŠǁȁ - ƆƢǔȇƗ DzǸnjȇ ƢŶƛȁ ƤLjƸǧ ǥǂǐƬdzơ
ǹƗ ƶºǓȂȇ ƾǫ ǾǻƗ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ řƦǼȇȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ǒǂǧ ƨdzƘLjǷ
Ȃºǿ ƽƢǼºLJȍơ ǹƗȁ ƆƢǬƷ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ Ȃǿ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ǒǂǧ
ơƿƛ ƢºǷ ƨdzƘLjŭ ǵƢǸƬǿȏơ ƔȐȇƛ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƆơŚƻƗȁ .ƨȇȂǻƢưdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ
Ŗºdzơ ƨdzƢūơ ŀƢǠƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƽƢǼLJȍƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƪǻƢǯ
ƨºǠƥƢƫ ƧDŽȀƳƘºǯ ƆƢȈǴǠǧ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƧDŽȀƳƗ ƢȀȈǧ ǥǂǐƬƫ
.ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz
ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ -Ï
DzưǷ ǺǸǔƬƫ ǹƗ ƤLJƢǼŭơȁ ƾȈǨŭơ ǺǷ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇ ƨǴǿȁ DZȁȋ
ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹȋ "ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ" ńƛ ƧǁƢNjƛ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǽǀǿ
ƽƢǼºLJƛ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzƢƥ ƨǴǐdzơ ǪȈƯȁ ƢƆǷƢǿ ơƆǁƢȈǠǷ ŐƬǠƫ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ ȅƗǂƥ
.ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ
Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ -Ð
ǩȁƾǼºǏ ƽȂȇ (Î)ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƢēǁƢƯƗ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹƘƥ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǞǷ ǾǫƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƣǂǠȇ ǹƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ
ǺǸǔƬƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƜƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
."ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ" ńƛ ƧǁƢNjƛ
ººººººº
.ÏÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÔ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Î)
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ -Ñ
ƨǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƜƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǷƢǟ ƧƾǟƢǫ ǹƘNj ǺǷ
ƨºǴƯƢǸŭơ - "ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ƾºǟơȂǫ" ńƛ ƧǁƢNjƛ ǺǸǔƬƫ ǹƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ǺºǷ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ "ƨdzȁƾǴdz ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ" dz
ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ
ƨºǸǜǼǸǴdz ǞƥƢƬdzơ ǹƢȈǰdzơ ȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơ ȁƗ ǃƢȀŪơ ƽƾƸĄȇȁ .(Î)ƢƆȈdzȁƽ
DzǠǨdzƢƥ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ǿǧǂǐƫ ǞƦƬƬLjȇ ȅǀdzơ
.ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ ńƛ
ººººººº
.ÔÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÐÎ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÎ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Î)
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ǺºǰŻ ȏ ǾǻƗ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ǂƻƕ ǹƢȈǯ ȅƗ ȁƗ ǃƢȀƳ ȁƗ ǦǛȂǷ
ơǀºǿ DzưǷ DzȈǐǨƫȁ ƾȇƾŢ Ŀ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǮǴƫ ƨLJǁƢŲ ǁȁƽ DzǿƢš
ǁȁƾºdzơ ơǀºǿ ȄǴǟ Ȇũǂdzơ ǞǓȂdzơ ƔƢǨǓƛ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǾǻƗȁ ƽƢǼLJȍơ
."ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ" ǵȂȀǨǷ Ŀ ǾƳơǁƽƜƥ
ńƛ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩơȂǫ ǥǂǐƫ ƽƢǼLJƛ -ȅơǃ
*ƨŷƢLjŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ńƛ ȁƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ -Î
ǹƘnjºƥ ǦºǫȂǷ ȅƗ ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨºǟƢǸŪơ ȃƾdz džȈdz
.ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹȂǻƢǬƥ DzǐƬƫ ȏ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ (Ʊ) ƨdzƘLjŭơ
ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ -Ï
ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢnjƬLjŭơ Ȃǿ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƤȈŸ ǺǷ DzǔǧƗ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǽǀǿ
.ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz
ººººººº
:ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƩƢǷȂǰūơ Ɣơǁƕ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƪLjǸƬdzơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ńƛ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩơȂǫ ǥǂǐƫ ƽƢǼLJƛ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ȃƾǷ"
."ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƽƢǼLJƛ ȃƾǷȁ ƩơȂǬƥ ƨŷƢLjŭơ
.((Ʊ)ÏÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÔ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ)
Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ -Ð
ǶºǷȋơ ńƛ ǵȐLjºdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩơȂǫ ǥǂǐƫ ƽƢǼLJƛ ƨdzƘLjǷ
ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ DZƢƷ Ŀȁ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǮǴƬƥ ǍƢƻ ǾƳȂƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ȃƾdz džȈdz ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘnjƥ ƧƽƾŰ ƩƢƷǂƬǬǷ ȅƗ
ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ Ʊơǁƽƛ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǜǨŢ Ǿȇƾdz ǹƗ ƾȈƥ .ǪȈǴǠƫ ȅƗ Ņȁƾdzơ
ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǺǷ ƽȁƾŰ ƽƾǟ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƽƾƄơ
ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǞȈŦ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƝƽƢƦǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼdzơ ńƛ ȆǷǂȇ ȅǀdzơ ƽơȂŭơ
ƨºƦƳơȂdzơ ƾºǟơȂǬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƝƽƢƦǷ ƨȇƗ Ʊơǁƽƛ Ļ ƢǷ ơƿƛȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ǽǀǿ ǩƢǘǻ ǂǐƬǬȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ȄǴǟ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ
Ŗºdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ȄǴǟȁ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƨǘnjǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƨƷơǂǏ ƝƽƢƦŭơ
.ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǽǀđ ǞǴǘǔƫ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ -Ñ
ǶǷȋơ ńƛ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƧȂǫ ǥǂǐƫ ƽƢǼLJƛ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƽƾƸĄƫ -Î
ƧȂºǬǴdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơ DŽǯǂŭơ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ƨŷƢLjŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ńƛ ȁƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ǑơǂƬǟȏơȁ ƨŷƢLjŭơ DZȁƾdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ śƥ ƨǷŐŭơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơȁ
.ƨưdzƢƯ DZȁƾdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢȀȈǴǟ
ƢȀƠnjǼȇ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƨǠƥƢƫ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨū ƧȂǫ ȅƗ ŐƬǠĄƫȁ -Ï
ǶºǷȌdz ƨºȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧDŽºȀƳȋơ ǺǷ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ȁƗ ǺǷȋơ džǴů
ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǶȀǠǔƫ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǹȂȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ƾǠȇȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ǎǼdzơ Ŀ ƢǷƛ ƨǘǬǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ƶȈǓȂƬƥ ȆǏȂƫ
ƨȈƟƢǔºǬdzơ ǪƥơȂLjºdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ƧǂǬƬLjŭơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ"
ȄºǴǟ ǪºȈǴǠƬdzơ Ŀ ƨǘǬǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ƶȈǓȂƫ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ȁƗ "ƢȀǸǯƢƄ
.ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ǝȁǂnjǷ
ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ -Ï
ǹƗ ƾȈƥ .ǥ
Ċ Ƣǯ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇ ƨǴǿȁ DZȁȋ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǂǷ
.ǝȂºǓȂŭƢƥ ƨǴǐdzơ ǪȈƯȁ ơƆƾȈƷȁ ơƆǁƢȈǠǷ ȏƛ DzưŤ ȏ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǽǀǿ
ƨºǸǜǼǸǴdz ǥǂǐºƬdzơ ƨƦLjǼƥ DzǐƬȇ ǂƻƕ ơƆǁƢȈǠǷ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ
.ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƢȀǷŐƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ Ŀ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ DzưǸƬȇ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ -Ð
ƵǂƬǬŭơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ǹƘƥ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǞǷ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ǪǨƬȇ
Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (ȅ)Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ "ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ" dz
ǥƾȀǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǵƢƫȁ ǶƟȐǷ ǦȇǂǠƫ ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ
ǞºǷ ǪLjƬȇ Ƕǰūơ ơǀǿ ǹƘƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƾǬƬǠȇȁ .ŅƢūơ
* ƨºdzƢƷ Ŀ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ Ŀ ƪƦdzơ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǾǻƘƥ ȆǓƢǬdzơ Ǖǂnjdzơ
ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ƩƘnjºǻƗ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍƢƥ ȏƛ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
.ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ƧǂǬƬLjŭơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơȁ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƢēƢƠȈǿ ƩơǁǂǬǷȁ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ -Ñ
ǺºǷ (ȅ)Î ƧǂºǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ "ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ" ǦȇǂǠƫ
ƨºLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀºǿ ǑǂǤdz ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ
ƩƢºȈǴǸǠƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǍƢƻ ǾƳȂƥ ƢƆǸƟȐǷ ŐƬǠĄȇȁ .ǶƟȐǷ ǦȇǂǠƫ
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƝƽƢƦǷ ƢĔƘnjƥ ǞǓȂƫ ƪdzơǃ ƢǷ Ŗdzơ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ
ȃƾǷ ȄǴǟ ƩƾƬǷơ Ŗdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƧȂǬdzơ ǭȂǴLJ Ǻǟ
.ƢƆǷƢǟ śLjŨ
ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Ò
DZȁƾºdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƢȀƬƷǂǗ Ŗdzơ DzƟƢLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
(Î)ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǂȇǂǬƫ ǺǷ ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ Ŀ ƨƼLjǼƬLjŭơȁ ƔƢǔǟȋơ
ƧƾǟƢǫ ǺǸǔƬƫ ǹƗ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǾǻƗ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȃǂƫ
ńƛ ƧǁƢºNjƛ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǷƢǟ
ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (ȅ)Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ǹƗȁ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ
ƨȇơƾƥ ƨǘǬǼǯ ǶƟȐǷ ǦȇǂǠƫ Ȃǿ ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ï
ǝȁǂnjºǷ ǺǷ ƽƾƄơ ǥƾȀǴdz ƨǷƔȐǷ ǂưǯƗ ǦȇǂǠƬdz Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ
Ȃºǿ ǂºƻƕ ƔȆNj ȅƗ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǶȀȇ ƢǷȁ .ƽơȂŭơ
ȃƾºƷƜǯ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ƧǂǬƬLjŭơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǬƥȍơ
ƨºǸǜǼǷ ȅƗǁ Ŀ ƶºǓơȂdzơ ǺǷȁ .ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǮǴƫ "ƾǟơȂǫ" ƩƢƠǧ
Ǿºƥ ǵȂǬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ȃƾdz ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ
__________
.ÏÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÔ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Î)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ śƥ ƨǷŐŭơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǹƗ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟȁ -Ò
ǖƥǂºƫ Ŗºdzơ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ƤLjƷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǶLjǬƫ ƨŷƢLjŭơ DZȁƾdzơȁ
ƢǷƾºǼǠǧ Ǯdzǀºdzȁ .ƨưdzƢưdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǽƢš Ƣđ ƲƬƸĄȇ ȏ ƢĔƜǧ ƢǸȀǼȈƥ
ǹƜǧ ƽơǂǧȋơȁ ƨưdzƢưdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǽƢš ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƤƫǂƬƫ
ǶºǷȋơ ȄºǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ DZȁȋơ ǵƢǬŭơ Ŀ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨºȈǼǠŭơ ƨŷƢLjºŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ńƛ ǀƟƾǼǟ ƽȂǠƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
.ƢǸȀǼȈƥ ǵŐŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ńƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏƢƥ ƽơƽǂƬLJȏơ ƤǴǘƫȁ
ǶǷȋơ ńƛ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƧȂǫ ǥǂǐƫ ƽƢǼLJƛ ƗƾƦǷ DŽǰƫǂȇȁ -Ó
ǶºǷȋơ ƧƽƢȈǬƥ ǁơƾĄƫ ƮƸƦdzơ ƾȈǫ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǹƗ ǑơǂƬǧơ ńƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ňȂǻƢºǬdzơ DŽǯǂŭƢºƥ ŅƢºƬdzƢƥ ǞƬǸƬƫȁ ƢēǂǘȈLJ ƪŢȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ǹȁƿƘºŭơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ Ŀȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ǞƥƢƫ Ȇǟǂǧ ǃƢȀƳ ȅȋ
ƧǂǘȈºLJȁ ƧƽƢºȈǫ ƪŢ ȅǂš Ŗdzơ ǞƥƢLjdzơ DzǐǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ Ƣđ
Ŗºdzơ DZȁƾºdzơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ńƛ ȃDŽǠĄȇ ƨȈǴǸǠdzƢƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ǹƜǧ ƨȈǼǗȁ
ǞǴǘǔƫ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫ ȅƗ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ Ŀȁ .ƨȈǴǸǠdzƢƥ ǵȂǬƫ
ƨºȈǴǸǟ ȅƗȁ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨū ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ǺǷ ćȅƗ Ƣđ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǹƜºǧ ƨȈǸȈǴǫƛ ȁƗ ƨȈǼǗȁ ƧǂǘȈLJȁ ƧƽƢȈǫ ƪŢ ȅǂš
ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơȁ ƧƽƢȈǬdzơ Ƣđ ƪǘȈǻƌƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȀŪơ ȄǴǟ ǞǬƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
.(Ï)ƆƢȈǴǸǟ ƢȀƬLJǁƢǷ Ŗdzơ
ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ƾǟơȂǫ -ƔƢƷ
ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ -Î
ƨºǟƢǸƴǴdz ƽƾºƄơ DzǰȈŮơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ǞǓȂȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ -Î
ȃƾdz "ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƽȁƾƷ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ȅǀdzơ" ƢȀǠƥƢǗȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
ǥȐºƻ ȄºǴǟȁ .ƨºȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǸǯ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƢȀƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƾȇƾŢ
ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Dzǰnjƫ ƨȇƾȈǴǬƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǷȂǰūơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ
ǺLjºdz ƨǴǷƢºNj ƩƢȈƷȐǐºƥ ǞºƬǸƬȇ Ƣđ ƢƆǏƢƻ ƢƆȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƢƆǷƢǜǻ
ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ DzǬǻ ǺǷ ƾǸƬLjǷ Ȃǿȁ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǵơǂƥƛȁ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơ
ȄºǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƾȈǠǏ ńƛ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ȃȂƬLjǷ ǺǷ
ǶLjƬƫ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ƿƢţơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ
ƧƾºȈǬŭơ ƨȈƦǴǣȋƢƥ ǝơǂƬǫȏơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ Ƣđ ƽǂǨǼƫ ƧƽƾŰ ƩơDŽȈǸŠ
DzºưǷ ǶȈǿƢºǨǷ ǹƗ ƨºǜƷȐǷ ǺǰŻ ƢǸǯ .džǴĐơ ȃȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ
ƨǣƢȈºǏ ȃƾdz Ʃǃǂƥ ƾǫ "ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ DzǷƢǰƬǴdz ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ"
ǒºǠƥ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀȈǧ ȄǴš Ŗdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ
ƩȏƢºů ǺǷ ơƆƽƾǟ ǹƗ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟȁ .ƨǏƢŬơ ƩơDŽȈǸŭơ ǽǀǿ
ƨǟƢǸŪơ śƥ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƩƢǏƢǐƬƻȏơ ǺǸǓ ǞǬȇ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ
ȃǂºƻƗ ƩȏƢů Ŀȁ (Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ ƨƠȈƦdzơ) ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
ƨºǟƢǸŪơ ǹƜǧ (ƢȀǠȈŦ ȏ ƧǁƢƴƬdzƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǜǠǷ ƆȐưǷ)
.ƢȀǷơǂƥƛȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǞǓȂƥ ƨǐƬƼŭơ Ȇǿ ƢǿƾƷȁ
__________
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ DzȇȂŤ ǹƘnjƥ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ǂȇǂǬƫ ǂǜǻơ (Ï)
ơǀºǿ ǪºǧǂǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .ÎÕȁ ÎÔ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ (A/51/389) ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨū
.ÕÍ Ƕǫǁ ǪƸǴǷ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ
34
ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƢȀƬǷƾƻ Ŀ ǶȀƟƢǬƥ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƧƽƢȈǫ ƪŢ
ǹȂǠǔź śȈdzȁƽ śǨǛȂǷ ƧȂǬdzơ Ŀ DzǸǠdzƢƥ ǶȀǨȈǴǰƫ ƧƾǷ DZơȂǗ
ŐºƬǠĄƫȁ .ƧȂǬdzơ ƾƟƢǫ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƬdz ǹȂǟƢǐǼȇȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨǘǴLjdz
ǶȀǷƢȀŠ ǝȐǘǓȏƢƥ ƧȂǬdzơ ƽơǂǧƗ ǵDŽƬǴȇȁ ơƆǂǐƷ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƧȂǬdzơ ǵƢȀǷ
ǵȐLjºdzơ ǚºǨƷ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ǟǔţȁ .ƢǿƾƷȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨƸǴǐŭ
ǾȈƳȂƬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȌdz śȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ƨƦǫơǂŭơȁ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ńƛ Dzǰǯ
.ƨdzƢūơ ƤLjƷ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ȁƗ ǺǷȋơ džǴĐ ǵƢǠdzơ
ǥǂǐƫ ȅƗ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ȃDŽǠĄȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƗƾƦŭơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷȁ -Ð
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƢƆǠƥƢƫ ƢƆȈǟǂǧ ơƆǃƢȀƳ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƧȂǬdz
ǞƦƬƬLjºȇ ǾºǻƜǧ Ņȁƽ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȅȋ ǭƢȀƬǻơ Ŀ DzǠǨdzơ ơǀǿ Ļ ƢǷ ơƿƛȁ
ȅƗ ǹȂǯȁ .ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƢȀƬȈdzȁƚLjǷȁ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Dzǰnjƫ ƨȈǼǗȁ ƨȇǂǰLjǟ ƧƾƷȁ ƽơǂǧƗ Ǿƥ ǵƢǫ ƾǫ DzȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ DzǠǧ
ǶǷȌdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ŀ ǂƯƚȇ ȏ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ
.ƽơǂǧȋơ ȁƗ ƨưdzƢưdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǽƢš ƧƾƸƬŭơ
DZȁƾºdzơȁ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶºǷȋơ śƥ ƨǷŐŭơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǸǔƬƫȁ -Ñ
ƽƾŹ ŚǤdzơ ǽƢš ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ơƆƾƷȂǷ ơƆƾǼƥ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ƩơȂǬƥ ƨŷƢLjŭơ
ǁơǂǓȋơ ȁƗ ǂƟƢLjŬơ Ǻǟ ƨŷƢLjŭơ DZȁƾdzơȁ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǺǷ Dzǯ ƩƢȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ȁƗ ƨŷƢLjºŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƽơǂǧƗ Ƣđ ƤƦLjƬȇ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ȁƗ ƩƢƥƢǏȍơ ȁƗ
ǶºǷȋơ śƥ ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơ ǶǿƢǨƬdzơ ƧǂǯǀǷ ǺǷ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ .ƢēơƾǠǷ
ǶºǷȋơ ƨȈǴǸǟ] Ŀ ƽǁơȂŭƢƥ ǶǿƢLjƫ Ŗdzơ [ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ]ȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ [ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨū ƧƾƸƬŭơ
Ƣºđ ǵƾºǬƬƫ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ȅƗ ƨŪƢǠǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ DzǸƸƬƫ
ƨƥƢǏȍơ ȁƗ ƧƢǧȂǴdz ǑǂǠƬdzơ ȁƗ ƢȀǨǴƫ ȁƗ ƢēƢǰǴƬŲ ǹơƾǬǧ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨưdzƢƯ ǥơǂǗƗ
Ɣơƽȋ ƨºǷȂǰūơ ǺºǷ ƨǷƾǬǷ ƩơƾǠǷ ȁƗ ƽơǂǧƗ Ƣđ ƤƦLjƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ
ǹƗ Śǣ .Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ȁƗ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣ ȁƗ ƩƢǷƾƻ
ƩȏƢºƷ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ơƿƛ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǽǀǿ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ Ȇǿ ƨǷȂǰūơ
ƔȂºLJ ȁƗ ǶȈLjºƳ DZƢŷƛ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǻ ƨƥƢǏȍơ ȁƗ ƧƢǧȂdzơ ȁƗ ǦǴƬdzơ ȁƗ ǹơƾǬǨdzơ
.(Î)ƨǷȂǰūơ ǶȀǷƾǬƫ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƾǸǠƬǷ ǥǂǐƫ
__________
ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ńƛ ƽƾLjƫ Ŗdzơ ǢdzƢƦŭơ ƾȇƾŢ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƵȐǏƛ (Î)
ơǀǿ ǪǧǂǷ ǂǜǻơ) ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ǺǷ ƧǂǯǀǷ :ƩơƾƷȂǴdz ƨǯȂǴǸŭơ ƩơƾǠŭơ Śǜǻ
ǩƢºǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ó ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƽǂȇ DzƯƢŲ ǶǰƷ ǭƢǼǿȁ .(ÕÑ Ƕǫǁ ǪƸǴǷ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ
DzºƥƢǬǷ ŚºǤƥ ƽơǂºǧȋơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǾǷƾƼƬLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ȆƳƿȂǸǼdzơ
:Ǿǐǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ (Ǫǧǂŭơ ST/AI/1999/6)
ǵƾǬƬƫ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ȅƗ ƨŪƢǠǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ DzǸƸƬƫ"
ƧƢºǧȂǴdz ǑǂºǠƬdzơ ȁƗ ƢºēƢǰǴƬŲ ǹơƾǬǧ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨưdzƢƯ ǥơǂǗƗ Ƣđ
ǺºǷ DzǠǧ Ǻǟ ǝƢǼƬǷơ ȁƗ DzǠǧ Ƣđ ƤƦLjƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ƨƥƢǏȍơ ȁƗ
ǩƢºǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ńƛ ƩƢǷƾƻ Ɣơƽȋ ƽơǂǧȋơ ƤǻƢƳ
ǵƢºǷƗ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ Ȇǿ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƨǷȂǰūơ ǞǷ ǵŐŭơ
ńƛ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶºǷȋơ ƢǿƽƾLjƫ Ŗdzơ ǢdzƢƦŭơ ǞȈŦ Ǻǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
ƨȇȂLjƫ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƢǿƾƦǰƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ǞȈŦ Ǻǟȁ śƦdzƢǘŭơ
ƧƢºǧȂdzơ ȁƗ ǦºǴƬdzơ ȁƗ ǹơƾǬǨdzơ ƩȏƢƷ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǽǀǿ
ǺºǷ ƾºǸǠƬǷ ǥǂǐƫ ƔȂLJ ȁƗ ǶȈLjƳ DZƢŷƛ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǻ ƨƥƢǏȍơ ȁƗ
."ƨŴƢŭơ ƨȀŪơ ǶȀǷƾǬƫ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ƤǻƢƳ
35 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ƢºŮȁƽȁ ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ śƥ ƨǫȐǠǴdz ȆLJƗǂdzơ ƾǠƦdzơ ( Ɨ)
ƨǴưǷȋơ ǒǠƥ :ƔƢǔǟȋơ
ƨºǟƢǸŪơ śºƥ ȆLJƗǂdzơ ƾǠƦdzƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǂǐƬǬƫ ȏ -Ò
ȄºǴǟ ƧǂǏƢǬdzơ ƨǧǂǐdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
ǺǷȁ ƨǘǴƬƼŭơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ Ǯdzǀǯ ƘnjǼƫ ƾǫ ƢȀǼǰdzȁ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǦǫȂǸǧ .ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǩƢǨƫơ Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ Ǯdzƿ
Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƢȀLjºǨǻ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ńƛ DZȁƾdzơ DZƢǠǧƗ ƽƢǼLJƜƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ ȆǓƢǬƬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǾǼǟ ǂďƦǠƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƢȀƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ƨºȈǴƄơ ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨǰƦºNj ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơȁ (Ð)ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ
(Ñ)
(ǂƫȂºȈƦǸǰdzơ ƩơƾǠǷ ǒǠƦdz ȆǯǂǸŪơ ǦȈǼǐƬdzơ) (LAN ƨȈǔǫ)
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǷ ǁƾǬƥ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǵƢǜǼdz "ȆLJƗǂdzơ" DzǰȈŮơ ǂLjǨƫ
ƢȀǨºǏȂƥ ǥǂǐƬƫ Ŗdzơ (ǭǁƢǸŪơ Ƨǁơƽƛ) ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjƥ
ǺȇƽƢºȈǷ ƾºƷƗ Ŀ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ
ǹƗ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƩƘƫǁơ ƾǫȁ .ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz ȅǂǐūơ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ
ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ńƛ ƤLjǼĄƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǽǀǿ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ
Ŗdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǞȈŦ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DzǸƸƬdz ƢǿƽơƾǠƬLJơ ƩƾǯƗȁ ƢȀLjǨǻ
ƩơǀºdzƢƥ ƨȈǯǂǸŪơ ƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơ ƩơǃƢȈƬǷơ DZƢů ǺǸǓ ƢǿƿƢţơ ǶƬȇ
ȃȂƬLjºǷ ȄǴǟ ǵƗ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ȃȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƩǀƼƫĄơ ƔơȂLJ
ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ Ŀ Ǯdzǀǯ džǰǠǼƫ Ɣơǁȉơ ǽǀǿȁ .(Ò)ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ
ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz ȆǯǂǸŪơ ƽƢŢȏƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƮȈƷ (Ó)ǪȇǂǨǴdz
DzƟƢLjºŭơ ǺǷ ƪǻƢǯȁ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ƣēǀţơ Śƥơƾƫ ǺǷ Ǯdzǀƥ DzǐƬȇ ƢǷȁ
.(LAN) ƨȈǴƄơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨǰƦNj ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƨƷȁǂǘŭơ
ƢǿǀºƼƬƫ Ŗºdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ȄǴǟ ǂƻƕ DzưǷ ǭƢǼǿȁ -Ó
ơǀǿ džǰǠǼȇȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ńƛ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǸǓ ƩƢƠȈǿ
.(Ô)ƩƢºǤdzơ ǩƢǨƫƢƥ ƨǴǐƬǷ ƩƔƢƳȁ ƪǬƦLJ ƩȏƢƷ ǒǠƥ Ŀ Dzưŭơ
ƧǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ ȄǴǟ Ƣǿǁȁƾƥ ƔơȂǓȋơ ǖǴLjƫ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿȁ
ƩƢǘǴLjºdzơ ƨǘºLJơȂƥ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǀȈǨǼƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǽȐǟƗ
ƨǜƷȐǷ ǺǰŻȁ .ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǸǓ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơȁ
DZȁƾºdzơ Ŀ ƨǏƢŬơ śƴƬǼŭơ ƩƢǸǜǼǷ ƢǿǀƼƬƫ Ŗdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ŕƷ ǾǻƗ
ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz ȆǟơǁDŽdzơ DzƻƾƬdzơ ǵƢǜǻ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ǥǂǐƬƫ Ȇǿȁ ƔƢǔǟȋơ
ƨºǟƢǸŪơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƧǀƼƬǷ "ƨȈǷȂǰƷ Śƥơƾƫ" ƢĔƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǂǜǼĄȇ
Ǻºǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƪǻƢǯ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƩȏƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ .(Õ)ƢȀLjǨǻ
ǥơǂǗȋơ ƨȀƳơȂǷ Ŀ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǴǯ ǞǬƫ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǽǀǿ
.ƩƢǤdzơ ǩƢǨƫơ Ŀ ȃǂƻȋơ
__________
.Ô-Î ǵƢǫǁƗ ƩƢǬƸǴŭơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǪǧǂǷ ǂǜǻơ (Ð)
.Ñ-Î ǵƢǫǁƗ ƩƢǬƸǴŭơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (Ñ)
ƽǂºdzơ Ï Ƕǫǁȁ žÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Î Ƕǫǁ ǪƸǴŭơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (Ò)
.ÎÎȁ Ñ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ Ð Ƕǫǁ ǪƸǴŭơȁ žÎ DZơƚLjdzơ ȄǴǟ
.Ñ Ƕǫǁ ǪƸǴŭơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (Ó)
.Ô-Ò ǵƢǫǁƗ ƩƢǬƸǴŭơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (Ô)
Óȁ ž(ÎÐ)Ñ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ Ò ǵƢǫǁƗ ƩƢǬƸǴŭơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (Õ)
.(ÎÏ)Ï-(ÎÎ)Ï ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ Ôȁ ž(Ó)Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧDŽȈǸƬŭơ ƶǷȐŭơ ǺǷȁ -Ï
ƨȈƟƢǬǴƫ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǪƦǘǼƫ ƢĔƗ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƢǿƾǸƬǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ
.ƢȀǬȇƾǐƬdz DzǐǨǼǷ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺLJ ńƛ ƨƳƢūơ ǹȁƽ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ Ŀ
ǶǜǠǷ Ŀ ƆƢȈǴǸǟ ǽǀȈǨǼƫ ǹƗ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ȃǂƻȋơ ƶǷȐŭơ ǺǷȁ
ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ȏ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢǘǴLJ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ȅǂŸ DZơȂƷȋơ
ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz Ƨǁơƽƛ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdzȁ .ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƩƢLjLJƚǷ
Ŀ ƨºȇƽƢŢȏơ ƨºǷȂǰūơ ǞǷ ƨǻǁƢǬŭƢƥ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǶȈǴǫƛ ƔƢŴƗ ǞȈŦ Ŀ
ƩȏƢºů Ŀ ŕºƷȁ ƨºȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷȁ .ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ DZȁƾdzơ
DzǨǰƬƫ ƨȈǯǂǸŪơ ƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơ DzưǷ ƨȇǂǐūơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƩƢǏƢǐƬƻơ
džȈºdzȁ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾǴdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ Ʃơǁơƽƛ ǀȈǨǼƬdzƢƥ
.ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨǠƥƢƫ ƨǴǐǨǼǷ ƨȈǯǂŦ ƧǂƟơƽ
ƨǴƠºLJȋơ ǺǷ ǹƢǟȂǻ ǽȐǟƗ ƨƸǓȂŭơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇȁ -Ð
ƢºŮȁƽ ȁƗ/ȁ ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ƢºŮȁƽȁ ƨºǟƢǸŪơ śºƥ ƨǫȐǠǴdz "ȆLJƗǂdzơ" ƾǠƦdzơ ȏƆ ȁƘǧ .ƔƢǔǟȋơ
ǀȈǨǼƫ ǹƗ ƨǬȈǬƷ ƔȂǓ Ŀ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǺǷ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨǟȂǸů Śưƫ ƔƢǔǟȋơ
ǶƬºȇ ȅǂǐºūơ ƢȀǏƢǐºƬƻơ ƩȏƢů Ŀ ŕƷ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹȂǻƢǫ
Ƶǂǘȇ ƢŲ ƢēƢǘǴLJȁ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƧƽƢǟ Ǿƥ ǝȐǘǓȏơ
Ǻºǟ ƨǨǐdzơ ǽǀđ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸǟ DZơƚLjdzơ ǽǁȁƾƥ
Ǻǰdzȁ ƤLjƸǧ ƢēDŽȀƳƗ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ȏ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǵơƾǫȍơ Ļ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ŕǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƢēƢǘǴLJȁ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƢǿǀƼƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ƢƆǔȇƗ
ƢŲ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ƢŮȁƽȁ ƨǟƢǸŪơ śƥ "ȆǬǧƗ" ƾǠƥ ǭƢǼǿ ƢƆȈǻƢƯ .Ǯdzƿ ǶƬȇ
.ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ǒơǂǣȋ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƨǟȂǸů Ǯdzǀǯ Śưȇ
ǺȇƽƢºȈǷ Ŀ ƨºǟƢǸŪơȁ ƔƢǔºǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏƢǧ
ǶºLJƢƥ ǥǂºǠĄȇ ƢǷ ńƛ ȆǔǨƫ ƢǷ ơƆŚưǯ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƩƢǏƢǐƬƻȏơ
ƔƢǔºǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƮȈƷ "ƨǘǴƬƼŭơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ"
ƾºȇƾŢ ńƛ Ȃǟƾºƫ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ DzưǷȁ .ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǺǷ ƾǠĄƫ
ǩƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ Ɣơǃƛ ǥǂǗ Dzǯ ƢȀǴǸƸƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
.ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀđ ƨǬǧǂŭơ ƽơȂŭơ Ŀ ǽȐǟƗ ǹƢǧȂǏȂŭơ ǹƢƦǻƢŪơ džǰǠǼȇȁ ƢǷ
ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ DZƢů Ŀ ǾǻƗ ƨǜƷȐǷ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨǷƢǟ ƨǜƷȐǸǯȁ -Ñ
ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ȏƛ ƘnjǼƫ Ń ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƜǧ
Śºǣ ǩƢȈºLJ Ŀ džȈºdzȁ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ Ɣơǃƛ ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ƾºǬǠdzơ ƗƾºƦǷ ǹƜǧ Ņȁƾdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀȁ .ȅƾǿƢǠƫ
ƨǷDŽǴǷ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǹƗ Ƨǂǰǧ ȄǴǟ ǖǬǧ ȅȂǘǼȇ ȏ ǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƨǠȇǂNj
Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ǖǬǧ ǞǬȇ ǵơDŽdzȍơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ Ǻǰdzȁ
ǵȂºȀǨǷ) ƢºǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ Ŀ ƢƆǧơǂǗƗ ƢƆȈũǁ ǹȁƾǠĄȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ
ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ ȆǷƢǜǼdzơ ƤǻƢŪơ ơǀǿ ǪƸƬLjȇ ƢŠǁȁ .(ƨȈǟƢƦƬƬLJȏơ ƨǴǐdzơ
ƩƢºǫƢǨƫȏơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ŕƷ ǾǻƗ ǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ
ƨǘºLJơȂƥ ŚƦǯ ƾƷ ńƛ ǶƬȇ ƢǿǀȈǨǼƫ ǹƜǧ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǐƬǬŭơ
Ŀ ƧƾǫƢǠƬǷ ƢƆǧơǂǗƗ ƢƆȈũǁ ƪLjȈdz Ȇǿȁ (ƢēƢǘǴLJȁ) ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ
ƢȀǧơǂǗƗ ǺǷ ƾǠĄȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǘǴƬƼŭơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ .ƢǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ
ƤºƳȂŠ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǹƜǧ ƔơȂLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ƢŮȁƽȁ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
ǪǴǠƬƫ ȃǂƻƗ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ǂƯƘƬƫ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǺǰŻ ǵƢǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
.ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơȁ ƨǟƢǸŪơ śƥ ƩƢȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǞȇǃȂƬƥ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȈLJ ǾǻƗ ǁȂǷƗ ƨǴŦ Ŀ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ ƨǼŪ ƩƘƫǁơ
ƾºǠĄƫ ǹƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ƨǘǴLjdzơ DzǬǻ Ƨǂǰǧ ǂǿȂƳ ǞǷ ǒǫƢǼƬdzơ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ó ƧƽƢŭơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸȈǧ ǂǜǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ȂǔǠdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
.ƧǀºƼƬŭơ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ Ŀ ƢȀǷơǂƬƷơ Ļ ƾǫ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ
ǩȂºǬƷ ƨǼŪ ƪǐǴƻ ƾǬǧ (Ǯdzƿ DzƦǫ ǁƽƢǐdzơ) ňƢưdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ Ŀ ƢǷƗ
ǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ (ǝȂǓȂŭơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ƤƳȂŠ) ƤǴǘdzơ ǃơȂƳ ǵƾǟ ńƛ ǹƢLjǻȍơ
ƩƢºǠǸƬĐơ džºǴů ǁơǂǫ Ŀ ƢȀƬǯǁƢnjǷ ƽǂƴŠ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǹƗ
(ÎÒ)
(ƨȈƟƢǔǫ ƨȇȏȁ) ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǮǴƫ ǹƢǯǁƗ ƤƳȂŠ DžǁƢŤ Ń ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
ǹƢǯȁ .ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǾȈdzƛ Ƥǿǀƫ ȅǀdzơ ŘǠŭƢƥ
Ŀ (ƨºȈdzƢǸǠdzơ ƨºƥƢǬǼdzơ) Ȇǟƾŭơ ǪŞ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƨǴǷƢǰdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǪǴǘǼǷ
ƪºǷƢǫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ƧƘnjǼƌŭơ ƨȇǁƢnjƬLJȏơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ śȈǠƬdzơ
ƢȀȇƗǂƥ Ņƾƫ ǹƗȁ ƤǴǐdzơȁ ǶƸǨǴdz ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƢȀLJƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ
ǺºǷ ÎÑȁ ÎÐȁ ÎÎ ƽơȂŭƢƥ DzǐƬƫ ƢȇƢǔǫ ǁƢƯƗ ƢŲ ǩƢȈLjdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ
Ń ƨȈǔºǬdzơ ǽǀºǿ ǹƗ ȄǴǟȁ .ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬū ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ƨºƷƢƫƛ ȏȁ ȆǴƄơ ȃȂƬLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨdzƢǠǧ ǒȇȂǠƫ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ȅƗ ƾȀnjƫ
.ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ DzĄƦLJĄ
ǹȂǻƢºǫ DZƢºů Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ Ǯdzƿ ǹƢǯȁ ƭƾƷƗ ƨǴƷǂǷ Ŀȁ -ÎÍ
ǩȂǬū ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǸǰƄơ ȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ƪdzơǃ ƢǷȁ ƨLjǧƢǼŭơ
ƢƆƦdzƢǘǷ ȃȂǟƽ ȆǟĈƾǷ Ǟǧǁ (ÎÓ)(ÍÍ/ÒÓÓÔÏ Ƕǫǁ ƤǴǘdzơ) ǹƢLjǻȍơ
Ǻºǟ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ Ŀ Ƨǂnjǟ džǸŬơ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ
Ǧºǫȁ ǾƦǴǗ ǒǧǁ Ɣơǃƛ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ ǶǰƷ
ƨȈºǓȂǨŭơ ƨǘºLJơȂƥ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǓǂƌǧ ƾǫ ƪǻƢǯ ƨǷơǂǣ Ǟǧƾƥ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ
ǪºǴǠƬƫ ƨºƷȁǂǘŭơ ƨȈǔºǬdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ .ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰȁ ƨȈƟơƾƬƥơ ƨǸǰŰ ƢȀƬǬƦǗ Ŗdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍƢƥ
ǥƢǼƠƬºLJȏơ Ŀ ƤdzƢǘdzơ Ǫū ǭƢȀƬǻơ ǾǻƘƥ ȄǟĈƾȇĄ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƩȂǘǻơȁ
ƔƢǔºǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƢǷƗ .ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ó ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ȐƆ Ǹǟ
ƨºȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ƢȀǼȈƥ ǺǷ ŕNj ǁȂǷƗ ȄǴǟ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ ǑǂǠǷ ȆǨǧ
Ǻºǟ Ƣºēơǁơǂǫȁ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ ƨȈdzȐǬƬLJơȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ
ƾƷ Ŀ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ǂǜǻ ǃơȂƳ ǵƾǟ ƾȈȇƘƬƥ ƪǠǧƽ ƾǬǧ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ
ǞǷ ǺǷƢǔƬƫ ǹƗȁ DzƻƾƬƫ ǹƗ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨǸǴdz ƶǸĄLJ ƢǸǯ Ƣēơƿ
.(ÎÔ)ƾȈǻƢLJƗȁ ǝȂǧƽ ǺǷ ǾƬǷƾǫ ƢǸȈǧ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ
ƢȀºǴǸƸƬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ǻǟ ǂƻƕ DzưǷ ǭƢǼǿȁ -ÎÎ
ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƩƢLjLJƚǷ ƨǘLJơȂƥ ƧǀƼƬŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ
ǹơŚºǘdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ƩǁƢƯ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
ÎÒ dzơ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƾǠĄƫ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ .Ņȁƾdzơ ňƾŭơ
ȃȂƸǧȁ .ƢȀȈǧ ƆƢǧǂǗ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ ƆƢǧơǂǗƗ
__________
.Ibid., p. 538 (ÎÒ)
Senator Lines GmbH v. Fifteen member States of the (ÎÓ)
European Union, decision of 10 March 2004, European Court of
.Human Rights, Reports of Judgments and Decisions, 2004–IV, p. 331
.ÎÔ Ƕǫǁ ǪƸǴŭơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǪǧǂǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ
.ÎÖ Ƕǫǁ ǪƸǴŭơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǪǧǂǷ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÔ)
36
ǩƢºǨƫơ ƢȀǴǸnjºȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇǂǰǨdzơ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ǩȂǬƷ DZƢů Ŀȁ -Ô
DZȁƾºdzơ ǍƢǐºƬƻȏ ŚƦºǯ ƾƷ ńƛ ǞǓƢƻ Ȃǿȁ) (Ö)TRIPS
ƨȇȂLjºƫ ƨºLJǁƢŲ Ŀ ǺȇƢºƦƬdzơ ǒǠƥ ƨǜƷȐǷ ǺǰŻ (ƔƢǔǟȋơ
ǖǬǧ ǾƳȂƫ ƧǁƢnjƬLJȏơ ƩƢƦǴǗ ƪǻƢǯ ȏƆ ȁƘǧ .ǺǷDŽdzơ Őǟ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ
śƥ ƢȀȈdzƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ ǶƬȇ DZȂǴūơ ƪǻƢǯȁ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ńƛ
ƩȏƢºūơ ǒºǠƥ Ŀ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǸǼȈƥ (ÎÍ)ƨdzȁƾdzơȁ Ȇǟƾŭơ
ǹƢƬȈǔºǬdzơ) ƨȇȂLjºƬdzơ ƩƢºǓȁƢǨǷ Ŀ ǭǁƢnjƫ ƨǬƷȐdzơ ƨǴƯƢǸŭơ
ƪǻƢǯ ƧŚƻȋơ ƨǻȁȉơ Ŀȁ .(ÎÎ)(ǭǂŶơƾdzơȁ ƾȇȂLjdzơ ƾǓ ǹƢƬǟȂǧǂŭơ
ȂǔǠdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƾǓ ƔơȂLJ Ǫȇǂǧ ƔƢnjǻƛ ƤǴǘĄȇȁ ƩơǁƢnjƬLJȏơ ƤǴǘĄƫ
ǶƬȇ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǼȈƥ ƧƾƷ ȄǴǟ Dzǯ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƾǓ ȁƗ ƨȈǼǠŭơ
ȂǔǠdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ śƥȁ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƤƷƢǏ śƥ ƨȇȂLjƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ
.(ÎÏ)ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơȁ ƨȈǼǠŭơ
:ƨºǟƢǸŪơ ƧDŽºȀƳƗ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ (ƣ)
ƢȀȈǧ ƢƆǧǂǗ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƾǠĄƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ƨdzƘLjǷ
śºƥ ƨȈºLJƗǂdzơ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ƽƢǠƥƗ ǺǷ ƨȇƢǤǴdz ǦǴƬű ƾǠĄƥ ŚƯƌƗ -Õ
ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ƢŮȁƽȁ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
Ņȁƽ ǩƢºǨƫơ ǺǸºǓ ƢºȀȈǧ ƢƆǧơǂǗƗ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƪLjȈdzȁ
ǹƜºǧ ƩȏƢºūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ .ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ
Ŗºdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ :ƨǴƥƢǬŭơ ƨǘǬǼdzơ ǺǷ ƵǂǘĄƫ ƨȈLJƗǂdzơ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ
.ƨǟƢǸŪơ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƢȀǴǸƸƬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ
ǒºǠƥ Ŀ ƮºƸƦdzơ Ŀ ƲȀºǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǥƢnjǰƬLJơ Ļ ƾǫȁ -Ö
ƤºǴǘdzơ) ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬū ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ
ƨȈǔºǬdzơȁ .((ÎÑ)ÔÔ/ÕÍÐÍ Ƕǫǁ ƤǴǘdzơȁ (ÎÐ)ÕÔ/ÎÐÏÒÕ Ƕǫǁ
DZƾºǠdzơ ƨºǸǰŰ Ǻºǟ ǁƽƢǏ ǶǰƷ ǀȈǨǼƬƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƪǻƢǯ ńȁȋơ
ƾǠƦƬLjºĄƫ ȏ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ƨLjǧƢǼŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ DZƢů Ŀ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƩƢǠǸƬƴǸǴdz
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ȃƾƷƛ ƾǠĄƫ ǹƗ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ
ǞǷ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ ƨǼŪ ƪǐǴƻ ƾǬǧ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬū ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
ǽǀºǿ Ŀ (ǝȂºǓȂŭơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ǶǰŞ) ƤǴǘdzơ ǃơȂƳ ǵƾǟ ńƛ Ǯdzƿ
ǁơƾºǏƛ Ǻǟ ƧǁƢƦǟ ǹƢǯ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǥĈǂǐƫ ǹƛ ƮȈƷ ƨȈǔǬdzơ
ƾºǫȁ .ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ ǶǰƷ ǀȈǨǼƬƥ ȆǔǬȇ ǂǷƗ
__________
ǹƘnjƥ ǩƢǨƫơȁ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ ƞnjǼŭơ NJǯơǂǷ ǩƢǨƫơ (Ö)
.ǶȈƳ-Î Ǫǧǂŭơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƨȇǂǰǨdzơ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ǩȂǬƷ ƤǻơȂƳ
.Õ Ƕǫǁ ǪƸǴŭơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǪǧǂǷ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÍ)
.ÎÍ Ƕǫǁȁ Ö Ƕǫǁ ǹƢǬƸǴŭơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÎ)
.ÎÓ-ÎÎ ǵƢǫǁƗ ƩƢǬƸǴŭơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÏ)
M & Co. v. ƢƆÅǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .ÏÍ Ƕǫǁ ǪƸǴŭơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÐ)
Federal Republic of Germany, decision of 9 February 1990, Decisions
.and Reports, vol. 164, p. 138
Confédération Française Démocratique du Travail v. (ÎÑ)
European Communities, decision of 10 July 1978, Yearbook of the
.European Convention on Human Rights, vol. 21 (1978), p. 530
37 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ƨȈǼǷƢǔºƬdzơȁ ƨǯǂƬnjºŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǸǴdz ƨºǷƢǟ ƧƾǟƢǬƥ ǥǂƬǠƫ ȏ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ
Śǣ DzǠǨdzơ džǨǻ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ǹƢƬdzȁƽ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ƾǠƦƬLjƫ ȏȁ
Dzǯ ǥȁǂǛ ȄǴǟ ǦǫȂƬƫ Ǯdzǀǯ ǂǷȋơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨdzƘLjǷȁ .ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjŭơ
.(ÏÍ)ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƢēƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁ ƨȈǼǠŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƨdzȁƽ
Ʃơƿ ƨºȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ȄǴǟȁ -ÎÒ
ȏƛ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǵơǂƥƛ ƢȀǼǰŻ ȏ ƧƽȁƾŰ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƩƢǘǴLJ
Ǯºdzƿ ǞǷȁ .(ÏÎ)ƨƦƳơȁ ƩƢǏƢǐƬƻơ ǺǷ ƢŮ ƵȂǼŲ Ȃǿ ƢǷ ǁƾǬƥ
ǺºǷ ƢƆǠºLJơȁ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ȆǘǤƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ơƆŚưǯ ǹƗ ƢŠȁ
DzºǏȂƬdzơ ǶƬȇ ƨǘǴƬű ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ńƛ ȆǔǨƫ ƢǷ ƢƆƦdzƢǣ ȆȀǧ ƤǻơȂŪơ
.ƔƢǔǟȋơ ƢŮȁƽ ȁƗ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƨǘLJơȂƥ ƔơȂLJ ƢȀȈdzƛ
ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭơ ƔȂnjǻ ƢȀǠǷ ǁȂǐƬĄȇ ƨdzƢƷ ǵƢȈǫ ńƛ Ǯdzƿ ȃƽƗ ƾǫȁ -ÎÓ
ƨºǸǜǼǷ Dzƻƾƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ơƆǂƫơȂƫ ǂưǯƗ ƧǁȂǐƥ "ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ƩƢǻȐǟƛ"
ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ DzưǷ ƨȈǸȈǴǫƛ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ DzǷƢǰƫ
ƩǁƾºǏ Ŗºdzơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƩƢǻȐǟƛȁ .ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬǷ
ǺȇƽƢºȈŭơ Ŀ ƩƢǏƢǐƬƻȏơ Ǧǐƫ ƧƽƾŰ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ƩƢƦǴǘƬŠ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ
(ÏÏ)
ƩƢºǻȐǟȍơ ǽǀºǿ ǒǠƥ ǂǯǀȇ ƢǸǯ  řǠŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ
ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏƢƥ ƔƢǧȂdzơ Ǻǟ (ƾȈƷȂdzơ) DZȁƚLjŭơ Ȇǿ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹƗ ơƊÅƾȇƾŢ
ƽƾƄơ ǩƢǘǼdzơ ǺǸǓ ǞǬƫ Ŗdzơ ȁƗ ȅǁƢLjdzơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƢȀȈǘǤȇ Ŗdzơ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺºǷ (Ð)ÐÑ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǹȐǟȍơ) ƢȀǏƢǐƬƻȏ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ (Ñ)ÏÖ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǹȐǟȍơȁ ž(ÏÐ)ȆƳȂdzȂȈƦdzơ ǝȂǼƬdzơ
ž(ÏÑ)ǍƢǐƬƻȏƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƭƽơȂūơ ǁƢƯƕ
ǶºǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ǞLJƢƬdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ ǺǷ Ó ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ
ƨǴǐǨǼǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ džǰǠƫ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ǽǀǿȁ .(ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƢºĔƗ ƢºǸǯ ƢȀǼǷ Dzǯ ǍƢǐƬƻȏ ƢƆǬƦǗ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ƢŮȁƾdzȁ ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz
.ƨưdzƢưdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ Ǯdzƿ ƶǓȂƫ
ǍƢǐºƬƻȐdz ƢƆǬƦǗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƔȂǔdzơ ǖǴLjĄȇȁ -ÎÔ
ƾºǓ ơƆǂƻƚºǷ ƨǟȂǧǂŭơ ƨȈǔǬdzơ Ŀ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ǥơǂǗȌdz ǺǴǠƌŭơ ƽƾƄơ
.(ÏÒ)ǁƢºƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdz ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǵƢǷƗ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƢƆǧơǂǗƗ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƾǠĄƫ ƢǸȈǨǧ
DZƢºǠǧƗ) ǂǜǼdzơ ǞǓȂǷ ƧƽƾƄơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƜǧ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ
Śƥơƾºƫ ǁƢǗƛ ǺǸǓ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǶǴǟ Ǟǧǂƫ Ŗdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǺǸǓ ǞǬƫ (ǁƢƸƦdzơ ŅƢǟƗ Ŀ ƨȈūơ ƽǁơȂŭƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ǚǨūơ
ǹƜºǧ ǾȈǴǟȁ .Ƣđ ǍƢŬơ ǹȐǟȍơ Ŀ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
ƨºǨdzƢű Ǻºǟ ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ǖǬǧ ƲƬƷơ Ȇǟƾŭơ
ǺºǷ ÎÎÖ ńƛ ÎÎÓȁ ÓÑ ƽơȂŭơ Ǻǟ ơƆƾȇƾŢ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ
.ƨǸǰƄơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȈdzƢƷ ƨǓȁǂǠǷ ƨȈǔǬdzơȁ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
__________
.(Ó) ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÓÏ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÍ)
.ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƨƳƢƦȇƽ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÎ)
.ÐÑ-ÏÏ ƩƢǬƸǴŭơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǪǧǂǷ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÏ)
.ÓÒ Ǎ ƔƢƥ Ǫǧǂŭơ ÏÏ Ƕǫǁ ǪƸǴŭơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÐ)
.ňƢưdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ ÏÐ Ƕǫǁ ǪƸǴŭơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÑ)
.ÐÒ Ƕǫǁ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÒ)
ǹƢǯ Ņȁƾdzơ ňƾŭơ ǹơŚǘdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ džǴů ȄǴǟ ƵǂƌǗ ȅǀdzơ ǝơŗdzơ
Ɣơǁǃȁ džǴů ƢǿǁƾǏƗ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨƸƟȐƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ
ǶLJƢƥ ƪǧǂǟȁ ÎÖÖÖ/ÖÏÒ Ƕǫǁ ƨƸƟȐdzơ) ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽȂºȈǬdzơ ǒǠƥ ǑǂǨƫ Ȇǿȁ (ÎÕ)("Hushkits ƨƸƟȏ"
ƨºǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƩơǂƟƢǗ DzȈƴLjƫȁ DzȈǤnjƫ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǓȂǔdzƢƥ
ǩȂºǬƷ ƢȇƢǔºǫ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟȁ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ .ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
ȄºǴǟ ȆƟƾºƦǷ ǑơǂºƬǟơ ǭƢǼǿ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǽȐǟƗ ƨǼȈƦŭơ ǹƢLjǻȍơ
ǹƗ Ƕǣǂºƥ ŕƷ Ņȁƾdzơ ňƾŭơ ǹơŚǘdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ džǴů ǍƢǐƬƻơ
ȃƾǠƬƫ ƢĔƘƥ ȄǟĈƾĄȇ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨƸƟȐƥ ƆȐǐƬǷ ǹƢǯ ǂǷȋơ
DZȁƾºdzơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƧǁƢºNjȍơ ǺǰŻȁ .ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǒǠƥ ȄǴǟ
ƪǼȈǟȁ ƆƢǯǂƬnjǷ ƆƢǟƢǧƽ ƪǷƾǫ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƔƢǔǟƗ ÎÒ dzơ
ƢȀºǼǟ ƆȐȈǯȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭƢƥ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧǂƟơƾǴdz ǵƢǠdzơ ǂȇƾŭơ
Ƕǣǂºƥ ƆƢȈũǁ ƨǓȁǂǠǷ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ƪdzơǃ ƢǷȁ .("ƨȈǐƼNj ƨǨǐƥ")
."džƬǰnjǿ ƨƸƟȏ" ƔƢǤdzƛ
ƢºŮȁƽȁ ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨºǟƢǸŪơ śƥ ƨǫȐǠǴdz ȆǬǧȋơ ƾǠƦdzơ (Ʊ)
ƨǴưǷȋơ ǒǠƥ :ƔƢǔǟȋơ
ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨºǟƢǸŪơ śƥ ƨǫȐǠǴdz ȆǬǧȋơ ƾǠƦdzơ ȄǴƴƬȇ -ÎÏ
ǥǂǐºƬƫ ƮȈƷ ƨǘǴƬƼŭơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơȁ
Ŀ ƧƾǫƢǠƬǷ ƢƆǧơǂǗƗ ƢǸȀǨǏȂƥ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơȁ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ
.ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ
ǩƢȈºLJ Ŀ ƢƆºǓǂǟ ƩŚƯƌƗ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ǚƷȐĄȇ ƾǫȁ -ÎÐ
DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǺǷ ÑÔ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨdzƢūơ DZȁƢǼƬƫ Ŗdzơ (ÎÖ)ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ
ơƆƾºȇƢŰ ƢƆºǨǫȂǷ ŘƦƬƫ ƢĔƘǯȁ ȁƾƦȇȁ ƨdzȁƚLjŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ƽƾǠƫ ƨdzƘLjŠ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ƮȈƷ
ǝȁǂnjºŭơ Śǣ DzǠǨdzơ džǨǻ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ DZȁƽ Ƨƾǟ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ
.DzǠǨdzơ Ǯdzǀƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǺǰŻ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ
Ŗºdzơ Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǾƫƾƥƗ ȅǀdzơ ǪȈǴǠƬdzơ ǂǛƢǼȇȁ -ÎÑ
ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢºŢȏơ ƨºLJǁƢǸŠ ǁȂǷƗ ƨǴŦ ǺǸǓ ƆƢǸǴǟ ƪǗƢƷƗ
ƪǫȂdzơ džǨǻ Ŀ ǎǼȇ ƢȀǬȈǴǠƫ ǹƗ ȏƛ ƨǘǴƬƼŭơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ
__________
ƨƻǁƚŭơ ÎÖÖÖ/ÖÏÒ Ƕǫǁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ džǴĐ ƨƸƟȏ (ÎÕ)
ǝơȂºǻƗ ǒºǠƥ DzȈǤnjºƫȁ DzȈƴLjƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ÎÖÖÖ DzȇǂȇƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÖ Ŀ
ƢȀǴȇƾǠƫ ȃǂƳ Ŗdzơȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǺǸǓ ƩȂǐdzơ ƨǟǂLJ ǹȁƽ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ
ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ DZȁȋơ ƾǴĐơ ŚȇƢǠŭ ƨǬƥƢǘǷ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƢŮ ǎȈƻǂƬdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛȁ
ƨºưdzƢưdzơ ƨºǠƦǘdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ňƾŭơ ǹơŚǘdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ÎÓ Ǫǧǂŭơ ǺǷ Ð DzǐǨdzơ
Official Journal of the European Communities, (ÎÖÖÐ ǾºȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ)
.No. L 115 (4 May 1999)
ÐÎ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÎ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÖ)
.ÔÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
European Parliament v. C-316/91 ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ) (Jacobs) DŽƥȂǯƢƳ
ƧǁȁǂǓ ńƛ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ (ÐÍ)(Council of the European Union
C-13/00 ƨȈǔººǬdzơ ȆºǨǧ ƨȈǼǷƢǔºƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭƢƥ ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ
(ÐÎ)
ȁƾºƦȇ Commission of the European Communities v. Ireland
Ŀ ǁƢNjƗ ƾǬǧ .ƢƆǨdzƢű ƢƆȇƗǁ ǀţơ ƾǫȁ (Mischo) ȂǰLjȈǷ ǵƢǠdzơ ȆǷƢƄơ
ƔƢǔǟȋơ ƢŮȁƽȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz ǹƗ ƨǬȈǬƷ ǹƗ ńƛ ǁȂǷƗ ƨǴŦ
DZȁƾǴdz Ƣēơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ǺǴǠƫ ƢŶƛ ǖǴƬű ǩƢǨƫơ ƨǤȈǏ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ ǪƷ
ǍƢǐºƬƻơ ǺǸºǓ ǾºǴǷƢǰƥ ƱǁƾǼȇ ȏ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǹƗ ƔƢǔǟȋơ Śǣ
ȃȂLJ ŅƢƬdzƢƥ DzǸƸƬƫ ȏ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹƗȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
.ƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơ ǺǸǓ ƱǁƾǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƔơDŽƳȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ńƛ ƨºLJǁƢǸŭơ DZƢů Ŀ ǂǷȋơ ƱƢƬŹ ƩȏƢūơ ǞȈŦ Ŀȁ -ÏÎ
ƢºĔƗ ƤƦLjƥ ǖǫ ǒǧǂƫ Ń ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ǹƗ ƶȈǓȂƫ
.ƨǘǴƬű ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ "Ƙǘƻ ǥǂǗ" ƾǓ ƩƘnjǻ
ȆƟƢǼƯ ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿ ƨǘǴƬű ƩƢǫƢǨƫƢƥ ǂǷȋơ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǷ ǁƾǬƥȁ -ÏÏ
ƨºǟƢǸŪơ ǞºǷ DzºǷƢǠƬƫ ƢĔƘǯȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ȁƾƦƫ
ǥǂǘdzơ Ɣơǃƛ ƢƆȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
ǽǀǿ ȁƾƦƫȁ .ǩƢǨƫȏơ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǞȈŦ ǀȈǨǼƫ Ǻǟ ǂƻȉơ
DzưǷ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ƧƽƢƬǠŭơ ƨǣƢȈǐdzơ Ǟǫơȁ ǺǷ ȄƫƘƬƫ ƢĔƘǯȁ ƨƴȈƬǼdzơ
ƤǻƢŪơ" ǺǷ ǾǷơǂƥƛ Ļ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƿƛ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ
ƨȈǬȇǂǧȋơ DZȁƾdzơ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơȁ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ȃǿȁ "DZȁȋơ
"ǂƻȉơ ƤǻƢŪơ ǺǷ" ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơȁ œȇǁƢǰdzơ ǂƸƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼǷ DZȁƽȁ
European Parliament v. Council of the C-316/91 ƨȈǔºǬdzơ)
.(ÐÏ)(European Union
DZƢưƬǷȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢǗƛ
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȐdz
ƨºǟƢǸŪơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƢȀȈǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ Ŗdzơ DzƦLjdzơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ǭƢǼǿ -ÏÐ
ƩƢºǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ƿƢǨǻƜƥ ƨȈŷȋơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ DzǐƬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
ǺǷ Ô ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǹƜǧ ǍƢƻ Dzǰnjƥȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ
ǑǂǠƬdzơ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨƠnjǼŭơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǺǷ ÐÍÍ ƧƽƢŭơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƮȈƷ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ Ƣǿǂǯǀdz
ǹȂºǰƫ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǷŐŭơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ
.ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾǴdzȁ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƩƢLjLJƚŭ ƨǷDŽǴǷ
ǹȂǻƢºǫ ƤƳȂŠ ƨǷDŽǴǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ DzǠŸ ƾǼƦdzơ ơǀǿȁ -ÏÑ
ŘǠŠ :ƩƢLjLJƚŭơȁ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzƢƥ DzǐƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǀȈǨǼƫ ƨȈdzƢǠǧ ƢȀȈǔƬǬƫ Ŗdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǞȈŦ ƿƢţƢƥ ƨǷăDŽǴĄǷ ƢĔƗ
ǺºǷ DZƢǠǧƘƥ ǹƢȈƫȍơ Ǻǟ ǝƢǼƬǷȏơȁ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƨǘLJơȂƥ ƨǷŐŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
__________
.Ibid., 1994, para. 69 (ÐÍ)
.Ibid., 2002, paras. 29–30 (ÐÎ)
.Ibid., 1994, para. 29 (ÐÏ)
38
ƨºǏƢƻ ƢƆǸǜǻ ƞnjǼƫ ƢƆǷƢǰƷƗ DzǸnjȇ ƢǷ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷȁ -ÎÕ
Ǫǧǂŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ó ƧƽƢŭơ DzưǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz
Ò ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơȁ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ǞLJƢƬdzơ
ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƪǓȁƢǨƫ ƧŚƻȋơ ƨdzƢūơ Ŀȁ .(ÏÓ)ȂƫȂȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ
ƨǸǜǼǷ ǾǴǸƸƬƫ DzǷƢNj ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ǍƢƻ ƾǼƥ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȐdz DŽȇƢǸƬǷ ǞȇǃȂƬƥ ƵƢǸLjdzơ ǞǷ Dzǰǯ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ DzǷƢǰƬdzơ
Ǻºǟ ƨdzȁƚLjºǷ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǠĄƫ ƨdzƢūơ ǮǴƫ Ŀȁ .ƢȀƟƢǔǟƗ śƥ ƢǸȈǧ
ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ƢŮȁƽ ȃƽơǂǧ ƾǠĄƫ ƢǸǼȈƥ ȆǟƢǸŪơ ǥƾŮơ ǪȈǬŢ
Ǫǧȁ ǶƬȇȁ ƢƆȈǴƻơƽ ǾȈǴǟ ǪǨƬȇ ƢǷ Ɣơǃƛ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǖǬǧ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǔǫ ńƛ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǽǀǿ Śnjƫ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ǾǼǟ ǁƢǘƻȍơ Ǯdzƿ
ǀȈǨǼƬdzƢƥ ǂǷȋơ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǷ ǁƾǬƥ ȏƆ ȂǴƷ ǂǧȂƫ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǒǠƦǧ ƨȇƽƢŭơ
.(ÏÔ)ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ȆƟơǂƳȍơ
ơǀǿ Ŀ ǾƷǂǗ ǺǰŻ ǂƻƕ Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǩƢưȈǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǩȂLjƫȁ -ÎÖ
ƧƽƢºŭƢƥ ȐƆ ºǸǟ ƢƆºǻƢȈƥ ƩǁƾºǏƗ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƩƢǟƢǸŪƢǧ .ǩƢȈLjdzơ
ǶȈºǰƸƬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳƜƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ‘Ï‘(ƣ)(Ð)ÏÓ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƢȀǼȈƥ ǁȂǷƗ ƨǴŦ Ŀ ǹƢȈƦdzơ ǺǴǠȇȁ .DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ
ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǵȂȀǨǷ ǺǸǓ ƨȈǸȈǴǫƛ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ DzǷƢǰƫ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƩƢǟƢǸŪơ
ƤºǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƨǴǯȂŭơ ƩƢǏƢǐƬƻȏơ ƩƢǟƢǸŪơ DžǁƢŤȁ .ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǩƢưȈǷ
ǁơǂºǬdzơ ǞǼǐºƥ ƨȈǼǠǷȁ ƢƆȈƫơƿ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ƩƢLjLJƚǷ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ
ƔƢǔǟȋơ ƢŮȁƽ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƩƢǟƢǸŪơ ƪǷƢǫ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ȆƷơȂǼdzơȁ
ƔƢºǧȂdzơ Ǻºǟ ƢƆºȈdzȁƽ ƨdzȁƚLjºǷ ȆȀǧ Ľ ǺǷȁ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǩƢưȈǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǵơǂƥƜƥ
DzºǸǠƫ ǥȂLjºdzȁ .ƢȀºǼǷ Dzǯ ǍƢǐƬƻȏ ƢƆǬƦǗ ƢȀȈǧ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏƢƥ
ǥǂºǘdzơ ƢȀǼȈƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƽƾŢ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǵȁDŽǴdzơ ƾǼǟ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơȁ ƩƢǟƢǸŪơ
.ƾǫƢǠƬǷ ǂƻƕ ǥǂǗ Ŀ ǂǸưƬLjǷ ƢȀǴȀƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍ ƤȈƴƬLjŭơ
DZȁƾdzơȁ ƩƢǟƢǸŪơ DzǏȂƬƫ ǂǸưƬLjŭơ ƤǴǗ ȄǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥȁ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ DzưǷ Ŀȁ
( ƽ) .*ƢǷȂȇ ÐÍ ƧǂƬǧ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ƾȇƾƸƬdzơ ơǀǿ ńƛ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƔƢǔǟȋơ
ººººººº
ȃȂºǟƽ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ Ɣƾƥ Ŀ ǂǸưƬLjŭơ ǪŞ DžƢLjǷ ơǀǿ Ŀ džȈdzȁ
(ÏÕ)
*
. ƔƢǔǟȋơ ƢŮȁƽ ȁƗ ƩƢǟƢǸŪơ ƾǓ ƔơȂLJ ƢȀǠǧǂȇ
ȄºǴǟ ȅȂºǘǼƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ƨǜƷȐǷ ǺǰŻȁ -ÏÍ
ƨºǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨȈǼǷƢǔºƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƜǧ ǍƢǐƬƻȏƢƥ ƽƾŰ ǹȐǟƛ
śºƥ ǥȐƬºƻơ DzŰ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ƢŮȁƽȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
Ɣơǁƕ Ŀ DZƢºưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ơǀǿ džǰǠǼȇ ƢǸǯ .ƢǷ ƾƷ ńƛ Ɣơǁȉơ
ǵƢǠdzơ ȆǷƢƄơ Śnjȇ ƢǸǼȈƥȁ .ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰƄ śǷƢǠdzơ śǷƢƄơ
Hermès International C–53/96 ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ) (Tesauro) ȁǁȂLjȈƫ
ǵƢºǠdzơ ȆǷƢºƄơ Ǯdzǀºǯȁ (ÏÖ)(v. FHT Marketing Choice BV
__________
.ÏÒ Ƕǫǁ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÓ)
ǺºǷ Ǻȇơǂdzơ ǂĔ ƨȇƢǸū ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÔ)
.Õ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƔƢƥ Ǫǧǂŭơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
Official Journal of the European Commission, No. L (ÏÕ)
.ÐÔ Ƕǫǁ ǪƸǴŭơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǪǧǂǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .69, p. 115
.European Court Reports 1998, pp. I-3615, para. 14 (ÏÖ)
39 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǺǷ ÏÕÕ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ
ǪǴǠƬŭơ ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢǗȍơ Ƶǂǘƫ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨƠnjǼŭơ
ƤºǻƢƳ ǺºǷ DzǧƢƷ ňȂǻƢǫ ǾǬǨdz ƢƆǠǓȂǷ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀđ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ
ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƝƽƢºƦǸǴdz ƢƆºǬƦǗ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǵȂǬƫ ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơ Śǣ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ
Ǻºǟ ƨŦƢǻ ǁơǂǓƗ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ śǻơȂǫ śƥ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ
.ǶēƢƦƳơȂdz ǶȀƟơƽƗ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƢȀȈǷƾƼƬLjǷ Ǻǟ ȁƗ ƢēƢLjLJƚǷ
ơǀŮ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƩǂLjǧ ƾǫȁ -ÏÕ
ƤǴǘƬƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƦLJƢǼŭơ Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ ƢȀǼǷȁ ŕNj ƩƢƦLJƢǼǷ Ŀ ƾǼƦdzơ
(ÐÕ)
ƨǠƥƢƫ "ƨLjLJƚǷ" DZƢǠǧƗ ǺǷ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ ǾǨǏȂƥ ƢǷ DzǠǨdz ơƆƽƾŰ ƢƆǨȈǏȂƫ
ƔơƽƗ" ǩƢȈº ºLJ Ŀ Ƣº
ºŮ ǞƥƢº ºƬdzơ (ÐÖ)"ǵƾƼƬLjººŭơ" ȁƗ ƨººǟƢǸƴǴdz
(ÑÍ)
ƶºǓȁƗ ȂºŴ ȄǴǟ ǂLjǨȇ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǾǬǨdzơ ơǀǿȁ . "ƩƢƦƳơȂdzơ
Ŀ ƨºȇǁơƽƛ ƨǘǴLJ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZƢǠǧƗ ƢǿǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ǶƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ
ƢǸưȈƷ ȁƗ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ńƛ ȆǔǨƫȁ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ȃƾƷƛ
ƨºŦƢǻ ǁơǂºǓƗ Ǻǟ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ȆǤƦǼȇ
ƨºȈǔǬdzơȁ (ÑÎ)175/84 ƨȈǔǬdzơ) ƨºǟƢǸŪơ ǹȂºǻƢǫ ǀºȈǨǼƫ Ǻǟ
Ȃǔºǟ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƾȇƾƸƬdz ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơȁ .(ÑÏ)(C–282/90
.ƨºǟƢǸŪơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǀȈǨǼƫ Ŀ ƢǿǂȇƾǬƬdz ǭȁǂƬŭơ NJǷƢŮơ Ȃǿ
ƔƢǔºǟȋơ DZȁƾºdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǂǷȋơ ǂǐƬǬȇȁ
.ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǥǂǐƬdzƢƥ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ ǁơǂǫ ƤƳȂŠ ƨǷDŽƬǴǷ
ǽǀǿȁ .ƞNjƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǺǰŻ ƢǼǿȁ
ǞºǷ ŕºƷ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƤƳȂŠ ȏƛ ƢƆǠƦǗ ǪƦǘǼƫ ȏ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ
ƢǸǯ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǀȈǨǼƬƥ ƨƷȁǂǘŭơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ DzǐƬƫ ǹƗ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ
.(ÑÐ)(T–184/95 ƨȈǔǬdzơ) ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩơƔơDŽƳ ǀȈǨǼƫ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ
ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ -Ï
DZƢºǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƛ -Î
ƢºȀƟȐǯȁ ȁƗ ƢȀȈǨǛȂŭ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ ǭȂǴLjdzơ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ƨƦǰƫǂŭơ
ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ȏƛ ƢȀȈǧ ǂǜǼĄȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƢȀũƢƥ ǹȂǧǂǐƬȇ ǍƢƼNjƗ ȅƗ ȁƗ
__________
Case C–370/89, Société Générale d’Entreprises (ÐÕ)
Électro-Mécaniques (SGEEM) and Roland Etroy v. European
.Investment Bank, ibid., 1992, p. I-6238, para. l5
Case 18/60, Louis Worms v. High Authority of the (ÐÖ)
European Coal and Steel Community (12 July 1962), European Court
.Reports, p. 204
Case 9/69, Claude Sayag and S.A. Zurich v. Jean- (ÑÍ)
Pierre Leduc, Denise Thonnon and S.A. La Concorde, ibid., 1969, p.
.336, para. 11
Krohn & Co. Import-Export (GmbH & Co. KG) v. (ÑÎ)
.Commission of the European Communities, ibid., 1986, paras. l8–23
Industrie- en Handelsonderneming Vreugdenhil BV v. (ÑÏ)
.Commission of the European Communities, ibid., 1992, para. 15
Dorsch Consult Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH v. Council (ÑÐ)
of the European Union and Commission of the European Communities,
.ibid., 1998, paras. 74–88
ƨºǟƢǸƴǴdz ƶȈºƬƫ ȆȀǧ ơǀđȁ .ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǀȈǨǼƫ ƨǷȐLJ ƨǫƢǟƛ ƢĔƘNj
śºƥ ǭǂƬnjǷ ǂǷƗ ȂȀǧ ƨȈũǁ ƨǨǐƥȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƢēƢȈdzȁƚLjŠ ǑȂȀǼdzơ
ǥǂǗ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ ȏȁ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƢƆǷơDŽƬdzơ Dzǰnjȇ ƢŠ ǥơǂǗƗ
104/81 ƨȈǔºǬdzơ) Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ Ǿƥ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ƮdzƢƯ
ž(ÐÐ)Hauptzollamt Mainz v. C. A. Kupferberg & Cie. KG a.A
ž(ÐÑ)Meryem Demirel v. Stadt Schwäbisch Gmünd 12/86 ƨȈǔǬdzơȁ
Ŀ ƨºǸǰƄơ ǶºǰƷȁ ž(ÐÒ)ÏÍ-ÎÕ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ C–53/96 ƨȈǔǬdzơȁ
Ŀ ǎǼºȇ ƾǼƦdzƢǧ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ .((ÐÓ)ÎÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ C–13/00 ƨȈǔǬdzơ
ƨºǟƢǸŪơ ǹƘƥ ȆǔǬȇȁ ƨưdzƢưdzơ DZȁƾǴdz ĿƢǓƛ ǹƢǸǓ ȄǴǟ ǂǷȋơ Ǟǫơȁ
.ƢēƢǷơDŽƬdzƢƥ ȆǨƫ ǥȂLJ
ǺºǷ ÎÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ńƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǩǂǘƬdzơ ǩƢȈLjdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǺǰŻȁ -ÏÒ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨƠnjǼŭơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ
ƨºǏƢƻ ȁƗ ƨǷƢǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƔơȂLJ ƨǸƟȐŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǞȈŦ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǀƼƬƫ
Ǻºǟ ƨºŦƢǼdzơ ȁƗ ƧƾºǿƢǠŭơ ǽǀǿ [Ǻǟ] ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏƢƥ ƔƢǧȂdzơ ƨdzƢǨǰdz
ǵƢºȀŠ ǝȐǘǓȏơ ŚLjȈƫ ȄǴǟ DzǸǠƫȁ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƩƢLjLJƚǷ ƢǿǀƼƬƫ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ
ƩƢºȇƢǣ ǪȈǬƸƬƥ ǁǂǔdzơ ǩƢūƛ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ Śƥƾƫ ȅƗ ƿƢţơ Ǻǟ ǞǼƬŤȁ .ƨǟƢǸŪơ
.ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǽǀǿ
ƩƾǯƗ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǹƗ ƵƢǔȇƛ Ǯdzǀǯ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ -ÏÓ
ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢūơ Ŀ ǹȁƢǠƬǴdz ƢƆƦƳơȁ ƨť ǹƗ ÖÑ/Î ƢȀȇƗǁ Ŀ
ƢºǸǯ .ƔƢǔºǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơȁ ƨǟƢǸŪơ śƥ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ƩƢǏƢǐƬƻơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǁȂǷƗ ƨǴŦ Ŀ Ʃǂǯƿ
ƩƢLjºLJƚǷȁ ƔƢǔºǟȋơ DZȁƾºdzơ śƥ ǪȈƯȂdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ DzǨǰĄȇ ǹƗ ǵǃȐdzơ ǺǷ
Ļ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏƢƥ ƔƢǧȂdzơ Ŀ ȁƗ ǵơǂƥȍơȁ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ƔơȂLJ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
Ŀ ƧƾºƷȂdzơ ǪºȈǬŢ ƧǁȁǂǓ ǺǷ ǪǴǘǼȇ ǹȁƢǠƬdzƢƥ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ơǀǿȁ .Ƣđ ƾȀǠƬdzơ
.(ÐÔ)ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ DzȈưǸƬdzơ
ƩơƔơǂºƳȍơ ǑơǂǠƬºLJơ Ŀ ƢǼǿ ǑǂǤdzơ DzưǸƬȇ ȏ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÏÔ
ǺºǰŻ Ŗºdzơ ȅƾºǠƬdzơ ƩơƔơǂºƳƛ Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ ƢȀǼǷȁ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ
ǹƜºǧ ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǵƢǷƗ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ Ǟǧǂdz ƢȀǷơƾƼƬLJơ
ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨºǟƢǸŪơ ǵƢǜǻ ńƛ ƨǴǐǨǼǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǩǂǘƬdzơ ǹƢǰǷȍƢƥ
ƩơǀdzƢƥ ǩƢȈLjdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .ƢēƢLjLJƚŭ ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơ Śǣ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ
ǶLjºƬƫ ǹƗ ǺºǰŻȁ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƽƢǼLJȍơ DzƟƢLjǷ ƘnjǼƫ
ƢºȀȈdzƛ ǩǂǘƬƫ ǹƗ ƶƳǂŭơ ǺǷ Ŗdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ƨȈǟȂǻ ƔȂǓ Ŀ ƨȈŷȋƢƥ
DzǐºƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ Ŗdzơ ǺȇȁƾƬdzơ DZƢǸǟƗ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ
__________
.Ibid., 1982, para. 13 (ÐÐ)
.Ibid., 1987, paras. 9–11 (ÐÑ)
.ǽȐǟƗ ÏÖ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÒ)
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÏÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ) European Court Reports 2002 (ÐÓ)
ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ (Ó)ÏÏÕ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ȅƗǂdzơ (ÐÔ)
ƨºȈǰǴŭơ ƨȇƢŧȁ ƩƢǷƾŬƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵơǂƥȍ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǍƢǐƬƻơ)
ibid., 1994, p. I- (ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ (Ó)ÏÏÕ ƧƽƢŭơ :ƨȇǂǰǨdzơ
.5420, para. 108
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Ǻȇǂƻƕ śǨǛȂǷ ƾǓ ȁƗ Ƣǿǀţơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƤƦLjƥȁ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ǾƬǨǐƥ
ƨȈǔºǫ (Î)Kissi v. de Larosière ƨȈǔǫ ƪǻƢǯ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈũǁ ƨǨǐƥ
ǶȈºǴǫȍ ƨºȈǴƄơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǵƢǷƗ ÎÖÕÏ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƪǠǧǁ ňƾǷ ǹȂǻƢǫ
ƢƆºǷȂȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń ȅǀdzơ) Ȇǟƾŭơ ǹƢǯȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzƢƥ ƢȈƦǷȂdzȂǯ
ǂȇƾºŭơ ƾǓ ƨȈǔǫ Ǟǧǁ ƾǫ (Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƢƆǨǛȂǷ
ǺºǷ ƨǟȁǂnjºǷ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǵǂĄƷ ǾǻƗ ƢƆȈǟƾǷ ǩȁƾǼǐǴdz ȅǁơƽȍơ
ƤºǴǗ ʼnƾºǬƫ ƧƽȁƢºǠǷ ȄǴǟ ǞƴnjĄȇ Ńȁ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ȃƾdz ƨǨȈǛȁ
ƤƦLjºƥ ǍƢǐºƬƻȏơ ǵƾǠdz ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǔǧǁȁ .ǦǛȂƬǴdz
ǾǨºǏȂƥ ȅǁơƽȍơ ǂȇƾºŭơ ƨǻƢǐƷȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƨǻƢǐƷ
Ǻºǰȇ Ń Ľ ǺǷȁ ƨȈũǂdzơ ǾƬǨǐƥ ǥǂǐƬȇ ǹƢǯȁ ǩȁƾǼǐdzƢƥ ƢƆǨǛȂǷ
ǹƘnjºƥ ƢƆºǨǫȂǷ ǀºƼƬȇ ǹƗ Ņȁƾºdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ȄǴǟ śǠƬȇ
.ȃȂǟƾdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ
ŚȇƢºǠŭơ ǹƗ Ŀ Ņȁƾºdzơ ƾºǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ȅƗǁ DzưǸƬȇȁ -Ð
ǦºǛȂǷ Ƣđ ǵȂǬȇ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƾȇƾƸƬdz ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ
ǪLjƬƫ ǹƗȁ ƾƥ ȏ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ńƛ ƾǼLjƫ ȏ ȁƗ ƾǼLjƫ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ȃƾdz
ȆǨǛȂºǷ ǭȂǴºLJ ǹƢºǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƾȇƾƸƬdz ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǞǷ
ǶȀƬǨǐºƥ Ƣºđ ǹȂǷȂǬȇ ȏƆ ƢǠǧƗ Dzǰnjȇ ȏ ȁƗ Dzǰnjȇ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
ƧƽƢŭơ) Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƩƢǻƢǐƷ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǪƦǘǼƫ ƮȈƷ ƨȈũǂdzơ
ƶǓȁȁ .(Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ǩƢǨƫơ ƽơȂǷ ǺǷ Õ ƔDŽŪơ ƨǠLJƢƬdzơ
ÏÕ ƹǁƚºŭơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ȆǨǛȂǷ ƨǻƢǐƷ ǹƘnjƥ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǹƢȈƥ
DzºǨǰȇ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ǹƗ ǦȈǯ (Ï)ÏÍÍÏ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ
ƗƾƦŭơ DzưǸƬȇ ƮȈƷ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ȆǨǛȂǷ ƨǻƢǐƷ ǵơǂƬƷơ
ƢºǸȈǧ ƩƢǻƢǐūơ ƾǯƚȇ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ǹƗ Ŀ ǹƢȈƦdzơ ǾȈdzƛ ƾǼƬLjȇ ȅǀdzơ
Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟȁ .ƨȈũǂdzơ ǾƬǨǐƥ ǦǛȂǷ Ƣđ ǵȂǬȇ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ
ǂǐƬǬȇ ƢŶƛ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ńƛ ƤLjǼĄȇ ƢǷ ǹƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ŐƬǠȇ
.ƨȈũǂdzơ ǶȀƬǨǐƥ ǹȂǨǛȂŭơ ƢȀȇƽƚȇ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ȄǴǟ
ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǹƢȈƦdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋ ǾǻƗ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǚƷȐȇȁ -Ñ
ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ǁǂǬȇ ȅǀdzơ Ȃǿ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdz ȅǁơƽȍơ ǂȇƾŭƢǧ
DZƢǠǧƗ ƤƦLjƥ Ļ ƾǫ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ȃƾdz ǦǛȂǷ ȅƗ ǃƢƴƬƷơ ȁƗ ǦȈǫȂƫ
ȄºǴǟ ȅȂºǘǼȇ ǂǷȋơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟȁ ƨȈũǂdzơ ǾƬǨǐƥ ƢǿƢƫƗ
ǾǻƗ ȏƆ ȁƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ǚƷȐȇ ƢǸǯ .ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƩƢǻƢǐƷ
ƾºǓ Ǿȇƾdz ƧƾǸƬǠŭơ ǽƾǟơȂǬƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƩơȂǘŬơ ǀƼƬȇ ǥȂLJ
ǮǴƫ ȄǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȐdz DzưƬŻ ȁƗ ƩƢǻƢǐūơ ǵǂƬŹ ȏ Ȃǔǟ ȅƗ
ƽơȂºǷ ǺǷ ǺȇǂnjǠdzơȁ ƨǠLJƢƬdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƔȂǓ Ŀ Ǿǻƛ ƢƆȈǻƢƯȁ ƩƢǻƢǐūơ
ǩȁƾǼǐdzơȁ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ Ŀ Ȃǔǟ ȅƗ śƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ǩƢǨƫơ
ơǀºǿ ǺºǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ ȅƗ ǹƜǧ ǶȀLjǨǻƗ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƔƢǔǟƗ śƥ ȁƗ Ǿƫơƿ
ƵǂºǘĄȇ) Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdz ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ ƢȀȈǧ ƪƦƫ DzȈƦǬdzơ
ǁǂºǫ Ȃǔºǟȁ Ņȁƾºdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ śƥ ǥȐƻ ȅƗ ǶȈǰƸƬǴdz
ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ Ŀ Ȃǔǟ ȅƗȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ śƥ ȁƗ ƣƢƸLjǻȏơ
.(Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƨȈǨǐƫ DZȐƻ
__________
.No. 82–1267 (D.D.C.) (Î)
.ÔÎ Ƕǫǁ ǪƸǴŭơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǪǧǂǷ ǂǜǻơ (Ï)
40
ƢǸȈǧ ƨǴǷƢnjdzơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ƾƷȂŭơ ǹȂǸǔŭơȁ DzǰȈŮơ ƔƢnjǻƛ
ƧǂºǬǧ DzǸnjȇ ơǀǿȁ .ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǁƢnjƬǻơ ǞǼǷ ƧƾǿƢǠŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫȁ ÎÔ Ƕǫǂƥ
ƾƷơȁ ǥǂǗ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ȃȂǟƽ ȅƗ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ǹƗ ǩƢǨƫȐdz ƾƥ ȏ
ƨƯƽƢƷ Ǻǟ ƞNjƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǥȐş ǁǂǓ ȅƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǂƻȉơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƾǓ
ƢƆǬƦǗ ƢȀƬȇȂLjƫ ǶƬȇ ǩƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơ ǀȈǨǼƫ Ǻǟ ǶƴǼƫȁ ƨȇȁȂǻ
.(Î)Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz
ǹơȂºǼǠƥ ƧǂǯǀºǷ ǵƢºǠdzơ ǂȇƾŭơ ƾǟƗ ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀȁ -Ï
"ƩƢǻƢǸǔºdzƢƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ƨºdzƢǯȂǴdz ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ"
ơƆǀºƻƕ (ÎÖÔÍ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÑ ƺȇǁƢƬƥ GOV/COM.22/27)
ǁǂǬǸǴdz ǀƠǼȈƷ ƨƷƢƬǷ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ǂȇǁƢǬƬdzơ ȆǟȂǓȂŭơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ śǠƥ
.DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ (ǺȇǁǂǬŭơ)
Ŀ ƨdzƢǯȂǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ȃǿ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ǹƢǯȁ -Ð
ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơ ǪȈƦǘƫ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǩƢȈLJ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƶǓȂƫ Ƨǂǯǀŭơȁ .ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǁƢnjƬǻơ ǞǼǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ
ƢȀǼǟ ƘnjǼȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ ƩƢǻƢǸǓ ƨǘnjǻƗ ( Ɨ)
žǁơǂǓƗ
ƨǴºǏ Ʃơƿ ȁƾƦƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ǒǠƥ (ƣ)
žƨdzƢǯȂdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭ ƨnjǫƢǼŠ
ƵǂºƬǬŭơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ (Ʊ)
.ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǸǓ ƢȀǷơǂƥƛ
ººººººº
IAEA, The Structure and Content of Agreements between (Î)
the Agency and States required in connection with the Treaty on the
.Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (INFCIRC/153 of June 1972)
Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ -Ð
DZƢºǠǧƗ DZȁƢǼƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƽƢǼLJȍơ ǹƘnjƥ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƾǟơȂǫ -Î
ƨºȈŷƗ ƢŮ ǹƢǯ ǹƛ ƧƽȁƾŰ ƨȈŷƗ Ʃơƿ ƾǠĄƫ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƩƢǻƢȈǰdzơ
ƾºǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ǥǂǠȇ ȏȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƆƢLJƢLJƗ
ȃǂƳ Ľ ȆƳǁƢƻ ǹƢȈǯ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ ƩƾȀNj ƨdzƢƷ ȅƗ Ņȁƾdzơ
ƾǼLjȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǾǻƗ ǾȇƗǁ Ŀȁ .Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ńƛ ǽƽƢǼLJƛ
ơƿƛ ȏƛ ȆƳǁƢƻ ǹƢȈǯ Ǿƥ ǵȂǬȇ DzǠǧ ȅƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ńƛ
ǩĈƾºǏ ƾǫ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƧDŽȀƳƗ ǺǷ ǶƟȐǷ ǃƢȀƳ ǹƢǯ
.ƨƷơǂǏ Ǯdzƿ ǺǴǟƗ ȁƗ DzǠǨdzơ ơǀǿ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DzĈǸŢ ȄǴǟ
ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƽƢǼLJȍơ ƾǟơȂǬƥ ǪǴǠƬƬǧ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƧƽƾƄơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ƢǷƗ -Ï
Śºǣ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƢȀƦƳȂŠ ƾǠĄȇ ǹƗ
Ŀȁ .ǾũƢƥ ǹȂǧǂǐƬȇ ǍƢƼNjƗ ȅƗ ȁƗ ǾƟȐǯȁ ȁƗ ǾȈǨǛȂŭ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ǞǧơƾȈºLJ ǾǻƗ ǽơƽƚǷ ƢƆǨǫȂǷ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ǀţơ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨdzƢƷ
Ǿȇƾdz ǦǛȂǷ ƾǓ ƨȈǔǫ ǞǧǂĄƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƩƢǻƢǐūơ ƾǯƚȇȁ ǾȈǨǛȂǷ Ǻǟ
41 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
Ŀ ƢǸȀůƽ ǶƬȈLJ ... ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƨƸǐdzơ ƩơǂŤƚǷȁ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ
ȂºŴ ƧȂºǘƼǯȁ ."ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǺǸǓ ƤLJƢǼŭơ ƪǫȂdzơ
ǹơƾºǴƦǴdz ƨƸǐºdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷȁ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƪǠƐǫȁ ƲǷƾdzơ
ƨƸǐºdzơ ǂŤƚºǷ DzǸǠȇ ǽƢǔƬǬŠȁ ÎÖÑÖ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƢƆǫƢǨƫơ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ
ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƨƸǐdzơ ƤƬǰǷȁ Ƨǁơƽȍơ džǴů DZȐƻ ǺǷ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz
ƤºƬǰŭơȁ ƨºȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ŅơȂƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢǸȀǨǏȂƥ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ
DzǸǠƫ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟȁ .śƬǰȇǂǷȋơ Ŀ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ
ơƆǂǐǼǟ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ǾLjǨǻ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ
ȄǴǟ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƨǷȂǜǼǷȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨǷȂǜǼǷ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǺǷ
ƨǸǜǼǷ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǹƜǧ ƤȈƫǂƬdzơ ơǀǿ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟȁ .ƔơȂLjdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ȆǟƾƬLjƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƢȀȈǨǛȂǷȁ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƨƸǐdzơ
.ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ
ƨƸǐºdzơ ƨºǸǜǼǷ ǹƘƥ DZȂǬdzơ ǺǰŻ ǪƦLJ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥȁ -Ð
ƨºǸǜǼǷ DZƢǠǧƗ ƾǠƫ ǹƘƥ ȅƾǫƢǠƫ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƪǴƦǫ ƾǫ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ
ƧǁƽƢǏ DZƢǠǧƗ ƨƥƢưŠ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ DzưǷ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ
ǹơƾºǴƦǴdz ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǹƗ Ƕǣǂƥȁ .ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ǻǟ
ǹƗ Ľ ǺºǷ ƢȀºǼǰŻȁ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƢƆȈũǁ ƪdzơǃ ƢǷ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ
ƨǠƥƢƫ ƨȈǸȈǴǫƛ ƨǸǜǼǸǯ ǥǂǐƬƫ ǹƗ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥ ƨǨǐdzơ ǽǀđ ǥǂǐƬƫ
DzºǨǰƫ ȏ ƢȀƬǘnjǻƗȁ Ƣēơǁơǂǫ ǹƗ ƨǬȈǬƸǧ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ
ǾºƳȁ ȄǴǟ ƢȀƬǘnjǻƗ ƤLjǼƫ ǹƗ ńƛ ȆǔǨƫ ƢŶƛ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ơǀǿ ƧƽƢǟ
.(Î)ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ǶȈǸǠƬdzơ
ººººººº
.ÖÍ Ƕǫǁ ǪƸǴŭơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǪǧǂǷ ǂǜǻơ (Î)
ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Ò
Ƣºđ DZȂºǸǠǷ ƾǟơȂǫ ȅƗ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȃƾdz džȈdz
ǺǷ ƨǟȁǂnjǷ Śǣ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƾǠĄƫ ǹƗ ƢȀƦƳȂŠ ǺǰŻ ƽƢǼLJȎdz
ǹȂǧǂǐºƬȇ Ǻȇǂºƻƕ ǍƢƼNjƗ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƢȀƟȐǯȁ ȁƗ ƢȀȈǨǛȂǷ ƤǻƢƳ
.ƨǨdzƢƼǸǴdz ƪǓǂǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǁƾǐǷ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥ ƢȀũƢƥ
ƩƢºǸǜǼŭơ ƾǓ ƨǟȂǧǂŭơ ȃȁƢǟƾdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ -ƔƢǗ
Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀǯƢȀƬǻơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ -Î
Ǟǧƾȇ ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ ƾǓ ȃȁƢǟƽ Ǟǧǂƫ Ń
.Ņȁƾdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀǯƢȀƬǻƢƥ ƢđƢƸǏƗ
Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ -Ï
ǀƼƬȇ ǹƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ȄǴǟ ǹƢǯ ǹƗ ǖǫ ƭƾŹ Ń -Î
Ŀ ǾǻƗ ƾȈƥ .Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǾǯƢȀƬǻƢƥ ȃȂǟƽ ȄǴǟ ơƆƽǁ ƨǸǰŰ Ŀ ƢƆǨǫȂǷ
ƨȈdzƢŭơȁ ƨȈǧǂǐŭơ ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơ ƩƢƥƢǬǼǴdz ȅǁȂǰdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǵƾǬƫ ÎÖÖÕ ǵƢǟ
DZƢǠǧȋơ ǾǴǸnjƫ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǴưǸƬŭơ ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -Ò
ƢƆºǨǛȂǷ ǹƗ ƶǔƫơ ǵơƽ ƢǸǧ ƨȈũǂdzơ ǶȀƬǨǐƥ ǹȂǨǛȂŭơ ƢȀȈƫƘȇ Ŗdzơ
ǪƦǘǼȇȁ .ƨǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ƾǼLjƫ ǾdzƢǠǧƗ ǹƜǧ ƨȈũǂdzơ ǾƬǨǐƥ ǥǂǐƬȇ ǹƢǯ
Ń ȁƗ ǾȈdzƛ ƨǴǯȂŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǦǛȂŭơ ǃȁƢš ƢǷ ơƿƛ ŕƷ ƽƢǼLJȍơ ơǀǿ
ȅǀdzơ ǦǛȂŭơ DZƢǠǧƘǧ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ .ƢȀǟƢƦƫơ DzŷƗ ȁƗ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǞƦƬȇ
DzºǷƢǠƬȇ Ńȁ .ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ƤLjǼĄƫ ȏ ƨȈũǂdzơ ǾƬǨǐƥ ǥǂǐƬȇ Ń
ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ƢȀȈǧ Ȅǟƽơ ƨdzƢƷ ǞǷ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ
ȄºǴǟ ǂǷȋơ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǼȈƥ ƨȈũǂdzơ ǾƬǨǐƥ ǥċǂǐƫ ƢƆǨǛȂǷ ǹƗ ƾǬƬǠȇ
ƘºǘŬơ ƽƢǬƬǟȏơ ơǀǿ ȄċǼƦƫ ƮdzƢưdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǹȋ Dzƥ Ǯdzƿ ǥȐƻ
.ǦǛȂŭơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƨǟƽƢƻ ƩƢȈǯȂǴLJ ƨƴȈƬǻ
ƨȈǔºǫ ǥƽƢǐȇ Ń Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ǶǴǟ ƤLjƷȁ -Ó
Ǻºǟ ƢƆºǻȂǻƢǫ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƪǻƢǯ Ǿƥ ơƆȂǔǟ ƨdzȁƽ ǹƘƥ ƔƢǟƽơ ƩƾȀNj
.ƨǸǜǼŭơ DZƢǠǧƗ
ǽǀǿ ǶȀǨȇ ȏ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ǹƗ ƨǜƷȐǷ ȄƳǂȇȁ -Ô
ƨdzȁƽ ǹƘƥ ƩơƔƢǟƽơ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ ƩȏƢƷ ǺǸǔƬƫ ƢĔƗ ȄǴǟ ƨdzƘLjŭơ
ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ Ƣǿǀţơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ȁƗ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ȄǴǟ ƩǂƯƗ ƾǫ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ
ƩơƔơǂºƳƛ ȄºǴǟ ŚƯƘºƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƪǻƢǯ Ľ ǺǷȁ Ņȁƾdzơ
.Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ƢƆȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Ñ
džȈºǴǧ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ ǭȂǴLjdzơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ƾǟơȂǬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ -Î
ƾǼLjĄȇ ǹƘƥ ơƆƾȇƾŢ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨŹǂǏ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȃƾdz
ȁƗ ƢǿŚǣ ƧDŽȀƳƗ ȁƗ ƢŮ ƨǠƥƢƫ ƧDŽȀƳƗ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZƢǠǧƗ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ
ǹƘNj ǺǷȁ .ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǶLJƢƥ ǹȂǧǂǐƬȇ ƔơŐƻ ȁƗ śǨǛȂǷ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ
ƧDŽºȀƳȋơ ǍƢǐºƬƻơȁ ƨǘǴLjƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ
Ŗdzơ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬdzơ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ śǨǛȂŭơ ƶƟơȂdzȁ Ƕǜǻ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ
ǵƢºǟ Dzǰnjƥ ǾƳȂƫ ǹƗ ƩƢưǠƥ Ŀ ƔơŐŬơ śȈǠƫ ƢȀLJƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ǶƬȇ
.ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ȃDŽǠĄȇ ȅǀdzơ ǭȂǴLjdzơ ƾȇƾŢ
ǽƢºƦƬǻơ ȆǟǂƬLjºƫ ǹƗ ƽȂƫ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ -Ï
ƨºȈdzȁƽ ƨºǸǜǼǷ ǭȂǴLJ ƽƢǼLJƛ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǍƢƻ ƤȈƫǂƫ ńƛ ƨǼƴǴdzơ
ƨdzƢƷ Ȇǿ ƢǼǿ ƨƷȁǂǘŭơ ƨdzƘLjŭơȁ .ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ȃǂƻƗ
ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǶLJƢƥ ǪƥƢLjdzơ Ŀ ƨǧȁǂǠŭơ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ
ƨºǷȂǜǼŭ ƨƸǐºdzơ ƨºǸǜǼǷ Ȇºǿȁ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƨȈƸǐdzơ
ƨȈƸǐºdzơ ƤºƫƢǰŭơ ǂƟƢLJ ǹƘNj ƢĔƘNj ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǽǀǿȁ .śƬǰȇǂǷȋơ
ȃƽƗ ƢºŲ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ džȈLJƘƫ ƢǿƙƢnjǻƛ ǪƦLJ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ
ƨǫȐǠdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƧǁƢƯƛ ńƛ ÎÖÑÓ ǵƢǟ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ǂŤƚǷ DZȐƻ
ǺǸǓ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ DzǯƢȈŮơ ƣƢǠȈƬLJơ Ļ ƢǸȈǧȁ .śƬǸǜǼŭơ śƥ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ȅƽƢȈƬǟơ Śǣ ƤȈƫǂƫ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ Ļ ƾǬǧ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ǁȂƬºLJƽ ǺǷ ÒÑ ƧƽƢŭơ ƩƔƢƴǧ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼŠ
ƨºǸǜǼŭơ" ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǏ ȅƿ ƔDŽƳ Ŀ ǎǼƬdz ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ
ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ȆƸǐdzơ ƤƬǰŭơ ƨǘLJơȂƥ ƨǴưǸŭƌ ơ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƨȈƸǐdzơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƧȂºǬdzơ ǵŐƫȁ .ĿǂǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ńƛ džȈdzȁ ƩơȂǬƥ ƨŷƢLjŭơ
ǶºǷȋơ ǹƘºNj ƢĔƘNj ƢŮ ǹȂǠƥƢƬdzơ ǹȂƦǫơǂŭơȁ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ
ǞǘǬƥȁ ƩơȂǬƥ ǶǿƢLjƫ Ŗdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǞǷ ƨǯǁƢnjǷ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƢǿŐƬǠƫȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƾǠƫ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿȁ .ƩơƾǠŭơ ǺǷ ƧŚƦǯ
ƨºǷDŽǴǷ ƩơȂǬƥ ƨŷƢLjŭơ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơȁ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ
ƩƢºǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ DzȈǏƢǨƫ ǦǴƬţȁ .ǵƢǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ
ƧƽƢǟ ǺǸǔƬƫ ƢǸǯ ȃǂƻƗ ńƛ ƨȈǼǷǃ ƨǴƷǂǷ ǺǷȁ ǂƻƕ ńƛ ƾǴƥ ǺǷ
ǶǿƢLjŭơ ƾǴƦdzơ ńƛ ƽƾLjƫ ǹƘƥ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ ǵDŽǴȇ ƢƆǗǂNj
Ŀ ƨºȈǼǗȂdzơ ǾƬǸǜǻƗ ȁƗ ǾǼȈǻơȂǫ ƤƳȂŠ ƢȀǠǧƾȇ Ŗdzơ ǢdzƢƦŭơ ƩơȂǬƥ
ƧȂºǬdzơ Ŀ śǴǷƢºǠdzơ ƢºŮ śǠƥƢƬdzơ ƽơǂǧȋơ DŽƴǟ ȁƗ ƧƢǧȁ ƩȏƢƷ
ǞºǷ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǸǔƬƫ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧȁ .ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ
ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬǴdz ƧŚƦǯ ƩơƾǠǷ ǂǧȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨŷƢLjŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ
ƧƽƾºǠƬŭơ ƧȂºǬdzơ ǹƗ ȄºǴǟ ǎǼºȇ ƢƆǗǂNj (ǺǨLJ ȁƗ ƩơǂƟƢǗ)
ƘnjǼƫ Ŗdzơ ȁƗ ƩơƾǠŭƢƥ ǪƸǴƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ
ƾºǼǟ ǹơƾºǬǨdzơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƭƾƷ ơƿƛ ƩơƾǠŭơ ǝƢȈǓ Ǻǟ
.ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ǮǴƬdz ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ
Ƣđ ǵƾǬƫ ƨǷƢǿ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ śǗǂnjdzơ Ǻȇǀǿ ǺǷ Dzǯ Ǻǟ Ƙnjǻȁ -Ð
ƨºȇƢĔ Ŀȁ .ƩƢȈLjºǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƾǓ ƩơȂǬƥ ǶǿƢLjǷ ƾǴƥ
śºƥ ƨȇȂLjƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ śƬƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ ƪŤ ǥƢǘŭơ
Śºǣ ǎƟƢǐŬơ ǺǷȁ .ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơȁ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ƢǿƙơǂNj ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ƢȀǠƦƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ Ŀ ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ
ƾǟƢºLJ śƬƦdzƢǘŭơ ƢƬǴǯ Ŀȁ .ǂǗƢƼŭơ Ƨǁơƽȍ ƧơƽƘǯ ƢƆȇǁƢš ƢƆǼȈǷƘƫ
ƤºǴǗ ʼnƾǬƫ ƢǷDŽǴƬLjƫ Ń śƬǴdzơ śƬȇȂLjƬdzơ DzȇȂŤ ȄǴǟ śǷƘƬdzơ ơǀǿ
DZȁƾºdzơ ǩȁƾǼºǏ ǺºǷ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ DZơȂǷƗ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz ȆƟƢǼưƬLJơ
.ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬǴdz ǞƥƢƬdzơ ƩơȂǬƥ ƨŷƢLjŭơ
ƧȂǬdzơ ƾǓ śƬƦdzƢǘŭơ śƫƢđ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Ʃǂnjǻ ƾǫȁ -Ñ
ƩƢȈLjºǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬǴdz ƨȇȂǼLjdzơ ǂȇǁƢǬƬdzơ Ŀ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ
ƩƢȈLjºǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬǴdz ƨȈdzƢŭơ ǂȇǁƢǬƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǜƷȐŭơ Ŀȁ
.ǁȂȀǸƴǴdz ƨƷƢƬǷ ǪƟƢƯȁ ƢȀǠȈŦȁ
ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ ǶǘƸƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ȃȂǟƽ (Ɨ)
ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƾǓ ǁƾǻƢǣ Ŀ
ȃȂǟƾºdzơ ǽǀǿ Ǟǧǁ ƢȀȈǧ Ļ Ŗdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ǹƢȈƥ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ -Ò
ƨºȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢƥƢLjūơ ȆǠƳơǂǷ ƨǜƷȐǷ Ŀ ƢȀƬȇȂLjƫȁ
:ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬǴdz
ǃơǂºǗ ǺǷ ƧǂƟƢǗ ƪǸǘŢ ÎÖÕÒ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÏ Ŀ
ƧȂºǬdzơ ƢēǂƳƘƬºLJơ Arrow Air, Inc ƨȇȂŪơ ƨǯǂnjǴdz ƨǠƥƢƫ "Arrow" DC-8
ƧƢºȈŞ ƭƽƢūơ ơǀǿ ȃƽȁƗȁ .ơƾǼǯ ƾǻȏƾǻȁƢǧȂȈǻ ǁƾǻƢǣ Ŀ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ
ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ Ŀ ǶȀǴǸǟ ơȂĔƗ ƾǫ ơȂǻƢǯ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǺǷ ƢƆȇǂǰLjǟ ơƆƽǂǧ ÏÑÕ
.ƽơǂǧƗ ƨȈǻƢť ǺǷ Ǧōdzƚŭơ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ ǶǫƢǗ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ ƔƢǼȈLJ Ŀ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ
Ŀ ƢƆǧǂǗ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƪǴƻƽ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ ǶǘƸƬdz ƨƴȈƬǻȁ
:ǞǷ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
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Ȅǟƽơ DZȂȈLJ ƨǠǗƢǬǷ ƨǸǰŰ ǵƢǷƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƾǓ ȃȂǰnjƥ
ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƢēǀǨǻ Ŗdzơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ƤƦLjƥ ǂƟƢLjƻ ƾƦǰƫ ǾǻƗ ƢȀȈǧ
ǮLjºŤȁ .Ņȁƾºdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ śƥȁ ƢȀǼȈƥ ǩƢǨƫƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ƢȇǁȂǯ
ȃȂǰnjºdzơ ƨǠǗƢǬŭơ ƨǸǰŰ ƪǔǧǁȁ ǾƫƢǻƢǐŞ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ
ƨǸǰƄơ ǁơǂǫ ƩƢƥƢǬǼdzơ ƽƢŢơ ǦǻƘƬLJơ ǹƗ ǹƢǰǧ (Î)DžƢLJȋơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ
.(Ï)ǺǠǘdzơ ƪǔǧǁ Ŗdzơ ƢȈǴǠdzơ DZȂȈLJ ƨǸǰŰ ǵƢǷƗ ƵƢų ǹȁƽ
Ņȁƾºdzơ ƾºǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ńƛ Ʃƽǁȁ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧȁ -Ï
ƨǸǜǼǷ ƢȀƬǠǧǁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƨǸē ǾȈdzƛ ƪȀƳȁ ǾǻƗ ƾȈǨƫ ǂȇǁƢǬƫ
Ņȁƾºdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ǹƗ ƢȀȈǧ ƪǟƽơ ƢȈǻƢǷȁǁ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢǸǟ ƨȈƥƢǬǻ
ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ .(Ð)śȈǻƢǷȁǂdzơ ǁƢǬǧƛ Ŀ ƪƦƦLjƫ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫơ ƩƢLJƢȈLJ Ǒǂǧ
ƩơƾǼƬLjǷ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǓǂǟ ȏȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ǪǴƬȇ Ń ƨdzƘLjŭơ
ƨºȈǻƢǷȁǂdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ǶȀǨȇȁ .ƨǸǰƄơ ǺǷ
.ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ơǀǿ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƔƢǬǴƫ ǺǷ ƪǔǧǁ
ƨǼŪ DZơƚLJ ȄǴǟ ƽǂdzơ ơǀǿ ƽơƾǟƛ ȃƾdz ǹƗ ƨǜƷȐǷ ȄƳǂȇȁ -Ð
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ DzǨǣƗ ƾǫ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƾºǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐºdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ǶǴǜƬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍ Ǟǔţ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢǸǠdzƢƥ
ƨºǴȈǴǬdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ Ǻǟ Ȑ
Ɔ ǔǧ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ǾƬǸǰŰ ǍƢǐƬƻȏȁ Ņȁƾdzơ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǭƢȀºƬǻƢƥ ƩơƔƢǟƽơ ȄǴǟ ƩȂǘǻơ Ŗdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǝǃƢǼƬŭơ
ƨºȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ƩƢǟơŗdzơ ȁƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdz ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ȅǁơƽȍơ
ƾºǸǠƫ ƾºǬdzȁ .ƨǟƢƦdzơ ȁƗ śǨǛȂŭơȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ śƥ
ȄǴǟ ơƆƽǁ ǺǸǔƬƫ ȏ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹȋ Ǯdzƿ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ
ƽǂƫ Ŗdzơ DzƟƢLJǂdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ DzǨǣƗ ƢǸǯ .ƨǼƴǴdzơ DZơƚLJ
ƨdzƢǏȋƢƥ ƨǯǂNj ȁƗ ǾũƢƥ ƽǂǧ ƢȀȈǧ ƤǴǘȇȁ ǂƻƕ ńƛ śƷ ǺǷ ǾȈdzƛ
Ǻºǟ ƩƢǔºȇȂǠƫ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ Ǻȇǂƻƕ Ǻǟ ƨƥƢȈǻ ȁƗ ǾLjǨǻ Ǻǟ
Ŗºdzơ ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ƩƢƥƢǏȍơȁ ȃƿȋơ ǺǷ ƨǨǴƬű ǝơȂǻƗ
ȆǬǘǼǷ DžƢLJƗ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjƫ ȏ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹƜǧ ƢƆǷȂǸǟȁ žǶđ ƪǬū
.ƨǴLJơǂŭơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƧƽƢǟ ǒǧǂƫȁ
ºººººº
.ÓÕ Ƕǫǁ ǪƸǴŭơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǪǧǂǷ ǂǜǻơ (Î)
.ÓÖ Ƕǫǁ ǪƸǴŭơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (Ï)
.ÔÍ Ƕǫǁ ǪƸǴŭơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (Ð)
ƢŮ ǹȂǠƥƢƬdzơ ǹȂƦǫơǂŭơȁ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ -Ð
ƨºǸǜǼǷ ƢŮ ǹȂǠƥƢƬdzơ ǹȂƦǫơǂŭơȁ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ -Î
ƩƢǟơŗdzơ ȅƽƢǨƫ Ŀ śǼLjdzơ ǂǷ ȄǴǟ ǚūơ ƢȀǨǠLJƗ ƾǬdzȁ ƧŚǤǏ
ƘnjǼƫ Ŗdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ Ŀ ȁƗ ƩơȂǬƥ ƨŷƢLjŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǞǷ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ
ƧȂǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ƾȈƥ .ƢĔƘnjƥ ƨȈũǁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ ǹȁƽ
śƬƦdzƢºǘǷ ȄºǴǟ ƽǂdzơ ƢŮ ǹȂǠƥƢƬdzơ ǹȂƦǫơǂŭơȁ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ
.ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀđ ƨǴǏ ļơȁƿ ƢǻȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ śƬȈdzȁƽ
Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ńƛ ǹƢƬȈdzȁƾdzơ ǹƢƬƦdzƢǘŭơ ǹƢƫƢǿ ƾǼƬLjƫȁ -Ï
ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ ǞǷ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬǴdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ
43 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ńƛ ǩǂǘƬǴdz ƨƳƢƷ ȏȁ .ǾLjǨǻ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ƢƆǟƾǷȁ
.ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ NJǫƢǼȇ ǺǴǧ ǾȈǴǟȁ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ Ǒơǂǣȋ
ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƾǓ ơƾǼǯ ȃȂǟƽ (ƣ)
ǂƬƥȂǰȈǴǿ ƧǂƟƢǗ ǶǘŢ ƭƽƢŞ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ƧƽƾºǠƬŭơ ƧȂºǬdzơ ƾºǓ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ǽǀǿ ƩƾǼƬLJơ -Ö
Ȃǿȁ ǽȐǟƗ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ňƢưdzơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ǩƢǨƫơ ǕǂNj ńƛ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ
ǂƟƢLjºŬơ Ǻºǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ
ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬǴdz ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƩơƾǠŭƢƥ ǪƸǴƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈǨǴƬdzơ ȁƗ
ƩơƾºǠŭơ ǮºǴƫ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ƾǼǟ ƩƢȈǨǴƬdzơ ȁƗ ǂƟƢLjŬơ ƪǠǫȁ ơƿƛ
.ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋ
ȄºǴǟ ƩƢºǜƷȐŭơ Ŀ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ǽǀǿ ƩƢȈưȈƷ ǹƢȈƥ Ļȁ -ÎÍ
ȄºǴǟ Ƨƾºǟ ƩơȂǼLjdz ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬǴdz ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ
:ŅƢƬdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ
ƨȇƾǼǯ ǂƬƥȂǰȈǴǿ ƧǂƟƢǗ ƪǸǘŢ ÎÖÕÖ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ŀ
ƤȈºǏƗȁ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏ ƪǐǐƻ CH-135 ǃơǂǗ ǺǷ
ǪȈǴŢ ǂƯƛ ȄǴǟ ƢǷ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ǂǐǷ ƧǁȂŪơ ǺǷ ƣǂǬdzƢƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƢȀǸǫƢǗ ƽơǂǧƗ
ȅƗ ƨdzƘLjºŭơ ǽǀºǿ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼƫ Ǻdz ǾǻƗ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ ȃǂƫȁ .œȇǂš
.ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƢȀǴǸƸƬƬdz śǷƘƬdzƢƥ ƨdzȂǸnjǷ Śǣ ƨȇƽƢǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ơƾºǼǯ śºƥ ƨdzȂǘǷ ƩƢnjǫƢǼǷ Ǻǟ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ ǶǘŢ ǂǨLJƗȁ -ÎÎ
ƾºȇƾƸƬdz ƭƽƢūơ ǥȁǂǜƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơȁ
ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋ ƨǷƾƼƬLjǷ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ
ƪºǠǧǁȁ .ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ǩƢǨƫơ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ƢǸǯ ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ
ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈũǁ ȃȂǟƽ ơƾǼǯ
ÎÖÖÑ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƪǷƾǫȁ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƫ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz ƢƆƦǴǗ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ơƾǼǯ ƢēƾƦǰƫ Ŗdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ƽơƽǂƬLJȏ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ
.ƭƽƢūơ Ŀ ƢƦȈǏƗ ǺȇǀǴdzơ ǺȇǁƢȈǘdzƢƥ
ȅƗ ǹƢºǧǂǘdzơ ȅǂºŸ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ƨǴȇȂǗ ƧǂƬǧ Ǯdzƿ ƪǴƫ Ľ -ÎÏ
ǵƢºǟ Ŀ ƩȏƢǐºƫȏơ ƢǨǻƘƬLJơ Ľ .ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈǴǠǧ ƩƢnjǫƢǼǷ
ƪƷǂƬǫơ ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ǢdzƢƦŭơ ƣƢLjƷ ơƾǼǯ ƨǠƳơǂǷ ȄǴǟ ơƆƽǁȁ .ÎÖÖÖ
ƨȇȂLjƫ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƨǴǷƢNj ƨȇȂLjƫ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ
ƩƢȈLjºǼŪơ ƧƽƾºǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƵơǂƬǫơ ơƾǼǯ ƪǴƦǫȁ .ǹƢǧǂǘdzơ ƢȀǴƦǬȇ
Ļȁ ÎÖÖÖ ŐǸǧȂºǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ŀ ƨȇȂLjƫ ǩƢǨƫơ ǹƢǧǂǘdzơ ǵǂƥƗȁ
ƪºǻƢǯȁ .ÎÖÖÖ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ŀ ƣȂǴǘŭơ ǢǴƦŭơ Ǟǧƽ
.ǂƬƥȂºǰȈǴŮơ ƧǂƟƢǗ ƨǸȈǫ ȄǴǟ ƪǼǷĈ Ɨ ƾǫ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ
.ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ƨȇȂLjƬdz ƢƆLJƢLJƗ śǷƘƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƾƟơȂǟ ƪǷƾƼƬLJƢǧ
ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǂǜƷ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Ñ
ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǂǜƷ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȂǨǛȂǷ ƢȀǠǧǁ Ŗdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ƔƢǼưƬLJƢƥ -Î
ǶȀºǼȈȈǠƫ Ǖȁǂnjdz ƢȀǯƢȀƬǻơ ƢȀȈǧ śǟƾǷ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǓ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰdzơ
ƨƸǴºLJȋơ ǂºǜƷ ƨºǸǜǼǷ ƾǓ ǾƳȂƫ Ń ȃǂƻƘƥ ȁƗ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ
.ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ (Î)
ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ Ɣơǃƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƪǧǂƬǟơȁ
ơȂǻƢǯ Ǻȇǀdzơ śȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƽȂǼŪơ ƧƢǧȁ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƩƢǬǨǼdzơ ƾȇƾLjƫ Ǻǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ ȃǂƻƗ DzƟƢLjǷ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛ ǁƾǻƢǣ Ŀ ƪǸǘŢ Ŗdzơ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ
ƧȂǬdzơ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƨǯǁƢnjǷ ƽƾŢ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬdzơ ńƛ
ƧǂǯǀǷ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ "ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬdzơ" :ƨǜƷȐǷ] .ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ śƥ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ǩƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ Ȇǿ ƩƢƥƢLjūơ ȆǠƳơǂǷ
ƨºǼȈǠǷ ǢdzƢƦǷ Ǟǧƽ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫȁ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơȁ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ȄºǴǟ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ Ŀ DzǸǠdzơ ƔƢǼƯƗ DŽƴǠdzơ ȁƗ ƧƢǧȂdzơ Ǻǟ ƢƆǔȇȂǠƫ
[.ǽȐǟƗ śƦŭơ ȂƸǼdzơ
ǩƢǨƫơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƩǀǨǻ ÎÖÖÍ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ Ð Ŀȁ
ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǎǻȁ .ǢdzƢƦŭơ Ǟǧƽ ƨǬȇǂǗȁ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨǸȈǫ ƾȇƾŢ ǺǸĈǔƫ ƨȇȂLjƫ
ǺºǷ ǁȏȁƽ ÎÖ ÓÔÕ ÎÍÍ ǢºǴƦǷ Ǟǧƽ ȄǴǟ ǎǻ ƢǸǯ .ǢdzƢƦŭơ ǽǀǿ Ǟǧƽ
/ňƢºưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÒ ǽƢǐǫƗ ƾǟȂǷ Ŀ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ʃơǁȏȁƽ
.ÎÖÖÍ ŐǸǧȂǻ
ƪŤ Ǯdzǀƥȁ ÎÖÖÍ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÐ Ŀ ǢǴƦŭơ Ǟǧƽ Ļȁ
.ƨǴǷƢǯ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ
śƥ ƨȇȂLjƬdzơ ǩƢǨƫơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƪƳǁƽƗ ƾǫȁ -Ó
ƨǟȂǸů Ŀ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơȁ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
Treaties and Other International ) ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơȁ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ
.(Î)TIAS 11899 DŽǷǂdzơ ƪŢ ƢŮ ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ (Acts Series
ƩơȂºǬdzơ ǹƗ ȄºǴǟ ǎǼȇ ƢƆǗǂNj ƨȇȂLjƬdzơ ǩƢǨƫơ ǺǸǔƬȇȁ -Ô
DzȈƟơǂLJƛȁ ǂǐǷ ǺǷ ǹƿƜƥ ǩƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ ƪǴƻƽ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ
śƦǫơǂºŭơȁ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǎǼȇ)
ǁƽƢǐºǷ ǺǷ ƧƢǘǤŭơ Śǣ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƩƢǬǨǻ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ (Ï)ƢŮ śǠƥƢƬdzơ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơȁ DzȈƟơǂLJƛȁ ǂǐǷ ǺǷ Dzǯ ȅȁƢLjƬdzƢƥ ƢȀǴǸƸƬƫ ȃǂƻƗ
ǹƗ ńƛ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬǴdz ƨȇȂǼLjdzơ ǂȇǁƢǬƬdzơ Śnjƫȁ .(ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ȃȂºǟƽ ƨȇȂLjƫ ǺǷ ƨȈƫƘƬǷ DZơȂǷƗ ǺǷ ƪdzĈȂǷ ƨȇȂLjƬdzơ
ǺºǷ DZơȂºǷƗȁ ƨȇȂLjºƬdzơ ƩơƾƟƢǟ ȄǴǟ ƾƟơȂǨdzơ ǺǷȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ơƆƾȀǠƫ ƢǷƾǬƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ DzȈƟơǂLJƛȁ ǂǐǷ ƪǬǧơȁȁ .ƨȈdzƢūơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ
ǹƗ Śǣ ƨȇȂLjƬdzơ ǑǂǤdz Ǯdzƿ ǵDŽdz ǹƛ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ DZơȂǷƗ ŚǧȂƬƥ ƢƆǏƢƻ
ǪƸƬLjºŭơ ǍƢºŬơ ǝŐƬdzơ" ǹƗ ƢǸǯ ƨǷǃȏ Ǻǰƫ Ń DZơȂǷȋơ ǽǀǿ
ƩƢȈLjºǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬǴdz ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ Ŀ ƨǴǐdzơ ȅƿ "ǒƦǬdzơ
.DZơȂǷȋơ ƤǴǘƫ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǾǴƳƗ ȄǔǬǻơ
ƧƽƾºǠƬŭơ ƧȂºǬdzơ ƾºǓ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ -Õ
ƨȇȂŪơ ƨǯǂnjǴdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ ǶǘŢ ȃƽƗ ǽȐǟƗ ƨǼȈƦŭơȁ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ
ƨǠLJơȁ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƢƆǧǂǗ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ DZƢƻƽƛ ńƛ Arrow
ƢƆȈǟƾǷ ƢƆǧǂǗ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǴƄơ ǶǯƢƄơ ǵƢǷƗ ǩƢǘǼdzơ
__________
ƧƽƾºǠƬŭơ ƧȂºǬdzơȁ ƨºȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ śƥ ǩƢǨƫơ (Î)
.(ÎÖÖÍ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ Ð ƢǷȁǁ) DzƟƢLJǂǴdz DZƽƢƦƬƥ Ļ ƢŮ śǠƥƢƬdzơ śƦǫơǂŭơȁ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ
United Nations, ÎÖÕÎ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ Ð Ŀ ǺǘǼNjơȁ Ŀ ǞƐǫȁ (Ï)
.Treaty Series, vol. 1335, No. 22403, p. 327
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƢđƢƸºǏƗ Ȇǟƾȇ Ŗdzơ ȃȁƢǰnjdzơ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ
ƩơƔƢǟƽơ ƢĔƘƥ ƢȀǨǏȁ ǺǰŻ ƾǟơȂǬdzơȁ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǽǀŮ ǭƢȀƬǻơ ǝȂǫȂƥ
.(Ï)Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ǭƢȀƬǻƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ
ȄºǴǟ ƨºǓȁǂǠŭơ ȃȁƢǰnjdzơ ǺǷ ǖǬǧ DzȈǴǫ ƽƾǟ ǭƢǼǿȁ -Ñ
ƽƾºǟ ǭƢǼǿ Dzƥ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƨǸǰƄơ
ƩƢºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ńƛ ƨƷơǂºǏ Śnjƫ Ŗdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǺǷ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ DzǫƗ
Ǯºdzƿ ǞǷȁ ."Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ" Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơȁ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁ
ƨȈǔºǫ ȆǨǧ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟȁ .ƨȈƟƢǼưƬLJơ ƩȏƢƷ ǭƢǼǿ ƪǻƢǯ
ŚƦǠƬdzơ Ŀ ǾǬƷ ǹƗ ȆǯƢnjdzơ Ȅǟƽơ (Ð)Valverde v. Secretary General
:ǹƢLjºǻȍơ ǩȂºǬū ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ
ǺºǷ Dzǐǧ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǮȀƬǻơ ƾǫ "ƢǰȇǁƢƬLJȂǯ ǾȈLJȂƻ ǹƢLJ ǩƢưȈǷ"
ǵȐºǟȍơ DzƟƢºLJȂdz ǾºƟȏƽƛ ƤƦLjºƥ ƧDŽƳȂǷ ƩơƔơǂƳƜƥ DzǸǠdzơ
ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǐǴƻȁ .ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ǹƘNj ǺǷ ǖŢ ƩƢǜƷȐŠ
ȆºLJƢLJȋơ ǵƢºǜǼdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨƷơǂǏ ǪǧơȂȇ Ń ǦǛȂŭơ ǹȋ ơƆǂǜǻ
ǹƜºǧ Ǫºūơ ơǀǿ Ǻǟ DZǃƢǼƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǾǴǸǟ ƾǬǟ Ŀ ȁƗ śǨǛȂǸǴdz
DzȇƾºǠƫ Ļȁ .ǾºƫƢǜƷȐǷ ȄǴǟ ǾƦǫƢǠƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȏ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ
.(Ñ)Ǯdzǀdz ƢƆǬǧȁ śǨǛȂǸǴdz ȆLJƢLJȋơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ
ÎÖÖÑ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǂǷȁ ÎÖÕÏȁ ÎÖÔÕ ȆǷƢǟ Ŀȁ -Ò
ƢºǿǂǷƗ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩǁƾǏƗ
ƩƢºƦƫǂǷ DzǰºNj Ŀ Ʃơǁȏȁƾºdzơ śºȇȐǷ Ǟǧƾƥ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ
ǭƢȀºƬǻơ ƢȀȈǧ ơȂǟƽơ ƨȈǟƢŦ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨȈǔǫ ơȂǠǧǁ śǨǛȂŭ ƧǂƻƘƬǷ
ƧǂºǷ Dzºǯ Ŀȁ .(Ò)ǭơǀǻƕ ƨȇǁƢLjdzơ ǁȂƳȋƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ
ƨºǸǰƄơ ǍƢǐºƬƻơ ƨºȇơƾƦdzơ Ŀ ƧŚưºǯ ƔƢǔǟƗ DZȁƽ ȃƾƸƬƫ
ǹƗ Ǯºdzƿ ȄºǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥ ȆǟƾƬǧ ƢȇƢºǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǂǜǼǴdz ƨȇǁơƽȍơ
DzºǷơȂǠdz ơƆǂǜǼǧ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ .ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǽǀđ ƨǷDŽǴǷ ƪLjȈdz ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ȆǓƢǬdzơ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǩƢưȈǷ ƤƳȂŠ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ƢȀǼǷ ŕNj
ǵƢǰººƷȋơ ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƽƢȈLJ ǵơǂƬƷƢƥ
ǩƢºưȈǷ" :ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬū ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ ƧƽƾƄơ ƨȈƟƢȀǼdzơ
ȄºǴǟ ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ƪƫȂǏ "ƢºǰȇǁƢƬLJȂǯ ǾȈLJȂƻ ǹƢLJ
.(Ó)ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǮǴƬdz DZƢưƬǷȏơ
__________
ƨºǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƨǸǰƄơ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ǞȈŦ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȏơ ǺǰŻ (Ï)
.www.oas.org ƪǻǂƬǻȍơ ǞǫȂǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ
OAS, Judgments of the Administrative Tribunal, 1991– (Ð)
.1997, vol. III, addendum, judgment No. 125, p. 220
śǨǛȂºŭơ ƨǸǜǻƗȁ ƶƟơȂdz ǺǷ Ò-ÎÎÍ Ƕǫǁ ƨƸƟȐdzơ ǂǜǻơ (Ñ)
.(ǽȐǟƗ Ï ƨȈNjƢūơ)
Torres and others v. Secretary DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (Ò)
Chisman v. Secretary ȁ ž(ǽȐǟƗ Ð ƨȈNjƢūơ) General, judgement No. 124
Bucholz v. Secretary General, ȁ žGeneral, judgement No. 64 (1982)
.judgement No. 37, (1978)
AG/RES. 499 (X–O/80) ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ʃơǁơǂǫ (Ó)
žAG/RES. 632 (XII–0/82)ȁ žÎÖÕÍ ŐǸǧȂºǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÔ ƹǁƚŭơ
.ÎÖÖÑ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÎÍ ǹƢƻǁƚŭơ AG/RES. 1278 (XXIV–O/94)ȁ
44
.Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƢȀǯƢȀƬǻơ ƔƢǟƽƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȃȂǟƽ ȅƗ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰdzơ
ǹƗ ǺºǰŻ ȏ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ ǽǀǿ DzưǷ ǹƗ DZƢūơ ƨǠȈƦǘƥ řǠȇ ȏ ơǀǿȁ
.DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ƭƾŢ
ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ƾºǓ ȃȁƢºǟƽ ǞǧǂĄƫ Ń ǾǻƗ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟȁ -Ï
ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǂǜƷ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƨǻƢǷƗ ƪưŞ ƾǬǧ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀǯƢȀƬǻȏ
ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ Ɣơǃƛ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰdzơ
ŚǐºǬƬdzơ ǺǷ ƩȏƢƷ ȁƗ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƢȀȈǨǛȂǷȁ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơȁ
ƨǸǜǼǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƨLJơǁƽ ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ ơǀǿ DzưŻȁ .ƢȀȈǧ ƢǿȂǨǛȂǷ ƢȀƦǰƫǁơ
.(Î)ÏÍÍÍ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ǂnjǼǴdz ƩƾǟƗ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǂǜƷ
ººººººº
.ÔÕ Ƕǫǁ ǪƸǴŭơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǪǧǂǷ ǂǜǻơ (Î)
ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Ò
DZȂǐūơ ƾȇǂƫ ƨǼƴǴdzơ" ǹƗ ǾƬdzƢLJǁ Ŀ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢnjƬLjŭơ ǂǯƿ -Î
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǷȂǰūơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǒǠƥ ǺǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ȄǴǟ
Ȇǟƾȇȁ ƢǿƾǓ ƨǟȂǧǂǷ ȃȁƢǟƽ ȅƗ ȄǴǟ ơƆƽǁ Ǿƫǀţơ ȅǀdzơ ǦǫȂŭƢƥ
DZȁƾºdzơ ƨºǸǜǼǷȁ ."Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƪǰȀƬǻơ ƢĔƗ ƢǿȂǷƾǬǷ ƢȀȈǧ
ƧŚƻȋơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ Ŀ ƩƘnjǻ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘƥ ƨǼȈƥ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ
ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠdzơ ƾǓ
Ń ǚºūơ ǺLjū ǾǻƗ ƾȈƥ .śȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ DzǸnjƫ Ŗdzơ
ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƾǓ ƢƆȈũǁ DzȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ǵƾǬƫ
.Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǭƢȀƬǻƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƢȀƬǻƢǷƗ ȁƗ
DZȁƾºdzơ ƨºǸǜǼǷ ȄºǴǟ ǾȈǧ śǠƬȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ DZƢĐơ ƢǷƗ -Ï
ǭƢȀºƬǻơ DZȂǐºƷ ǶǟDŽºƫ Ŗdzơ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ƽǂƫ ǹƗ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ
ǁơǂǫ ǹƜǧ DzǠǨdzƢƥȁ .ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ DZƢů ȂȀǧ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz
ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ ƾǼƬºLjȇ ǹƢǯ ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƨȇǁơƽƛ ƨǸǰŰ ƔƢnjǻƛ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ŚȇƢºǠǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ Ŀ ƪƦǴdz ƨƷƢLJ ƨƷƢºƫƛ ńƛ ƨƳƢūơ ńƛ
ƢȀƬǠºǓȁ Ŗºdzơ ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ ŚȇƢǠŭơȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
.(Î)ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DzǸǠdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ
ƨºǸǰƄơ ǵƢǷƗ ƨǟȂǧǂŭơ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ ƤǴǣƗ ƣƢƸǏƗ Ȇǟƾȇȁ -Ð
ƾǟơȂǬǴdz ƩƢǯƢȀƬǻơ ǝȂǫȁ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ
Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơȁ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ ƨǷƢǠdzơ
ƩƢǯƢȀºƬǻơ Ǯdzǀºǯȁ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ
ǩƢưȈǷ Ǿdz ƢŮȂź Ŗdzơ ƨǘǴLjǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ƢȀǠǓȁ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ
Ŀ ƢȀLjºǨǻ ƨºǸǰƄơ ƢȀƬǠǓȁ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƩƢǯƢȀƬǻơȁ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ƢēƾºǸƬǟơ Ŗºdzơ ƾºǟơȂǬdzơȁ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǽǀǿȁ .ƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơ ƽȁƾƷ
ơƆƔDŽºƳ ƢȀǠȈŦ Dzǰnjƫ DZȂǏȋơ ƤLjƷ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ
__________
AG/RES. 35 ƨºȈǰȇǂǷȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨºǸǜǼǷ ȅơǁơǂǫ ǂºǜǻơ (Î)
AG/RES. 1318 (XXV-0/95)ȁ žÎÖÔÎ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÏ ƹǁƚŭơ (1-O/71)
.ÎÖÖÒ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ Õ ƹǁƚŭơ
45 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
Ŗdzơ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ Ǯdzǀǯȁ Dzƥ ǦǛȂŭơ ƨȈLjǼƳ ƨdzȁƽ ƢǿǂǧȂƫ Ŗdzơ
Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢºƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ȃȂƬǨdzơ Ŀȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƢǿǂǧȂƫ
ǁǂǔdzơ džŻ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ǾǻƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƩǂǫƗ (Ï)ǁơǂǓȋơ
ǾºƬdzȁƽ ǺºǷ Dzǯ ƨƸǴǐǷ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ŀ śǴǷƢǠdzơ ƾƷƘƥ ǪƷȐdzơ
ǾºǻƗ ńƛ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǐǴƻȁ .ƔơȂLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƨƸǴǐǷȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ
ǽǀºŮ ƨºȇȂdzȁȋơ ȆǘǠƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƧƾǟƢǫ ƾƳȂƫ ȏ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ DzưǷ Ŀ
ƨƬŞ ƨȇǂǜǻ ƧƾǟƢǫ ǞǓȁ ƤǠǐdzơ ǺǸǧ DzǠǨdzƢƥȁ .(Ð)ǮǴƫ ȁƗ ƨȇƢǸūơ
.ƩȏƢūơ ǺǷ ǑǂƬǨȇ ƢǷ ǞȈŦ Ŀ Ƣđ ƽƢNjǂƬLJȏơ ǺǰŻ
Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ ƨȇȂLjƫ DzȀLjdzơ ǺǷ džȈdz DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟȁ -Ï
ƨȇǂǰLjǟ ȁƗ ƨȈǻƾǷ ƨǸȀŠ ǾǟȐǘǓơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǦǛȂŠ ǁǂǓ ƢȀȈǧ ǪƸǴȇ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǺºǷ ǾƦƫơǁ ȄǓƢǬƬȇ ƢǸǼȈƥ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ȃƾƷƛ ǶLJƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƽ
ƔƢǼƯƗ ǦǛȂŠ ǁǂǓ ǪƸǴȇ ƢǷƾǼǠǧ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀȁ .ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ
ƨºǸǜǼǸǴdz ǹƘƥ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǺǰŻ ǾƬǸǜǼŭ ƨȈLJƢLJƗ ǵƢȀŠ ǾǟȐǘǓơ
ƩȏƢºūơ ǽǀºǿ Ŀȁ .ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǡƢƦLJƛ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
DZȐǬƬºLJȏơ ƨºdzƢǨǯ ȄǴǟ DzǸǠdzơ Ƨǁȁǂǔƥ Ǫūơ ơǀǿ ǂȇŐƫ ǺǰŻ
.(Ñ)ƢȀȈǨǛȂǷȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ȆǨȈǛȂdzơ
ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƆƢǨǫȂǷ ŘƦƬƫ ȏ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭƢǧ Ǯdzǀdz -Ð
DzȈºǏƢǨƬdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭơ ʼnƾǬƬdz ƧƾǠƬLjǷ ƢȀǼǰdzȁ ƨǴƷǂŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ
ƾȇDŽŠ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀǿ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ DZȁƢǼƬƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƢĔƘnjƥ
.DzȈǐǨƬdzơ ǺǷ
__________
Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the (Ï)
.United Nations, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 174
.Ibid., p. 185 (Ð)
DZƾºǠdzơ ƨºǸǰŰ ȅƗǁ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǷƢŤ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ ǪǧơȂƫ (Ñ)
:ŅƢƬdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨƳƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ǻǟ ƣơǂǟȍơ Ŀ ƪǬǧȁ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ǹƗ ƾºƥ ȏ Ǒ Ɖ ǂǷ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ǾƫƢƦƳơȁ ǦǛȂŭơ ȅƽƚȇ Ȇǰdz"
ǺºǷȁ .ƢºȀȈǴǟ DZȂǠȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ǾǻƗȁ ǾƬȇƢŧ ǺǸǔƫ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǹƘƥ ǂǠnjȇ
ƨºǸǜǼŭơ DZȐǬƬLJơ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ ǦǛȂŭơ DZȐǬƬLJơ ǹƢǸǔdz ǹƢǰŠ Ƨǁȁǂǔdzơ
ȅƗ ȄǴǟ ǾƫƢƦƳơȂdz ǾƟơƽƗ Ŀ DZȂǠȇ ǹȋ ǦǛȂŭơ ƱƢƬŹ ȏ ƢȀǴǸǟ Ŀ Ƣēơƿ
ȄǴǟ ƩơǀdzƢƥ DZȂǠȇ ǹƗ Ǿdz ȆǤƦǼȇ ȏȁ .ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƨȇƢŧ ǥȐş ȃǂƻƗ ƨȇƢŧ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ƨȇƢŧ ȄǴǟ DZȂǠȈLJ ǹƢǯ ơƿƜǧ .ƢȀȈdzƛ ȆǸƬǼȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȇƢŧ
."ǾdzȐǬƬLJƢƥ Ǯdzƿ džŻ ƾǬǧ
.(Ibid., p. 183)
ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ -Ó
džȈºdz ǾǻƗ ƾǯƚȇ ǹƗ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ǂLjȇ
.Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩƢǯƢȀƬǻƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢȇƢǔǫ ȅƗ Ǿȇƾdz
ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Ô
DZȂǐūƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƤǴǗ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍƢƥ
ƨºǸǜǼǷ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ ƶȈǓȂƬdz ƨȈLJƢLJƗ ƨȈǠƳǂǷ ƽơȂǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ȄǴǟ
Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩƢǯƢȀƬǻơ ȃȁƢǟƾƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ
ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǶǴǠƫ ǹƗ ƽȂƫ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǹƜǧ ƢǿƾǓ ƨǟȂǧǂŭơ
džȈǴǧ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .ƢǿƾǓ ƪǠǧǁ ȃȁƢǟƽ ǖǫ ƢȀǸǴǟ ńƛ Dzǐȇ Ń ǾǻƗ
.ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƽơȂǷ ȁƗ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ȅƘƥ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƾȇȁDŽƫ ƢȀƬǟƢǘƬLJƢƥ
ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Õ
ǾǻƗ ǪǬƸƬdzơ ƾǠƥ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǶǴǠƫ ǹƗ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƽȂƫ
.Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǭƢȀƬǻơ ƔƢǟƽƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢǿƾǓ ȃȂǟƽ ȅƗ Ǟǧǂƫ Ń
ƨºưȇƾƷ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǹƗ ńƛ ȏ Ǯdzƿ ȃDŽǠĄȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ
ȃDŽºǠĄȇ Dzºƥ - ÎÖÖÒ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƪƠnjǻƌƗ ƾǬǧ - ƤLjƸǧ ƾȀǠdzơ
ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǹƛ ƮȈƷ .Ƣđ ǞǴǘǔƫ Ŗdzơ ǵƢȀŭơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ńƛ Ǯdzǀǯ
śƥ ƩƢǧȐŬơ ƨȇȂLjƫȁ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ƔơǂƳȍ DzǨŰ ƢƆLJƢLJƗ Ȇǿ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ
.ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ
ƽơȂºŭơ ǝȁǂnjºǷ ǺǸǓ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ Ʊơǁƽƛ -ƔƢȇ
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ Ŀ śǴǷƢǠdzơ śȈǼǗȂdzơ ƢȇƢǟǂǴdz
ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ -Î
ȄºǴǟ ǪºȈǴǠƬǴdz ƨºǏǂǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ ǶǼƬǤƫ -Î
ǁǂǬŭơ ǺǴǟƗ ƾǬǧ .(Î)Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǂȇǂǬƫ ǺǷ (ƣ)ÏÕ ƨǘǬǼdzơ
śȈǼǗȂǴdz ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ńƛ ǩǂǘƬdzơ Ŀ Ƥǣǂȇ ƾǫ ǾǻƗ ǍƢŬơ
ơǀǿ Ʊơǁƽƛ ǺǷ ƾƥ ȏ ǹƢǯ ơƿƜǧ .ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȅƗ Ŀ ǹȂǴǸǠȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ
ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǖǬǧ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȏ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Ŀ ǝȂǓȂŭơ
__________
.(ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Î)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ 46

Ǫǧǂŭơ

ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǺǷ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǜƷȐŭơȁ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzƢƥ ƨǬǧǂŭơ ƩƢǬƸǴŭơ ƨǸƟƢǫ

(Ɨ)

Denmark —measures affecting :ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Ö ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ -ǦdzƗ

the enforcement of intellectual property rights: notification of a
mutually agreed solution (WT/DS83/2; IP/D/9/Add.l), 13 June
ǪºȇǂǨdzơ ǵƢǷƗ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƩƢǠǸƬƴǸǴdz ƨȇȂǨnjdzơ ƩƢǠǧơǂŭơ -Î
“European ǂƫȂȈƦǸǰdzơ ƩơƾǠǷ ǒǠƦdz ȆǯǂǸŪơ ǦȈǼǐƬdzƢƥ řǠŭơ
2001); and request for consultations by the United States
.(WT/DS83/1; IP/D/9 of 21 May 1997) Communities: customs classification of certain computer
.equipment”; (12 June 1997)
Sweden —measures affecting :ƨºȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -ÎÍ
ǒǠƦºdz ȆºǯǂǸŪơ ǦȈǼǐºƬdzơ - ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƩƢǟƢǸŪơ -Ï
the enforcement of intellectual property rights: notification of a
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƢȀƬƷǂǗ Ŗdzơ ƨǴƠLJȋơ ȄǴǟ ƽȁƽǂdzơ :ǂƫȂȈƦǸǰdzơ ƩơƾǠǷ
mutually agreed solution (WT/DS86/2; IP/D/10/Add.1 of 11
ǞǷ ƨǫǂǧȋơ ǾƫƾǬǟ ȅǀdzơ DZȁȋơ ȆǟȂǓȂŭơ ǝƢǸƬƳȏơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
“European Communities - customs ƥ řǠŭơ ǪȇǂǨdzơ Ŀ ǥơǂǗȋơ
December 1998); and request for consultations by the United
.States (WT/DS86/1; IP/D/10 of 2 June 1997)
.classification of certain computer equipment” (20 June 1997)
Greece — enforcement of :ƨºȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢºƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -ÎÎ ǝƢºǸƬƳȏơ Ŀ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƩƢǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨȇȂǨnjdzơ ƩƢǠǧơǂŭơ -Ð
intellectual property rights for motion pictures and television
ƩơƾǠǷ ǒǠƦdz ȆǯǂǸŪơ ǦȈǼǐƬdzƢƥ řǠŭơ ǪȇǂǨǴdz ňƢưdzơ ȆǟȂǓȂŭơ
"European Communities: customs classification of :ǂƫȂȈƦǸǰdzơ
programs: notification of mutually agreed solution
(WT/DS125/2; IP/D/14/Add.1 of 26 March 2001); and request
.certain computer equipment" (10 July 1997)
for consultations by the United States (WT/DS125/1; IP/D/14
.of 7 May 1998) European ƥ řǠŭơ ǪȇǂǨdzơ ǂȇǂǬƫ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Ñ
Communities — customs classification of certain computer
European Communities — :ƨºȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢºƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -ÎÏ equipment: report of the Panel (WT/DS62/R; WT/DS67/R;
enforcement of intellectual property rights for motion pictures
.WT/DS68/R of 5 February 1998)
and television programs, notification of mutually agreed
solution (WT/DS124/2; IP/D/13/Add.1 of 26 March 2001); and European ƥ řºǠŭơ ǪȇǂǨdzơ ǂȇǂǬƫ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Ò
request for consultations by the United States (WT/DS124/1; Community programme of minimum import prices, licences and
.IP/D/13 of 7 May 1998) surety deposits for certain processed fruits and vegetables: report
.of the Panel adopted on 18 October 1978 (L/4687-25S/68)
Ireland — measures affecting :ƨºȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -ÎÐ
the grant of copyright and neighbouring rights, request for the EEC ƥ řºǠŭơ ǪºȇǂǨdzơ ǂȇǂǬƫ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Ó
establishment of a panel by the United States (WT/DS82/2 of restrictions on imports of apples from Chile: report of the

12 January 1998); and request for consultations by the United .Panel, adopted on 10 November 1980 (L/5047-27S/98)
.States (WT/DS82/1; IP/D/8 of 22 May 1997) European ƥ řǠŭơ ǪȇǂǨdzơ ǂȇǂǬƫ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Ô
Ireland — measures affecting :ƨºȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -ÎÑ Economic Community — Restrictions on imports of dessert
apples — complaint by Chile: report of the Panel adopted on 22
the grant of copyright and neighbouring rights; European
Communities — measures affecting the grant of copyright and
.June 1989 (L/6491-36S/93)
neighbouring rights, notification of mutually agreed solution Portugal — patent protection :ƨºȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -Õ
(WT/DS82/3; WT/DS115/3; IP/D/8/Add.1; IP/D/12/Add.1 of under the Industrial Property Act: request for consultations by
.13 September 2002) the United States (WT/DS37/1, IP/D/3 of 6 May 1996); and

European Communities — :ƨºȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢºƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -ÎÒ notification of a mutually agreed solution (WT/DS37/2;

measures affecting the grant of copyright and neighbouring

rights, request for the establishment of a panel by the United
States (WT/DS115/2 of 12 January 1998); and request for
consultations by the United States (WT/DS115/1; IP/D/12 of 12
.January 1998)
.IP/D/3/Add.1 of 8 October 1996)
ºººººººº
ƩƢºǸǜǼŭơ ǺºǷ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǜƷȐŭơȁ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬǴdz ƩƢǬƸǴŭơ ƽǂƫ (Ɨ)
ƨºǠƥƢƬdzơ ǺȇȁƾƬdzơ ƨƦǠNj ȃƾdz ǦǴǷ Ŀ ƾƳȂȇ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ǽǀǿ ǪǧǂǷ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
.ǾȈǴǟ ǝȐǗȏơ ǑǂǤƥ ƵƢƬǷ Ȃǿȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹȁƚnjdzơ ƤƬǰŭ
47 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ǂnjǟ ȅƽƢūơ ƔDŽŪơ ǀȈǨǼƬƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ÎÖÖÑ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÏÕ ƹǁƚŭơ
ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǮǏ :ňƢưdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ (98/392/EC) ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ
.Ȇũǂdzơ ƾȈǯƘƬǴdz
ǹƘnjºƥ ÏÍÍÏ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÒ ƹǁƚŭơ džǴĐơ ǁǂǬǷ -ÏÒ
ǪƸǴŭơ ȂƫȂȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǶLJƢƥ ƨǬǧơȂŭơ
ǭǂƬnjŭơ ƔƢǧȂdzơȁ ƹƢǼŭơ ŚǤƫ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȇǁƢǗȍơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ
.(2002/358/CE) ǾȈǧ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏƢƥ
ÎÖÖÐ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÒ ƹǁƚŭơ džǴĐơ ǁǂǬǷ -ÏÓ
ƹƢºǼŭơ ŚºǤƫ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȇǁƢǗȍơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵơǂƥƛ ǹƘnjƥ
.(94/69/EC)
ÎÖÖÐ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÒ ƹǁƚŭơ džǴĐơ ǁǂǬǷ -ÏÔ
.(93/626/EEC) ȆƳȂdzȂȈƦdzơ ǝȂǼƬdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵơǂƥƛ ǹƘnjƥ
ǹƘnjºƥ ÎÖÖÕ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ Õ ƹǁƚŭơ džǴĐơ ǁǂǬǷ -ÏÕ
ǵƢºǰƷƗ ǀȈǨǼƬƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ǫȇƾǐƫ
ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÎÍ ƨºƻǁƚŭơ ǁƢºƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ƨȈǰǸLjºdzơ ƧƾǏǁȋơ Ƨǁơƽƛȁ ǚǨŞ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ÎÖÕÏ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ
DZƢºŢǁȏơ ƧŚưºǰdzơ ƨȈǰǸLjºdzơ ƧƾºǏǁȋơȁ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ƨǴƻơƾƬŭơ
.(98/414/EC)
ÎÖÕÕ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÑ ƹǁƚŭơ džǴĐơ ǁǂǬǷ -ÏÖ
DZȂºǯȂƫȁǂƥȁ ǹȁǃȁȋơ ƨºǬƦǗ ƨºȇƢǸū ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵơǂƥƛ ǹƘnjƥ
.(88/540/EEC) ǹȁǃȁȋơ ƨǬƦǘdz ƧƾǨǼƬLjŭơ ƽơȂŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DZƢȇǂƬǻȂǷ
ǵơǂƥƛ ǹƘnjƥ ÎÖÖÕ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ Ö ƹǁƚŭơ džǴĐơ ǁǂǬǷ -ÐÍ
Ŀ ǂƸǐƬdzơ ƨƸǧƢǰŭ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǶLJƢƥ
ƨǏƢşȁ ǂƸǐƬdzơ ǺǷ ȁƗ/ȁ ƾȇƾnjdzơ ǥƢǨŪơ ǺǷ ňƢǠƫ Ŗdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ
.(98/216/EC) ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ Ŀ
Ļ ƢºǷ ǹƘnjƥ ÎÖÖÒ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ Ñ ƹǁƚŭơ džǴĐơ ǁǂǬǷ -ÐÎ
ȅǁƢĐơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơȁ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵơǂƥƛ ǺǷ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǶLJƢƥ
Ŀ ƢºŠ (95/308/EC) ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩơŚƸƦdzơȁ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ (Ñ)ÏÒ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹȐǟƛ Ǯdzƿ
ƩơŚƸƦºdzơȁ ƽȁƾºƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢºǠdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢĐơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơȁ ƨȇƢŧ
.ňƢưdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ ǾǨǏȂƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ǪºǴǠƬŭơ ÎÖÖÐ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÎÒ ƹǁƚŭơ džǴĐơ ǁǂǬǷ -ÐÏ
ȄººǴǟ ƨººǬǧơȂŭơȁ ƪººǫƚŭơ DZȂººƦǬdzơ ƨººȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵơǂƥƜººƥ
ƢƆºǬǧȁ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǡȐƥȍơ :ƮdzƢưdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơȁ ž(93/329/EEC) ƢēƢǬǧǂǷ
.DZȂƦǼǘLJơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ (Ó)ÏÑ ƧƽƢǸǴdz
ÎÖÖÎ ŐǸǧȂºǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÒ ƹǁƚŭơ džǴĐơ ǁǂǬǷ -ÐÐ
ǶºǷȋơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǵƢǸǔǻơ ǹƘnjƥ
ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ǹƘnjƥ ǹȐǟƛ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨǟơǁDŽdzơȁ ƨȇǀǣȌdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ
Ŀ ƽȂºǬǠŭơ ǝƢºǸƬƳȏơ ǂǔŰ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -ÎÓ
ÎÖÖÕ ǂȇƢºǼȇ/ňƢºưdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÏÏ Ŀ ǁƢºƥơǁ ǶȈºdzȁ DŽǯǂǷ
.(ÎÖÖÕ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÏÓ WT/DSB/M/41)
ƨºȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧǂƟơƾºdzơ ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƩƢǟƢǸŪơ ƨȈǓȂǨǷ -ÎÔ
ǩȂǬū ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƔƢǔǟƗȁ džȈƟǁ ńƛ ƨȈƥƢƬǰdzơ ƩƢǜƷȐŭơ
56672/00: DSR SENATOR LINES Ƕºǫǁ ƨȈǔǬdzơ Ŀ ǹƢLjǻȍơ
.GmbH v. 15 member States of the European Union
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƽǁ ȄǴǟ ƨȇȂǨnjdzơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ -ÎÕ
džºǴů ǵƢºǷƗ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƢȀƬǷƾǫ Ŗdzơ
ƩƢºǧȐŬơ ƨȇȂLjƫ ƾǟơȂǫ ƤƳȂŠ Ņȁƾdzơ ňƾŭơ ǹơŚǘdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ
ƞºNjƢǼdzơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǞǷ ǥȐŬơ ǹƘnjƥ (7782/2 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ)
Ô Ŀ ȂǣƢǰȈºNj Ŀ ƨºǷŐŭơ Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹơŚǘdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ
/ňƢºưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÒ DZƢȇǂƬǻȂǷ) ÎÖÑÑ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
.(ÏÍÍÍ ŐǸǧȂǻ
ƽƢºŢȏơ džºǴĐ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ƤƟƢǻ ǺǷ ƨȀƳȂǷ ƨdzƢLJǁ -ÎÖ
ǹƘnjºƥ Ņȁƾºdzơ ňƾŭơ ǹơŚǘdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ńƛ ĺȁǁȁȋơ
/ǃȂºŤ ÏÑ DzLjǯȁǂƥ) ÎÒ dzơ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾǴdz ǭǂƬnjŭơ ǝƢǧƾdzơ
.(ÏÍÍÍ ǾȈdzȂȇ
Application No. ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬū ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǁơǂǫ -ÏÍ
13258/87 by M. & Co. against the Federal Republic of
.Germany (9 February 1990)
Application No. ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬū ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǁơǂǫ -ÏÎ
8030/77, Confédération Française Démocratique du Travail v.
European Communities, alternatively their member States (1)
a) jointly and b) severally, (decision of 10 July 1978 on the
.admissibility of the application)
ǹƘnjºƥ ÏÍÍÏ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÒ ƹǁƚŭơ džǴĐơ ǁǂǬǷ -ÏÏ
(2002/628/EC) ƨȈƳȂdzȂȈƦdzơ ƨǷȐLjǴdz ƢǼȈƻƢƫǂǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǵơǂƥƛ
ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹȐǟƛ :ƔƢƥ Ǫǧǂŭơȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǶLJƢƥ
.ȆƳȂdzȂȈƦdzơ ǝȂǼƬdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ (Ð)ÐÑ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ
ƨȈǟƢǼǐºdzơ ƭƽơȂūơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵơǂƥƛ ǹƘnjƥ džǴĐơ ǁǂǬǷ -ÏÐ
ƨºǟƢǸŪơ ǹȐǟƛ :ňƢưdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơȁ (98/685/EC) ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ
ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƭƽơȂūơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ (Ñ)ÏÖ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢǬǧȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
.ǍƢǐƬƻȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ
žǞºLJƢƬdzơ Ǫºǧǂŭơ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ -ÏÑ
ǹƘnjºƥ ÎÖÖÕ DžǁƢºǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÏÐ ƹǁƚºŭơ džºǴĐơ ǁǂǬǷȁ
ÎÍ ƨºƻǁƚŭơ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǵơǂƥƛ
ǩƢºǨƫȏơȁ ǁƢºƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdz ÎÖÕÏ ŐǸLjºȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Meryem 12/86 ƨȈǔǬdzơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǶǰƷ -ÑÑ
ȅƗǁȁ ƨLjºǴƴǴdz ǂȇǂǬƫ Demirel v. Stadt Schwäbisch Gmünd
ǶºǰƷȁ ÎÖÕÔ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÎÖ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ Darmon ǵƢǠdzơ ȆǷƢƄơ
.(ÎÖÕÔ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÐÍ) ƨǸǰƄơ
ƤºƳȂŠ ǁƽƢǐdzơ 1/94 ȅƗǂdzơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ -ÑÒ
ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȇƽƢǐºƬǫȏơ ƨºǟƢǸŪơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ (Ó)ÏÏÕ ƧƽƢŭơ
ƨºȇƢŧȁ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵơǂƥƜƥ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƨȈƷȐǏ)
(ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ (Ó)ÏÏÕ ƧƽƢŭơ - ƨȇǂǰǨdzơ ƨȈǰǴŭơ
.(ÎÖÖÑ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÒ)
Société C370/89 ƨȈǔǬdzơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾºǠdzơ ƨºǸǰŰ -ÑÓ
Générale d’Entreprises Électro-Méchaniques (SAGEM) and
ȅƗǁȁ ƨLjǴŪơ ǂȇǂǬƫ Roland Etroy v. European Investment Bank
ǶǰƷȁ ÎÖÖÏ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ Ï Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ Gulmann ǵƢǠdzơ ȆǷƢƄơ
.(ÎÖÖÏ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ï) ƨǸǰƄơ
Louis Worms v. 18/60 ƨȈǔǬdzơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ -ÑÔ
High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community
.(ÎÖÓÏ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÎÏ) ƨǸǰƄơ ǶǰƷ
Claude Sayag and 9/69 ƨȈǔǬdzơ ƨȈƥǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ -ÑÕ
Ƕºǰūơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjƛ) Another v. Jean-Pierre Leduc and Others
(ƨȈǰȈƴǴƦdzơ (Cour de Cassation) ǒǬǼdzơ ƨǸǰŰ DzƦǫ ǺǷ Ņȁȋơ
.(ÎÖÓÖ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÎÍ) ƨǸǰƄơ ǶǰƷ
Krohn & Co. 175/84 ƨȈǔǬdzơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ -ÑÖ
Import-Export (GmbH & Co. KG) v. Commission of the
ǂºȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦºNj ÏÓ) ƨǸǰƄơ ǶǰƷ European Communities
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÎÖ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ Mancini ǵƢǠdzơ ȆǷƢƄơ ȅƗǁȁ (ÎÖÕÓ
.ÎÖÕÒ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ
Industrie- C-282/90 ƨȈǔǬdzơ ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ -ÒÍ
en Handelsonderneming Vreudenhil BV v. Commission of the
DžǁƢºǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÎÐ) ƨºǸǰƄơ ǶºǰƷ European Communities
ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÎÓ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ Darmon ǵƢǠdzơ ȆǷƢƄơ ȅƗǁȁ (ÎÖÖÏ
.ÎÖÖÏ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ
Ǻºǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ T-184/95 ƨȈǔǬdzơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ -ÒÎ
ÎÖÖÕ DzºȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjºȈǻ ÏÕ Ŀ (ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨǧǂǤdzơ) ƨȈƟơƾƦdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ
Dorsch Consult Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH v. Council of the
.European Union and Commission of the European Communities
ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ -ƔƢƥ
ƨdzƢǯȂǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ" ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ -ÒÏ
ǵƢº
ºǠdzơ ǂȇƾºŭơ ǺºǷ ƧǂǯǀºǷ "ƩƢǻƢǸǔºdzƢƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ
.(ÎÖÔÍ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÑ GOV/COM.22/27)
48
ǹȐºǟƛ "DZƢǸǰƬºLJơ" ǹƘnjºƥ Ƨǂǯǀŭơȁ .ňƢưdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ ǾǨǏȂƥ
.(ÎÖÖÑ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÕ) DzLjǯȁǂƥ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ
ǹƘnjƥ ÎÖÖÖ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÓ ƹǁƚŭơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǁǂǬǷ -ÐÑ
ÎÖÖÑ ǵƢºǟ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ńƛ ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǵƢǸǔǻơ
ƨǷȐLjºdzơ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ž(1999/819/Euratom) ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǷȐLjdzơ ǹƘnjƥ
ƢƆºǬǧȁ ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǹȐǟȍơ :ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
.ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǷȐLjdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ‘Б(Ñ)ÐÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋ
ǚºǨŞ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ -ÐÒ
ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ƨǷơƾƬLjǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƢŮȐǤƬLJơȁ ǦȈLJ ȂƥƗ Ǯũ ƩƢǻȁDŽű
ǶºǰƷ :(ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ/ȆǴȈNj) ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơ ȆǫǂNj ƣȂǼƳ
.(ÏÍÍÍ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÍ)
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ) Ǻȇơǂºdzơ ǂȀǼdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ -ÐÓ
.(ÎÖÔÔ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÎÖ) (Official Journal L 240) (ǹǂƥ
ÎÖÖÔ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÐ ƹǁƚŭơ ƨǼƴǴdzơȁ džǴĐơ ǁǂǬǷ -ÐÔ
DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥȁ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǩƢưȈǷ ƧƾǿƢǠŭ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƩƢǟƢǸŪơ ǵơǂƥƛ ǹƘnjƥ
ƨǴǐºdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨºȈƠȈƦdzơ ƤǻơȂŪơȁ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ƧƔƢǨǯ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǩƢưȈǷ
ƩƢºǟƢǸŪơ ǺºǷ ǵƾǬŭơ ǹƢȈƦdzơȁ ž(98/181/EC, ECSE, Euratom)
ǺǷ ‘Ï‘(ƣ)(Ð)ÏÓ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǩƢưȈǷ ƨǻƢǷƗ ńƛ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
.ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǩƢưȈǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ
Tesauro ǵƢºǠdzơ ȆǷƢƄơ ȅƗǁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ –ÐÕ
C-53/96, Hermes International v. FHT Marketing ƨȈǔºǬdzơ
Choice BV (reference for a preliminary ruling from the
.Arrondissementenrechtsbank, Amsterdam)
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÎÍ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐºdzơ Jacobs ǵƢºǠdzơ ȆǷƢƄơ ȅƗǁ -ÐÖ
C-316/91, European Parliament ƨȈǔǬdzơ :ÎÖÖÐ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ
.v. Council of the European Union
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÏÔ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐºdzơ Mischo ǵƢǠdzơ ȆǷƢƄơ ȅƗǁ -ÑÍ
C-13/00, Commission of the ƨȈǔºǬdzơ :ÏÍÍÎ ŐǸǧȂºǻ/ňƢưdzơ
.European Communities v. Ireland
DžǁƢºǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÎÖ) ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾºǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǶǰƷ -ÑÎ
Commission of the European C-13/00 ƨȈǔº
ºǬdzơ (ÏÍÍÏ
.Communities v. Ireland
(ÎÖÖÑ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ Ï) ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǶǰƷ -ÑÏ
European Parliament v. Council of the C-316/91 ƨȈǔºǬdzơ
.European Union
/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÏÓ) ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǶǰƷ –ÑÐ
Haupzollamt Mainz v. C. 104/81 ƨȈǔǬdzơ (ÎÖÕÏ ǂƥȂºƬǯƗ
DzƦǫ ǺǷ Ņȁȋơ Ƕǰūơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjƛ) A. Kupferberg & Cie. KG a. A
.(Bundesfinanzhof dzơ
49 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ƨºȇǁǀdzơ ƨºǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ śƥ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǍȂǐǻ -ÓÔ
ǂǬŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢLjǸǼdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƨǷȂǰūơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơȁ
ǹȂǻƢºǯ Î INFCIRC/15/Rev.1/Add.1) ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơȁ
.(ÎÖÕÐ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ
Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ -ǶȈƳ
ƨºǸǰŰ ǶǰƷ Park v. IMF ƨȈǔǬdz ƨȇDŽȈǴǰǻȍơ ƨŦǂƬdzơ -ÓÕ
.(ÏÍÍÍ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÔ) DZȂȈLJ ƨǠǗƢǬǷ
ƨºǸǰŰ ǶǰƷ Park v. IMF ƨȈǔǬdz ƨȇDŽȈǴǰǻȍơ ƨŦǂƬdzơ -ÓÖ
.(ÏÍÍÎ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÖ) DZȂȈLJ ǥƢǼƠƬLJơ
ǩȁƾǼºǏ ƾǓ ƨǟȂǧǂŭơ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈǨƸǐdzơ ǂȇǁƢǬƬdzơ -ÔÍ
.ƢȈǻƢǷȁǁ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ
ǹƘnjƥ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ Ǻǟ ǹƢȈƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ -ÔÎ
(Policy statement on immunity of fund śǨǛȂºŭơ ƨǻƢǐºƷ
.(ÏÍÍÏ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÕ) śǨǛȂŭơ ńƛ ǾƳȂǷ officials)
ƢŮ ǹȂǠƥƢƬdzơ ǹȂƦǫơǂŭơȁ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ -DZơƽ
ǵƢǠdzơ ǂȇƾŭơ ǺǷ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ Ŀ ơƾǼǯ ŚǨLJ ńƛ ƨȀƳȂǷ ƨdzƢLJǁ -ÔÏ
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ Ñ) ƢºŮ śǠƥƢºƬdzơ śƦǫơǂŭơȁ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬǴdz
.(ÎÖÖÖ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ
ǵƢǠdzơ ǂȇƾŭơ ńƛ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ Ŀ ơƾǼǯ ŚǨLJ ǺǷ ƨȀƳȂǷ ƨdzƢLJǁ -ÔÐ
/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ö) ƢŮ śǠƥƢƬdzơ śƦǫơǂŭơȁ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬǴdz
.(ÎÖÖÖ ŐǸǧȂǻ
ƧȂºǬǴdz ǵƢºǠdzơ ǂȇƾºŭơ ǺǷ ƨȀƳȂŭơ ƨdzƢLJǂdzơ ǺǷ ǦǘƬǬǷ -ÔÑ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ŚǨºLJ ńƛ ƢŮ śǠƥƢƬdzơ śƦǫơǂŭơȁ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ
.(ÎÖÖÍ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ Ð) ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ńƛ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ŚǨLJ ǺǷ ƨȀƳȂǷ ƨdzƢLJǁ -ÔÒ
ƢºŮ śǠƥƢºƬdzơ śƦǫơǂºŭơȁ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬǴdz ǵƢǠdzơ ǂȇƾŭơ
.(ÎÖÖÍ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ Ð)
ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧȂǬǴdz ǵƢǠdzơ ǂȇƾǸǴdz ƨȇȂǼLjdzơ ǂȇǁƢǬƬdzơ ǺǷ ƩƢǨǘƬǬǷ -ÔÓ
ÏÒȁ ÎÖÕÔ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÒ) ƢŮ ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ śƦǫơǂŭơȁ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ
ÏÒȁ ÎÖÕÖ DzºȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjºȈǻ ÏÒȁ ÎÖÕÕ DzºȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ
ǹȂǻƢºǯȁ ÎÖÖÎ DzºȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÒȁ ÎÖÖÍ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ
.(ÏÍÍÎ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ
MFO, Servants of peace: Peacekeeping in Progress -ÔÔ
.(ÎÖÖÖ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ƢǷȁǁ)
ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǂǜƷ ƨǸǜǼǷ -ƔƢǿ
Serguei Batsanov and others, “The Organisation for the -ÔÕ
Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)”, Intergovernmental
Organizations, suppl. 7 (October 2000) (The Hague, Kluwer,
.(2002
ǩƢºǨƫȏƢƥ ǪºƸǴŭơ ĿƢºǓȍơ ȆƳƿȂǸǼdzơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ -ÒÐ
ƨºǫƢǘǴdz ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨºdzƢǯȂdzơȁ (DZȁƾdzơ) ƨdzȁƾdzơ śƥ (ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ)
/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢºǯ Ŀ ǾºǠƦǗ ƾȈǟƌƗ .ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȇǁǀdzơ
.(INFCIRC/540) ÎÖÖÕ ŐǸLjȇƽ
ǾƬǤȈǐƥ) ȆLJƢLJȋơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ -ÒÑ
.(ÎÖÕÖ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÕ ŕƷ ƨȇǁƢLjdzơ ƨdzƾǠŭơ
ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ DZȁƾdzơȁ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ śƥ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ȃȂƬŰȁ DzǰȈǿ" -ÒÒ
Ŀ ǾºǠƦǗ ƾȈǟƌƗ ."ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǁƢnjƬǻơ ǵƾǟ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ
.(INFCIRC/153) ÎÖÔÏ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ
Ƨƾº
ºƸƬŭơ Ƕº
ºǷȋơ Ǟº
ºǷ ƨº
ºdzƢǯȂdzơ ƩƢº
ºǫƢǨƫơ ǍȂǐºǻ -ÒÓ
ÎÖÒÖ ǂƥȂºººƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjºººƫ Ð͝INFCIRC/11)
.(ÎÖÖÐ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ï INFCIRC/11/Add.1ȁ
ńƛ ƩƢǣȐƥ :ƨȇǂLjdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ -ÒÔ
ÏÔȁ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ Ô Adds.1-3ȁ SEC/NOT/1742) śǨǛȂŭơ
Ǻȇǂnjººƫ ÎÓȁ ŐǸƬƦººLJ/DZȂººǴȇƗ ÏÏȁ džǘLjººǣƗ/ƣƕ
.(ÎÖÖÖŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ
ƩơƔơǂƳȍƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀƬLJǁƢŲȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨLJƢȈLJ -ÒÕ
ƨǸǜǼŭơ ȄǴǟ DZƢȈƬƷȏƢƥ śǸȀƬŭơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ƾǓ ƧǀƼƬŭơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
.DZȂǏȋơ ƽơƽǂƬLJơȁ
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨºȇƢǸū ƨºdzƢǯȂdzơ ǵƢǜǻ (ƣ) :ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơ -ÒÖ
/ňƢºưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÎÑ GOV/2959) ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȇǂLjdzơ
.(ÎÖÖÔ ŐǸǧȂǻ
Larry D. Johnson, “Views from practice”, in N. M. -ÓÍ
Blokker and H. G. Schermers, eds., Proliferation of International
.Organizations (The Netherlands, Kluwer, 2001), pp. 471–482
ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ ƩƢǻƢǐƷȁ ƩơǃƢȈƬǷơ ǹƘnjƥ ǩƢǨƫơ -ÓÎ
ÏÍÍÍ ŐǸƬƦºLJ/DZȂºǴȇƗ ÎÏ Ŀ ƨȇǁƢLjºdzơ ƨºǸƟƢǬdzơ :ƨȇǁǀdzơ
.(ÏÍÍÍ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÏ INFCIRC/9/Rev.2/Add.12)
INFCIRC/9/Rev.2) ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ ƩƢǻƢǐƷȁ ƩơǃƢȈƬǷơ ǩƢǨƫơ -ÓÏ
.(ÎÖÓÔ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÏÓ
ƢLjººǸǼdzơ ƨººȇǁȂȀŦ ǞººǷ ƨººdzƢǯȂdzơ ǩƢººǨƫơ ǎººǻ -ÓÐ
.(ÎÖÖÖ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÎÑ INFCIRC/15/Rev.1/Add.4)
ƢLjºǸǼdzơ ƨºȇǁȂȀŦ ǞºǷ ƨºdzƢǯȂdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǍȂǐǻ -ÓÑ
.(ÎÖÒÖ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÍ INFCIRC/15)
ƢLjºǸǼdzơ ƨºȇǁȂȀŦ ǞºǷ ƨºdzƢǯȂdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǍȂǐǻ -ÓÒ
ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÎÏ INFCIRC/15/Rev.1) ƨǴǐºdzơ Ʃơƿ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơȁ
.(ÎÖÔÓ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ
ƢLjºǸǼdzơ ƨºȇǁȂȀŦ ǞºǷ ƨºdzƢǯȂdzơ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ ǍȂǐǻ -ÓÓ
.(ÎÖÓÏ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÏÕ INFCIRC/15/Add.1-3, Mod.1-3)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǂºȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÏÐ Ŀ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢnjƬLjŭơ ǾȀƳȁ ňȂǻƢǫ ȅƗǁ -ÕÏ
ƾǓ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ DžƢLJƗ ǾȈǧ Ǿdz ƶǓȂȇ ŅƢŭơ Ƥǫơǂŭơ ńƛ ÏÍÍÎ
ƨǸǜǼŭơ Ƨǁƾǫ ǁȂǷƗ ƨǴŦ Ŀ ȅƗǂdzơ ơǀǿ DZȁƢǼƬȇȁ .ƢǿƽơƾLJȁ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ǍƢºŬơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǞƥƢǘdzơ Ʃơƿ ƩƢȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ DzČǸŢ ȄǴǟ
ňȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǁƢºǗȍơ Ŀ ƩƢºƦdzƢǘŭơ ǽǀǿ ƨȇȂLjƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơȁ
.ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơȁ ŅƢŭơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ
Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace 1995, 2nd -ÕÐ
.ed. (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.95.I.15)
ƨŷƢLjŭơ DZȁƾdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ śƥ ƨȈƳƿȂŶ ǶǿƢǨƫ ƧǂǯǀǷ -ÕÑ
ÏÔ A/51/967) ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨū ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ƽǁơȂŠ
.(Ǫǧǂŭơ ÎÖÖÔ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ƨdzƘLjǷ DzǷƢǰdz DzǷƢNj ǑơǂǠƬLJơ -ÕÒ
ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ƧƽƢȈǫ - ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ȆƷơȂǻ ǞȈŦ ǺǷ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨū
ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ǂȇǂǬƫ :ƢȀȈǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơȁ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨū ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
.(ÎÖÖÑ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÎ A/49/681)
ǹȂǻƢºǯ Ó ƹǁƚºŭơ ÐÍ/ÒÍ ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƨºȈǠǸŪơ ǁơǂǫ -ÕÓ
ƨdzƘLjǷ DzǷƢǰdz DzǷƢnjdzơ ǑơǂǠƬLJȏơ ǹƘnjƥ ÎÖÖÒ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ
.ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ȆƷơȂǻ ǞȈŦ ǺǷ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ
ǹȂǻƢºǯ Ö ƹǁƚºŭơ ÐÔ/ÑÖ ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƨºȈǠǸŪơ ǁơǂǫ -ÕÔ
ƨdzƘLjǷ DzǷƢǰdz DzǷƢnjdzơ ǑơǂǠƬLJȏơ ǹƘnjƥ ÎÖÖÑ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ
.ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ȆƷơȂǻ ǞȈŦ ǺǷ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ
ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ -ȅơǃ
.ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǁȂƬLJƽ -ÕÕ
ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷȁ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ śƥ ǵŐŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ -ÕÖ
.(ÎÖÑÖ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÏÑ) ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz
Claude-ȁ Gian Luca Burci ǺǷ (ÕÍ-ÔÔ Ǎ) ǦǘƬǬǷ -ÖÍ
Henri Vignes, World Health Organization (The Hague, Kluwer,
.(2003
50
(ƣ)
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ -ȁơȁ
žƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ŅƢŭơȁ ȅǁơƽȍơ Ɣơƽȋơ ƧƔƢǨǯ ǑơǂǠƬLJơ -ÔÖ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÏÖ ƾǼƦdzơ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǀȈǨǼƬdz ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ƢēƾǸƬǟơ Ŗdzơ ƢēƢǻƢǐƷȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩơǃƢȈƬǷơ
A/C.5/49/65) ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ǂȇǂǬƫ :ÎÖÑÓ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÎÐ Ŀ
.(ÎÖÖÒ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÑ
ǶǷȋơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ DzȇȂǸƬdz ƨȈǻơDŽȈŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơȁ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƤǻơȂŪơ -ÕÍ
ǚºǨū ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ DzȇȂŤ :ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨū ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ŐǸƬƦºLJ/DZȂºǴȇƗ ÏÍ A/51/389) ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ǂȇǂǬƫ :ǵȐLjdzơ
ÏÎ ƨƻǁƚŭơ A/51/903 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơȁ (ƢƆȈǻƢƯ ǝǂǨdzơ ƢǸȈLJ ȏ) (ÎÖÖÓ
ÏÑÔ/ÒÏ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ǁơǂǫ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ºǔǧ (ÎÖÖÔ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ
ƨȈdzƢŭơȁ ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ǹƘnjƥ ÎÖÖÕ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÓ ƹǁƚŭơ
ƨƳǁƾŭơ) ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨƷ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ǺǷ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȄǴǟ
ǁƾšȁ .(ƩƢưǠƦdzơ DŽǯǂǷ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơȁ ƩơȂǬdzơ DŽǯǂǷ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ǹȉơ
ǪƟƢºƯȂdzơ ǂǜǻơ) ƪȇȂǐƫ ǹȁƽ ƾǸƬǟơ ǁơǂǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ
ƩƢLjºǴŪơ ǹȂLjºǸŬơȁ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ
.(ÕÕ ƨLjǴŪơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ
ǞƥƢºǘdzơ Ʃơƿ ƩƢºƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫȁ ǶȈǰƸƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ -ÕÎ
ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǁƾš ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǓ ǍƢŬơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÎÑ A/54/458) ǵƢºǠdzơ śºǷȋơ ǂȇǂǬƫ ƩƢȇǂƬnjŭƢƥ
.(ÎÖÖÖ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ
__________
ƢēƾǟƗ Ŗdzơ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ńƛ ƨǬƥƢLJ ƨLJǁƢǸŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢƆǔȇƗ ŚNjƗ (ƣ)
ƨǐǐƼƬŭơ ƩȏƢǯȂdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ǹƘnjƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƨǻƢǷƗ
ƢēƢǻƢǐºƷȁ ƢēơǃƢȈƬǷơȁ ƢǿDŽǯǂŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁ
Add.1ȁ A/CN.4/L.118 ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ ÎÒÑ Ǎ ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÎÖÓÔ ƨȈdzȂƷ)
ÐÖÒ Ǎ (ƨǧƢǓƛ) (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÎÖÕÒ ƨȈdzȂƷȁ žAdd.2ȁ
Ǻǟ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȅǂȇǂǬƫ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ ž(Add.1-3ȁ A/CN.4/L.383 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ
ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÎÖÖÎ ƨȈdzȂƷ) ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơȁ DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ
ƨºººǬȈƯȂdzơ ÏÒÖ Ǎȁ A/CN.4/L.383 ƨºººǬȈƯȂdzơ ÏÎÍ Ǎ (DZȁȋơ
.(A/CN.4/L.383
 ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
[DZƢǸǟȋơ DZȁƾƳ ǺǷ Ð ƾǼƦdzơ]
A/CN.4/538 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ
ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƽǁƢǣȁƽ ǹȂƳ ƾȈLjdzơ ǽƾǟƗ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ Ǻǟ džǷƢŬơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ

[ƨȇDŽȈǴǰǻȍƢƥ :DzǏȋơ]
[ÏÍÍÑ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ Ñ]
ƩƢȇȂƬƄơ
ƨƸǨǐdzơ
ÒÎ ........................................................................ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ
ÒÏ ............................................................................................ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳơǂŭơ
ÒÑ Ñ-Î ................................................................................................. ƨǷƾǬǷ
DzǐǨdzơ
ƩơǂǬǨdzơ
ÒÒ Ó-Ò .......................................... ǶȈǴǫȍơ ǂȇƾƫ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ ƢǿǂǧȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ - DZȁȋơ
ÒÒ ÎÐ-Ô .............................................. ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ DzǬǻȁ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǪƷ ǒȇȂǨƫ - ňƢưdzơ
ÒÔ ÐÓ-ÎÑ .......................................... ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƢǿǂǧȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ - ƮdzƢưdzơ
ÒÔ ÎÑ ......................................................................... ƨǷƾǬǷ - ǦdzƗ
ÒÕ ÎÕ-ÎÒ ...................................................................... ÏÐ ƧƽƢŭơ - ƔƢƥ
ÒÖ ÏÍ-ÎÖ ...................................................................... ÏÑ ƧƽƢŭơ - ǶȈƳ
ÓÍ ÐÓ-ÏÎ ...................................................................... ÏÒ ƧƽƢŭơ - DZơƽ
ÓÒ ÑÐ-ÐÔ ................................ ǵƢǟ ȆǗȂŢ ǕǂNj Ʊơǁƽƛȁ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơȁ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ - Ǟƥơǂdzơ
ÓÒ ÑÍ-ÐÔ ...................................................................... ÏÓ ƧƽƢŭơ - ǦdzƗ
ÓÓ ÑÐ-ÑÎ ...................................................... ÏÎ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƨǴȇƾƦdzơ ƨǣƢȈǐdzơ - ƔƢƥ
ÓÓ ÔÐ-ÑÑ ....................................... ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƽ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǺǨLjdzơ ǶǫơȂǘdz ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ - džǷƢŬơ
ÓÓ ÔÐ-ÑÑ .................................................................................. ÏÔ ƧƽƢŭơ
ÔÏ ÓÕ .............................................. ƨǼȈǨLJ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ ǹȁƽȂƳȂŭơ ƣƢǯǂdzơ -Î
ÔÏ ÔÎ-ÓÖ ........................................................ ƢđƢǯǁȁ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ ǶǫơȂǗ -Ï
ÔÐ ÔÏ ...............................................................ƨȈƟƢǔǨdzơ ƩƢƦǯǂŭơ -Ð
ÔÐ ÔÐ ........................................................................ƨǏȐŬơ -Ñ
ºººººººººº
ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ
ǁƾǐŭơ
United Nations, Treaty Series, /ƣƕ ÎÏ ǦºȈǼƳ) ƣǂºūơ ƪºǫȁ Ŀ śȈǻƾŭơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ƨȇƢŧ ǹƘnjƥ ǦȈǼƳ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
vol. 75, No. 973, p. 287. (ÎÖÑÖ džǘLjǣƗ
Ibid., vol. 1125, No. 17513, p. 609. ǪǴǠƬŭơȁ ÎÖÑÖ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ ÎÏ Ŀ ƨƻǁƚŭơ ǦȈǼƳ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏ ĿƢǓȍơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
Õ ǦºȈǼƳ) (ňƢºưdzơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ) ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ Śǣ ƨƸǴLjŭơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƢȇƢƸǓ ƨȇƢǸŞ
(ÎÖÔÔ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ

51
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ 52

Ibid., vol. 213, No. 2889, p. 221.
Ibid., vol. 389, No. 5598, p. 277.
Ibid., vol. 500, No. 7310, p. 95.
Ibid., vol. 704, No. 10106, p. 2195.
Ibid., vol. 660, No. 9464, p. 195.
Ibid., vo. 999, No. 14668, p. 171.
Ibid., vol. 1144, No. 17955, p. 123.
Ibid., vol. 1259, No. 20690, p. 335.
Ibid., vol. 1520, No. 26363, p. 217.
Ibid., vo. 1833, No. 31363, p. 3.
Ibid., vol. 1465, No. 24841, p. 112.
Ibid., vol. 1757, No. 30615, p. 3.
Official Journal of the European
Communities, No. C 325, vol.
45 (24 December 2002), p. 107.
(ǹƢLjºǻȍơ ǩȂºǬū ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ) ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƩƢȇǂūơȁ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÒÍ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ñ ƢǷȁǁ)
(ÎÖÒÕ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÎÐ ǦȈǼƳ) ƧǁƢƸƦǴdz ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȇȂŮơ ǪƟƢƯȂƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ (ÎÍÕ Ƕǫǁ) ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÓÎ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÎÕ ƢǼȈȈǧ) ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠǴdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ÎÑ ȂȈǯȂǗ) ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ ƨƦǰƫǂŭơ ȃǂƻȋơ DZƢǸǟȋơ ǒǠƥȁ ǶƟơǂŪƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÓÐ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ
ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÏÎ ǭǁȂºȇȂȈǻ) ȅǂǐºǼǠdzơ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǞȈŦ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǔǬǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÓÒ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ
(ÎÖÓÓ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÓ ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ) ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơȁ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ǩȂǬūƢƥ ǍƢŬơ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾȀǠdzơ
ÏÏ ǾȈºLJȂƻ ǹƢLJ) "ƢǰȇǁƢƬLJȂǯ ǾȈLJȂƻ ǹƢLJ ǩƢưȈǷ" :ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬū ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÓÖ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÏÖ ǦºȈǼƳ) ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ŚȇƢǠŭ Ňƽȋơ ƾūơ ǹƘnjƥ (ÎÑÔ Ƕǫǁ) ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÔÓ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ
(ÎÖÕÎ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÔ ĺȁŚǻ) ƣȂǠnjdzơȁ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬū ȆǬȇǂǧȋơ ǩƢưȈŭơ
(ÎÖÕÏ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÍ ȅƢƥ ȂǤȈƬǻȂǷ) ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ƨȈǻƢLjºǻƛȐdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈºLJƢǬdzơ ƨºƥȂǬǠdzơ ȁƗ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ ƣȁǂǓ ǺǷ ǽŚǣȁ ƤȇǀǠƬdzơ ƨǔǿƢǼǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÕÑ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÍ ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ) ƨǼȈȀŭơ ȁƗ
(ÎÖÖÏ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj Ô ƪƻǂƬLJƢǷ) (ƪƻǂƬLJƢǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ) ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ
/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjºƫ Ï ǵơƽǂƬLjºǷƗ) ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨºǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨƠnjºǼŭơ ƧƾǿƢǠǸǴdz ƧƾƷȂŭơ ƨƼLjǼdzơ
(ÎÖÖÔ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ

ººººººººº
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ººººººººº
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 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
( Î)
ƨǷƾǬǷ
džǧƢºǼƫ ƽȂƳȁ DZƢǸƬƷơȁ ƨdzȁƽ ƢǿǂǧȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơȁ
.(Ó)ƨȇƢǸūơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ śƥ
ƨLjºǷƢŬơ Ƣºēǁȁƽ Ǻǟ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǂȇǂǬƫ Ŀȁ -Ð
ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǺǷ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƪƦǴǗ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƧƽȂǬǠŭơ śLjǸŬơȁ
ǶºǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȇƢŧ ǹƘnjƥ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƫ Ɣơƾƥƛ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ
DZȁƾºdzơ ƢºǿǂǧȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơȁ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǶǫƢǗ ƽơǂǧȋ
ƢºȀȇƗǁ ȅƾƦƫ ǹƗȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨȈǷȂǰƷ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǶȀǨǛȂƫ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƢȇƢǟǂǴdz
Ŗdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ Śǣ ȃǂƻƗ DzƟƢLjǷ ƨȇƗ ǭƢǼǿ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ǍȂǐş
ǹƗ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ȄºǴǟ śǠƬȇ DZơDŽȇ ȏ Ŗdzơȁ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƢȀƬdzȁƢǼƫ ǹƗ ǪƦLJ
ȃƾºƥƗ ƾºǫȁ .(Ô)ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƢȀưƸƦƫ
Ǻºǟ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ ǞȈǓơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ śǸǴǰƬŭơ ǶǜǠǷ
ƨºȇƢǸūơ ƨdzƘLjºǷ Ʊơǁƽƛ ǹƘnjºƥ ǶȀƯơǂƬǯơ ǵƾǟ ȁƗ ǶȀǓơǂƬǟơ
ƨȇƢǸūơȁ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǶǫƢǗ ƽơǂǧȋ ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƽ ƢǿǂǧȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
ƨºǸǜǼǷ ǶȀǨǛȂƫ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƢȇƢǟǂǴdz DZȁƾdzơ ƢǿǂǧȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
ǽǀºđ ǥƢǯ ǵƢǸƬǿơ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƢǯ ƾǬǧ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ .ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨȈǷȂǰƷ
.ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ƤºǻƢƳ ǺºǷ ǂǜǼdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭơ ƢǿƔȐȇƛ ǁŐȇ ǞȈǓơȂŭơ
ǵƢºǰƷƗ ƱơǁƽƜƥ ǵƢǸƬǿȏơ Ǻǟ ƢŷơƾƷƛ ƪƥǂǟƗ śƬdzȁƽ ƔƢǼưƬLJƢƥȁ
(Õ)
(ƨȈǰȈnjƬdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơ) ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǪƷ ǒȇȂǨƫ ǹƘnjƥ
ǂǘȈLjƫ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨdzƘLjŠ ƢƆǷƢǸƬǿơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƾƥƗȁ
Ń (Ö)(DZƢǤƫŐdzơ) ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǽǂȇƾƫ ȁƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ǾǴƬŢ ȁƗ ǾȈǴǟ
ƨȇƢǸūơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ DzƟƢLjǷ ȅƗ Ŀ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǂǜǻ ƤǴǘĄȇ
ǹƘƥ ƢȀȇƗǁ Ǻǟ ƧŚưǯ ƽȂǧȁ ƪƥǂǟƗ džǰǠdzơ ȄǴǟ Dzƥ .ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
ƾǫ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ DZƢƴŠ ƢƆȇƾȈǴǬƫ DzǐƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǞȈǓơȂŭơ ƨǧƢǯ
Ŀ ǝȂºǓȂŭơ ơǀŮ ƢȀƬLJơǁƽ ǶƬƬţ ǹƗ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ȄǴǟ ǹƗȁ ƢŮȁƢǼƫ Ļ
ƨȈǬƦƬŭơ ƭȐưdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ƾȈǯƘƬdzƢƥȁ ǺǰŲ ƪǫȁ ƣǂǫƗ
ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟƗ ƣǂǟƗȁ .ƨȈdzƢūơ džǸŬơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ ƧǂƬǧ ǺǷ
.ƨǴƯƢŲ Ɣơǁƕ Ǻǟ
Ŀ ǍƢƼºNjȋơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨdzƘLjǷ ȏƆ ȁƗ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ DZȁƢǼƬȈLJȁ -Ñ
ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨȈǷȂǰƷ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǽǂȇƾƫ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ ǾǴƬŢ ȁƗ ǾȈǴǟ ǂǘȈLjƫ ǶȈǴǫƛ
ȃǂºȇ Ŗdzơȁ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǪƷ DzǬǻ ȁƗ ǒȇȂǨƫ ƨdzƘLjǷȁ
Ľ .ƨȈdzƢūơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ Ŀ ƢȀƳơǁƽƛ ƣȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ
ƨȇƢǸūơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ džǧƢǼƫ ǝȂǓȂǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƩƢƷǂƬǬǷ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ǵƾǬȇ
ǶºǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȇƢŧȁ ƨdzȁƽ DzăƦǫĉ ǺǷȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ DzăƦǫĉ ǺǷ ƽǂǨdz
.ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǶǫƢǘdz
__________
.ÎÑÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (Ó)
ÎÔ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Ô)
.ÏÖȁ ÏÕ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ
ǹȂLjºǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ (Õ)
.ÑÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17) ÎÔ ƨLjǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ
.Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18) ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (Ö)
54
Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ńƛ ǂȇǁƢǬƫ ƨǠƥǁƗ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǵƾǫ -Î
(Î )
ǍƢƼºNjȋơȁ śȈºǠȈƦǘdzơ ǍƢƼNjȌdz ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ Ǻǟ
ǮǴƫ ƪdzȁƢǼƫ ƾǫȁ .(Ï)ƨȈǴƄơ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ DzƦLJ ƽƢǨǼƬLJơȁ śȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơ
ƪºƷǂƬǫơȁ ǞȈǓơȂŭơ ǽǀđ ƧƽƢǟ DzǐƬƫ Ŗdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǞȈŦ ǂȇǁƢǬƬdzơ
ǮǴƫ Ŀ ǹƢǠǷƜƥ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ʃǂǜǻȁ .ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǺǷ ƢƆǟȁǂnjǷ ÏÏ
ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƪǔǧǁȁ .ƨƷǂƬǬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǺǷ ÎÓ ȄǴǟ ƪǬǧơȁȁ ǂȇǁƢǬƬdzơ
ńƛ ƶȈƸǐºdzơ ǾƳȂdzơ ȄǴǟ ƪŤ ȏ ƢĔȋ ơƆǂǜǻ ƽơȂǷ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ƨƬLJ
.ǺȇȁƾƬǴdz ƧDŽǿƢƳ ƪLjȈdz ƢĔȋ ȁƗ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǝȂǓȂǷ
ǁǂǬŭơ DZȁƢǼƫ ÏÍÍÏ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ǵƾǬŭơ ƮdzƢưdzơ ǽǂȇǂǬƫ Ŀȁ -Ï
ƮºȈŞ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǩƢǘǻ ǞȈLJȂƫ ńƛ Ȃǟƾƫ ƩƢƷơǂƬǫơ ǍƢŬơ
ơǀºǿ ǺǸºǓ ƢƆȇƾºȈǴǬƫ Dzƻƾƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǺǷ ơƆƽƾǟ DzǸnjȇ
Ŀ Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƨǼŪ Ʃǂǜǻ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥȁ .(Ð)ǹơƾȈŭơ
ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸȈǧ ÏÍÍÏ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƧƽȂǬǠŭơ śLjǸŬơȁ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ Ƣēǁȁƽ
DZȁƢǼƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzƢūơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǍȂǐǻ Ʊơǁƽƛ ƣȂǐƬLjŭơ ǺǷ
ƨdzȁƽ ǪƷȁ žƢȀȈǨǛȂŭ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ DzƦĉǫ ǺǷ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
ǒºǤƥ ǶǫƢǘdzơ ǶLJƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ Ŀ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƨȈLjǼƳ
ƨºȇƢǸūơ Ŀ Ǫºūơ ǒȇȂǨƫȁ žśȈǼǠŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ƨȈLjǼƳ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ
ȁƗ ǾǴƬŢ ȁƗ ǾȈǴǟ ǂǘȈLjƫ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ƨȇƢŧȁ žƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
žƨdzơƾǠdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǷǂūơȁ žƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǽǂȇƾƫ ȁƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ǽǂȇƾƫ
ǁƢºƯȉơȁ žƨȈºLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ "ƾȈdzơ ƧǁƢȀǗ" ƗƾƦǷȁ
ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ ƪǨnjǯȁ .(Ñ)ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ȄǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǽǀºǿ Ʊơǁƽȍ ŚƦǯ ƾȈȇƘƫ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ Ǻǟ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ Ʃǁơƽ Ŗdzơ
ǪºƷ ƨdzƘLjŭ ǺǰŲ ƔƢǼưƬLJơ ǞǷ ƨȈdzƢūơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ Ŀ ǞȈǓơȂŭơ
Ǻºǟ ƨºƥƢȈǻ ƨºƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ Ŀ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƨȈLjǼƳ ƨdzȁƽ
ƣȂƳȁ ǽƽƢǨǷ ȅƗǁ Ǻǟ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƪƥǂǟƗ ƾǬǧ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ .(Ò)ƢȀǸǫƢǗ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƢǿǂǧȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ śƥ ƨǫȐǠdzơ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ
__________
Ŗºdzơ ƧƾǟƢLjºǸǴdz ǾǻƢǼƬǷơ Ǻǟ ƣǂǠȇ ǹƗ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƽȂȇ (Î)
DŽdzȁǁ ơƾǻƢǷƗ :ǶǿƙƢũƗ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ǹȂƥǁƾƬŭơ ƣȐǘdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ ƽơƾǟƛ Ŀ ƢȀǷƾǫ
ǹȁƚnjdz ȅƾȈǼǯ ƨȈǴǯ ǺǷ ǹƢŻǁ Ǯǻơǂǧȁ ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ ƨǠǷƢƳ ǺǷ Śƫƾȇǂǯ ƢǼȈǴȇƛȁ
DzǰȇƢǷȁ žƾǻȏ ŗȇȂǯ ƨǠǷƢƳ ǺǷ ƪLJŚǿ ǹƢǤȈǷȁ žƽǁƢǧǁƢǿ ƨǠǷƢƳ Ƕǰūơ
.ǹƾȇȏ ƨǠǷƢƳ ǺǷ DžƢȈǣƢǧ
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÍ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Ï)
ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÎ ƨȈdzȂƷȁ žAdd.1ȁ A/CN.4/506
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÏ ƨȈdzȂƷȁ žA/CN.4/514
ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷȁ žAdd.1ȁ A/CN.4/523
.Add.1ȁ A/CN.4/530
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÏ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Ð)
.ÎÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÓÓ Ǎ Add.1ȁ A/CN.4/523
ÓÍ-ÒÓ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (Ñ)
.ÎÑÖ-ÎÎÕ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ
.ÎÑÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÒÖ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (Ò)
55 ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơ
ǶȈǴǫȍơ ǂȇƾƫ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ ƢǿǂǧȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
ƨºǫȐǠdzƢƥ ƆƢǼǿǁ (ÎÓ)ƧƽȁƾŰ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǽǀǿ Ǻǰdzȁ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơȁ ƧǁơƽȍƢºƥ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ śƥ ƨȈLjLJƚŭơ ȁƗ ƨȇƾǿƢǠƬdzơ
Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨǬǧơȂǷ ńƛ DZƢƷ ȅƗ ȄǴǟ ǞƳǂƫȁ ƧǁơƽȎdz ƨǠǓƢŬơ
ƨǬƥƢºLJ ǭƢǼǿ ƪǻƢǯ ƢŠǁȁ .(ÎÔ)ƨȇƢǸūơ ǽǀǿ ƢǿƾǓ DžǁƢǸĄƬLJ
ƨºdzƢǯȁ ȁƗ ƨºǸǜǼǷ ǽǂȇƾƫ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ śǸȈǬŭơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ƨȇƢǸū
ǞºǷ ǾǼǰdzȁ .(ÎÕ)ȂƸǼdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ǁơƾȇ ǾǻƘƥ ǶǟDŽȇ ȁƗ - ƨȈdzȁƽ
ƤºȈƫǂƬdzơ ȄºǴǟ ƨºȇƢǸūơ ǽǀǿ ǩƢǘǻȁ ƨǠȈƦǗ ǦǫȂƬƬLJ Ǯdzƿ
ƨºǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨºdzȁƾdzơȁ ƧǁơƽȎdz ǞǓƢŬơ ǶȈǴǫȍơ śƥ ǵŐŭơ ȆLjLJƚŭơ
DzȈdzƽ ƾƳȂȇ ȁƗ DzȈdzƽ ǭƢǼǿ džȈǴǧ Ľ ǺǷȁ .ƨưdzƢƯ DZȁƽȁ ƧǁơƽȍƢƥ
ǺȇȁƾºƬdzơ ǂºȇŐƬdz ƨºȈǧƢǯ ƨǷƢǟ ƨLJǁƢŲ ƽȂƳȁ ȄǴǟ ǂǯǀĄȇ ȏ
DZƢǰNjƗ ǺǷ DzǰNj ơǀȀǧ DZƢƷ ȅƗ ȄǴǟȁ .ȆŸǁƾƬdzơ ǂȇȂǘƬdzơ ȁƗ
ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǠŭơ ǝȂǼdzơ ǺǷ (ÎÖ)ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
ǩƢºǘǻ Ŀ Dzƻƾȇ ȏ ǾǻƗ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ʃǁǂǫ ȅǀdzơȁ (ÏÍ)ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ
.ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈdzƢūơ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ
__________
National Bank of Egypt v. Austro-Hungarian Bank, (ÎÓ)
Annual Digest of Public International Law Cases, 1923–1924, vol. 2
(1933), case No. 10, p. 23; Falla-Nataf and Brothers v. Germany, ibid.,
1927–1928, vol. 4 (1931), case No. 24, p. 44; Parounak and Bedros
Parounakian v. Turkish Government, ibid. 1929–1930, vol. 5 (1935),
.case No. 11, p. 25; Schwarzenberger, International Law, pp. 378–381
ÐÕÎ-ÐÔÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀººŭơ ǞººƳǂŭơ Schwarzenberger (ÎÔ)
.ÒÖÒ-ÒÖÏȁ
ǾƫƘnjǻƗ ȅǀdzơ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ ĺǂǣ ƣȂǼŪ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ džǴů ǁƾǏƗ (ÎÕ)
ÎÖ ƹǁƚºŭơ (Ò-.ƛ.ƽ) ÏÏÑÕ ƢºǿǁơǂǬƥ ÎÖÓÔ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ
ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ ƣȂǼƳ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǸǼȈƥ śȈƦȈǷƢǼǴdz ƨȇȂǿȁ ǂǨLJ ǪƟƢƯȁ ÎÖÓÔ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ
Engers, "The United Nations travel and ) ǂºǜǻơ) .ƢȈƦȈǷƢǻ DzƬŢ DZơDŽƫ ȏ
ǹƗ ȃƗǁ ƾºǫ džºǴĐơ ǹƗ ǮNj ȏȁ .(identity document for Namibians”
ȏ ƤºƫƢǰdzơ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƨȇƢǸūơ ǪƷ ǺǷ ǝȂǻ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ǽǀǿ ǁơƾǏƛ
Daillier and Pellet, ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .ƨȇƢǸūơ ǽǀǿ ƢȀȈǧ ƪƸǼĄǷ ƨdzƢƷ ȅƘƥ Ǿdz ǶǴǟ
.Droit international public, pp. 612–613, para. 394
.ÒÖÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Schwarzenberger (ÎÖ)
Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the (ÏÍ)
.United Nations, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 174
ňƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ
ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ DzǬǻȁ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǪƷ ǒȇȂǨƫ
ǎƼnjºdzơ DzºǬǼȇ ƧŚºƻȋơ ƨdzƢūơ Ŀȁ .ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ řǗơȂǷ
ńƛ ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǻºǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ǾƬƦdzƢǘǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ ǁȁǂǔŭơ
.Ƣēơƿ ƨdzȁƾdzơ řǗơȂǷ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ȁƗ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj
śLjºǸŬơȁ ƨºǠƥơǂdzơ Ƣºēǁȁƽ Ŀ ǹƢǠǷƜƥ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ʃǂǜǻ -Ò
ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ŀ (ÎÍ)ÏÍÍÏ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƧƽȂǬǠŭơ
ȁƗ ǽǂȇƾºƫ ǶȈǴǫƛ ǍƢƼNjƗ ƨȇƢŧ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǺǸǔƬƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈdzƢūơ
ǭƢǼǿ Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ .ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ǾǴƬŢ ȁƗ ǾȈǴǟ ǂǘȈLjƫ
ǹƛ ƮºȈƷ ȅǂǰLjǠdzơ DZȐƬƷȏơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ Ǫūơ ơǀǿ Ʊơǁƽȍ ƾȈȇƘƫ
ȄºǴǟȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ňƢLjǻȍơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǍƢǐƬƻơ ǺǸǓ Dzƻƾȇ Ǯdzƿ
ƨºȇƢŧ ǹƘnjºƥ ÎÖÑÖ ǵƢǠdz ǦȈǼƳ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ǍȂǐŬơ ǾƳȁ
ǮǴƬdz ĿƢǓȍơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơȁ ƣǂūơ ƪǫȁ Ŀ śȈǻƾŭơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ
ƨƸǴLjŭơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƢȇƢƸǓ ƨȇƢǸŞ ǪǴǠƬŭơȁ ÎÖÔÔ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ƾºȈȇƘƬdzơ ǒǠƥ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟȁ .(ÎÎ)ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ Śǣ
ǍƢƼºNjȌdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ŀ ǂǜǼǴdz ƨǼƴǴdzơ Dzƻơƽ
ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƔƢǔǟƗ ƨȈƦdzƢǣ ǹƢǯ ǾȈǴǟ ǂǘȈLjƫ ȁƗ ǽǂȇƾƫ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ śǸȈǬŭơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ƨȈǔǬdzơ DZȁƢǼƫ Dzǔǧȋơ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ ǾǻƗ" ǹȁǂȇ
.(ÎÏ)"ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ
śǸȈǬŭơ ǍƢƼNjȌdz ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƪLjȈdzȁ -Ó
ǶȈǴǫȍơ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧƽƢȈLjdzơ DžǁƢŤ ȏ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȇƢǸū Ǟǔź ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ
Ŀ ǹȂǸȈǬŭơ ǍƢƼNjȋƢǧ .Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƨǬƥƢLJ ƢŮ džȈdz ƨdzƘLjǷ
ƨǠǓƢƻ ǶȈdzƢǫƗ ȁƗ (ÎÑ)ƣơƾƬǻȐdz ƨǠǓƢƻ ǹơƾǴƥ ȁƗ (ÎÐ)"ƩƢȈǸŰ"
ƢȀƬȇƢǸŞ ƧǁơƽȍƢƥ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶȀǴǸnjƫ ƢǷ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗ (ÎÒ)ƨȇƢǏȂǴdz
__________
ÒÕ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÏ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÍ)
.ÎÐÓ-ÎÐÐ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ
ǶƟƢºǬdzơ ƣǁƢºƄơ ǥǂºǘdzơ ǹƘºƥ DzƟƢǬdzơ ȅƗǂǴdz ƨȈƴƷ ǭƢǼǿ (ÎÎ)
ƨȈǔǫ :DzƬƄơ ǶȈǴǫȍơ řǗơȂŭ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƶǼŠ ƢƆǷDŽǴǷ džȈdz DZȐƬƷȏƢƥ
Compensation (Germany) Case (1959), :(ÎÖÒÖ) (ƢºȈǻƢŭƗ) ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
:(ÎÖÔÍ) ȆǯƢǧȂǴLjºdzơ řǗȂºdzơ ǃƢƴƬƷȏơ ƨȈǔǫȁ žILR, vol. 28, p. 648
.Slovak National Internment Case (1970), ibid., vol. 70, p. 691
ÓÍ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÏ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÏ)
.ÎÑÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
Jennings and Watts, Oppenheim’s International Law, pp. (ÎÐ)
.(ÏÔÍ Ǎ ƢǸȈLJ ȏ) 266–274
.ÐÍÍ-ÏÖÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÑ)
.ÐÎÕ-ÐÎÓ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÒ)
ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǪƷ ǒȇȂǨƫ śƥ ƶǓơȁ ǩǂǧ ǭƢǼǿ -Ô
ƨºǟȂǸů ȁƗ) ƨºdzȁƽ ǑȂǨƫ ńȁȋơ ƨdzƢūơ ȆǨǧ .ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ DzǬǻȁ
ƾºƷƗ Ǻºǟ ƨƥƢȈǼdzƢƥ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƨLJǁƢŲ Ŀ ƢȀǬƷ (DZȁƽ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƮºȈƷ ƪƻǂƬLJƢǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ ƱÕ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƵǂƬǬŭơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
Ǯdzƿȁ (ÏÖ)"ƨȇƢǸūơ ǽǀǿ ƨdzƢǨǰdz" ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ ƔơǂƳƛ ƤǴǘƫ
ǾºǻƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠǴdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǞǷ ǪǨƬȇ
ȃǂƳ ƢǷ ơƿƛ ȁƗ śƬdzȁƽ śƥ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ƪǠǘǫ ƢǷ ơƿƛ
ƧƾǧȂŭơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǃȂŸ" ǾǻƜǧ ƨƬǫƚǷ ȁƗ ƨǸƟơƽ ƨǨǐƥ ƢǷ ƨưǠƥ ƔƢǟƾƬLJơ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ȃƾdz ƨdzȂƦǬǷ ƨưdzƢƯ ƨdzȁƽ ńƛ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǁ ... ƨȇƢǸŞ ƾȀǠƫ ǹƗ
.(ÐÍ)"ƨǴƦǬƬLjŭơ
ǒȇȂºǨƫ ǝȂºǓȂǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǷƢǟ ƾǟơȂǫ ǭƢǼǿ ƪLjȈdzȁ -Ö
ƨºǫȐǠdzơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ȄǴǟ ƔȆNj Dzǯ ǦǫȂƬȇ ƿƛ .ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
ƢȀȈdzƛ ǑȂǨŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơȁ ƨǓȂǨŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ śƥ ƨȈLjLJƚŭơ ȁƗ ƨȇƾǿƢǠƬdzơ
.ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢȇƢǸūƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƢǿƾǓ ǵƾǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơȁ
ơǀºǿ Ŀ ƧƽȁƾºƄơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŠ ƢƆǻȁǂǬǷ DzǷƢǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǯƚȇȁ
.ǺȇȁƾƬǴdz ƾǠƥ ơƆDŽǿƢƳ džȈdz ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ǝȂǓȂŭơ
ǺºǷ ƨȈºLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƨȇƢǸŞ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ DzǬǻ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƘnjǼƫ ƾǫȁ -ÎÍ
ƢƆǟȂȈNj ƢǿǂưǯƗ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ ƨǨǴƬű ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ǂƻƕ ńƛ ǎƼNj
.śǷƘºƬdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ DZȂǴūơȁ Ǫūơ ƨdzơȂƷȁ ƧƢǧȂdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨǧȐŬơ
Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂºdzơ ƨȈLjºǼŪơ ǁơǂǸƬLJơ ƧƾǟƢǫ ǪƦǘǼƫ ƩȏƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ
ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƪǷơƽ ƢǷ ǾǻƗ ǽƢǼǠǷ Ǯdzƿȁ .(ÐÎ)ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǺǷ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ
ǝȂǫȁ ƪǫȁ ǀǼǷ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ řǗơȂǷ ƾƷƗ ƧǂǸƬLjǷ ƨǨǐƥ ǎţ
ȄǴǟ ǂƯƚȇ Ǻdz ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ŚȈǤƫ ǹƜǧ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ʼnƾǬƫ ŕƷ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǹƜǧ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ .ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƨLJǁƢŲ Ŀ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǪƷ
:ǒǧǂƫ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ
ǺǗơȂǷ Śǣ ńƛ ǺǗơȂǷ ǺǷ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƪǴǬǻ ƢǷ ơƿƛ (Ɨ)
Ǻǟ "ƨȈLjǼŪơ" ƪǠǧǁ ơƿƛ ȅƗ ƨƳǂūơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ DZȐƻ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz
ž(ÐÏ)ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ
__________
ÏÕÑȁ ÏÕÎ-ÏÕÍ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀº ºŭơ ǞººƳǂŭơ Stein ǂº ºǜǻơ (ÏÖ)
Borchard, The Diplomatic Protection of Citizens ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .ÏÕÔȁ
.Abroad or the Law of International Claims, p. 472
.ÑÓ ƧƽƢŭơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ ž(Ʊ)ÑÒ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÐÍ)
žÒÎÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀººŭơ ǞººƳǂŭơ Jennings and Watts (ÐÎ)
žBrownlie, Principles of Public International Law, pp. 461–463ȁ
ƾȀǠǷ ǁơǂǫ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .O’Connell, International Law, pp. 1049–1051ȁ
Annuaire de ȂºLJǁơȁ Ŀ ÎÖÓÒ ǵƢºǟ Ǿƫǁȁƽ Ŀ ƾǸƬǠŭơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǁơǂǬdzơ ǺǷ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ .l’Institut de Droit International, vol. II p. 269
ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨǨǐdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǎƼnjƥ Ǫū
ƽǂºǨdzơ ǥȐş ǎƼNj ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ǺǷ ƾȈǨƬLjŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ"
ǹƗ ƨºƦdzƢǘŭơ ƢŮ ƪǷƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǃȂŸ Ȑ Ɔ ǏƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ǾȈǴǟ Ǟǫȁ ȅǀdzơ
ǀºƼƬƫ Ń ƢºǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǂǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǵƢǷƗ Ƣđ ƵȂǸLjǷ Śǣȁ ƢȀǔǧǂƫ
ƺȇǁƢºƫ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƔơȂLJ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨǨǐdzơ
."ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ʼnƾǬƫ
.ÓÐÔ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Borchard (ÐÏ)
56
Ŀ Ǫºūơ Ņȁƽ ǩƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ǑȂǨƫ ǹƗ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǃȂŸȁ -Õ
ơǀºǿ ǵơǂƥƛ ǃȂŸȁ .(ÏÎ)ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƾdz ƱǁƢŬơ Ŀ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷ ƨȇƢŧ
œǼºƳƗ ƾǴƥ Ŀ ȆLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ DzȈưŤ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ
ƨǠǓƢƻ ƢǷ ƨdzȁƽ ǹȂǰƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ȁƗ ž(ÏÏ)ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷ ǺǷ Śưǯ ǾȈǧ ǶȈǬȇ
ǝȏƾǻơ ƣƢǬǟƗ Ŀ ȁƗ ž(ÏÐ)ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ "ƨȇƢǸūơ" ǵƢǜǼdz
ƨºdzȁƽ Ŀ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷ ƨȇƢǸŞ ƧƽƢǟ ƨƥǁƢŰ ƨdzȁƽ ƾȀǠƬǧ DZƢƬǫ DZƢǸǟƗ
ǒȇȂǨƬdzơ ơǀŮ ǥȁǂǠǷ DZƢưǷ DzǔǧƗȁ .(ÏÑ)ƧƾȇƢŰ ƨdzȁƽ ńƛ ȁƾǠdzơ
Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ ǺǰŻ ǂǓƢūơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ Ǫū
(ƪƻǂƬºLJƢǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ) ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ ƱÕ ƧƽƢŭơ
:ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ Ŗdzơ
Ŗdzơ ȂǔǠdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ƮdzƢƯ ƾǴƥ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƽƢŢȏơ Ŀ ǺǗơȂǷ Dzǰdz ǪŹ
ȁƗ ƨȈºLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjºdzơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ǞƬǸƬȇ ǹƗ Ǿȇƾdz DzȈưŤ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǁ ǺǷ Ȃǿ
.ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ƢȇƢǟǁ ȄǴǟ ƨǬƦǘŭơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ džǨǼƥ Ȃǔǟ ƨdzȁƽ ȅȋ ƨȈǴǐǼǬdzơ
ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ƔơǂƳƛ Ŀ ƗƾƦƫȁ ƢȀǼȈƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ Ǟǔƫȁ
.(ÏÒ)ƨȇƢǸūơ ǽǀǿ ƨdzƢǨǰdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƫ ȅƗ ȁƗ Ƕǰūơ ơǀǿ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƢƆƸǓơȁ džȈdzȁ
Ŀ ƶǴǘǐŭơ ơǀǿ ǵȂȀǨŠ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƨȇƢŧ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ ǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿ
ƢȀǬƷ ǶǰŞ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǽǀƼƬƫ ƔơǂƳƛ ŘǠŠ ȅƗ ƨȈdzƢūơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ
ǝȁǂnjºǷ Śǣ DzǠǧ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƢŮ ǺǗơȂǷ ȄǴǟ Ǟǫȁ ǁǂǓ Ǻǟ ƞNjƢǼdzơ
ŘºǠŠ ǖºǬǧ ȆǴǐǼǫ ƔơǂƳƛ ȁƗ (ÏÓ)ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ Ǿƥ ƪǷƢǫ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ
ǾǻƜǧ DZƢƷ ȅƗ ȄǴǟȁ .(ÏÔ)ƧƾNj Ŀ ǺǗơȂŭ ƨǷƾǬǷ ƨȇǁȂǧ ƧƾǟƢLjǷ
ƨºLJǁƢŲ ȄǴǟ ǪǧơȂƫ Ń Ŗdzơ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹƘƥ ƔƢŹȍơ ƤǠǐdzơ ǺǷ
ǺºǷ džȈdz ǁȁǂǔǷ ǎƼnjdz ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸƸǴdz ƨȈƥȁǁȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ǪŞ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢƥ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƢȀǷơDŽdzƛ ǺǰŻ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǁ
ƨºȇƢǸūơ ǾºȈǴǟ džLJƚƫ ƢǸǧ .ƢǿƢȇƢǟǁ Śǣ ǺǷ ǎƼNj ƨȇƢŧ Ŀ
ƨºȈǷƢūơ ƨºdzȁƾdzơ śƥ ƨȈLjǼŪơ ǕƢƥǁ Ȃǿ ƨȇƢȀǼdzơ Ŀ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ Śǣ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǬǧơȂǷ ƧǁȁǂǓ ƪƸǓȁƗ ƾǫȁ .(ÏÕ)ƽǂǨdzơȁ
__________
.ÖÐÓ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Jennings and Watts (ÏÎ)
ƨºȈƥǂǤdzơ ơȂǷƢºLJ řǗơȂǷ ƨȇƢŧ ƨdzƢŞ Oppenheim ƾȀnjƬLjȇ (ÏÏ)
.(Ï ƨȈNjƢūơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ÎÖÓÏ ǵƢǠdz ƨǫơƾǏ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƤƳȂŠ
.ǽȐǟƗ ÎÓȁ ÎÐ śƬȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÐ)
.De Lupis, The Law of War, p. 323 ǂǜǻơ (ÏÑ)
ƧƾǿƢǠǸǴdz ƧƾƷȂŭơ ƨƼLjǼdzơ ǺǷ ÏÍ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ǎǼdzơ ơǀǿ ƾƳȂȇ (ÏÒ)
Ƕǰūơ ơǀđ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǵȂǸǠdzơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ .ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨƠnjǼŭơ
Stein, “Interim report on ‘diplomatic protection under the European
.Union treaty’ ”, pp. 277 et seq.
ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǺǷ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÓ)
(ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÏ ƨȈdzȂƷ) ƨƬǫƚǷ ƨǨǐƥ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƢēƾǸƬǟơ Ŗdzơ
.(ÏÕÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÔÕ Ǎ
.ÏÕÖȁ ÏÔÕ Ǎ ƢǸȈLJ ȏ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Stein ǂǜǻơ (ÏÔ)
ÏÓ ƨȈNjƢūơ) ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƢēƾǸƬǟơ Ŗdzơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǺǷ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÕ)
Panevezys-Saldutiskis Railway, Judgment, 1939, P.C.I.J., ȁ ž(ǽȐºǟƗ
.Series A/B, No. 76, p. 16
57 ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
ƩȏƢºƷ Ŀȁ .(ÐÔ)ǺǷƚŭơ ǺǷ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǐƷ ƾǫ ǵơƽ ƢǷ
ƨȈLjºǼŪơ ƨȇǁơǂǸƬºLJơ ƗƾºƦǷ Ȅǟơǂȇ ȏ śǷƘƬǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ DZȂǴūơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ řǗơȂǷ ǺǷ ǾȈǴǟ ǺǷƚŭơȁ ǺǷƚŭơ ǺǷ Dzǯ ǹȂǰȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ȏƛ
Ǻºǟ ƨƥƢȈǻ DzƻƾƬƫ ǹƗ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǞȈǘƬLjƫ ȏȁ .(ÐÕ)ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ
.(ÐÖ)ƢºȀȈǼǗơȂǷ ǺǷ ǾȈǴǟ ǺǷƚŭơ ǹƢǯ Ȃdz ŕƷ śǼǷƚǷ ƤǻƢƳƗ
ƨǯǂNj Ǻǟ ƨƥƢȈǻ ƨƦdzƢǘŠ ǵƾǬƬƫ ǹƗ ƨdzȁƾdz ǃȂŸ ȏ džǰǠdzơ ȄǴǟȁ
ƨºƦdzƢǘŭơ ǹȋ ƨºȈƦǼƳƗ ǭȐǷƗ ȄǴǟ ƪǼǷƗ ƢȀƬȈLjǼƳ DzǸŢ śǷƘƫ
.ǁǂǔºdzơ ǝȂºǫȁ ƪǫȁ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷ ǺǷ ƆƢǼǗơȂǷ ǎţ Ǻºǰƫ Ń
śǼǷƚºŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ƢȀȈǧ ƪǴƦǫ ƢȇƢǔǫ Ǟǔƥ ƽȂƳȁ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ
ȄºǴǟ Ļ ƾǫ ǾǻƗ ȁƾƦȇ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ ȏƛ (ÑÍ)ƨȈƦǼƳƗ ǭȐǷƗ ǍȂǐş
ƾºǠƫ ȏ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƜǧ DZƢƷ ȅƗ ȄǴǟȁ .ǥƢǐǻȍơ DžƢLJƗ
ƮȈŞ ƨȈLjǼŪơ ƨȇǁơǂǸƬLJơ ƧƾǟƢǫ ǺǷ ƔƢǼưƬLJȏơ ȄǴǟ ƆƢȈǧƢǯ ƆȐȈdzƽ
.ƨȈƟƢǼưƬLJơ ƧƾǟƢǫ Dzǰnjƫ
ƨȈLjºǼŪơ ƨȇǁơǂǸƬLJơ ƧƾǟƢǬdz Ǟǔź ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ DzǬǻ ǹƢǯ Ƣŭȁ -ÎÐ
.ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀŮ śǼǬƬdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽǷ Ŀ ǂǜǼǴdz Ľ ǺǷ ƨƳƢƷ Ȑǧ
__________
.Whiteman, Damages in International Law, p. 1320 ǂǜǻơ (ÐÔ)
The Home Insurance Company (U.S.A.) v. United (ÐÕ)
ǾǻƗ ȏƛ .Mexican States, UNRIAA, vol. IV (Sales No. 1951.V.1), p. 48
ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǂǗƢű DzǸƸƬȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ Ǿȇƾdz ǺǷƚŭơ ǹƘƥ DzƟƢǬdzơ ȅƗǂǴdz ƾǼLJ ƾƳȂȇ
The Eagle Star and British :ƨºȇƢǸūơ ǪƸƬLjºȇ ȏ Ľ ǺºǷȁ ƨǠǫȂƬŭơ
Dominions Insurance Company (Limited) and Excess Insurance
Company (Limited) ((Great Britain) v. United Mexican States) (1931),
.ibid., vol. V (Sales No. 1952.V.3), p. 142
Hackworth, ȁ žÎÍÒÎ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ O’Connell ǂǜǻơ (ÐÖ)
.Digest of International Law, vol. V, p. 810
Caldera, Circassian and :ǺǨLjºdzƢƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǂǜǻơ (ÑÍ)
.Mechanic described in Whiteman, Damages …, pp. 1320–1328
ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ
ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƢǿǂǧȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
ǎǻ ƽȂƳȁ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƢŠǁ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .ƨȇǁȁǂǓ
śºƥ ƨºǫȐǠdzơ ƨǧǂǠǷ ŘLjƬȇ Ȇǰdz ÏÒ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƵǂƬǬŭơ Ǯdzƿ DzưǷ
.ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƢǿǂǧȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
Ǟƥơǂdzơ ƔDŽŪơ"
ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƢǿǂǧȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ"
ÏÐ ƧƽƢŭơ"
Ŀ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǪŞ ƢƆLJƢLjǷ ƽơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ Dzǰnjƫ ȏ"
DzǠǧ Ǻǟ ƲƫƢǻ ǁǂǓ ǾȈǴǟ Ǟǫȁ DzȈǯȂƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƨLJǁƢŲ
.ƢǷ ƨdzȁƽ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ
ǺǗơȂºǷ ńƛ ǺǗơȂŭơ Śǣ ǺǷ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ DzǬǼƫ Ń ơƿƛ (ƣ)
ƪȈǨǓƗ ƢǷ ơƿƛ ȅƗ ž(ÐÐ)ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȁ ƪǫȁ ƾǠƥ ȏƛ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz
.ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ȄǴǟ "ƨȈLjǼŪơ"
ǎƼnjºdzơ ĿȂƫ ơƿƛ ǾǻƘƥ DzƟƢǬdzơ ƵơǂƬǫȐdz ǥƢǯ ƾǼLJ ƨťȁ -ÎÎ
ƨºǠƥƢƬǷ ǺºǰŻ Ȑǧ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ǾǼǟ ƨƥƢȈǼdzƢƥ ǵƾǬƫ ȅǀdzơ
ƨȈǏȂƥ Ǿdz ȄǏȂŭơ ȁƗ Ǿưȇǁȁ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ȏƛ ǶȈǴLjdzơ DzǰnjdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ
DZǃƢǼƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƗƾƦŭơ džǨǻ ƤƸLjǼȇȁ .(ÐÑ)ľȂƬŭơ ƨȈLjǼƳ džǨǻ DzǸŹ
:ȆǴǻȁơǂƥ ǾdzȂǬȇ Ƣŭ ƢǬƦǘǧ .(ÐÒ)ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ Ǻǟ
Śºǣ ǺǷ ǎƼNj ńƛ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ Ǻǟ DZǃƢǼƬdzơ Ļ ǹƗ ƨũƢūơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƭƾƷ ơƿƛ
.ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ǒǧǂƫ ǹƗ śǠƬȇ DZǃƢǼƬdzƢƥ ǎƼnjdzơ ơǀǿ ǵƢǫ ȁƗ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ řǗơȂǷ
.(ÐÓ)ƨȇǁơǂǸƬLJȏơ ƗƾƦǷ Ȇǟȁǁ ơƿƛ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ȄǴǟ ŚƯƘƫ Ǿdz ǹȂǰȇ ȏ DZǃƢǼƬdzơ ǹƗ ȏƛ
ńȂºƬȇ ǹƗ ǺǷƚǸǴdz ƶȈƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈdzȉơ Ȃǿ DZȂǴūơȁ -ÎÏ
ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨƦdzƢǘŠ ǵƾǬƬȇȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǺǷƚŭơ ǩȂǬƷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
DzºŰ DzŹ ǾǻƜǧ ǾȈǴǟ ǺǷƚǸǴdz ǺǷƚŭơ Ǟǧƾȇ ǹƗ ƢǷȁ .Ǿƥ Ǫū ȅǀdzơ
ǹƗ ǾȈǴǟ ǺǷƚǸǴdz ǪŹ ȏȁ .ȐƆ ǏƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ǾȈǴǟ Ǟǫȁ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ
ǾLjºǨǻ Ǻºǟ ƨdzƢǏȋƢƥ Ǿƥ Ǫū ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ǵƾǬȇ
__________
.Dobozy claim, ILR, vol. 26 (1958–II), p. 345 (ÐÐ)
Stevenson case (1903), UNRIAA, vol. IX (Sales No. (ÐÑ)
1959.V.5), p. 385; Gleadell claim (1929), ibid., vol. V (Sales No.
1952.V.3), p. 44; Flack claim, ibid., p. 61; Eschauzier claim (1931), ibid.,
p. 207; Kren claim (1951–1954), ILR, vol. 20, p. 233; Perle claim (1951–
1954), ibid., vol. 21, p. 161; Bogovic claim, ibid., p. 156; Hanover Bank
claim (1957), ibid., vol. 26 (1958–II), p. 334; Friede claim (1956), ibid.,
.p. 352; Ruchwarger claim (1959), ibid., vol. 30, p. 215
Dobozy claim, ILR, ž(ǽȐǟƗ ÐÑ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) Perle ƨƦdzƢǘǷ (ÐÒ)
vol. 26 (1958–II), p. 345; First National City Bank of New York claim
.(1957), ibid., p. 323; Batavian National Bank claim, ibid., p. 346
.ÑÓÏ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÓ)
ƨǷƾǬǷ -ǦdzƗ
ƨºȈǷȂǰƷ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƢȀǴǨǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ śƥ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ƪƷǂǗ -ÎÑ
(ƨȈǨȈǛȁ ƨȇƢŧ ƢĔƘƥ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗ ǦǏȂƫȁ) ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǽǀǿ Ǻǟ DzȈǯȂdz ƨȈdzȁƽ
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼǷ Ŀ Ƨƾǟ ƩƢƦLJƢǼǷ Ŀ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơȁ
ǹȉơ ƢȀºƬŪƢǠǷ śǠƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơȁ .ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǝȂǓȂŠ
ƽơȂºŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjºǷ Ŀ ƢŮȁƢǼƫ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ Ȇǿ
ƨȈǨȈǯ ȅƘƦǧ Ǯdzǀǯ ǂǷȋơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƨºƷǂƬǬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ǽƢǻƽƗ ƽǂȇȁ .ȃƾǷ ȅƗ ńƛȁ ƢŮȁƢǼƫ ȅǂŸ
DzƟƢLjºŭơ ǞºȈŦ ȄǘǤƫ ǹȋ ȄǠLjƫ Ȇǿȁ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ǂǜǼƫ Ȇǰdz
Ǖȁǂnjºdzơ ǹƗ ƶȈƸǐºdzơ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫȁ .ƨǫȐǠdzơ ǽǀǿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ
Śºǣ ÏÑȁ ÏÐ śƫƽƢŭơ ȆǟȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ƵǂƬǬŭơ ǝȂǼdzơ ǺǷ ƨȈǗȂƸƬdzơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Ŀ ǾºƫƢƦƳơȂdz ǾƟơƽƗ ȃƾdz ǁǂǓ ǾȈǴǟ Ǟǫȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz DzȈǸǟ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ [Ǿǻƛ]
ƧǁƾºǬdzơ ƢŮ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǹƜǧ Ȃǔǟ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƩȂǘǻơ ǥȁǂǛ
ǶºǰŞ ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƾǓ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ ƨǸǜǼǸǯ
ǁǂǔºdzƢƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƤLJƢǼŭơ ǁǂǔdzơ ŐƳ ǥƾđ ǞǫơȂdzơ ǶǰŞ ȁƗ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǍƢƼºNjȋơ ȁƗ ǾºȈǴǟ ŘºĐơ ȄǴǟ .. [ȁ] ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ȄǴǟ Ǟǫȁ ȅǀdzơ
.(ÑÑ)ǾǬȇǂǗ Ǻǟ śǬƸƬLjŭơ
Ƣºǿǁơǂǫ Ŀ ȃȂºƬǨdzơ ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ƩƾǸƬǟơ ƾǫȁ -ÎÓ
ƢȀƬǠƦƫȁ ÎÖÑÖ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Î ƹǁƚŭơ (Ñ-ƽ)ÐÓÒ
ƨºdzȏƾdzơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ (ÑÒ)ȃǂƻƗ ȃȁƢƬǧ Ŀ ƨǸǰƄơ
Ŀ ƨºȇǁơƽȍơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƢȀƬǠƦƫ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ǖǬǧ ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƨȈǼǸǔdzơ
DZƾƫȁ .(ÑÓ)(Î Ƕǫǁ) ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DzǸǠdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƾǓ ȁƽơǁȂƳ ƨȈǔǫ
ƢȀƟȐǯȂƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƾȈǯƘƫ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ
DZȂƦǫ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǔȇƗ DZȁƾdzơ Ƙǘƻ ƔơǂƳ ǺǷ ǁǂǔdzơ Ƕđ Ǫū Ǻȇǀdzơ
.(ÑÔ)ƨǸǰƄơ ȃȂƬǧ
__________
.ÎÕÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÑ)
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÏÏ ǝǂǨdzơ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǩƢƦǘǻƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ȃȂƬǨdzơ (ÑÒ)
Applicability of Article VI, Section :ƢēƢǻƢǐƷȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩơǃƢȈƬǷơ
22, of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United
ȃȂƬǨdzơ žNations, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1989, pp. 195–196
ǺǷ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ ƨǼƴǴdz ǍƢƻ ǁǂǬǷ ȅƗ ƨǻƢǐŞ DzǐƬŭơ ǥȐŬƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
Difference Relating to Immunity from Legal :ƨºȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩơƔơǂºƳȍơ
Process of a Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights,
1999 I. C. J. Reports, p. 62 Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1999
.ÓÑȁ ÓÐ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ ÕÕ Ǎȁ ÒÎȁ ÒÍ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ ÕÒȁ ÕÑ Ǎ ƨǏƢƻȁ
.ILR, vol. 40 (1970), pp. 296 and 301 (ÑÓ)
ƔƢǼƯƗ ǞǬƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ǂȇǁƢǬƫ ǂǜǻơ (ÑÔ)
DŽǯǂǷ Ǻǟȁ ž(ÎÖÒÍ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ Ò A/1347) ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ȃƾdz ƨǷƾŬơ
A/1851) ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ȃƾdz ƨǷƾŬơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǞǬƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ
ǂºǜǻơȁ ž(ÎÖÒÏ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÎÏ A/2180ȁ žÎÖÒÎ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ ÎÍ
Î Ƕºǫǁ ǪºƸǴŭơ ƨLjºǷƢŬơ Ƨǁȁƾºdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ
žÎÏÒȁ ÎÏÑ Ǎ ƨǸǜǼŭơ DZƢǸǟƗ Ǻǟ ȅȂǼLjdzơ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ǂȇǂǬƫ (A/1287)
ǞºƳǂŭơȁ žÎÕÖȁ ÎÕÕ Ǎ (A/1844) ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơȁ
Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơȁ žÎÓÎȁ ÎÓÍ Ǎ (A/2141) ƨǠƥƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǾLjǨǻ
ƨǠºLJƢƬdzơ Ƨǁȁƾºdzơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơȁ žÎÑÒȁ ÎÑÑ Ǎ (A/2404) ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
(A/2911) ƧǂºNjƢǠdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơȁ žÎÍÏȁ ÎÍÎ Ǎ (A/2663)
:Add.1-2ȁ A/CN.4/L.118 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÎÖÓÔ ƨȈdzȂƷȁ žÎÍÖ Ǎ
ƨºǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁ ƨǐǐƼƬŭơ ƩȏƢǯȂdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ"
ƨºǻƢǷȋơ ƢēƾºǟƗ ƨºLJơǁƽ :ƢēƢǻƢǐƷȁ ƢēơǃƢȈƬǷơȁ ƢǿDŽǯǂŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȇǁǀdzơ
Seyersted, “United Nations žȅDŽȈǴǰǻȍơ ǎǼdzơ ǺǷ ÏÎÖȁ ÏÎÕ Ǎ "ƨǷƢǠdzơ
forces: some legal problems”, pp. 424–426; Bowett, United Nations
Forces, p. 243; annual reports of the Director of UNRWA: 1 July 1955–
30 June 1956 (A/3212), annex G, para. 17; 1 July 1956–30 June 1957
(A/3686), annex H, para. 8; 1 July 1957–30 June 1958 (A/3931), annex
žH, para. 5; 1 July 1958–30 June 1959 (A/4213), annex H, para. 7
ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǁơǂºǬdzơ ǝȁǂnjǷȁ žÓÒÒ-ÓÒÑ Ǎ ǁȂºǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Brownlieȁ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
58
ÏÑ ƧƽƢŭơ"
ƨºLJǁƢŲ Ŀ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǪŞ ƢƆLJƢLjǷ ƽơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ Dzǰnjƫ ȏ"
.ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƾǓ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
ÏÒ ƧƽƢŭơ"
ƨºLJǁƢŲ Ŀ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǪŞ ƢƆLJƢLjǷ ƽơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ Dzǰnjƫ ȏ"
ƢƆǔȇƗ ŐƬǠȇ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷ ǺǷ ǺǗơȂŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
ƧǁƽƢǫ Śǣ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹȂǰƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ] ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ Ȉǯȁ
ơǀºđ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭ ƧƾǠƬLjǷ Śǣ ȁƗ
."[ǎƼnjdzơ
ÏÐ ƧƽƢŭơ -ƔƢƥ
Ŀ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǪŞ ƢƆLJƢLjǷ ƽơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ Dzǰnjƫ ȏ
DzǠǧ Ǻǟ ƲƫƢǻ ǁǂǓ ǾȈǴǟ Ǟǫȁ DzȈǯȂƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƨLJǁƢŲ
.ƢǷ ƨdzȁƽ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ
(ÑÎ)ǁơǂºǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨȈǔǬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ȃȂƬǨdzơ Ŀ -ÎÒ
"ƨºȈdzȁƽ ƨȈǐƼNj" ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǹƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƩƗǁ
ƢºŮ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƘƥ ƧǂȇƾƳȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƨǠǓƢƻ ƢĔƗ" řǠȇ ƢŲ
Ǻǟ ƢȀǫȂǬƷ ȄǴǟ ǙƢǨūơ ƨǘǴLJ ƢȀȇƾdzȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢƦƳơȁȁ ǩȂǬƷ
:ǾǻƗ ńƛ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǐǴƻ ƾǫȁ .(ÑÏ)"ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŠ ǵƾǬƬdzơ ǪȇǂǗ
ǹƘƥ ǂǠnjȇ ǹƗ ƾƥ Ȑǧ ǑƉ ǂǷ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ǾƫƢƦƳơȁ DzȈǯȂdzơ ȅƽƚȇ Ȇǰdz
ƨºȇƢǤǴdz ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǷȁ .ƢȀȈǴǟ DZȂǠȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ǾǻƗȁ ǾƬȇƢŧ ǺǸǔƫ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ǹƗ ƢȀºǴǸǟ Ŀ Ƣºēơƿ ƨǸǜǼŭơ DZȐǬƬLJơ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ DzȈǸǠdzơ DZȐǬƬLJơ ǹƢǸǔdz
ƨȇƢŧ Śǣ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȇƢŧ ȅƗ ȄǴǟ ǾƫƢƦƳơȂdz ǾƟơƽƗ Ŀ DZȂǠȇ ǹȋ DzȈǸǠdzơ ƱƢƬŹ ȏ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ŐǯƗ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ƨƦƳơȂdzơ ƨǠȇǂLjdzơȁ ƧǂNjƢƦŭơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ơƾǟ ƢǷ) ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ǹƗ ǎºƻȋơ ȄǴǟ Ǿdz ȆǤƦǼȇ ȏȁ .(DZƢūơ ƨǠȈƦǘƥ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Dzƻơƽ ƾƳȂȇ Ŗdzơ
ǮǴƫ ƨȇƢŧ ȄǴǟ DZȂǠȈLJ ǹƢǯ ơƿƜǧ .ƢȀȈdzƛ ȆǸƬǼȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ȄǴǟ DZȂǠȇ
ǺǷ ÎÍÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǞǷ ǑǁƢǠƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǂǷȋơ ǾdzȐǬƬLJƢƥ Ǯdzƿ džŻ ƾǬǧ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ńƛ ȆºǸƬǼȇ DzȈǸǠdzơ ǹƢǯ ƔơȂLJ - ƨȇƢǤǴdz ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ǾǻƜǧ ơƆŚƻƗȁ .ǩƢưȈŭơ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƧƢȈūơ ƩơƾȈǬǠƬƥ ơƆǂƯƘƫ DzǫƗ ȁƗ ǂưǯƗ ƨdzȁƽ ȁƗ ƨǨȈǠǓ ǵƗ ƨȇȂǫ ƨdzȁƽ
ǞƬǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ǭǁƾȇ ǹƗ - DzȈǸǠdzơ ƨǸȀǷ ǞǷ ǦǗƢǠƬƫ ȏ ȁƗ ǦǗƢǠƬƫ ƨdzȁƽ ńƛ ȁƗ
ƧǁȁǂǓ ǂưǯƗ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƛ Dzƥ .ǾƫƢƦƳơȂdz ǾƟơƽƗ ȃƾdz ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƨȇƢǸŞ
.ƨȈLjǼƳ Ȑƥ DzȈǸǠdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ Ǿdz
ǵƢºȀŭơ ƨǠȈƦǗȁ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ƨdzȂƼŭơ ǦƟƢǛȂdzơ ǎƟƢǐƻ ƮŞ ȃƾdzȁ
ƨºȇƢǸūơ ǺǷ ǁƾǫ ƨLJǁƢǸŠ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǍƢǐƬƻơ ǹƗ ƶǔƬȇ ƢȀƟȐǯȂdz ƨdzȂǯȂŭơ
.(ÑÐ)ǩƢưȈǸǴdz ƨȇǁȁǂǔdzơ ƨdzȏƾdzơ ǺǷ ǞƦǼȇ ƢȀƟȐǸǠdz ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ
:DZȂǬdzƢƥ ƢǿơȂƬǧ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǸƬƬƻơȁ
__________
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÏÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1949 (ÑÎ)
.ÎÔÖ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÏ)
.ÎÕÑȁ ÎÕÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÐ)
59 ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
ȏƆ ȁƗ ƾǨǼƬLjºȇ ǹƗ ǁǂǔºƬŭơ DzȈǯȂǴdz ȆǤƦǼȇ Dzǿ Ÿ(ÒÐ)ƢȀƟȐǯȁ ƨȇƢǸŞ
ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ǺǰŻ Dzǿ Ÿ(ÒÑ)ƨȈǴƄơ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ DzƦLJ ǞȈŦ
Ÿ(ÒÒ)ǁǂǔƬŭơ DzȈǯȂǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈLjǼŪơ ƨdzȁƽ ƾǓ
ǦºǴƬű ǂºǷƗ ƢȀƟȐǯȁ ƾƷȋ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƨȇƢŧ ǹƛ -ÎÕ
ǭƢºǼǿ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ƆȐǔǧȁ .ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ Ǻǟ ÅƆƢȇǂǿȂƳ
ǺºǷ Dzǰnjdzơ ơǀđ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈǼȈǬȈdzơ Śǣ ǁȂǷȋơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠdzơ
Ŀ ƨƸºǓơȁ ƨȈǧǂǟ ƾǟơȂǫ ȅƗ ƾȇƾŢ ƤǠǐȇ ǾǻƗ ŕƷ ƨȇƢǸūơ
ȁƾƦȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ Dzǔǧȋơ DzȈƦLjdzơȁ .ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀǿ
ȄǴǟ ƨƷơǂǏ ǎǼdzơȁ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ƽƢǠƦƬLJơ Ȃǿ
ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ƥǣǂƫ ƾǫȁ .ÏÐ ƧƽƢŭơ ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟ ȆƟƢǫȁ ǕǂNj Ŀ Ǯdzƿ
ǝȂǓȂǷ Ʊơǁƽƛ ƨǷƔȐǷ ȃƾǷ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀȇƗǁ Ǻǟ ŚƦǠƬdzơ Ŀ
ƩƢºǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŠ ǝȂºǓȂŭơ ǖƦƫǂȇ Ƨƾȇƾǟ ƤǻơȂƳ ǺǸǧ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ƨȈºLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨºȇƢǸūơ ǝȂºǓȂǷ ǕƢƦƫǁơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ
ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ DzȈdzƽ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ .DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ
.ǾǼǟ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ƨLJơǁƽ ƔơǂƳƛ ǪƸƬLjȇ
ÏÑ ƧƽƢŭơ -ǶȈƳ
ƨºȇƢǸūơ ƨºLJǁƢŲ Ŀ ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǪŞ ƽơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ Dzţ ȏ
.ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƾǓ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ ƢºǿơȂƬǧ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ DZȁƢǼƬƫ Ń -ÎÖ
ƨºȇƢǸƸǴdz ƨºdzȁƽ ƨLJǁƢŲ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ƪǻƢǯ ǹƛȁ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǁ ƾƷƗ Ǻǟ ƨƥƢȈǻ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƾǓ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
(ÒÓ)
Ritter ǁƢºNjƗ ÎÖÓÏ ǵƢǟ ȆǨǧ . ƧƢǔǬdzơ ȃƽơǂǧ DZƢǤnjǻơ DzŰ
ƩȏƢů ǺǷ ǦnjǰƬLJơ ƢǷ DzǫƗ śƥ ǺǷ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ǾƫƢƥƢƬǯ Ŀ
ńƛ Wellens ǁƢNjƗ ƨǼLJ śǠƥǁƘƥ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥȁ .(ÒÔ)Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǹƛ ƮºȈƷ ƆƢȈdzƢƷ ƨūƢǏ ƪdzơǃ ƢǷ ǂƬȇǁ ƢǿơƾƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨǜƷȐŭơ" ǹƗ
__________
žÐÍÎ Ǎ (ǽȐºǟƗ ÑÓ ƨȈºNjƢūơ) Jurado ƨȈǔºǫ ǂǜǻơ (ÒÐ)
Akehurst, The Law ȁ žÏÎÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀººŭơ ǞººƳǂŭơ Pescatoreȁ
.Governing Employment in International Organizations, pp. 99–100
Cançado Trindade, “Exhaustion of local remedies and the (ÒÑ)
law of international organizations”, pp. 82–83; Eagleton, “International
organization and the law of responsibility”, pp. 351–352; Hardy, loc.
cit., p. 526; Amerasinghe, Principles of the Institutional Law of
International Organizations, pp. 440–441, and Local Remedies in
.International Law, pp. 372–373
Ŀ DZơƚLjºdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƣƢŸȍƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƪƥƢƳƗ (ÒÒ)
Ŀ Ǻǰdz .ÎÕÓ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÏÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨȈǔǫ
.ÏÎÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ Krylov ȆǓƢǬǴdz ǦdzƢƼŭơ ȅƗǂdzơ ǂǜǻơ DzƥƢǬŭơ
(Krylov) ǥȂºǴȇǂǯ ȆºǓƢǬǴdz ǦdzƢƼŭơ ȅƗǂdzơ ƆȐưǷ ǂǜǻơ (ÒÓ)
.ÏÎÖ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÏÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ) I.C.J. Reports 1949
“La protection diplomatique à l’égard d’une organisation (ÒÔ)
.ÑÒÒȁ ÑÒÑ Ǎ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .ÑÏÔ Ǎ internationale
ƨºȇƢǸūơȁ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ śƥ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ǾƥƢnjƬdzơ ǾƳȁƗ Ƕǣǁ -ÎÔ
ƨºȇƢǸūƢǧ .ƢǸȀºǼȈƥ ƨºǷƢǿ ǺȇƢºƦƫ ǾƳȁƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǭƢǼǿ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
ƢȇƢǟǁ ƾƷƘƥ Ǫū ǁǂǓ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƢǸǔdz ƧƾǠǷ ƨȈdzƕ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
Ȃºǿ ǺǗơȂŠ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƘƥ DzƟƢǬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ ǺǷ ƢƆǫȐǘǻơ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨdzȁƽ
ƨǴȈºLJȁ ȆȀǧ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƢǷƗ .ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥ Ǫū ǁǂǓ ƨƥƢưŠ
ǵơǂƬƷơ ǹƢǸǓ ƨǘLJơȂƥ ƢȀƬǨȈǛȂdz ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƔơƽƗ ƨȈdzƢǠǧ DŽȇDŽǠƬdz
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƨºǼŪ ǺǷ Ȑ Ɔ ǯ ǽǀǿ ǺȇƢƦƬdzơ ǾƳȁƗ ƪǴǠƳ ƾǫȁ .ƢȀƟȐǯȁ
ƨºǸǜǼǷ ƨȇƢŧ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǹƗ ǹƢƴƬǼƬLjƫ (ÑÖ)ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơȁ (ÑÕ)Ņȁƾdzơ
ǞȇǁƢnjºǷ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸů Ŀ ƢȀƳơǁƽƛ ƤLJƢǼŭơ ǺǷ džȈdz ƢȀǴȈǯȂdz ƨȈdzȁƽ
ƨǬǴǠŭơ ƨǴƠLJȋơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠdzơ ǭƢǼǿȁ .ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ
Ƕºǿ ǺǷ :ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨǴƠLJȋơ ƢȀŷƗ ǹƢǯ ƢŠǁȁ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ
ƨºȇƢǸūơ ǺºǷ ƧƽƢǨƬºLJȐdz ǹȂºǴǿƚŭơ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƔȐǯȁ
Dzºǿ ŸƢȀȈǴǟ ǪƦǘǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ Ȇǿ ƢǷ Ÿ(ÒÍ)ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
ƨºȈǷȂǰūơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǞȈŦ ȄǴǟ ǵƗ ǖǬǧ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǼƫ
DZȐºƻ ǖºǬǧ ƨºǬƷȐdzơ ǁơǂºǓȋơ ȄǴǟ ȅǂLjƫ Dzǿ Ÿ(ÒÎ)ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ǵơDŽºƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ȄǴǟ ǞǬȇ Dzǿ Ÿ(ÒÏ)ƨȈũǂdzơ ǵƢȀŭƢƥ ǝȐǘǓȏơ
_________________________________________
(ǞƥƢƫ (ÑÔ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
ǶºǷȋơ ƧȂºǫ :ǖLJȁȋơ ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ ǵȐLjdzơ ǚǨū ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩơȂǫ DzȇȂǸƬƥ
(ÎÖÖÔ ǾºȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂºȇDŽƷ ÎÎ A/51/725/Add.1) ǹƢǼƦdz Ŀ ƨƬǫƚŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ÎÖÖÔ ǾºȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂºȇDŽƷ ÎÐ ÏÐÐ/ÒÎ ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ǁơǂǫ žÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ȄºǴǟ DzȈƟơǂºLJƛ ƮŢ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .Õ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
/ǹơǂºȇDŽƷ Õ ÏÏÔ/ÒÐȁ žÎÖÖÕ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÓ ÐÐÔ/ÒÏ :DZƢưƬǷȏơ
ǦºdzƗ ÎÕÍ/ÒÒȁ žÏÍÍÍ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÎÒ ÏÓÔ/ÒÑȁ žÎÖÖÖ ǾȈǻȂȇ
ǾºȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂºȇDŽƷ ÎÑ ƔƢºƥÎÕÍ/ÒÒȁ žÏÍÍÍ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÖ
ÏÎÑ/ÒÓȁ žÏÍÍÎ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÎ ǦdzƗ ÏÎÑ/ÒÓȁ žÏÍÍÎ
.ÏÍÍÐ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÎÕ ÐÏÒ/ÒÔȁ žÏÍÍÏ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÔ ƔƢƥ
ÎÏÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÒÔ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÏ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÑÕ)
.ÎÑÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÒÖ Ǎȁ
ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ƨnjºǫƢǼǷ DZȐƻ ǹȂǸǴǰƬŭơ ƵȂǓȂƥ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ǁƢNjƗ (ÑÖ)
.ÏÍÍÐȁ ÏÍÍÏ ȆǷƢǟ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǂȇǂǬƬdz ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ
ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ Azevedo ȆǓƢǬdzơ ǽơƾƥƗ ȅǀdzơ DzǬƬLjŭơ ȅƗǂdzơ ǂǜǻơ (ÒÍ)
Hardy, ȁ žÎÖÒ-ÎÖÐ Ǎ (ǽȐºǟƗ ÏÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ) ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
“Claims by international organizations in respect of injuries to their
.agents”, pp. 522–523
ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .ÓÒÒȁ ÓÒÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Brownlie (ÒÎ)
Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƢNjƢƥ ȅȁƾƥȁ Hackworth śȈǓƢǬǴdz ƨǨdzƢƼŭơ Ɣơǁȉơ
Pescatore, ȁ žŅơȂƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ÏÎÍȁ ÏÍÍ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÏÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ) ǁơǂǓȋơ
“Les relations extérieures des Communautés européennes: contribution
à la doctrine de la personnalité des organisations internationales”, pp.
218–219; and Schermers and Blokker, International Institutional Law,
.p. 1184, para. 1857
.ÒÏÐȁ ÒÏÎ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Hardy (ÒÏ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƨºǼŪ ǺºǷ Dzºǯ Ŀ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ ǺǷ śƦƬȇ ƢǷ Ǯdzƿȁ
.(ÓÎ)ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơȁ (ÓÍ)Ņȁƾdzơ
ƨºȇƢǸūơ Ŀ Ǫºūơ ǹƘnjºƥ DZȁƾdzơ DZƢǤnjǻơ džǰǠǻơ ƾǬdz -ÏÏ
ƨºƥƢȈǻ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ǵƾǬƫ ǹƘƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƶũ ƢǷ ơƿƛ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
DZơƚLjdzơ Ŀ (ÓÏ)ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ƔȐǯȁ ǶǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ DZȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ƢȇƢǟǁ Ǻǟ
ƨȈǔºǫ ǹƘnjºƥ ȃȂºƬǨdzơ ƽƾǐƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ńƛ ǾƳȂŭơ
ơƿƛ ƨºǸǰƄơ ǺǷ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ƪƦǴǗȁ .ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ǑǂǤƥ ƨdzȁƽ ƾǓ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ǵƾǬƫ ǹƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǹƢǰǷƜƥ ǾǻƗ Ʃǁǂǫ
ƾºƷƘƥ ǪºƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔǴdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ǪƸƬLjŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ
ƢǷȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ȃȂǟƽ śƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ" ƨȈǨȈǯ Ǻǟ ƢēƽƢǧƛ ƢȀƟȐǯȁ
.(ÓÐ)"ǩȂǬƷ ǺǷ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǁ ǺǷ ƨȈƸǔdzơ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ
ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ Ƣǿƽǁ DzȀƬLjǷ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƩǂǫƗȁ -ÏÐ
ƢȇƢǟǁ Śǣ ǺǷ) ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz DzȈǯȂƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ DZơƚLjdzơ
Ŀ ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǪƷ śƥ džǧƢǼƫ" ǾǼǟ ǶƴǼȇ ƾǫ (ƢȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
.(ÓÑ)"ƨºȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨºȇƢǸūơ Ŀ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǪƷȁ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
:ƨǴƟƢǫ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǧƢǓƗȁ
ǽǀºŮ ƨºȇȂdzȁȋơ ȆǘǠƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƧƾǟƢǫ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdz ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ
ƨºƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ Ǻǟ ǵƢƴƷȍƢƥ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƢǷƛ ǵDŽǴƫ ȁƗ ǮǴƫ ȁƗ ƨȇƢǸūơ
DZȂºǴƷ ńƛ ȆǠLjdzơ ǺǷ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǞǼŻ ƢƆƦƦLJ ƨǸǰƄơ ȃǂƫ ȏȁ .ƨȈdzȁƽ
ǽƢºš ƔƢǔǟȋơ ƤƳơȁ ńƛ ǽƢƦƬǻȏơ ƪǨǴƫȁ ǵƢǠdzơ džūơȁ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƢȀȈǴŻ
ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼǷ Ȃǿ ƢǸǯ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǹȂǟ ǺǷ "ǶȀǠLJȁ Ŀ ƢǷ Dzǯ" ʼnƾǬƬƥ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
.ǩƢưȈŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ò ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ
__________
ÒÔ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÏ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÓÍ)
.ÎÏÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ȆǷƢºǟ Ŀ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ ƩǂƳ Ŗdzơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ DZȐƻ (ÓÎ)
ǂǜǼǴdz ƾȈȇƘƬdzơ Ǻǟ ŚƦǠƬdzơ Ļ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǂȇǂǬƫ ǹƘnjƥ ÏÍÍÐȁ ÏÍÍÏ
ƨºȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢºƯȂdzơ) ƣǂǤŭơ ƩȐƻơƾǷ ǍȂǐŬơ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ .ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀǿ Ŀ
ÏÎ ƨLjºǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǠƥƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz
ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ƨȈǷȐLJȍơ ǹơǂȇƛ ƨȇǁȂȀŦȁ (ÏÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/57/SR.21)
ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/57/SR.24) ÏÑ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) DZƢǤƫŐdzơȁ (ÏÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
(ÐÖ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/57/SR.26) ÏÓ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ǂƟơDŽŪơȁ (ÎÏ
ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjºǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ƢȈǻƢŭƗȁ žÏÍÍÏ ǵƢǟ Ŀ
ƢºȇǁȂǯ ƨºȇǁȂȀŦȁ (ÓÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ A/C.6/58/SR.14) ÎÑ ƨLjǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ
ǞƳǂŭơ) ǹƢƥƢȈdzơȁ (ÕÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ A/C.6/58/SR.16) ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
A/C.6/58/SR.18) ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) DZƢǤƫŐdzơȁ (ÕÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ
.ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ Ŀ (Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ
Ŗdzơ ƨnjǫƢǼŭơ DZȐƻ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ Ƣđ ńƾŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ǂǜǻơ (ÓÏ)
:ÎÖÑÖ-ÎÖÑÕ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶºǷȋơ ƨºȈdzȂƷ :ȃȂƬǨdzơ ƤǴǗ ƽƢǸƬǟơ ƪǬƦLJ
Yearbook of the United Nations, 1948–49 United Nations publication, )
ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơȁ žpp. 936–938 (Sales No. 1950.I.11
ÎÏÎ-ÎÎÏ ƩƢLjºǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƨưdzƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ DZȁȋơ ƔDŽŪơ
.ÓÎÍ-ÒÎÕ Ǎ
.ÎÔÒ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÏÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1949 (ÓÐ)
.ÎÕÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÑ)
60
ȃȁƾƳ ƨƷơǂǏ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǪƥơȂLjdzơ ŀƢǠƫ Ńȁ ƧǁƽƢǻ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢŲ
.(ÒÕ)"ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǽǀǿ DzưŠ DzǸǠdzơ
ƨºȇƢǸūơ ǝȂǓȂŠ DzǐƬǷ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ƶǓơȂdzơ ǺǷȁ -ÏÍ
ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ ƨȈLjǼŪơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǪƦǘǼƫ ƮȈƷ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
Ŀ ƨȈLjǼŪơ Ʊơȁƽǃơ ƾǟơȂǫ ȄǴǟ ƩȐȇƾǠƬdzơ ǒǠƥ DZƢƻƽƛ śǠƬȈLJ
Ȑ
Ɔ Ȉǯȁȁ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƢȇƢǟǁ ǺǷ ƽǂǨdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ
ǩƢºƦǘǻơ ƾºȈǯȋơ ǺǷ džȈdzȁ .ƢȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ Ŀ
ȄǴǟ DZƾƫ ƢǸǯ ƨȈǴƄơ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ DzƦLJ ƽƢǨǼƬLJƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ
.(ÒÖ)ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƔƢǸǴǠdzơ ƢȀǼǟ Őǟ Ŗdzơ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ Ɣơǁȉơ Ǯdzƿ
ƨȈºLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ǺǷ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀǿ ƣǂǫ Ƕǣǁȁ
ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ǻǟ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƨLJơǁƽ Ȃǿ ƤLJƢǼŭơ ǾdzƢů ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ DzƟƢLjºŭƢƥ ŚƦºǯ ƾƷ ńƛ ŘǠƬLJ ƢĔƛ ƮȈƷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
DZȁƢºǼƬƫ Ǯºdzƿ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧȁ .ŐŪơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ǍƢǐƬƻȏƢƥ
ƨȇȁơǃ ǺǷ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ƢƆLJƢLJƗ ǽǀǿ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ
- ƢºȀȈǧ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ʼnƾǬƫ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ȅƗ :ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ƾƥ ǺǷ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdz Ǯdzǀdzȁ .ƢȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȇȁơǃ ǺǷ džȈdzȁ
ƾºǓ ƨȈºLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ Ǻǟ ȃǂš ƨLJơǁƽ ȅƗ DŽǯǂƫ ǹƗ ȏƛ
ƨºȇƢǸūơ ǽǀǿ ƨLJǁƢŲ ǃȂš Dzǿ :ļȉơ DZơƚLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ
ƢºȀǧǂǠȇ ƧƽƾŰ ƨȇǁƢƦƬǟơ ƨȈǐƼNj Ǿdz DZȁƾdzơ Śǣ ǺǷ ǹƢȈǯ Ɣơǃƛ
ǺºǰŻ ǦºȈǯȁ ĿǂǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ džȈdzȁ ȆLjȈLJƘƬdzơ ǾǫƢưȈǷ
Ŀ ǂºǜǼȇ ǹƗ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƵǂƬǬȇȁ ŸƧDŽƟƢƳ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƛ ƢȀƬLJǁƢŲ
ƢǷƗ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ Ŀ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ
ȆƟƢǫȁ ǕǂNj Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ȆǔƬǬƫ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸǟ
ǾȈǧ ǭȂǰnjǷ Ȃǿ ƢǷ Ǯdzǀǧ ÏÑ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƵǂƬǬŭơ Ǖǂnjdzơ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ
.ŚƦǯ ƾƷ ńƛ
ÏÒ ƧƽƢŭơ -DZơƽ
ƨºȇƢǸūơ ƨºLJǁƢŲ Ŀ ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǪŞ ƽơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ Dzţ ȏ
ƨºǸǜǼŭ Ȑ
Ɔ Ȉºǯȁ ǹȂǰȇ ȅǀdzơ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǁ ƾƷƗ Ɣơǃƛ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
Ƥǣǂƫ ȏ ȁƗ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǽǀǿ ǞȈǘƬLjƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ] ƨȈdzȁƽ
.[ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ɣơǃƛ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƨLJǁƢŲ Ŀ
ƨºȇƢǸūơ ƨºLJǁƢŲ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǃȂŸ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǹƛ -ÏÎ
ƨºǸǜǼŭ ƆȐȈºǯȁ ǹȂǰȇ ȅǀdzơ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǁ ƾƷƗ Ɣơǃƛ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
.ƨºLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀºǿ DZƢºů Ŀ ƵȂǓȂƥ ƱǁƾǼƫ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ȇǿ ƨȈdzȁƽ
__________
.Remedies against International Organisations, p. 74 (ÒÕ)
Wellensȁ žÑÎÏȁ ÑÎÎ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀº ºŭơ ǞººƳǂŭơ Eagleton (ÒÖ)
ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Cançado Trindadeȁ žÔÕ-ÔÓ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ
žAmerasinghe, Local Remedies ..., pp. 373–377ȁ žÕÒ-ÕÐ Ǎ
ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ÎÎÕÒȁ ÎÎÕÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Schermers and Blokkerȁ
Gramlich, “Diplomatic protection against acts of ȁ žÎÕÒÕ
.ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Ritterȁ žintergovernmental organs”, p. 398
61
ǥơǂǗȋơ śƥ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ơƾǟ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǪȈǬŢ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƨƸǓơȁ
Ļ ƾºǫȁ .(ÔÍ)ǝȂǓȂŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǷƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵơǂƥƛ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛȁ ƨȈǼǠŭơ
ƨǴǰnjǸǴdz DzƷ DzǔǧƗ ǎǐƼŭơ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ȄǴǟ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ
ƨºȈǠǸŪơ ǁơǂǫȁ (ÔÎ)ȃȂƬǨdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ǂȇǂǬƫ ǺǷ Dzǯ Ŀ
ƿƢºţƢƥ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȌdz" ǹƿƗ ȅǀdzơ ȃȂƬǨdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǪƷȐdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ
ǹƘnjºƥ ƧƾºƷ ȄǴǟ ƨdzƢƷ Dzǯ Ŀ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ƧǂNjƢƦǷȁ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ
ƨºdzȁƾǴdz ƢǷȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ȃȂǟƽ śƥ ǪȈǧȂƬǴdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ
ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǁƾšȁ .(ÔÏ)"ǩȂǬƷ ǺǷ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǁ ǺǷ ƨȈƸǔdzơ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ
ƨºǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjºdzơ ƨǴƬǰdzơ ńƛ śǸƬǼŭơ śǸǴǰƬŭơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƢǼǿ
Ǫūơ ǑȂǬƫ ƢĔƗ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ȄǴǟ ƨǸǰƄơ ȃȂƬǧ Ƨƾnjƥ ơȂǔǧǁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ
.(ÔÐ)ƢǿƢȇƢǟǁ ƨȇƢŧ Ŀ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ȅƽƢȈLjdzơ
śƥ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǂǜǼdzơ ǪƸƬLjƫ DzƟƢLjǷ ǞƥǁƗ ƢƆLJƢLJƗ ǭƢǼǿȁ -ÏÒ
ƨǸǰŰ ȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷ ƪǻƢǯ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơȁ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
:ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨȈǔǬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ȃȂƬǨdzơ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ
žƧƽƾǠƬǷ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ƽȂƳȁ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ( Ɨ)
ǶºLJƢƥ ƨºƦdzƢǘǷ ǵƾǬƫ ǹƗ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǪƷ (ƣ)
žDzȈǯȂdzơ ơǀǿ ƨȈLjǼƳ ƨdzȁƽ ƾǓ ƢǷ DzȈǯȁ
__________
Maktos ƾȈLjºdzơ ÏÔÔ Ǎ ÎÕÐ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÍ)
ž(ƢLjºǻǂǧ) Bastid ƧƾȈLjdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơȁ ž(ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ)
ƨºǰǴǸŭơ) džȇǁȂºǷDŽƬȈǧ ƾȈLjdzơ ÏÕÍ Ǎ ÎÕÑ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơȁ
.(ǹƢǼƦdz) ǂǘǷ ƾȈLjdzơ ÏÕÒ-ÏÕÑ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơȁ ž(ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ǁơǂºǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ" A/955 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÎ)
ǂȇǂǬƫȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ȃȂƬǧ :ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ȃƾdz ƨǷƾŬơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǞǬƫ Ŗdzơ
:ǾǻƗ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ǺǷ ÏÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƽǁȁ ƾǫȁ ."ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ
:ŅƢºƬdzơ ƔơǂƳȍơ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ƵǂƬǬȇ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ƨǬǧơȂŠ ƢƆǼǿǁ"
ǶƬºȇȁ žƨºdzȁƾǴdz ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢūơ ƽƾŢ ǹƗ
ƾȇƾŢ ƨȈǤƥ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǁ ǺǷ ƨȈƸǔdzơ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǞǷ ǁȁƢnjƬdzơ
ȁƗ ƨºƦdzƢǘŭơ ʼnƾºǬƫ ȄǴǟ ǑơǂƬǟơ ȅƗ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǮǴƫ ȃƾdz ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ
ǺǷ ƨdzƢƷ Dzǯ Ŀ ǵƾǬȇ Ľ žDzȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƔơǂƳƛ Ŀ ǭơǂƬNjȏơ Ŀ Ƥǣǂƫ
ƩƢºǓȁƢǨǷ Ɣƾƥ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ńƛ ƤLJƢǼǷ ƤǴǗ DzȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ
Ŀȁ ƩƾƳȁ ǹƛ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ǢǴƦǷ ƨǧǂǠǷȁ ǞƟƢǫȂdzơ ƾȇƾƸƬdz
ƨºȈǼǠŭơ ƨºdzȁƾdzơȁ ǵƢºǠdzơ śǷȋơ śƥ ȅƗǂdzơ Ŀ ƩƢǧȐƬƻơ ƽȂƳȁ ƨdzƢƷ
.ǶȈºǰƸƬǴdz ƢȀŻƾºǬƫ ƵǂºƬǬȇ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƢȀƬȇȂLjƫ ǺǰŻ ȏ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾǼȈǠƫ ǶǰŰȁ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ǾǼȈǠȇ ǶǰŰ ǺǷ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ǦdzƘƬƫȁ
ǾºǼȈǠȇ ȁƗ śǼºƯȏơ śǸǰƄơ śƥ ȆǓơǂƬdzƢƥ śǠȇ ƮdzƢƯ ǶǰŰȁ ƨȈǼǠŭơ
."ǾǼȈȈǠƫ ȄǴǟ śǸǰƄơ ǩƢǨƫơ ǵƾǟ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ džȈƟǁ
.Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ (Ñ-ƽ)ÐÓÒ ǁơǂǬdzơ (ÔÏ)
ƩƢºȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƽƢŢơ) Koretsky ƾȈLjdzơ :ǽȐǟƗ ÓÖ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÔÐ)
(ơƾǼdzȂƥ) Krajewski ƾȈLjdzơȁ žÏÔÕ Ǎ ÎÕÐ ƨLjǴŪơ (ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨȈǯơǂƬNjȏơ
ǞƳǂŭơ (ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƫ) Gottlieb ƾȈLjdzơȁ žÏÕÍȁ ÏÔÖ Ǎ ÎÕÑ ƨLjǴŪơ
Mitrofanov, Officials of International ƢƆǔº ºȇƗ ǂº
ºǜǻơ .ÏÕÓ Ǎ ǾLjº
.Organizations, p. 48
ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
Ǯdzƿ řǠȇ Ȑǧ ǹƢƬƦdzƢǘŭơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǵȂǬƫ Ŗdzơ džLJȋơ Ŀ ǺȇƢƦƬdzơ Ƕǣǁȁ
ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǪƸƬLjŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƔơƽƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢƦƳƛ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ
ƢºȀȈǧ ǹȂºǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ ǞǷ DzǷƢǠƬdzơ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ ƪǨdzƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǶǯƢƄƢǧ .śƫǂǷ
Ȅǟƾŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȆǸŢ ǦȈǯ ǥǂǠƫȁ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨƦdzƢǘŠ śƬȈǼǠǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ǹƢƬdzȁƽ
.ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ
ǾƬdzơǃƛ ȁƗ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơȁ ƨǸǜǼŭơ śƥ džǧƢǼƬdzơ DZƢǸƬƷơ ǺǷ ƾūơ ǺǰŻȁ
Ŀ ǮNj Ȑǧ .ƧƾƷ ȄǴǟ ƨdzƢƷ Dzǯ Ŀ ǵŐƫ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ȁƗ ƨǷƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƨǘLJơȂƥ ƢǷƛ
ƧǁƢNjȍƢƥ ǂȇƾƳȁ .DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ ƤLJƢǼŭơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƘnjǼƫ ǥȂLJ ǾǻƗ
ƾºǫ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ǵƢȀŠ ǶȀǟȐǘǓơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǂƥ ǁǂǓ Ǫū Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƥ ǹƗ
.(ÓÒ)ȆǴǸǟ DzƷ ƽƢŸƛ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƢƆȈǻȁƢǠƫȁ ȏƆ ȂǬǠǷ ơƆƽơƾǠƬLJơ ȐƆ Ǡǧ ƩƾƥƗ
DzȈǯȂdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ƢǸǼȈƷ ǂȀǜƫ ƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƨǴǰnjŭơ ńƛ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǫǂǘƫ Ľ
ƨºǸǰƄơ ƪǼǴǟƗ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .ƢȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƢȇƢǟǁ ǺǷ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ
Ǻǟ ƨƥƢȈǻ ƨȇƢǸūơ DžǁƢŤ ȏ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹƗ Ŀ ƨǴưǸƬŭơ ƧƽƢƬǠŭơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǹƛ
ơǀºđ ƨǴºǏ Ʃơƿ ƨǬƥƢLJ Dzǰnjƫ ȏ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǁ ǺǷ ǽŐƬǠƫ ƨdzȁƽ ƾǓ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǁ ƾƷƗ
ǾǠǓȁ ńƛ Dzƥ ƨȈƸǔdzơ ƨȈLjǼƳ ńƛ ǞǫơȂdzơ Ŀ ƾǼƬLjƫ ȏ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ȃȂǟƾǧ .ǝȂǓȂŭơ
ǺºǷ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƨȀƳȂŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǽŐƬǠƫ ǹƗ ƢƆǸȀǷ džȈdz ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ .ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz DzȈǯȂǯ
.ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ DZȂƦǫ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƜƥ ƢŮ ƨǴǏ ȏ ƨȈLjǼŪơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǹȋ ȏ ǵƗ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǁ
ƨȈLjºǼŪ řǠŭơ DzȈǯȂdzơ Dzŧ ǹƗ ŅƢƬdzƢƥ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ ȁƾƦȇ ȏȁ
DZȐºƻƛ ǹƘnjƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ʼnƾǬƫ ǵƢǷƗ ƢƆǬƟƢǟ Dzǰnjȇ ǂǷƗ ƢȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
.(ÓÓ)ǾǷƢȀŭ řǠŭơ DzȈǯȂdzơ ƔơƽƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨƦǰƫǂŭơȁ ƢȀǿƢš ƨƦƳơȂdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏƢƥ
:ǾǻƗ ńƛ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǐǴƻȁ
DzºƳƗ ǺºǷ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǵƾǬƫ ƢǸǼȈƷ
džȈºLJƘƬƥ ȏƛ Ǯdzƿ DzǠǨƫ ǹƗ ƢŮ ǃȂŸ ȏ ƢŮ DzȈǯȂƥ Ǫū ǁǂǓ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ǽǀºǿ ǵơǂƬƷơ ǹƘNj ǺǷȁ žƢȀǿƢš ƨƦƳơȂdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏƢƥ DZȐƻƛ ȄǴǟ ƢȀƬƦdzƢǘǷ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǽǀƼƬƫ ȅǀdzơ ƔơǂƳȍơ śƥ ǑǁƢǠƬdzơ ǞǼŻ ǹƗ ƧƽƢǠdzơ Ŀ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ
ƢŲ ǩȂǬƷ ǺǷ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǁ ǺǷ DzȈǯȂdzơ ǹȂǰȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ ƢǷȁ
ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ȐƆ ǔǧȁ žƢǸȀȈƬƦdzƢǘǷ śƥ ŅƢƬdzƢƥ ǪǧȂȇ
ƨºǸǜǼŭơ śƥ ǵŐƫ ƩƢǫƢǨƫƢƥȁ ƢȀǼȈǠƥ ƨdzƢƷ Dzǯ Ŀ Ȅǟơǂƫ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƢƆǻȂǿǂǷ
.(ÓÔ)ƧƾƷ ȄǴǟ ƨdzƢƷ Dzǯ Ŀ ȁƗ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ DZȁƾdzơ ȃƽơǂǧȁ
ƨºȈȀȈƳȂƫ ƝƽƢºƦŭ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǞǓȁ ǵƾǟ ǹƛ -ÏÑ
ƨLjǧƢǼƬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ śƥ Ƣđ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǨȈǰdzơ Ǻǟ ƨƸǓơȁ
ȅƗǁ Ǿºdz ǺǷ ƲǟǃƗ ƾǫ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơȁ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸƸǴdz
ǽǀºǿ ǹƘnjºƥ ƨnjǫƢǼŭơ DZȐƻ śǸǴǰƬŭơȁ (ÓÕ)ƧƢǔǬdzơ ǺǷ ǦdzƢű
ƩƢºƷǂƬǬǷ ǵƾºǬƫ Ń ǾǻƗ Śǣ .(ÓÖ)ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ ȃȂƬǨdzơ
__________
.ÎÕÓȁ ÎÕÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÒ)
.ÎÕÓ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÓ)
.ÎÕÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÔ)
ÎÖÒ-ÎÖÐ Ǎ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ Azevedo ȆǓƢǬdzơ Ɣơǁƕ ǂǜǻơ (ÓÕ)
.ÏÎÕȁ ÏÎÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ Krylovȁ
ºǨǻ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ǂǜǻơ (ÓÖ)
.ÎÕÔ-ÎÕÐ ƩƢLjǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ȅȂǘǼȈLJ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼŠ ƨǴǐdzơ ƨƦǴǣ ƗƾƦǷ ŚLjǨƬdz ƨdzȁƢŰ ƨȇƗ ǹȋ ƢƆȈǻƢƯ
śȈºǠƫȁ ǦºȈǛȂƬdzơ DZƢů Ŀ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ ƨLJơǁƽ ȄǴǟ
.ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ Ƣđ ŘǠƫ ȏ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ȇǿȁ ƔȐǯȂdzơ
śƥ ǪȈǧȂƬǴdz ƨȈdzƢǠǧ ǂưǯȋơ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǷȁ -ÏÕ
Ȇºǿ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷȁ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ
ǹƗ ǃȂŸ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƔȐǯȂdzơ ǝȂǻ ƵȂǓȂƥ ƽƾŢ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƫ ƝƽƢƦǷ ǞǓȁ
ƨºǴǿƚŭơ ǵƢȀŭơ ŃƢǠǷ ƾȇƾŢ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǶȀȈǴǟ ǪƦǘǼƫ
ǹȋ Dzºǿƚŭơ Ȃºǿ ǺǷ ƾȇƾŢ ƾǠƥȁ .ƨȇƢǸūơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz
ƨȇƢǸūơ Ǒơǂǣȋ ƨȈũǁ ǵƢȀǸǯ ƨǴǿƚŭơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ȅƗȁ Ȑ Ɔ Ȉǯȁ ǹȂǰȇ
ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǂǐƷ ǹƢǰǷȍƢƥ ƶƦǐȇ ƾǫ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ
ǞǬƫ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơȁ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ƶƦǐȇȁ .ƵȂǓȂƥ ƨǷȂLJǂǷ ƽȁƾƷ
ƨºȇƢǸūơ ȄºǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz ƨǴǿƚǷ ƢǿƾƷȁ ƽȁƾūơ ǽǀǿ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ
Ȇǿ ƽȁƾūơ ǽǀǿ ƱǁƢƻ ǞǬƫ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫ ǹȂǰƬLJ śƷ Ŀ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ
ǺǰŻ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ ǽǀđȁ .ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz ƨǴǿƚŭơ
ǺºǷ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ƢƆǷƢŤ ƢǸȀǼȈƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơȁ śǷƢǜǼdzơ śƥ džǧƢǼƬdzơ ƨdzơǃƛ
śǷƢºǜǼdzơ śƥ ƶǓơȁ DŽȈȈŤ ǞǓȁ ŚLjȈdzơ ǺǷ džȈdz ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ
.džLJȋơ ǽǀŮ ƢƆǬǧȁ
ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǁơǂǫ ǵƾǬȇ Ńȁ -ÏÖ
ƢǸȈǧȁ .ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀǿ ǹƘnjƥ ƨƸǓơȁ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƫ ƝƽƢƦǷ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ
ƢĔƗ ǂǯǀƫ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹƜǧ DzȈǯȂdzơ Ȃǿ ǺǷ ƨdzƘLjŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ
ǹƢºǯ ƔơȂºLJ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ǾǻƗ ƢŮ ǵȂȀǨǷ ǞLJȁȋ ƢƆǬǧȁ "DzȈǯȁ" ƨǜǨdz ǶȀǨƫ
ǾȈdzƛ DzǯȁƗ ȏ ȁƗ ƨǸƟơƽ ƨǨǐƥ ƢƆǼȈǠǷ ǹƢǯ ƔơȂLJȁ ȏ ȁƗ ǂƳȋơ ǝȂǧƾǷ ƢƆǨǛȂǷ
Ȃǿ ǁƢǐƬƻƢƥȁ ƢŮƢǸǟƗ ƾƷƘƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ Ŀ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ ȁƗ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ Ŀ ǃƢȀƳ
.(ÕÎ)ǾdzȐƻ ǺǷ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǽǀǿ DzǸǠƫ ǎƼNj ȅƗ
ǹƗ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǁƾš ƨȇƢǸūơ ƣǀƬš Ŗdzơ ǵƢȀŭơ ǝȂǻ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǹƘnjƥȁ
ƨºǸƬȀǷ ƪǻƢǯ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨȈǔǬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǸǰƄơ
Ǯºdzƿ ƾǯƗȁ .ǾƫƢƦƳơȂdz DzȈǯȂdzơ ƨȇƽƘƫ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ǞǫơȂdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ
ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƽƾNj ƮȈƷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǶLJƢƥ ǾƬǠǧơǂǷ Ŀ Kerno ƾȈLjdzơ
ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ŘƦƬƫ ǹƘƥ ǵƢǟ ǪƷ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ džǸƬǴƫ ȏ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ơƆƽȁƾŰ ƢƆǬƷ ƤLjƸǧ džǸƬǴƫ Dzƥ ƢȀȈǨǛȂǷ Ǻǟ ƨƥƢȈǻ
ƨºǸǰƄơ ƪºŪƢǟ ǾȈǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁ .(ÕÏ)ƨǷƾŬơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƧƾƦǰƬŭơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ
:ǽƽƢǨǷ ȅǀdzơ ǪƦLjŭơ ǑơǂƬǧȏơ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠŭơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ
ƧƾǟƢLjºŭ ǞǓȁ ǵơDŽƬdzƢƥ DZȐƻȍơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ǾǼǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƣȂǴǘŭơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ
DzǠǧ ƢȀȈǧ Dzǰnjȇ ƨdzƢƷ ƽǂů džȈdz Ȃǿȁ .*ǾƫƢƦƳơȁ ƔơƽƗ Ŀ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ǞƥƢƫ DzȈǯȁ
ǞºǓȁ ǹƘnjºƥ ƢǷ ƨdzȁƾdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏƢƥ ȏƆ Ȑƻƛ ŚǐǬƫ ȁƗ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǍƢǐƬƻơ ǺǸǓ ǞǬƫ ǹơȂǼǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƪŢ ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭƢǧ žƤǻƢƳȋơ
.(ÕÐ)ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǍƢǐƬƻơ ǺǸǓ ƨǷƢǟ ƧƾǟƢǬǯ ƱǁƾǼƫ ȏȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ
__________
.ÎÔÔ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÏÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1949 (ÕÎ)
I.C.J. Pleadings, Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the (ÕÏ)
.Service of the United Nations, p. 65.
.ÎÕÏ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÏÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1949 (ÕÐ)
62
ƵȂºǓȂƥ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ (Ʊ)
žƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơȁ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ śƥ
.ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨȇȂdzȁƗ ( ƽ)
ƢǸƦLjºƷȁ .ƧŚºǘƻ ƨǴǰnjºǷ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƽƾǠƫ DzưŻ ȏ -ÏÓ
Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨȈǔǬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƪǜƷȏ
ƢȀºǼǰdz ƧƾȇƾƳ ƧǂǿƢǛ ƪLjȈdz ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹƜǧ (ÔÑ)ǁơǂǓȋơ
DzǷƢǠƬdzơ Ŀ ƧŐƻ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǶǯƢƸǸǴdz ƶƦǏƗ Ŗdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǺǷ ƧƾƷơȁ
ƨºȇƢǸūơ ȄºǴǟ DZȂǐºƸǴdz ƨLjǧƢǼƬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ƢȀǠǷ
.ƨºƳȁƽDŽǷ ƩƢȈLjºǼƳ ȅȁƿ śǼǗơȂǷ DzǸnjƫ Ŗdzơȁ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
Ŀ ƨȈƳơȁƽǃơ ƨȇƗ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰƫ ȏƗ ƢǼǿ ǾǬȈƦǘƫ ƤƳơȂdzơ ǵƢŮơ ƗƾƦŭơȁ
Ȇǟƾºŭơ ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ƢȀǷƾǬƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƩƢǟȂǧƾǷ
Ŀ ǵƢºǠdzơ śǷȋơȁ (ÔÒ)ƨǸǰƄơ ǺǷ Dzǯ ǾƫƾȇƗ ƗƾƦǷ Ȃǿȁ – ƢȀȈǴǟ
ƗƾºƦŭơ ơǀŮ ǂǯƿ ȅƗ ƽǂȇ Ńȁ .(ÔÓ)ȃȂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ ǀȈǨǼƫ Ǻǟ ǽǂȇǂǬƫ
ȅȁǀºƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢºƦdzƢǘŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ Ŀ ƶǓơȂdzơ
ȁƾºƦȇ ƢºǷ ȄǴǟ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdz ǾǻƜǧ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .(ÔÔ)ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ
ƨLjǧƢǼƬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬǷ ǎǻ Ŀ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀǿ Ʊơǁƽȍ ǾȈƳȁ ƤƦLJ
.ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơȁ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ śƥ
Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǁơǂǫ ƢǷƗ -ÏÔ
ǶºLJƢƥ ƨºƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ Ŀ ƢǷ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ǫū ơƆƾȈȇƘƫ (ÔÕ)ǁơǂǓȋơ
(ÔÖ)ǵƢǠdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ Ǻǟ Ʊȁǂƻ ǾǻƗ ȆƟǁ ƾǬǧ ǾƬȈLjǼƳ ƨdzȁƽ ƾǓ DzȈǯȁ
ƾºǟơȂǬdzơ ǺºǷ džȈdz ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǸǴLJ ƢǸǯ Ǿǻȋ
ǶLJƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ƨȈLjǼƳ ƨdzȁƽ ǵƾǬƫ ǹƗ ĿǂǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƨdzȂƦǬŭơ
ǹƗ ƾǠƥȁ ǹȉơ ƢǷƗ .ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈLjǼƳ ƨdzȁƽ ƾǓ ƨȈLjǼŪơ ƱȁƽDŽǷ ǺǗơȂǷ
ƨȈLjǼƳ ǹȂǰƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǽǀȀǯ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ ǃơȂƳ DZȂƦǬŭơ ǺǷ ƶƦǏƗ
ƨºǸǰƄơ ȃȂƬǧ Ŀ ƤǻƢŪơ ơǀǿ ǹƜǧ (ÕÍ)ƨƦdzƢǤdzơ Ȇǿ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ǹƗ ńƛ Ȃǟƾȇ ƢǷ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdzȁ .ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƝƽƢƦǷ ǞǷ ǪǨƬȇ
:Ƣºŷ śƦƦLjºdz ƧƽƢºǷ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀŮ ǍƢƻ ǂǯƿ ƽǂȇ
žŅƢºūơ ƽơȂºŭơ ǝȁǂnjºǷ ǺǷ Ó ƧƽƢŭơ ǞǷ ǪǨƬȇ ƗƾƦŭơ ǹȋ ȏƆ ȁƗ
__________
(ǽȐººǟƗ ÏÍ ƨȈººNjƢūơ ǂººǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1949 (ÔÑ)
Kudriavtzev, ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .ǽȐǟƗ ÏÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ÎÕÒ Ǎ
.Course on International Law, p. 79
(ǽȐººǟƗ ÏÍ ƨȈººNjƢūơ ǂººǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1949 (ÔÒ)
.ǽȐǟƗ ÏÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ÎÕÓ Ǎ
.ÏÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (ǽȐǟƗ ÔÎ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) A/955 (ÔÓ)
.Ôȁ Ò ǹƢƫƽƢŭơ (ÔÔ)
.ÎÕÓ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÏÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1949 (ÔÕ)
ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ǥȂǴȇǂǯ ȆǓƢǬdzơ ǪȈǴǠƫ ǂǜǻơ (ÔÖ)
Boyars, Citizenship in ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂºǜǻơ .ÏÎÕ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÏÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ)
.International and National Law, p. 68.
ƨºȈdzȂƷ ƽơȂºŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjºŭ ƨȈdzƢūơ ƨǟȂǸĐơ Ŀ Ó ƧƽƢŭơ ǂǜǻơ (ÕÍ)
ǂºǜǻơ .ÏÕÍ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ÔÕ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÏ
.Vereshchetin, International Law, p. 75 ƢƆǔȇƗ
63 ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
Ŀ ǮdzƢŭơ ǾǴƬǫ ƢǷ ơƿƛ ǩǂǧ ǭƢǼǿ Dzǿȁ ŸǁƢǼdzơ ǾȈǴǟ ǪǴǘȇȁ ǁƢŸȍơ
ǪºƸǴȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ DzǸnjƬdz ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƾƬŤ Dzǿȁ ŸƪȈƦdzơ
ƾƬŤ Dzǿȁ ŸǂƳȋơ ƨǟȂǧƾǷ ƧǃƢƳƛ Ŀ Ȃǿȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǦǛȂŠ
ȄǴǟ ǶǠǘǷ Ŀ DzƬǫ ƨǏƢƻ ƨưǠƥ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ Ŀ ƢƆǨǛȂǷ DzǸnjƬdz
ƨǷȂǰū śǓǁƢǠǷ Dzƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz śǓǁƢǠǷ ơȂLjȈdz śȈƥƢǿǁƛ ƾȇ
ǾǻƜǧ ȅƽǁƢǿ ƢǷƗ .Ƨƾȇƾǟ ǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƨǴưǷȋơȁ ŸƨǨȈǔŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ƨºǸǰŰ ǪȈǴǠƫ ńƛ ǁƢNjƗȁ ǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƨǴưǷƗ Ŀ ǂǜǻ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ
ƨºƦdzƢǘǷ ƨǸǜǼǸǯ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǵƾǬƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ" ǾǻƘƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ
ǹƗ ǞȈǘƬLjƫ ȏ ƢĔƜǧ ƢȀƟȐǯȁ ƾƷƘƥ ƪǬū ǁơǂǓƗ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz
ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzƢƥ DZȐƻƛ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȀƬƦdzƢǘǷ ƪǷƢǫ ơƿƛ ȏƛ Ǯdzƿ DzǠǨƫ
:Ǿǻƛ DZȂǬȇ "(ÕÕ)Ȇǿ ƢŮ ƨǬƸƬLjǷ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭƢƥ ǵǁƢǏ Dzǰnjƥ ƤLjƸǧ DzǐƬƫ ȃȂƬǨdzơ ǹƗ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟ
ʼnƾǬƫ ǞǫơȂdzơ Ŀ DZȂţ ƢĔƘƥ ȆƷȂƫ ƢĔƜǧ ƤƳơȂdzơ ƔơƽƗ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƧƾƦǰƬŭơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ
ƨǬƸƬLjºŭơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏƢƥ DZȐƻȍ ƨƴȈƬǻ ȅƗ ơƆƾȈȈǬƫ DzǫƗ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ
ŁƢǐºǷ ƨºȇƢŧ ǾȈǧ ƢŠ DzȈǯȂdzơ ƨȇƢŧ Ŀ ƢȀǧơƾǿƗ DzưǸƬƫ Ŗdzơ Ƣēơƿ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz
.(ÕÖ)ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ƶǴǘǐºǷ ŘǠŠ DzǐƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǺǬȈƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ǾƳȁƗ ƔȂǓ Ŀȁ -ÐÏ
ƨǣƢȈǏ ƨǸǰūơ Śǣ ǺǷ ȁƾƦȇ ƨȈũǂdzơ ƩƢƦƳơȂdzơ ǩƢǘǻȁ "DzȈǯȁ"
ƢºǸȈǧ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼŭ ǃȂŸ ǾǻƗ ǽƽƢǨǷ ǎǻ
ƩƢºƦƳơȂdzơ ƔơƽƗ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƢȀƟȐǯȁ ƾƷƘƥ ǪƸǴȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ
ǎƼnjºdzơ ơǀđ ǪƸǴƫ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǞȈŦ ǹƗȁ ƨȈũǂdzơ
ơǀºǿ DzưǷȁ .(ÖÍ)ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸƸǴdz ƨǠǓƢƻ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ śǠƬȇ
ȃƾǠƬȇ Dzƥ ǺǬȈƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ƣƢƦLJȋ ƤLjƸǧ ǎǬǼdzơ ǾƥȂnjȇ Ǻdz ǎǼdzơ
ǪǨƬŭơ ǺǷ DZƢů Ȃǿȁ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ DZƢů ǶƸƬǬȈǧ ƽȁƾūơ ƢƆǔȇƗ
.ȃǂƻƗ ƨLJơǁƽ Ǿƥ ŘǠƫ ǾǻƗ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǾȈǴǟ
ơƿƛ ƢºǷ ƾȇƾŢ Ŀ ǾǷơƾƼƬLJơ ƤƳơȂdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ǹƘƥ DZȂǬdzơȁ -ÐÐ
DžǁƢŤ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ Ŗdzơ Ȇǿ ƨȈLjǼŪơ ƨdzȁƽ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƪǻƢǯ
DzǠǨdzơ ǹƗ ƶƳơǂdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ȅƗ ǹƢƸƳǂdzơ ǁƢȈǠǷ Ȃǿ ƨȇƢǸūơ
ƨȈLjºǼƳ ƨdzȁƽ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾǓ ǾƳȂǷ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ
ǂǯƿ Ƣŭ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƣƢƦLJȋ ƤȈǟ ǾƥȂnjȇ DZȂǫ Ȃǿ - ǁȁǂǔŭơ DzȈǯȂdzơ
ÐÎ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ǝȂǼdzơ ǺǷ ƨȈƥƢƦǔdzơ ƩȏƢūơ ȆǨǧ .ǽȐǟƗ
ƨȈũǁ ǵƢȀŠ ǵȂǬȇ DzȈǯȂdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƢȀȈǧ ƶǔƬȇ ȏ Ŗdzơȁ ǽȐǟƗ
Ǟºǫȁ ƾǫ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƾȇƾŢ ǁǀǠƬȈLJ ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȁ ƪǫȁ
ƨdzȁƽ řǗơȂǷ ǺǷ ǾǻȂǰdz ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ Ŀ ƢƆǨǛȂǷ ǾǻȂǰdz ǾȈǴǟ
ƣƢƦºLJȋ ǥƾȀƬLjȇ ƩȏƢūơ ǺǷ Śưǯ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ǞǫơȂdzơȁ .ƢȀǼȈǠƥ
.ǾƬȈLjǼŝ ȏȁ ǾƬǨȈǛȂƥ ƢŮ ƨǴǏ ȏ
__________
.ÎÕÕ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÏÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1949 (ÕÕ)
.ÒÏÍ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÕÖ)
ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ ŘǠŭơ ơǀđ ƢƆƷǂƬǬǷ ƢȇǁȂǯ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ƪǷƾǫ (ÖÍ)
ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ) ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ Ŀ
.(ÕÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16) ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ
ǂǷƗ Ȃǿȁ DzȈǯȂǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ƩƢƦƳơȂdzơ ȏƛ ƨǸǰƄơ Ǻǿƿ Ŀ Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ
:ǾǻƗ ƢŮȂǫ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ƶǔƬȇ
ǺºǷ ǾºǻƗ ǞºǫơȂdzơ Ŀ ƩƾƳȁ ƾǫ Ȇǿ Dzƥ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƾš ƾǫ
ǺǷ ƨƥǂǘǔǷ ƔƢŴƗ Ŀ ƨǷƢǿ ƩƢưǠƦƥ ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥ ƢȀƟȐǯȁ ńƛ ƾȀǠƫ ǹƗ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ
Śǣ ǁƢǘƻȋ ƔȐǯȂdzơ ǑǂǠƫ ƢȀƬǠȈƦǗ ǶǰŞ ƩƢưǠƦdzơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ Śưǯȁ .ŃƢǠdzơ
.(ÕÑ)ǹȂȇƽƢǠdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ƢŮ ǑǂǠƬȇ ȏ ƨȇƽƢǟ
ǑơǂƬǧȐdz ƧƾǻƢLjǷ ƨƴƷ ƢĔƘƥ ƨǸǰƄơ ȃȂƬǧ ŚLjǨƫ ǃȂŸ śƷ Ŀȁ
ƾºƷȋ ǁǂºǓ ǝȂºǫȁ ƾǼǟ ƨȇƢǸūơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ǹƘƥ
ǹȂºǰȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ džȈdz Ǻǰdzȁ ƨȈũǂdzơ ǾǷƢȀǷ ǾƬȇƽƘƫ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƢȀȈǨǛȂǷ
ȆºȀǧ (ÕÒ)śǠǷ ǍƢƻ ǕƢnjǼƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ Ǟǫȁ ƾǫ ǁǂǔdzơ
.ƨȈũǂdzơ ƩƢƦƳơȂǴdz ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƽȁƾūơ Ŀ ǂǜǼƫ ȏ
ǹƘnjºƥ ƨǴǬƬLjºŭơ ǽơȂºƬǧ Ŀ Azevedo ȆǓƢǬdzơ ƾǯƗ ƾǫȁ -ÐÍ
ǦºǴƬƼŭ ƵȂºƬǨǷ "DzȈǯȁ" ƶǴǘǐǷ ǹƘƥ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ȁƗ śǨǛȂºŭơ DzǸnjºȇ "DzȈǯȁ" ƶǴǘǐǷ ǹƗ ǾȇƗǁ Ŀȁ .ƩơŚLjǨƬdzơ
ƨȈLjºǼŪơ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǶȀǼȈǠƫ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƔơŐŬơ
ǶºǰŞ śǼºȈǠǷ ƔơŐƻ ȁƗ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾǴdz śǴưŲ ơȂLjȈdz ǶȀǼǰdzȁ
ƶǴǘǐºǷ DzǸnjȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Dzǿ ŚLjǨƬdzơ ơǀŮ ƢƆǬƦǗȁ .(ÕÓ)ǶȀƬȈLjǼƳ
ǂºǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǾƬǼȈǟ ƢƆǏƢƻ ơƆǁǂǬǷ "DzȈǯȁ"
ǺǷ śƦƼƬǼŭơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƨǼŪ ƔƢǔǟƗ džȈdz Ǻǰdz ƨȈLjǼŪơ Ǻǟ
ƢƆºǷƢǿ ȐƆ ǷƢǟ ĿơǂǤŪơ ǞȇǃȂƬdzơ ƾǠȇ ƩƢƥƢƼƬǻơ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ DzƦǫ
."DzȈǯȁ" ƶǴǘǐŠ ǖƦƫǂŭơ ǺǬȈƬdzơ ǵƾǟ DZơƚLjdzơ ơǀǿ śƦȇȁ ŸƢȀȈǧ
Ŀ ƱǁƾǼƫ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǹƘnjƥ ƢȀǠǓȁ śǠƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƽȁƾūơȁ -ÐÎ
ǺǷȁ .DZƾƴǴdz ƧǁƢƯƛ ǂưǯƗ ȃǂƻȋơ Ȇǿ ƨȈũǂdzơ ƩƢƦƳơȂdzơ ƔơƽƗ ǁƢǗƛ
ƧŚưºǯ DzǯƢnjºǷ ƾºƳȂƫ Ǻǰdz ǺǬȈƬǴdz ƢƆLJƢLJƗ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ ƶǓơȂdzơ
Dzºǿȁ .(ÕÔ)Fuller ƨºǤdz DZƢǸǠƬLJƢƥ DzƷ ǹȁƽ ǑȂǸǤdzơ ƢȀǨǼƬǰȇ
ǶƸƬºǬȇ ƢǷƾºǼǟ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ DžǁƢŤ ǹƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ǃȂŸ
ǾºǠǧƽ ǵƾǟ ǺǷ ƢƆƦǓƢǣ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ǞƥƢƫ ǦǛȂǷ ƤƬǰǷ ǮdzƢŭơ
__________
.ÎÕÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÕÑ)
Amerasinghe, ȁ žÑÏÑ Ǎ ǁȂºǯǀŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Seyersted (ÕÒ)
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ DzºǸǠdzơ ƨºǸǜǼŭ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǠƦƫơ .Principles ..., p. 440
ÑÓ ƨȈºNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) ȁƽơǁȂƳ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ŚLjǨƬdzơ ơǀǿ
Remiro Brotóns and others, Derecho Internacional, ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .(ǽȐǟƗ
.pp. 514–515
žÎÖÒ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÏÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1949 (ÕÓ)
.ÏÎÕ Ǎ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ ǥȂǴȇǂǯ ȆǓƢǬǴdz ǦdzƢƼŭơ ȅƗǂdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ
ǹƗ ƤŸ ǾǻƗ ƵǂƬǫơ ȅǀdzơ ÒÏÐ-ÒÏÏ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Hardy ǹǁƢǫȁ
ƢƆƷơǂƬǫơ DZƢǤƫŐdzơ DzưŲ ǵƾǫȁ .DzȈǯȂdzơȁ ƨǸǜǼŭơ śƥ "ƨȈǬȈǬƷ ƨǴǏ" ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰƫ
ǪƟƢºƯȂdzơ) ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ ƩǂƳ Ŗdzơ ƨnjǫƢǼŭơ Ŀ ƢƆđƢnjǷ
ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjºǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ
.(Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18) ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ
“Positivism and fidelity to law: a reply to Professor Hart”, (ÕÔ)
.p. 635
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ŐǯƗ ƨȈŷƗ ƢȀǟȂǸů Ŀ Dzǰnjƫ" ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǹƛ (ǃ)
ǞǷ DžƢȈǬdzƢƦǧ Ǯdzǀdz ƢƆǠƦƫȁ .(ÖÑ)"ƢȀƟơDŽƳƗ ǺǷ ƔDŽƳ ȅƗ ǾǴǰnjȇ ƢŲ
ȄǴǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ŁƢǐǷ ƤȈǴǤƫ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǩƢưȈŭơ ǺǷ ÎÍÐ ƧƽƢŭơ
.ƢǸȀǼȈƥ ǑǁƢǠƫ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ȂǔǠdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ŁƢǐǷ
ƢºǿǁƢƯƗ Ŗºdzơ Ʋƴūơ Ŀ ƨǿƢƳȁ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ ƾǯƚŭơ ǺǷȁ -ÐÒ
.ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶºǷȋơ ǺǷ ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ƨȇȂdzȁȋơ ƶǼŭ Eagleton
ƧȂǬdzơ džǨǼƥ ǪƦǘǼƫ Ʋƴūơ ǽǀǿ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƶǓơȂdzơ ǺǷ džȈdzȁ
Ʋºƴūơ ǽǀǿ ǒǠƥ ǹƛ ƮȈƷ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ȄǴǟ
.ȄǴǟƗ ƆƢǻȂǻƢǫ ǾǨǏȂƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǩƢưȈǷ ńƛ ǾLJƢLJƗ Ŀ ƾǼƬLjȇ
ƩƢLJǁƢŲ Ŀ ƨȇȂdzȁȋơ ƗƾƦŭ ƾȈȇƘƫ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdz Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ƆȐǔǧȁ
ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨȇȂdzȁƗ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
ƽǁơȂdzơ ƔDŽŪơ Ŀ ƱǁƾǷ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DzȈǯȂdz ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ
ƧƽǁơȂºdzơ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ȃDŽǤŭơȁ .ÏÒ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ śǧȂǬǠǷ śƥ
ƾºǯƚƫ ǹȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ƨǏǂǨdzơ ƨƷƢƫƛ Ȃǿ śǧȂǬǠǷ śƥ
Ŀ ƪƦƦLjºƫ Ŗºdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƾǓ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƢȀƬƦdzƢǘǷ ƆȏȁƗ
Ǯdzƿ DzǠǨƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƽƢǫ Śǣ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ
"DzºȈǯȂdzơ" Ŀ ǂǧơȂƬƫ ȏ ƾǫ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ .Ƨƾǟ ƣƢƦLJȋ
Ǟǫȁ ƾǫ ǁƢǔdzơ DzǠǨdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ƢŠǁȁ žƨȇƢǸƸǴdz ǾǴǿƚƫ Ŗdzơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ
ǥǂºƬǠȇ ȏ ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ǁȂƬLJƽ ǹƗ ȁƗ žǵƢȀŭơ ƔơƽƗ ǩƢǘǻ ƱǁƢƻ
ƨºǘȈƄơ ƨºǼȈǠŭơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ Ŀ ȁƗ ǵƢǟ ǾƳȂƥ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ
ƨȈLjºǼƳ ƨºdzȁƾdz ȆǬƦƬŭơ Ǫūơ ƶƦǐȇ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ .ƨdzƢūƢƥ
ƨºȇƢǸūơ ǾºƸǼǷ ƨºȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ʃǁǂǫ ƢǷ ơƿƛ ƆȏƢǠǧ DzȈǯȂdzơ
ǁǂºǬƫ ƢǷƾºǼǟ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƘnjǼȈLJ ȆǬƦƬŭơ Ǫūơ ơǀǿȁ .ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
ƨºLJƢȈǰdzơ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏȁ ƧƽƾƄơ ƨdzƢūơ ǞƟƢǫȁ ȄǴǟ ÅƔƢǼƥ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƾǯƚŭơ Śǣ ǺǷ ǾǻƗ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟ) .ƨȇƢǸūơ ŚǧȂƫ ǵƾǟ
ƤƳơȁ ǺǷ ǹƘƥ DzƟƢǬdzơ ȅƗǂdzơ ƨȈƴƷ ƔȂǓ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǼǰŲ Ǯdzƿ ǹƢǯ
ȅǀºdzơ ǁǂǔºdzơ ǺǷ DzȈǯȂǴdz ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǂǧȂƫ ǹƗ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
.(ÖÒ)(ƨȈũǂdzơ ǾǷƢȀǷ ƔơƽƗ ƔƢǼƯƗ Ǿdz ǑǂǠƬȇ
ǪºŞ ƤLjƸǧ ǥǂƬǠȇ ǶǰƷ ƽƢǸƬǟơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ DzǔǨƫ ƾǫȁ -ÐÓ
ƨºȇƢǸūơ ǹȂºǰƫ ƢǸưȈƷ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƨLJǁƢŲ Ŀ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
śǧȂǬǠǷ śƥ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƽƢǠƦƬLJƢƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨǼǰŲ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ
ƨºǸǰŰ ƲĔ ǞǷ ǪǨƬȈLJ Ǯdzƿȁ .ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƨȇȂdzȁƗ ŁƢǐdz
śǷȋơ ǂȇǂǬƫȁ (ÖÓ)ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ
ǭƢǼǿ džȈdz" ǾǻƗ ǾȈǧ ƔƢƳ ȅǀdzơȁ (ÖÔ)ȃȂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ ǁơƾǏƛ ǂƯƛ ǵƢǠdzơ
ǭǂƬȇ ȅǀdzơȁ "ȃǂƻƗ ȁƗ (ƨƦdzƢǘǷ) ńƛ ƨȇȂdzȁƗ ȆǘǠȇ ňȂǻƢǫ ǶǰƷ
__________
.ÐÓÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Eagleton (ÖÑ)
.ǽȐǟƗ ÒÐ ƨȈNjƢūơ Ŀ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ Ʋƴūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÖÒ)
ÎÕÒ Ǎ (ǽȐºǟƗ ÏÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1949 (ÖÓ)
.ÎÕÕȁ ÎÕÓȁ
Remiro Brotóns ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .(ǽȐǟƗ ÔÎ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) A/955 (ÖÔ)
.ÒÎÒ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ and others
64
ƩƢºƦdzƢǘŭơ śºƥ ǪȈǧȂƬǴdz ǞųƗ ƨǴȈLJȁ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫȁ -ÐÑ
ǑǁƢǠƬƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸƸǴdz ƨȇȂdzȁƗ ƔƢǘǟƜƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨLjǧƢǼƬŭơ
Eagleton Ȃºǿ ȅƗǂdzơ ơǀŮ Śǐǻ ŐǯƗȁ .ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǞǷ
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƣƢƦLJȋơ (ÖÎ)ÎÖÒÍ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ȅƢǿȐƥ ǾƫǂǓƢŰ Ŀ ǵƾǫ ȅǀdzơ
:ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǺǷ ƨǷƾǬǷ ƨƦdzƢǘŭ ƨȇȂdzȁȋơ ƶǼŭ
ȄǴǟ ƧǁƽƢǫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǶȀŭơ ǺǷ ǹƛ (Ɨ)
DzºȈǯȂdzơ ǑǂǠƫ ƢǿƾƷȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƤƦLjƦǧ .ƢȀƟȐǯȁ ƨȇƢŧ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǞǴǘǔƫ ǹƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ȆǤƦǼȇ Ǯdzǀdz ƨƴȈƬǻȁ ǁǂǔǴdz
ǹƗ ȄºǴǟ ƧǁƽƢǫ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǶȀŭơ ǺǷȁ .DzȈǯȂdzơ ƨȇƢŧ Ǻǟ
ǺºǰŻ ȏȁ ƨȇƢǸūơ ŚǧȂƬdz ƢǿƽơƾǠƬLJơ śǴǸƬƄơ śǨǛȂǸǴdz ȅƾƦƫ
ȄºǴǟ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ǹȂǰƫ ȏ ƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLjǼŪơ ƨdzȁƾdz ƨȇƢǸūơ ǽǀǿ ǭǂƫ
žƢǿŚǧȂƫ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƽƢǫ ȁƗ ƨȈǧơȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ŚǧȂƬdz ƽơƾǠƬLJơ
Śºǣ ǹƢºȈƷȋơ ƤǴǣƗ Ŀ ƨȈLjǼŪơ ƨdzȁƽ ǹȂǰƬLJ (ƣ)
Ǻºǟ Ǟǧǁ ƢǷ ơƿƛ ŐǯƗ ƧƽƢǠLjƥ ǂǠnjƫ" ƾǫȁ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƬƥ ƨǸƬȀǷ
ǺºǷ ǾºȈǴǟ ȅȂºǘǼȇ Ƣŭ ơƆǂǜǻ Ǯdzǀƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ (ÖÏ)"ƔƤǟ ƢȀǴǿƢǯ
ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛȁ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǥȁǂǜƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǵƢŭƛ ǵƾǟ DZƢǸƬƷȏȁ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ
žƢȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǞǷ ƢēƢǫȐǟ ȂǨǏ ŚǰǠƫ
ƪºǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ƢȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹƛ (Ʊ)
ȏƆ ƾºƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǞǷ DzǷƢǠƬƫ ǹƗ ƧƽƢǟ DzǔǨƬLJ ƧŚǤǏ ƨdzȁƽ
ȃȂǫƗ ƨdzȁƽ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢƆǏȂǐƻȁ) ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ǞǷ DzǷƢǠƬƫ ǹƗ ǺǷ
ž(ƨȇƾƬǠǷ ƨdzȁƽ ȁƗ
ǹƗ ƩȏƢºūơ ǞȈŦ Ŀ DzǔǨȈLJ ƽǂǨdzơ DzȈǯȂdzơ ǹƛ (ƽ)
ƢȀǷƾºǬƫ ǹƗ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥ ǾǼǟ ƨƥƢȈǻ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ʼnƾǬƫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ńȂƬƫ
ơƿƛ ƢºǷ ǹƢȈƷȋơ ƤǴǣƗ Ŀ ƶǓơȂdzơ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ Ǻdzȁ .ǾƬȈLjǼƳ ƨdzȁƽ
ǩȐǗȍơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ DžǁƢǸƬLJ ƨȈLjǼŪơ ƨdzȁƽ ƪǻƢǯ
ƨȈǔǬdz Ƣēǂǐǻ ƧȂǫ ǹȂǰƬLJ ȃƾǷ ȅƗ ńƜǧ ƢȀƬLJǁƢǷ ƢǷ ơƿƛ ŕƷȁ
ǹƜºǧ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧȁ .ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ńƛ ǂǜǼdzƢƥ ƽǂǨdzơ
ƿȂºǨǼdzơ džǨǻ ƢŮ ȄƫƘƬȇ ȏ ǍȂǐŬơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ƧŚǤǐdzơ DZȁƾdzơ
ƩƢȇȂƬLjºǷ džºǨǻ ƢŮ ǪǬƸƬƫ ȁƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ļƘƬŭơ ȆLJƢȈLjdzơ
žǦǗƢǠƬdzơȁ ǵȐǟȍơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǩƢưȈǷ ǺǷ ÎÍÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ƔȂǓ ȄǴǟ (ǿ)
ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ƔȏȂdzƢƥ ơȂǼȇƾȇ ǹƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ȆǨǛȂǷ ǺǷ ƤǴǘƬƫ Ŗdzơ
Ǿǘƥǂƫ DzȈǯȂdzơ ǹƜǧ ǶȀƬȈLjǼƳ ƨdzȁƽ ǺǷ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƫ ȅƗ ȆǬǴƫ ǵƾǟȁ
žƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ǾƬdzȁƾƥ ǾƬǴǏ ǺǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋƢƥ ƣǂǫƗȁ ǪƯȁƗ ƨǴǏ
ƨȇƢŧ Ŀ ƾŪơ ǺǷ ƨƳǁƽ ƤǴǘƬȇ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƛ (ȁ)
DzǔºǨȇ ƤƦLjdzơ ơǀŮȁ .(ÖÐ)ȅƽƢǟ ƽǂǧ ƨȇƢŧ ǾƦǴǘƬƫ ƢŲ ȄǴǟƗ ǦǛȂŭơ
žȂǿ ǾƬdzȁƽ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǾƬƦdzƢǘǷ ǵƾǬƫ ǹƗ ǁȁǂǔŭơ ƽǂǨdzơ
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.ÐÓÐ-ÐÓÎ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÖÎ)
.ÐÓÎ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÖÏ)
.ÒÎÔ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Hardy ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ Ǯdzǀǯ ǂǜǻơ (ÖÐ)
65 ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
(ÎÍÍ)ƩƢºǓȁƢǨŭơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ȆǴǸǠdzơ ǞǫơȂdzơ Ŀ ƢȀǼȈƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ
ƾLjºš ƨǴƴLjǷ ƨdzƢƷ ǭƢǼǿ ƪLjȈdz ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǶǴǟ ƤLjƷȁ
ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ .ƨȈLjǼƳ ƨdzȁƽȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ śƥ ǝǃƢǼƬdzơ DZƢǸƬƷơ ƢȀȈǧ
ơǀºǿ ǦȈǔºȇ ȏ ƨȇȂdzȁȋơ ƗƾƦǷ ǹȁƾƥ ǾǻƘƥ Ǟǧƾdzơ ǺǰŻ ȃǂƻƗ
ŅƢºƬdzƢƥȁ ǺďȈƥ ǂǷȋ ǂȇǂǰƫ Ȃǿȁ ŅƢūơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ńƛ ơƆŚưǯ Ƕǰūơ
.ƨȈǴǯ ǾǧǀƷ ǺǰŻ
_________________________________________
ƨºLJǁƢŲ ȄºǴǟ ǁƽƢǫ Śǣ ơƆǁǂǔƫ ǂưǯȋơ ƤǻƢŪơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
."Ǯdzǀdz ƽơƾǠƬLJơ Ǿȇƾdz džȈdz ȁƗ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
ƨºǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾºdzơ ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƨºȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ Ŀ ƔDŽŪơ ơǀŮ DŽƳȂǷ ƽǂȇ)
.(ÓÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.14) ÎÑ ƨLjǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ
ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ƢȀȈǧ Dzƻƽ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÍÍ)
Ɣơǃƛ ƔơǂºƳƛ ƿƢºţơ DzƦǫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ƲȇȁǂǼdzơȁ ƾȇȂLjdzơȁ ƢLjǻǂǧ ǞǷ
:ÎÖÑÕ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ǖLJȁȋơ ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ ƪǠǫȁ Ŗdzơ ƧƾȇƾǠdzơ ƩƢƥƢǏȍơȁ ƩƢȈǧȂdzơ
ǶǷȋƢƥ ƨǷƾŬơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǞǬƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ǂȇǁƢǬƫ
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÑÔ ƨȈNjƢūơ) A/2141ȁ A/1844ȁ A/1851ȁ A/1287 :ƧƾƸƬŭơ
Ǟƥơǂdzơ DzǐǨdzơ
ǵƢǟ ȆǗȂŢ ǕǂNj Ʊơǁƽƛȁ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơȁ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ
DZƢǰºNjƗ ǞȈŦ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǔǬǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁ (ÎÍÏ)ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơȁ
ǺºǷ ǽŚºǣȁ ƤȇǀǠƬdzơ ƨǔǿƢǼǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ (ÎÍÐ)ȅǂǐǼǠdzơ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ
(ÎÍÑ)ƨǼȈȀŭơ ȁƗ ƨȈǻƢLjǻƛȐdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈLJƢǬdzơ ƨƥȂǬǠdzơ ȁƗ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ ƣȁǂǓ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ) ƨȈºLJƢLJȋơ ƩƢȇǂūơȁ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ
ǩȂºǬū ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁ (ÎÍÒ)(ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬū ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
ǩƢºưȈŭơȁ (ÎÍÓ)"ƢǰȇǁƢƬºLJȂǯ ǾȈLJȂƻ ǹƢLJ ǩƢưȈǷ" :ǹƢLjǻȍơ
ǁơǂºǤdzơ džǨǻ ȄǴǟȁ .(ÎÍÔ)ƣȂǠnjdzơȁ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬū ȆǬȇǂǧȋơ
ǺºǷ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǩȂǬƷ ƨȇƢŧ DZȁƾǴdz ĿǂǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƶȈƬȇ
ƩơƔơǂºƳȍơȁ Dzƥ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơȁ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷ Śǣ
ǹƛȁ .ƨȈƟƢǔºǬdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǮǏ Ǯdzǀƥ ƶũ ƢǷ ơƿƛ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ ƣǂǣ ƣȂǼƳ ƢȇƢǔǫ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǁơǂǫ
ǀºƼƬƫ ǹƗ ƨºdzȁƾǴdz ǃȂŸ ȏ ǾǻƗ ǽƽƢǨǷ ȅǀdzơ (ÎÍÕ)ÎÖÓÓ ǵƢǠdz
ŐƬǠȇ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷ Śǣ ǺǷ ǍƢƼNjƗ ǩȂǬƷ ƨȇƢǸū ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ
ƢǿƽơȂǷ Ŀ ƨƷơǂǏ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǾƬǔǧǁȁ ƢƆƠȈLJ ƢƆǻȂǻƢǫ ǵȂȈdzơ
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.ÑÎ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÎÍÏ)
.ÎÎ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÎÍÐ)
.ÏÎ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÎÍÑ)
.ÏÑ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÎÍÒ)
.ÑÒ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÎÍÓ)
.ÒÑ-ÑÔ ƽơȂŭơ (ÎÍÔ)
South West Africa, Second Phase, Judgment, I.C.J. (ÎÍÕ)
.Reports 1966, p. 6
ǥơǂºǗȋơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ (ÖÕ)"ǵƢǠdzơ džūơȁ ƨƦȈǘdzơ ƢȇơȂǼdzơ" ńƛ ǂǷȋơ
ǑȁƢºǨƬdzơ ǪºȇǂǗ Ǻºǟ ƨLjǧƢǼƬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ śƥ ǪȈǧȂƬǴdz ƨȈǼǠŭơ
ƲȀºǼdzơ ơǀŮ ƨǿƢƳȁ ǭƢǼǿ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǷƗ .ǩƢǨƫȏơȁ
ǶƬºȇ ƨLjǧƢǼƬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǹƗ ƨǬȈǬƷ ǽƾǯƚƫ ƢǷ Ǯdzǀǧ (ÖÖ)ȆǴǸǠdzơ
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ÎÕÒ Ǎ (ǽȐºǟƗ ÏÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1949 (ÖÕ)
.ÎÕÓȁ
ƨǼŪ ǂȇǂǬƫ ǹƘnjƥ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼǷ DZȐƻ (ÖÖ)
:DZƢǫ ƮȈƷ :ƨȇȂdzȁȋơ ƗƾƦǷ ǺǸǔƬȇ ƢƆȈǴǸǟ ƢƆƷǂƬǬǷ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ DzưŲ ǵƾǫ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨȈºLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ŚǧȂƫ Ŀ ƨLjǧƢǼƬŭơ ǩȂǬūơ ǝǃƢǼƫ ńƛ ǂǜǼdzƢƥ"
ǹȋ ơƆǂǜǼǧ .ȆǴǸǟ ƲĔ ǝƢƦƫơ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨǸǜǼŭơȁ DzȈǯȂdzơ ƨȈLjǼƳ ƨdzȁƽ śƥ
ǾǻƗ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ȃǂƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǪŞ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
ǝȁǂnjºŭơ Śºǣ DzǠǨdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ Ȇǿ ƨũƢūơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ
DžǁƢǸŭơ DzȈǯȂdzơ ƨȈLjǼƳ ƨdzȁƽ ȁƗ ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ƶƳǁȋơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȀƳȂǷ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ
ǎƼnjºdzơ ǪƷ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǾǻƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ .ǽǀǿ ǾƬǨǐdz Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ
ƨȇƢǸūơ ǪƷ ƨLJǁƢŲ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȁƗ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǹƢǯƗ ƔơȂLJ ơƆǁǂǔƫ Dzǫȋơ Ņȁƾdzơ
ÏÓ ƧƽƢŭơ -ǦdzƗ
ǥȐƻ ƨdzȁƾdz ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ ƢŠ ƢƆLJƢLjǷ ƽơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ Dzǰnjƫ ȏ
ǺºǷ ƽǂǨdz ȁƗ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ƢŮ ǪŹ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
.ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ DzǠǧ ǝȂǫȂdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ǪƷ
ǺºǷ ǵƾǬŭơ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ Ǻǟ DZȁȋơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ƽƾNj -ÐÔ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƾºǟơȂǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ÏÍÍÍ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ŅƢūơ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ
ȃƾǷ ȄǴǟ ƩǁȂǘƫ Ŗdzơȁ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǹƘnjƥ ĿǂǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ
ǩȂºǬƷ ƨºȇƢŧ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ơƆƾȀǟ ƣǂǫȋơ ƝƽƢƦŭơȁ ǹȁǂǫ Ƨƾǟ
ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ƨȇƢǣ ǂǷȋơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ǵƾţȁ ƢƆǔǠƥ ƢȀǔǠƥ DzǸǰȇ ǹƢLjǻȍơ
ƶºǓȂƫ ǹƗ ȆºǤƦǼȇ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .(ÎÍÎ)ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ ƨȇƢŧ :Ȇǿ
ǁơƾºǿƛ ȁƗ ǁƢºǰǻƛ džȈdz ƢȀǼǷ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ƨȈdzƢūơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ
Ǯdzƿ ƨȇƢŧ Ŀ ǁȁǂǔŭơ ƽǂǨdzơ ƨȈLjǼƳ ƨdzȁƽ ǥȐƻ DZȁƾdzơ ǩȂǬƷ
ƧƾºǿƢǠǷ ƤºƳȂŠ ȁƗ ĿǂǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƢǷƛ ƽǂǨdzơ
.ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬū ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ȁƗ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬǷ
ƨºdzȁƽ ƾǓ ǺǗơȂǷ Śǣ ƢƆǐƼNj ȆǸŢ ǹƗ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǃȂŸȁ -ÐÕ
ǵƢǬƫ Ŗdzơ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ Ŀ ƨưdzƢƯ ƨdzȁƽ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ǾȈǴǟ Ǟǫȁ ƽǂǧ ƨȈLjǼƳ
ƨºȈǻƾŭơ ǩȂǬūƢƥ ǍƢŬơ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾȀǠdzơ ƤƳȂŠ DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ƢǸȈǧ
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ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÍ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÍÎ)
Ŀȁ .ÐÏ-ÏÏ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ÏÔÍ-ÏÓÕ Ǎ ƨǏƢşȁ Add.1ȁ A/CN.4/506
Ŀ ƢƆȈºǓƢǷ ƢƆƷȐLJ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ȄǬƦƫ" ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ DZƢǫ ÐÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
."ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ ƨȇƢŧ ƨǻƢLJǂƫ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƔơȂºLJ ǍƢƼºNjȋơ ƨºȇƢŧ ǶǜǼƫ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ Ƕǜǻ ǀȈǨǼƫȁ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǁơǂǫ ǹƛȁ .ǶēƢǰǴƬŲ ȁƗ śȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ȁƗ śȈǠȈƦǘdzơ
ǍƢŬơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƨƷǂƬǬŭơ ÏÎ ƧƽƢŭơ ƨdzƢƷƛ Ņȁƾdzơ
ǝȁǂnjǷ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ƢȀǠǓȁȁ ƢȀƬǣƢȈǏ ƾȈǠƫ Ȇǰdz ƨǣƢȈǐdzơ ƨǼŪ ńƛ
ƾǐºǬdzơ ǹƢǯ ƾǫ (ÎÎÏ)"DZȐƻƛ ǵƾǟ ǕǂNj" ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ƢŠǁ ƽơȂŭơ
ǕǂNj Ʊơǁƽƛ ƣȂǐƬLjŭơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷƗ .ƨȇƢǤdzơ ǽǀǿ ǪȈǬŢ ǾǼǷ
ƨºȇƢǸƸǴdz śǨǴƬºű śǴȇƾƥ śȈǻȂǻƢǫ śǷƢǜǻ DzǸnjȇ ǵƢǟ ȆǗȂŢ
ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷȁ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ DzưǷ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
ǹƗ ǺºǰǸŭơ ǺǸǧ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ .ǾȈǧ ǭȂǰnjǷ ǂǷƗ Ǯdzǀǧ ǹƢLjǻȍơ
.ǽȐǟƗ ƵǂƬǬǷ Ȃǿ ƢǸǯ Ǖǂnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǎǻ ǹȂǰȇ
DZȁƾºǴdz DzǨǰȇ ǹƗ ǵƢǠdzơ ȆǗȂƸƬdzơ Ǖǂnjdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƘNj ǺǷȁ -ÑÏ
ǩȂǬūƢºƥ ƱƢºƴƬƷȏơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǶȀLJȋơ ƣƢƸǏƗȁ ƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁ
ǺºǷ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ DzƟƢLJȁȁ
Ŀ ǶºȀǬƷ ǺºǷ ǹƢǷǂūơ ǹȁƽ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨȇƢŧ DzƳƗ
ƨºȇƢǸūơ DZƢºů Ŀ ĿǂºǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƝƽƢƦǷ ńƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏơ
Ŀ ǾǻƘºNj ǺǷȁ .ǶȀƬƦdzƢǘǷ DzǸǰƫ ȁƗ Ƕǟƾƫ ƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
DZȁƾºdzơȁ ǁȁǂǔŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ƨȈLjǼƳ ƨdzȁƾdz ƶȈƬȇ ǹƗ Ǿƫơƿ ƪǫȂdzơ
DzƟƢºLJȁ DžƢºǸƬdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǁȁǂǔŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ȃǂƻȋơ
ǩȂºǬū ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ
Ŀ Ǫºūơ ǺºǷ ǹƢºǷǂūơ ǹȁƾƥ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǂǷ Ǯdzƿȁ ǹƢLjǻȍơ
.ƤdzƢǘŭơ śǠƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƝƽƢƦǷ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ
.ƧƾƟơǃ ƧǁƢƦǟ śǧȂǬǠǷ śLJȂǫ śƥ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ǹƗ ƶƳǂŭơ ǺǷȁ
ǾǴǸnjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǝȂǼdzơ ǺǷ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƾǯƚƫ ȆȀǧ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ
.ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸƸǴdz ƨǴǸǰǷ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ Ȇǿ ȆǗȂƸƬdzơ Ǖǂnjdzơ ơǀǿ
ƨºȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷȁ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơȁ -ÑÐ
ƨºȇƢŧ ƢȀºǼǷ ƾǐǬdzơ ƩƢȈdzƕ ƢȀǴǯ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷȁ
ǝȁǂnjºǷ Śºǣ DzǠǨdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ǁǂǔǴdz ǹȂǓǂǠƬȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ
ƢƆǬȈǬŢ ƢȀǸǟƾƫȁ ȃǂƻȋơ ƢǿơƾƷƛ DzǸǰƫ ǹƗ ƢȀǼǷ ǥƾŮơȁ .ƢƆȈdzȁƽ
ǶǜǼºdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ƶǓȂƫ ǹƗ ƨȈdzƢūơ ƽơȂǸǴdz ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ǥƾŮơ Ǯdzǀdz
ƾºǠƥ ƨƷǂƬǬŭơ ƧƽƢŭơȁ .ǂƻȉơ ƢǿƾƷƗ ƾǠƦƬLjȇ ȁƗ ƨLjǧƢǼƬǷ ƪLjȈdz
.ƨȇƢǤdzơ ǽǀǿ ǪȈǬƸƬdz ȄǠLjƫ ƢȀƬǣƢȈǏ ƧƽƢǟƛ
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.ÎÐÖ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÎÏ)
džǷƢŬơ DzǐǨdzơ
ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƽ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǺǨLjdzơ ǶǫơȂǘdz ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
DzºǸǠdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƨǼȈǨLjdzƢƥ Ǫū ǁǂǓ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ǁǂǔǴdz ơȂǓǂǠƫ ƢǷ
.ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ
ȄǴƴƬȇ ƢǸǯ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ Ŀ Ǯdzǀdz ƾȈȇƘƬdzơ ǒǠƥ ǭƢǼǿ -ÑÑ
ǦºǫȂǸǴdz ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ȆǨdzƚǷ ƩƢƥƢƬǯ Ŀȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ Ŀ
66
ÑÕ ƧƽƢŭơ ƶǸLjƫ ơǀǿ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧȁ .(ÎÍÖ)DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ
ƱƢºƴƬƷȏƢƥ Ƨǁȁǂǔºŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǥȐƻ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƽơȂŭơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ
ƢƆǷơDŽƬdzơ Ǿƥ DZȐƻȍơ Ļ ȅǀdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ
.Dzǰǯ Ņȁƾdzơ ǞǸƬĐơ ǽƢš
ǾLjǨǻ ƨȇƢǸū ǥƢǐƬǻơ DzƦLJ Ǿdz ƵƢƬȇȁ ǩȂǬƷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƽǂǨǴdzȁ -ÐÖ
ƽǂǨǴdz ƨȈLjǼŪơ ƨdzȁƽ ƪǻƢǯ ƔơȂLJ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀǼǷ ǞǫơȂdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǺǷ
ǩȂºǬū ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠ Ǯdzƿȁ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ȁƗ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŠ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ Ŀ ȆǗȂŢ ǕǂNj ƱǁƽƗ ƾǫȁ .ǹƢLjǻȍơ
.Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ǁȂǘƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƧƢǟơǂŭ - ÐÐ ƧƽƢŭơ - DZȁƾdzơ
Ʊơǁƽƛ ƨºǸǰūơ ǺºǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ǽǀǿ DzǛ Ŀȁ -ÑÍ
.ÏÓ ƧƽƢŭơ ǹȂǸǔŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ ơǀǿ ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ȆǗȂŢ ǕǂNj
ÏÎ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƨǴȇƾƦdzơ ƨǣƢȈǐdzơ -ƔƢƥ
ȁƗ DZȁƾºdzơ ǩȂºǬŞ ƢƆLJƢLjºǷ ƽơȂºŭơ ǽǀǿ Dzǰnjƫ ȏ
ƨȈºLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨºȇƢǸūơ ǥȐºƻ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţơ Ŀ ǍƢƼNjȋơ
ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ DzǠǨdz ƨƴȈƬǻ Ǟǫȁ ǁǂǓ Ɣơǃƛ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ DzƦLJ ǹƢǸǔdz
ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ơƆǁŐǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ] ƢƆȈdzȁƽ
.[ǁȁǂǔŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ƨȈLjǼƳ ƨdzȁƽ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƨºǼŪ ǺºǷ Dzǯ Ŀ ƩǂƳ Ŗdzơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ Ŀ -ÑÎ
Ʊơǁƽƛ ńƛ Ȇǟơƾdzơ ƵơǂƬǫȏơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơȁ (ÎÎÍ)Ņȁƾdzơ
ƽƢǠƦƬºLJȏ ƨȈdzƢūơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ Ŀ ǍƢŬơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǶǰƷ
ƨdzƘLjºǷ ƢȀǸȀLJƗ ƨǴŧ ȁƗ ƩƢǯǂnjdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ǹȂǰƫ ƢǸưȈƷ ƢȀǬȈƦǘƫ
ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ ǾǻƗ ȆƟǁ (ÎÎÎ)Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƨǏƢŬơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢȀǸǜǼƫ
ǺºǷ Ȑ Ɔ ºǯ ȆǘǤȇ ǵƢǟ "DZȐƻƛ ǵƾǟ ǕǂNj" Ʊơǁƽƛ Dzǔǧȋơ ǺǷ
Ǯdzǀǧ .ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷȁ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ
ƽȂºƳȂƥ Dzºţ ȏ ƨȈdzƢūơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǹƗ ƶǓȂȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ
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ȄºǴǟ ǪºȈǴǠƬdzơ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÎ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÍÖ)
.ÔÏÒ ƨȈNjƢūơ ÎÓÑ Ǎ ÑÕ ƧƽƢŭơ
ÐÕ-ÐÓ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÎÍ)
.ÎÐÖ-ÎÏÑ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ
ƨƷǂƬǬŭơ ƨȈdzƢūơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǺǷ ÏÎ ƧƽƢŭơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÎÎ)
.ÕÏ ƨȈNjƢūơ
ÏÔ ƧƽƢŭơ
ƨºȇƢǸūơ DžǁƢºŤ ǹƗ ƨǼȈǨLjºdzơ ƨȈLjºǼƳ ƨdzȁƾdz ǪŹ
ơƿƛ ƢºǸǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǒǤƥ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǶǫƢǗ ƽơǂǧƗ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
ơƿƛ Ǯdzǀǯ ơȂǻȂǰȇ Ń ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƨȈLjǼƳ ƨdzȁƾdz śǼǗơȂǷ ơȂǻƢǯ
67 ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
ƾºȇǂǨdzơ ǞǓȂdzơ ơǀǿȁ .(ÎÎÕ)"ƾdzȂŭơ ȆȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧǁƢƸƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ DzƳƗ
Ŀ ƤƟơƽ Dzǰnjƥ ǽƾȈǯƘƫ ƾȈǟƗ ƨȈǰȇǂǷƗ ǺǨLJ ȄǴǟ śǴǷƢǠdzơ ƤǻƢƳȌdz
.(ÎÎÖ)ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ƨȈǴǐǼǬdzơ ƶƟơȂǴdzơȁ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ DzƟƢLJǂdzơ
ǺǷ ǹƢǯ śȈǼȈǐdzơ ƽƢǠƦƬLJơ śǻơȂǫ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƦǧ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟȁ
Ƣºđ ǞƬǸƬȇ Ŗdzơ Ƣēơƿ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǩȂǬŞ ǞƬǸƬdzơ śȈǼȈǐdzơ ƧǁƢƸƦdzơ ǪƷ
Ŀȁ .(ÎÏÍ)ƨȈǰȇǂǷƗ ǺǨLJ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǴǸǠȇ ơȂǷơƽ ƢǷ ǹȂȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧǁƢƸƦdzơ
ƢŮ ǑǂǠƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǹƘnjƥ śǐdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǞǷ ƨdzƽƢƦƬŭơ DzƟƢLJǂdzơ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƩƽƢǧƗ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǺǨLjdzơ ȃƾƷƛ ǶǫƢǗ ƽơǂǧƗ
ƨºȇƢǸŞ ǞºƬǸƬdzơ ƧǁƢŞ ǶȀǨǏȂƥ ǶǫƢǘdzơ ƽơǂǧƗ ǪƷ ǺǷ ǹƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƣǂǓ ơƾƷ ƾǬdzȁ .(ÎÏÎ)ǶȀƬȈLjǼƳ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǒǤƥ ƨǷȂǰūơ
Ŀ ȅƢȀǤǼºNj ǺǷ ƣǂǬdzƢƥ DzƥƢǼǬdzƢƥ "President Hoover" ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ
ƧǁƢǨºLJ ńƛ ƩƢºǸȈǴǠƫ ǁơƾǏƛ ńƛ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƧǁơǃȂƥ ÎÖÐÔ ǵƢǟ
ƨȈLjǼƳ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥ" ǾǻƗ ƢǿƽƢǨǷ ǢǼȈǰǻƢǻ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ȄǴǟ śȈǰȇǂǷƗ ƧǁƢŞ ǶȀƬǨǐƥ ǹȁŐƬǠȇ ǶĔƜǧ "śƳƢǼdzơ ǶǫƢǘdzơ ƽơǂǧƗ
ƾǫȁ .(ÎÏÏ)ƨǷȂǰūơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ƧƾǟƢLjǸǴdz śǬƸƬLjǷ ƨȈǰȇǂǷƗ ƨǼȈǨLJ
ǹƘnjºƥ ƨºȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ Ǻºǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƬdzơ ƩǂǫƗ
:ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƪǐǻ ƮȈƷ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǽǀǿ śƦdzƢǘŭơ
ƩơȂºǼǬdzơ DZȐºƻ ǺǷ ƨȈdzƢǠǨƥ DzƻƾƬƫ ǹƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰū ǺǰŻ
Ǻȇǀºdzơ (Î) śƦdzƢǘŭơ Ǻǟ ƨƥƢȈǻ ȁƗ ƢȀLjǨǻ Ǻǟ ƨdzƢǏȋƢƥ ƢǿƾƷȁ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
ȃǂºƻƗ ȁƗ ƧǁȂǐºƥ ǶŮ ǪŹ Ǻȇǀdzơ (Ï) ȁƗ ... ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƨȈLjǼŪơ ǹȂǴǸŹ
ƧǁƢºƸƦdzơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƩƢƠǧ DzưǷ) ƨǼȈǠǷ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ǞƬǸƬdzơ
ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ȁƗ ƨƸǴLjŭơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ƽơǂǧƗȁ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǺǨLjdzơ ȄǴǟ śǴǷƢǠdzơ
ƤºdzƢǘŭƌ ơ ǞǘƬLjºȇ Ń ƢǷ ǾǻƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟȁ .(łƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ
ŅȂƫ ǹƗ ƨǷȂǰƸǴdz ǺǰŻ ȏ ǽǀǿ śƦdzƢǘŭơ ƩƢƠǧ ȃƾƷƛ ǺǸǓ ǾLjǨǻ Ʊơǁƽƛ
.(ÎÏÐ)ƨȈƦǼƳƗ ƨǷȂǰƷ ńƛ ǾƬƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ
ȄºǴǟ ȐƆ Ȉdzƽ ǵƾǬƫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ǹƘƥ DZȂǬdzơȁ -ÑÓ
DZȂǫ Ȃǿ ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƽ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƧǁƢƸƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ Ƕǟƾƫ ƨȈǧǂǟ ƧƾǟƢǫ
ƪƦƬǯ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀǿ ǹƘnjƥ ƢȀǟȂǻ ǺǷ Ƨƾȇǂǧ ƨdzƢǬǷ ȆǨǧ .ǂǜǻ DzŰ
ƨºLJǁƢǸŭơ ǮǴƫ ǹƘƥ Ȑ Ɔ ƟƢǫ Watts ǑǂƬǟơ (ÎÏÑ)ÎÖÒÕ ǵƢǟ Ŀ
DZȐƻ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ƨǷȁƢǬǷ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ
Ŀ ƨºȈƦǼƳȋơ ƨǏƢŬơ ǺǨLjdzơ Ǧǫȁ Ŀ ǪūƢƥ ƨȈǻȂȈǴƥƢǼdzơ ƣȁǂūơ
__________
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÎÕ)
Regulations Prescribed for the Use of the Consular (ÎÎÖ)
Service of the United States (Washington, D.C., Government Printing
Office, 1888), sects. 171–172; Foreign Service Regulations of the
United States (June 1941), quoted in Hyde, International Law Chiefly
.as Interpreted and Applied by the United States, p. 1180.
.ÔÖÕ Ǎ Moore, A Digest ... ǂǜǻơ (ÎÏÍ)
.ÕÕÑ Ǎ Ǟƥơǂdzơ ƾǴĐơ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Hackworth (ÎÏÎ)
.ÑÎÕ Ǎ ƮdzƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÏÏ)
Edward A. Hilson (United States) v. Germany (1925), (ÎÏÐ)
.UNRIAA, vol. VII (Sales No. 1956.V.5), p. 177
.“The protection of alien seamen” (ÎÏÑ)
ƽơǂǧƗ ƨȇƢŧ (ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƽ) ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƨȈLjǼƳ ƨdzȁƾdz ǃȂŸ ǾǻƗ ńƛ Ȇǟơƾdzơ
ƩơǁƢºƦƬǟơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǭƢǼǿȁ .ƢȀƬȈLjǼƳ ǹȂǴǸŹ ȏ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǶǫƢǗ
.ƲȀǼdzơ ơǀǿ Ƕǟƾƫ ƨLJƢȈLjdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǸȈǴLJ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ńȁȋơ ƨƳǁƾdzƢƥ ƢǿǁƾǐǷ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ -ÑÒ
ƤºǻƢƳȋơ ƧǁƢƸƦdzơ ǞƬǸƬȇ ȆǰȇǂǷȋơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂǸƦǧ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ȄǴǟ ǶȀƬǷƾƻ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǶŮ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨȇƢŧ Ŀ ǪūƢƥ ƢƆȇƾȈǴǬƫ
ƧǁƢƸƦdzơ" ƶǴǘǐǷ Dzſ ƨȇƢǸūơ Ǒơǂǣȋȁ .(ÎÎÐ)ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǺǨLjdzơ
ǺǨºLJ ŔºǷ ȄǴǟ ƧƽƢǟ ǹȁǂƸƦȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƤǻƢƳȋơ "ǹȂȈǰȇǂǷȋơ
ơƿƛ œǼºƳƗ ƔƢǼȈǷ Ŀ ȁƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƞǻơȂǷ ƾƷƗ Ŀ ƨȈǰȇǂǷƗ
.(ÎÎÑ)śȈǰȇǂºǷƗ śǼǗơȂǷ ơȂƸƦǐȇ ǹƗ Ƕǿƾǐǫ ơȂǼǴǟƗ ƾǫ ơȂǻƢǯ
ǁƢºƸƦdzơ ƨǨºǏ ȂºƸǼdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ œǼƳƗ ǁƢŞ ƤLjƬǰȇ ǹƗ ƢǷȁ
ƨºȈƦǼƳȋơ ƞǻơȂŭơ ȄǴǟ ƽƽǂƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ơƆǁƽƢǫ ƶƦǐȇ ŕƷ ȆǰȇǂǷȋơ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ śǻơȂǫ Ǿdz ƢȀƸǼŤ Ŗdzơ ǾƫơǃƢȈƬǷơȁ ǾǫȂǬƷ ǹơƾǬǧ ǹȁƾƥ
ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǶLJơ ƱǁƽƗ ŕǷ ǾǻƗ ȆǰȇǂǷȋơ ȅƗǂdzơ ǹƢǯȁ .(ÎÎÒ)ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƨȈLjºǼƳ Ȇǿ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƧƾȈƷȂdzơ ƨȈLjǼŪƢǧ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǶƟơȂǫ ȄǴǟ
ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ƢȈǴǠdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǬƦǗ Ross ƨȈǔǫ Ŀȁ .(ÎÎÓ)ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƽ
ƢȇƢǟǂdzơ ƾƷƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ƢŮ ǹƗ ƧǁǂǬǷ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀǿ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
:Ǿǻȋ ƨȈǰȇǂǷƗ ƨǼȈǨLJ ȄǴǟ DzǸǠȇ ǹƢǯ śȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ
ȆºǰȇǂǷƗ ǶǫƢǗ ƽơǂǧƗ ƾƷƗȁ ƢƆȈǰȇǂǷƗ ơƆǁƢŞ ƶƦǏƗ ǶƟơȂǬdzơ Ŀ Ǿũơ ƾȈǫ ǶǰŞ
Ŗºdzơ ƢºȇơDŽŭơȁ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ǞƬǸƬȇ ǹƗ Ǿdz ǪŹ Ǯdzǀƥȁ ƨȈǰȇǂǷƗ ƨǼȈǨLJ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ
śȈǰȇǂºǷȋơ ƧǁƢƸƦdzơ ŁƢǐdz DžǂǤǻȂǰdzơ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƨǧƢǯ ƢǿǂǧȂƫ
.(ÎÎÔ)ƩƢȈdzȁƚLjǷȁ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǺǷ Ǿdz ǹȂǠǔź ƢǷ ǞȈǸŪ Ǟǔźȁ
ǾºǻƜǧ ƢƆȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ƢƆǼǗơȂǷ ǾǻȂǯ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟ ǾǻƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǜƷȏȁ
ƩƢºȇȏȂǴdz ƪºǫƚǷ ƔȏȂƥ Ǻȇƾȇ ƨȈǰȇǂǷƗ ƨǼȈǨLJ ȄǴǟ ǾƬǷƾƻ ƔƢǼƯƗ
.ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǺǷ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǞǫȂƬȇ ǹƗ ǾǼǰŻ ȏ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ǺǷ ȆǟƾƬLjȇȁ ȆǰȇǂǷƗ ǁƢƸƦǯ ǾƬǴǷƢǠǷ ȄǴǟ ǂǐȇ ǹƗ" ǾǼǰŻ ǾǻƗ Śǣ
ǺǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƧȂǫ ǺǷ Ǿƥ ƨǻƢǠƬLJȏơ ǺǰŻ ƢǷ Dzǯ ǾƬȇƢŧ DzƳƗ
__________
O’Connellȁ žÑÔÒ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀººŭơ ǞººƳǂŭơ Borchard (ÎÎÐ)
.ÎÍÒÍ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ
ǹȂǻƢºǫ ǎºǻ ƾǫȁ .ÑÔÒ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Borchard (ÎÎÑ)
:ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ÎÕÔÍ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ǁƾǏ
ƢƆºǼǗơȂǷ ƶƦǐºȇ ǹƗ ǾǷơDŽƬǟơ Ǻǟ ǺǴǠȇ ƢƆȈƦǼƳƗ ǹƢǯ ǹƛ ǁƢŞ Dzǯ"
ǑơǂǣƗ ǞȈǸŪ Ǯdzǀǯ ŐƬǠȇ … ƨǐƬű ƨǸǰŰ ȅƗ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz
."ƢƆǼǗơȂǷ ƶƦǐȇ ǹƗ ǾǷơDŽƬǟơ ǁơǂǫƛ ƔDzǷ ƾǠƥ ȆǰȇǂǷƗ ǺǗơȂǸǯ ƨȇƢǸūơ
Revised Statutes :ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ƨƸǬǼŭơ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ǺǷ ÏÎÔÑ ǝǂǨdzơ)
ÎÖÎÕ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ǽǁơƾǏƛ ƾȈǟƗ Ľ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ơǀǿ ȆǤdzƗȁ žof the United States
ÑÖ ƾºǴĐơ) ÎÖÐÒ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ȆǤdzƗȁ ž(ÒÑÏ Ǎ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ǺǷ ÑÍ ƾǴĐơ)
.(ÐÔÓ Ǎ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ǺǷ
.ÕÕÐ Ǎ Ǟƥơǂdzơ ƾǴĐơ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Hackworth (ÎÎÒ)
.Ross (1891), United States Reports, vol. 140, p. 453 ƨȈǔǫ (ÎÎÓ)
Moore, A Digest of ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .ÑÔÏ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÎÔ)
.International Law, p. 797
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƢƆǠºǓƢƻ ƶƦǐȇ ǾǻƜǧ ƢǼǻȂǻƢǫ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ǞƬǸƬȇ ǹƗ ǾǬƷ ǺǷ ƶƦǏƗ ƢǷ ơƿƛ
.(ÎÐÍ)ǭƢǼǿ ǾǷƢǰƷƗ ǹȂǨdzƢź ǺăǷ ȄǴǟ ƨƥȂǬǟ ǺǷ ǾǓǂǨȇ Ƣŭ ƨǓǂĄǟȁ ǾƬȇȏȂdz
ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨũƢƷ Śǣ ƢĔƘƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ǶLjƬƫȁ -ÑÕ
Śºǣ ǺǷ ƧǁƢƸƦdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǖLjƥ Ŀ ƢǷ ƨdzȁƽ ǪŞ
ńƛ ȏ Ǫºūơ Ǯºdzƿ ƾȈȇƘƫ ńƛ DzȈŤ ƢȀǼǰdzȁ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ řǗơȂǷ
ǶºŏǰƄơ Ȅǔǫ Francis McCready v. Mexico ƨȈǔǫ Ŀȁ .Ǿǔǧǁ
ǺǨLJ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǴǸǠȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƧǁƢƸƦǴdz ǪŹ" ǾǻƘƥ Sir Edward Thornton
ơȂǴǐŹ ǹƗ ǶȀǸǴǟ Śǣ ǶǴǟ ƪŢ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ȁƗ ȅǂƸƦdzơ DZȂǘLJȋơ
.(ÎÐÎ)"ǾºƬŢ ǹȂǴǸǠȇ ȅǀdzơ ǶǴǠdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ȄǴǟ ǶȀƬǷƾƻ ƧǂƬǧ DZơȂǗ
ơǀºǿ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷ (ÎÐÐ)Wattsȁ (ÎÐÏ)Schwarzenberger ƵǂƬǫơ)
Ǿºdz ǪºŹ ƤdzƢǘŭơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ Ȑ Ɔ Ȉdzƽ ƨť ǹƛ ƮȈƷ Ǿdz Ȇǟơƽ ȏ ǁơǂǬdzơ
Richelieu ƨºȈǔǫ Ŀȁ .(ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨȈLjǼƳ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ
ƢƆǸǰƷ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨȇƾǿƢǠƬdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨǼŪ ƩǁƾǏƗ (U.S.) v. Spain
ǹƗ ǾǷơDŽƬǟơ ÎÕÔÏ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ǺǴǟƗ ȆLjǻǂǧ ǺǗơȂǷ" :ȂȈǴȈnjȇǁ ŁƢǐdz
ǁƢºƸƦǯ ǪƷȏ ƪǫȁ Ŀ DzǸǟȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ƢƆǼǗơȂǷ ƶƦǐȇ
Ǻȇǂnjºǟ ǺºǷ ǂºưǯȋ ƨȈǰȇǂǷƗ ƨȇǁƢš ǺǨLJ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ ǦȈǔǷȁ
Ƕǰūơ ơǀǿ ƨǸȈǫ Ŀ džƫơȁ Ǯǰnjȇ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƢǼǿ Ǻǰdzȁ) .(ÎÐÑ)"ƢƆǷƢǟ
ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ǾƬȈLjǼƳ ƾǬǧ ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ ȂȈǴȈnjȇǁ ǹƗ ȃǂȇ ƮȈƷ
Ŀȁ .(ÎÐÒ)(ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ řǗơȂǷ ǺǷ ǞǫơȂdzơ ǶǰŞ ƶƦǏƗȁ
(ÎÐÓ)
Edward A. Hilson (United ȁ Patrick Shields v. Chile ŖȈǔǫ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ƪǔǧĄǁ (ÎÐÔ)States) v. Germany
ƩƢºȇȏȂǴdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ȄǴǟ śǴǷƢǠdzơ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ƨȇƢŧ Ŀ ǪūƢƥ
ƢƬǴǯ Ŀ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǹƗ ńƛ ńȁȋơ ƨƳǁƾdzƢƥ ǞƳǂȇ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǰdzȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ řǗơȂºǷ ȄºǴǟ ƨƷơǂºǏ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǂǐǫ śƬȈǔǬdzơ
.(ÎÐÕ)ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƨºƴȈƬǻ ƩƘnjǻ Ŗdzơ (ÎÐÖ)S.S. "I’m Alone" ƨȈǔǫ Ŀȁ -ÑÖ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ƨǠƥƢƫ DzƷơȂLjdzơ DžǂƷ ǺǨLJ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǨLJ ǵƢȈǬdz
__________
Law Reports, Queen’s Bench Division, vol. X (1882– (ÎÐÍ)
1883), p. 85. See also R. v. Anderson (1868), All England Law Reports
.Reprint, 1861–1873, p. 1000
Moore, History and Digest of the International (ÎÐÎ)
.Arbitrations to which the United States has been a Party, p. 2537.
.ÒÖÑȁ ÒÖÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÐÏ)
.ÔÎÍ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÐÐ)
.ÓÖÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Watts ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢNjƗ (ÎÐÑ)
.ÔÎÍ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÐÒ)
.Moore, History and Digest …, p. 2557 (ÎÐÓ)
ǂºǜǻơ .ÎÔÓ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÎÏÐ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) UNRIAA (ÎÐÔ)
Ŀ Ǫūơ ƧȂǬƥ ƾȇƚȇ ȅǀdzơ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ȆǰȇǂǷȋơ ǑȂǨŭơ ȅƗǁ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷ
.(ÎÔÕ Ǎ) ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǶǫơȂǘdzơ ƽơǂǧƗ ƨȇƢŧ
.ÒÖÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Schwarzenberger (ÎÐÕ)
.ǽȐǟƗ ÎÏÔ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÐÖ)
68
śƦdzƢºǘŭơȁ ƨǷƾŬơ ǺǷ ǺȇǁƢǨdzơ Ǻǟ ƢƆưŞ ƢȀnjȈƬǨƫȁ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ŅƢǟƗ
ŅƢºƬdzƢƥȁ .ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ Ŀ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƨǷƾŬơ ǥȂǨǏ ńƛ ǵƢǸǔǻȐdz
ƽƾǐºƥ ƢºȀǬȈƦǘƫ DzǠš ǥȁǂǛ Ŀ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƩƘnjǻ ƾǫ" ƢĔƜǧ
ÎÓ ƨºƻǁƚǷ ƨdzƢºLJǁ Ŀȁ .(ÎÏÒ)"ǮNj DzŰ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨȈLjǼƳ
Ƨǁơǃȁ ƩƾȇƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ńƛ ƨȀƳȂǷ ÏÍÍÐ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ
ƢȀƬºLJǁƢŲ ǹƘƥ ƩƽƢǧƗȁ džƫơȁ ȅƗǁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ
ǹȂǴǸŹ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǶǫƢǘdzơ ƽơǂǧȋ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ŚǧȂƫ Ŀ ƨǴưǸƬŭơ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǓǁƢǠǷ ńƛ ƢȀǴǏƗ ǞƳǂȇ" ƨưdzƢƯ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȈLjǼƳ
ǶºǴǟ DzǸŢ ƨȇǁƢš ǺǨLJ ȄǴǟ śǴǷƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƸƦǴdz ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ƾȈǼƴƬdz
DZȐºƻ ƢǸȈºLJ ȏ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ŅƢǟƗ Ŀ ƨǴǷƢǠdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ƨºLJǁƢǸŭ ȆźǁƢºƬdzơ DzºȈǴǠƬdzơ ơǀǿȁ .(ÎÏÓ)"ƨȈǻȂȈǴƥƢǼdzơ ƣȁǂūơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƾȈǬƫ ǵƾǟ ƤǻƢƳ ńƛ ƨȈǴǏȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
džǯƢºǠŭơ ǦǫȂŭơ Ŀ ȄǴš ƢǸǯ - ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǽǀđ ƤƟơƽ Dzǰnjƥ
ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ƧǁơǃȂƥ ơƾƷ ƾǫ (ÎÏÔ)S.S.“I’m Alone" ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ Ǿƫǀţơ ȅǀdzơ
ƧƾºǟƢǫ ƨȈǼȈǬȇ ȄǴǟ Ǯnjdzơ ǺǷ DZȐǛ ƔƢǬdzƛ ńƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ƨºdzȁƽ ǶǫƢǗ ƽơǂǧƗ ƨȇƢǸŞ ƢǷ ƨǼȈǨLJ ƨȈLjǼƳ ƨdzȁƾdz ƶǸLjƫ ƨȈǧǂǟ
ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǺǷ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǮǴƫ ǥǀƷ ńƛ Ȇǟơƾdzơ ƵơǂƬǫȏơ ńƛȁ ƨưdzƢƯ
.ƨȈdzƢūơ ƽơȂŭơ
Ŀ DžƢLJƗ ȅƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ Ŀ ƾƳȂȇ ȏ ǾǻƗ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ -ÑÔ
(ÎÏÕ)ƤǻƢƳȋơ ƧǁƢĈƸƦdzơ Ǻǟ ƨƥƢȈǼdzƢƥ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƬdz ȅƾǴƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
Ŀ DzºȈƦǬdzơ ơǀºǿ ǺºǷ ƨºƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ Ǫū ƾȈȇƘƬdzơ ǒǠƥ ǭƢǼǿ
ǁƾºǏƗ ÎÕÍÑ ǵƢǟ Ŀȁ .ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǪƥơȂLjdzơ Ŀȁ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ
ǁƢĈŞ ȅƗ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀȈǧ ǑǂƬǨȇ ȃȂƬǧ Sir William Scott
ƨǨºǏ" ơƆǀƼƬǷ ŅƢƬdzƢƥ ǹȂǰȇ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ Ŀ ƢƆǼǰLJ ǀƼƬȇ œǼƳƗ
ƢºȇơDŽǷ ǞºȈŦ" ƥ ǞºƬǸƬȇ ǹƗ ǾºǬƷ ǺǷ ƶƦǐȇȁ "ňƢǘȇǂƥ ǁƢŞ
ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ǾǻƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .(ÎÏÖ)"ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨƷȐŭơȁ ƨȇƢǸūơ
ǶǯƢºƄơ ƨƦǠNj ƪǼǴǟƗ (ÎÕÕÏ) The Queen v. Carr and Wilson
Ŗdzơ ƨǤǴdz ƨǴƯƢŲ ƨǤǴƥ (The Queen's Bench Division) ƨǰǴǸǴdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ
:ǹƗ Džȁǁ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzƢƥ ƢȈǴǠdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƢȀƬǷƾƼƬLJơ
ȅǂLjºȇ ƨȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ƨǼȈǨLJ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ ƔȆŸ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǹƗ Ȃǿ ȆLJƢLJȋơ ƗƾƦŭơ
ǾǻƗ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬȇȁ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ǶǴǠdzơ ƨȇƢǸū Ǟǔź ȅDŽȈǴǰǻȏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟ
__________
.ÔÍÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÏÒ)
ƤºƬǰŭ ƨºǠƥƢƬdzơ ǺȇȁƾƬdzơ ƨƦǠNj ȃƾdz ƨǛȂǨŰ ƨdzƢLJǂdzơ ǽǀǿ (ÎÏÓ)
.ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋƢƥ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹȁƚnjdzơ
ƽǂƫȁ .UNRIAA, vol. III (Sales No. 1949.V.2), p. 1609 (ÎÏÔ)
.ǽƢǻƽƗ ÑÖ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ƨnjǫƢǼǷ
ǂŤƚǸǴdz ƨȇŚǔƸƬdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹƢȈƦƬLJơ ȄǴǟ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ƽǂdzơ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÏÕ)
League of Nations, Bases (ÎÖÐÍ ȅƢǿȏ) Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺȇȁƾƬƥ řǠŭơ
of Discussion for the Conference drawn up by the Preparatory
Committee, vol. III: Responsibility of States for Damage caused in their
Territory to the Person or Property of Foreigners (C.75.M.69.1929.V),
.p. 206
.McNair, International Law Opinions, p. 171 (ÎÏÖ)
69 ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
ǶºǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƽ ǹƗ ǽơƽƚǷ ƢƆǨǫȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǰŰ ƢȀȈǧ Ʃǀţơ ƩȏƢƷ
.(ÎÒÍ)"ǶǫƢǘdzơ ƽơǂǧƗ ǺǷ œǼƳƗ ƽǂǧ ƨȇƢǸŞ ƢŮ ƢƆƷċǂǐǷ džȈdz
ǹȂǻƢºǬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩǁƾºǏƗ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǟ Ŀȁ -ÒÏ
(ÎÒÎ)M/V "Saiga" (No. 2) ƨºǼȈǨLjºdzơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƢƆǸǰƷ ǁƢƸƦdzơ
śǠƬºǸƬŭơ Śºǣ ǶǫƢǘdzơ ƽơǂǧƗ ƨȇƢŧ Ŀ ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƽ ǪºƷ ƾȇƚȇ
.ǑȂǸǤdzơ ǒǠƥ ƾȈȇƘƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƣƢNj ǹƛȁ ƢȀƬȈLjǼŝ
ƢºȈǼȈǣ ǵƢȈǫ ƤƦLjƥ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǝơDŽºǼdzơ Ƙºnjǻ ƾǫȁ -ÒÐ
ƽȁDŽººƫ ƪºǻƢǯ ƢǷƾǼǟ "ƢºǤȇƢLJ" ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǃƢƴƬƷơȁ ǦȈǫȂƬƥ
ƪǻƢǯ ƾǫȁ .ƢºȈǼȈǣ DzƷƢLJ ǵƢǷƗ ƽȂºǫȂdzƢƥ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǏ ǺºǨLJ
ǹƢºǯȁ ǺȇƽƢºǼȇǂǣ ǁDŽƳȁ ƪǼLjǼǧ ƪǻƢLJ Ŀ ƨǴƴLjǷ "ƢǤȇƢLJ"
ƨºƯȐƯ ǭƢºǼǿ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǯ .ƢȈǻơǂǯȁƗ ƢȇƢǟǁ ǺǷ ƢȀǸǫƢǗȁ ƢĔƢºƥǁ
ǦºȈǫȂƬdzơ ƾºǠƥȁ .ƢºȀǨȈǫȂƫ ƪǫȁ ƢȀǼƬǷ ȄǴǟ śȈdzƢǤǼLJ DZƢǸǟ
ƩǂºǷƗ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǟ Ŀȁ .ƢȀǸǫƢǗȁ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƢȈǼȈǣ ƩDŽºƴƬƷơ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÏÖÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ
ƨǼȈǨLjºdzơ Ǻǟ ǞȇǂLjdzơ ƱơǂºǧȍƢƥ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
ǝơƾȇƛ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ .ƨdzƢǨǯ Ǟǧƾƥ ƪǼLjǼǧ ƪǻƢLJ ǵƢȈǫ ƾǠƥ "ƢǤȇƢLJ"
.ƢºȀǸǫƢǗ Ǻºǟ ȏȁ "ƢǤȇƢLJ" ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ Ǻǟ ȏ ƱǂǨĄȇ Ń ƨdzƢǨǰdzơ
ƢƆȈǻƾǷ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƪǼLjǼǧ ƪǻƢLJ ƢȈǼȈǣ ƩŐƬǟơ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ
ǪƷȏ ƪǫȁ Ŀȁ .ǾƬǻơƽƗȁ ǹƢƥǂdzơ ƾǓ ƨȈƟƢǼƳ ȃȂºǟƽ ƪǷƢǫƗȁ
ƢȀȈǧ ǑǂƬǠƫ ƢȈǼȈǣ ƾºǓ ƨȈǸȈǰŢ ȃȂǟƽ ƪǼLjǼǧ ƪǻƢLJ ƪǷƢǫƗ
ƨǸǯƢŰ ƨȈǟȁǂnjǷ ȄǴǟȁ "ƢǤȇƢLJ" ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǃƢƴƬƷơ ǁơǂǸƬLJơ ȄǴǟ
ƢºȈǼȈǣ Ŀ ǥƢǼƠƬºLJȏơ ƨǸǰŰ ƪǻơƽƗ Ǯdzƿ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀȁ .ǹƢƥǂdzơ
ƪǓǂǧȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƢȈǼȈǣ ńƛ ƽȂǫȁ ƽơŚƬLJơ ƨǸȀƬƥ ǹƢƥǂdzơ
ǞºǷ ǂȀNjƗ ƨƬLJ Ƨƾŭ ǺƴLjdzƢƥ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǸǰƷȁ ƧŚƦǯ ƨǷơǂǣ ǾȈǴǟ
ƧǁƽƢǐºŠ ƨºǸǰƄơ ƩǂǷƗ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ǥƢǬȇƛ
ǵƢºǟ Ŀȁ .ƨǷơǂǤdzơ Ǟǧƽ ǹƢǸǔdz ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƔȐȈƬLJȏơȁ ƨǼƸnjdzơ
ƨºǸǰƄơ ńƛ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ȃȂǟƽ ƨdzƢƷƛ ȄǴǟ ǹƢǧǂǘdzơ ǪǨƫơ ÎÖÖÕ
ƢºȀǸǫƢǗȁ ƨǼȈǨLjºdzơ ǹƢºƥǁ Ǻǟ ƱǂǧƗȁ .ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ .ÎÖÖÕ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÏÕ Ŀ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ Ǻǟ Ǯdzǀǯȁ
ȄºǴǟ ƢȈǼȈǣ ƪǓǂƬǟơ ƨǸǰƄơ ńƛ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨdzƢƷƛ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ
DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ǁȂǷƗ ƨǴŦ Ŀ Ǯdzƿȁ ƪǼLjǼǧ ƪǻƢLJ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ DZȂƦǫ
Ńȁ ƪǼLjºǼǧ ƪǻƢºLJ řǗơȂǷ ǺǷ ơȂLjȈdz Ǻȇǁȁǂǔŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ǹƗ
ǽǀºǿ ƨºǸǰƄơ ƪǔºǧǁȁ .ƨȈǴƄơ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ DzƟƢLJȁ ơȁƾǨǼƬLjȇ
ǩȂǬƷ ƪǰȀƬǻơ ƾǫ ƢȈǼȈǣ ǹƗ ƩŐƬǟơȁ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨȈdzȂƦǬǷ Ŀ ǹȂǠǘdzơ
ƧǁƽƢǐºǷȁ ƢȀǸǫƢǗȁ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǃƢƴƬƷơȁ ǦȈǫȂƬƥ ƪǼLjǼǧ ƪǻƢLJ
ǶºǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǭƢȀƬǻơȁ ǾƬǻơƽƛȁ ǹƢƥǂdzơ ƨǸǯƢŰȁ ƨǼƸnjdzơ
ǺǨºLjºǴdz ƨºưȈưūơ ƧƽǁƢºǘŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƩǂººǷƗ ơƆŚºƻƗȁ .ǦȈǫȂƬdzơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƨºǗǂǨŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơȁ
__________
.ÎÍÑ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÒÍ)
M/V “Saiga” case (No. 2) (Saint Vincent and the (ÎÒÎ)
ǂºǜǻơ .Grenadines v. Guinea), Judgment, ITLOS Reports 1999, p. 10
.ILM, vol. XXXVIII, No. 5 (September 1999), p. 1323 ƢƆǔȇƗ
ǒȇȂºǠƬƥ ƨºȇƾǼǰdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪƦdzƢǗ ƨȇƾǼǯ ƨǼȈǨLJ ǩơǂǣƜƥ
ƧƾǯƚǷ śǼǗơȂŭơ Śǣ ǺǷ ǶǫƢǘdzơ ƽơǂǧƗ ǺǷ ƨƯȐƯ Ǻǟ ƨƥƢȈǼdzƢƥ
ǶǫƢºǘdzơ ƽơǂǧƗ ǹƜǧ ƨǼȈǨLJ Ǻǟ ƨƥƢȈǼdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ǵƾǬƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǾǻƗ
.(ÎÑÍ)ƨǼȈǨLjºdzơ ƨȈLjǼƳ džǨǻ ǺǷ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ Ǒơǂǣȋ ǹȁŐƬǠȇ
Ŀ ơƾǼǯ ǪƷ Ŀ ƪǼǠǗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǹƗ ƣǂǤƬLjŭơ ǺǷȁ
ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ƪǷƢǫ ƾǫȁ .śǼǗơȂŭơ Śǣ Ǻǟ ƨƥƢȈǼdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ǒȇȂºǠƫ ƶǼŠ ƨȈLjǼŪơ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ǹȁƽ
.ƆƢǠȈŦ ƨƯȐưdzơ śȇƾǼǰdzơ Śǣ ƧǁƢĈƸƦdzƢƥ
(ÎÑÎ)ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨȈǔǬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ȃȂƬǨdzơ Ŀȁ -ÒÍ
ȄºǴǟ ƢǬǧơȁȁ śǨdzƢƼŭơ ƢǸȀȈȇƗǁ Ŀ ǥȂdzƘŭơ Ǻǟ ǹƢȈǓƢǫ Ʊǂƻ
ƽơǂºǧƗ Ǻºǟ ƨƥƢȈǼdzƢƥ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƨLJǁƢŲ Ŀ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǪƷ
:ǹƗ Hackworth ȆǓƢǬdzơ ǺǴǟƗȁ .ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǺǷ ǶǫơȂǘdzơ
Ǻǟ ƨƥƢȈǼdzƢƥ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƾȈȇƘƬdz ǾǼǟ Řǣ ȏ ƢƆȈLJƢLJƗ ƢƆǗǂNj ƾǠƫ ƨȈLjǼŪơ
ƨºȇƢǸūƢƥ śǠƬǸƬŭơ ǍƢƼNjȌdz ƨǏƢŬơ ƨdzƢūơ ơƾǟ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ƽơǂǧȋơ ǺǷ śƦdzƢǘŭơ
Ŀ ǹȂǷƾź Ǻȇǀdzơ ƤǻƢƳȋơȁ ƧǁƢƸƦǴdz ƨǏƢŬơ ƨdzƢūơȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƤƳȂŠ
ƢƆǷƢŤ ǂǬƬLjŭơ ǺǷ ǾǻƜǧ śǼǗơȂǸǯ ƢƆǠȈŦ ǶđƢǠȈƬLJơ ǶƬȇ Ǻȇǀdzơȁ ƨƸǴLjŭơ ƩơȂǬdzơ
.(ÎÑÏ)ƨȇƢǸūơ ǂǧȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ řǗơȂǷ ȄǴǟ ǂǐƬǬȇ ƨȇƢǸūơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǹƗ
Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ Ǿƫǂǯƿ ƢǷ ƢNjƢƥ ȅȁƾƥ ȆǓƢǬdzơ ǂLjǧ ƾǫȁ
ƨºȇƾȈǴǬƬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬǴdz (ÎÑÐ)"ƨǷƢǿ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơ ƨť" ǾǻƘƥ ȃȂƬǨdzơ ǽǀǿ
ƨºdzƢūơ Ȇǿȁ ... ǶǴǠdzơ ƨȇƢǸŞ DzǐƬƫ" ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨȈLjǼŝ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
... ƨǼȈǨLjºdzơ Ŀ ǎƼNj Dzǯ DzǸnjƬdz ƨȇƢǸūơ ƢȀȈǧ ƾºƬŤ Ŗdzơ
.(ÎÑÑ)"ƨȈLjǼŪơ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥ
ƢǸǯȁ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀǿ ǹƘnjƥ ƧǂºȈǧȁ ƩƢǨdzƚǷ ƾƳȂƫ ȏȁ -ÒÎ
ƢĔƜǧ ǽȐǟƗ Ʃǂǯƿ Ŗdzơ Ʋƴūơȁ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ ƔȂǓ Ŀ ǞǫȂƬºȇĄ ƾǫ
Ǯǰnjºȇ śºƷ ȆºǨǧ .Ǫūơ ơǀŮ ƢǿƾȈȇƘƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǸLjǬǼǷ
ƽȂƳȁ Ŀ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ (ÎÑÓ)Schwarzenbergerȁ (ÎÑÒ)Watts
(ÎÑÖ) (ÎÑÕ) (ÎÑÔ)
Meyersȁ Dolzerȁ Brownlie ǹƜǧ Ǫūơ ơǀǿ DzưǷ
ǹƜºǧ ǞºǫơȂdzơ Ŀȁ .ƨºȈǧǂǠdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǽǀǿ DzưǷ ƽȂƳȁ ǹȁƾȇƚȇ
ȅƗ Ǻǟ ǶǴǠȇ ȏ" ǾºǻƗ ÎÖÓÔ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ǾƫƢƥƢƬǯ Ŀ ǂǯǀȇ ǃǂºȇƢǷ
__________
.Fitzmaurice, “The case of the I’m Alone”, pp. 91–92 ǂǜǻơ
(ÎÑÍ)
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÏÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1949 (ÎÑÎ)
.ÏÍÐȁ ÏÍÏ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÑÏ)
.ÎÕÎ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÑÐ)
.Î ƨȈNjƢūơ ÏÍÔȁ ÏÍÓ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÑÑ)
.ÔÎÎ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÑÒ)
.ÒÖÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÑÓ)
.ÑÓÍ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÑÔ)
.“Diplomatic protection of foreign nationals”, p. 1068 (ÎÑÕ)
.Geck, “Diplomatic protection”, p. 1054 ƢƊǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ
.The Nationality of Ships, pp. 90–108 (ÎÑÖ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǁDŽº
ºƳȁ ƪǼLjº ºǼǧ ƪǻƢººLJ ǩȂººǬū Ƨǂº ºNjƢƦŭơ ƩƢǯƢȀººƬǻȏơ
(ÎÒÖ)
DzƟƢºLJȁ ƽƢǨǼƬºLJơ ńƛ ƨºƳƢƷ ƨºť ƪLjȈdz  "ǺȇƽƢǼȇǂǣ
śºƥ ƨȈǏƢǐƬƻơ ƨºǫȐǟ" ǭƢǼǿ ƪLjȈdz Ǿºǻȋ ƨȈǴƄơ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ
ƪǻƢºLJ ƪǷƾǫ Ǻȇǀdzơ śȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơȁ śȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơȁ ƢȈǼȈǣ
.(ÎÓÍ)"ǶºĔƘnjƥ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ǺȇƽƢǼȇǂǣ ǁDŽƳȁ ƪǼLjǼǧ
ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ǞǷ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǴǷƢǠƫ ƾǫȁ -ÒÓ
ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǻºǟ ƨƠNjƢǻ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ǺȇƽƢǼȇǂǣ ǁDŽƳȁ ƪǼLjǼǧ ƪǻƢLJ
ƢȀƬǼȈǨLjºƥ ƪºǬū Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǞǫơȂdzơ ǂNjƢƦŭơ
ƧǁƢƸƦdzơ ǶǫƢǘdz ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ Śǣ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ Ǻǟ ƞNjƢǻ ǂNjƢƦǷ Śǣ ǁǂǓȁ
ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǞǷ DzǷƢǠƬdzơ Ŀ ƣȂǴLJȋơ ơǀǿ ȁƾƦȇȁ .ƢȀƬǼȈǨLJ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ
Ŗºdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ" śƥ ƩDŽȈǷ ƮȈƷ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ Ƣǿǁơǂǫ ǺǷ
ȃǂƻȋơ ǂƟƢLjŬơ ȁƗ ǁơǂǓȋơ"ȁ ƪǼLjǼǧ ƪǻƢLjƥ "ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƪǬū
ǞºȈǸŝ ƪºǬū Ŗdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ "ƢǤȇƢLJ" ƨǼȈǨLjdzƢƥ ƪǬū Ŗdzơ
ƨǴŦ Ŀ DzǸnjƫ Ŗdzơȁ "ƢȀǴȈǤnjƬƥ śǸƬȀŭơ ȁƗ śȈǼǠŭơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ
DZƢºǬƬǟȏơ ȁƗ ǍƢƼºNjȋƢƥ ƪºǬū Ŗºdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ" ǁȂǷƗ
ƔȂºLJ DZƢǰºNjƗ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣ ȁƗ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǃƢƴƬƷȏơ ȁƗ
ǑǂºǨƥ ƨºǸǰƄơ ǵƢºȈǬƥ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǯƘƫ ƾǫȁ .(ÎÓÎ)"ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ
ǁơǂºǓȋơ ǺǷ Dzǯ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǔǫ ƮȈƷ ǒȇȂǠƫ
ƢȀǸǫƢǘƥ ƪǬū Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơȁ Ƣēơƿ "ƢǤȇƢLJ" ƨǼȈǨLjdzƢƥ ƪǬū Ŗdzơ
.ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ƩƢƥƢǏȍơȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǃƢƴƬƷȏơ ƤƦLjƥ
ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƽ ǪŞ ǥǂƬǠȇ ǶǰƷ Ʊơǁƽƛ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƪnjǫȂǻ ƾǫȁ -ÒÔ
Śǣ ǺǷ ǶǫơȂǘdzơ ƽơǂǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨƥƢȈǼdzƢƥ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƨLJǁƢŲ Ŀ
ÏÍÍÏ ǵƢºǟ Ŀ Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǺǷ Dzǯ Ŀ śǼǗơȂŭơ
ÏÍÍÏ ȆǷƢǟ Ŀ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơȁ (ÎÓÏ)(ƨȈũǁ Śǣ ƧǁȁƢnjǷ Ŀ)
ǹƘnjƥ Ɣơǁȉơ Ɣơƾƥȍ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƤǴǘdz ƨƥƢƴƬLJơ) ÏÍÍÐȁ
ƨǸLjºǬǼǷ ƪǻƢǯ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǹƗ śƷ Ŀȁ .(ǝȂǓȂŭơ
ƨºǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ śǸǴǰƬºŭơ ƨºȈƦǴǣƗ ǹƜǧ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ȅȁƢLjƬdzƢƥ
Ʊơǁƽƛ ǵƾºǠdz ƢƆºLJƢLJƗ ǹƢƦƦLJ ǪȈLJȁ .ǾƳơǁƽƛ ơȂǓǁƢǟ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ
ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ƧƽƢǷ ƢȀƸǼŤ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǹƛ ȏƆ ȁƗ .Ƕǰūơ
Ŀ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ Ǻǟ ƢƆȇǂǿȂƳ ǦǴƬţ ÏÔ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ
ǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǹƛ ƢƆȈǻƢƯȁ .(ÎÓÐ)ƨȈLjǼŪơ ȄǴǟ řƦǼƫ ȏ ƢĔƗ
.ǁƢºƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÏÖÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ƢȀǸǜǼƫ
ǺºǷ Ǿǻƛ ƮȈƷ ǂǯǀƫ ƨnjǫƢǼǷ śǓơǂƬǟȏơ Ǻȇǀǿ DZȁƗ ȆǔƬǬȇ ȏȁ
ƢȀǷȂȀǨŠ ƢǼǿ ƨȈǼǠǷ ƪLjȈdz ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǹƗ ǪŞ Ǿƥ ǶǴLjŭơ
__________
.ÖÖ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÒÖ)
śȇƗǂºdzơ ǂºǜǻơ .ÎÍÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÐÑÓ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÓÍ)
(ÎÐÕÏ-ÎÐÕÍ Ǎ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ) Wolfrum śȈºǓƢǬǴdz śǨdzƢƼŭơ
.(ÓÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÑÐÑ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) Wariobaȁ
.ÎÔÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÐÒÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÓÎ)
.ÎÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ò Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÏ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÓÏ)
Kamto, “La nationalité des navires en droit ǂº ºǜǻơ (ÎÓÐ)
.international”, pp. 366–371, paras. 75–86
70
ơƆǁȏȁƽ Ï ÎÏÐ ÐÒÔ ǽǁƾǫ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟºǧƾƥ ƢºȈǼȈǣ ƨºǸǰƄơ
ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƪǼLjǼǧ ƪǻƢLJ ńƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ʃơǁȏȁƽ ǺǷ
.ǶǫƢǘdzƢƥ ƪǬū Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟȁ "ƢǤȇƢLJ" ƨǼȈǨLjdzƢƥ ƪǬū Ŗdzơ
ƪºǴǷƢǠƫ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹƗ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ -ÒÑ
ƪǻƢLjºƥ ǂºNjƢƦǷ ǁǂǓ ǩƢūƜƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƢƆLJƢLJƗ ǝơŗdzơ ǞǷ
ńƛ ƢȀƬƴƷ Ŀ Śnjƫ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹƜǧ (ÎÒÏ)ǺȇƽƢǼȇǂǣ ǁDŽƳȁ ƪǼLjǼǧ
ǺºǷȁ .ƨȈºLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ŐƬǠƫ ƢĔƗ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨȈdzȂƦǬǷ ȄǴǟ ƪǓǂƬǟơ ƢȈǼȈǣ ǹƗ ƶǓơȂdzơ
ƨȈºLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨºȇƢǸūƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ Dzŏǰnjƫ ƢĔƗ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ǶǫƢǘdzƢƥ
.(ÎÒÐ)ƪǼLjºǼǧ ƪǻƢLJ řǗơȂǷ ǺǷ ơȂLjȈdz ǍƢƼNjƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ǹƗ ȄºǴǟ ƵȂǓȂdzơ ǺǷ ƨƳǁƾdzơ džǨǼƥ ƪǼLjǼǧ ƪǻƢLJ ƩǂǏƗȁ
Ǻºǟ ǂºǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥ" ƢȀǸǴǟ Ǟǧǂƫ ƨǼȈǨLJ ǶǫƢǗ ƨȇƢŧ ƢȀǬƷ ǺǷ
Ʃǂºǯƿ ƢȈǼȈǣ ǑơǂƬǟȏ ƢȀǔǧǁ ǑǂǠǷ Ŀȁ .(ÎÒÑ)"ǶȀƬȈLjǼƳ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǹƗ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ
Ǯºdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƢȀǷƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ Ŀ DŽȈŤ ȏ ǁƢƸƦdzơ
ƩƽƾNjȁ .(ÎÒÒ)ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƽ řǗơȂǷ Śǣȁ řǗơȂǷ śƥ ÏÖÏ ƧƽƢŭơ
ȁƗ řǠǷ ǎƼNj Dzǯȁ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƢǷ Dzǯȁ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ" ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƨǸǰƄơ
ƩƢȈLjǼƳ ƢǷƗ .ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƾƥ ǖƦƫǂǷ ǹƢȈǰǯ ǹȂǴǷƢǠȇ ƢēƢȈǴǸǠƥ ǶƬȀǷ
.(ÎÒÓ)"ǝȂºǓȂŭƢƥ ƨºǫȐǟ ȅƗ ƢŮ ƪLjȈǴǧ ǍƢƼNjȋơ Ɣȏƚǿ
.ƲȀǼdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƾȇƚƫ ƨLJƢȈLjdz ƢǿƿƢţơ ƣƢƦLJƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǼĈȈƥ ơƆŚƻƗȁ
ǺǨLjdzơ ǶǫơȂǗ" ǹȂǰƥ DŽȈǸƬȇ Ʈȇƾūơ ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ ǹƗ Ʃǂǯƿȁ
ǺǷ ƩǁǀƷȁ "ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ȅƽƾǠƬǷȁ śǸƟơƽ Śǣ ƧǁƢŞ ǺǷ ǦdzƘƬƫ
Ƨƾºǟ ǺºǷ ǍƢƼºNjƗ ǺǷ ǦdzƘƬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ǺǨLjdzơ ǶǫơȂǗ" ǹƗ
ȄºǴǟ ơƆŐºů ǁơǂǓƘƥ ƣƢǐȇ ǎƼNj Dzǯ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .ƩƢȈLjǼƳ
Ǻºǟ ƘnjǼƬLJ ǾǻƜǧ ƢȀƬȈLjǼƳ DzǸŹ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƨȇƢǸūơ DžƢǸƬdzơ
.(ÎÒÔ)"ƢŮ Ȇǟơƽ ȏ ƩƢƥȂǠǏ Ǯdzƿ
ǁƢºƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƢȀƬǫƢLJ Ŗdzơ ƩơǁŐŭơȁ -ÒÒ
ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ DzƟƢLJȁ ƽƢǨǼƬLJơ ǵƾǠƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǑơǂƬǟȐdz ƢȀǔǧǂdz ƢƆǸǟƽ
.ƨȈºLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨºȇƢǸūơ ƨdzƘLjºǷ ǹƘnjºƥ ƨȈǠǘǫ ƪLjȈdz ƨȈǴƄơ
ƪǼLjǼǧ ƪǻƢLJ ǩȂǬƷ ƪǰȀƬǻơ ƾǫ ƢȈǼȈǣ ǹƗ ƨǸǰƄơ Ʃǁǂǫ ȏƆ ȁƗ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǺȇƽƢǼȇǂǣ ǁDŽƳȁ
DzƟƢºLJȁ ƽƢǨǼƬºLJơ ǵDŽºǴȇ ȏ ǾǻƗ ƢǿơƽƚǷ ƨƴȈƬǼƥ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz
ơƿƛ ŕƷ" ǾǻƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩƘƫǁơ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥȁ .(ÎÒÕ)ƨȈǴƄơ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ
ǁDŽºƳȁ ƪǼLjǼǧ ƪǻƢLJ ƢȀƬǷƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǒǠƥ ƘnjǼƫ Ń ...
Ǻºǟ śȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ȁƗ śȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƽƢǼȇǂǣ
__________
.ÖÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÐÑÒ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÎÒÎ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) ILM (ÎÒÏ)
.ÎÍÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÐÑÓ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÒÐ)
.ÎÍÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÒÑ)
.ÎÍÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÒÒ)
.ÎÍÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÐÑÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÒÓ)
.ÎÍÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÒÔ)
.ÖÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÐÑÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÒÕ)
71 ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
ńƛ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ Ŀ Ǫūơ DzǠĄƳȁ ǒǧǁ ƾǫ ƵơǂƬǫȏơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ
ȄºǴǟ ƧȁȐºǟȁ .(ÎÓÕ)ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ DzƴLJ ƨdzȁƽ ȄǴǟ ơƆǁȂǐǬǷ ƨǸǰƄơ
ȄºǴǟ ǁȂǐǬǷ ǶǴǜƬdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǹƗ ƧƽƢŭơ ȄǴǟ ǪȈǴǠƬdzơ ƶǓȂȇ Ǯdzƿ
ǶºǷȋơ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƔơDŽƳȋơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǎǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ
ǃƢºƴƬƷȏơ ƩȏƢƷ ǞȈŦ ȄǴǟ ȅǂLjȇ ȏȁ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ
.ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ǽƢȈŭơ Ŀ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ǮǴƬǯ
ƨȇƢŧ ƨdzƘLjǷ DZȁƢǼƬƫ ńƛ ǥƾē ÏÖÏ ƧƽƢŭơ Ǻǰƫ Ń Ľ ǺǷȁ -ÓÍ
ƨºȈƟơǂƳƛ ƨȈdzƕ ƾȈǠƥ ƾƷ ńƛ Ȇǿ ƧƽƢŭƢǧ .ƢȀǴǯ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ ǶǫơȂǘdzơ
.ƨȇƽƢǐºƬǫơ Ǒơǂǣȋ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ Ǻǟ ȅǁȂǨdzơ Ʊơǂǧȍơ ƨdzƢǨǯ ńƛ ȆǷǂƫ
Ǻºǟ ȅǁȂºǨdzơ Ʊơǂºǧȍơ śǷƘƬdz ƨȈdzƖǯ ǀƼƬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƢĔƗ ȄǴǟ
ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƨȈǔǫ DZȐƻ ǺǷ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴƴƬȇȁ .ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ǶǫƢǘdzơ
(ÎÓÖ)
. "Grand Prince" ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƨȈǔǫȁ M/V “Saiga" (No. 2)
ǶǫƢºǘdzơ Ǻºǟ Ʊơǂǧȍơ Ŀ ƧƾȈǨǷ ƨȈdzƕ ÏÖÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ƾǠƫȁ -ÓÎ
Ǻǟ ȐƆ ȇƾƥ ƪLjȈdz ƢĔƗ ƾȈƥ .ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ Ǻǟ ƱơǂǧȎdz ƤǴǘƥ ǹơǂƬǫȏƢƥ
Ǻdz Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠdzơ ƨť ǹȋ ǶǫơȂǘǴdz ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
DzºǨǰƫ ƾºǫ ƧƽƢŭơ ǹƗ Ƕǣǁȁ .ǶŮ ƨȇƢǸūơ ÏÖÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ƢȀȈǧ ǂǧȂƫ
ȃȂƬLjºǷ ƢŮ DzǨǰȇ ƢƆǸǰƷ ǺǸǔƬƫ ȏ ȆȀǧ ǶǫơȂǘdzơ Ǻǟ Ʊơǂǧȍơ
ǹƗ ńƛ ƩơǁƢºNjƛ ƨťȁ .ǃƢƴƬƷȏơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ ǺǷ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ȏƆ ȂƦǬǷ
.(ÎÔÍ)ǃƢƴƬƷȏơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƨƠȈLJ ƨǴǷƢǠǷ DzǷȂǟ "ƢǤȇƢLJ" ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǶǫƢǗ
ƩơƔơǂºƳȍơ DZȐºƻ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ǂưƫ Ń ơƿƢŭ ƶǓơȂdzơ Śǣ ǺǷȁ
ǭƢȀƬǻƢǯ ƪǷƾǫ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ńƛ ƤƦLjdzơ ǞƳǂȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ Ǻǰdzȁ
ƽơǂºǧȋ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ ǭƢȀƬǻơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈǔǬǯ ȏ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǩȂǬū
ǩȂǬƷ ƨȇƢŧ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ƢǷ ÏÖÏ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ džȈdz ǞƦǘdzƢƥȁ .ǶǫƢǘdzơ
ÏÖÏ ƧƽƢºŭơ ǹƛ DZȂǬdzơ ƨǴŦȁ .ǃƢƴƬƷȏơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǶǫƢǘǴdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ
ǁǂǔºǴdz ǺǨLjdzơ ǶǫơȂǗ ƢȀȈǧ ǑǂǠƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ ǞȈŦ DzǸnjƫ ȏ
ǮǴƫ ǶǜǠǷ ŕƷ DzǸnjƫ ȏ ƢŠǁ Dzƥ ƆƢȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ DzǠǧ ƨƴȈƬǻ
ǺǨLjdzơ ǶǫơȂǗ ƨȇƢǸū ƨȈdzƕ ƽƢŸƛ ńƛ ƨƳƢƷ ǭƢǼǿ Ľ ǺǷȁ .ƩȏƢūơ
ǾºȈdzƛ ȄǠLjºȇ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ .ÏÖÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ ƢȀǫƢǘǻ Ŀ ǞLJȁƗ ǹȂǰƫ
.ÏÔ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ
ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƾdz ƵƢǸLjǴdz ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǠǼǬǷ ƣƢƦLJƗ ƨťȁ -ÓÏ
ƾºǫȁ .ƨǼȈǨLjºdzơ ǶǫƢºǗ DZƢºȈƷ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƨLJǁƢǸŠ
ƨǼȈǨLjºdzơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ Ǯdzǀƥ ƪǸǴLJ
ƪºǫƚŭơ ǞƥƢǘdzơ" ńƛ ǽƢƦƬǻȏơ ƪȀƳȁ ƢǷƾǼǟ M/V “Saiga" (No. 2
"ƢºǿƽơǂǧƗ ƩƢȈLjºǼƳ ƽƾǠƫ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ǺǨLjdzơ ǶǫơȂǗ DzȈǰnjƬdz
ǍƢƼNjƗ ǺǷ ǦdzƘƬȇ ƢƆǸǫƢǗ Ƕǔƫ ƾǫ" ƧŚƦǰdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ǹƗ Ʃǂǯƿȁ
ńƛ ǁǂǓ Ǿƥ Ǫū ǎƼNj Dzǯ ǂƌǘǓơ ǹƜǧ .ƧƽƾǠƬǷ ƩƢȈLjǼƳ ȅȁƿ
__________
.ÓÖ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÓÕ)
ITLOS Pleadings, Minutes and Documents 2001, Vol. 7, (ÎÓÖ)
ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂºǜǻơ .“Grand Prince” (Belize v. France), Prompt Release
.Lazarev, Contemporary International Law of the Sea, p. 211
.ÎÔÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÐÒÕ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÎÒÎ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) ILM (ÎÔÍ)
DZƢǰºNjƗ ǺºǷ Dzǰnjdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ Ȃǿ DZơƚLjdzơȁ .ȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơ
ǾºƳơǁƽƛ ǁŐƫ ƨȈǧƢǯ ƨƳǁƾƥ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸƸǴdz ơƆǂǛƢǼǷ ƨȇƢǸūơ
ƨºȈdzƢūơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǺǷ Ô ƧƽƢŭơ Ƣđ ǎǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ džǨǼƥ
ǑơǂƬǟȏơ ƢǷƗ .ƨȈLjǼŪơ ȆŻƾǟȁ śƠƳȐdz ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ȄǴǟ
.ǵƢǸƬǿȏơ ǺǷ ơƆƾȇDŽǷ DzǿƘƬLjȇ ǾǻƜǧ ňƢưdzơ
ƨºǼƴǴdzơȁ Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǺǷ Dzǯ Ŀ ƵǂƬǫơ ƾǫȁ -ÒÕ
Ŀ ƢȀǸǰƷ Ŀ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƾǼƬLjƫ ǹƗ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÏÖÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ńƛ M/V “Saiga" (No. 2) ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƨȈǔǫ
ƨºLJǁƢŲ Ŀ ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƽ ǪƷ ńƛ ȏ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
.ƨȈLjºǼŪơ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥ ǽǂLJƘƥ ǶǫƢǘdzơ Ǻǟ ƨƥƢȈǼdzƢƥ ƨȇƢǸūơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ÏÖÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ
ƨdzȁƽ ǶǴǟ Ǟǧǂƫ ƨǼȈǨLJ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ ƩƢǘǴLJ ƩDŽƴƬƷơ ơƿƛ -Î
ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǵƢǰƷȋ DzưƬŤ Ń ƧDŽƴƬƄơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹƗ Ȇǟƽơȁ ȃǂƻƗ ǥǂǗ
ȁƗ ƨºdzȂǬǠǷ ƨºdzƢǨǯ ʼnƾǬƫ ƾǼǟ ƢȀǸǫƢǗ Ǻǟ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ Ǻǟ ǞȇǂLjdzơ Ʊơǂǧȍơ
ƨǸǰŰ ƨȇƗ ńƛ ǃƢƴƬƷȏơ ǺǷ Ʊơǂǧȍơ ƨdzƘLjǷ DZƢŢ ǹƗ ǃƢƳ ǂƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǓ
Ŀ ǩƢºǨƫȏơ ơǀºǿ DzưǷ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ȁƗ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǪǨƬƫ
ƧDŽƴƬƄơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ƣđ DzƦǬƫ ƨǸǰŰ ƨȇƗ ńƛ ǃƢƴƬƷȏơ ƪǫȁ ǺǷ ǵƢȇƗ ÎÍ ǹȂǔǣ
ǪºǨƬƫ Ń ƢºǷ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ńƛ ȁƗ ÏÕÔ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ
.Ǯdzƿ Śǣ ȄǴǟ ǥơǂǗȋơ
ǶºǴǟ ƨºdzȁƽ DzƦĉǫ ǺǷ ȏƛ Ʊơǂǧȍơ ƤǴǗ ǵƾǬȇ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ ȏ -Ï
.ƢȀǼǟ ƨƥƢȈǻ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ
Ƣǿǂǜǻ ǂǐƬǬȇȁ Ʊơǂǧȍơ ƤǴǗ Ŀ ŚƻƘƫ ǹȁƽ ƨǸǰƄơ ǂǜǼƫ -Ð
ȄºǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷ ƨȈǔǫ ƨȇƗ ƩƢǷȂǬŠ DZȐƻȍơ ǹȁƽ ǖǬǧ Ʊơǂǧȍơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ȄǴǟ
ƩƢǘǴºLJ Dzºǜƫȁ .ƢȀǸǫƢǗ ȁƗ ƢȀǰdzƢǷ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƾǓ ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ ƨȈǴƄơ ƨȀŪơ
.ƪǫȁ ȅƗ Ŀ ƢȀǸǫƢǗ Ǻǟ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ Ǻǟ Ʊơǂǧȍơ Ŀ ƨǐƬű ƧDŽƴƬƄơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ǽǁǂǬƫ ȅǀdzơ ǂƻȉơ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ ƨdzƢǨǰdzơ ǝơƾȇƛ ƽǂƴŠ -Ñ
Ʊơǂǧȍơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǸǰƄơ ǁơǂǬdz ƨǟǂLjƥ ƧDŽƴƬƄơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǘǴLJ DzưƬŤ ƨǸǰƄơ
.ƢȀǸǫƢǗ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ Ǻǟ
ǶǰƷ Ʊơǁƽƛ Ŀ ƽȂǧȂdzơ ƨƦǣǂdz ƨƥƢƴƬLJơ ÏÖÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ƪƳǁƽƗ -ÒÖ
.(ÎÓÑ)ƨǼȈǨLjºdzơȁ ǶǫƢǘdzơ Ǻǟ ǞȇǂLjdzơ Ʊơǂǧȍơ DzǨǰȇ ȆƟƢǫȁ ȆƟơǂƳƛ
ǶǫƢºǘdzơ ƽơǂºǧȋ ƨºȇƢǸūơ Ƕǰūơ ƶǼŻ ǹƗ ƨȇơƾƦdzơ Ŀ ƵǂƬǫơ ƾǫȁ
ǪȇǂǨdzơ ǂǜǻ ƾǫȁ .(ÎÓÒ)ƤLjƸǧ ƨǼȈǨLjǴdz džȈdzȁ ǺȇDŽƴƬƄơ ƣƢǯǂdzơȁ
ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƤƷƢǏ ǪƷ Ŀ ƩƢǟơŗdzơ ƨȇȂLjƬƥ řǠŭơ Ȇũǂdzơ Śǣ DzǷƢǠdzơ
ńƛ ǶǴǜƬºdzơ Ŀ ƢđƢǯǁ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǶǫƢǗ ƽơǂǧƗ ȁƗ ƢȀǴȈǤnjƫ ƨȀƳ ȁƗ
Ŀ Ǫūơ Ǯdzƿ ƶǼŻ Ń ǾǼǰdzȁ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ
ƩƢºǟơŗdzơ ǒǨdz ƨȈǷȂǰūơ ƩƢȈdzȉơ Ɣǖƥ ƾǠȇȁ .(ÎÓÓ)ǥƢǘŭơ ƨȇƢĔ
.(ÎÓÔ)ƨǸǰƄơ ńƛ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƬƥ ƽơǂǧȌdz ƵƢǸLjdzơ ƵơǂƬǫơ Ŀ ƢƆƦƦLJ
__________
Nordquist, United Nations Convention on the Law ǂǜǻơ (ÎÓÑ)
.of the Sea 1982: a Commentary, p. 67
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÓÒ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÓÓ)
.ÓÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÓÔ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ńƛ ȅƽƚºȇ ƾǫ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƨLJǁƢǸŠ ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƾdz ƵƢǸLjdzơ ǹƛ -ÓÓ
ǶǫƢºǗ ƽơǂºǧƗ ƨȈLjǼƳ ƨdzȁƽȁ ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƽ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ
ǾƦnjºȇ Ǿǻȋ ƨǴǰnjǷ Dzǰnjȇ ȏ ƾȈǠƦdzơ DZƢǸƬƷȏơ ơǀǿȁ .ƢƆǠǷ ǺǨLjdzơ
ǺǷ Ò ƧƽƢŭơ ƢŮȁƢǼƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨƳȁƽDŽŭơ ƨȈLjǼŪơ ȅȁƿ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ƨȇƢŧ
.ŅƢūơ ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ
ńƛ ǺǨLjºdzơ ǶǫơȂǘdz ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƶǼǷ ȅƽƚȇ ƾǫȁ -ÓÔ
ǶǫơȂºǗȁ ǺǨLjºdzơ ƣƢºǯǂdz ƨǴƯƢŲ ƨȇƢŧ ƶǼŠ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ
Ǿºƥ ǶǴLjŭơ ǺǷȁ .ƨȈƟƢǔǨdzơ ƩƢƦǯǂŭơ ǶǫơȂǗȁ ƢđƢǯǁȁ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ
ƾºȇƚƫ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ȏȁ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ȏ ǾǻƗ
Ŗºdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ Ŀ ǁƢǐƬƻƢƥ ǂǜǼdzơ ǶƬȈLjǧ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ .ƶǼŭơ Ǯdzƿ
.ǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ Dzƻƾƫ
ƨǼȈǨLJ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ ǹȁƽȂƳȂŭơ ƣƢǯǂdzơ -Î
ŔǷ ȄǴǟ ǺȇƽȂƳȂŭơ ƣƢǯǂdzơ ǹƘƥ DzƟƢǬdzơ ȅƗǂdzơ ǹƗ Ƕǣǁ -ÓÕ
ȄºǜŹ ǶǫƢǘǴdz ƨƷȂǼǸŭơ ƨȇƢǸūơ džǨǼƥ ǞƬǸƬdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǶŮ ƨǼȈǨLJ
ǶǫƢºǘdzơ śƥ ƨŦ ƢƆǫȁǂǧ ƨť ǹƗ Ǿƥ ǶǴLjŭơ ǺǸǧ (ÎÔÓ)ƾȈȇƘƬdzơ ǒǠƦƥ
.ƱƢƬǼƬºLJȏơ Ǯºdzƿ DzưǷ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ ǹȁƽ DZȂŹ ƢŲ ƣƢǯǂdzơȁ
ȄºǴǟ ŚƦǯ ƾƷ ńƛ ǵȂǬȇ ƧǁƢƸƦǴdz ƨȇƢǸūơ ƶǼŭ ȆǬǘǼŭơ DžƢLJȋƢǧ
ǾǠǔºź ƨȇǁƢš ƨǼȈǨLJ Ŀ DzǸǠǴdz ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǝȂǘƫ ǹƗ ƢǿƽƢǨǷ Ƨǂǰǧ
Ľ ǺǷȁ .ƢŮ ƔȏȂdzơȁ ƢȀǼȈǻơȂǫȁ ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƾdz ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƨȇȏȂǴdz ƢƆƬǫƚǷ
ǞƬǸƬdzơ Ŀ ƢȀǴƥƢǬȇ ȅǀdzơ Ǫūơ Ǻǟ ȐƆ ǔǧ ǺǗơȂǷ ƨǨǏ ƤLjƬǰȇ ȂȀǧ
ƤƦLjƥ ǖǬǧ ƶǼŤ ǮǴƫ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǩȂǬƷȁ .(ÎÔÔ)ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȇƢǸŞ
ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȏȁ .(ÎÔÕ)ơƆƾƳ ƧǁȂǐǬǷ ǹȂǰƫȁ ƧǁƢƸƦǴdz ƾȇǂǨdzơ ǞǓȂdzơ
ƨǼȈǨLjdzƢƥ ǶȀƬǫȐǟ ǹȂǰƫ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƣƢǯǂǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƔȆnjdzơ džǨǻ DZƢǬȇ
ơȂLjºǸƬǴȇ ǹƗ ǶȀȈǴǟ ǹȂǰȇ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .ŐǯƗ ƨƳǁƾƥ ƨƬǫƚǷȁ ƧƽȁƾŰ
ƨLJǁƢŲ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ ǺǷ Ǯdzƿ ƾǯƘƬȇȁ .ǶȀƬȈLjǼƳ ƨdzȁƽ ǺǷ ƨȇƢǸūơ
.ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƽ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƣƢǯǂdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ǝȂǓȂǷ Ŀ DZȁƾǴdz
ƢđƢǯǁȁ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ ǶǫơȂǗ -Ï
ǶǫƢºǗȁ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǶǫƢǗ śƥ ǶƟƢǬdzơ ǾƦnjdzơ ǾƳȁ ȆƷȂȇ ƾǫ -ÓÖ
ƨȇƢǸŞ ȏƆ ȂǸnjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ Ǯdzǀǯ ȆǤƦǼȇ Śƻȋơ ơǀǿ ǹƘƥ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ
ƾȈȇƘƫ ȄǴǟ ǁȂưǠdzơ ǺǰŻȁ .ƢȀȈǧ ƨǴƴLjǷ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
__________
ƨȈºNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) The Queen v. Carr and Wilson ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ (ÎÔÓ)
ǹƗ ƾºǠƥ ǾǻƗ ńƛ (Lord Coleridge) ƱƾȇǂdzȂǯ ƽǁȂǴdzơ ǎǴƻ (ǽȐǟƗ ÎÐÍ
ƨºȇƢǸūơȁ ƨºȇȏȂǴdz Ǟǔºź ƨºȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ƨǼȈǨLJ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ ǎƼNj ƽȂƳȁ śƦƫ
ǹȂǴǰnjȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ śƥ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ǞȈǘƬLJƗ ȏ" :ǾǠǓȁ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥ śƬȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ
Ǻȇǀºdzơ ȁƗ ƢȀǼƬǷ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ Ŀ DzǸǠǴdz ǹȂƫƘȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ȁƗ ǶǫƢǘdzơ ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ
."ƣƢǯǂǯ ƢƆǟȂǗ ǹȂƫƘȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ȁƗ ȅǁƢȈƬƻơ Śǣ Dzǰnjƥ Ƣđ ǹȁƾƳȂȇ
ƨȈǔǫȁ ž(ǽȐǟƗ ÎÎÓ ƨȈNjƢūơ) Džȁǁ ƨȈǔǫ ƆƢǷȂǸǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÔÔ)
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÎÏÐ ƨȈNjƢūơ) Edward A. Hilson (U.S.) v. Germany
ǾƫǂºLJƗ ȁƗ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ƨƳȁǃ ƆȐưǷ DzǸnjȇ ȏ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǪƷ ǹƛ (ÎÔÕ)
.Moore, A Digest …, p. 800 :ƧǂNjƢƦŭơ
72
ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƬLjǧ ƢȀƬȈLjǼƳ DzǸŹ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƨȇƢǸūơ džǸƬǴȇ ǹƗ
.(ÎÔÎ)"ƢŮ ǡȂLjǷ ȏ ƨǬnjǷ Ǯdzƿ
ƨǨȈǠºǓ DZȁƾºdz ƢƆȈdzƢƷ ǺǨLjdzơ ǶǫơȂǗ ǺǷ Śưǰdzơ ȆǸƬǼȇȁ -ÓÐ
ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ DZƢů Ŀ ƧƾȈƳ ƨǠǸLjƥ ǞƬǸƬƫ ȏ ƢƆȇƽƢǐƬǫơȁ ƢƆȈLJƢȈLJ
DZƢǐºƫȏơ ơȁƾǬǧ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷ ƨȇƢǸū ǂǯǀȇ ƢƆǷƢǸƬǿơ ŅȂƫ ȏȁ
ơȂºǓǂǠƫȁ ƨºȈƦǼƳƗ ǺǨLJ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ ǶȀǴǸǟ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǶŮȁƾƥ ǪȈƯȂdzơ
ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƽ ǹƗ ƶȈƸǏȁ .ƨȈƦǼƳȋơ ǺǨLjdzơ Dzǟ ƨǷƾŬơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǁơǂǓȋ
ǹȁƾƥ ƨǷƔȐŭơ ǶǴǟ ƶǼŤ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƩƢǫȁȋơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ǹȂǰƫ
ǺºǷȁ .ƢȀǸǴǟ DzǸŢ Ŗdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ǶǫơȂǘdz DZƢƥ ơƿ ƢƆǷƢǸƬǿơ ŚǠƫ ǹƗ
ƢȀǨºǏȂƥ ƢȀƬǠũ ƨȇƢŧ ńƛ ǽǀǿ ǶǴǠdzơ DZȁƽ ƱƢƬŢ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ
ǶǫơȂǘdzơ ƽơǂǧƗ ƨȇƢŧ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿ ƢǿDŽǨŹ ƾǫȁ ƨǷƔȐŭơ ǵȐǟƗ ǂǧȂƫ
ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǹȂǰȇ ǶǫƢǘdzơ ƽơǂǧƗ ƨȇƢŧ DŽǧƢƷ ǹƗ ƾǯƚŭơ ǺǷȁ .ƨȈƦǼƳȋơ
.ǶǫƢǘdzơ ƽơǂǧƗ ƨȈLjǼƳ ƨdzȁƽ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǾǼǷ ŐǯƗ DZȁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ
ǶºȀǧ .ǶºǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƾƥ ƢƆǬȈƯȁ ƢƆǗƢƦƫǁơ ǶǫƢǘdzơ ƽơǂǧƗ ǖƦƫǂȇȁ -ÓÑ
DZƾºǠdzơ ƨºǸǰŰ ŚƦǠƬƥȁ ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƾdz ƨȈƟƢǼŪơ ƨȇȏȂǴdz ǹȂǠǔź
ƨǘnjºǻƗ ǶǜǼºȇ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ ƤŸ" ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ǦǫȂƬȇ ƢŶƛȁ ǽƽơǂǧƗ ƨȈLjǼƳ ȄǴǟ ǦǫȂƬȇ ȏ ǶǫƢǘdzơ
ǹȂǰƫ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .(ÎÔÏ)"ƢȀȈǧ ƨǴƴLjǷ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ
ƽơǂºǧƗ ǞºȈǸŪ ƨƦºLJƢǼǷ DzºǸǟ ǕȁǂNj ƶǼŠ ƨǷDŽǴǷ ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƽ
DZȁŗdzơ ǺǷ ǶȀǼȈǰǸƬdz ƧǁƢƸƦdzơ ƨȇȂǿ ǪƟƢƯȁ ǶȀƟƢǘǟƛȁ (ÎÔÐ)ǶǫƢǘdzơ
ǮºǴƫ Ŀȁ .(ÎÔÑ)ƨǼȈǨLjºdzơ Ƣđ ǦǫȂƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƞǻơȂŭơ Ŀ ƨLjƥƢȈdzơ ńƛ
Ŀ Ǫºūơ ǶºǴǠdzơ ƨºdzȁƾdz ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƤLJƢǼŭơ ǺǷ ȁƾƦȇ ǥȁǂǜdzơ
Śºǣ DzºǠǧ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǻ ǁǂǓ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ǹȁǁƢǔȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǶȀƬȇƢŧ
.ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjǷ
ʼnƾºǬƬƥ ƨǴǐºƬŭơ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏơ DZƢǨǣƛ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȏȁ -ÓÒ
DžǁƢºŤ ǹƗ ƢºǷ ƨdzȁƾdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƘǨǯȋơȁ ǂLjȇȋơ ǺǸǧ .ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ
ƨȈLjǼƳ DZȁƽ ńƛ ƤǴǘƫ ǹƗ ǺǷ ǶǫƢǘdzơ ƽơǂǧƗ ǞȈŦ ŁƢǐdz ƨȇƢǸūơ
.ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷ Ǻǟ ƨƥƢȈǻ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ǵƾǬƫ ǹƗ ǶǫƢǘdzơ ƽơǂǧƗ ǞȈŦ
ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ ƩƢºƦdzƢǘŭơ ƽƾǠƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƪǔǧǁ ƾǫȁ
.ǶȀLJȋơ ƨǴŧ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ƩƽƾǠƫ ƮȈƷ (ÎÔÒ)ǂƴǴdz ƨǻȂǴNjǂƥ ƨǯǂNj
.ǺǨLjdzơ ǶǫơȂǗ ȄǴǟ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏơ džǨǻ ǪƦǘǼƫȁ
__________
.ÎÍÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÐÑÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÔÎ)
Anklagemyndigheden v. Peter Michael Poulsen and Diva (ÎÔÏ)
.Navigation Corp., judgement of 24 November 1992, case C–286/90
ž(ƣ)Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÖÑ ƧƽƢŭơ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ (ÎÔÐ)
.Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ŚȇƢǠŭ Ňƽȋơ ƾūơ ǹƘnjƥ (ÎÑÔ Ƕǫǁ) ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁ
ƧǁƢƸƦǴdz ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȇȂŮơ ǪƟƢƯȂƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ (ÎÍÕ Ƕǫǁ) ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ (ÎÔÑ)
.Ï ƧƽƢŭơ
Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, (ÎÔÒ)
ǂǜǻơ .Limited, Second Phase, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1970, pp. 40–48
(M/V “Saiga” (No. 2)) "ƢǤȇƢLJ" ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ȃȂƬǨdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ
.ÎÍÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÐÑÔ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÎÒÎ ƨȈNjƢūơ) ILM
73 ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ
ŅơȂºƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢLjǻǂǧȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƢǿƾǻƢLjƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ
ȆºǤƦǼȇ ƿƛ .ƨȈºLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ȄǴǟ ȏƆ ƢưǷ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟơ ƤǠǐdzơ ǺǷ
śƬºǘƥơǁ DzºƦǫ ǺºǷ ƨǷƾǬǷ ƨǏƢƻ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟơ ȃǂƷȋƢƥ
.ǶǫƢǘdzơȁ ƣƢǯǂdzơ ƨȈƦǴǣƗȁ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ ƨȈLjǼƳ ƨdzȁƽ ǺǷ ƾȈȇƘƬƥ śƬƦdzƢǘǷ
ƨȈƟƢǔǨdzơ ƩƢƦǯǂŭơ -Ð
ƩƢȈLjºǼƳ ƽƾºǠƫ Ŀ ǺǨLjdzơ ƨȈƟƢǔǨdzơ ƩƢƦǯǂŭơ ǾƦnjƫ -ÔÏ
ŔǷ ȄǴǟ ƢǿƙƢǔǫ ǶǫƢǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ Ŗdzơ Ƨƾŭơ DZȂǗȁ ƢȀǸǫƢǗ
ƾºȇƚƫ DZȁƾǴdz ƨLJǁƢŲ ȅƗ ǵơƾǠǻȏ Ƥƴǟ ȏȁ .ƨȈƟƢǔǨdzơ ƨƦǯǂŭơ
ǾºǻƗ ȄǴǟ .ƨȈƟƢǔǨdzơ ƨƦǯǂŭơ DzȈƴLjƫ ƨdzȁƽ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ǶǫƢǘdzơ ƨȇƢŧ
ȆŸǁƾºƬdzơ ǂȇȂǘƬdzơ Ŀ ǑȂŬơ ƨǴƷǂŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƨǸǰūơ ǺǷ džȈdz
.ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀđ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz
ƨǏȐŬơ -Ñ
ƨȇƢǸūơ ƝƽƢƦǷ ǩƢǘǻ ǞȈLJȂƫ ńƛ ÏÔ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ȄǠLjȇ -ÔÐ
Ǻȇȁƾƫ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƢĔȂǰƥ ǦǏȂƫ ƾǫȁ .ƢƆȈŸǁƾƫ ƨȇƾȈǴǬƬdzơ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
ƨºLJǁƢŲ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƛ ƮȈƷ ȆŸǁƾƫ ǂȇȂǘƫ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƢĔȂǯ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ
ƢƆŹǂºǏ ƢƆǸǰƷ džȈdz Ȃǿȁ .ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǮǴƫ ǡȂLjƫ DZȁƾǴdz ƨȈǧƢǯ
ƨƴȈƬǻ ƢƆȈƦǼƳƗ ƢƆǼǗơȂǷ ǪƸǴƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ȄǴǟ ǁȂǐǬǷ Ǿǻƛ ƮȈƷ
ǺǗơȂºŠ ǪƸǴƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ DzǸnjȇ ȏȁ ƢǷ ƨǼȈǨLJ ƤȈǐȇ ǁǂǔdz
Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ǾǻƗ ƢǸǯ .ƨLjƥƢȈdzơ ńƛ DZȁŗdzƢƥ ǹƿƛ ȄǴǟ DzǐŹ œǼƳƗ
ƵǂƬǬȇ Ľ ǺǷȁ .ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȇȂǫ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ǵȂǟƾǷ Ǯdzƿ
ȄºǴǟ ƨǬǧơȂŭơ ǵƾǟ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ʃǁǂǫ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ ƾȈƥ .ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǽƾǸƬǠƫ ǹƗ
:ŅƢƬdzơ ȆǗȂƸƬdzơ Ǖǂnjdzơ ƾǸƬǠƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȈǧ Ƕǰūơ Ǯdzƿ
DzºƦǫ ǺǷ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƨLJǁƢǸŠ ǽǀǿ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ Dzţ ȏ"
ƨǼȈǨLjºdzơ ǮºǴƫ ǶǫƢºǗ ǽƢš [ƧǂƟƢǗ ȁƗ] ƨǼȈǨLJ ƨȈLjǼƳ ƨdzȁƽ
ǺǷ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǮƠdzȁƗ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǒǤƥ [ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ ȁƗ]
."ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷ
ǮǴƫ ƽĄ ƢǠƦƬLJơ dž
ċ Ż ȏƗ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ DzǨǰȈLJ ȆǗȂƸƬdzơ Ǖǂnjdzơ ơǀȀǧ
ƨȇƢŧ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈǧǂǟ ƧƾǟƢǫ ǁȂǘƬƥ ƨȈdzƢūơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǺǷ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ
.ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƽ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǨLJ ǶǫƢǗ
_________________________________________
Murphy, “Contemporary practice of the ȁ žÏÍÍÑ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ö
United States relating to international law: Libyan payment to families
.(of Pan Am flight 103 victims”
DZƢºǸǟȋơ ǒºǠƥȁ ǶƟơǂŪƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ ǦǫȂŭơ ơǀŮ
ƨºdzȁƾdz DZȂºţ Ŗºdzơ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ ƨƦǰƫǂŭơ ȃǂƻȋơ
DZƢºǸǟȋơ ȄºǴǟ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ƨȈƷȐǏ DzȈƴLjƬdzơ
ƨȈƷȐǏ śƥ ƆƢǫǂǧ ƨť ǹƗ ȄǴǟ .(ÎÔÖ)ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ ƨƦǰƫǂŭơ
ƤǠǐºdzơ ǺǷȁ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǪƷȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ
ƾƳȂƫ ȏ ƢǸǼȈƥ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ ǶǫƢǘdz ƨȇƢǸūơ ǮǴƫ ƶǼǷ Ƨǁȁǂǔƥ DZȂǬdzơ
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ƾȇƚƫ ȏ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .DZȁƾǴdz ƨLJǁƢŲ
ǶǿƾǠƥ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ .ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ ǶǫơȂǘdz ƨȇƢǸūơ ƶǼǷ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzƢƥ
Ƨƾºȇƾǟ ƩơȂǼLJ ȁƗ ƆơǂȀNjƗ ǩǂǤƬLjȇ ȏ ǶȀƬȈLjǼƳ ƨdzȁƽ Ǻǟ
Ǯºdzƿ ńƛ Ƕºǿȁ .ǺǨLjdzơ ǶǫơȂǘdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǹƘnjdzơ Ȃǿ ƢǸǴưǷ
ƨdzȁƽ ǶŮ ǵƾǬƫ ǹƗ ƶƳǁȋơ ǺǷ DzǠŸ ǞǸƬĐơ Ŀ ǞǓȂƥ ǹȂǠƬǸƬȇ
.Ƨǁȁǂǔdzơ ƾǼǟ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǶȀƬȈLjǼƳ
ǶǫƢºǘdz ƨºȇƢǸūơ ʼnƾºǬƫ ǺºǰǸŭơ Śǣ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁ -ÔÍ
ȄºǴǟ ǁȂºưǠdzơ ǺǰŻȁ .ƢđƢǯǂdz ƶǼŤ ȏƗ ńȁƗ ƣƢƥ ǺǸǧ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ
"ǮȈǨȈºLJƢƥ ȆƯƢǯ" ǹơŚǘdzơ ƨǯǂNj ƭƽƢƷ Ŀ ǦǫȂŭơ ơǀŮ ƾȈȇƘƫ
ǾºȈǧ ƪºƦdzƢǗ ȅǀºdzơ (ÎÕÍ)ÎÖÒÑ ǵƢǟ Ŀ (Cathay Pacific)
řǗơȂºǷ ƧƢºǧȁ Ǻǟ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ ʼnƾǬƬƥ śǐdzơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ƨºȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ƧǂƟƢǗ ƣƢǯǁ śƥ ǺǷ ơȂǻƢǯ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƪǔǧǁ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈǼȈǏ ƨȇǂǰLjǟ ƧǂƟƢǗ ƢȀƬǘǬLJƗ
ƨºǰǴǸŭơ śƥ ǶƬȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǮǴƫ ƨȇȂLjƫ ǹƘƥ śǐdzơ ǵDŽƳ
.ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩơȂǼǬdzơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ śǐdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
śƫǂƟƢºǘƥ ǹƢºǬǴǠƬƫ śƬưȇƾƷ śƬƯǁƢǰdz ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ -ÔÎ
ǵƢºǻƢƥ ƨǯǂºNj ŖȈǔºǫ ƢƬǴǯ ȆǨǧ .ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀđ ƨǴǏ ƢǸđƢǯǁȁ
ƪǷƾºǫ (ǂƴȈǼdzơ) UTA ȅȂŪơ DzǬǼdzơ ƽƢŢơ ƨǯǂNjȁ (ÎÕÎ)(ĺǂǯȂdz)
Ǻºǟ ƨƥƢȈǻ ƨȈƦȈǴdzơ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ ƨȇŚǿƢǸŪơ ƾǓ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ƢƬǘƥơǁ
ǮºǴƫ ǹƗ Ƕǣǁȁ .(ÎÕÏ)ǶȀƬȈLjǼƳ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǒǤƥ ȄǴƬǬdzơ Dzǯ ǂLJƗ
__________
.Ð ƧƽƢŭơ (ÎÔÖ)
.Whiteman, Digest of International Law, pp. 534-535 (ÎÕÍ)
Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 (ÎÕÎ)
Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie
(Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America), Order of 10
.September 2003, I.C.J. Reports 2003, p. 152
ǹƗ ȁƾºƦȇ (ǽȐºǟƗ ÎÕÎ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) ĺǂǯȂdz ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ (ÎÕÏ)
Ŀ ÎÍÐ ƨǴƷǂdzơ ǵƢǻƢƥ ƨǯǂNj ƧǂƟƢǗ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ ơȂǻƢǯ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ǶǜǠǷ
ǭƢǼǿ ƪǻƢǯ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨȈLjǼƳ ǹȂǴǸŹ ơȂǻƢǯ ÎÖÕÕ ǵƢǟ
ǂƴȈǼdzơ ǩȂǧ ƪǘǬLJƌƗ ƢǷƾǼǟ UTA ƨǯǂNj ƧǂƟƢǗ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ ƨǨǴƬű ƨȈLjǼƳ ÎÔ
BBC News: Africa :ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨǟơƿȍơ ƨƠȈǿ ǁƢƦƻƗ ǂǜǻơ) .ÎÖÕÖ ǵƢǟ Ŀ
Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ) Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
(Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƨdzƢƷ
[DZƢǸǟȋơ DZȁƾƳ ǺǷ Ñ ƾǼƦdzơ]
A.CN.4/540 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ
ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƬdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ Ǻǟ ňƢưdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ
ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȁơǁ ƢLJƢǨȈǼȇǂLJ ȂƳơǁƢǸȈƥ ƾȈLjdzơ ǽƾǟƗ Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ
[ƨȇDŽȈǴǰǻȍƢƥ :DzǏȋơ]
[ÏÍÍÑ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÎÒ]
ƩƢȇȂƬƄơ
ƨƸǨǐdzơ ƩơǂºǬǨdzơ
ÔÓ ...................................................................... ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ
ÔÔ .......................................................................................... ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳơǂŭơ
ÔÕ Ï-Î ................................................................................................. ƨǷƾǬǷ
DzǐǨdzơ
ÔÕ ÐÒ-Ð ................................... ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ȄǴǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƫ - DZȁȋơ
ÔÕ Ö-Ð .................................................................ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ - ǦdzƗ
ÔÖ ÎÐ-ÎÍ ......................................................................... ǩƢǘǼdzơ - ƔƢƥ
ÕÍ ÏÑ-ÎÑ .................................................................... DzǤnjŭơ ǁȁƽ - ǶȈƳ
ÕÎ ÎÕ-ÎÒ ........................... DzǤnjŭơ ǺǷ ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơȁ ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ -Î
ÕÏ ÏÏ-ÎÖ ................................... DzǤnjŭơ ńƛ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ƽȁƾƷȁ DžƢLJƗ -Ï
ÕÏ ÏÐ ........................................................... ƨȈƦƦLjdzơ ƨǫȐǠdzơ -Ð
ÕÐ ÏÑ ...................................................... ǁǂǔdzơ ǁƽƢǐǷ ƽƾǠƫ -Ñ
ÕÐ ÏÖ-ÏÒ ..................................................................... ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǁȁƽ - DZơƽ
ÕÐ ÏÕ-ÏÓ ............................... DzȇȂǸƬǴdz ƢǿŚǧȂƫȁ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǭơǂNjƛ ǩƢǘǻȁ ƨǠȈƦǗ -Î
ÕÑ ÏÖ ........................................... DzȇȂǸƬǴdz ƨȈǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǁƽƢǐŭơ ǝơȂǻƗ -Ï
ÕÒ ÐÏ-ÐÍ ...................................................... ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨȈǘǤƫ - ƔƢǿ
ÕÒ ÐÒ-ÐÐ ........................................... ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DzǸǠǴdz ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzǰnjdzơ - ȁơȁ
ÕÓ ÐÔ-ÐÓ .......................................................... ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬǸǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJȏơ - ňƢưdzơ
ÖÍ ÐÕ .................................................................... ƨƷǂƬǬŭơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ - ƮdzƢưdzơ
ÖÍ ............................................................................. ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ǩƢǘǻ -Î
ÖÍ ................................................................................... Ƶǂnjdzơ
ÖÍ ..................................................................... ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ -Ï
ÖÎ ................................................................................... Ƶǂnjdzơ
ÖÏ ...............................................................ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧȁ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ǒȇȂǠƫ -Ð
ÖÏ ................................................................................... Ƶǂnjdzơ
ÖÐ .................................................................. ǶƟȐŭơȁ ȅǁȂǨdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ -Ñ
ÖÐ ............................................................................... ǦdzƗ ǁƢȈŬơ
ÖÐ ................................................................................. ƔƢƥ ǁƢȈŬơ
ÖÐ ................................................................................... Ƶǂnjdzơ
ÖÒ ........................................................................ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ -Ò
ÖÒ ................................................................................... Ƶǂnjdzơ

75
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ 76

ÖÓ ............................................................... ƨȈdzƢŭơ ǖǘŬơȁ śǷƘƬdzơ ǖǘƻ -Ó

ÖÓ ................................................................................. Ƶǂnjdzơ
ÖÓ ....................................................................... ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ -Ô
ÖÓ ................................................................................... Ƶǂnjdzơ
ÖÔ ......................................................................ǺǠǘdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ŚǧȂƫ -Õ
ÖÔ ................................................................................... Ƶǂnjdzơ
ÎÍÍ ...................................................... ȃǂƻȋơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬƥ ƨǫȐǠdzơ -Ö
ÎÍÍ ................................................................................... Ƶǂnjdzơ
ÎÍÍ .......................................................................... ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ -ÎÍ
ÎÍÍ ................................................................................... Ƶǂnjdzơ
ÎÍÍ ...................................................... ơƆƾȇƾŢȁ Ȑ
Ɔ ȈǐǨƫ ǂưǯƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ Ƕǜǻ ǞǓȁ -ÎÎ
ÎÍÍ ................................................................................... Ƶǂnjdzơ
ÎÍÍ ................................................................................... ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ -ÎÏ
ÎÍÍ ................................................................................... Ƶǂnjdzơ
ººººººººº
ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. (ÎÖÒÖ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Î ǺǘǼNjơȁ) ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ
402, No. 5778, p. 71.
ILM, vol. XXX (1991), p. 1461. (ÎÖÖÎ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ñ ƾȇǁƾǷ) ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. ƔƢŭơ ƶǘLJ ƪŢȁ ȆƳǁƢŬơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ Ŀȁ ȂŪơ Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ƣǁƢš ƔơǂƳƛ ǂǜƷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ
480, No. 6964, p. 43. (ÎÖÓÐ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ Ò ȂǰLJȂǷ)
Official Journal of the European ƨºȈǻƾŭơ DzƟƢLjºŭơ Ŀ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǀȈǨǼƫȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ÎÖÓÕ ǵƢǠdz DzLjǯȁǂƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
Communities, vol. 15, No. L 299 (ÎÖÓÕ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÔ DzLjǯȁǂƥ) ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơȁ
(31 December 1972), p. 32.
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. ÏÖ DzLjºǯȁǂƥ) ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
973, No. 14097, p. 3. (ÎÖÓÖ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ
Ibid., vol. 1110, No. 17146, p. 57. ƭȂºǴƬdzơ Ǻºǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz Ņȁƽ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƔƢnjǻƜƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÔÎ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÕ DzLjǯȁǂƥ) ȆǘǨǼdzơ
Ƨǁȁƾºdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ (ÎÖÕÏ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÕ ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ) ƨǠȈƦǘǴdz ȆŭƢǠdzơ ǩƢưȈŭơ
ÒÎ Ƕǫǁ ǪƸǴŭơ ǹȂƯȐưdzơȁ ƨǠƥƢLjdzơ
.Ǫǧǂŭơ Ô/ÐÔ ǁơǂǬdzơ
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. (ÎÖÕÏ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÍ ȅƢƥ ȂǤȈƬǻȂǷ) ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
1833, No. 31363, p. 3.
ILM, vol. XXVII (1988), p. 868. (ÎÖÕÕ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ Ï ǹȂƬǤǼdzȁ) ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻȋ ƨȈǻƾǠŭơ ƽǁơȂŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. (ÎÖÖÏ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj Ô ƪƻǂƬLJƢǷ) (ƪƻǂƬLJƢǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ) ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ
1757, No. 30615, p. 3.
Official Journal of the European (ÎÖÖÏ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÏ džȇǁƢƥ) ȆLjǴǗȋơ ǖȈƄơ ǩǂNj DZƢǸnjdz ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
Communities, No. L 104, vol.
41 (3 April 1998), p. 3.
Council of Europe, European ÏÎ ȂǻƢºǣȂdz) ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ȄǴǟ Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ǂºǜǻơ .Treaty Series, No. 150 (ÎÖÖÐ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ
ILM, vol. XXXII, No. 5 :ƢƆǔȇƗ
.(September 1993), p. 1230
77 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ

Ƨǁȁƾºdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
ÑÖ Ƕǫǁ ǪƸǴŭơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨȇƽƢūơ
ÏÏÖ/ÒÎ ǁơǂºǬdzơ ƮºdzƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ
.Ǫǧǂŭơ
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.
2241, No. 16197, p. 270.
.Ibid., vol. 2161, No. 37770, p. 447
ILM, vol. XXXIII, :ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻơ
.No. 3 (May 1999), p. 517
UNEP/CHW.5/29, annex III.
ECE/MP.WAT-ECE/CP.TEIA/9.
ÏÎ ǭǁȂºȇȂȈǻ) ƨȈƷȐŭơ Śǣ Ǒơǂǣȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢĐơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǹȂǻƢǬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÖÔ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ
ÎÏ ƢºǼȈȈǧ) ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ DZƾǠŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
(ÎÖÖÔ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ
ƔȂºƴǴdzơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛȁ ǁơǂǬdzơ ǞǼǏ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÖÕ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÒ DžȂǿǁƕ) ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ Ŀ ƨdzơƾǠdzơ ńƛ
Őºǟ ƧǂºǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ DzǬǻ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
(ÎÖÖÖ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÍ DZǃƢƥ) ƢȀǼǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơȁ ƽȁƾūơ
ƭƽơȂºūơ ǁƢºƯƕ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
ǵơƾƼƬºLJơȁ ƨºȇƢǸŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ
ǁƢºƯƖƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩơŚƸƦdzơȁ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢĐơ
(ÏÍÍÐ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÏÎ ǦȈȈǯ) ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƭƽơȂūơ

ººººººººº

ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳơǂŭơ

ARSANJANI, Mahnoush H. and W. Michael REISMAN
“The quest for an international liability regime for the
protection of the global commons”, in Karel Wellens, ed.,
International LawʊTheory and Practice: Essays in Honour
of Eric Suy. The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1998, pp. 469–492.
BERGKAMP, Lucas
Liability and Environment: Private and Public Law Aspects of
Civil Liability for Environmental Harm in an International
Context. The Hague, Kluwer, 2001.
BIRNIE, P. W. and A. E. BOYLE
International Law and the Environment. 2nd ed. Oxford,
Oxford University Press, 2002.
CHARNEY, Jonathan I.
“Third State remedies for environmental damage to the
world’s common spaces”, in Francesco Francioni and Tullio
Scovazzi, eds., International Responsibility for Environmental
Harm. London, Graham & Trotman, 1991, pp. 149–177.
CHURCHILL, Robin R.
“Facilitating (transnational) civil liability litigation for
environmental damage by means of treaties: progress,
problems, and prospects”, Yearbook of International
Environmental Law, vol. 12, 2001, pp. 3–41.
CRAWFORD, James
The International Law Commission’s Articles on State
Responsibility: Introduction, Text and Commentaries.
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
CUPERUS, K. W. and A. E. BOYLE
“Articles on private law remedies for transboundary damage
in international watercourses”, Report of the Sixty-Seventh
Conference, held at Helsinki, Finland, 12-17 August 1996.
London, International Law Association, 1996, pp. 403–411.
GEHRING, Thomas and Markus JACHTENFUCHS
“Liability for transboundary environmental damage towards a
general liability regime?”, European Journal of International
Law, vol. 4, 1993, pp. 92–106.
LA FAYETTE, Louise de
“The concept of environmental damage in international
liability regimes”, in Michael Bowman and Alan Boyle, eds.,
Environmental Damage in International and Comparative
Law: Problems of Definition and Valuation. Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 2002, pp. 149–189.
SANDS, Philippe
Principles of International Environmental Law. 2nd ed.
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
WETTERSTEIN, Peter
“A proprietary or possessory interest: a conditio sine qua non
for claiming damages for environmental impairment?”, in
Peter Wetterstein, ed., Harm to the Environment: the Right to
Compensation and the Assessment of Damages. Oxford,
Clarendon Press, 1997, pp. 29–54.
WOLFRUM, Rüdiger, Christine LANGENFELD and Petra
MINNEROP
Environmental Liability in International Law: Towards a
Coherent Conception. To be published in 2005 (Berlin, Erich
Schmidt). 586 p
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
(Î)
ƨǷƾǬǷ
Ƣđ ƾNjǂƬLjƬdz ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ Ɣơǁƕ ƨLjǸƬǴǷ ƧƽƾƄơ ƨǴƠLJȋơ ǒǠƥ
.(Ð)ƆȐƦǬƬLjǷ ƨǼƴǴdzơ DZƢǸǟƗ
ȄºǴǟ ƨǸȈǬdzơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ ǺǷ ơƆƽƾǟ ǀƟǀǼǷ DZȁƾdzơ ƪǷƾǫȁ -Ï
ƨºǼƴǴdzơ Dzƻơƽ ƨnjǫƢǼŭơ Ŀ ƢȀƬǯǁƢnjǷ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƨǴƠLJȋơȁ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǽǀǿ
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz śLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ DZȐƻȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ
.ƧƾºƷ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƫ DZȁƽ Ǟǔƥ ƪǷƾǫ ƢǸǯ .ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ Ŀ
ƨºȈǼǣ Ɣơǁƕ ǺºǷ DZȁƾºdzơ ǾºƫƾƥƗ ƢǷ ǑơǂǠƬLJơ ƾȈǨŭơ ǺǷ ǾǴǠdzȁ
DZȁƢǼƫ Ŀ ƢƆǷƾǫ Ȇǔŭơ DzƦǫ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJȏơ ǒǠƥ ǍȐƼƬLJơȁ
ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơ Ŀ DŽƳȂŭơ ơǀǿ ƽǂȇȁ .ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀǿ
ƢǷƗ .ňƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ Ŀ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬǸǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJȏơ ƽǂƫ ƢǸǯ
ƧǃDŽºǠŭơ ƩƢƷơǂƬǫȏơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǒǠƥ ƽơǂȇƜƥ ǶƬƬƼȈǧ ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ
.ƢȀȈǧ ǂǜǼdzơ ǑǂǤƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨȈƸȈǓȂƫ ƩƢǜƷȐŠ
__________
ÎÕ-ÎÔ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (Ð)
.ÐÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơ
ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ȄǴǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƫ
ȄºǴǟ ƾȇƾŪơ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ ƵƢƫƗ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǥƾđ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -Ñ
ƨȈǸȈǿƢǨǷ ƩƢƥȂǠǏ ȄǴǟ ƤǴǤƬdzơ DzǤĈ njǸǴdz Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ "ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƽƢǼLJƛ"
ǩƢºǘǻ Ǻºǟ ǾǴǐǧ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ǩƢǘǻ ƾȇƾƸƬƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ
ƶȈǓȂƫ ƧǁȁǂǓ ȃǂȇ ȅƗǁ ƨť DZơDŽȇ ȏ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ńƛ ƾǼƬLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƨȇƾȈǴǬƬdzơ ǶǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǽǁƢƯƕ ǹƢȈƦƫȁ
Ƕºǜǻ ǥƾºǿ ǹƗ ƽȂǧȂdzơ ǒǠƥ ƪǜƷȏȁ .(Ó)"ǁǂǔdzơ" ǵȂȀǨǷ
ƤƳơȁ ƽƢǼLJƛ Ȃǿ Dzƥ ǞǫơȂdzơ Ŀ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƫ Ȃǿ džȈdz ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƢºǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢºǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
DzºȈƦǫ ǺºǷ ƧƽƢºƬǠǷ ƩƢƸǴǘǐǷ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ƵǂƬĄǫơȁ .(Ô)Ņȁƾdzơ
"ƧǁƢLjºŬơ ǞȇǃȂƫ" ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǚƷȂdzȁ .(Õ)"ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ"ȁ "ǁǂǔdzơ"
ǵƾºǠƥ ȆºǓƢǬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơȁ "Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ" ƗƾƦǷ Ǻǟ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƾȈŹ
ǾƳȂƬdzơ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ȆƠƫǁơȁ .(Ö)ƨƠȇŐdzơ ƨȈƸǔǴdz ƧǁƢLjŬơ DzȈǸŢ ǃơȂƳ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ DzƟƢLjǷ DZȁƢǼƫ Ȃǿ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƨȇȏȂdz ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ
__________
Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (Ó)
ÎÓ ƨLjºǴŪơ ƢLjºǸǼdzơ ǹƢºȈƥ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
.ÑÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16)
(A/C.6/58/SR.18) ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ǹƢȈƥ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (Ô)
.ÐÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ÎÔ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ơƾǼdzȂƥ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (Õ)
.ÐÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (Ö)
.ÑÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18)
78
ǽǂºȇǂǬƫ Ŀ ƽƾºƷ ƾºǫ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǹƗ ǂǯǀĄȇ ǾǴǠdz -Î
(Î )
ƨǔȇǂǠdzơ ǕȂǘŬơ ǒǠƥ ƵơǂƬǫȏơȁ ǃƢŸȍơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ (Ï)DZȁȋơ
ƨƦLJƢǼǷ ƝƽƢƦǷ ǡȂǐdz ƆƢLJƢLJƗ ǹȂǰƬLJ ƢĔƜǧ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǪǨƫơ ǹƛ Ŗdzơ
ǂƥƢºǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƬdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǶǰŢ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƪƷǂǗ ƢǸǯ .Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz
ǵƢǟ Ŀ śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLjǷƢŬơ Ƣēǁȁƽ DZƢǸǟƗ Ǻǟ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ
śLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ Ƣēǁȁƽ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ńƛ ǵƾǬŭơ ÏÍÍÐ
__________
DzºȇȂƥ ǹȏƗ ƿƢƬLJȌdz ǾǻƢǼƬǷơ Ǻǟ ƣǂǠȇ ǹƗ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƽȂȇ (Î)
ƨºǼŪ Ȃǔºǟ ƾǴȈǨLjǻƢǷ ǵƢȈdzȁ ƾȈLjdzơȁ ơŐǻƽƛ ƨǠǷƢŝ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƿƢƬLJƗ
ǹƗ Śºǣ .ƨǬƥƢLJ ƩơƽȂLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƨǸȈǫ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƫ ǺǷ ǽƢȇƾƥƗ Ƣŭ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
Ŀ ȃǂºƻƗ ǎǫơȂºǻ ȁƗ ǕȐǣƗ ȅƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǽƾƷȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ
.ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Ï)
.ÎÒÐ-ÎÒÍ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ÎÏÖ-ÎÏÔ Ǎ A/CN.4/531
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ -ǦdzƗ
(Î)
Ǻǟ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬǸǴdz DZȁȋơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzƢƥ (Ñ)ƽȂǧȁ Ƨƾǟ ƪƦƷǁ -Ð (Ð ) (Ï )
ƽȁƾºƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƬdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ
Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟơ ƩƾȇƗȁ .Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ
ƢȀȈdzƛ DzǏȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơȁ ǾƫƢƳƢƬǼƬLJơ Ŀ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƾǼƬLJơ
ȆǤƦǼȇ ȏ ƨȈƸǔdzơ ǹƘƥ ƾȈǨȇ ȅǀdzơ Ƕǿȋơ ȆLJƢLJȋơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ
.(Ò)ƢƆǼǰŲ Ǯdzƿ ǵơƽ ƢǷ Ƕǟƽ ǹȁƽ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƢȀǴȈǸŢ
__________
Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (Ñ)
ƢºȈǻƢŭƗ ƩƢºǻƢȈƥ ÎÑ ƨLjºǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
ÎÓ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƢȇŚƴȈǻȁ žÓÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.14)
žÓÍ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ơƾǼdzȂǿȁ žÎÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16)
ÎÔ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǹƢǻȂȈdzơȁ žÓÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻȁ
žÏÕ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǾºLjǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛȁ žÏÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
ǞºƳǂŭơ ƨºȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ žÐÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ơƾǼdzȂƥȁ
ƢȈǻƢǘȇŐdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ žÎÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18) ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ
.ÐÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ơƾǼdzǂȇƕȁ ȄǸǜǠdzơ
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ ơƾºǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (Ò)
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗȁ žÓÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16 )ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ DZƢǤƫŐdzơȁ žÐÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17) ÎÔ ƨLjǴŪơ
ǮȈLjǰǸǴdz ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơȁ žÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18)ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz ƾǼƬLjǷ Ŀ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ Ǯdzǀǯȁ
79 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ȄǔƬǬŠ ƤƳơȁ DZȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ǹƘƥ DzƟƢǬdzơ ȅƗǂdzơ Ŀ
ǞºȇǃȂƬdz ǦǐǼǷȁ DZƽƢǟ ǵƢǜǻ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ƢƆǻȂǻƢǫ ǺLjƫ ǹƘƥ ƢȀǷDŽǴȇ
ƽƾºǟ ǡȂǏ Ƕǣǁ ǾǻƗ ǚƷȂdz ƢǸǯ .ƨȈǴƄơ ƢȀƬȇȏȁ Dzƻơƽ ƧǁƢLjŬơ
Ń ƿƛ ƽȁƾºŰ ƢºǿǂƯƗ ǹƜǧ ƧŚƻȋơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ Ŀ ǭȂǰǐdzơ ǺǷ
Ŀȁ .(ÎÕ)DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ DzȈǴǫ ƽƾǟ ȏƛ ǭȂǰǐdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƢƆǧǂǗ ƶƦǐȇ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭ ƤLjƸƬdzơ DZȁƾdzơ DzǏơȂƫ ǹƗ ƧǁȁǂǓ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǑǂǠǷ
ƾƳȂȇ ȏ ǾǻƗ ǚƷȂdz ƨǸƟȐŭơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ Ŀ ǍƢŬơ ǝƢǘǬdzơ ȆǴǤnjǷ
Ļȁ .Ǯdzǀºƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢǿŐŸ Ņȁƽ ňȂǻƢǫ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȅƗ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǸǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ ǶȈǜǼƬdzơ Ŀ ǞƦƬŭơ ǵƢǠdzơ ƲȀǼdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ
ȁƗ ƩƢºǟƢǘǫ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǬȈǫƽ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ DzǏơȂƬȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ
.(ÎÖ)ƨǼȈǠǷ ǪǗƢǼǷ
ǾȈǧ ƽǂƬLjȇ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz Ņȁƽ ǵƢǜǻ ǞǓȁ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǚƷȂdzȁ -Õ
ǵƢºȈǬdzơ ǵDŽǴƬLjºȈLJ ǁǂǔdzơȁ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ DzǤnjŭơ ǺǷ ƨȈƸǔdzơ
śǰǸƬºdz ƨºȈƟơǂƳƛȁ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ śǻơȂǬdz ƨǷƔơȂŭơ ǺǷ ŚƦǯ ǁƾǬƥ
ǶǯƢŰ ȃƾdz ȁƗ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ǶǯƢƄơ ȃƾdz ȃȁƢǟƽ ƨǷƢǫƛ ǺǷ ƤǻƢƳȋơ
ǪºȈǬŢ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ Ŀ ǭȂǰNj Ǻǟ ƣǂǟƗ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .ȃǂƻƗ
.(ÏÍ)ǵǃȐdzơ ȃȂƬLjŭƢƥ ƨǷƔơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ
ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƮƸƦdzơ ƲƟƢƬǻȁ ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJȏƢƥ ƽȂǧȁ Ƨƾǟ ƪƦƷǁȁ -Ö
Dzºǫȋơ ȄºǴǟ ơƆƾǧȁ ǹƗ Śǣ (ÏÎ)ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬǸǴdz DZȁȋơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ Ŀ
ƵƢºƴǼdz œLjǼdzơ ȃȂƬLjŭơ Ŀ ƮƸƦdzơ ƨǴǏơȂǷ ƾȈǨŭơ ǺǷ ǹƗ ȃƘƫǁơ
Ŀ ǾºƬƦǣǁ Ǻǟ ǂƻƕ ƾǧȁ ƣǂǟƗȁ .(ÏÏ)ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ Dznjǧ ȁƗ
.(ÏÐ)ƨȈdzȁƾdzơȁ ƨȈǴƄơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơ Ŀ ƮŞ ƔơǂƳƛ
ƭǁơȂǰdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƾȇƾƸƬdz ƨLJơǁƽ ƔơǂƳƜƥ ǹȁǂƻƕ ȄǏȁƗ ƢǸǯ
.(ÏÑ)ǞǼŭơ ƤƳơȁ ǭƢȀƬǻȏ ƨƴȈƬǻ Ȇǿ ơƆǂƻƚǷ ƪǠǫȁ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ
ǩƢǘǼdzơ -ƔƢƥ
ǵƢǜǻ ȅƗ ǩƢǘǼdz ƶǓơȂdzơ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ƧǁȁǂǓ ȄǴǟ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ Ļ -ÎÍ
Ǻºǟ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ DZȁƢǼƬȇ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz
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.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz ƾǼƬLjǷ Ŀ ƢLjǸǼdzơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÕ)
.ǽȐǟƗ ÎÔ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÖ)
Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸǸǴdz ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÍ)
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz ƾǼƬLjǷ
Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÎ)
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
žÐÔ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿȁ žÐÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18)
.ÐÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17) ÎÔ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ơƾǼdzȂƥȁ
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÏ)
.ÐÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18) ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ
ÎÖ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ śǐdzơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÐ)
.ÑÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.19)
ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƢȇŚƴȈǻ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÑ)
.ÎÒȁ ÎÑ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/ SR.16)
ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǥƾǿ ǹƢǯ Ƣŭ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ȏ
ǩǂºǨdzơ ŐĄƬǟơ ƔƢȇǂƥȋơ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ƢǿƾƦǰƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ DZȁƢǼƫ Ȃǿ
ƢƆǫǂǧ - ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƫ ǵȂȀǨǷȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵȂȀǨǷ - śǷȂȀǨŭơ śƥ
.(ÎÍ)ƨȇƢǤǴdz ǶȀǷ Śǣ
ǹƗ ƧǁȁǂºǓ ȄǴǟ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ Ļ ňȂǻƢǫ ǵƢǜǻ ȅƗ ǞǓȁ Ŀȁ -Ò
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƨȈǸȈǴǫƛ ȁƗ ƨȈǼǗȁ Ƕǜǻ ǞǓȂdz ƨȈǧƢǰdzơ ƨǻȁǂŭơ DZȁƾǴdz ƵƢƬƫ
.(ÎÎ)ǁǂǔºdzơ ƢȇƢƸǓ ƩƢƳƢȈƬƷơ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƨǏƢŬơ ƢēƢƳƢȈƬƷơ œǴƫ
ƤLjºǻƗ ǁƢȈƬƻơ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ ƲȀǼdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǟƢLjȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ DzǷȋơ ƾǬǟȁ
ƩơǁȂºǘƬdzơ ƧƢºǟơǂǷ ǞǷ ơƆǂƻƚǷ ƧƾǸƬǠŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ ǺǷ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ
.(ÎÏ)ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ƕǜǻ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȇǁƢŪơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ Ŀ ƨǼǿơǂdzơ
ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬdzơ ǒǠƥ ƽȂƳȁ DzǨǰƫ ǹƘƥ ǵơDŽƬdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ǹƗ ȆƠƫǁơ ƢǸǯ
.(ÎÐ)ƧǁƢLjƼǴdz DZƽƢǠdzơ ǞȇǃȂƬdzơ ǹƢǸǔdz ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ śǻơȂǬdzơ Ŀ
ǵƢºǟ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƬdz ƱƿȂŶ ǩƢǘǼdzơ ǞLJơȁ ơƆƾȈȇƘƫ ȆǬdzȁ -Ó
ƶȈºƬȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ƱƿȂǸǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ȆƠƫǁơȁ .(ÎÑ)ǾǠƦǘƥ DzǸǰǷȁ
ǺºǷ ƨºȇƢǤǴdz ƨºǏƢƻ DZƢǰNjȋ Ȑ Ɔ ȈǐǨƫ ǂưǯƗ Ƕǜǻ ǞǓȁ DZȁƾǴdz
DzǔǨƫ DZȁƾdzơ ǹƗ ǚƷȂdz ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .(ÎÒ)ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ
ƨȈǟƢǘǫ ƢƆǸǜǻ ƾƷơȁ ǹƕ Ŀ ǹȂǰƫ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƢƆǸǜǻ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ
.(ÎÓ)řǠŭơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ƨǠȈƦǘdz ƨȈǟơǂǷȁ
ƨdzƢǠǧ Ƕǜǻ ǞǓȁ Ƨǁȁǂǔƥ ǶȈǴLjƬdzơ ǞǷȁ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ -Ô
ơƆŚưǯ ƨLjǸƸƬǷ Śǣ DZȁƾdzơ ǹƗ ńƛ ȅƗǂdzơ ǒǠƥ Ƥǿƿ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz
DZƽȂºƳ ǪǴǘǼŭơ ơǀǿ ǺǷȁ .(ÎÔ)ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ǵƢǟ Ņȁƽ ǵƢǜǻ ǞǓȂdz
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ƾǼƬLjǷ Ŀ ǮȈLjǰǸǴdz ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÍ)
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz
DZƢǸnjºdzơ ǹơƾǴƥ ǶLJƢƥ ƲȇȁǂǼdzơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÎ)
ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ĺȁǁȁȋơ
ǞºƳǂŭơ ơƾǼdzȂƥȁ žÒÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16) ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ žÐÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17) ÎÔ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ
.ÎÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18) ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ
ƾǼƬLjºǷ Ŀ ƢLjǸǼǴdz ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÏ)
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz
Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÐ)
ÎÓ ƨLjºǴŪơ ơƾºǼdzȂǿ ǹƢºȈƥ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
.ÓÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16)
žÓÑȁ ÓÎ ǹƢºƫǂǬǨdzơ ơƾºǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ƩƢºǻƢȈƥ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÑ)
žÐÎ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17) ÎÔ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗȁ
Ŀ ǮȈLjºǰǸǴdz ƨǴǬƬLjºŭơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơȁ žÐÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ơƾǼdzȂƥȁ
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz ƾǼƬLjǷ
Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÒ)
ơƾºǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ǹƢºȈƥ ÎÓ ƨLjºǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
.ÓÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16)
.ÓÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƾǼŮơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÓ)
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÔ)
.ÎÐȁ ÎÏ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18)ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ńƛ ƢƆȇƽƢǷ ǽƽǁ ǁǀǠƬȇ ƾǫ ǁǂǔdzơ ǵơƽ ƢǷ ǾǻƗ ǚƷȂdz ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ
ƨºǬǴǘŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ DzȈǔǨƫ Ǻǟ ƣǂǟƗ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ǾǻƜǧ DzǤnjŭơ
ȄºǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔǴdz ǞLJơȁ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǞǓȁ ȅƽƢǨƫ ȆǤƦǼȈǧ
ǞǓȁ ƢƆǬƦLjǷ ǑǂƬǨȇ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋ DZƢǠǨdzơ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ
.(ÐÏ)"ǁǂǔdzơ" dz ǪȈǓ ǦȇǂǠƫ
ƽơȂºŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ Ŀ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƩƢǟƢnjŭơ Ʊơǁƽƛ ǵƾǟ ŐƬǟơȁ -ÎÐ
Ƨǂºǘƻ ƨǘnjºǻƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǼŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ǩƢºǘǻ ǹƗ ǂǬƫ ƽȂǧȂdzơ ǒǠƥ ƪǻƢǯ ǺƠdzȁ .(ÐÐ)ƔơǁȂdzơ ńƛ ƧȂǘƻ
ǞǼŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ȄǴǟ ǂǐƬǬȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ŅƢūơ DzǸǠdzơ
ǪºƸǴȇ ȅǀºdzơ ǁǂǔºdzơ ƾǠƦƬLjȇ ǾǻȂǰdz ƢȀǨLJƗ Ǻǟ ƪƥǂǟƗ ƢĔƜǧ
ǝȂǓȂŭơ ǺǷ ƤǻƢŪơ ơǀǿ ƨȈŷȋ ơƆǂǜǻȁ .(ÐÑ)ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƩƢǟƢnjŭƢƥ
ƩƢǟƢnjºŭơ ǪƸǴȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ŀ (ÐÒ)ƧƾƷ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǼȇĄ ǹƗ ƵǂƬĄǫơ
.(ÐÓ)Ȑ
Ɔ ƦǬƬLjǷ ƢǷ ƪǫȁ Ŀ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ
DzǤnjŭơ ǁȁƽ -ǶȈƳ
ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƬdz ƢƆǷƢǜǻ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȆǘǤƫ ƨǘƻ ȅƗ Ŀ -ÎÑ
ơǀºǿ Ŀȁ .ȏƆ ȁƗ DzǤnjǸǴdz ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DzȈǸŢ ƾȈȇƘƫ ȄǴǟ ǝƢŦƛ ƨť
ǾǻƗ ǽƽƢǨǷ ȅǀdzơ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȅƗǁ ǞǷ ƽȂǧȁ Ƨƾǟ ƪǬǨƫơ ƽƾǐdzơ
ȁƗ ǕƢnjǼdzơ Ŀ ƢƆǸǰŢ ǂưǯȋơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ
ǁǂºǓ ȅƗ Ǟºǧǁ Ŀ Ņȁȋơ ƤºƳơȂdzơ ǾºȈǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLJ ǂưǯȋơ
ǶºǜǠǷ Ŀ DzǤnjºŭơ ǹƗ ǚƷȂdz ǂȇŐƬdzơ ǑǂǠǷ Ŀȁ .(ÐÔ)DzǏƢƷ
ƨºƯƾƄơ ƨºȀŪơȁ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǺǷ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ƾȈǨƬLjŭơ Ȃǿ ƩȏƢūơ
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ÎÑ ƨLjºǴŪơ ƢºȈǻƢŭƗ ǹƢºȈƥ DZƢºưŭơ DzȈƦºLJ ȄºǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÏ)
.ÓÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.14)
ƾǼƬLjºǷ Ŀ ƢȈǻƢƦLJȍ ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÐ)
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz
Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÑ)
ÎÔ ƨLjºǴŪơ ơƾºǼdzȂƥ ǹƢºȈƥ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjºǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
.ÐÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ňƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÒ)
.ÑÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18) ǮȈLjǰŭơȁ žÓÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16)
ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÓ)
ȃƾdz ƾǼƬLjǷ Ŀ ƢȈǻƢƦLJȍ ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơȁ žÓÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16)
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ
Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÔ)
ÎÓ ƨLjºǴŪơ ƾºǼŮơ ƩƢºǻƢȈƥ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
žÓÍ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ơƾǼdzȂǿȁ žÔÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16)
DZƢǸnjºdzơ ǹơƾºǴƥ ǶLJƢƥ) ƲȇȁǂǼdzơȁ žÓÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻȁ
ÎÔ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗȁ žÒÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ĺȁǁȁȋơ
žÏÐ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǹƢǻȂȈdzơȁ žÐÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǮȈLjǰŭơȁ žÐÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ơƾǼdzȂƥȁ
ÎÖ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ śǐdzơȁ žÑÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18)
ƾǼƬLjºǷ Ŀ ƢȈǻƢƦLJȍ ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơȁ žÑÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.19)
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz
80
Ŀȁ .(ÏÒ)DZȁƾºdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ňȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǹƘƥ ȆǓƢǬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ ƾȈȇƘƫ ƾȈǯƘƫ Ļ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŠ džŻ ȏƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǾȈǧ ǂǜǼƬLJ ȅǀdzơ
ƵǂºĄƬǫƗ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .(ÏÓ)Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ DZȁƾdzơ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ơǀǿ džŻ ȏƗ
.(ÏÔ)ǍƢŬơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ȁƗ řǗȂdzơ
ȄǴǟ ǙƢǨūơ Ƨǁȁǂǔdzȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ǞǼŭơ śƥ ƨǫȐǠǴdz ơƆǂǜǻȁ -ÎÎ
ǝȂǓȂŭơ ǩƢǘǻ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƽȂǧȁ Ƨƾǟ ƩƾȇƗ ƧƾƷȂdzơȁ ǵƢƴLjǻȏơ
ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǼŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǩƢǘǻ džǨǻ Ȃǿ
ƔƢǬƦƬºLJơ ƧǁȁǂǓ ƪǜƷȂdz ƢǸǯ .(ÏÕ)Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ Ŀ ƧƽƾƄơ "ǹƘnjdzơ ȅƿ ǁǂǔdzơ" ƨƦƬǟ džǨǻ
.(ÏÖ)ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǮȇǂƸƬdz ǞǼŭƢƥ
ǹƗȁ ƾƥ ȏ DzƦǬǷ ǵƢǜǻ ȅƗ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƽȂǧȂdzơ ǒǠƥ ƩƽƾNjȁ -ÎÏ
ƽơǂºǧȌdz DzºǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƾƷ ȄǐǫƗ ńƛ ǺǸǔȇ
DzǸnjºȇ "ǁǂǔºǴdz" ǦȇǂǠƫ ǞǓȁ ƾȈȇƘƫ Ǻǟ ƣǂǟƗƌȁ .(ÐÍ)ƨƠȈƦǴdzȁ
ƨºǷƿ ǂǏƢǼǟ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơȁ ǍƢƼNjȋƢƥ ǪƸǴƫ Ŗdzơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ
.(ÐÎ)ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ Dzƻơƽ ƨƠȈƦdzơ Ǻǟ Ȑ
Ɔ ǔǧ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ƭơǂƬdzơȁ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
__________
DZƢǸnjºdzơ ǹơƾºǴƥ ǶLJƢƥ) ƲȇȁǂǼdzơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÒ)
ǁǂºǬŭơ ȃƾdz ƾǼƬLjǷ Ŀ ƢLjǸǼdzơ ǹƢȈƥȁ žÒÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ĺȁǁȁȋơ
.ǍƢŬơ
ƨºȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ƾǼŮơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÓ)
ÎÓ ƨLjºǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjºǸŬơȁ ƨºǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ
ÎÔ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǹƢǻȂȈdzơȁ žÓÖ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16)
.ÐÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗȁ žÏÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƾǼŮơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÔ)
ÎÔ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗȁ žÓÖ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16 )ÎÓ
ÎÖ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ śǐdzơȁ žÐÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
.ÑÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.19)
ÎÓ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƾǼŮơ ňƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÕ)
ÎÔ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ơƾǼdzȂƥȁ žÓÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16)
ƾǼƬLjºǷ Ŀ ƢȈǻƢƦLJȍ ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơȁ žÐÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz
ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÖ)
ÎÑ ƨLjºǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjºǸŬơȁ ƨºǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ
ÎÓ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƢLjǸǼdzơȁ žÓÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.14)
ÎÔ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǹƢǻȂȈdzơȁ žÑÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16)
žÐÓ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ơƾǼdzȂƥȁ žÏÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
.ÕÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.19) ÎÖ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ śƬǼƳǁȋơȁ
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ DžȁǁȐȈºƥ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÍ)
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗȁ žÐÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16) ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ
Ŀ ǮȈLjǰǸǴdz DzǬƬLjŭơ ǹƢȈƦdzơȁ žÐÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17) ÎÔ ƨLjǴŪơ
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz ƾǼƬLjǷ
Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÎ)
ǹƢºǻȂȈdzơ ǹƢºȈƥ ÎÔ ƨLjºǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
.ÏÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
81 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨȈǘǤƫ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ ǕǂNj ǚƷȂdz Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ -ÎÓ
ƪºƷǂƬǫơȁ .(ÑÑ)ƨºȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơ Ǯdzǀǯȁ (ÑÐ)ƨǷǃȐdzơ śǷƘƬdzơ
ơƆǂºǜǻ ǾǻƗ Śǣ.(ÑÒ)ƨȇǁƢƦƳƛ śǷƘƬdzơ ƨȈǘǤƫ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƽȂǧȂdzơ ǒǠƥ
ǒºǠƥ ƪǟƽ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ǺȇƢƦƫȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǶǜǼdzơ ƽƾǠƬdz
ŚNjƗ ƢǸǯ .(ÑÓǕȁǂnjdzơ ǮǴƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǻȁǂŭơ Ɣơƾƥƛ ńƛ ƽȂǧȂdzơ
ǺǷ ƨǠLJơȁ ƨǯǁƢnjǷ ǵDŽǴƬLjȈLJ DZƢǠǨdzơ śǷƘƬǴdz ǵƢǜǻ ǞǓȁ ǹƗ ńƛ
ǾǻƗ ńƛ ŚNjƗ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ .(ÑÔ)ƨǴǸƬƄơ ƨǸƬȀŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ƤǻƢƳ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ƾºȇƾŢ ǵDŽǴȇ ƾǫ śǷƘƬdzơ ǝƢǘǫ ǕȁǂNj ľȂƬLjƫ Ȇǰdz
.(ÑÕ)śǠǷ ǦǬLJ Ŀ DzǤnjŭơ
ƨºȈǼǗȂdzơ ǶǜǼºdzơ ǵơDŽºdzƛ ƨȈŷƗ ȄǴǟ ƽȂǧȂdzơ ƩƾǯƗ ƢǸǯ -ÎÔ
ƨºȈǤƥ ƨºdzƢǠǧȁ ƨȇǁȂǧ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţȏ ǶȀLjǨǻƗ DŽȈȀƴƬƥ śǴǤnjŭơ
ǞǓȁ DzǤnjŭơ ǺǷ ƤǴǘƬȈLJ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ .ƾƷ ŇƽƗ ńƛ ǁǂǔdzơ ǒȈǨţ
Ŀ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȐdz ǖǘŬơ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣȁ ǁƢǠNjȎdz ǖǘƻȁ ƨƟǁƢǗ ǖǘƻ
ǂƥƢºǟ ǁǂºǓ ƭơƾƷƛ ǂǘƻ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƭƽơȂūơ ƩȏƢƷ
Ǎǂºǧ śLjºŢ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǀƦƄơ ǺǷ Ǿƫơƿ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀȁ .(ÑÖ)ƽȁƾƸǴdz
ƨǯǁƢnjŭ ƩƢȈdzƕ ǞǓȁ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ǁȂȀǸŪơ DZȂǐƷ
ǵơDŽºƬdzơȁ ȆǗȂºƸƬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ ƨǸȈǫ ȄǴǟ ƾȇƾnjƬdzơ Ļȁ .(ÒÍ)ǁȂȀǸŪơ
__________
Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÑÐ)
ÎÔ ƨLjºǴŪơ ƢȈdzơǂƬºLJƗ ƩƢºǻƢȈƥ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
žÑÎ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ DzȈƟơǂLJƛȁ žÐÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
žÐÔ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18) ÎÕ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿȁ
ÎÖ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƢȈǻƢǷȁǁȁ žÑÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǮȈLjǰŭơȁ
.ÒÖ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.19)
ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÑÑ)
.ÑÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18)
ÎÖ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƢȈǻƢǷȁǁ ňƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÑÒ)
ÎÔ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ DzȈƟơǂLJƛȁ žÒÖ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.19)
ƾǼƬLjǷ Ŀ ƢȈǻƢƦLJȍ ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ Ǯdzǀǯ žÑÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz
Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÑÓ)
ÎÖ ƨLjºǴŪơ śǐºdzơ ǹƢºȈƥ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
.ÑÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.19)
ÎÔ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÑÔ)
.ÏÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
ƾǼƬLjºǷ Ŀ ƢȈǻƢƦLJȍ ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÑÕ)
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz
Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÑÖ)
ƢȈdzơǂƬºLJƗ ňƢºȈƥ ÎÔ ƨLjºǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
(A/C.6/58/SR.) ÎÖ ƨLjǴŪơ ƢȈǻƢǷȁǁȁ žÐÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
.ÒÖ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ƾǼƬLjºǷ Ŀ ƢȈǻƢŭȋ ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÒÍ)
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz
ƾºȈǯƘƬdzơ Ļ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .(ÐÕ)Ǿƫǁơƽȍ ƤLjǻȋơȁ ǂǘƼǴdz
.(ÐÖ)"Ǟǧƾºȇ ƭȂºǴŭơ" ƗƾƦǷ ǞǷ ȄNjƢǸƬƫ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ
ơƆƽƢǼƬºLJơ ƢƆǠLJơȁ ƢƆǨȇǂǠƫ "DzǤnjŭơ" ƶǴǘǐǷ ǥǂĈ Ǡȇ ǹƗ ƵǂƬǫơ ƢǸǯ
Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ńƛ
ǾºȈdzƛ ǁƢnjºŭơ) ƢȀǼǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơȁ ƽȁƾūơ Őǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ DzǬǻ
ǞºȈŦ DzǸnjºȈdz ("ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢºǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ" ƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ
.(ÑÍǕƢnjǼdzơ Ŀ ǹȂǸǰƸƬȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ
ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơȁ ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ -Î
DzǤnjŭơ ǺǷ ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ
ƨȈǟȂºǓȂŭơȁ ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ ǹƘƥ ǶȈǴLjƬdzơ Ļ ƾǬdz -ÎÒ
śǴǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǓǂǨƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ Ŗdzơ ȁƗ DZȁƾdzơ ƢȀƬǓǂǧ Ŗdzơ
ǹƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷ ƵǂƬǫơ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .(ÑÎ)ǕƢnjǻ ńƛ ǕƢnjǻ ǺǷ ǺȇƢƦƬƫ
ǺǷ DZȁƾdzơ ǽǂǧȂƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƫ ƱƿȂŶ ǦdzƘƬȇ
ǹƗ ȆºǤƦǼȇȁ .Ňƽȋơ ƾºƸǴdz ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸů
ȆºǓƢǬƬdzơ ƨǨºǏ DzºȈƦǫ ǺºǷ DzƟƢLjǷ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǽǀǿ DZȁƢǼƬƫ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ƨƦƳơȂdzơ śǻơȂǬdzơ śȈǠƫȁ ƨȈǴƄơ ǶǯƢƄơ ǍƢǐƬƻơȁ
ŚȇƢǠǷ DzǸnjƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƢǸǯ .ƢǿǀȈǨǼƫȁ ǵƢǰƷȋƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơȁ
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơȁ ǦȇǁƢǠƬdzơ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ Ňƽȋơ ƾƸǴdz ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ
ǹƢǯ ƢǸǴǯ ƨȈƸǔǴdz ƧǁƢLjŬơ DzȈǸŢ ǵƾǟ ƗƾƦǷ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ)
ǁǂǔºdzơ śƥ ƨȈƦƦLjdzơ ƨǫȐǠdzơȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ǵȂȀǨǷȁ (ƆƢǼǰŲ Ǯdzƿ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ) ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DžƢLJƗȁ ǁǂǔdzơ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬŭơ ǕƢnjǼdzơȁ
ƾȇƾŢȁ (ƨǬǴǘŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȇŚǐǬƬdzơ
ƩƢȇȂƬLjǷ ƽƾǠƫ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ
(ƨºȈdzƢŭơ ƽȁƾºūơ DZƢƳȉơ) ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƽȁƾƷȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
.(ÑÏ)ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǘǤƫȁ
__________
Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÕ)
ÎÓ ƨLjºǴŪơ ơƾºǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ǹƢºȈƥ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
.ÓÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16)
DZƢǸnjºdzơ ǹơƾºǴƥ ǶLJƢƥ) ƲȇȁǂǼdzơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÖ)
ÎÔ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǹƢǻȂȈdzơȁ žÒÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ĺȁǁȁȋơ
ÎÕ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǮȈLjǰŭơȁ žÏÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
.ÑÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÑÍ)
ÎÔ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÑÎ)
.ÐÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ DZƢǤƫŐdzơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÑÏ)
ȃƾºdz ƾǼƬLjǷ Ŀ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻȁ ơƾǼdzȂǿ ƩƢǻƢȈƥȁ žÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18)
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƨºȈƟƾƦŭơ ƨºȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷȁ .śǴǟƢǨdzơ ŕNj śƥ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƫ Ŀ
.(ÒÕ)ƨȈǴƄơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǶǜǼǴdz ƨdzƘLjŭơ DzƷ ǭǂƫ ƽȂǧȂdzơ ǒǠƥ ƪǴǔǧ
.DzǤnjºŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭ ƽȁƾƷ ǞǓȁ ƾȈȇƘƫ Ǻǟ ƣǂǟƗ ƢǸǯ -ÏÎ
ƢºȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǵơƽ ƢǷ ƨȇǁȁǂǓ ƽȁƾūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ǚƷȂdzȁ
ƲƟƢºƬǻ Ǿºdz ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǟ ǁǂǓ ƭơƾƷƛ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƽƢǬdzơ
ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ǶǜǼdzơȁ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǶǜǼdzơ ŚLJ ȄǴǟ ƧŚǘƻ
Ǻǟ ƣǂǟƗ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .(ÒÖ)ƧŚƦǯ ƨȇƽǂǧ ŁƢǐǷ ȄǴǟ ǂƯƚȇȁ
ǾǻƗ Śǣ .(ÓÍ)ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ Ŀ ǝȁǂnjǴdz DZƢƳƕ Ǒǂǧ ƾȈȇƘƫ
ơƿƛ (Ɨ) ȏƛ DzǤnjǸǴdz ƨȈdzƢŭơȁ ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ƵƢƬƫ Ǻdz ǾǻƗ ńƛ ŚNjƗ
ƨºǨǴǰƬƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǘǤƫ ǹƢǸǔdz ƨȇǁȁǂǓ ƽȁƾūơ ǮǴƫ ƪǻƢǯ
ǁƽƢǐºǷ ǂǧȂƫ ƨȈǴƄơ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬdzơ ƪǻƢǯȁ (ƣ) žƨdzȂǬǠǷ
.(ÓÎ)ƨȈǴȈǸǰƫ DzȇȂŤ
ǞºǓȁ ƧǁȁǂºǓ ńƛ ŚNjƗ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƽȁƾūƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÏÏ
ƩƢȇȂƬLjŭơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǹƘNj Ʃơƿ ƩƢȇȂƬLjǷ Ŀ ȃȂǐǫ ƽȁƾƷ
ǶǿǁƢºƦƬǟƢƥ śǴǤnjºŭơ ǹƘºƥ ȆºǓƢǬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ džǰǠƫȁ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ
ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ǹƢǰǷȍơ ǁƾǫ ơȂƳǁƾȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǺǷ ǺȇƾȈǨƬLjŭơ
śǷƘºƬdzơ DzǠƴƬºLJ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƽȁƾūơ ǹƗ ǚƷȂdz ƢǸǯ.(ÓÏ)Ƣđ ƨǻǂƬǬŭơ
.(ÓÐ)ǃƢųȎdz Ȑ
Ɔ ƥƢǫ ơƆǂǷƗ ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ ƩƢȈdzȉơ ǺǷ ǽŚǣȁ
ƨȈƦƦLjdzơ ƨǫȐǠdzơ -Ð
ǹǂºƬǬƫ ƧƾºǬǠǷ ƨȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƫȁ ƨȈǸǴǟ ǂǏƢǼǟ ƪǻƢǯ Ƣŭ -ÏÐ
ȄºǴǟ Ǟǫơȁ ƔƤǟ ǺǷ ǾǨǴţ ƢǷ ǦȈǨƼƬdz ǾǻƜǧ ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋƢƥ
ǒºǠƥ DzǔǨƫ Ń ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǮǴƫ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȇƢƸǓ ǪƫƢǟ
.(ÓÑ)ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƤºȈƫǂƬdz ƨȈƦƦLjdzơ ƨǫȐǠdz ǪǴǘŭơ ƩƢƦƯȍơ ƽȂǧȂdzơ
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ÎÔ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ DzȈƟơǂLJƛ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÒÕ)
.ÑÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ DžȁǁȐȈƥ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÒÖ)
.ÐÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16)
ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÓÍ)
.ÑÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18)
ƾǼƬLjºǷ Ŀ ơƾǼdzȂŮ ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÓÎ)
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz
ƾǼƬLjǷ Ŀ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǼdz ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÓÏ)
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz
ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÓÐ)
A/C.6/58/ ) ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ
.ÑÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (SR, 18
ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƢLjǸǼdzơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÓÑ)
(ĺȁǁȁȋơ DZƢǸnjdzơ ǹơƾǴƥ ǶLJƢƥ) ƲȇȁǂǼdzơȁ žÑÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16)
ÎÕ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ ǮȈLjºǰŭơȁ žÒÏ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ
ÎÖ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ śǐdzơȁ žÑÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18)
.ÑÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.19)
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ƽȁƾºƸǴdz ǂƥƢºǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǼŭ ƨǸƟȐŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǞȈŦ ƿƢţƢƥ DZȁƾdzơ
.(ÒÎ)DzǤnjǸǴdz ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz śǴǸǰǷ ƢŷǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ
.ǖLjºƥƗ ƨºǘƻ DzȈǔǨƫ Ǻǟ ƣǂǟƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ -ÎÕ
Ŀ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƬdz ƵǂƬǬŭơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǎǼȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǁƢǐƬǫȏơ ƵǂƬǫơȁ
ƨºȈǼǗȂdzơ ƢēƢǠȇǂnjƫ Ŀ Ʊǁƾƫ ǹƘƥ DZȁƾdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǠLJơȁ ƨǤȈǏ
ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ Ǟǧƽ ƤƳơȁ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǶǰŢ ƾǟơȂǫ
.(ÒÏ)ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǮȇǂƸƬdz ŇƽƗ ƾƷ ƨƦƬǠƥ ƢƆǼǿǁ
DzǤnjŭơ ńƛ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƽƢǼLJƛ ƽȁƾƷȁ DžƢLJƗ -Ï
ǞºǓȁ ƽȂǧȁ Ƨƾǟ ƩƾȇƗ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÎÖ
ƲȀºǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ǚƷȂdzȁ .(ÒÐ)ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ǵƢǜǻ
ƢǸǯ (ÒÑ)ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ŕNj ǞǷ ȄNjƢǸƬȇ
ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .(ÒÒ)"Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ" ƗƾƦǷ ǞǷ ȄNjƢǸƬȇ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ǝƢǔºƻƛ ƵǂƬǫơ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩơƔƢǼưƬºLJȏơ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ ƨȇƽƢȈƬǟȏơ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȐdz DzǤnjŭơ
.(ÒÓ)ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƨƯǁƢǰdzơȁ ƶǴLjŭơ ǝơŗdzƢƥ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ DZȁƢºǼƫ ƧǁȁǂǓ ńƛ ǾƦǻ ƽȂǧȂdzơ ƾƷƗ ǹƗ Śǣ -ÏÍ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǶǜǼdzơ ƢǿǂǬƫ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƛȁ ƢĔƗ ńƛ ǁƢNjƗȁ .ǁǀŞ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
ƢƆºǷƢŤ ƨºǷȂȀǨǷ ȁƗ ƨdzȂƦǬǷ ƢĔƛ DZȂǬdzơ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǾǻƜǧ ƆƢǷƢŤ ƨȈǴƄơ
.(ÒÔ)ƽȁƾºƸǴdz ǂƥƢºǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ƧǀƦŰ ƨLJƢȈLJ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ
Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ DzƻƾƬȇ ǹƗ ƧǁȁǂǓ Ŀ ǾǰNj Ǻǟ ǂƻƕ ƾǧȁ ƣǂǟƗȁ
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Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÒÎ)
ƢºȈǻƢŭƗ ǹƢºȈƥ ÎÑ ƨLjºǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
.ÓÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR. 14)
ÎÔ ƨLjºǴŪơ DzȈƟơǂºLJƛ ǹƢºȈƥ DZƢºưŭơ DzȈƦºLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÒÏ)
.ÐÖ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
ÎÑ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÒÐ)
ÎÓ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ DžȁǁȐȈƥȁ žÓÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.14)
žÓÏ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻȁ žÐÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16)
ÎÕ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿȁ žÓÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƾǼŮơȁ
Ȑ
Ɔ ǔǧ žÑÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǮȈLjǰŭơȁ žÐÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18)
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz ƾǼƬLjǷ Ŀ ƢȈǻƢƦLJȍ ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơȁ ơƾǼdzȂǿ ǹƢȈƥ Ǻǟ
Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÒÑ)
DžȁǁȐȈºƥ ǹƢºȈƥ ÎÓ ƨLjºǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
.ÐÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16)
DZƢǸnjºdzơ ǹơƾºǴƥ ǶLJƢƥ) ƲȇȁǂǼdzơ ňƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÒÒ)
ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǮȈLjǰŭơȁ žÒÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ĺȁǁȁȋơ
.ÑÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÒÓ)
ÎÖ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǍŐǫ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÒÔ)
.ÓÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.19)
83 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƢƆºȇƗǁ ǦdzƢź ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ .(ÔÐ)ǹȁǂƻƕ ǹȂǴǟƢǧȁ DzǤnjŭơ ƢȀũƢǬƬȇ ȁƗ
ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ ǽƽƢǨǷȁ ǾǼǟ ƣǂǟƌƗ ǂƻƕ
ǞºȇǃȂƬdz ǢȈǏ ǞǓȂƥ ǵDŽǴƬLJ DZȁƾdzơ ǹƜǧ ǶLJƢƷ ƗƾƦǸǯ ƧǂǬƬLjǷ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǖºƥǁ ǒǠƦdzơ ƾȇƗȁ .(ÔÑ)ƢȀǴȇȂǸƬdz ƩƢȈdzƕȁ ƧǁƢLjŬơ
.ƨºdzȁƾdzơ DzǸnjȇ ȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ǵƢǜǼƥ DzǤnjǸǴdz ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
ńƛ ǖºǬǧ ƾǼƬLjºȇ ǵƢǜǻ ǞǓȁ ǹƛ DZȂǬdzơ ńƛ ȅƗǂdzơ ơǀǿ Ƥǿƿȁ
ƨºȇƢǸū ȆºǨǰȇ ȏ ƾºǫ śǴǟƢǨdzơ ǺǷ ǽŚǣ ȁƗ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
.(ÔÒ)ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǺǷ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ
DzȇȂǸƬǴdz ƢǿŚǧȂƫȁ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǭơǂNjƛ ǩƢǘǻȁ ƨǠȈƦǗ -Î
ȆǴȈǸǰƫ DzȇȂŤ ƭơƾƷƜƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩƢǿȂȇǁƢǼȈLJ Ƨƾǟ ƪǓǂǟ -ÏÓ
ǶȀȈǧ ǺŠ śǴǟƢǨdzơ ǦǴƬű DzǸnjȇȁ ƩƢȇȂƬLjŭơ ƽƾǠƬǷ ƢƆǷƢǜǻ ȄƻȂƬȇ
ǺºǷ ƨºǼȈǠǷ ƨƳǁƽ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǿȂȇǁƢǼȈLjdzơ ǽǀǿ ȅȂǘǼƫȁ .ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ƨºȈǘǤƫ Ǻǟ DzǤnjŭơ ƢȀȈǧ DŽƴǠȇ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ƢȀȈǧ ǂÊLjǠĄȇ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ ȁƗ (ÔÓ)Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ǞǻƢŻ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjŬơ DzǷƢǯ
ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰƫ ƨǫƾƥ ƧƽƾŰ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ȁƗ (ÔÔ)ǾƬȇȂǿ ƾȇƾŢ ǁǀǠƬȇ ȁƗ
ǹȂǰȇ ȁƗ (ÔÕ)śǷƘƬdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƧƽȁƾŰ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
DZȂǬdzơ ńƛ ȅƗǂdzơ ǒǠƥ Ƥǿƿ ƢǸǯ .(ÔÖ)ǥƢǯ Śǣ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƢȀȈǧ
ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƨȈǘǤƫ Ŀ ǞǻƢŻ ȁƗ DzǤnjŭơ ƢȀȈǧ DŽƴǠȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢūơ Ŀ Ǿǻƛ
.(ÕÍ)"ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨǬǴǘŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ" ǵƢǜǼdzơ DzǸnjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ
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ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻȁ žǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƾǼŮơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÔÐ)
(ĺȁǁȁȋơ DZƢǸnjºdzơ ǹơƾºǴƥ ǶLJƢƥ) ƲȇȁǂǼdzơȁ žÓÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ
ÎÔ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ ƢȈdzơǂƬºLJƗȁ žÒÏ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ
žÏÐ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǹƢǻȂȈdzơȁ žÐÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
.ÐÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18)ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿȁ
DZƢǸnjºdzơ ǹơƾºǴƥ ǶLJƢƥ) ƲȇȁǂǼdzơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÔÑ)
.ÒÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16) ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ĺȁǁȁȋơ
.ÒÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÒ)
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ ơƾºǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÔÓ)
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ (ĺȁǁȁȋơ DZƢǸnjdzơ ǹơƾǴƥ ǶLJƢƥ) ƲȇȁǂǼdzơȁ žÓÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
(A/C.6/58/SR.17) ÎÔ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗȁ žÒÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿȁ žÏÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǹƢǻȂȈdzơȁ žÐÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ ƢȈǻƢǷȁǁȁ žÐÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18) ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ
.ÒÖ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.19) ÎÖ ƨLjǴŪơ
ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǹƢǻȂȈdzơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÔÔ)
.ÏÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz ƾǼƬLjǷ Ŀ ƾǼŮơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÔÕ)
Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÔÖ)
A/C.6/58/ ) ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ǹƢȈƥ ÎÔ ƨLjǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
.ÐÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (SR.17
DZƢǸnjºdzơ ǹơƾºǴƥ ǶLJƢƥ) ƲȇȁǂǼdzơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÕÍ)
.ÒÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16) ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ĺȁǁȁȋơ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ƽǁ ȄƫƘºƬȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƗ ǂǯƌƿȁ
ƨºť ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƵǂƬǫơ ƢǸǯ .(ÓÒ)řǠŭơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ńƛ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ
(ÓÓ)ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơȁ DzǤnjŭơ DZƢǸǟƗ śƥ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƨȈƦƦLJ ƨǫȐǟ ƨǼȇǂǫ
ƨȈƦƦLjºdzơ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ƩƢƦƯƛ ƔƤǟ ǹƗ ǚƷȂdz Dzƥ .Ɣơǂƥȍơ Ǖǂnjƥ ƢƆǼǿǁ
Śºǣ .(ÓÔ)ƨȈƸǔdzơ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ǞǬȇ ȏƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǁǂǔdzơȁ ǕƢnjǼdzơ śƥ
ǦȈȈǰƬdzơ ǒǠƥ ǵDŽǴƬLjȇ ƾǫ "ƨȈdzȂǬǠŭơ ǁƢȈǠǷ" ǪȈƦǘƫ ǹƗ ǚƷȂdz ǾǻƗ
.(ÓÕ)ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǺǷ ǝơȂǻƗ Ƨƾǟ ƽȂƳȂdz ơƆǂǜǻ ƶȈǓȂƬdzơ ȁƗ
ǁǂǔdzơ ǁƽƢǐǷ ƽƾǠƫ -Ñ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ȄºǴǟ ǎǼºȇ ǶǰƷ Ʊơǁƽƛ ƾȈȇƘƫ Ǻǟ ƣǂǟƗ -ÏÑ
Ƨƾºǟ ńƛ ǁǂǔdzơ ƽǁ ƢȀȈǧ ȄƫƘƬȇ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ƧƽƾǠƬǷ ȁƗ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ
(ÓÖ)
ƾƷơȁ ǕƢnjǻ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ Ǻǟ ǁǂǔdzơ ǶƴǼȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ȁƗ śǴǤnjǷ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǁȁƽ -DZơƽ
ƨºLJǁƢŲ ƤºƳơȂƥ ƢȀƟƢǧȁ ǵƾǟ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƛ -ÏÒ
Ŀ ƾǼƬLjƬLJ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ǁǂǔdzơ ǁƽƢǐǷ ƨƦǫơǂǷ Ŀ ƤƳơȂdzơ Ǎǂūơ
ȄǔºƬǬŠ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ńƛ ǞǫơȂdzơ
ńƛ ƾǼƬLjºȇ ǵƢºǜǻ ǞǓȁ ǹƗ ǚƷȂdz ǾȈǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥȁ .ĿǂǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
.(ÔÍ)ȐƆ Ǡǧ ǀǧƢǻ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ǂǯǀȇ ƢƆƠȈNj ǦȈǔȇ ȏ ƾǫ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
Ŀ ǞǬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ DzȈǸŢ ǦȈūơ ǺǷ ǹƗ ȆƠƫǁơ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ
Dzºǯ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǻǟ ńȁȋơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ
Ǯºdzƿ ńƛ ǽǁƾǐºǷ ǝƢƳǁƛ ǺǰŻ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǟ ǁǂǓ ƭƽƢƷ
ǕƢnjǼdzƢƥ DzǤnjǷ ǵȂǬȇ ƩȏƢūơ ǶǜǠǷ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƾǯƌƗȁ .ǕƢnjǼdzơ
ǒǠƥ ƪǜƷȏ ơǀǰǿȁ .(ÔÎ)ńȁȋơ ƨƳǁƾdzƢƥ ǾǼǷ ƾȈǨƬLjȇȁ ƢƆLJƢLJƗ
ȏƛ ǵȂǬƫ ȏȁ ƔƢǼưƬLJơ ŚƦǯ ƾƷ ńƛ Ȇǿ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƗ ƽȂǧȂdzơ
.(ÔÏ)ƩƢºȈǫƢǨƫơ Ǟǔºƥ Ŀ ǂǷȋơ Ȃǿ ƢǷ ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǎǻ ơƿƛ
ƢƆȈƟƾƦǷ DzǤnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸƸƬȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ǂƟƢLjŬơ ǹƗ ǚƷȂdzȁ
__________
DZƢǸnjºdzơ ǹơƾǴƥ ǶLJƢƥ) ƲȇȁǂǼdzơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÓÒ)
žÒÏ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16) ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ĺȁǁȁȋơ
.ÑÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18) ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǮȈLjǰŭơȁ
ÎÖ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ śǐdzơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÓÓ)
.ÑÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.19)
ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÓÔ)
.ÑÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18)
ÎÔ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ơƾǼdzȂƥ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÓÕ)
.ÐÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÓÖ)
.ÑÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18)
ÎÔ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǹƢǻȂȈdzơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÔÍ)
.ÏÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÎ)
ÎÓ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƾǼŮơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÔÏ)
.ÔÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/ SR.16)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Ŗºdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǹƘƥ ƪƸǓȁƗ ƢĔƜǧ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾȈǧ ǭǁƢnjƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ
Ǟǧƾºdz DzƟƢºLJȁ ƢȀºǴǯ ƢŮ ƪLjȈdz ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋƢƥ ǎƻǂƫ
Ǻǟ ƣǂǟƗ ƢǸǯ .(ÖÎ)ƨȈǗƢȈƬƷơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
Ŀ ƆƢºLJƢLJƗ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨȈǗƢȈƬƷȏơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DzưǸƬƫ ǹƗ ǽƽƢǨǷ ȅƗǁ
ƧǁƢLjƼǴdz DZƽƢǠdzơ ǞȇǃȂƬǴdz ǪȇƽƢǼǏ ƔƢnjǻƛȁ ƨȈƟƢǫȁ Śƥơƾƫ ƿƢţơ
Ŗºdzơ ƩȏƢºūơ ǞȈŦ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƢȀLjǨǻ Ȇǿ ƢȀǴǸŢ DZƾƥ
ǵơƾƼƬºLJơ ǹƗ ȆƠƫǁơ ƢǸǯ .(ÖÏ)DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ǦǴƼƬȇ
ǂǷƗ DzǤnjǸǴdz ƢȀǴȈǸŢ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƧǁƢLjƻ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ DZơȂǷƗ ƾǏǁ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȏ ȅƗǂdzơ ơǀǿ ƤLjƷȁ .DZȂƦǬǷ Śǣ
Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǻ ƝǁơȂǗ ȁƗ ƨƟǁƢǗ ƩȏƢƷ ƨȀƳơȂŭ Ǯdzƿ ǵDŽdz ơƿƛ ȏƛ
ǹȂǰƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǾǻƗ ńƛ ŚNjƗ ƢǸǯ .(ÖÐ)ǹƘNj Ʃơƿ Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ
ƆƢȈǴǠǧȁ ƆơǂNjƢƦǷ ƆƢǗƢƦƫǁơ ƨǘƦƫǂǷ ǹȂǰƫ ȁƗ ƆȐǤnjǷ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
Ŀ ǍƢŬơ ǝƢǘǬdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠǷ ƢȀƬǴǷƢǠǷ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǾǻƜǧ ǂǔŭơ DzȈǤnjƬdzƢƥ
.(ÖÑ)ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƫ ǑơǂǣƗ
DzȇȂǸƬǴdz ƨȈǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǁƽƢǐŭơ ǝơȂǻƗ -Ï
ĿƢǓȍơ DzȇȂǸƬǴdz ƩƢȈdzƕ ƔƢnjǻȍ DzƟƢLJȁ Ƨƾǟ ƪǜƷȂdz -ÏÖ
(ÖÒ)ǵƢºǠdzơ ǝƢǘǬdzơ ȁƗ ǍƢŬơ ǝƢǘǬdzơ ǺǷ ƩƢŷƢLjǷ :ƢȀǼǷȁ
ǪȇƽƢǼºǏ Ǯºdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ (ÖÓ)řǠŭơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ Ŀ śŷƢLjŭơ ǺǷȁ
ž(ÖÔ)Ņȁƽ ȁƗ ȆǸȈǴǫƛ ȁƗ řǗȁ ƾȈǠǏ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁ ƨǟƢǼǐdzơ
ǺºǷ ƧƽȂºǏǂŭơ DZơȂºǷȋơ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ (ÖÕ)ƨȈǼǠŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷȁ
ƩƢŷƢLjºǷ ǺǷ ǪȇƽƢǼǐdzơ ǮǴƫ ƔƢnjǻƛ ƵǂƬǫơ ƢǸǯ .(ÖÖ)DZȁƾdzơ
__________
ÓÕ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƾǼŮơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÖÎ)
.ÔÍȁ
ÎÖ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ śǐdzơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÖÏ)
.ÑÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.19)
ƾǼƬLjºǷ Ŀ ƢȈǻƢƦLJȍ ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÖÐ)
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz
Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÖÑ)
DzȈƟơǂºLJƛ ǹƢºȈƥ ÎÔ ƨLjºǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
.ÑÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
ƾǼƬLjºǷ Ŀ ơƾǼdzȂŮ ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÖÒ)
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz
Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÖÓ)
ǹơƾǴƥ ǶLJƢƥ ƲȇȁǂǼdzơ ňƢȈƥ ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
ǞºƳǂŭơ ǮȈLjǰŭơȁ žÒÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16) ĺȁǁȁȋơ DZƢǸnjdzơ
.ÑÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18) ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz ƾǼƬLjǷ Ŀ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ǹƢȈƥ (ÖÔ)
Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÖÕ)
DžȁǁȐȈºƥ ǹƢºȈƥ ÎÓ ƨLjºǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
.ÐÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/ SR.16)
DZƢǸnjºdzơ ǹơƾºǴƥ ǶLJƢƥ) ƲȇȁǂǼdzơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÖÖ)
.ÒÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ĺȁǁȁȋơ
84
DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƬdz ƨǘƻ Ŀ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǭơǂNjƛ ǁǂĄƥȁ -ÏÔ
ǹƗ ƢºǸǯ ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ƨǐƻǁ ƤǴǘƬȇ ǕƢnjǼdzơ Ŀ ƔƾƦdzơ ǹƘƥ ȆǴȈǸǰƫ
ǺºǷ ǹƗ ȆºƠƫǁơ ǂǷȋơ ǹƢǯ ƢƆȇƗȁ .(ÕÎǞǨǼdzƢƥ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƽȂǠȇ ǕƢnjǼdzơ
ƢǿƾƷȁ ƧǁƢLjŬơ DzǸƸƬƫ ƨȈƸǔdzơ ǭǂƫ ǵƾǟ ƗƾƦǷ DZƢǸǟƛ ȆLJƢLJȋơ
śºƥ ƨǬȈƯȁ ƨǴǏ ƨǷƢǫƛ ńƛ ƽȂǧȂdzơ ǒǠƥ ƪǠLJȁ .(ÕÏ)Ƕǟƽ ǹȁƽ
DzǤnjºŭơ ǾºȈǘǤȇ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ƪƷǂƬǫƢǧ .ƨdzȁƾdzơȁ DzǤnjŭơ
Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȁƗ (ÕÐ)DzǤnjŭơ ƢȀȈdzƛ ȆǸƬǼȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾȈǘǤƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ
Ŀ ȆƠƫǁơȁ .(ÕÑ)ƢēǂǘȈLJ ƪŢ ȁƗ ƢȀƬȇȏȁ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ȅǂŸ
ǂºǘŬơ ǕƢnjºǼdzƢƥ ƧǂƯƘƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ DzǿƢǯ DZƢǬƯƛ ǵƾǟ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ
ńƛ ƨǧƢºǓȍƢƥȁ .(ÕÒ)ǂƟƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƬdz ƨǘƻ Ŀ ƢȀƬŷƢLjǷ ǕơǂƬNjƢƥ
ǺLjdz ƢǿơǁƢǐǫ DZǀƦƥ DZȁƾdzơ ǵơDŽdzƛ ƵǂƬǫơ (ÕÓ)ȆǗƢȈƬƷơ DzȇȂŤ ŚǧȂƫ
ƨºLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈǘǤƬdzƢƥ ƨdzȂǸnjŭơ Śǣ ǂƟƢLjŬơ ǞǼǷ ńƛ ȆǷǂȇ Ǟȇǂnjƫ
.(ÕÔ)ƢŮ DZƢǠǨdzơ ƿƢǨǻȍơ ǹƢǸǓ ƨȈǤƥ ƤƳơȂdzơ Ǎǂūơ
ǹȂºǰƫ ǹƘºƥ DzƟƢǬdzơ ȅƗǂdzơ ǁȂǜǼŭơ ơǀǿ Ǻǟ ǦǴƬźȁ -ÏÕ
ȏƗ ȆºƠƫǁơ ǾȈǴǟ ÅƔƢǼƥȁ .(ÕÕ)Śƻȋơ ƿȐŭơ Ȇǿ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
Ŗºdzơ ƩȏƢºūơ Ŀ ȏƛ ƨºdzȁƾǴdz ƨȈǗƢȈƬƷȏơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƤƫǂƬƫ
DzºȇȂǸƬdzơ ǁƽƢǐºǷ ǹȂºǰƫȁ ǁǂǔºdzơ DzǤnjŭơ ƢȀȈǧ ȆǘǤȇ ȏ
ǒǠƥ ƩƾƥƗ ǺƠdzȁ .(ÖÍ)ƨƷƢƬǷ Śǣ ȁƗ ƨȈǧƢǯ Śǣ (ÕÖ)ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ
ȅǀdzơ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ DzȇȂǸƬdzơ ƩƢƷơǂƬǫơ Ŀ ǂǜǼǴdz ƢǿƽơƾǠƬLJơ DZȁƾdzơ
__________
ÎÔ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÕÎ)
.ÐÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
DZƢǸnjºdzơ ǹơƾºǴƥ ǶLJƢƥ) ƲȇȁǂǼdzơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÕÏ)
.ÒÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16) ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ĺȁǁȁȋơ
žÐÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ DžȁǁȐȈƥ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÕÐ)
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz ƾǼƬLjǷ Ŀ ƢȈǻƢƦLJȍ ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơȁ
ǁǂºǬŭơ ȃƾºdz ƾǼƬLjǷ Ŀ ơƾǼdzȂǿ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÕÑ)
.ǍƢŬơ
ƾǼƬLjºǷ Ŀ ƢȈǻƢƦLJȍ ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÕÒ)
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz
ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ǹƢȈƥȁ žǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz ǝƽȂŭơ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ǹƢȈƥ ǂǜǻơ (ÕÓ)
ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
.ÐÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18) ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ
ÎÔ ƨLjº ºǴŪơ ǾLjº ºǨǻ ǞººƳǂŭơ DzȈƟơǂº ºLJƛ ǹƢººȈƥ ǂººǜǻơ (ÕÔ)
Ŀ ƢȈǻƢƦLJȍ ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .ÑÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz ƾǼƬLjǷ
ƨºǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾºdzơ ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƨºȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ǂǜǻơ (ÕÕ)
ƢººȈǻƢǷȁǁ ǹƢººȈƥ ÎÖ ƨLjººǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjººdzơ ƨººǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjººǸŬơȁ
.ÒÖ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.19)
ƾǼƬLjºǷ Ŀ ơƾǼdzȂŮ ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÕÖ)
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz
ǁǂºǬŭơ ȃƾdz ƾǼƬLjǷ Ŀ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÖÍ)
ƨºȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢºƯȂdzơ (ĺȁǁȁȋơ DZƢǸnjdzơ ǹơƾǴƥ ǶLJƢƥ) ƲȇȁǂǼdzơ ǹƢȈƥȁ žǍƢŬơ
ÎÓ ƨLjºǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz
.ÒÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16)
85 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Dzǔºǧȋơ ǹƛ DZȂºǬdzơ ńƛ ǂƻƕ ȅƗǁ Ƥǿƿȁ .(ÎÍÔ)ŅƢūơ ǩƢȈLjdzơ
ƨºǼŪ DzǸǟ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ȏ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ŘǠȇ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨdzƘLjŭơ DZȁƢǼƫ
.(ÎÍÕ)Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DzǸǠǴdz ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzǰnjdzơ -ȁơȁ
ƨǼƴǴdzơ DzǸǠdz ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzǰnjdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨnjǫƢǼǷ ȅƗ ǹƗ ȆƠƫǁơ -ÐÐ
ńƛ ȅƗǂdzơ ǒǠƥ Ƥǿƿ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ .ƢĔơȁȋ ƨǬƥƢLJ ƨdzƘLjǷ
ǁǂǬƫȁ Dzǰnjdzơ Ŀ ƨȇơƾƦdzơ ǺǷ ƪƦƫ ǹƗ ƨǼƴǴdz ƾȈǨŭơ ǺǷ ǹƛ DZȂǬdzơ
ƨȀƳȂŭơ ƩƢȈǏȂƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ ǡȂǏ ńƛ ȆǷǂƫ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ
ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǾǬȈƦǘƫ ǺǰŻ ǵƢǟ ȆƳƿȂŶ ǮǏ ǞǓȁ ńƛ ȁƗ DZȁƾdzơ ńƛ
ƧŚºƻȋơ ƨºdzƢūơ ǽǀºǿ Ŀȁ .ƽƾŰ ȅƾǿƢǠƫ ǵƢǜǻ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ
ȄǴǟ ƾȇDŽȇ Ǻdz ŅȁƗ ǎǻ ƽȁƾƷ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ǹƗ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ȄǴǟ ƤǠǐȈLJ
.(ÎÍÖ)ƨǴƦǬǷ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ ƾǟƢLjȇ ǹƗ
ȆƟƢȀºǼdzơ Dzǰnjdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ȏƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǒǠƦdzơ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥȁ -ÐÑ
ǞºǼŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ DzǰNj Ǻǟ ƢƆǨǴƬű ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ
ǺºǰŻ ƢƆǠǷ ǹƢƦǻƢŪƢǧ Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ
ǒºǠƥ ƣǂºǟƗ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .(ÎÎÍ)ƾƷơȁ ǮǏ Ŀ ƢǸŮȁƢǼƫ
Ƥºǯǂŭơ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ơǀȀǧ .(ÎÎÎ)ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǞǓȂdz ǾǴȈǔǨƫ Ǻǟ ƽȂǧȂdzơ
ŚƥơƾºƬdzơ ȄºǴǟ ǎǼºȇ ǹƗȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǼǷ ǶȈǜǼƫ DZȁƢǼƬȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ʼnƾǬƫȁ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǟǧǂƥ ƢǸȈLJ ȏ ƢǿƿƢţơ ǵǃȐdzơ ƨȈƸȈƸǐƬdzơ
ƵơǂºƬǫȏơ ơƆƾºȈȇƘƫ ǪǴȇ Ń ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ .(ÎÎÏ)ǺȇǁǂǔƬǸǴdz
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ ǪºƸǴȇ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǞǓȁ ńƛ Ȇǟơƾdzơ
ƨLjºǷƢŬơ Ƨǁȁƾºdzơ Ŀ ǍƢºŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǾǷƾǫ ƵơǂƬǫơ Ȃǿȁ ǞǼǸǴdz
.(ÎÎÐ)ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼƴǴdz śLjǸŬơȁ
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ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÍÔ)
.ÑÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18)
ÎÔ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ DzȈƟơǂLJƛ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÍÕ)
.ÑÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
.ÏÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÍÖ)
žǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz ǝƽȂŭơ ơƾǼdzȂǿ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÎÍ)
ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjºǸŬơȁ ƨºǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơȁ
žÓÒ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16) ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ňƢȈƥ ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ
.Ò ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18)ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ DZƢǤƫŐdzơȁ
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ DžȁǁȐȈºƥ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÎÎ)
DZƢǸnjdzơ ǹơƾǴƥ ǶLJƢƥ) ƲȇȁǂǼdzơȁ žÐÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16) ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ
ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǮȈLjǰŭơȁ žÒÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ĺȁǁȁȋơ
.ÑÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18)
ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ DžȁǁȐȈƥ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÎÏ)
.ÐÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16)
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÎÐ)
.ÎÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18) ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ
ƨȈǷȂǰūơ Śǣ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơȁ DZȁƾdzơ
ńƛ śǸƬǼŭơ śǴǤnjǸǴdz ƨȈǷơDŽdzƛ ƩƢǯơǂƬNjơ ńƛ ƆơƽƢǼƬLJơ śǷƘƬdzơȁ
.(ÎÍÍ)ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ǝƢǘǫ džǨǻ
ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨȈǘǤƫ -ƔƢǿ
Dzºǿƚŭơ "ǁǂǔºdzơ" ǦȇǂǠƫ ńƛ ƩȐƻƾƫ Ƨƾǟ Ŀ ŚNjƗ -ÐÍ
ǁǂǬŭơ ǾǷƾǫ ȅǀdzơ ƵơǂƬǫȏơ ǹƗ ǚƷȂdz ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz
ǍƢƼNjȋƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȅƗ ƨūƢǏ DzǸǟ ƨȈǓǁƗ ǂǧȂȇ ǍƢŬơ
ƨºȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ȁƗ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơȁ
ƢºǸǯ (ÎÍÎ)ƢēǂǘȈLjºdz ƨǠǓƢŬơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ Ŀ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȇȏȁ Dzƻơƽ
ƧƽƢǠƬLJơ Śƥơƾƫ ǀȈǨǼƫ Ŀ ƧƾƦǰƬŭơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ƽǁ ƧǂǰǨdz ƾȈȇƘƫ ȅƾƥƗ
.(ÎÍÏ)Ƨǁȁǂǔŭơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ
ȄºǜŹ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǾƷǂƬǫơ ȅǀdzơ ǩƢǘǼdzơ ǹƢǯ ǺƠdzȁ -ÐÎ
ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƵȐǏƛ ǹƗ ȆƠƫǁơ ǾǻƜǧ DZȂƦǬdzƢƥ
ƨºť ǹƗ ǚƷȂºdz ơǀǰǿȁ .ȆǸǰdzơ DžƢȈǬdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƤǠǐȇȁ ƆƢǼǰŲ
ȄǴǟ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǂǐǫ ǵƾǟ ńƛ Ȃǟƾȇ ƢǷ
ƧǁƢLjºŬơ DzǸnjȈdz ǾǫƢǘǻ ǞȈLJȂƫȁ Dzƥ ƵȐǏȍơ Śƥơƾƫ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ
ƧǁƢLjºŬƢƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧȁ .(ÎÍÐ)ƨºȈǬȈǬūơ ƢȀƬǸȈǬƥ ƨǬƷȐdzơ
ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǹƗ ƽȂǧȂdzơ ǒǠƥ Ʃǂǯƿ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ
ƤLjǯ ȄǴǟ ǎƼnjdzơ Ƨǁƾǫ ǂƯƘƬƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƧƾƦǰƬŭơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ DzǸnjȇ
ƤLjºǰdzơ DzǸnjºȇ ǹƗ ȆºǤƦǼȇȁ (ÎÍÑ)ƢǷ ǕƢnjǻ DzǠǨƥ Dzƻƾdzơ
ǵȂȀǨǷ DzǸnjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǂƻƕ ȅƗǁ ńƛ ƆơƽƢǼƬLJơȁ .(ÎÍÒ)ǞƟƢǔdzơ
ǂºǘŬ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨƴȈƬǼǯ ƧƾƦǰƬŭơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ
ƆȐǠǧ DzǐŢ Ń ǹƛȁ ŕƷ ǕƢnjǻ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼƫ ƨȇƽƢǷ ƲƟƢƬǻ Ǿdz DzȈƼƬǷ
.(ÎÍÓ)ƨȇƽƢŭơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ ǮǴƫ
ƢƆƦǻƢƳ Ƣēơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǭǂƬƫ ȏƗ ƵǂƬǫơȁ -ÐÏ
Ŀ ƢºŮȁƢǼƫ ǶƬºȇ Ń ǹƛȁ ŕƷ ƨǬƷȏ ƨǴƷǂǷ Ŀ ƢȀȈǧ ǂǜǼȇ ǹƗȁ
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ƾǼƬLjºǷ Ŀ ƢȈǻƢƦLJȍ ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÍÍ)
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz
Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÍÎ)
ƢLjºǸǼdzơ ǹƢºȈƥ ÎÓ ƨLjºǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
.ÑÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16)
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz ƾǼƬLjǷ Ŀ ơƾǼdzȂǿ ǹƢȈƥ (ÎÍÏ)
Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÍÐ)
ơƾºǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ǹƢºȈƥ ÎÓ ƨLjºǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
.ÓÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/ SR.16)
DZƢǸnjdzơ ǹơƾǴƥ ǶLJƢƥ) ƲȇȁǂǼdzơ ǹƢȈƥȁ žÓÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÍÑ)
.ÒÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ĺȁǁȁȋơ
ÎÔ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǹƢǻȂȈdzơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÍÒ)
.ÏÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÍÓ)
.ÓÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƝƽƢƦǷ ǞǓȁ ǹȁǂƻƕ ƾȇƗȁ .(ÎÎÓ)ƧƽƾŰ ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ƨǏƢƻ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz
ȅǀdzơ Dzǰnjdzơ ǹƢǯ ƢƆȇƗȁ .(ÎÎÔ)DZȁƾǴdz ƨȈƳƿȂŶ ƾǟơȂǫ ȁƗ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƫ
ǒǠƥ ǹƜǧ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǼƴǴdzơ DzǸǠdz ƨȈƟƢȀǼdzơ ƨǴȈǐūơ ǽǀƼƬƬLJ
.(ÎÎÕ)ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƬdz ƨǸƟȐǷ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƫ Ʊơǁƽƛ ƨȈŷƗ ȃǂȇ ƽȂǧȂdzơ
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ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƢLjǸǼdzơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÎÓ)
.ÑÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16)
ÎÔ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ơƾǼdzȂƥ ňƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÎÔ)
.ÑÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ DzȈƟơǂLJƛȁ žÐÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ňƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÎÕ)
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ ǍŐǫȁ žÓÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.16) ÎÓ ƨLjǴŪơ
.ÓÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.19) ÎÖ ƨLjǴŪơ
ňƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ
ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬǸǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJȏơ
ƤƳơȂƥ ƢȀƟƢǧȁ ǞǷ śǷǁƢǐdzơ ƾǏǂdzơȁ ƨƦǫơǂǸǴdz ƨǠǓƢƻ ǥȁǂǛ Ŀ
.ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǼǷ
ǁƾǐȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǁǂǔdzơ ƭƾŹ ǹƗ ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǷ ǹƛ (Ñ)
ǽǀºǿ Ŀȁ .ǞºǼŭơ ƩƢƦƳơȂƥ ƢƆǷƢƫ ƔÅ Ƣǧȁ ȆǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ǻǟ Ƙǘƻ
ƢȇƢƸǔºǴdz ƧǁƢLjŬơ DzȈǸŢ ǹƢǰǷȍơ ǁƾǫ ȃƽƢǨƬĄȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨdzƢūơ
Ǻȇǀºdzơ ȁƗ ǕƢnjºǼdzơ DzȈǤnjºƫ Ŀ ƾȇ ǶŮ Ǻǰƫ Ń Ǻȇǀdzơ ƔƢȇǂƥȋơ
.ǾǼǷ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ǹȁƾȈǨƬLjȇ ȏ
DzºǸŢ ǹƗȁ ƾºƥ ȏ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƬdz ƨǘƻ ȅƗ ǹƛ (Ò)
ǕƢnjǼdzơ Ŀ ǶǰƸƬȇ ȅǀdzơ Ȃǿ DzǤnjŭƢǧ .ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƤƳơȁ ȏƆ ȁƗ DzǤnjŭơ
džºǰǠȇ ǹƗ ƲȀºǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƘNj ǺǷȁ .ƢƆǔȇƗ ǾǼǷ ǂNjƢƦŭơ ƾȈǨƬLjŭơ Ȃǿȁ
ǦȈdzƢǰƫ Ʊơǁƽƛ ƨLJƢȈLJ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ "Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ" ƗƾƦǷ ĿƢǰdzơ ǁƾǬdzƢƥ
śǷƘƬdzơ ƨȈǘǤƫ ȄǴǟ DzǐŹ ǹƗ DzǤnjŭơ ǺǷ ƤǴǘȇ ǾȈǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥȁ .DzȈǤnjƬdzơ
ǹƗ ȄºǴǟ ǪǨĄƫơ ƢǸǯ .ƨǸƟȐŭơ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơ ǵƾǬȇ ǹƗȁ ƨȇǁȁǂǔdzơ
ǞǓȁ ȆƻȂƫ ǺǰŻ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .ƧƽȁƾŰ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰƫ
Ŀ ǂºǜǼdzơ ƢŮȐƻ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƧǂƬǨǴdz ȁƗ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƔơȂLJ ƽȁƾƷ
ƾǟƢLjºƬLJ ƢºĔƘƥ ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ʃǁǂƥȁ .ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ
ƾȇƾnjºdzơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ śǷƘƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ ȄǴǟ DzǤnjŭơ
ǞȇǁƢnjºŠ ǝȐǘǓȏơ ȄǴǟ ǵƾǬȇ ǹƗ DzǤnjǸǴdz ƶȈƬȈLJ ƢǸǯ .ǂǗƢƼŭơ
.ǵƢƬdzơ ŅƢŭơ DžȐǧȍơ Ȅnjź ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǂǗƢű Ʃơƿ
ǹƗ ƢƆǔºȇƗ DzǤnjŭơ ǺǷ ƤǴǘȇ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ (Ó)
ƩȏƢºƸǴdz ƤǿƘƬdzơȁ ƝǁơȂǘǴdz ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǖȈǘƼƬdzƢƥ ǾLjǨǻ DŽȀŸ
ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣȁ ƝǁơȂǘdzƢƥ ǁƢǘƻȎdz ƩƢȈdzƕ ǞǓȁ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨƟǁƢǘdzơ
.ǂǐƦƬǷȁ DzǫƢǟ ǎƼNj ǺǷ ƨǠǫȂƬŭơ ƨǷȐLjdzơ Śƥơƾƫ ȁƗ ǖǘƻ
ƨºȈdzƢŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƗƾƦǷ śƥ ǹǃơȂƫ ƨǷƢǫƛ śǠƬȇ (Ô)
ǁƾǫ ȃƽƢǨƬȇ ǹƗ Ŀ ƨǴưǸƬŭơ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơȁ DzǤnjǸǴdz ƧƽȁƾƄơ
ǪºȈǬŢ ǺǰŻȁ .ƨǴǏƢūơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƨƠȇŐdzơ ƨȈƸǔdzơ DzȈǸŢ ǹƢǰǷȍơ
86
ȐƆ ưºǸǧ .(ÎÎÑ)ǵDŽǴŭơ Śǣ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƲĔ ƽȂǧȂdzơ ǒǠƥ ƾȇƗȁ -ÐÒ
ƢƆǧƾǿ ƩƢȈǏȂƬƥ ƧǃDŽǠǷ ǶƟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƨǴǷƢNj ƨLJơǁƾƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ŐƬǟơ
ȄǴǟ ǦǫȂƬȈLJ Dzūơ ǹƗ ǚƷȂdz ƢǸǯ .(ÎÎÒ)ǪȈǬƸƬǴdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫȁ ƢƆȈǠǫơȁ
ƨǴȈǐºūơ ǀƼƬƬLJ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ ƆȐƦǬƬLjǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƨǼȈǠǷ Ƕǜǻ ǞǓȁ
ǽǀºǿ ǀƻƚƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ .DzƟƢLjŭƢƥ "ƨȈǠƳǂǷ ƨǸƟƢǫ" DzǰNj ƨȈƟƢȀǼdzơ
Ƕºǜǻ ƔƢnjºǻƛ ǹƘnjºƥ ƨǴƦǬǷ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ Ŀ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ DzƟƢLjŭơ
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ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ ƢºȈǻƢǷȁǁ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÎÑ)
.ÒÖ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.19) ÎÖ ƨLjǴŪơ
ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÎÒ)
.ÐÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.18) ÎÕ ƨLjǴŪơ
ǾƦnjºȇ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Dzƻơƽ ljƢǬǼdzơ ǹƛ -ÐÓ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƨºǼŪ Dzƻơƽ ƨǬƥƢLJ ƧǂƬǧ Ŀ ȃǂƳ ȅǀdzơ ljƢǬǼdzơ ơƆŚưǯ
:ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJȏơ ǒǠƥ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ʃǃǂƥ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .Ņȁƾdzơ
ǹƗ ǵDŽºǴȇ ȅǀºdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ (Î)
ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȈǧ .ȐƆ ǸǰǷȁ ƢƆǷƢǟ ƢƆǷƢǜǻ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǾǠǔƫ
Ƕǜǻ Ǟǔƫ ŕƷ DZȁƾǴdz ƨǻȁǂŭơ ŚǧȂƫȁ DZƢĐơ ƵƢLjǧȍ ȆǨǰȇ ƢŠ ƢƆǷƢǟ
ƾȈǠǐºdzơ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ȆƟƢǼưdzơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ƔơȂLJ ơƆƾȇƾŢ ǂưǯƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
Dzƻơƽ ƨǼȈǠǷ Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ ȁƗ ǾǼȈǠƥ ơƆǂǘƻ ƢƆǗƢnjǻ ǶǰƸƬdz ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ
ǺǷ ȐƆ ǸǰǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǮǴƫ ǾȈǧ ȅǂš ƽƾŰ ǝƢǘǫ
ǩƢǨƫơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƢȀȈǧ ȅǂLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢūơ Ŀ ȅǂLjȇ Ǻdz Ǿǻƛ ƮȈƷ
Ʃơƿ ƾºǟơȂǬdzơ ǹȂǐȈLJ ƢǸǯ .ȆǸȈǴǫƛ ȁƗ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƽƾǠƬǷ ȁƗ ȆƟƢǼƯ
Ƕǜǻ DZƢǸǟƛ ǞǷ ǑǁƢǠƬȇ ȁƗ ǁǂǰȇ Ǻdzȁ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǺǷ ƨǴǐdzơ
.ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Dzƻơƽ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨºǼƴǴdz ƨºȈdzƢūơ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǩƢǘǼdz ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ (Ï)
ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǼŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǩƢǘǻ ǞǷ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ƽȁƾƷ
ƨȈǠǸŪơ ńƛ ƢȀƬǷƾǫȁ ÏÍÍÎ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƢēƾǸƬǟơ Ŗdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz
ƨºť ǹȂºǰƫ Ǻdz ǾǻƗ řǠȇ ơǀǿȁ .(ÎÎÖ)ƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţơ ǑǂǤƥ ƨǷƢǠdzơ
ƨǘnjǻȋơ ƨǠȈƦǘƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ DzƟƢLjŭơ Ŀ ljƢǬǼdzơ ƶƬǧ ƧƽƢǟƛ ńƛ ƨƳƢƷ
ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ "ǹƘnjdzơ ȅƿ ǁǂǔdzơ" ȅƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨƦƬǟ śȈǠƫȁ ƨdzȂǸnjŭơ
.ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǮȇǂƸƬdz ơƆƾƷ
ǂǘƻ ȄǴǟ ƨȇȂǘǼŭơȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǹƘƥ ǶǴĄLJȁ (Ð)
ƨǘnjǻƗ ƢĔȋ Ƣđ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ȅƽƢǨƫ ȁƗ ƢǿǂǜƷ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǹƘNj ȅƿ
ǞºǸƬĐơ ȄºǴǟ ǞǨǼdzƢƥ ƽȂǠƫȁ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ Ŀ ƨȈŷȋơ ƨǤdzƢƥ
ȏƛ Ƣđ ǎȈƻǂƬdzơ ǵƾǠƥ ǵơDŽƬdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ǞǬȇ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ƨǷƢǟ
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ÎÕÕ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÎ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÎÖ)
.ÖÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
87 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨºƠȈƦdzƢƥ ƨǴǐºdzơ Ʃơƿ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǺǷ ǽŚǣȁ ȆƟƢǔǨdzơ ǵƢǘūƢƥ ŘǠƫ
ǽƢƦƬǻȏơ ǾȈƳȂƫ ǑǂǠǷ Ŀȁ .DZȁƾǴdz ƨȈƟƢǔǨdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơȁ
ƩƢºNjȂǷȂƫ ƾȈLjºdzơ ǎºǴƻ ƨǘnjǻȋơȁ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ńƛ
DzǯƢnjºŭơ DZȁƢºǼƬdz ǁŐǷ ȏ ǾǻƗ ƢǿƽƢǨǷ ƨƴȈƬǻ ńƛ (Tomuschat)
ƨºǼŪ Dzºƻơƽ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ
ȅƘǧ .ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƩƢǟƢnjǸǴdz ƾȇƾƳ ǝȂǓȂǷ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
DZƢǟ ȃȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ" ƨLJơǁƽ ȃȂLJ ǹȂǰƫ Ǻdz DzȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƨLJơǁƽ
ǹȐºǟƛ ǽǃǂºŹ Ń ƢºǷ ǵƾǬƬdzơ ǺǷ ǃǂŢ Ǻdzȁ (ÎÏÎ)"ƾȇǂƴƬdzơ ǺǷ
ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ǹƘnjºƥ Ȃȇǁ ǹȐǟƛȁ (ÎÏÏ)ƨȇǂnjƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ŃȂȀǰƬLJ
ƩƢǟƢnjŭơ ƨȇƢŧ ǹƘnjƥ ƨLJơǁƽ ȅƗ ǹƗ ȃƘƫǁơ ƢǸǯ .(ÎÏÐ)ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ
ǂƥƢºǠdzơ ǁǂǔǴdz ƨLJơǁƽ Ǻǟ ƨǨǴƬű ƢǿǂǿȂƳ Ŀ ǹȂǰƫ Ǻdz ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ
.ƨºȇǂƥ ǁƽƢǐºǷ ƢȀǸǜǠǷ Ŀ Ȇǿ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǁƽƢǐǷ ǹȋ ƽȁƾƸǴdz
ǺºǷ Ǻºǰȇ Ń ǹƛ ƨȇƢǤǴdz DzǠƬǨŭơ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȈLJ" ŅƢƬdzƢƥ ȃƘƫǁơȁ
ƔƢȈNjȋơ ƨȇȂŮ ƢƆǠƦƫ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǨǴƬű ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ DzȈƸƬLjŭơ
.(ÎÏÑ)"ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǞǬȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ Ŗdzơ
ǺǷ ǮǏ Dzǯ śLjƸƬdz ȏƆ Ƣů ƨť DzǠdz ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ
ǪƸǴƫ Ŗdzơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ DZȁƢǼƬȇ ƢȀǸǜǠǷ ǵơƽ ƢǷ ǭȂǰǐdzơ
ǪºƸǴȇ ȅǀºdzơ ǁǂǔºdzƢƥ ŘǠĄȇ ȏȁ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ȁƗ ǍƢƼNjȋƢƥ
ȄǴǟ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ƪǜƷȏ ƾǫȁ .ǮǴƫ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƩƢǟƢnjŭƢƥ
Ŀ (Reisman) ǹƢǸLjºȇơǁȁ (Arsanjani) ňƢƴǼLJǁƗ ǶƟȐŭơ ȂƸǼdzơ
ƽȂºȀŪơ ǹƗ ńƛ ơǁƢNjƗ ƾǬǧ .(ÎÏÒ)DzǰnjǸǴdz ȆƸȈǓȂƬdzơ ƢǸȀǴȈǴŢ
ǪºƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ DŽȈǯǂƬǴdz ƨǠǓơȂƬŭơȁ ƨȈǬȈǬūơ
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ƮºƸƦdzơ ƨǴºǏơȂǷ ǞȈƴnjƫȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȇƢǟǁ ƪŢ Ƣđ ǝȐǘǓȏơ
DzǯƢnjºŭơ ƨLJơǁƽȁ ȆƳǁƢŬơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ DzƟƢLjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǂnjǻȁ
.ȆƳǁƢŬơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ ǥƢnjǰƬLJơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÎÖÖÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÏÎ)
ǞȈǓơȂǷ ǹƘnjƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƔƢǔǟƗ ƢǿƾǟƗ ƩơDŽƳȂǷ A/CN.4/454
ǹƢȈƬLjȇǂǯ ƾȈLjdzơ ƽơƾǟƛ ǺǷ "ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƩƢǟƢnjŭơ" :Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ƧǁƢƬű
.ÎÖ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÒÍÔ Ǎ ƩƢNjȂǷȂƫ
Report of the United Nations Conference on the (ÎÏÏ)
Environment, Stockholm, 5–16 June 1972 (United Nations publication,
.Sales No. E.73.II.A.14), part one, chap. 1
ȅƽ Ȃºȇǁ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ řǠŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǂŤƚǷ ǂȇǂǬƫ (ÎÏÐ)
ǞȈƦŭơ Ƕǫǁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩơǁȂnjǼǷ) ÎÖÖÏ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÎÑ-Ð ȁŚǻƢƳ
.DZȁȋơ Ǫǧǂŭơ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơ DZȁȋơ ƔDŽŪơ (ƩƢƦȇȂǐƬdzơȁ A.93.I.8Ê
.ÏÍ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ (ǽȐǟƗ ÎÏÎ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) ÎÖÖÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÏÑ)
ƢȀºǴǸǟ ƲǷƢºǻǂƥ Ŀ ƢȀƳơǁƽƜƥ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹƗ ǚƷȏ ƩƢNjȂǷȂƫ ƾȈLjdzơ ǹƗ Śǣ
DzºǸǠdzơ ƧǁȁǂǔºdzƢƥ ǁǂǰƬLJ ơƆƾȇƾƳ ƢƆǟȂǓȂǷ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƩƢǟƢnjŭơ
ƧǁȁǂºǓ ƧƢǟơǂǷ Śưǰƥ Dzǔǧȋơ ǺǷ ǾǴǠdzȁ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ DŽųƗ ȅǀdzơ
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ) ǞǼŭơ ƩƢƦƳơȂdz ƨǻȁƾǷ ǞǓȁ ƾǼǟ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƩƢǟƢnjŭơ ƨȇƢŧ
.(ÏÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
Arsanjani and Reisman, “The quest for an ǂº ºǜǻơ (ÎÏÒ)
international liability regime for the protection of the global commons”,
.pp. 469–473
ǁƽƢǐºǷ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƨȈƸǔǴdz ǒȇȂǠƫ ƨƷƢƫƜƥ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǹǃơȂƬdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠdzơ ǾȈǴǟ ǎǼȇ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ .ƨȈǴȈǸǰƫ DzȇȂŤ
ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ DzȇȂǸƬdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ ǺǰŻȁ .DZȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ǾLJǂǰƫȁ
ǹȂºǷȂǬȇ Ǻȇǀºdzơ śǴǤnjŭơȁ ǺȇǂNjƢƦŭơ ǺȇƾȈǨƬLjŭơ ƩƢǯơǂƬNjơ
ǪȇƽƢǼǐºdzơȁ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨǏƢŬơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩȏƢǯȂdzơȁ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƨǘnjǻƘƥ
.ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƢȀƠnjǼƫ Ŗdzơ
ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz Dzǿƚŭơ "ǁǂǔdzơ" ǦȇǂǠƫ ȆǘǤȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ (Õ)
ƨºȈdzƢŭơ ƨºǷǀdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơȁ ǍƢƼNjȌdz DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƽǁơȂŭơ ȁƗ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ƭơǂƬdzơȁ ƨdzȁƾǴdz
.ƢēǂǘȈLjºdz ƨǠǓƢŬơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ Ŀ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȇȏȁ Dzƻơƽ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ǵȂºȀǨǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƧǁȁǂǓ ȄǴǟ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ƾǯƗȁ
Ŀȁ .Ƣēơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ DzǸnjȈdz ȆǨǰȇ ƢŠ ƢƆǠLJơȁ
ǹȁƽ ƨºȈŭƢǠdzơ ƩƢǟƢnjŭƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǭǂƬȇ ȏƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ Ƣǿǂǜǻ
Ƣēơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨȈǘǤƫ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƪƠƬǧ ƢǸǧ .ƨȈǘǤƫ
ƨºȈŭƢǠdzơ ƩƢǟƢnjŭơ Ŀ ȁƗ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ Ǻǟ ƨƳǁƢŬơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ Ŀ
.Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƔƢǔǟƗ ǒǠƥ ȃƾdz ơƆǂǸƬLjǷ Ȑ Ɔ ǣƢNj Dzǰnjƫ
:ƨƸƬǨƬǷ Ƶȁǂƥ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ DZȁƢǼƫ ŅƢƬdzƢƥ ǶȀŭơ ǺǷȁ
ƢƆºǷȂǸǟ ǾºȈǴǟ ǪǨƬǷ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdz ƆȏȁƘǧ (Ɨ)
Ȃǿ Ňƽȋơ ƾūơ ǁȂǜǼǷ ǺǷ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƩƢǟƢnjǸǴdz
ǁƢºƸƦdzơ ǝƢǫ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ƱǁƢƻ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ŅƢǟƗ
ȆƳǁƢŬơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ Ŀ ǞǫơȂdzơ ȅȂŪơ DZƢĐơȁ ƩƢǘȈƄơ ǝƢǫȁ ƨǬȈǸǠdzơ
ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ ǥȐƬƻȏơ ǒǠƥ ǞǷ Ľ ƨȇȁƢǸLjdzơ ǵơǂƳȋơȁ ǂǸǬdzơȁ
ǃȂºš ȏ" ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ Ŗdzơ
Ƣđ ƨǸƟƢǫ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ǞȈLJȂƫ ȁƗ ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ Ŀ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƧƽƢȈLjdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ
ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǹƜǧ ǵȂǴǠǷ Ȃǿ ƢǸǯȁ ."ƧǀǧƢǻ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ƪǷơƽ ƢǷ
ǁƾǫ ƨǴǷƢNj ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƢȀƬƠȈƥ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ ƩƢǘȈƄơ DZȁƢǼƬƫ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz
Ŀ ƨȈǴǠǧ ƨǯǁƢnjǷ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǝƢǬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǭǁƢnjƫȁ .ǹƢǰǷȍơ
ƨºǬȈǸǠdzơ ǁƢºƸƦdzơ ǝƢǬdz ƨǼǰŲ ƨȈƠȈƥ Ʃơƾȇƾē ȅƗ ǞǼŭ ƨǸǜǻƗ ǞǓȁ
ǝƢºǫ ƽǁơȂºǷ Ǻǟ ƤȈǬǼƬdzơ ȁƗ ǥƢnjǰƬLJȏơ DzǠǨƥ ƩƢǘȈƄơ ǝƢǫȁ
.DzƟƢLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ǶȈǜǼƬdzȁ DŽȈǼǤǻƢŭơ ƩơƾȈǬǟ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ƨǬȈǸǠdzơ ǁƢƸƦdzơ
ǁƢºƸƦdzơ ƭȂǴƫ ǶǜǠǷ ǹƢǯ Ƣŭ ǾǻƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ
.ƨȈǸȈǴǫƛ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƢȀǸǜǼƫ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹƜǧ ƨȇǂƥ ǁƽƢǐǷ ǺǷ ļƘȇ
ƨºȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨǸǜǼǸǴdz ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫơ Ƨƾǟ ńƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƢǼǿ ǁƢnjȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ
.ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ Ǧȇǂǐƫȁ ǖǨǼdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ƣǁƢš ǂǜƷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǺǰŻ ƢǸǯ
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ƢǷƗ .ƔƢŭơ ƶǘLJ ƪŢȁ ȆƳǁƢŬơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ Ŀȁ ȂŪơ
ǥơǂºǗȋơ śºƥ ǶǜƬºǼŭơ ǁȁƢnjºƬǴdz ǞǔƼƬǧ ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ ƨƠȈƦƥ
ǶǷȋơ ƨǼŪ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ .ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ ƧƾǿƢǠŭ ƨȇǁƢnjƬLJȏơ
(ÎÏÍ)
ƨȈǸǴLjºdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋơ Ŀ ȆƳǁƢŬơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
__________
ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƨºȈǠǸŪơ ǁơǂºǬƥ ƆȐºǸǟ ÎÖÒÖ Ŀ ƪƠnjǻƗ (ÎÏÍ)
ǵơƾƼƬºLJơ DZƢů Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ǩƢǘǻ ǑơǂǠƬLJȏ (ÎÑ-ƽ)ÎÑÔÏ
ǶƬºȈdz DZƢºĐơ ơǀºǿ Ŀ ƲǷơǂºƥ ǞǓȁȁ ƨȈǸǴLjdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǨdzơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Śǣ .(ÎÏÕ)ǞȈǸƴǴdz ƨǷDŽǴŭơ ƩƢƦƳơȂdzơ ȄǴǟ DŽȈǯǂƬdzơ ǞǷ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ
ǂƻƚºȇ ȏ ƾǫ ƨȈdzƢūơ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ ƾȀŪơ ơǀǿ Ʊơǁƽƛ ǹƗ
ǂƯƚºȇ ƾǫ ǾǻƗ ơǀǿ ǺǷ Ƕǿȋơ ǹƛ Dzƥ ƤLjƸǧ ƨȈƟƢȀǼdzơ ƨǴȈǐūơ
.ǝȁǂnjŭơ ơǀǿ ǶȈǜǼƫ ȄǴǟ
ǺºǷ ǂƻƕ ơƆƾǠƥ ǽȐǟƗ ƽǁơȂdzơ DzȈǴƸƬdzơ DZȁƢǼƬȇ ȏ (ƣ)
ƩƢǟƢnjºŭƢƥ ǪƸǴȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȅƗ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƽƢǠƥƗ
ƨºdzƢƷ ȆǨǧ .ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ ƱǁƾǼƫ ƨǘnjǻƗ DzǠǨƥ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ
ǂƯƚºȇȁ DZȁƾdzơ ƽȁƾƷ ƨǧƢǯ Őǟ ǂŻ ȅǀdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƱǁƢƻ ǞǬƫ ǪǗƢǼǷ Ŀ Ƣēơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƩƢǟƢnjŭơ ȄǴǟ
ƵȐºǏȍƢƥ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŠ ƵƢǸLjdzơ DZȂǬǠŭơ ǺǷ ȁƾƦȇ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ
.ƢǿƿƢţơ ǞǷDŽŭơ ǺǷ ȁƗ ƩǀƼĄƫơ ƨƥƢƴƬLJơ Śƥơƾƫ ȅƘƥȁ
ƨȇǁȁǂǔdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǨǐdzơ Ǿdz DZȂƼƬLJ ǺǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǹƗ Śǣ
ǹƗ ƨƷȁǂǘŭơ ƩơǁƢȈŬơ ǺǷȁ .DzŢ Ń DZơDŽƫ ȏ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ǮǴƫ ʼnƾǬƬdz
.ǾƬƦdzƢǘǷ ƪƦưȇ ǹƗ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢȈǰǴdz DzǤnjŭơ ƧƢǓƢǬŠ ƶǸLjȇ
DZȁƾºdzơ ƧƢǓƢǬŠ ƢǿƾƷȁ DZȁƾǴdz ƶǸLjȈLJ ƆơƾȇƾŢ ǂưǯƗ ƧǁȂǐƥȁ
ǹƘƥ ƨǴƟƢǬdzơ ƧǂǰǨdzơ ǾǣȂLjƫ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ .ǕƢnjǼdzƢƥ ƪǻƿƗ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ
.(ÎÏÖ)ƨǧƢǰdzơ ƨȀƳơȂǷ Ŀ ƨȈƴƷ ȁƿ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƩƢǟƢnjŭơ ƨȇƢŧ
ǑǂƬǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǴƟƢŮơ ƩƢƥȂǠǐdzƢƥ ƨǻƢȀƬLJȏơ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǾǻƗ Śǣ
ǺºǷ ǁǂºƸƬǷ ǵƢºǜǻ ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ Ȃºdzȁ ƨȈƦƦLjdzơ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ƩƢƦƯƛ
ƔƤǟ ȄǴǟ ƨȇȂǘǼŭơȁ ǺǠǘǴdz ƨǴƥƢǬdzơ ƩƢǓơǂƬǧȏơ ȁƗ ƩȏȏƾƬLJȏơ
ƩƢǘȈƄơ ǩƢǸǟƗ ǪǗƢǼŠ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ DžȂǰǠǷ ƩƢƦƯƛ
ƨǟǂLjƥ ǁǂǔdzơ ƪƬnjƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƵƢȇǂdzơȁ ƩƢǘȈƄơ ƩơǁƢȈƬǧ .Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ
DzƻƾºƬƫ ƾºǫȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ ǩƢǘǻ ƨLJơǁƾdz ƢȀȈdzƛ DžƢǼdzơ Dzǐȇ ǹƗ DzƦǫ
ƨǟǂLjƥ ȆNjȐƬǴdz ƨǴƥƢǫ ƨȈƦƦLjdzơ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ƶƦǐƬǧ ƧŚưǯ ȃǂƻƗ ǂǏƢǼǟ
ƩƢǟƢnjºŭơ ǹȂǐºdz ƧǂǬƬLjǷ ƨȈLJƢLJƗ ǕȂǘƻ ƣƢȈǣ Ŀȁ .ƨǤdzƢƥ
.ǾƬǠȈƦǗȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ȃƾǷ DžƢȈǫ ƨȇƢǤǴdz ƤǠǐȇ ƾǫ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ
DzǸnjȇ ǾǻȂǰƥ ǁǂǔdzơ ǥĈǂǠȇ ƤLJƢǼǷ ǶǰƷ ǞǓȁ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ
Ǯdzƿ ǞǷ ơƆƾȈǨǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ƣēơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǞºǷ ƨȇƢǤǴdz ƢƆǸȀǷ Ǯdzƿ ƶƦǐȇ ƾǫȁ .ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ȆŸǁƾƬdzơ ǂȇȂǘƬdzơ Ŀ
ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơ ǩƢǘǻ DZȁƾdzơ ǞLJȂƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƪǫȂdzơ ǁȁǂǷ
DZȂǐƷ ǂǘƼǧ .ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƢȀƬȇȏȁ Dzƻơƽ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƩȏƢĐơ DzǸnjȈdz
ƔơȂºLJ ȆºǬȈǬƷ ǂºǘƻ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǟ ǁǂǓ
ǪǗƢǼǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǵƗ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ƱǁƢƻ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ǪǗƢǼǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
.ƧǁȁƢƴƬŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdz ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ Dzƻơƽ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǩƢǘǻ ǞȈLJȂƫ ńƛ Ȃǟƾȇ ƢǷ ƨť ǹƗ ŅƢƬdzƢƥ ȁƾƦȇȁ
__________
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÎÖÖÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÏÕ)
ǞȈǓơȂǷ ǹƘnjƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƔƢǔǟƗ ƢǿƾǟƗ ƩơDŽƳȂǷ A/CN.4/454
"ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ DZƢů Ŀ ƢēƢƦƳơȁȁ DZȁƾdzơ ǩȂǬƷ":Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ƧǁƢƬű
.ÎÔȁ ÎÓ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ ÒÎÎ Ǎ ơƽƢǷƢȇ ȆLJȂnjƫ ƾȈLjdzơ ƽơƾǟƛ ǺǷ
Charney, “Third State remedies for environmental ǂǜǻơ (ÎÏÖ)
.damage to the world’s common spaces”, p. 157
88
ŃȂȀǯȂƬºLJ ǹȐǟƛ ǺǷ ÏÎ ƗƾƦŭƢƥ ȏƛ ƗƾƦƫ Ń ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƩƢǟƢnjŭƢƥ
.ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǹƘnjƥ Ȃȇǁ ǹȐǟƛ ǺǷ Ï ƗƾƦŭơȁ ƨȇǂnjƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǹƘnjƥ
DZǀºƥ ȄǴǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƮŹ Ȇǜǟȁ ǞƥƢǗ ƢǸŮ ǺȇƗƾƦŭơ Ǻȇǀǿ ǹƗ Śǣ
ǂºưǯƗ ƩƢºǷơDŽƬdzơ ǹƘnjºƥ ǑȁƢǨƬǴdz ȅǁȁƢnjƬdzơ ƾȀŪơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭơ
ƨºȈǻƾǠŭơ ƽǁơȂŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƪǐǻȁ .ơƆƾȇƾŢ
ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ ƨƠȈƦƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ" Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻȋ
Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơȁ "Ƣđ ǖƦƫǂŭơ ȁƗ ƢŮ ǞƥƢƬdzơ ȆƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ȁƗ
ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ƪǧĈǂºǟȁ .ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻȋ ƨȈǻƾǠŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơ ƨǘnjǻƗ
ȄǴǟ ǂƯƗ ȅƗ" řǠȇ ǾǻȂǰƥ "ǁǂǔdzơ" ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ ÎÒ
ǶǜǼºdzơ ǮºǴƫ ȁƗ ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ǮºǴƬdz ƨºȈūơ Śǣȁ ƨȈūơ ƩƢǻȂǰŭơ
ƧƢºȈūơȁ ȅȂºŪơ ǥȐǤdzƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǾȈǧ ƢŠ ƨȈƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ
ŐƬǟơȁ ǶĈȈǫ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ǦȈǨǘdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Śǣ ƨȇŐdzơȁ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ
DŽºȈƷ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Dzƻƾƫ Ńȁ ."ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀđ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ȏƆ ȂƦǬǷ ơƆǁǂǓ
ƨȇƢǸŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ƢȀƼLjǻȁ ơƆƾƥƗ ƿƢǨǼdzơ
Ǻºǟ ƤºȈǬǼƬdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋ ȅǁƢȈƬƻơ Ǧǫȁ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ
ǞǓȁ ǞǫȂƬȇ ƢǸǯ .ƨǼLJ ÒÍ Ƨƾŭ ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ Ŀ ƢŮȐǤƬLJơȁ ǹƽƢǠŭơ
.ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ Ǻǿǁ DZơDŽȇ ȏ ǪǧǂǷ Ȃǿȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DZȁƢǼƬȇ ǪǧǂǷ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ȂǻƢºǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƩǂȀƬNjơ DZơȂǼŭơ džǨǻ ȄǴǟȁ
ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
ƢǿƾºǸƬǟơ Ŗdzơȁ ("ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ" ƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ) ƨƠȈƦdzơ
ǦºȇǂǠƫ Ŀ ǾºƳơǁƽƛȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢǿƾȈǯƘƬƥ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ džǴů
ǽǀǿ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǥȐƫƛ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjƼǴdz ǁǂǔdzơ
DzǸƬƄơ ǺǷ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇ ȏȁ ƿƢǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ ƢƆǔȇƗ Ȇǿ Dzƻƾƫ Ń ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
.Ǯdzƿ DzǠǨƫ ǹƗ
ǵƢǜǻ ǞǓȁ ǪȇǂǗ Ŀ Ƨǂưǟ ǂƴƷ ǦǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƦǬǠdzơ ǺǷȁ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ DzƟƢLjºŭơ ǮºǴƫ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƩƢǟƢnjŭƢƥ ǍƢƻ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz
ƨȈƦƦLjdzơ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ƩƢƦƯƛ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ DzǯƢnjǷȁ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ
ňƢƴǼLJǁƗ ǶƬƬţȁ .(ÎÏÓ)ǁǂǔǴdz ȆǸǰdzơ DžƢȈǬdzơȁ ȆǓƢǬƬdzơ ƨǨǏȁ
:ǹƢǜƷȐȇ ƿƛ ƨǬȈǫƽ ƨǜƷȐŠ ƢǸȀƬLJơǁƽ ǹƢǸLjȇơǁȁ
Ʊǁƾºȇ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƩƢǟƢnjŭơ ƨȇƢǸū ȆǴǸǟ ǵƢǜǻ ǞǓȁ ǑǂƬǠƫ Ŗdzơ DzǯƢnjŭơ ǹƗ
ǡȂºǏ ǵƾǟ ƲƟƢƬǻ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƢǼȇƗǁ ƢǸǯ ƨǴƟƢǿ DzǯƢnjǷ Ȇǿ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǂǐǼǟ
ƾºȇƾē ǪºǸǟƗ Dzǰnjƫ ƾǫ - Ǯdzǀƥ DzȈƴǠƬdzơ ǵƾǟȁ - DzȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ǵƢǜǻ
.(ÎÏÔ)ǺȇǂnjǠdzơȁ ȅƽƢūơ ǹǂǬdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢLjǻȍơ ǾƳơȂȇ ǭǂƬnjǷ
ǾǨºǏȁ ȅǀºdzơ ǥǂǜdzơ DzǛ Ŀ ƣȂǐƬLjŭơ ǺǷ DzǠdzȁ
ƩƢǟƢnjŭơ ƨƠȈƥ ǶȈǜǼƫ Ŀ ƆȐǷƢǰƫ ǂưǯƗ ƲĔ ǝƢƦƫơ ơƽƢǷƢȇ ƾȈLjdzơ
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Dzºǰƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢƥȂǠǐdzƢƥ ƶǓơȁ Ǒǂǟ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdz (ÎÏÓ)
Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ǵƢǜǻ ǡȂǐƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ Ȑ
Ɔ ưǷ) ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ǂǐǼǟ
ƾȇƾŢȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ǶȈȈǬƫȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨƦƬǟ ȅƗ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƩƢǟƢnjŭƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǂºǜǻơ (ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ơƆŚƻƗȁ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ DzƟƢLjǷȁ ǁȁǂǔŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ
.ÑÕÏ-ÑÔÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Arsanjani and Reisman
.ÑÕÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Arsanjani and Reisman (ÎÏÔ)
89 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƭƽƢºūơ ƢºȀȈǧ ƭƾºŹ Ŗdzơ ƨǼȈǠŭơ ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ ƨǘǬǼdzơ Ŀ ǕƢnjǼdzƢƥ
.ǁơǂǸƬLJƢƥ DZơȂǼŭơ džǨǻ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨǴǷƢǠǷ DzǷƢǠȇ ȏ
ǞȇǃȂƫ ƨǘƻ ǾȈǴǟ ǹȂǰƬLJ ƢǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ Ɣơǁȉơ ƪǼȇƢƦƫȁ
DzºƥƢǬdzơ ǁǂǔºdzơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǾȈǴǟ ǹȂǰȈLJ ƢǷȁ DzȈǐǨƫ ǺǷ ƧǁƢLjŬơ
ŕºƷ ǺȇƢºƦƬƫ ƾºǫ Ɣơǁȉơ ǹƛ Dzƥ .ǪȈǫƾƫȁ ƾȇƾŢ ǺǷ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz
ƾȇƗȁ .ƨȇǁȁǂǔdzơ ƨȈƦƦLjdzơ ƨǫȐǠdzơȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ƩƢƦƯƛ ƨdzƢLjŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ƢƆȈƦLjºǻ ǹǂºǷ ǁƢºȈǠǷ ǵơƾƼƬºLJơ ƢȀǴǯ ȏ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠdzơ
ƢȀǔǠƥ ǹƛ Dzƥ .ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢƦƯȍơ ƔƤǟ ǦȈǨƼƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ƨºǫȐǠdzơ ƨǼȇǂǫ ǑơǂƬǧơ ȁƗ ƩƢƦƯȍơ ƔƤǟ džǰǟ ƧǁȁǂǓ ǚƷȏ
Ƨƾºǟ DZȁƢǼƬƫȁ .ƢȀȈǧ ǺǠǘdzơ ƨǏǂǧ ǺǷ DzǤnjŭơ śǰŤ ǞǷ ƨȈƦƦLjdzơ
ǪǴƫ Ńȁ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ƢƆưȇƾƷ ƨǷŐŭơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǒǠƥ ǺǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ
ǺºǷ ȆºǨǰȇ ƢºǷ ƢȀƬȈƦǴǣƗ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƪǐǴƻ Ŗdzơ ȄǘLJȂdzơ DZȂǴūơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƢƆǗȁǂNj ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ DZȂƦǬdzơ ȁƗ ǹƢLjƸƬLJȏơ
ơǀºǿȁ .ƿƢǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ DZƢƻƽȍ śȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơȁ
ƢȀǴȇƾǠƫȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƨǷƔơȂǷ Ŀ ƨƦǠǏ DzƟƢLjǷ ǽǁȁƾƥ Śưȇ ƢǷ
.ƿƢǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǮǴƫ DZƢƻƽȍ
ǝȁǂnjdzơ DzƦǫ ƢȀȈǧ ǂǜǼdzơ śǠƬȇ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƨťȁ (ÎÍ)
ǽǀǿ ǾȈǧ ǡƢǐƬLJ ȅǀdzơ Dzǰnjdzơ Ȃǿȁ ƩƢƷơǂƬǫȏơ ǒǠƥ ʼnƾǬƫ Ŀ
ǞǼŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǹƗ ǂǯǀdzƢƥ ǂȇƾŪơ DzǠdzȁ .ƩƢƷơǂƬǫȏơ
Ŀ ƪǷƾºǫ ƾǫ Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǁơǂºǣ ȄǴǟ ƨȇǁƢǗƛ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤdzƢǫ Ŀ ƪǤȈǏ ƽơȂǷ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ DzǰNj
Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢĐơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǹȂǻƢǬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ
Ŀ Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƢēƾǸƬǟơ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƷȐŭơ Śǣ Ǒơǂǣȋơ
ǽǀºǿ ǹƘnjƥ ȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ ƪȇǂƳƗ ƢǸǯ .(ÎÐÎ)ÎÖÖÑ ǵƢǟ
ȅǁƢºĐơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƩƾǸƬǟơȁ ƽơȂŭơ
.ƨȈƷȐŭơ Śǣ Ǒơǂǣȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ
ǂƻƕ ǶLjǫȁ ǞǼŭơ DZȁƢǼƬȇ ǶLjǫ ńƛ ǶLjǬǷ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ǹƗ ƢŠȁ
DzǰNj Ŀ ƾǸƬǟơ ƾǫ śǸLjǬdzơ ƾƷƗ ǹƗ ƢŠȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƤǻƢƳ DZȁƢǼƬȇ
ǂºƻȉơ ǶLjºǬdzơ ǃƢųƛ Ŀ DzưǸƬȇ ǁŐǷ ǞǫȂƫ ƨť ǹƜǧ ƽơȂǷ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ
ǒǠƥ ƾȇƗ ƾǫȁ .ƢƆǔȇƗ Ȃǿ ƽơȂǷ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ DzǰNj Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ
.DZȁƾdzơ ȂǴưŲ ǽƾȇƗ ƢǸǯ ƆȐǠǧ ƲȀǼdzơ ơǀǿ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƔƢǔǟƗ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ǞǼŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ƩŐƬǟơ ơƿƛ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ
ȆLjºȈƟǂdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ Ȇºǿ Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ
Ŗºdzơ ƢȀǷƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢƆǸǰƷ ȏƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ǻǰƫ Ńȁ ƨȈdzȁȋơ ƝƽƢƦǸǴdz
ƢºȀǘƥǁ ǹƢǰǷȍƢƥ ǹƜǧ Ǻǿơǂdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƧƾƷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǠǓȁ ȅǂŸ
ȅǀdzơ DZơȂǼŭơ džǨǻ ȄǴǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ DzǰNj Ŀ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǝȁǂnjŭƢƥ
ǁǂǬŭơ ƵǂƬǫơȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩȏȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ǒǠƥ Ǿƥ ƪǤȈǏ
Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ Ŀ ƆƢǷƢŤ ƨƸƬǨƬǷ Ƶȁǂƥ ƲȀǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǍƢŬơ
.ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢºǟ Ŀ ƧƽȂºǬǠŭơ śLjºǸŬơȁ ƨLjǷƢŬơ Ƣēǁȁƽ DZȐƻ
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ÎÖÏ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÎÖÖÑ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÐÎ)
.ÏÏÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ƨºƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪºƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ DzǸnjȈdz ǾƬǜƷȐǷ ƪǬƦLJ ƢǷ ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟ
.ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ƱǁƢƻ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơȁ
ȏƗ ƆƢǔȇƗ Ȇǿ ƨǫƾƥ ƪǐƸǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƨťȁ (Ö)
Ȇºǿȁ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƬdz ǵƢǜǻ ȅƗ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ ǁȁƽ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ȇǿȁ
ǕƢnjºǼdzƢƥ ǎƻǂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzƢǧ .ƨǤdzƢƦdzơ ƨȇƢǼǠdzơ ǪƸƬLjƫ ƨdzƘLjǷ
ǞǼǷ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƩƢȈdzȁƚLjǷȁ ƩƢƦƳơȁ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǂǘƻ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼŭơ
ƢºĔƗ ǑǂƬǨȇ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ Ǒơǂǣȋȁ .ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƶƬºǧ Ƣºđ ƔƢǧȂdzơ ǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƦƳơȂdzơ ǮǴƬƥ ƪǧȁƗ
.DZȁƾºdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǺǷ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƾǟơȂǬdzƢƥ ƱƢƴƬƷȐdz ƣƢƦdzơ
ǹƜǧ ǞǼŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdz ƢǿƿƢţơ Ƕǣǁ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƭƾŹ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢūơ Ŀȁ
ǺºǷ DzǫƗ ƨȈƸǔǴdz ǞǧƾȈLJ ȅǀdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǷ
ƨºǓȁǂǨŭơ ƽȁƾūơ ƤƦLjƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƢǿƾƦǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ
ǮºǴƫ Ŀȁ .řǗȂºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȄǴǟ
ƩƽƾLJ ȁƗ ȆǴȈǸǰƫ řǗȁ DzȇȂǸƬdz DZȁƽ Ƨƾǟ ƪƦLjŢ ƩȏƢūơ
.ƨƦŮơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǢdzƢƦǷ
ǹƢºǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ȇǿ ŅƢūơ ǩƢȈLjdzơ Ŀ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƗ Śǣ
ƨȈǘǤƬdz DZơȂǷƗ ƾǏǂƥ ǵơDŽƬdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨȇ ǹƗ ƣȂǐƬLjŭơ ǺǷ
ŕNj ʼnƾǬƫ ǹƢǰǷȍƢƥȁ .ǺǰǸŭơ ǁƾǬdzƢƥȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ŀ ǎǬǻ ȅƗ
ǹȂºǰƫ ǹƗ DzǔǨȇ ǒǠƦdzƢǧ .ƨǘŬơ Ŀ ƨdzȁƾdzơ DZƢƻƽȍ ƩƢǣȂLjŭơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǞǬȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ DzǸǰǷ ȁƗ ȆǠƦƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơ DzǰNj Ŀ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ
ƢŮ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ǍƢŬơ ǝƢǘǬdzơ ƩƢǻƢȈǯ ȁƗ DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ
ǹȁƽȂȇ ǹȁǂƻƕȁ .ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǽǁƾȇ ȅǀdzơ ƶƥǂdzơ Ŀ ƨƸǴǐǷ ȁƗ ƨǐƷ
.ƢȇƢƸǔºdzơ ǽƢºš ƨºdzȁƾǴdz ƢƆȇȂǼǠǷ ȁƗ ƢƆȈǟƢǸƬƳơ ƢƆǷơDŽƬdzơ Ǿǻȁǂȇ ǹƗ
ȄºǴǟ ǵơDŽºƬdzơ ȅƗ Ǒǂǧ Ƨǂǰǧ ƽǂů ŕƷ ǒǧǂȇ ǂƻȉơ ǒǠƦdzơȁ
ƢºǷ ȄǐºǫƗȁ .ƢȀºǴǸƸƬƥ ȁƗ ƨȈǠƦƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭ ƤLjƸƬdzƢƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ƨȇǁȁǂǔdzơ DZơȂǷȌdz ȆǴǠǨdzơ ǂǧȂƬdzơ ǹƢǸǔƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǵDŽǴƫ ǹƗ ǾǻȂƷǂƬǬȇ
ƢǿơƾºƷƛ ǪºǴǠƬƫ ǩǂǗ ƧƾǠƥ ǶƬȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ .ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz
ƨºdzȁƾǴdz ƶȈƬȇ ǁƢȈş ǹǂƬǬŭơ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ DzȇȂǸƬdzơ ǺǷ ǝȂǻ ƭơƾƷƜƥ
.(ÎÐÍ)ƨǸƟȐǷ ƨŷƢLjǷ ʼnƾǬƫ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ
DzȇȂǸƬdzơ ƨǘƻ Ŀ ƨdzȁƾdzơ DZƢƻƽƛ ƧǂǰǨdz ƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƾȈȇƘƫ ƨťȁ
Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƥ ȃƾdz ƨȇȂǫ ƨǠǻƢŲ ƨť ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ .ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ
.DzǤnjŭơ ǦǴţ Ǻǟ ƨȈǠƦƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȅƗ DZȂƦǫ
DzȇȂǸƬdzơ Ŀ ƨƆ ŷƢLjǷ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨǐƷ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ƵǂƬǫơ ǾȈǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥȁ
ǺǷ Ǻȇǂƻƕ śǴǟƢǧ ǺǷ ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ƩƢŷƢLjŭơ ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ
ǵƢºǜǼdzơ ƨȈǸLjƫ ǺLjƸƬLjȇ ƤƦLjdzơ ơǀŮȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ DzȈƦǫ
Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƬdz ƨǘƻ ǾƬǷƢǫƛ ǞǷDŽŭơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǺºǷ ƾȇƾǠdzƢǧ .ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ȆŸǁƾƬdzơ ǂȇȂǘƬdzơ Ŀ ƨǘŬơ Ʊơǁƽƛ ƵǂƬǫơ
ǦºǴǰŭơ ǎƼnjºdzơ ȁƗ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǂǐǼǟ Śǣ ƢǿǂǏƢǼǟ
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Gehring and Jachtenfuchs, “Liability for ǂººǜǻơ (ÎÐÍ)
transboundary environmental damage towards a general liability
.regime?”, p. 106
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
DzƟƢLjºǷȁ ƢȀƬȇȂLjºƫȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƩƢƦǴǗ ȆǬǴƬƥ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ
ǪºȈƦǘƬdzơ ƤºƳơȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǁƢȈƬƻƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǍƢŬơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
.ƢǿǀȈǨǼƫȁ ƨȈƦǼƳȋơ ǵƢǰƷȋƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơȁ
ǹȂǰȈLJ ǾǻƗ Śǣ ƾƷơȁ ƱƿȂŶ ƵơǂƬǫơ ƤǠǐdzơ ǺǷ džȈdzȁ
ƢȀǔºǧǂƫȁ DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƥ ƢȀǴƦǬƫ ƾǫ ƨȈǨLjǠƫ ƩơǁƢȈƬƻơ ǞǓȁ ƨƥƢưŠ
ƢĔƗ Śǣ ǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǺǷ ƢƆǼȈǠǷ ƢƆǨǼǏ ǶƟȐƫ ƾǫ ȁƗ ȃǂƻƗ DZȁƽ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƔƢǔǟƗ ǒǠƥ ǚƷȏ ƾǫȁ .ȃǂƻƗ ƢƆǧƢǼǏƗ ǶƟȐƫ ȏ ƾǫ
ǹƗ Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƨǸȀǷ ǺǷ džȈdz ǾǻƗ DZȁƽ Ƨƾǟȁ Ņȁƾdzơ
DZƢºĐ ȆºǸƬǼƫ ƩơǁƢȈƬƻơ ƢĔƗȁ ƢǸȈLJ ȏ ƩơǁƢȈƬƻȏơ ǽǀđ ǵȂǬƫ
ȆǸƬǼƫ ȁƗ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ ƱǁƾǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǞºǷ ƨºǷƔơȂŭơ ǵDŽǴƬLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǍƢŬơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹơƾȈǷ ńƛ
ǵƢºǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǵƢºǜǻȁ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƧƢǟơǂŭơ
.(common law) ȆǰȇǂǷƗȂǴǤǻȋơ
DzǰnjdzƢƥ DžƢLjǷ ǹȁƽȁ ǽȐǟƗ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȐdz ơƆǂǜǻȁ -ÐÔ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƨºǼŪ DZƢǸǟƗ ƲƟƢƬǻ Ǿƥ ƾǸƬǠƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ
Ŀ ǾƬȈºǏȂƫ ǵƾǬȇ ǹƗ ƾȈǨŭơ ǺǷ ǾǻƗ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƾǬƬǠȇ Ņȁƾdzơ
ǹƗ ǺºǰŻ Ŗºdzơ ƩơǁƢȈƼǴdz ǶƟȐǷ ƵǂNj ǞǷ ƨǷƢǟ ƝƽƢƦǷ DzǰNj
ȄǴǟ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǽǀǿ ǞǓȁ ńƛ ȆǠLjdzơ DŽǰƫǂȇȁ .ƢȀȈǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ
.ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƢȀǐǴƼƬLJơ Ŗdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ
ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ
ƨƷǂƬǬŭơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ
ǺǷ ǩƢǘǼdzơ ǞLJơȁ ơƆƾȈȇƘƫ ƵơǂƬǫȏơ ȆǬdzȁ DzǷƢǠdzơ ǪȇǂǨdzơ ǂȇǂǬƫ ƨǼƴǴdzơ
.ƢǿȂǴưŲȁ DZȁƾdzơ ƢēƾƥƗ Ŗdzơ Ɣơǁȉơ DZȐƻ
ǺǷ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ńƛ ŚƦǯ ƾƷ ńƛ Ƕǰūơ ơǀǿ ƾǼƬLjȇȁ (ƣ)
Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢºǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǼŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ
ŚȇƢºǠŭơ ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǩƢȈLjdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ȅǂLjƫȁ .(ÎÐÑ)Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ
.ǞǼŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǩƢǘǻ ƶȈǓȂƬdz ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƨǠƥǁȋơ
ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ -Ï"
:ǽǀǿ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ Ǒơǂǣȋ"
ȅǀºdzơ ǹƘnjºdzơ ȁƿ ǁǂǔdzơ ‘ǁǂǔdzơ‘ ƥ ƾǐǬȇ (Ɨ)"
:DzǸnjȇȁ žƨƠȈƦdzơ ȁƗ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ȁƗ ǍƢƼNjȋƢƥ ǪƸǴȇ
žƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ƨƥƢǏȍơ ȁƗ ƧƢȈūơ ǹơƾǬǧ ‘Α"
Śǣ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ǁơǂǓȍơ ȁƗ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ǹơƾǬǧ ‘Ï‘"
žƽơȂŭơ ǽǀŮ ƢƆǬǧȁ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ƢǿǃȂŹ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ
__________
ÎÕÕ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÎ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÐÑ)
.ÖÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
90
ȄºǴǟ ƽȂǧȂdzơ ƾƷƗȁ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Dzƻơƽ ƔƢǔǟƗ Ƨƾǟ ƲȀǼdzơ ơǀǿ ƾȇƚȇ Ńȁ
Ƨƾºǟ ƪƷǂƬǫơ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ .ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Dzƻơƽ Dzǫȋơ
ȁƗ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ DzǰNj Ŀ ȏ ƩƢȈǏȂƬdzơȁ ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJȏơ ǡƢǐƫ ǹƗ ƽȂǧȁ
ŕNj ǹƘnjƥ ƩơǁƢȈş ƨǟȂǨnjǷ ƨǷƢǟ ƝƽƢƦǷ DzǰNj Ŀ Dzƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
ƢȀǠºǓȁ ƾǼǟ ǁƢȈƬƻȏơ ǂǷƗ DZȁƾǴdz ƨǯǁƢƫ ƢȀǴǸnjƬLJ Ŗdzơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ
.ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈǟƢǘǫ ȁƗ ƨȈǸȈǴǫƛ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬdz ƢȀǷơǂƥƛ ȁƗ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƢȀǼȈǻơȂǬdz
ƢǿƽƢǨǷ ƨǘǬǼƥ (ÎÐÏ)ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬǸǴdz DZȁȋơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ƔƢƳ ƾǬdz
DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơȁ ƩƢȈǴǔǧȋơ Ŀ ơƆƾȇƾNj ƢƆǟȂǼƫ ƨť ǹƗ
ƾȇƾǠdzƢǧ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƢƆǷƢǜǻ Dzǰnjƫ Ŗdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ŕNj ǹƘnjƥ
Ƨƾǟ ǺǸǔƬȇ ǍƢŬơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǺǷ
ƨºǴǷƢǯ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǞǓȁ ǥƾŮơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢȀƬȇȂLjƫ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƩơǁƢȈƻ
ǦȇǂǠƫ :ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ŕƷ ȁƗ
ƽƢǼºLJƛ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƩƢºǻƢȈǰdzơ śȈǠƫȁ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz DzƥƢǬdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǁƢºȈƬƻơȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǠƦƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨȇȂǻƢưdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁȋơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ȄǴǟ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȏơ ǁƢȈƬƻơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǁƢȈǠǷ
ǹƗ ȆºǤƦǼȇ ǺŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ Ƣđ ƨǘƦƫǂŭơ ƨdzƘLjŭơȁ ƨȈƦƦLjdzơ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ƔƢǼƥȁ
ƨȈƟƢǔºǬdzơ ƩƢȀŪơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƔƤǟ ǺǷ śǠǷ ǁƢȈǠǷ ǺǷ ȄǨǠȇ
__________
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÐÏ)
.ÕÔ Ǎ A/CN.4/531
ƪºƷǂƬǫơ ǽȐǟƗ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJȏơ ƔȂǓ ȄǴǟ -ÐÕ
ȄǴǟ ƢƆǬƦLjǷ Ƕǰūơ ǹȁƽ ƪǷƾǫȁ .ƢȀȈǧ ǂǜǼǴdz ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ
.ƨȈƟƢȀǼdzơ ƨǴȈǐūơ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ǩƢǘǻ -Î"
Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢºǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȄǴǟ ǽǀǿ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǪƦǘƫ"
ǞºǼŠ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ ƱǁƾǼƫ Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ
Ŗºdzơ ƨǘnjºǻȋơ ȅƗ Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ǂǘƻ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ Ŗdzơȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ
."ƨȇƽƢŭơ ƢȀƴƟƢƬǻ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ǹƘNj ȅƿ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǟ ǁǂǓ
Ƶǂnjdzơ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ÏÍÍÎ ǵƢǟ ƽơȂǷ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǩƢǘǼdz ơƆǂǜǻ (Ɨ)
ǖƥơǂºƫȁ Ƨǂºǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǼŠ
ǞƥƢƬdzơ ÏÍÍÏ ǵƢǠdz DzǷƢǠdzơ ǪȇǂǨdzơ ǹƜǧ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ǞǼŭơ ȆǷȂȀǨǷ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǩƢǘǻ ǂǐǬƫ ǹƘƥ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ȄǏȁƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼƴǴdz
ƩƾºǸƬǟơ ƾǫȁ .(ÎÐÐ)ǞǼŭơ ǵƢǜǻ ƢȀȈǘǤȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ džǨǻ ȄǴǟ
__________
ÎÍÔ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÏ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÐÐ)
.ÑÑÕȁ ÑÑÔ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ
91 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Ŀ ȅǂºš Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ‘ǁƾǐŭơ ƨdzȁƽ‘ ƥ ƾǐǬȇ (Ǖ)"
Ŀ ƢºȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ƢēǂǘȈLJ ȁƗ ƢȀƬȇȏȁ ƪŢ ȁƗ ƢȀȈǸȈǴǫƛ
žÎ ƗƾƦŭơ
ƭƾºƷ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ‘ƨƥƢǏȍơ ƨdzȁƽ‘ ƥ ƾǐǬȇ (ȅ)"
žƢēǂǘȈLJ ȁƗ ƢȀƬȇȏȁ ƪŢ ȁƗ ƢȀȈǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ‘ǂƯƘƬƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ‘ ƥ ƾǐǬȇ (ǭ)
ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǟ ǁǂǓ ƢȀȈǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ DzǐŹ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ȁƗ
ȅƗ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLJ ȁƗ ƨȇȏȁ ƢŮ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȁƗ ǹƘNj ȁƿ
žǁǂǔdzơ ơǀǿ ǂǘŬ ǑǂǠǷ ǂƻƕ ǹƢǰǷ
ƨdzȁƾdzơȁ ǁƾǐŭơ ƨdzȁƽ ‘ƨȈǼǠŭơ DZȁƾdzơ‘ ƥ ƾǐǬȇ (DZ)"
."ƨƥƢǏȍơ ƨdzȁƽȁ ǂƯƘƬƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ Ŗdzơ
Ƶǂnjdzơ
ǺºǷ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ŚƦǯ ƾƷ ńƛ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ơǀǿ ȆǯƢŹ (Ɨ)
Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢºǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǼŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ
ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ Ŀ ƩŚƯƌƗ ƾǫȁ .Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ
DzǐƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ "ǁǂǔdzơ" ƥ ǂǷȋơ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǹƢǯ
ƧǁƢNjȍơ ƪǻƢǯ ǺƠdzȁ .ǝȂǓȂŭơ ǺǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƤǻơȂŪƢƥ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ ǞǷ ȄNjƢǸƬƫ "ǁǂǔdzơ" ńƛ
ƢǷƾºǼǟ ƪȈǬƦƬºLJơ ƾºǫ ǁǂǔǴdz ǞLJơȁ ǵȂȀǨǷ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǹƜǧ
ƨǴƷǂŭƢƥ ȏ ǁǂǔdzơ ƭȁƾƷ DZƢǸƬƷƢƥ ȏƛ ƨǬǴǠƬǷ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ȏ
"ǁǂǔºdzơ" ńƛ ƧǁƢºNjȍƢǧ .Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀȈǧ DzǐŹ Ŗdzơ ƨǬƷȐdzơ
ȅǀºdzơ ŘºǠŭơ džǨǼºƥ ƪǷƾƼƬLJơȁ ǞǼŭơ ƨǴƷǂǷ ǞǷ ȄNjƢǸƬƫ
žǞǼŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ Ŀ Ǿƥ ƪǷƾƼƬLJơ
ƧǂºǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƵǂºƬǬŭơ ǁǂǔºdzơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǃȁƢƴƬȇȁ (ƣ)
ƽǁơȂdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ƔȂǓ ȄǴǟ ƔȁǂǬŭơȁ Ï ƗƾƦŭơ ǺǷ (Ɨ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ
Ƨǂºưǰƥ ǵƾƼƬLjŭơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ Ï ƗƾƦŭơ ǺǷ (Ʊ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ
ǍƢƼºNjȋƢƥ ǪºƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ŀ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǁǂǔdzơ ǂǐŹ ȅǀdzơȁ
ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǹƗ ƨǜƷȐǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǺǰŻȁ .(ÎÐÒ)ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơȁ
(ǃ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ "ǞǓȂdzơ ƧƽƢǠƬLJơ" ǦȇǂǠƫ Ŀ ǁǂǔdzơ ǶȈȈǬƫ
ǦȇǂǠƫ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ "ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ ƤȈƫǂƬdz" ƧǁƢƦǟȁ Ï ƗƾƦŭơ ǺǷ
ǹƢǷȂȀǨǷ Ƣŷ Ï ƗƾƦŭơ ǺǷ (Ƶ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏơ Śƥơƾƫ
ȄǴǟ ǪȈǴǠƬdzơ ǑǂǠǷ Ŀȁ .ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ Ŀ ƢƳǁƽƗ
Ŗdzơ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫơ ǞǷ ƨǻǁƢǬŭƢƥ ǾǻƗ ǚƷȂdz ƢǸȀƳơǁƽƛ
DŽºȈǯǂƬdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽǷ ȂŴ ƶǓơȁ DZȂŢ ƨť" ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ȆǘǤƫ
ȄǴǟ ƢƆLJƢLJƗ DŽȈǯǂƬdzơ DZƾƥ Ƣēơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȄǴǟ
ž(ÎÐÓ)"ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơȁ ǍƢƼNjȋƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
__________
ǦȇǂǠƫ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƲȀǼǴdz ƨƦǔƬǬǷ ƨnjǫƢǼǷ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdz (ÎÐÒ)
Sands, Principles of International Environmental ǂºǜǻơ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
.Law, pp. 876–878
La Fayette, “The concept of environmental damage in (ÎÐÓ)
.international law”, p. 167
ǶƳƢºǻ ƨȇƽƢǐºƬǫơ ƨƸǴǐºǷ ǺǷ Dzƻƽ ǹơƾǬǧ ‘Б"
ƨºȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂºŭơ ȁƗ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ƽƢLjǧƛ Ǻǟ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ
žǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơȁ ƩơǁȂǧȂdzơ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǞǷ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ȁƗ
ƩƢºǰǴƬǸŭơ ǞºǓȁ ƧƽƢǠƬLJơ Śƥơƾƫ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ‘Ñ‘"
ŚƥơƾºƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢºǰƫ Ŀ ƧƽȁƾƄơȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ȁƗ
žƆȐǠǧ ƧǀƼƬŭơ
ƧǁƢLjƻ ȅƗ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏơ Śƥơƾƫ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ‘Ò‘"
ƲƫƢǼdzơ ȁƗ ƞNjƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǁƾǬƥ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǮǴƫ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǻ ǁǂǓ ȁƗ
žǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ Ǻǟ
ƧǁƢLjºŬơ ‘ƨºƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ‘ ƥ ƾǐǬȇ (ƣ)"
žƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ȁƗ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǥȐƫƛ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ
ƢȀºǼǷ ƔơȂºLJ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ :‘ƨƠȈƦdzơ‘ DzǸnjƫ (Ʊ)"
ƨºƥǂƬdzơȁ ƔƢºŭơȁ ƔơȂºŮơ DzºȈƦǫ ǺǷ ƨȈƟƢȈƷȋơ ȁƗ ƨȈƟƢȈƷƗȐdzơ
žƢȀLjºǨǻ DzºǷơȂǠdzơ śºƥ DzºǟƢǨƬdzơȁ ƩƢƫƢƦǼdzơȁ ƩƢǻơȂȈūơȁ
ƤºǻơȂŪơȁ žĿƢǬưdzơ ƭơǂƬdzơ ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ Dzǰnjƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơȁ
žƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǂǛƢǼǸǴdz ƧDŽȈǸŭơ
ȄºǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ ǕƢnjǻ ‘ǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ‘ ƥ ƾǐǬȇ (ƽ)"
žǞƴǨǷ ǁǂǓ ȁƗ ǹƘNj ȅƿ ǁǂǓ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ǂǘƻ
ǶºǰŢ Ǿºdz ǎƼºNj ȅƗ ‘DzǤnjŭơ‘ ƥ ƾǐǬȇ (ǿ)"
Ŀ ƤƦLjºƬŭơ ƭƽƢºūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƪǫȁ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLJ ȁƗ
ƨºȈǟǂǧ ƨǯǂNj DzǤnjŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
žȏ ǵƗ ƢƆȇǁƢƦƬǟơ ƢƆǻƢȈǯ ǹƢǯ ƔơȂLJ Ƣđ DzǐƬǷ ǹƢȈǯ ȅƗ ȁƗ
ǁǂºǓ ȅƗ ‘ƽȁƾºƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ‘ ƥ ƾǐǬȇ (ȁ)"
ƢȀǼǰdz ǶȈǴǫȍơ ƱǁƢƻ ȃǂƻƗ ǺǯƢǷƗ Ŀ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǫȍơ Dzƻơƽ DzǐŹ
Ŀ DzǐºŹ ȁƗ ǁƾǐŭơ ƨdzȁƽ Śǣ ƨdzȁƽ ƧǂǘȈLJ ȁƗ ƨȇȏȂdz Ǟǔţ
ǁƾǐŭơ ƨdzȁƽ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ ƨdzȁƽ ȅƗ ƧǂǘȈLJ ȁƗ ƨȇȏȁ ƱǁƢƻ ǺǯƢǷƗ
žȏ ǵƗ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ƽȁƾƷ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ȁƗ DZȁƾǴdz ƪǻƢǯ ƔơȂLJ
Śƥơƾºƫ ȅƗ ‘ǞǓȂdzơ ƧƽƢǠƬLJơ Śƥơƾƫ‘ ƥ ƾǐǬȇ (ǃ)"
ƧǂǷƾºŭơ ȁƗ Ƨǁȁǂǔŭơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǶȈǬƫ ǹƗ ńƛ ȆǷǂƫ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ
ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ƢǷƾǼǟ ȆǷǂƫ ȁƗ ƢȀƸǴǐƫ ȁƗ ƢȀǠǓȁ ƾȈǠƬLjƫ ǹƗ ȁƗ
ǂºǏƢǼǟ ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ ƾǼǟ ƨƠȈƦdzơ Ŀ ƭƾŢ ǹƗ ńƛ ƆƢǼǰŲ Ǯdzƿ
Ŗºdzơ ƨȀŪơ śƦȇ ǹƗ ȆǴƄơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǃȂŸȁ .ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ ǽǀŮ ƨǴƯƢŲ
žŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǀƼƬƫ ǹƗ ƢŮ ǪŹ
ƢǿǀƼƬȇ Śƥơƾƫ ȅƗ ‘ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏơ Śƥơƾƫ‘ ƥ ƾǐǬȇ (Ƶ)"
ƭȁƾºƷ ƣƢǬǟƗ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǎƼNj ȅƗ
ǾǔºȈǨţ ȁƗ ǺǰŲ ǁǂǓ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjƻ ǞǼŭ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǟ ǁǂǓ
.ȆºƠȈƦdzơ ǦºȈǜǼƬdzơ ƤȈƫǂƬdz ȁƗ ǾƫƾƷ ǦȈǨţ ȁƗ ƾƷ ŇƽƗ ńƛ
ǀºƼƬƫ ǹƗ ƢºŮ ǪŹ Ŗdzơ ƨȀŪơ śƦȇ ǹƗ ȆǴƄơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǃȂŸȁ
.ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǽǀǿ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧȁ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ǒȇȂǠƫ -Ð"
ȏƗ ǹƢǸǓ Ȃǿ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǽǀŮ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǥƾŮơ ǹƛ -Î"
ƨǷȂLJǂŭơ ƽȁƾūơ Ŀ ǶǿƾƷȂdzȁ ƢƆȈǴǯ ǹȂǴǸƸƬȇ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ǭǂƬȇ
ƤƦLjºƥ ƢĔȁƾƦǰƬȇ ƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ
.ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǁǂºǓ ȅƗ ǒȇȂºǠƫ ǹƢǸǓ Ȃǿ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǥƾŮơȁ -Ï"
ǪǗƢǼŭơ Ŀ ŕƷ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭƢƥ ȁƗ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪƸǴȇ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǟ
Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇȁ DZȁƾdzơ ƧǂǘȈLJ ȁƗ ƨȇȏȁ ƱǁƢƻ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ǺǯƢǷȋơ ȁƗ
Ŀ ƨºǼȈƦŭơ ǕȁǂnjºdzƢƥȁ ƽȁƾºūơ Ŀ Ǯºdzƿȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ
."ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǽǀǿ
Ƶǂnjdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ǵƢǜǻ ȅȋ ǥơƾǿƗ Ƨƾǟ ƨť ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ (Ɨ)
ǞȇǃȂƬdz ǵƢǜǻ ȅȋ ǥơƾǿƗ Ƨƾǟ ƨť ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ
ǥơƾºǿȋơ ƾƷƗȁ .(ÎÑÎ)ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƧǁƢLjŬơ
ǹƗ Śǣ .ǁǂǔdzơ ǹȁƾƦǰƬȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƢȇƢƸǔǴdz ƨȇƢǸūơ ŚǧȂƫ Ȃǿ ńȁȋơ
ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƢĔƘǯȁ ȁƾƦƫ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ƨȇƢǸū ƨưȇƾūơ ǶȈǿƢǨŭơ
ƨȈŻȂǬƬdzơ ƨdzơƾǠdzơȁ ǂǗƢƼŭơ ǞȇǃȂƫȁ ǝƽǂdzƢƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǪǴǠƬƫ Dzƥ ƤLjƸǧ
Ʊơǁƽƛ" ǪȈǬƸººƫ Ȃºǿ ǵƢºǠdzơ ǥƾºŮơ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƨȈǠȇǃȂƬdzơ ȁƗ
ƢƆºǬȈƯȁ ƢƆǗƢƦƫǁơ ǖºƦƫǂȇ ȅǀdzơ (cost internalization) "ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ
ƽƢºŢȐdz ƾºƷȂŭơ ǦºǫȂŭơ ƾǼƬLjȇȁ .(ÎÑÏ)"Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ" ƗƾƦŠ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ǁƢǗƛ ǞǓȁ ǹƘnjƥ ÏÍÍÐ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ Ŀ ĺȁǁȁȋơ
ž(ÎÑÐ)"Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ" ƗƾƦǷ ńƛ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨŪƢǠǷȁ ǞǼŭ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ
ƨưȇƾūơ ƨȇƾǿƢǠƬdzơ ǶǜǼdzơ ƪdzȁƗ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ (ƣ)
ƽǁơȂŭơȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸū ƨǏƢƻ ƨȇƢǼǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƽȁƾºƸǴdz ǂƥƢǟ ǁǂǔƥ ǂƯƘƬƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƢȀǨȈǜǼƫȁ ƢȀƷȐǏƛȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ
ƨºǏƢƻ ŁƢǐºǷ ȄºǴǟ ƢȀȈǧ ȅȂǘǼƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ ŕƷ
ǂºǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥ ȁƗ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ ơǀǿȁ .ƨȇǃƢȈƷ ȁƗ
ǽƽƢǸƬǟơ ƾǼǟ ƨƠȈƦdzơ Ɣơǁǃȁ ǂŤƚǷ ƵȂǓȂƥ ƢǿǂǫƗ ƾǫȁ .ǶȀƬȇƢŧ Ǻǟ
__________
Bergkamp, Liability and Environment: Private ǂºǜǻơ (ÎÑÎ)
and Public Law Aspects of Civil Liability for Environmental Harm in
ƽƾǐºdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƩƽƾƷȁ .an International Context, p. 70, footnote 19
ƣƢǬǠdzơȁ ǂǗƢƼŭơ ǞȇǃȂƫȁ ǂƟƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƫȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ :Ȇǿȁ ǦƟƢǛȁ ǞƦLJ
.ǞǼŭơȁ ǝƽǂdzơȁ ƨȈǓǂƬdzơ ȁƗ ƩƢƦƯȍơȁ ƨȈŻȂǬƬdzơ ƨdzơƾǠdzơȁ
.ÔÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÑÏ)
2004/35/CE ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ǚƷȏȁ .ǽȐǟƗ ÎÐÖ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÑÐ)
ƗƾƦǷ ǞǷ ȄNjƢǸƬȇ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ Ŀ Ʊǁƾŭơ "Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ" ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗ
ǾǗƢnjǻ ƤƦLjƬȇ ȅǀdzơ DzǤnjŭơ ƢƆȈdzƢǷ DZƔƢLjȇ ǹƗ" ƤƳȂƬLjȇȁ ƨǷơƾƬLjŭơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ
ǹȂǴǤnjºŭơ DzǸŹ ŕƷ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ DZȂǐŞ ǮȈNjȁ ƾȇƾē ȁƗ ȆƠȈƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀ
ŇƽƗ ńƛ ȆºƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǂǗƢű ǺǷ DzȈǴǬƬǴdz ƩƢLJǁƢŲ ǝƢƦƫơȁ Śƥơƾƫ ƿƢţơ ȄǴǟ
Official Journal of the ) "ƨºȈdzƢŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǸǴdz ǶȀºǓǂǠƫ DzǬȇ ŕƷ ƾƷ
.(European Union, No. L 143, vol. 47 (30 April 2004), p. 56)
92
(ǃ) ƨºȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ĿƢǓȍơ ǂǐǼǠdzơ ƾǠȇȁ (Ʊ)
Ŀ ǂºǏƢǼǠdzơ ǽǀŮ ƨǴƯƢŲ ǂǏƢǼǟ ƭơƾƷƜƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ Ï ƗƾƦŭơ ǺǷ
ƧǂǷƾºŭơ ȁƗ Ƨǁȁǂǔºŭơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƵȐǏƛ DzȈƸƬLjȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƨƠȈƦdzơ
ǂǐºǼǠdzơ ơǀȀǧ .ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ǽƢšơ Ŀ ǵƢǷȋơ ńƛ ȃǂƻƗ ƧȂǘƻ
Ǿdz ƆƢǻƢǰǷ ƾƳȁ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ Ŀ ƽǂȇ Ń ȅǀdzơ
ǵƢºǠdz ȆºǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ Ŀ
ƢºǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ DZƾǠŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ Ŀ Ǯdzǀǯȁ (ÎÐÔ)ÎÖÖÍ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơȁ ȂǻƢǣȂdz
ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƭƽơȂūơ ǁƢƯƕ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
ǵơƾƼƬºLJơȁ ƨºȇƢǸŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ƽȁƾƸǴdz
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩơŚƸƦdzơȁ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢĐơ
ƧǂƥƢºǠdzơ ƨȈǟƢǼǐºdzơ ƭƽơȂºūơ ǁƢºƯƖƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ
(ÎÐÕ )
("ǦºȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ" ƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ) ƽȁƾƸǴdz
ƵǂºƬǬŭơ ǾȈƳȂƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȐdz ƾƷȂŭơ ǦǫȂŭơȁ
/DZȂºǴȇƗ ÎÕ Ŀ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ džǴů ǽƾǸƬǟơ ȅǀdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ
ž(ÎÐÖ)ÏÍÍÐ ŐǸƬƦLJ
ǁǂǔdzơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍƢƥ ǞLJơȁ ǩƢǘǻ ȄǴǟ ȄǏȂȇȁ (ƽ)
Ŀ ƱǁƾǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơȁ Ƣēơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ
DzºǷƢǠdzơ ǪȇǂǨdzƢºǧ .ĿƢǬưdzơ ƭơǂƬdzơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ DZƢů
ƨºǬƷȐdzơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƨȈǘǤƫ ȄǴǟ ǪǨƫơ ƨǼƴǴdz ǞƥƢƬdzơ ÏÍÍÏ ǵƢǠdz
DZȁƾǴdz ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơȁ ǍƢƼNjȋƢƥ
ơǀǿȁ .(ÎÑÍ)ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzƢƥ ƨdzȂǸnjŭơ ƨƠȈƦdzơȁ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ƭơǂƬdzơȁ
Ŀ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ ƢēȐƻƾƫ Ŀ ƽȂǧȁ Ƨƾǟ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǾƫƾȇƗ ƢǷ
Ƣǿǂǯƿ ƽǁơȂdzơ ƣƢƦLJȌdzȁ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ
ÐÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǺǷ (ƣ)Õ ƨǘǬǼdzơ Ŀ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJơ Ŀ
ƧǂºǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǩƢǘǻ ǞLJȁ ǽȐǟƗ
ƩȏƢºĐơ Ŀ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ DzǸnjȈdz Ï ƗƾƦŭơ ǺǷ (ȁ)
žƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ƱǁƢƻ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ
ȄNjƢǸƬƬdz ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƔơDŽƳƗ ƪǤȈǏȁ (ǿ)
Ŗdzơȁ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƢȀǷƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƷơǂƬǫȏơȁ ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJȏơ ǞǷ
.ǩƢǘǼdzơ ǞLJơȁ ƾȈȇƘƬƥ ƪȈǜƷ
__________
Pub. L. No. 101-380, 104 Stat 484 or United States (ÎÐÔ)
.Code, title 33, chap. 40, sects. 2701 et seq
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÐÕ)
ÖÑ-ÖÏ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ÎÎÒ-ÎÎÑ Ǎȁ ÒÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÍÕ Ǎ A/CN.4/531
.ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ (ǃ)Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơȁ ÖÓȁ
Common Position No. 58/2003, :ƾºƷȂŭơ ǦǫȂŭơ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÐÖ)
Official Journal of the European Union, No. C 277 (18 November
.2003), p. 13, art. 2, para. (11)
ÎÍÔ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÏ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÑÍ)
.(Ʊ) ÑÑÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
93 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǕƢnjǼdzơ śƥ ƨȈƦƦLjdzơ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ƩƢƦƯƛ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ƾǼǟ -Ñ"
[ƤƳơȂdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ] Ȅǟơǂȇ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơȁ ǂǘŬơ
.ǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼǴdz ǵǃȐŭơ ǹƘNj ȅƿ ǁǂǓ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ DZƢǸƬƷơ
ƔƢƥ ǁƢȈŬơ"
ǶȈǴǫƛ Dzƻơƽ ǞǫơȂdzơ ǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ DzǤnjǷ ǹȂǰȇ -Î"
Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƢēǂǘȈLJ ƪŢ ȁƗ ƢȀƬȇȏȁ Dzƻơƽ ǺǯƢǷƗ Ŀ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ
ǪºƷȐdzơȁ ǕƢnjºǼdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƨdzȁƽ ȅƗ ǶȈǴǫƛ Dzƻơƽ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ȁƗ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ȁƗ ǍƢƼNjȋƢƥ
ǪºƷȐdzơ ȁƗ ƢēǂǘȈLJ ȁƗ ƢȀƬȇȏȂdz ƨǠǓƢƻ ǺǯƢǷƗ Ŀ ȁƗ ȃǂƻƗ
ȅƗ ƨºȇȏȁ ƱǁƢºƻ ƨǠǫơȁ ǪǗƢǼǷ Ŀ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ȁƗ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ
.ƢēǂǘȈLJȁ ƨdzȁƽ
ȁƗ ƽȂȈǬdzơ ȁƗ ǕȁǂnjǴdz DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ǟǔţ -Ï"
ƪǐƻǁ Ŗdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ ƨdzȁƽ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƤƳȂŠ ƨǬƦǘŭơ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȏơ
.ǕƢnjǼdzƢƥ
ǕƢnjǼdzơ śƥ ƨȈƦƦLjdzơ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ƩƢƦƯƛ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ƾǼǟ -Ð"
[ƤƳơȂdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ] Ȅǟơǂȇ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơȁ ǂǘŬơ
."ǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼǴdz ǵǃȐŭơ ǹƘNj ȅƿ ǁǂǓ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ DZƢǸƬƷơ
Ƶǂnjdzơ
.ƽơȂºŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjºǷ DzǰȈǿ Ŀ ȆLjȈƟǁ ǶǰƷ ơǀǿ (Ɨ)
ƢºĔƗ ȁƾºƦȇ Ŗdzơ ƲȀǼdzơ Ŀ ƧǂǸƬLjŭơ ǩǁơȂǨdzơ ǹƢȈǟơǂȇ ǹơǁƢȈŬƢǧ
DZȁƢǼƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠdzơ ǹƗ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǭǁƾȇȁ .ƧƾƟƢLJ
ƢȀǔǠƥȁ ǞLJơȁ ǩƢǘǻ ȄǴǟ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǪȇƾǐƬdzơ ǶƬȇ Ń ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƔƢºLJǁƛ ńƛ DZȁȋơ ǁƢºȈŬơ ȄǠLjȇ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .ƿƢǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ Dzƻƾȇ Ń
ǒūơ ƨǤȈǏ ǺǷ ƾǐǬdzơ džȈdzȁ .ȆǓơǂƬǴdz ƨǼǰŲ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ƨȈǓǁƗ
ȅǀºdzơ DžȂǸǴŭơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ džǸǗ ǦdzƗ ǁƢȈŬơ Ƣđ ǶLjƬȇ Ŗdzơ
ńƛ ƨǤȈǐdzơ ǽǀǿ ȆǷǂƫ Ǿƫơƿ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀȁ .ǾƟƢnjǻƛ ńƛ ǁƢȈŬơ ȄǠLjȇ
ƨǠLJơȂdzơ ǥơƾǿȋơ ǪȈǬƸƬdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƨǻȁǂŭơ ǺǷ ǁƾǐŭơ ƨdzȁƽ śǰŤ
žŕNj ǩǂǗ ǺǷ ƢǿǁƢƬţ ƨǬȇǂǗ ȅƘƥ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǽǀŮ
ƨdzƘLjºǷ ǹƘnjºƥ ǒȈǨƬLjŭơ ljƢǬǼdzơ ƽƾƷ ƾǫȁ (ƣ)
Ŀ ȁƗ Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƨǼŪ Dzƻơƽ ƔơȂLJ ƽȁƾūơ Őǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ȅƗ Ŀ DzǤnjºŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȇȂdzȁƗ ƢƆƸǓơȁ ơƆƾȇƾŢ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ
džºǨǻ ȄǴǟ džȈdz DzǤnjŭơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƬdz ƨǘƻ
ǹƢºȈǯ Őºǟ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǂŤ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢǧ .(ÎÑÓ)ƵȂǓȂdzơ ǺǷ ȃȂƬLjŭơ
__________
ƽƢºŢȏơ ǾȈƳȂƫ ǺǷ (Ó)Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǶȀŭơ ǺǷ (ÎÑÓ)
ǾºǻȂǰƥ DzǤnjŭơ ǥǂĈ Ǡƫ (ǽȐǟƗ ÎÑÐ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz ĺȁǁȁȋơ
ǕƢnjǻ Ŀ ǶǰƸƬȇ ȁƗ DzǤnjȇ ǵƢǟ ȁƗ ǍƢƻ ȅǁƢƦƬǟơ ȁƗ ȆǠȈƦǗ ǎƼNj Dzǯ"
ǾºȈdzƛ ǑȂǨƫ ǎƼNj Dzǯ řǗȂdzơ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ȁƗ řȀǷ
Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ǺŠ ǕƢnjǼdzơ Ǯdzǀdz řǬƬdzơ DzȈǤnjƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨũƢūơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ
Ǯºdzƿ DzƴLjºȇ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ȁƗ ǕƢnjǼdzơ Ǯdzǀƥ ƶȇǂǐƫ ȁƗ ƨǐƻǁ DzǷƢƷ
."Ǿƥ ǂǘź ȁƗ ǕƢnjǼdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ Ƕºǜǻ ƨȈŷƘƥ" ƔơǁǃȂdzơ ǶǴLJ ƾǬǧ .ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdz
ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟȁ Dzƥ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ƾȈǠǐdzơȁ řǗȂdzơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ
ǁƢƯƕ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ Ʊơǁƽȍ ƩƢȈdzƕ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ȆŭƢǠdzơ
ž(ÎÑÑ)"ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơȁ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƭƽơȂūơ
ǥơƾºǿȋơ ǺºǸǰƫ ǾƷǂNj ǪƦLJ ƢǸǯ ǾǻƗ Śǣ (Ʊ)
Ŀ ơƆǁơǂǷ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǥȂǫȂdzơ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƢǿǂǏƢǼǟȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ
Ŀ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǺºǷ ƭȂºǴƬdzơ ƢȇƢƸǓ śǰŤȁ ƩƢȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǞȇǃȂƫ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƵȐǏƛ"
ǥƾºǿ DŽºȇDŽǠƫ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ ǶǿǂƟƢLjƻ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ǥƢǐƬǻơ ƨǴȈLJȁ
ƵȐºǏȍơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ƿƢǨǻƛȁ ǂƻƕ ƮȇȂǴƫ ȅƗ ǝƽǁȁ ƵȐǏȍơ
(ÎÑÒ)
. "ƾƷơȁ ǹƕ Ŀ ǝƽǂdzơȁ
ǹƘnjƥ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƬdz ȆǓƢǬƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƾǠƫ (ƽ)
Ƣºēơƿ ƾºƷ Ŀ ƨƠȈƦdzơȁ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƩƢǟƢnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǂƯƚȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ƨȇȏȁ Dzƻơƽ ƨǷƢǟ ƩƢǰǴƬŲ ŐƬǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơȁ
Õ ƗƾºƦŭơ ƵǂNj ǺǷ (ƽ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾdzȁƢǼƬƫ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ .ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ
ǵȂȀǨŠ "ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ" ȄǴǟ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ DŽǯǂȇ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .ǽƢǻƽƗ
ƾǼǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ Ʊǁƾȇ ǾǻƜǧ śȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ȁƗ śȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ
ƨºdzƢƷ Ŀ ȁƗ ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨǸďȈǫ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ
ƨºȈŭƢǠdzơ ƩƢǟƢnjºŭơȁ ƨºȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ƱǁƢƻ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ
ǾºƫƾƟƢǨdz ƪǠĉǘǫƌ ȅǀdzơ DZȁƾǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ ǞǸƬĐơ Ŀ ơƆȂǔǟ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ
.ƨǧƢǰdzơ ǽƢš ƨǬǴǘŭơ ƨȈƴūơ Ʃơƿ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǽǀǿ
ǶƟȐŭơȁ ȅǁȂǨdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ -Ñ"
ǦdzƗ ǁƢȈŬơ"
ǹƢǸǔdz ƨȇǁȁǂǔdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ ƨdzȁƽ ǀƼƬƫ -Î"
Ŀ ǹȁƾƦǰƬȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȌdz ǶƟȐŭơȁ ȅǁȂǨdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨƷƢƫƛ
Ǟǫơȁ ǂǘƻ ǕƢnjǻ Ǻǟ ƢƆŦƢǻ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ơƆǂƥƢǟ ơƆǁǂǓ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ
.ƢēǂǘȈLJ ȁƗ ƢȀƬȇȏȂdz Ǟǔţ ǺǯƢǷƗ Ŀ ȁƗ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Dzƻơƽ
ƨȇǁȁǂǔºdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǁƾǐŭơ ƨdzȁƽ ǀƼƬƫ -Ï"
ǂƥƢºǠdzơ ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƟȐŭơȁ ȅǁȂǨdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨƷƢƫƛ ǹƢǸǔdz
ǪǗƢǼǷ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ ȅȋ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭƢƥ ȁƗ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz
ǂǘƻ ǕƢnjǻ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơȁ ƨdzȁƽ ȅƗ ƧǂǘȈLJȁ ƨȇȏȁ ƱǁƢƻ ƨǠǫơȁ
.ƢēǂǘȈLJ ȁƗ ƢȀƬȇȏȂdz Ǟǔţ ǺǯƢǷƗ Ŀ ȁƗ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Dzƻơƽ Ǟǫơȁ
Î śƫǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ -Ð"
ƨǬƦǘŭơ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȏơ ȁƗ ƽȂȈǬdzơ ȁƗ ǕȁǂnjǴdz ƨǠǓƢƻ ǽȐǟƗ Ïȁ
.ǕƢnjǼdzƢƥ ƪǐƻǁ Ŗdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ ƨdzȁƽ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƤƳȂŠ
__________
ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ Ƣƥȁǁȁȋ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƨǬǘǼǷ ƨƠȈƥ Ɣơǁǃȁ ǹȐǟƛ (ÎÑÑ)
.(ECE/CEP/94/Rev.1 of 11 June 2003), para. 35 ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz
Wolfrum, Langenfeld and Minnerop, Environmental (ÎÑÒ)
.Liability in International Law: Towards a Coherent Conception
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Śǣ ǺǷȁ .ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƨǤdzƢƦdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ƨƠǧ Ŀ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǽǀǿ ǞȈŦ Ʊǁƾȇ
ƘºǘŬơ ƩƢƦƯƛ Ŀ DzưǸƬȇ ȐƆ ȈǬƯ ƢƆƠƦǟ Ȇǟƾŭơ DzȈǸŢ ǶƟȐŭơ ȏȁ ǦǐǼŭơ
ƨºȈǼǠŭơ ƨǟƢǼǐdzơ ǖȈŢ ƾȈǬǠƬdzơ ƨǤdzƢƥ ƨȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƫ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ŀ ŚǐǬƬdzơ ȁƗ
žƾȇƾNj ǹƢǸƬǰƥ ƢȀǴȈǤnjƫ ƨǬȇǂǗȁ ƢǿǂǗƢű
ǕƢnjǼdzƢƥ ƨǘƦƫǂŭơ ƵƢƥǁȋơ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ (ǿ)
ơǀºđ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǟƢǼǐdzơ DŽǨŹ ȅǀdzơ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ Ǟǧơƾdzơ Ȇǿ ǂǘŬơ
ǂǧȂƫ ƢĔƗ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ƕǜǻ Ŀ ǑǂƬǨȇȁ .ǕƢnjǼdzơ
ơǀǿȁ .ǕƢnjǼdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ Ŗdzơ ǂǗƢƼŭơ Ƨǁơƽƛ śLjƸƬdz DŽǧơȂƷ
DzƦǬƫ Ń ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ƢŠȁ .ƢƆǸƟơƽ ƢƆǸȈǴLJ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ƾǫ ǑơǂƬǧơ
ǹƜǧ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ȂǸǼǴdz ƢēǁȁǂǓȁ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ƢǿơȁƾƳ ƤƦLjƥ ȏƛ
ȃƾºǷ Ŀ ǂºǜǼdzơ ƾºȈǠƫ ǹƗ ƤLJƢǼŭơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ȃǂƫ ƾǫ DZȁƾdzơ
ƧǁȂǘƻ DzǫƗȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ ǶǴLJƗ DzƟơƾƥ ǥƢnjǰƬLJƢƥ ƢēǁȁǂǓ
Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȁƢºǠƬdzơ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ƾȀƳ DZǀƥ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .Ǿƫơƿ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ
śLjºŢ ǪºȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƨǤdzƢƦdzơ ƨǘnjǻȌdz ƨȈŸǁƾƬdzơ ƨdzơǃȎdz
žƨǧƢǯ DZȁƾǴdz ƢǿŚǧȂƫȁ ƢȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǵȂȀǨǷ ƨǠƟƢnjdzơ ǶȈǿƢǨŭơ ǺǷ ǾǻƗ ƢǸǯ (ȁ)
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǁƢºȈƬƻơ ƢȀȈǧ ǶƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ ƢǸȈLJ ȏ ƧƽȁƾƄơ
ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ǥơƾǿƗ Ƨƾǟ ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdzȁ .ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
ȄǴǟ DzǸǠdzơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƨǷƔȐŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩƢǣȂLjǷ ƢǿǁŐƫȁ .ƨǷƢǠdzơ
ƨǴºǏơȂǷ ȄǴǟ ŚǸǔdzơ ʼnƾǟ DzǤnjŭơ ȏ DZȁƚLjŭơ DzǤnjŭơ ǞȈƴnjƫ
ȆºǷǂȇȁ .ƢƆȇƽƢǐƬǫơȁ ƢƆȈǟƢǸƬƳơ ƾȈǨŭơȁ ǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼdzƢƥ ǝȐǘǓȏơ
ƢǸǯ .ǕƢnjǼǴdz ƨdzȂǬǠǷ śǷƘƫ ƨȈǘǤƫ ǹƢǸǓ ńƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿ
ơƿƛ ȅƗ ƨȈǟȂºǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǺǷ ƾƥ ȏȁ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ
śǟƾǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ DzȈǬƯ ƩƢƦƯƛ ƔƤǟ ǹȁƽ ƨǸƟƢǫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƪǻƢǯ
.ƨǓȁƢǠŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǬǷ ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ǺǰŻ ǾǻƜǧ
ŐƬǠƫ Dzƥ ƨȈȀȇƾƥ ƨǬȈǬƷ ƩƢƷơǂƬǫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ƵơǂƬǫơ ȅƗ ƾǠȇ ȏȁ
ž(ÎÑÕ)ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ƨǴǐdzơ ƨǬȈƯȁ ƩƢƷơǂƬǫơ ǞLJơȁ ǩƢǘǻ ȄǴǟ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǵƢǜǻ ǹƛ DZƢūơ ƨǠȈƦǘƥ DZȂǬdzơ ǺǰŻȁ (ǃ)
DzºǸū ǥƢǯ DŽǧƢƷ ŚǧȂƫ Ǻǟ DŽƴǠȇ ǵơƽ ƢǷ ǑǂǷ Śǣ ƧƽȁƾƄơ
ƽȂºȈǫ ƪǠǓȁ ơƿƜǧ .ƨǷơǂǏ ǂưǯƗ ǞǼǷ Śƥơƾƫ ƿƢţơ ȄǴǟ DzǤnjŭơ
ȁƗ ƭȂǴƬdzƢºƥ ǎȈƻǂƫ ƨƥƢưŠ ƶƦǐƫ ƾǫ ƢĔƜǧ ƢȀǴǿƢLjƫ Ŀ ƨǗǂǨǷ
ǦȈdzƢºǰƬdzơ Ʊơǁƽƛ ǵƾºǟ DzǤnjǸǴdz ƶȈƬƫ ƧǃƢƳƛȁ ŚǤdzƢƥ ǁơǂǓȍơ
Dzºǯ ƨȈƦǴƫ ȄƫƘƬƫ ȏ ƾǫ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ .ƣƢLjūơ Ŀ ƨȈǬȈǬūơ
ƨºdzƢƷ Ŀ ŐŪƢƥ ƔƢȇǂƥȋơ ƢȇƢƸǔǴdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơȁ ƤdzƢǘŭơ
ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƽȁƾƷ ǞǓȁ ǶȀŭơ ǺǷ ƤƦLjdzơ ơǀŮȁ .ƨƥƢǏȍơ
ȅǀºdzơ ǂǘŬơ ǶƴƷ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǞǷ ƨȇƢǨǰdzơ ǾȈǧ ƢŠ DZƢǟ ȃȂƬLjǷ Ŀ
ǺºǷ ŚƦǯ ƔDŽƳ ƨȈǘǤƬdz ƨdzȂǬǠŭơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷȍơȁ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǾȈǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ
ƨȈǟȂºǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƢȇơDŽǷ ǺǷȁ .śǷƘƬdzơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ơǀǿ
ǵDŽºǴǷ Śºǣ řǠŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǹƗ Ȃǿ ƨȈƸǔdzơ ǁȂǜǼǷ ǺǷ ƧƽȁƾƄơ
__________
Churchill, “Facilitating (transnational) civil ǂº ºǜǻơ (ÎÑÕ)
liability litigation for environmental damage by means of treaties:
.progress, problems, and prospects”, pp. 35–37
94
DzǤnjºǷ ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƽǂƫ ƨƬƥƢưdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ žƾƷơȁ
ǺǨLjºdzơ ƨºdzƢƷ ȆǨǧ .ȃǂƻƗ ƩƢȈǻƢǰǷƛ ƾƳȂƫ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ƧƘnjǼŭơ
ǹƜºǧ ŅƢºƬdzƢƥȁ .ƢȀǴǤnjǷ ȏ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƤƷƢǏ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DzǸƸƬȇ
– ǹȂȈǴǠǨdzơ ǹȂǴǤnjŭơ Ƕǿ ǹȂǻȂǰȇ ƾǫ Ǻȇǀdzơ – ǺǨLjdzơ ȅǂƳƘƬLjǷ
ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ȄǔƬǬŠ śdzȁƚLjǷ ơȂLjȈdz
DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ƤƳȂŠȁ .(ÎÑÔ)ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ
ƢȀȇƽǁȂƬLjǷȁ ƢȀȇǁƾǐǷȁ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ȆƯƾŰ ǹƜǧ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ
ƗƾºƦŭơȁ .ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ DzǬǻ DzƷơǂǷ ŕNj Ŀ ƢƆǠȈŦ ơȂdzƔƢLjȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ
ƆƢºǸƟơƽ DZȁƚLjǷ "DzǤnjŭơ" ƗƾƦǷ ǾǻƗ ȁƾƦȇ ȏ Ǯdzƿ Ɣơǁȁ ȆLJƢLJȋơ
ǶǰƸƬºȇ ȅǀºdzơ ǥǂºǘdzơ Ȃºǿ ƨȈLjȈƟǁ ƨǨǐƥ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǹƛ Dzƥ
žƭƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƪǫȁ ǂǘŬơ Ŀ ǽŚǣ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǂǘȈLjȇ ȁƗ
ǺºǷ ǂưǯƗ Ǻǟ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƘnjǼȇ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀȁ (Ʊ)
ǾǴǐºǧ ǺǰŻ ȏ ȁƗ ƢȀǼǷ ƾƷơȁ ȅƗ ńƛ ǽƽǁ DzǬǠȇ ȏȁ ƾƷơȁ ǕƢnjǻ
ńƛ DzȈŤ ƢǷ ơƆŚưǯ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǹƜǧ ǩȂƯȂdzơ ǺǷ ƨȈǧƢǯ ƨƳǁƾƥ
ƨǯǂƬnjºŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdzȁ .ƧƽƾǠƬŭơȁ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǎǼdzơ
Dzǰnjºƫ ƢĔƗȁ ƨǨƸů ŐƬǠƫ ƾǫ ƢĔƗ ƢȀǼǷȁ .Ƨƾǟ ƣȂȈǟ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơȁ
ƢĔƗȁ žśǷƘƬǴdz ƨȈǴƥƢǬdzơ ǵƾǠƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ DzǯƢnjǷ Śưƫȁ ž"ǝƽǂdzơ Ŀ ƢƆǗơǂǧƛ"
ǶºƟȐƫ ȏ ƢºĔƗ Ƕǣǁȁ .ƨȇǁơƽƛ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫȁ ƧƾǯƚǷ Śǣ
ƨȈLjºǰǠdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ ƤǼƴƬdzȁ .ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ŁƢǐǷ ȆǸŢ ƢĔƜǧ ƨǟƢǼǐdzơ
ǁǂǔdzơ ȃƾǷ ƪƦưȇ ǹƗ DzǤnjŭơ ǺǷ ƤǴǘȇ ƾǫ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǽǀŮ ƨǴǸƬƄơ
ǭȂǰǐdzơ ǎǼƫ ƢǸǯ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ǾƦȈǐǻ ƽƾŹȁ ǾȈǧ ƤƦLjƫ ȅǀdzơ
ǂºǷȋơ ǹƢǯ ƢƆȇƗȁ .ƨȈǻƢǰǷȍơ ǺǷ ǦǼǐdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzƢūơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
Dzºǯ ńƛ ǽǂǷƗ ƽȂǠȇ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơȁ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǎǼdzơ ǹƜǧ
žřǗȂdzơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǶƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈƬƻȏơ ńƛ ȁƗ ƧƾƷ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫơ
ǺºǷ ƾºȇƾǠdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƩǂĉǫƗƌ ƾǫȁ (ƽ)
ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ Ŀ DzǤnjŭơ ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƽƢǼLJƜƥ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ƝƽƢƦǷ ǺǷ ǵƢǟ ƗƾƦǷ ƢĔƗ ƾȈǨȇ ƢǷ ƨƴūơ ǺǷ ƨťȁ .ƢȀǠƦǘƥ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ȁƗ
ǂȇȂǘƬdzơ Śƥơƾƫ ǺǷ Śƥƾƫ ƢĔƛ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ DZȂǬdzơ ǺǰŻ ȁƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǘnjºǻƗ ƾǠƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ƨdzƢƷ ȆǨǧ .Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ȆŸǁƾƬdzơ
ǁǂǓ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ǂǘƻ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷ ȅȂǘǼƫ ƨǘnjǻƗ ƢȀǼǰdz Ƨǂǘƻ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǖƥǁ ƤƳȂƬLjƫ ȃȂǫƗ ƲƴƷ ƨť ǹȂǰƫ ƢŠǁ ǹƘNj ȅƿ
ǒºǠƥ Ŀ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƩƾǸƬǟơ ƾǫȁ .ŚǐǬƬdzơ ȁƗ ƘǘŬƢƥ
DZȂºǯȂƫȁǂƥ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ƆơǂƻƚǷ ƢĔƘnjƥ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ Ļ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(Ñ ƧƽƢºŭơ)ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢºǠdz DZǃƢºƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥȁ (Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ) ǦȈȈǯ
ơǀºǿ Ɣơǁȁ ǦºǬƫ Ƨƾǟ ƣƢƦLJƗ ƨťȁ .(Õ ƧƽƢŭơ) ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ
ǞºǓȁ Ŀ ƨºǴưǸƬŭơ ƨǫƢnjdzơ ƨǸȀŭơ Ǻǟ ǶǯƢƄơ řǤȇ ȂȀǧ .ǁƢȈƬƻȏơ
ǩǂƻ ƩƢƦƯƛ ƔƤǟ ǺǷ śǟƾŭơ ȆǨǠȇȁ ƨdzȂǬǠŭơ ƨȇƢǼǠǴdz ƨǸƟȐǷ ŚȇƢǠǷ
.ƢƆȈƦLjǻ ƧƾǬǠŭơ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơȁ ƨȈǼǬƬdzơ ƩƖnjǼŭơȁ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ Ŀ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǮǴƫ
ǾdzƢǸƬƷơ ǦǠǓ Ƕǣǁ ǁƢnjƬǻȏơ ƾȇƾNjȁ ǶȈLjƳ ǁǂǓ ƭȁƾƷ ǂǘƼǧ
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ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÑÔ)
ǦǏȁ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdz ÒÑ-ÑÔ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ÎÍÔ-ÎÍÒ Ǎ A/CN.4/531
.ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵƢǜǼdz
95 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƾºǫ ǁǂǔdzơ ƾƦǰƫ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ Śǣ (ǭ)
ƾǫ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƜǧ ǾdzȂǐƷ Ŀ ǶǿƢLJ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ Ŀ ǾƠǘş ƤƦLjƫ
žǥȁǂǜdzơ ƨǧƢǯ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ƾǠƥ ǒǨź ȁƗ ǒǧǂȇ
ǺºǷ ƤƦLJ ȅȋ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ DzǤnjŭơ ȆǨǟƗ ơƿƛȁ (DZ)
ƧǁƢLjŬơ DzǸƸƬȇ Ǻdz ƨȈƸǔdzơ ǹƜǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ƪǬƦLJ Ŗdzơ ƣƢƦLJȋơ
ƾȇƾLjƬƥ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǑȂǠƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǥǂǠdzơ ȃǂƳ ƾǬǧ .ǽƾƷȂdz
ǥƢǐºƬǻȏơ DzƟƢºLJȁ ŚǧȂºƫ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ ƨƦŮơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǢdzƢƦǷ
ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƵƢƬȇ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ .ƵȐǏȍơ ȄǴǟ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơȁ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ DzǤnjŭơ ƔƢǨǟƛ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ .ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ DzȇȂǸƬǴdz ƩƢȈdzƕ ǺǷ
ǺǰŻ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƨǸǜǻƘƥ ȁƗ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ƾȈǬƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƔƢǼưƬLJơ ƤƦLjƥ
.ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƵǂǗ ƢƆǔȇƗ
ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ -Ò"
ƔƢnjºǻȍ ƨºǷǃȐdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ƨȈǼǠŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǀƼƬƫ -Î"
ƽȁƾºƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȇƢƸǓ ǒȇȂǠƬdz ȆǴȈǸǰƫ DzȇȂŤ ƩƢȈdzƕ
ǺºǷ ǶƟȐǷȁ ȅǁȂǧ ǒȇȂǠƫ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ ǶȀȈǴǟ ǁǀǠƬȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ
ƤºƳȂŠ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǹƘnjƥ [ƢƆǻȂǻƢǫ] ƨƬƥƢƯ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ Ŀ DzǤnjŭơ
.ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǽǀǿ
ǪºȇǂǗ Ǻºǟ ǽǀǿ DzȇȂǸƬdzơ ƩƢȈdzƕ ǞǓȁ ǃȂŸ -Ï"
džºǨǻ ǺǷȁ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǺǷ śȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ǺȇƾȈǨƬLjŭơ ǺǷ ƩƢŷƢLjǷ
ǺǷ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƢȀǐǐţ Ŗdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ǺǷȁ śǴǤnjŭơ ǺǷ ƨƠǨdzơ
.ƩƢŷƢLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ƲȇDŽǷ
Ŀ ǎǬǼºdzơ ƾȇƾƸƬdz ŚȇƢǠǷ ƨȈǼǠŭơ DZȁƾdzơ Ǟǔƫ -Ð"
."ǽǀǿ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
Ƶǂnjdzơ
ƨǘnjºǻȋƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ƕǜǻ ǶǜǠǷ DzǸǰƬLjĄƫ (Ɨ)
Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȇƢƸǓ ǒȇȂǠƬdz ƨȈǧƢǓƛ DzȇȂŤ ǁƽƢǐŠ ƧǂǘŬơ
DzƦLJ ŚǧȂƬdz ƨȈǧƢǯ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰƫ ȏ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǽǀǿ
ĿƢºǓȍơ DzȇȂǸƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƩƢŷƢLjŭơ ǵƾǬƫȁ .ƨȇǁȁǂǔdzơ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ
ȁƗ ǂºǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǺǷ ƨƠǨdzơ džǨǼƥ ǹȂǷȂǬȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ śǴǤnjŭơ ǺǷ ƢǷƛ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏƢǧ .ǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼdzƢƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ Ŀ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨƸǴǐǷ ƢŮ ƩƢǻƢȈǯ ǺǷ
ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz Ņȁƽ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƔƢnjǻƜƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ƩƢºȇȏȂǴdz ǃƢƬǸŭơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƩȐȇƾǠƫȁ (ÎÒÎ)ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ
ǹȂǻƢǫ DzȇƾǠƫȁ ǞȈLJȂƬdz ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǠdz ǎȈƻǂƬdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
(ÎÒÏ)
ÎÖÕÍ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨǴǷƢnjdzơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏơ
United States Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act )
of 1986, to extend and amend the Comprehensive Environmental
(Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA)
ǩƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ǂLjǠŭơ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǶLJƢǬƫ ńƛ ȆǷơǂdzơ ƤȈƫǂƬdzơȁ
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ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǖǨǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ǵƢǜǼdz ǦǏȁ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdz (ÎÒÎ)
.ÒÑ-ÑÔ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ÎÍÔ-ÎÍÒ Ǎ
.Pub L No, 99-499; 100 Stat.1613 (ÎÒÏ)
.ƢȀȈºǓƢǬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȀŪơ ƾȇƾƸƬdzơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ǶǴǠȇȁ ŚǐǬƬdzơ ƩƢƦƯƜƥ
ƭȂºǴƬdzơ ǶǰŢ Ŗdzơ ǶǜǼdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨȇƢǤǴdz ƨǧȁǂǠǷ ƽȁƾūơ ǽǀǿȁ
ž(ÎÑÖ)ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƭƽơȂūơȁ ǁƢƸƦdzơ Ŀ ȆǘǨǼdzơ
ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơȁ ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ (Ƶ)
Śǣ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƩǁƢƬƻơ śƷ Ŀ ƧƽȁƾŰ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƢĔƗ
ǹȁƽ (Ô ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơȁ Ó ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ) ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
ƽȁƾƷ ǑǂǨƫ ƢǷƾǼǟȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƾȇƾŢ ǹƘnjƥ ǶǰƷ ȅƗ ƽǁȂƫ ǹƗ
ƧƽƢºǟ ǂƯƚƫ ȏ ƽȁƾūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƜǧ DzǤnjǸǴdz ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ
ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ .ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ Ƣđ ǶǰŢ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ȁƗ ƧƾƟƢǧ ȅƗ ȄǴǟ
žƨǸǜƬǼǷ ƨǠƳơǂŭ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƽȁƾƷ Ǟǔţ Ǯdzƿ
Ŀ ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǶǜǠǷ ƾǠƦƬLjƫȁ (Ǖ)
ǾȈǧ ƤƦLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ DzǤnjŭơ ǹȂǰȈǧ .ƘǘŬơ ƨdzƢƷ
.ǂǐǬƌŭơ ȁƗ ǂǐƦƬŭơ Śǣ ȁƗ ƾǸǠƬŭơ ǾǟƢǼƬǷơ ȁƗ ǾǴǠǨƥ ǾȈǧ ǶǿƢLJ ȁƗ
DZǃƢºƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ Ò ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ŘǠŭơ ơǀđ ƧƽƾŰ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƽǂƫȁ
ƨǘnjǻȋơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ .ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ Ò ƧƽƢŭơȁ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz
ƢºȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƫ ȁƗ ƨȈǟƢǼǏ ȁƗ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǯ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ Ŗdzơ
ƢƆȇƾºƳ ƩƢºƦƯƛ ƔƤǟ ƨȇŚǐǬƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ƶǂǘƫ ƾȈǬǠƬdzơ ƨǤdzƢƥ
ȂºŴ ȄºǴǟ ǶȀǫȂǬƷ ǹȂǏ ǹƢǰǷȍƢƥ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƢȇƢƸǔǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
ƔƤºǟ džºǰǟ ǺºǰŻ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟȁ .ŕNj ǩǂǘƥ DzǔǧƗ
Śǣ ǭȂǴLJ ȅƗ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ ƩƢƦƯƛ DzǤnjŭơ ǺǷ ƤǴǘȇ ǹƘƥ ƩƢƦƯȍơ
ǕƢƦǼƬºLJơ Ŀ ǞºLJȂƬdzơ ǺºǰŻȁ .ȅƾǸǟ ȁƗ ȅŚǐǬƫ ǝȁǂnjǷ
ǹƗ ǺºǰŻ ȁƗ žǾºǠƦǘƥ ǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJȏơ
ƢȇƢƸǔºǴdz ƨǏǂǨdzơ ƨƷƢƫƜƥ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ
ž(ÎÒÍ)ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz ǁȂȀǸƴǴdz ȁƗ
ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ śǻơȂǬdzơȁ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǥȂdzƘŭơ ǺǷȁ (ȅ)
ǺǷ ƧƽȁƾŰ ƨǟȂǸů ƽǁȂƫ ǹƗ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ Ŗdzơ
.DzǤnjºŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƧƽǁơȂdzơȁ ƢǷ ƾƷ ńƛ ƧƾƷȂŭơ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȏơ
ȄºǴǟ ƧƽǁơȂºdzơ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȐdz ƨȈƳƿȂŶ ƨǴưǷƗ ȄǴǟ ǥȂǫȂdzơ ǺǰŻȁ
ǺºǷ Ñ ƧƽƢºŭơ ȁƗ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Öȁ Õ śƫƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƿƢţơ Ƕǣǁ ǁǂǔdzơ DzǐƷ ơƿƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ŘưƬLjƬǧ .ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
ǝơŗºdzơ DZƢǸǟƗ ǺǷ DzǸǟ ƨƴȈƬǻ ‘Α ǹƢǯȁ ƨǸƟȐŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǞȈŦ
ȁƗ žƽǂºǸƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨºȈǴǿȋơ ƣǂºūơ ȁƗ DZƢƬǬdzơ DZƢǸǟƗ ȁƗ ƶǴLjŭơ
ǺǰŻ ȏ ȆǸƬƷ ȆƟƢǼưƬLJơ ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƧǂǿƢǛ ƨƴȈƬǻ ǹƢǯ ‘Ï‘
ƔơǂƳƜƥ ƾȈǬƫ ƨƴȈƬǻ ǾǴǸů Ŀ ǹƢǯ ‘Б ȁƗ žǽƾǏ ǺǰŻ ȏȁ Ǿƥ ƚƦǼƬdzơ
ƨºƴȈƬǻ ǾǴǸů Ŀ ǹƢǯ ‘Ñ‘ ȁƗ žƨƥƢǏȍơ ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ƨǷƢǟ ƨǘǴLjdz ǵDŽǴǷ
žƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǘdz ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ ȅƾǸǟ ǥǂǐƫ
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ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÑÖ)
ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ÎÍÕ Ǎȁ ÑÖ-ÑÔ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ÎÍÓ-ÎÍÒ Ǎ A/CN.4/531
.ÕÒ-ÕÐ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ÎÎÑ-ÎÎÐ Ǎȁ ÒÔ-ÒÓ
ƧơƽƗ ƢºǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƨȇŚǐǬƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƨnjǫƢǼǷ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdz (ÎÒÍ)
ÎÏÎ Ǎ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǂǜǻơ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ǹƢǸǓ Ŀ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƨȈŷƗ Ʃơƿ
.ÎÎÖ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƩȏƢƷ Ƨǁơƽƛȁ ǂǗƢƼŭơ ǞȇǃȂƬdz ƆȐȈƦLJ ǂǧȂƫ śȈǟƢǼǐdzơ śǴǤnjǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƦǧ
.(ÎÒÔ)ƧŚƦǯ ƆƢǫȂLJ DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ ƾǠȇ śǷƘƬdzơ ƨǟƢǼǐdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥȁ žśǬȈdzơ ǵƾǟ
.ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdz ƨƷƢƬǷ śǷƘƬdzơ ƨȈǘǤƫ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƵǂƬǬŭơ ǚƷȏȁ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ƧǂǰƦǷ ƧǂƬǧ ǀǼǷ ƵƢƬǷ śǷƘƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ
ńƛ ǩơȂºLJȋơ ǽǀºǿ Ŀ ƨƦLjƬǰŭơ ƧŐŬơ ƨǟǂLjƥ DzǬǼƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ
ơƆȂºŶ śǷƘºƬdzơ ƨǟƢǼǏ ǾȈǧ ƾȀnjƫ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ȃǂƻƗ ǩơȂLJƗ
.ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ǩȂLjdzơ DzǸnjȇ
ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơȁ śǷƘƬdzơ ŚǧȂƫ ǹƢǸǓ ƲƟƢƬǻ ǺǷȁ (Ʊ)
ơƆǁƢºȈƻ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƘƥ ƢŮ ƶǸLjȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ǹƗ Ȃǿ
ǹƢǸǔdzơ ƨȈǘǤƫ ǂǧȂȇ ǎƼNj Dzǯ ƾǓ ǵƾǬȇ ȆǴƄơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ȄǔƬǬŠ
ǵƢǸǔºǻȏơ ǕơǂƬNjơ ǪƷ Ǿdz DZȂź ƾǫ ǎƼnjdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ Śǣ .ŅƢŭơ
ƲƬºŹ ǹƗ ǎƼnjºdzơ ơǀŮ ǪŹ ƢǸǯ .ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ Ŀ DzǤnjŭơ ńƛ
ǺºǷ Ð ƧǂǬǨdzƢºǧ .ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ DzǤnjǸǴdz ǪŢ Ŗdzơ ǝȂǧƾdzƢƥ
ǺºǷ ÎÑ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơȁ ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ ÎÎ ƧƽƢŭơ
ǹƗ Śǣ .ƨȈǻƢǰǷȍơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ǹƢǐǼƫ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
ơǀđ ƵƢǸLjdzơ ǵƾǠƥ ǹȐǟƛ ǁơƾǏƛ DZȁƾǴdz ǹƢƸȈƬȇ ƢƆǠǷ śdzȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
.Ǯdzƿ Ŀ Ƥǣǂƫ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ǂNjƢƦŭơ ƔơǂƳȍơ
ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ -Ô"
Ǻȇǀºdzơ śǴǤnjºŭơ ƨǧƢǯ ȄǴǟ DZȁƾdzơ ǕǂƬnjƫ -Î"
ƿƢţơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǽǀǿ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ ƱǁƾǼƫ ƨǘnjǻƗ ƔơǂƳƛ Ŀ ǹȂǯǂƬnjȇ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƭƽƢƷ ȅƗ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȐdz ƨdzƢǠǧȁ ƨȇǁȂǧ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ
ŇƽƗ ńƛ ƭƽƢūơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǒȈǨţ ƨȈǤƥ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǽǀđ
ƩơƔơǂºƳƛ DzǸnjƫȁ .ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǟ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƾƷ
ǞȈŦ ǞǷ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơȁ ǁȁƢnjƬdzơȁ ȅǁȂǨdzơ ǁƢǘƻȍơ ǽǀǿ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏơ
.ǂƯƘƬƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ
ƩơƔơǂºƳƛ DzǤnjŭơ ƢȀȈǧ ǀƼƬȇ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢūơ Ŀ -Ï"
ǞºǷ ǁȁƢnjƬdzƢƥ ǁƾǐŭơ ƨdzȁƽ Ǟǔƫ ƨdzƢǠǨdzơȁ ƨȇǁȂǨdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏơ
."ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǮǴƫ ƿƢţȏ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬdzơ ǂƯƘƬƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ
Ƶǂnjdzơ
ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǺǷ ÎÔȁ ÎÓ śƫƽƢŭơ ǹƘƥ ŚǯǀƬdzơ ǺǰŻ (Ɨ)
ƨǘnjºǻƗ Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢºǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǼŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ
ǁƢǘƻȍơ"ȁ "ƝǁơȂǘdzơ ƩȏƢū ƤǿƘƬdzơ" ǕȁǂNj DZȁƢǼƬƫ (ÎÒÕ)Ƨǂǘƻ
ƩơƔơǂƳƜºƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ŅƢūơ ƗƾƦŭơ ǦǴƬźȁ ."ƝǁơȂǗ ƨdzƢƷ ƭȁƾŞ
__________
Official Journal of the European Communities, No. C (ÎÒÔ)
151, vol. 45 (25 June 2002) (COM (2002) 17 final–2002/0021(COD) of
ƾǸƬǟơȁ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƶǬǻ ƾǫ ƵǂƬǬŭơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ǚƷȐȇȁ .23 January 2002), p. 7
ƨȈºNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) ÏÍÍÐ/ÒÕ Ƕǫǁ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȐdz ǭǂƬnjŭơ ǦǫȂŭơ ǾƬǨǐƥ
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÎÐÖ
ÏÎÒ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÎ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÒÕ)
.ÏÎÓȁ
96
Offshore Pollution Liability Agreement )
ȆǴƷƢLjdzơ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
ƨºȈǷƢǼdzơ DZȁƾºǴdz ƵƢƬŭơ ǍƢŬơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǪǧǂǷȁ (ÎÒÐ)((OPOL)
ǺºǷ ÎÒ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈdzƢǬƬǻơ ƧǂƬǨƥ ƢēơƽƢǐƬǫơ ǂŤ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơȁ
ǹƘnjƥ ÐÏ/ƢƆLjǷƢƻ ǁơǂǬdzơ ǞǷ ǹơǂƬǫƢƥ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
ǭȂǰºǏ ƢȀǴǯ řǬƬdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬǴdz ňƢǸƠƬLJȏơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ǩƢǘǻ ǞȈLJȂƫ
žǽǀǿ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ DzȇȂǸƬdzơ ƩƢȈdzƕ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ
ǖǘƻ ƾƳȂƫ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ƨǁơƽƛ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀȁ (ƣ)
.(ÎÒÑ)ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƩƢŷƢLjǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ DZȁƾdzơ ƢŮ ǵƾǬƫ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz
ƨȈdzƢŭơ ǖǘŬơȁ śǷƘƬdzơ ǖǘƻ -Ó"
ǵƢºȈǫ ǹƢǸǔºdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ƨȈǼǠŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǀƼƬƫ"
ƩơƾǼLjdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǓ ƾȀǠƫȁ ǞǓȂƥ DzǤnjŭơ
."ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨȈǘǤƬdz ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣ ȁƗ
Ƶǂnjdzơ
ƢºȈǻƽ ơƆƽȁƾºƷ Ǟǔºƫ ǹƗ ƨȈǼǠŭơ DZȁƾǴdz ǺǰŻ (Ɨ)
Ǻǟ DZƢŭơ DžƗǁ ƽǁơȂǷ ǂǧȂƫ ƨȈǟơǂǷ ǑǂǤdzơ ơǀŮ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔǴdz
ǺºǰŻ Ǿºǻƛ Dzƥ .ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩȏƢǯȂdzơ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣ ȁƗ ǥǁƢǐǷ ǪȇǂǗ
.ƢȀƬȈǘǤƫ ʼnƾǬƬdz DzǤnjŭơ ǺǷ ƨȈdzƢǷ ƧƔȐǷ ǕǂƬnjƫ ǹƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ǖǘŬ
ȄǴǟȁ śǷƘƫ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūƢƥ DzǤnjŭơ ǵDŽǴȇ ǖǘŬơ ǶǜǠǷ ƤƳȂŠȁ
ƨȇƢǤǴdz ƢƆȇǁȁǂǓ ơǀǿ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫȁ .ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơ ǺǷ ǽŚǣ
.ƨƷƢƬǷ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǖǘƻ ǺǷ ƧƽƢǨƬLJȐdz
ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ǺȇƢƦƫȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǶǜǼdzơ ǝȂǼƬdz ơƆǂǜǻ ǾǻƗ Śǣ
ƤºȈƫǂƫȁ ǕơǂƬºNjơ Ŀ DZȁƾǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨǻȁǂŭơ ǒǠƥ ȆƻȂƫ ǺǰŻ
śǷƘƫ ǵƢǜǻ ǵDŽǴƬLjȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƢǸǯ .(ÎÒÒ)ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơ
ž(ÎÒÓ)ƨǴǸƬƄơ ƨǸƬȀŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƨǠLJơȁ ƨǯǁƢnjǷ DZƢǠǧ
ƵǂƬǬŭơ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ Ŀ ÏÍÍÏ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ŚNjƗ ƢǸǯȁ (ƣ)
ǞǼŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ džǴĐơȁ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ǹƢŭŐǴdz
ȄºǴǟ ǞǨǼdzƢƥ ƽȂǠƫ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǻƢǸǔdzơ ǹƜǧ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨŪƢǠǷȁ
:ȅƗ ƨƸǴǐŭơ Ʃơƿ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǞȈŦ
Ǻǰƫ Ń ǹƛ DzƦLjdzơ ǞųƗ ǺǷ Ȇǿȁ ǁȂȀǸŪơ ƨǷƢǟȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ȄǴǟ
žǞǧƾºȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦŭ ƆƢǬǧȁ ƆȐǠǧ ƵȐǏȍƢƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ǹƢǸǔdz ƾȈƷȂdzơ DzȈƦLjdzơ
__________
(ÎÖÔÑ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ Ñ ǹƾǼdz) ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǎǻ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdz (ÎÒÐ)
.ILM, vol. 13 (1974), p. 1409 ǂǜǻơ
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÒÑ)
ÓÏȁ ÓÎ ǹƢºƫǂǬǨdzơ ÎÍÖ Ǎȁ ÑÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÍÒ Ǎ A/CN.4/531
ÕÍ ǹƢºƫǂǬǨdzơ ÎÎÐ-ÎÎÏ Ǎȁ ÓÕ-ÓÓ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ÎÎÎ-ÎÎÍ Ǎȁ
.ÕÎȁ
ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ śǐdzơ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÒÒ)
A/C.6/58/ ) ÎÖ ƨLjǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ
.ÑÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (SR, 19
ÎÔ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ ǹƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÒÓ)
.ÏÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17)
97 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǞǼŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǺǷ ÎÓ ƧƽƢŭơ ǹƘƥ ŚǯǀƬdzơ Ŀ DžƘƥ ȏȁ
ǵơDŽºƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǺǷ ƢŮȐƻ ƤǴǘȇ Ŗdzơ ǞǼŭơ ƨǴƷǂŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ DZȁƾǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ DzƯƢŲ
Ŀ ǥȂǫȂdzơ ǺǰŻȁ .ƤƳơȂdzơ Ǎǂūơ Dzǰƥ ǂǗƢƼŭơ ǂȇƾƫ ǹƗ DZȁƾdzơ
ƨºȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢºĐơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǹȂǻƢǬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÐÏ ƧƽƢŭơ
ǵƾºǠƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ DzƯƢŲ ǶǰƷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƷȐŭơ Śǣ Ǒơǂǣȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
Dzǯ DZǀƥ Ƕǣǁ ƆȐǠǧ ƨƥƢǏȍơ ƢȀȈǧ ǞǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǴƷǂŭơ DzǸnjȇȁ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ
ǽƢȈŭơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ȆǰǼLjǴǿ ƾǟơȂǫ ǺǷ ÔÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ .ƽȂȀŪơ
ž(ÎÒÖ)DzƯƢŲ ǶǰƷ ȄǴǟ ƨdzƾǠŭơ ƢȀƬǤȈǐƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ƗƾºƦǷ ǹƗ Ȇǿ ƨǜƷȐŭƢƥ ƧǂȇƾŪơ ƨǸȀŭơ ƨǘǬǼdzơ ǹƛ (ƣ)
ǁƢºȈǠǷ ȅƗ ǺǸǔºȇ ȏ ǍǂºǨdzơ ŚǧȂƫ Ŀ ƧơȁƢLjŭơȁ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ǵƾǟ
ƨºȈƟơǂƳȍơ ǩȂºǬūơ ǺǷ ŇƽƗ ƾƷ ȅƗ ȏȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ȆǟȂǓȂǷ
ƧȁȐǟ .śǼǗơȂǸǴdz ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀǼǸǔƫ Ŗdzơ ǩȂǬūơ ǮǴƫ Śǣ
ǁƢºȈƬƻƢƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ DzǯƢnjºŭơ ǺǷ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀǿ ǦǨź ȏ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ
ǥƢǐºƬǻȏơ DzƦºLJ ŚǧȂƫ ǾƳȁ Ŀ ƧŚƦǯ ƨƦǬǟ ƾǠȇ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƤƦLjºƥ ƢȇƢƸǔºǴdz ƨdzƢǠǨdzơȁ ƨǸƟȐŭơȁ ƨȇǁȂǨdzơ ȆƟƢǔǬdzơ ǺǠǘdzơȁ
ǹƢºǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸȈLJ ȏ (ÎÓÍ)DZȁƾdzơ śƥ Ɣơǁȉơ Ŀ ǪǧơȂƫ ǵơƾǠǻơȁ ǝȂǼƬdzơ
Ƕºǣǁȁ .DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƔơŐƻ ǹȂǷƢŰ Ƕǿǁǃơƚȇ ȏȁ ƔơǂǬǧ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ
ƶȈƸǐºdzơ ǽƢšȏơ Ŀ ƧȂǘƻ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀǿ ǹƜǧ ƣȂȈǠdzơ ǽǀǿ
ƨǴƴǟ Ǟǧƾƫ ǹƗ DZȁƾdzơ ǹƢǰǷƜƥȁ .ƨȈLJƢLJƗ ƧȂǘƻ ǽǁƢƦƬǟơ ǺǰŻȁ Dzƥ
ǞȈLJȂƫ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơȁ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƨǷƔơȂǷ ǞȈƴnjƬƥ ǵƢǷȋơ ńƛ ǁȂǷȋơ
ǪºƷ ƨƷƢƫƛ ǺǰŻ śǟƾŭơ ǺǷ ǁƢȈƬƻƢƥȁ .ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ DzƦLJȁ Ǎǂǧ
Ŀ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƾƷƗ ǶǯƢŰ Ŀ ƧơȁƢLjŭơ ǵƾǫ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǔǬdzơ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ
ǹƢºǰǷ ‘Ï‘ ȁƗ žǁǂǔdzơ DZȂǐƷ ǹƢǰǷ ‘Α :ǖǬǧ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ǺǯƢǷȋơ
žDzǤnjǸǴdz ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǂǬŭơ ‘Б ȁƗ žDzǤnjǸǴdz ƨȇƽƢȈƬǟȏơ ƨǷƢǫȍơ
DzLjºǯȁǂƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ƵƢƬǷ ǁƢȈƬƻȏơ ơǀǿȁ (Ʊ)
DzƟƢLjºŭơ Ŀ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǀȈǨǼƫȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ÎÖÓÕ ǵƢǠdz
ÎÖ ƧƽƢŭơ ǶǯƢƸǸǴdz DzƯƢŲ ǁƢȈƬƻơ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫȁ .ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơȁ ƨȈǻƾŭơ
ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ ÎÔ ƧƽƢŭơȁ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ
žǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơȁ
ƾƷ Ŀ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƆƢȈǻƢƯ (ƽ)
ǞºƬǸƬǴdz ƨƷƢƬǷ ƨǷƢǟ ƩƢǰǴƬŲ Ȇǿ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơȁ Ƣēơƿ
"ƢȇƢƸǔºdzơ" ǹȂºǰȇ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȇȏȁ Dzƻơƽ ǭǂƬnjŭơȁ ȆǟƢǸŪơ
śǻơȂºǬdzơ ȄǔºƬǬŠ ơȂǼȈǟ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǮƠdzȁƗ Ƕǿ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǵȂȀǨŠ
ǶŮ ƪdzȂƻȁ ƽǁơȂŭơ ǮǴƫ ǹȂǐdz śǷƢǟ ƔƢȈǏȁƗ DzǸǠǴdz ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ
Ŀ ǵƢǠdzơ ǦǫȂdzơ ǵȂȀǨǷ DZȂźȁ .ȆǓƢǬƬǴdz ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǨǐdzơ ŅƢƬdzƢƥ
ʼnƾºǬƬdz śǼȈǠǷ ǍƢƼNjȋ ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƨǨǐdzơ ƨȈǼǗȁ ƩƢȇȏȁ Ƨƾǟ
__________
ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǹƘnjƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǘƥơǂdz ƨƸǬǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ (ÎÒÖ)
.(ÏÍÍÑ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj)ÎÍ Ƕǫǁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ǽƢȈŭơ Ƨǁơƽȍ ƨǷơƾƬLjŭơȁ ƨdzƽƢǠdzơ
Cuperus and Boyle, “Articles on private law ǂºǜǻơ (ÎÓÍ)
remedies for transboundary damage in international watercourses”,
.p. 406
ƧǁȁǂǓ DZȁƢǼƬȇ ȂȀǧ .ƢǿǃȁƢƴƬȇȁ Dzƥ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǽǀǿ Ǻǟ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏơ
ǝȂºǫȁ ƾǠƥ ǁƾǐŭơ ƨdzȁƽ Dzƻơƽ ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţơ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ǽǀºǿ ƤLjƬǰȇ ǹƗ DzƦǫ Ǻǰdz ǁǂǓ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬȇ ƭƽƢƷ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǤnjŭơ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ǞǬȇȁ .ǺǰǷƗ ơƿƛ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǞƥƢǘdzơ
ǹƗȁ ƝǁơȂºǘdzơ ƩȏƢºū ƤǿƘƬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ǞȈŦ ƾǠĄȇ ǹƘƥ Ņȁȋơ
DzǤnjºŭơ ƢȀȈǧ DŽƴǠȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢūơ Ŀȁ .ƭƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƽǂƴŠ ƢȀǯǂŹ
ǁƾǐŭơ ƨdzȁƽ ǺǷ ƤǴǘȇ ƨȇǁȁǂǔdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţơ Ǻǟ
ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀȁ .ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǮǴƫ ƿƢţȏ ƨȇǁȁǂǔdzơ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬdzơ Ǟǔƫ ǹƗ
ǺºǷ ƨƷƢƬŭơȁ ƨȇǁȁǂǔdzơ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ džǸƬǴƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ
žƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǺǷ ȁƗ ȃǂƻƗ DZȁƽ
ƤºƳơȁ ǁƾǐºŭơ ƨdzȁƽ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǞǬȇȁ (ƣ)
ƩơƔơǂƳƛ DzǔǧƗ ƾȇƾƸƬdz ǂƯƘƬƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǞǷ ǁȁƢnjƬdzơ
.ƽȁƾºƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƧƾƷ ǦȈǨţ ȁƗ ǞǼŭ ƨǼǰǸŭơ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏơ
ǹƗ DzºǸƬŹ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǞǬȇ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ
ƢȀǠLJȁ Ŀ ƢǷ ƿƢţơȁ ǁƾǐŭơ ƨdzȁƽ ǞǷ DzǷƢǰdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ƤƳơȁ ǂƯƘƬƫ
ǞǼǷ ȄǴǟ DzǸǠǴdz ƢȀƬȇȏȂdz ƨǠǓƢŬơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ Ŀ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏơ Śƥơƾƫ ǺǷ
.ǾƫƾƷ ǦȈǨţȁ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǺǠǘdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ŚǧȂƫ -Õ"
ǥƢǐºƬǻȏơ DzƟƢLJȁ ŚǧȂƫ ƨȈǼǠŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǸǔƫ -Î"
ƢȇƢƸºǓ ǞȈǸŪ ƨdzƢǠǨdzơȁ ƨǸƟȐŭơȁ ƨȇǁȂǨdzơ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơȁ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ
.ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ƔơǂƳƛ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǮǴƫ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ DzƟƢLJȁ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǸǔƫ -Ï"
ǥƢǐºƬǻȏơ DzƟƢºLJȁ Ǻǟ DzǬȇ ȏ ǁƾǬƥ ƨdzƢǠǧȁ ƨǸƟȐǷȁ ƨȇǁȂǧ
ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ Ǎǂǧ ŚǧȂƫ DzǸnjƫȁ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂŭ ƨƷƢƬŭơ
.ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ Ŀ ǶȀǬƷ ƨLJǁƢǸŭ ƨȇǁȁǂǔdzơ
ǍƢǐºƬƻȏơ ƢȀǸǯƢŰ DzȇȂţ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ ǺǸǔƫ -Ð"
."ǮǴƫ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ Ŀ ƪƦǴdz ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ
Ƶǂnjdzơ
DzƟƢºLJȁ ŚǧȂºƫ ǹƢǸºǓ ńƛ Î ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ȄǠLjƫ (Ɨ)
ƢºǸǯȁ ."ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ǞȈǸŪ" ƨǸƟȐŭơȁ ƨȇǁȂǨdzơ ȆƟƢǔǬdzơ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ
ƾǐǬȇ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ Ǒơǂǣȋ ǾǻƜǧ ǽȐǟƗ ǾȈdzƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ƪǬƦLJ
ǹȂȇǁƢºƦƬǟȏơȁ ǹȂºȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ńȁȋơ ƨƦƫǂŭơ Ŀ ƢȇƢƸǔdzƢƥ
ƨºǟȂǸů ƨťȁ .ǶēƢǰǴƬŲ ȁƗ ǶȀǏƢƼNjƗ Ŀ ơƆǁǂǓ ǹȁƾƦǰƬȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ
ǞºȈǸŪ ƵƢºƬƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƨȈǷƢǼƬǷ
ȁƗ ǶȀºƬǷƢǫƛ ǹƢºǰǷ ȁƗ ǶȀƬȈLjǼƳ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥ ǍƢƼNjȋơ
ǵƢºǜǼǴdz ƢƆºǬǧȁ DŽºȈȈŤ ǹȁƽ ƔȂƴǴdzơ Ǎǂǧ ƨƥƢǏȍơ ǝȂǫȁ ǹƢǰǷ
ƩơƔơǂºƳȍơ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ńƛ ƾǴƦǴdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ ƨǸƟȐŭơ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ DzƦLJ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz
ƨºȈǼǗȂdzơ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ DzƦLJȁ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ Ǎǂǧ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ
.ƨºdzȁƾdzơ řǗơȂºŭ ƢǿŚǧȂƫ ǶƬȇ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƬdz ƨdzƽƢǠǷ ƢǿŚǧȂƫ ǶƬȇ Ŗdzơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Śºǣ ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǪƷ ǂǬƫ ƢǸǯ (ÎÓÐ)ÏÍÍÎ ǵƢǟ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨƥƢǏȍơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ Ŀ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƧǁǂǔƬŭơ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ DZȁȋơ ǝȂǼdzơ .ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǩǂƻ ȆǟȂǻ ǺǷ ǝȂǻ ȅƗ Ŀ ƱǁƾǼƫ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǮºǴƫ Ƕǔƫ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸů ǽƢš ƤƳơȁ" ǵơDŽƬdzƢƥ
ǪǴǠƬȇȁ ."ƨǟȂǸƴǸǴdz ƨȈǟƢŦ ƨƸǴǐǷ ƨȇƢŧ Ȃǿ ǾǼǷ ǑǂǤdzơ ǹƢǯȁ
ƨdzƢƷ ȆǨǧ ."Dzǰǯ Ņȁƾdzơ ǞǸƬĐơ ǽƢš ƤƳơȁ" ǵơDŽƬdzƢƥ ňƢưdzơ ǝȂǼdzơ
Ȃºǿ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǺǷ ǑǂǤdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǩǂŬơ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ ǝȂǼdzơ
ǹȂºǰȇ ƧŚºƻȋơ ƨdzƢūơ Ŀ ǾǻƗ śƷ Ŀ ƨȈǟƢŦ ƨƸǴǐǷ ƨȇƢŧ
ƨºȈǟƢǸŪơ ƨƸǴǐŭơ Ȃǿ ƢȀǨȇǂǠƫ ǶǰŞ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǞȈŦ ǺǷ ǑǂǤdzơ
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ŁƢǐŭơ ǽǀŮ ƨǴưǷƗ ȄǴǟ ǥȂǫȂdzơ ǺǰŻȁ .(ÎÓÑ)ƨǧƢǯ DZȁƾǴdz
Ŀȁ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩơƾºǿƢǠŭơ ǺǷ ƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƽƾǟ Ŀ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƩƢǟƢnjŭƢƥ
ƨƸǴǐŭơ Ʃơƿ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ȁƗ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ĿǂǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ơǀºǿ ǩƾǐȇ" ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ ƾƷƗ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơȁ .ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈŷȋơ ȁƗ
ƢºȀȈǧ ƢŠ ƨǧƢǰdzơ ǽƢš ƨǬǴǘŭơ ƨȈƴūơ Ʃơƿ ƨȈǧǂǠdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ȄǴǟ
ƱǁƢƻ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ƨƠȈƥ ȁƗ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƤƳơȁ
.(ÎÓÒ)"ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ
ȃƾºǷȁ ȃȁƾƳ Ŀ ǂǜǼƫ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ DZȁƾǴdz ǺǰŻȁ (ȁ)
ǹƢȈǯ ȁƗ ȅǁƢƦƬǟơ ǎƼNj ȅȋ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǨǐdzơ DzȇȂţ ƣơȂǐƬLJơ
ȄºǴǟ Ǻǰƫ Ń ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨȈǷȂǰƷ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƪǻƢǯ ƔơȂLJ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ
Dzºƻơƽ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǂǷȋơ ǾȈǴǟ ƢǷ ǁơǂǣ
ǞȈºLJȂƫ ǁƢƯƕ Ǻǿǀdzơ Ǻǟ ƣǂǤƫ ȏƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ƨȈǴƄơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ
ǶºƟȐŭơ ȂºƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ Boyleȁ Birnie ƵǂNj ƾǬǧ .ȆǓƢǬƬdzơ ƨǨǏ
ǺǷ ƨǴǷƢǯ ƨǨƟƢǗ ŚǧȂƫ ǞƦƬƬLjȇ ȏ ȅǀdzơ Ǫūơ ơǀŮ ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈŷȋơ
:ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ ŐŪơ DzƟƢLJȁ
Ƨǁȁǂǔŭơ DZȁƾdzơ Ǿƥ ǞƬǸƬƫ ȅǀdzơ Ǫūơ džǨǻ ƢŮ ƨưdzƢưdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǹƗ ƶǓơȂdzơ ǹƜǧ
.Dzǰǯ Ņȁƾdzơ ǞǸƬĐơ ǽƢš ƨƦƳơȁ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏ ǩǂƻ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ǦǰdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ Ŀ
ǂƯƘºƫ ȃƾºǷȁ ǩǂŬơ ǥȁǂǛ ȄǴǟ ŐŪơ ŚǧȂƫ ǦǫȂƬȈLJ Ǯdzƿ ơƾǟ ƢǸȈǧȁ
Ȑ
Ɔ ưǷ ƾǠƦƬLjŭơ ǺǷȁ .ƨǟƢǸŪơ ŁƢǐŠ ǩƾƄơ ǂǘŬơ ƨǠȈƦǗȁ śƦdzƢǘŭơ ŁƢǐǷ
ǪºƷȐdzơ ȅƽƢŭơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ǪƷ DZȁƾdzơ ȃƽơǂǨdz DZȂź ǹƗ
ƧƽƢºǟƛ ȁƗ ǦºȈǜǼƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ǺǷ ǾƫƾƦǰƫ ƢǸǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Śǣ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ
.(ÎÓÓ)ǾȈǴǟ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ǞǓȂdzơ
ȄǴǟ ǵȂǬȇ ƗƾƦǷ Ȃǿ ƔƢǔǬdzơ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơȁ (ǃ)
DzƦºLJ ǵơƾƼƬºLJơ Ǎǂºǧ ŚǧȂƫ Ŀ ƧơȁƢLjŭơ ȄǴǟȁ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ǵƾǟ
Ȑ
Ɔ Ǡǧ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ǾǻƗ Ȃǿ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀǿ ƤȈǠȇ ƢǷ Dzǯȁ .ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ
ŚǧȂºƫ Ŀ ƨºȈdzƢǠǨdzơ ǺǷ Ňƽȋơ ƾūơ ǁƢȈǠŭ DZȁƾdzơ ƔƢǨȈƬLJơ ǕơǂƬNjơ
__________
ÐÎ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÎ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÓÐ)
.ÔÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
Crawford, The International Law Commission’s ǂǜǻơ (ÎÓÑ)
Articles on State Responsibility: Introduction, Text and Commentaries,
.p. 278, para. (10)
Birnie and Boyle, International Law and the (ÎÓÒ)
.Environment, p. 197
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÓÓ)
98
ǂƥƢºǟ ǁǂºǓ ȅƗ ƨºdzƢƷ Ŀ ǦºȈǜǼƬdzơȁ ƵȐǏȍƢƥ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ
ǹȂǻƢºǬǧ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƤƳȂŠȁ .(ÎÓÎ)ƽȁƾƸǴdz
ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰū Ǫūơ ơǀǿ DZȂź ÎÖÖÍ ǵƢǠdz ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
.ƨºȈƦǼƳȋơ ƨºǷȂǰƸǴdzȁ ƨȇƾǼŮơ ƨǴȈƦǬǴdzȁ ƨȇȏȂǴdzȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨǴǷƢnjdzơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƤƳȂŠȁ
ƩȐȇƾºǠƫ ǹȂǻƢºǫ ȄǔºƬǬŠ ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƨdzƾǠŭơ ǾƬǤȈǐƥ
ƨǨºǏ DZȂºţ Ń ǎȈƻǂºƬdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ ǃƢƬǸŭơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
śºǓȂǨŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ȆǴưŲȁ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƨǷȂǰƸǴdz ȏƛ ȆǓƢǬƬdzơ
Ǻȇǀºdzơ ƔƢȈºǏȁȌdz ȁƗ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ȄǴǟ ƔƢȈǏȁƗ ǶȀƬǨǐƥ
ƨȈƟƢǔºǬdzơ ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠdzơ Ŀȁ .ƨȇƾǼŮơ DzƟƢƦǬdzơ ǶȀǼȈǠƫ
ńƛ ƔȂºƴǴdzơ Ŀ DzºƯƢŲ ǪƷ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjǴdz DZȂź ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
ƩƢºǸǜǼǸǴdz ȆǓƢǬƬdzơ ƨǨǏ DZȂź ȆŸȁǂǼdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzƢǧ .ƔƢǔǬdzơ
ƢLjºǻǂǧ Ŀȁ .ƵȐǏȍơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ƨǏƢŬơ ƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁ
Ŀ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢºƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢȈǠǸŪơ ǒǠƦdz DZȂź
ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ DZȂţȁ .ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨȈƠȈƥ Ƕǜǻ ǭƢȀƬǻƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈƟƢǼŪơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ
ǁơǂǬdzơ ǞǼǏ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ) ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ Ŀ ƨdzơƾǠdzơ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛȁ
ƨȈǷȂǰūơ Śǣ ƩƢǸǜǼǸǴdz ȆǓƢǬƬdzơ ƨǨǏ (DžȂǿǁƕ ƨȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ ƾǠƥ
ƵǂƬǬŭơ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ DZȂź ƢǸǯ .ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ŁƢǐŭơ ǶLJƢƥ ǥǂǐƬǴdz
ƨºǼȈǠǷ ƨºȈǷȂǰƷ Śǣ ƩƢǸǜǼŭ ÏÍÍÏ ǵƢǠdz ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȐdz
ƿƢºţơ ƨǐºƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ńƛ ƤǴǘƫ ǹƗ Ŀ Ǫūơ Ƣđ ǥǂƬǠǷ
śƫƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠȁ .Ƨǁơƽȍơ ǺLjū ƆơDŽȇDŽǠƫ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ƔơǂƳƛ
ȄǔƬǬŠ ƢȀǼȈȈǠƫ ǶƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǽǀŮ ǃȂŸ Óȁ Ò
ȁƗ ƨºȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ƿƢţơ DzǤnjŭơ ńƛ ƤǴǘƫ ǹƗ ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơ
ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǮǴƫ ƢȀLjǨǻ Ȇǿ ǀƼƬƫ ǹƗ ȁƗ ƨȇǁȁǂǔdzơ ƨȈƷȐǏȍơ
ž(ÎÓÏ)ǾȈǴǟ ǂưǠĄȇ Ń ȁƗ DzǤnjŭơ ƢǿǀƼƬȇ Ń ǹƛ
ƱǁƢºƻ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ǪǗƢǼŭƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ (ǿ)
ƗƆƾºƦǷ ȆºǓƢǬƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƾǠƫ ȏ ƨdzȁƽ ȅȋ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ
ƨºdzȁƽ ǽƢºš ƤƳơȁ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ǩǂŬ ƨƴȈƬǻ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƜǧ .ơƆǂǬƬLjǷ
ǞƥƢǗ ơƿ ǩǂŬơ ǹƢǯ ȁƗ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸů Ŀ Ȃǔǟ ƨdzȁƽ ǽƢš ȁƗ
ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǃȂŸ ǾǻƜǧ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁ ǩȂǬūƢƥ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǧƢǯ ǞƬŤ ȄǴǟ ǂƯƚȇ
ƢȀƬǨǐºƥ ȃȂǟƽ ǶȈǬƫ ǹƗ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈǼǠŭơ
ƨǠǫơȁ ǪǗƢǼŠ ǪƷȐdzơ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ƧǁȁǂǔǷ ƨdzȁƽ
ƨºȈŭƢǠdzơ ƩƢǟƢnjŭơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ȅƗ ƨdzȁƽ ȅȋ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ƱǁƢƻ
ǺǷ ǾǻƜǧ ƨdzȁƽ ȅƗ ǽƢš ƨƦƳơȁ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ȅƗ ƢƆƦǴLJ ƢȀȈǧ ǂƯƘƬƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ
ǽƢºš ƨȈƴƷ ȅƿ ǵơDŽƬdzȏ ƢƆǯƢȀƬǻơ ǽǁƢƦƬǟơ ǞLJơȁ ǩƢǘǻ ȄǴǟ DZȂƦǬŭơ
ǹƘnjºƥ ƽơȂºŭơ ǝȁǂnjºǷ ǺǷ ÑÕ ƧƽƢŭơ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀǿ ǂǬƫȁ .ƨǧƢǰdzơ
ƨǼŪ ǾƫƾǸƬǟơ ȅǀdzơ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
__________
Wetterstein, “A proprietary or possessory interest: ǂǜǻơ (ÎÓÎ)
a conditio sine qua non for claiming damages for environmental
.impairment?”, p. 50–51
ǂº
ººǜǻơ) COM (2002) 17 final–2002/0021(COD) (ÎÓÏ)
.ÏÏȁ ÏÍ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÎÒÔ ƨȈNjƢūơ
99 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǾºȈǧ ǶºǴǠȇ ǹƗ DzºǬǠȇ ȁƗ ƤdzƢǘŭơ ǾȈǧ ǶǴǠȇ ȅǀdzơ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ǺǷ
ǃȂŸ ȏ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǺǰŻ ƢǸǯ .DzǤnjŭơ ƨȇȂđȁ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ
ƨǼLJ śƯȐƯ ǁȁǂǷ ƾǠƥ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ ǽǀǿ ƨǷƢǫƛ DZơȂƷȋơ ǺǷ DZƢƷ ȅƘƥ
ǎǼºƫ ơǀǰǿȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ Ŀ ƤƦLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ƭƽƢūơ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ
ÎÍ ƧƽƢºŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ʼnƾǬƬdz ƨǴƯƢŲ ǵƽƢǬƫ ƩơǂƬǧ ȄǴǟ
ǺºǷ ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơȁ (ƨǼLJ ÎÒȁ ƩơȂǼLJ Ð) ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ
(ƩơȂǼºLJ ÎÍȁ ƩơȂǼºLJ Ò) ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢºǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
ž(ƨǼLJ ÐÍȁ ƩơȂǼLJ Ð) ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÎÔ ƧƽƢŭơȁ
džºǨǻ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǨǴƬű ǶǯƢŰ Ŀ ƨǬǴǠŭơ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơȁ (ȅ)
Ŗdzơ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz ƢȀȈǧ ǂǜǼdzơ ǭǂƫ ǺǰŻ ǥơǂǗȋơ džǨǻ śƥ ǝȂǓȂŭơ
.ƨȈǼǠŭơ DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ǩƢǨƫƢƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƧǂǷ DZȁȋ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƪǓǂǟ
ƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơ ƨLJǁƢŲ Ǻǟ ǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥ ȃǂƻȋơ ǶǯƢƄơ ǵơDŽdzƛ ǺǰŻ ƢǸǯ
ȄºǴǟ ǥȂǫȂdzơ ǺǰŻȁ .ƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơ ńȁȋơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪLJǁƢǷ ơƿƛ
ǺǷ Ïȁ Î śƫǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ ǶǓ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ȄǴǟȁ ƨǴƯƢŲ ǵƢǰƷƗ
Ò-Ð ƩơǂǬǨdzơȁ ÎÑ śƫƽƢŭơȁ ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ ÎÒ ƧƽƢŭơ
ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢºǠdz DZǃƢºƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ ÎÕ ƧƽƢŭơȁ ÎÑ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ
ƤºǼš Ȃºǿ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÏÏȁ ÏÎ śƫƽƢŭơ ǺǷ ǑǂǤdzơȁ
ȆºǓƢǬƬdzơ ƩơƔơǂºƳƛ ƧƾƷȁ ƨȇƢŧȁ ǶǯƢƸǸǴdz ǑǂǤŭơ ǁƢȈƬƻȏơ
žƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǖȈLjƦƬƥ
ƔƢǔǬdzơ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ Dzǰnjȇȁ (ǭ)
ǥƢǐºƬǻȏơ DzƦLjdz DZƢǠǧ ǵƢǜǻ Ŀ ƢƆǷƢǿ ơƆǂǐǼǟ ƢǿǀȈǨǼƫȁ œǼƳȋơ
ǺǷ ȃȁƾƳ Ȑǧ .ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ƢȇƢƸǔdz ƨƷƢƬŭơ
.ȃǂºƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ǀǨǼȇȁ Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǠȇ Ń ơƿƛ ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ǁƽƢǏ ǶǰƷ
ǺºǷ ÏÎ ƧƽƢºŭơȁ ǦºȈȈǯ DZȂºǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ ÎÕ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ
ȄǴǟ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÏÐ ƧƽƢŭơȁ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
.(ÎÔÏ)ǀȈǨǼƬdzơȁ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ơǀǿ
__________
ǹȂºǰȇ ǀȈǨǼƬdzơȁ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǹƘnjƥ ȅǁƢȈǠǷ ǶǰƷ ǎǻ DzǠdz (ÎÔÏ)
:ŅƢƬdzƢǯ
ƨƷƢƫƜƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ] ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨǐƬű ƨǸǰŰ ǽǁƾǐƫ ǁơǂǫ Dzǯ -Î"
ǺºǷ DzǰºNj ȅȋ ƢƆǠǓƢƻ ǹȂǰȇ ȏȁ ǽȐǟƗ [ƔƢǔǬdzơ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ
Ǻǰȇ (Ɨ) :Ń ƢǷ ǥǂǗ ȅƗ ȃƾdz Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǠȇ ǂǜǼdzơ ƧƽƢǟȍ ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ DZƢǰNjȋơ
ǾºǼǷ ƤºǴǘȇ ȅǀºdzơ ǥǂºǘdzơ ȃƾdz ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼǴdz ƢƆǨdzƢű ǥơǂƬǟȏơ Ǯdzƿ
DZȂǏȋơ ƤLjƷ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ǶǴLjƬȇ Ńȁ ƢƆȈƥƢȈǣ ǁƾǐȇ ȁƗ (ƣ) žǥơǂƬǟȏơ
ƤºȈƫǂƫ ǺºǷ ǾºǼȈǰǸƬdz ǥƢǯ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƨǬȈƯȁ ȁƗ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨǨȈƸǏ
džºǨǻ śºƥ ǝơDŽǻ Ŀ ǁƾǏ ǁơǂǫ ǞǷ ƢƆǔǫƢǼƬǷ ǁơǂǬdzơ Ǻǰȇ ȁƗ (Ʊ) žǾǟƢǧƽ
ǁơǂºǬdzơ Ǻºǰȇ ȁƗ (ƽ) žǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǾǼǷ ƤǴǗ ȅǀdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ȃƾdz ǥơǂǗȋơ
ǝȂºǓȂǷ džǨǼºƥ ǪǴǠƬȇȁ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ǁƾǏ ǪƥƢLJ ǁơǂǫ ǞǷ ƢƆǔǫƢǼƬǷ
Śºƻȋơ ǁơǂºǬdzơ ơǀºǿ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƨǘȇǂNj ǥơǂǗȋơ džǨǻ śƥȁ ȃȂǟƾdzơ
.ƤǴǘdzơ ǾȈdzƛ ǾƳȂŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ȃƾdz Ǿƥ ǥơǂƬǟȐdz ƨȇǁȁǂǔdzơ ǕȁǂnjǴdz ƢƆȈǧȂƬLjǷ
DzºƥƢǬdzơȁ ǽȐǟƗ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǠŭơ ǁơǂǬdzơ ǹƛ -Ï"
DzǸǰƬLjƫ ƢǷ ƽǂƴŠ ǥǂǗ Dzǯ ȃƾdz ǀǨǼȇ ǁƾǐŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ȃƾdz ǀȈǨǼƬǴdz
ƶǸLjºƫ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ ȏȁ .ǥǂǘdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƢȀǗǂƬnjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǴǰnjdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
."ƾȇƾƳ ǺǷ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ƶƬǨƥ ƨȈǴǰnjdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
Ǎǂºǧ ŚǧȂƫ Ŀȁ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǺȇǂƥƢǠdzơ śƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ DzƟƢLJȁ
ǶǯƢºƄơ śƥ ǶƟȐŭơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ǹƢǸǓ Ŀȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ
ơǀºǿ ƽǂºȇȁ .ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƽȁƾūơ Őǟ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơȁ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ
(ÎÓÔ)ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǹƘnjƥ Ȃȇǁ ǹȐǟƛ ǺǷ ÎÍ ƗƾƦŭơ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƗƾƦŭơ
Ŀ ƾȇơDŽƬǷ ǥơǂƬǟƢƥ ȄǜŹȁ .ƨǠȈƦǘǴdz ȆŭƢǠdzơ ǩƢưȈŭơ ǺǷ ÏÐ ƗƾƦŭơȁ
ǹƗ ƢºǸǯ .(ÎÓÕ)ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ řǗȂdzơ ȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǾȈƳȂƫ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǼȈLjŢ Dzƻƾƫ Ŗdzơ DžȂǿǁƕ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
DZƢǸnjdz ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ö ƧƽƢŭơȁ (ÎÓÖ)ÎÖÖÍ ǵƢǠdz
ƩƢǘǴLjºdzơ ƾȇȁDŽƫ ǹƢǸǔƥ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǹƢǷDŽǴƫ ȆLjǴǗȋơ ǖȈƄơ ǩǂNj
ƨƸǴǐǷ ȅƗ ǂǯƿ ǕơǂƬNjơ ǹȁƽ"ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ" ƥ ǁȂȀǸƴǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ
ž(ÎÔÍ)DZȂǬǠǷ Śǣ ǶLJǁ Ǒǂǧ ǹȁƽȁ ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƤǴǘdzơ ƧǁƢǸƬLJơ Ŀ
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠǷ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ǺǰŻȁ (Ƶ)
ǑǂǠƫ Ŗdzơȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ȄǴǟ ǂƯƗ ƢŮ Ŗdzơ ƧǂǘŬơ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ Ǻǟ
ƨºȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǩȂǬūơ ǹȂǏ ǑǂǤdzȁ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǂǘƼǴdz ƨȇǂnjƦdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ
ƱǁƾǼȇ ƢƆǬƷ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǮǴƫ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȇƢƸǓȁ śǼǗơȂǸǴdz
ǁƢºǘƻȍơȁ ǡȐƥȍơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ȆǴƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢƯ DzȈƳ Ŀ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƽơȂǷ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ Ŀ Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ ƨƳǁƾŭơ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơȁ ǁȁƢnjƬdzơȁ
ƨǘnjºǻƗ Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǼǷ ǹƘnjƥ Ņȁƾdzơ
ƔȐȇƛ ǞǷȁ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏƢƥ DZȐƻƛ ǹȁƽȁ .(ÎÔÎ)Ƨǂǘƻ
ǮºǴŻ ȅǀºdzơ ǎƼnjºǴdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ ƨƸǴǐǸǴdz ǵǃȐdzơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ
ȄºǴǟ DZȂǐºūơ Ǎǂǧ ǂǧȂƫ ǹƗ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƤǴǘȇ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
ŚƦºǯ DZƢů ƨťȁ .ƔƢǔǬdzơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ Ǎǂǧ Ľ ǺǷȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
ȆǟȂdzơ ƾȇơDŽƫ ǞǷȁ .ǽƿƢǨǻƛȁ ƤƳơȂdzơ ơǀǿ ǪȈǫƾƫ ƨǴǏơȂŠ śLjƸƬǴdz
ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǂǗƢƼŭơ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ǂǗƢƼŭƢƥ
ƩơǁơǂºǬdzơ ƿƢţơ Ŀ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ Ŀ ŐǯƗ ǁȁƾƥ ǁȂȀǸŪơ ƤdzƢǘȈLJ
ƨdzƔƢLjºŠ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƾȇơDŽƬƫȁ .Ƣēǁơƽƛȁ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǽǀǿ ƨǷƢǫƜƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
Ŀ ƨȈǧƢǨnjºdzƢƥ ƢºȀȈǴŢ Ƨǁȁǂǔƥȁ ŃƢǠdzơ ƔƢŴƗ Dzǯ Ŀ ƩƢǷȂǰūơ
ǺǷ ŐǯƗ ǁƾǫ ǵDŽǴȇ ƢǸǯ .ƾȈNjǂdzơ Ƕǰūơ ȄǴǟ DŽȈǯǂƬdzơ ǞǷ ƢȀǴǸǟ
DZȂǐūơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƢǷȁ .ƢȀǟƢƳǂƬLJơȁ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǶȈǸǠƫ
Ȃºǿ ǂƻȉơ ƢȀǧǂǗ ƨdzƽƢǠǷ Ŀ Ňƽȋơ ǥǂǘdzơ ȏƛ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ȄǴǟ
ǹƛȁ ŕƷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǮǴƬƥ ǁȂȀǸŪơ ƨǷƢǟ ƾȇȁDŽƬƥ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ
žƢȀƦǴǘȇ Ń
DzƟƢºLJȁ ńƛ ƔȂºƴǴdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ Ǟǔź ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ (Ǖ)
ƩơȂǼLJ Ò DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ǵƽƢǬƫ ƧǂƬǨdz ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ
__________
.ǽȐǟƗ ÎÏÐ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÓÔ)
.ÑÍÔ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Cuperus and Boyle (ÎÓÕ)
ÎÖÖÍ ǾȈǻȂȇ /ǹơǂȇDŽƷ Ô ƹǁƚŭơ 90/313/EEC džǴĐơ ǾȈƳȂƫ (ÎÓÖ)
Official Journal of the ƨºƠȈƦdzơ Ǻǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ ƨȇǂƷ ǹƘnjƥ
.European Communities, No. L 158 (23 June 1990)
.ÕÒÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Sands ǂǜǻơ (ÎÔÍ)
ƨºȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ǂǜǻơ .ÕÓÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÔÎ)
.ÕÓÕ-ÕÏÓ Ǎ ÎÔ DzǐǨdzơ ƨǷƢǟ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀǟƢƦƫơ ǵǃȐdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏơȁ ǞǼŭơ Śƥơƾƫ ǹƘnjƥ Ȑ
Ɔ ȈǐǨƫ
śǷƘºƬdzơ Śƥơƾºƫ Ǯdzǀºǯȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨƠǨƥ
.ƢŷŚǧȂƫ ǞǷDŽŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ
ǒȇȂǠƫ DZơȂǷƗ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǮǴƫ ǺǸǔƬƫ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ -Ï"
Ŀ ȆºǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ŚǧȂƬdz DZȁƾdzơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƩƢǟƢǼǐdzơ ƢȀǷƾǬƫ
śǷƘƬdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ DzǤnjǸǴdz ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢūơ
ǃȂºŸȁ .ƭƽƢºū ƨƴȈƬǻ ƧƾƦǰƬŭơ ǂƟƢLjŬơ ƨȈǘǤƬdz ƨȈǧƢǯ Śǣ
ƢºǿǂǧȂƫ Ŗºdzơ DZơȂºǷȋơ DZƢǸǰƬLJȏ DZơȂǷȋơ ǮǴƫ ǎȈǐţ
."ƢȀǼǟ ƨǓƢǠƬLJȐdz ȁƗ řǗȂdzơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǟƢǼǐdzơ
Ƶǂnjdzơ
ǂưǯƗ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƫ DZȁƾdzơ Ǟǔƫ ǹƗ ƧǁȁǂǓ ńƛ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀǿ Śnjȇ
.ǂǘƻ ǕƢnjǻ Dzǰƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ǞǷ ƢȀǨȈǰƫȁ Ȑ Ɔ ȈǐǨƫ
ǪºǴǠƬŭơ ǵƢºǜǼdzơ Ŀ ƩơŚǤƬǷ Ƨƾǟ ƽȂƳȂƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǥơǂƬǟơ ơǀǿȁ
ƨºȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơ ƨǘǴLjǴdz ƪǯǂƫ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
ƔȂºǓ ȄºǴǟ ƢēƢLJǁƢŲ ȁƗ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƢȀǼȈǻơȂǬdz ȁƗ DZȁƾdzơ ȃƽơǂǨdz
ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǷȁ .ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁ ȆLJƢȈLjdzơ ƢȀǠǫơȁȁ ƨǼȈǠŭơ ƢēƢƳƢȈƬƷơ
ƧƽƾŰ ƨƠǨƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ȆǸȈǴǫƛ ƾȈǠǏ ȄǴǟ ƨǷŐŭơ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬdzơ ǹȂǰƫ
ƨƸǴǐºǷ ƨºȇƢŧ Ŀ ƢƆºǷơȁƽȁ ƧƾƟƢǧ ǂưǯƗ ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǺǷ
.ƢȀȈǴǟ ǹȁƾǸƬǠȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơȁ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ -ÎÏ"
ƨȈǠȇǂnjºƫ Śƥơƾºƫ ǺºǷ ǵDŽǴȇ ƢǷ DZȁƾdzơ ǀƼƬƫ -Î"
.ǽȐǟƗ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǪȈƦǘƬdz ƨȇǁơƽƛȁ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƫȁ
ȄºǴǟ ƨȈǬȈƦǘƫ ǵƢǰƷƗ ȅƗȁ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǽǀǿ ǪƦǘƫ -Ï"
ǺǰLjºdzơ ǹƢǰǷ ȁƗ ƨȈLjǼŪơ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjȇ DŽȈȈŤ ǹȁƾƥ DZȁƾdzơ ǞȈŦ
.ƨǷƢǫȍơ ȁƗ
ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǀȈǨǼƬdz ǒǠƥ ǞǷ ƢȀǔǠƥ DZȁƾdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬƫ -Ð"
."Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƢēƢǷơDŽƬdzȏ ƢƆǬǧȁ
Ƶǂnjdzơ
ǵȂºǬƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁȁƾdzơ DZƢǸǰƬLJơ Ȃǿ Ƕǰūơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƾǐǬdzơ
Dzºƥ ƨºȈǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ƨºȈǴƄơ ƨºȈǬȈƦǘƬdzơ ƩƢȈdzȉơ ǞǓȁ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ Ǿƥ
.ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƢēƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǀȈǨǼƬdz ƨȇǁȁǂǔdzơȁ
.ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ Õ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ džƦƬǫơ ƾǫȁ
100
ȃǂƻȋơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬƥ ƨǫȐǠdzơ -Ö"
ƤƳȂŠ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁ ǩȂǬŞ ƽơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ Dzţ ȏ"
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭƢƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ
."DZȁƾǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
Ƶǂnjdzơ
ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƫ ǹƘnjƥ Ņȁƽ ǵƢǜǻ ȅƗ ǞǓȁ ńƛ ƨƳƢūơ ǹƛ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƾºǟơȂǬƥ DZȐƻƛ ǹȁƽ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƤºƳȂŠ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ȃǂƻȋơ Ņȁƾdzơ
ƢºǷ ơǀǿȁ .ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƨȇȁơDŽdzơ DŽƴƷ Dzǰnjƫ ƪƠƬǧ ƢǷ Ņȁƾdzơ
.ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ǾƬLjǰǟȁ ǾƫƾȇƗ
ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ -ÎÍ"
ƢºȀǬȈƦǘƫ ȁƗ ƽơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ ŚLjǨƫ ǹƘnjƥ ǝơDŽǻ Dzǯ -Î"
ȁƗ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ ƨȈǸǴLjdzơ ƨȇȂLjƬdzơ DzƟƢLJȂƥ ƨǟǂLjƥ ȃȂLjȇ
.ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƨȇȂLjƬdzơ ȁƗ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ȁƗ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨǗƢLJȂdzơ
ƢƆºǬǧȁ DzºŹ ȏ ǝơDŽºǻ Dzǯ Ŀ ǥơǂǗȌdz ǃȂŸ -Ï"
ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ ŖǴȈLJȁ ȃƾƷƛ ȆǓơǂƬdzƢƥ DzƦǬƫ ǹƗ Î ƧǂǬǨǴdz
DZƾºǠdzơ ƨºǸǰŰ ȄºǴǟ ǝơŗdzơ Ǒǂǟ (Ɨ) Ƣŷȁ ƢǸȀȈƬǴǯ ȁƗ
."ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ (ƣ) ȁƗ žƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
Ƶǂnjdzơ
ƤºdzƢǘǷ ǺǷ ƤǴǘǷ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥ
ǎǼºƫ ƢȀȈǴưŲȁ DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƥȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƔƢǔǟƗ ǒǠƥ
ƨȇȂLjºƬƥ DzºƯƢŲ ǵơDŽºƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ ÏÓ ƧƽƢŭơ
DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ǺǷ ÎÑ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ
ƨºȇǁƢȈƬƻȏơ ƾºǟơȂǬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǵDŽǴŭơȁ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ
Ŗºdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ Ŀ ǶȈǰƸƬǴdz
ǍƢƼNjƗ śƥ ǝơDŽǻ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ .ƨǸƟơƾdzơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƢȀƬǠǓȁ
śdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǍƢƼNjȋơȁ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ǹȂƦdzƢǘȇ
ȏƛ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ ǺǰŻ ȏ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ƤƳȂŠ
.ƨȈǼǠŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǞȈŦ śƥ ǩƢǨƫƢƥ
ơƆƾȇƾŢȁ Ȑ
ƆÅ ȈǐǨƫ ǂưǯƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ Ƕǜǻ ǞǓȁ -ÎÎ"
ƨǸƟȐǷ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǞǓȁ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬƫ -Î"
ǂºưǯƗ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƫ ȄǴǟ ǎǼǴdz ȆǸȈǴǫȍơȁ ȆŭƢǠdzơ ǺȇƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ) Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
(Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƨdzƢƷ
[DZƢǸǟȋơ DZȁƾƳ ǺǷ Ñ ƾǼƦdzơ]
A/CN.4/543 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ
ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǝȂǓȂŠ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǶǜǼdz ƨȈƟƢǐǬƬLJơ ƨLJơǁƽ
(Ƨǂºǘƻ ƨǘnjºǻƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ) Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ ƢēƾǟƗ
[ƨȇDŽȈǴǰǻȍƢƥ :DzǏȋơ]
[ÏÍÍÑ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÏÑ]
ƩƢȇȂƬƄơ
ƨƸǨǐdzơ ƩơǂºǬǨdzơ
ÎÍÏ ....................................................................... ƾǴĐơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ
ÎÍÕ .......................................................................................... ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳơǂŭơ
ÎÎÏ ÎÒ-Î ................................................................................................. ƨǷƾǬǷ
DzǐǨdzơ
ÎÎÑ ÏÓÍ-ÎÓ ............................................................. ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǶƌǜǼĄdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ - DZȁȋơ
ÎÎÑ ÏÕ-ÎÓ ................................................................... ƤƦLjƬdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ - ǦdzƗ
ÎÎÓ ÎÎÏ-ÏÖ .............................................................. ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ - ƔƢƥ
ÎÎÓ ÎÎÏ-ÏÖ ..........................................................ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ -Î
ÎÎÓ ÐÐ-ÏÖ ............................................ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ȁƗ ƔȆnjdzơ ƨǠȈƦǗ (Ɨ)
ÎÎÕ ÑÐ-ÐÑ ............................................ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ ƨdzƢƷ (ƣ)
ÎÏÍ ÒÒ-ÑÑ ........................................... ŁƢǐŭơ śƥ ǹǃơȂƬdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ (Ʊ)
ÎÏÐ ÓÕ-ÒÓ .................................. ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơȁ ȆƟƢǔǬdzơ ŚLjǨƬdzơ (ƽ)
ÎÏÔ ÎÎÏ-ÓÖ .................................... ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǺȇȁƾƬdzơ (ǿ)
ÎÐÓ ÏÓÍ-ÎÎÐ ........................................................... Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ -Ï
ÎÐÔ ÏÎÑ-ÎÎÔ ................................ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ (Ɨ)
ÎÒÖ ÏÓÍ-ÏÎÒ ............ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ ƱǁƢƻ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ (ƣ)
ÎÓÔ ÑÐÐ-ÏÓÎ ................................................................ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ȅǀdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ - ňƢưdzơ
ÎÓÔ ÐÐÖ-ÏÓÏ ................................................................ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ - ǦdzƗ
ÎÓÔ ÏÕÓ-ÏÓÏ .......................................................... ȆźǁƢƬdzơ ǁȂǘƬdzơ -Î
ÎÔÎ ÐÐÖ-ÏÕÔ .......................................... Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦŭ ƨǻȂǰŭơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ -Ï
ÎÔÎ ÐÐÓ-ÏÕÔ ............... ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍƢƥ ƧơȁƢLjŭơ ǵƾǫ ȄǴǟ ƨǻƢǠƬLJȏơ Ŀ Ǫūơ (Ɨ)
ÎÕÑ ÐÐÖ-ÐÐÔ ................................................... ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ (ƣ)
ÎÕÑ ÐÕÓ-ÐÑÍ ................................................................. DzĈǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ - ƔƢƥ
ÎÕÒ ÐÔÎ-ÐÑÔ ....................................... ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ -Î
ÎÖÏ ÐÕÓ-ÐÔÏ .................. ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ ƱǁƢƻ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ -Ï
ÎÖÑ ÐÖÕ-ÐÕÔ .................................................................. DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ - ǶȈƳ
ÎÖÑ ÐÖÕ-ÐÕÕ ....................................... ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ -Î
ÎÖÔ ÑÐÐ-ÐÖÖ .................. ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ ƱǁƢƻ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ -Ï

101
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ 102

ÏÍÐ ÑÔÓ-ÑÐÑ ........................................................................ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ Ɣơǂƥȍơ - ƮdzƢưdzơ

ÏÍÒ ÑÔÍ-ÑÑÔ ............................................... ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ - ǦdzƗ
ÏÍÖ ÑÔÓ-ÑÔÎ .......................... ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ ƱǁƢƻ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ - ƔƢƥ
ÏÎÎ ÓÓÔ-ÑÔÔ .................................................................................. ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ - Ǟƥơǂdzơ
ÏÎÎ ÓÏÐ-ÑÔÕ ........................................................................ ǹȂǸǔŭơ - ǦdzƗ
ÏÎÎ ÒÖÍ-ÑÔÕ .................................................. ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ƨǴƥƢǬdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ -Î
ÏÎÐ ÒÍÔ-ÑÕÕ ................................ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦċƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ (Ɨ)
ÏÎÖ ÒÖÍ-ÒÍÕ ........... ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǩƢǘǻ ƱǁƢƻ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ (ƣ)
ÏÐÐ ÓÍÑ-ÒÖÎ ......................................................... ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ DZƢǰNjƗ -Ï
ÏÐÐ ÒÖÖ-ÒÖÏ ................................ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ (Ɨ)
ÏÐÒ ÓÍÑ-ÓÍÍ ............ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ ƱǁƢƻ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ (ƣ)
ÏÐÓ ÓÏÐ-ÓÍÒ ........................................................ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǺǷ ƾūơ -Ð
ÏÐÓ ÓÏÏ-ÓÎÎ ................................ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ (Ɨ)
ÏÐÖ ÓÏÐ ............ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ ƱǁƢƻ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ (ƣ)
ÏÐÖ ÓÓÔ-ÓÏÑ .............................................. ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ǶǰūƢƥ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ - ƔƢƥ
ÏÐÖ ÓÑÖ-ÓÏÓ .................................................. ƨȈǴƄơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơȁ ǶǯƢƄơ -Î
ÏÐÖ ÓÑÕ-ÓÏÓ ................................ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ (Ɨ)
ÏÑÑ ÓÑÖ ............ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ ƱǁƢƻ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ (ƣ)
ÏÑÒ ÓÒÐ-ÓÒÍ .......................... ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ǹƢƴǴdzơȁ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƩƢƠȈǿȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǶǯƢƄơ -Ï
ÏÑÒ ÓÒÏ-ÓÒÍ ................................ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ (Ɨ)
ÏÑÓ ÓÒÐ ............ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ ƱǁƢƻ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ (ƣ)
ÏÑÓ ÓÓÔ-ÓÒÑ ........................................................... ǪƦǘǼŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ -Ð
ÏÑÓ ÓÓÏ-ÓÒÑ ................................ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ (Ɨ)
ÏÑÕ ÓÓÔ-ÓÓÐ ............ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ ƱǁƢƻ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ (ƣ)
ÏÑÖ ÓÕÐ-ÓÓÕ ....................................................................... ǖǬLjŭơ ǵƽƢǬƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ - džǷƢŬơ
ÏÒÑ ÔÎÑ-ÓÕÑ .............................................. ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƢǸǔdz ƨȈƦLjƸƬdzơ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ǖǘŬơȁ śǷƘƬdzơ - DžƽƢLjdzơ
ÏÒÑ ÔÍÕ-ÓÖÍ ............................................... ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ - ǦdzƗ
ÏÒÕ ÔÎÑ-ÔÍÖ .......................... ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ ƱǁƢƻ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ - ƔƢƥ
ÏÓÍ ÔÐÑ-ÔÎÒ ............................................................................. ǵƢǰƷȋơ ƿƢǨǻƛ - ǞƥƢLjdzơ
ÏÓÍ ÔÐÐ-ÔÎÓ ............................................... ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ - ǦdzƗ
ÏÓÒ ÔÐÑ .......................... ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ ƱǁƢƻ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ - ƔƢƥ
ººººººººººº

ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ

J.B. Scott, ed. The Hague Conventions
and Declarations of 1899 and
1907, 3rd ed. (New York, Oxford
Press, 1918), p. 151.
League of Nations, Treaty Series, vol.
CXX, No. 2763, p. 125.
Ibid., vol. CXXXVII, No. 3145, p. 11.
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.
478, No. 6943, p. 317.
(ƨºȈǻƢť Ƕºǫǁ) DžƢºǸƬdzƢƥ ƢƆºȈƟƢǬǴƫ ǂƴǨǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǤdzȋơ ǞǓȂƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÍÔ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÕ ȅƢǿȏ)
ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ȆǰdzƢǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǺǷ ƾūƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƾȈƷȂƬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÏÑ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ ÏÒ DzLjǯȁǂƥ)
Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÏ ȂLJǁơȁ) Ņȁƾdzơ ȅȂŪơ DzǬǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƾȈƷȂƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÏÖ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ
ȅȂºŪơ DzºǬǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƾȈƷȂƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz DZƾǠŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
(ÎÖÒÒ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÕ ȅƢǿȏ) Ņȁƾdzơ
103
ICAO document No. 8922, 2nd ed.
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.
2097, No. 6943, p. 23.
Ibid., p. 64.
ICAO document No. 9147.
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.
2145, No. 6943, p. 31.
Ibid., vol. 310, No. 4493, p. 181.
Ibid., vol. 298, No. 4300, p. 3.
Ibid., vol. 1412, No. 23642, p. 73
Ibid., vol. 956, No. 13706, p. 251.
Ibid., vol. 1041, No. 13706, p. 358.
Ibid., vol. 1650, No. 13706, p. 446.
Official Journal of the European
Communities, vol. 47, No. L 97
(1 April 2004), p. 55.
Ibid., vol. 500, No. 7305, p. 31.
IAEA, International Conventions on
Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage,
Legal Series, No. 4, rev. ed.
(Vienna, 1976). p. 34.
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.
1063, No. 16197, p. 265.
Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Ņȁƾºdzơ ȅȂºŪơ DzǬǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƾȈƷȂƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz DZƾǠŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
ǞǫȂŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ƢŮƾǟ ƢǸǯ ÎÖÏÖ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÏ Ŀ ȂLJǁơȁ Ŀ ǞǫȂŭơȁ
(ÎÖÔÎ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ Õ ŖȈLJ ȏƢǸȈƫơȂǣ) ÎÖÒÒ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÕ Ŀ ȅƢǿȏ Ŀ
DzºǬǼdzƢƥ ǪºǴǠƬƫ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƾȈƷȂƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz Î Ƕǫǁ ĿƢǓȍơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
ÎÖÏÖ ǂƥȂºƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÎÏ Ŀ ȂºLJǁơȁ Ŀ ǞºǫȂŭơ Ņȁƾdzơ ȅȂŪơ
(ÎÖÔÒ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÒ DZƢȇǂƬǻȂǷ)
DzºǬǼdzƢƥ ǪºǴǠƬƫ ƨºǼȈǠǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƾȈƷȂƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz Ï Ƕǫǁ ĿƢǓȍơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
ƢŮƾǟ ƢǸǯ ÎÖÏÖ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÏ Ŀ ȂLJǁơȁ Ŀ ǞƐǫȂŭơȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ȅȂŪơ
ÏÒ DZƢºȇǂƬǻȂǷ) ÎÖÒÒ ŐǸƬƦºLJ/DZȂºǴȇƗ ÏÕ Ŀ ȅƢǿȏ Ŀ ǞǫȂŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
(ÎÖÔÒ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ
DzºǬǼdzƢƥ ǪºǴǠƬƫ ƨºǼȈǠǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƾȈƷȂƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz Ð Ƕǫǁ ĿƢǓȍơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
ƢŮƾºǟ ƢǸǯ ÎÖÏÖ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÏ Ŀ ȂLJǁơȁ Ŀ ǞƐǫȂŭơ Ņȁƾdzơ ȅȂŪơ
ŖȈºLJ ȏƢǸȈƫơȂǣ Ŀȁ ÎÖÒÒ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÕ Ŀ ȅƢǿȏ Ŀ ǞǫȂŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
(ÎÖÔÒ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÒ DZƢȇǂƬǻȂǷ) (ÎÖÔÎ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ Õ Ŀ
ȅȂŪơ DzǬǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƾȈƷȂƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz Ñ Ƕǫǁ DZƢȇǂƬǻȂǷ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
ÏÒ DZƢºȇǂƬǻȂǷ) ÎÖÒÒ ŐǸƬƦºLJ/DZȂºǴȇƗ ÏÕ Ŀ ȅƢºǿȏ Ŀ ǞºƐǫȂŭơ Ņȁƾdzơ
(ÎÖÔÒ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ
Ǒǁȋơ ȄºǴǟ ƨưdzƢƯ ǥơǂǗȋ ƨȈƦǼƳȋơ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ ƢȀƦƦLjƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÒÏ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ô ƢǷȁǁ)
/ǁơƿƕ ÏÒ ƢºǷȁǁ) (ƢºǷȁǁ ƧƾºǿƢǠǷ) ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȇƽƢǐºƬǫȏơ ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨƠnjǼŭơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ
(ÎÖÒÔ DžǁƢǷ
Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÍ DzLjǯȁǂƥ) ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ǭȐǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƾȇƾƸƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÒÔ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ
(ÎÖÓÍ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÏÖ džȇǁƢƥ) ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ DZƢů Ŀ ƮdzƢưdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÐÎ DzLjºǯȁǂƥ) ǽȐºǟƗ ǂǯǀºdzơ ƧƽǁơȂºdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ƨǴǸǰŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÓÐ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ ƨºǬƸǴŭơ ÎÖÓÐ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÐÎ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ DZƾǠŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
ÎÖÓÍ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÏÖ ƨƻǁƚŭơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ DZƢů Ŀ ƮdzƢưdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
džȇǁƢºƥ) (ÎÖÓÑ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÕ ƹǁƚǷ ĿƢǓƛ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ƢŮƾǟ ƢǸǯ
(ÎÖÕÏ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÓ
ƨƻǁƚŭơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ DZƢů Ŀ ƮdzƢưdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ DZƾǠŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÏÕ ƹǁƚºŭơ ĿƢǓȍơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ƢŮƾǟ ƢǸǯ ÎÖÓÍ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÏÖ
ÎÖÕÏ ŐǸǧȂºǻ/ňƢºưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÓ ƹǁƚŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơȁ (ÎÖÓÑ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ
(ÏÍÍÑ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÎÏ džȇǁƢƥ)
ȅȂºŪơ DzºǬǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƾȈƷȂƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ȂLJǁơȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ƨǴǸǰŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ÎÕ ơǁƢƻƢȇơƾºdzơȂǣ) ƾºǫƢǠƬŭơ DzºǫƢǼdzơ Śºǣ ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj Ǿƥ ǵȂǬȇ ȅǀdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ
(ÎÖÓÎ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ
(ÎÖÓÏ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÏÒ DzLjǯȁǂƥ) ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ȆǴǤnjǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÓÐ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÏÎ ƢǼȈȈǧ) ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ

.Ibid., vol. 2241, No. 16197, p. 270
ILM, vol. XXXVI (1997), ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ
.p. 1462
Ibid., vol. 1672, No. 28907, p. 293.
Ibid., vol. 1101, No. 16899, p. 82.
Ibid., vol. 610, No. 8843, p. 205.
Official Journal of the European
Communities, vol. 15, No. L 299
ǂºǜǻơ .(31 December 1972), p. 32
ILM, vol. VIII, No. 2 (1969), :ƢƆǔȇƗ
.p. 229
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.
ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .970, No. 14049, p. 211
.ILM, vol. IX (1970), p. 25
Ibid., vol. 973, No. 14097, p. 3.
IMO publication, Sales No. IMO–456E.
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.
1956, No. 14097, p. 255.
ǂǜǻơ .Ibid., vol. 974, No. 14120, p. 255
.ILM, vol. XI (1972), p. 277 ƢƆǔȇƗ
ǂǜǻơ .Ibid., vol. 1110, No. 17146, p. 57
.ILM, vol. XI (1972), p. 284 ƢƆǔȇƗ
IMO (LEG/CONF.14/20).
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.
932, No. 13269, p. 3.
Ibid., vol. 961, No. 13810, p. 187.
Ibid., vol. 1046, No. 15749, p. 120.
Ibid., vol. 1056, No. 15943, p. 187.
ǂǜǻơ .Ibid., vol. 1092, No. 16770, p. 279
.ILM, vol. XIII (1974), p. 591 :ƢƆǔȇƗ
śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ 104
ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂºǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ DZƾǠŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
(ÎÖÖÔ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÎÏ ƢǼȈȈǧ)
Ǻºǟ ƨºȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǪȈƦǘƬƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǭǂƬnjŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
ƨǫƢǘdzơ DZƢů Ŀ ƮdzƢưdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
(ÎÖÕÕ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÎ ƢǼȈȈǧ) ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
ƨºȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ ƨǠƬǷȋơȁ ƣƢǯǂdzơ DzǬǼƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ƩƢºǧȁ Ǻǟ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƨǴǐƬŭơȁ ÎÖÓÎ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÏÒ ƨƻǁƚŭơ
(ÎÖÓÓ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÏÓ ǹŚƥ) ƣƢǯǂǴdz ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ƩƢƥƢǏȍơ ȁƗ
ƔƢǔºǨdzơ ǵơƾƼƬºLJơȁ ǥƢnjºǰƬLJơ ǹơƾȈǷ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ
ǹƾºǼdz ȂǰºLJȂǷ) ȃǂºƻȋơ ƨȇȁƢǸLjºdzơ ǵơǂƳȋơȁ ǂǸǬdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ȆƳǁƢŬơ
(ÎÖÓÔ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÔ ǺǘǼNjơȁ
ƨºȈǻƾŭơ DzƟƢLjºŭơ Ŀ ǵƢºǰƷȋơ ǀȈǨǼƫȁ ȆƟƢǔǬdzơ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ǹƘnjƥ DzLjǯȁǂƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÓÕ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÔ DzLjǯȁǂƥ) ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơȁ
ȆºǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂºǴƬdzơ ƢȇƢƸǓ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ŅƢǟƗ Ŀ DzƻƾƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÓÖ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÖ DzLjǯȁǂƥ)
ȆºǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂºǴƬdzơ Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÓÖ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÖ DzLjǯȁǂƥ)
ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz DZƾǠŭơ ÎÖÕÑ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
(ÎÖÕÑ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÏÒ ǹƾǼdz) ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ
ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz DZƾǠŭơ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
(ÎÖÖÏ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÔ ǹƾǼdz) ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ
ÎÔ DzLjºǯȁǂƥ) ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƽơȂǸǴdz ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ DZƢů Ŀ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÔÎ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz Ņȁƽ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƔƢnjǻƜƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÔÎ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÕ DzLjǯȁǂƥ) ȆǘǨǼdzơ
Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz Ņȁƽ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƔƢnjǻƜƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
(ÏÍÍÐ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÎÓ ǹƾǼdz) ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
ǺǨLjºdzơ ǺºǷ ȃǂºƻƗ ƽơȂǷȁ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ƔƢǬdzƛ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ȅǂƸƦdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǞǼǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÔÏ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÎÒ ȂǴLJȁƗ) ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơȁ
ǹƾºǼdz) ƨȈƟƢǔǨdzơ ǵƢLjƳȋơ ƢȀƯƾŢ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÔÏ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÏÖ ǺǘǼNjơȁ ȂǰLJȂǷ
ȂǰȈLjºǰǷ ǹƾǼdz) ȃǂƻƗ ƽơȂǷȁ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ƔƢǬdzƛ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ȅǂƸƦdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǞǼǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÔÏ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÖ ǺǘǼNjơȁ ȂǰLJȂǷ ŖȈLJ
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ Ï ȅƢºǿȏ) ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǼŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÔÐ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ
(ÎÖÔÑ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÎÖ ŃȂȀǯȂƬLJ) ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
105
ǂǜǻơ .Ibid., vol. 1507, No. 25986, p. 167
.ILM, vol. XIII (1974), p. 546 :ƢƆǔȇƗ
ǂǜǻơ .Ibid., vol. 1546, No. 26842, p. 103
.ILM, vol. XVI (1977), p. 606 :ƢƆǔȇƗ
ǂǜǻơ .Ibid., vol. 1456, No. 24635, p. 221
.ILM, vol. XVI (1977), p. 606 :ƢƆǔȇƗ
United Nations Juridical Yearbook,
1996 (Sales No. E.01.V.10), p.
ILM, vol. XXXV ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .357
.(1996), p. 1433
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.
1404, No. 23469, p. 59.
Ibid., vol. 1840, No. 23469, p. 372.
UNEP, Selected Multilateral Treaties
in the Field of the Environment
(Nairobi, 1983), p. 474.
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.
1340, No. 22484, pp. 184 and 62.
Ibid., vol. 1102, No. 16908, p. 27.
Ibid., vol. 1140, No. 17898, p. 133.
Ibid., vol. 17898, p. 3.
UNEP, Selected Multilateral Treaties
in the Field of the Environment
(Cambridge, Grotius, 1991), vol. 2,
p. 118.
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.
ǂººǜǻơ .1648, No. 28325, p. 3
UNEP, Selected Multilateral :ƢƆǔºȇƗ
Treaties in the Field of the
Environment (Cambridge, Grotius,
.1991), vol. 2, p. 130
UNEP, Selected Multilateral Treaties
in the Field of the Environment
(Cambridge, Grotius, 1991), vol. 2,
p. 144.
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.
1833, No. 31363, p. 3.
.Ibid., vol. 1506, No. 25974, p. 157
ILM, vol. XXII (1983), :ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ
.p. 227
Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
(ÎÖÔÑ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÏÏ ȆǰǼLjǴǿ) ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ǂƸƦdz ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÔÑ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ Ñ džȇǁƢƥ) ƨȇǂƥ ǁƽƢǐǷ ǺǷ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǞǼǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÔÓ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÖ ǹƾǼdz) ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƾȇƾŢ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ƨºȇǂƸƦdzơ ƩƢºƦdzƢǘŭơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƾȇƾŢ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ DZƾǠŭơ ÎÖÖÓ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
(ÎÖÖÓ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ Ï ǹƾǼdz)
/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢºǯ Ð ǹȂºƥ) ƨºȈƟƢȈǸȈǰdzơ ƽơȂŭƢºƥ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǺǷ Ǻȇơǂdzơ ǂĔ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÔÓ ŐǸLjȇƽ
ƨºȈƟƢȈǸȈǰdzơ ƽơȂŭƢºƥ ƭȂºǴƬdzơ ǺºǷ Ǻȇơǂºdzơ ǂĔ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ĿƢǓȍơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
(ÎÖÖÎ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÒ DzLjǯȁǂƥ)
DZȐǤƬºLJơȁ ǥƢnjǰƬLJơ Ǻǟ ƲƫƢǼdzơ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǁơǂǓƗ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÔÔ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ Î ǹƾǼdz) ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǝƢǬdz ƨȈǻƾǠŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ
Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ï ǹƾǼdz) (DZȂƥǁƢǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ) ÎÖÔÐ ǵƢǠdz ǺǨLjdzơ ǺǷ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǞǼŭ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ÎÔ ǹƾºǼdz) ÎÖÔÕ ǵƢºǟ DZȂºǯȂƫȁǂƥ ƢŮƾºǟ ƢºǸǯ (ÎÖÔÏ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ
.(ÎÖÔÕ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj
(ÎÖÔÓ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÎÓ ƨǻȂǴNjǂƥ) ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǺǷ ǖLJȂƬŭơ ǒȈƥȋơ ǂƸƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ÏÑ ƪȇȂǰdzơ) ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ DZƢů Ŀ ǹȁƢǠƬǴdz ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƪȇȂǰdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÔÕ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ
/ǕƢƦºNj ÏÎ ƪºȇȂǰdzơ) ƨȇǂƥ ǁƽƢǐǷ ǺǷ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
(ÎÖÖÍ ǂȇơŐǧ
ƨºȈƥǂǤdzơ ƢȈǬȇǂǧȋ ƨȈǴƷƢLjdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơȁ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈǸǼƫȁ ƨȇƢŧ DZƢů Ŀ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÕÎ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÏÐ ǹƢƳƾȈƥƗ) ȄǘLJȂdzơȁ
ÎÏ ƢºǸȈdz) ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơ ȆǫǂNj ƣȂǼŪ ƨȈǴƷƢLjdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơȁ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÕÎ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ
(ÎÖÕÏ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÎÑ ƧƾƳ) ǹƾǟ ƲȈǴƻȁ ǂŧȋơ ǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƥ ǚǨū ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÕÏ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÍ ȅƢƥ ȂǤȈƬǻȂǷ) ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ÏÑ DžƢȇƾºǻƛ ȅƽ ƢǼȈƻƢƫǁƢǯ) ȃŐǰdzơ œȇǁƢǰdzơ ǂƸƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼǷ ƨȈǸǼƫȁ ƨȇƢǸŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÕÐ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ

UNEP, Selected Multilateral Treaties
in the Field of the Environment
(Cambridge, Grotius, 1991), vol. 2,
p. 324.
Official Journal of the European
Communities, No. L 169 (29 June
1987).
UNEP, Selected Multilateral Treaties
in the Field of the Environment
.(Grotius, 1991), Vol. 2, p. 372
ILM, vol. XXVI (1987), ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ
.p. 41
ILM, vol. XXVII (1988), p. 868.
UNIDROIT, Uniform Law Review,
part I (1988), p. 376.
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.
ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .1673, No. 28911, p. 57
.ILM, vol. XXVIII (1989), p. 657
UNEP/CHW.5/29, annex III.
UNIDROIT, ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .ECE/TRANS/79
Uniform Law Review, part I (1989),
.p. 281
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1891,
ILM, :ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .No. 32194, p. 51
.vol. XXX (1991), p. 735
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.
:ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .2101, No. 36508, p. 177
.ILM, vol. XXX (1991), p. 775
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1989,
ILM, :ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .No. 34028, p. 309
.vol. XXX (1991), p. 802
ILM, vol. XXX (1991), p. 1461.
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.
1757, No. 30615, p. 3.
Ibid., vol. 1936, No. 33207, p. 269.
ECE/MP.WAT/11-ECE/CP.TEIA/9.
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.
2099, No. 36495, p. 195.
śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ 106
ƢºȈǬȇǂǧƗ ǩǂºNj ƨǬǘǼŭ ƨȈǴƷƢLjdzơȁ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈǸǼƫȁ Ƨǁơƽƛȁ ƨȇƢǸŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÕÒ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÎ ĺȁŚǻ)
(ÎÖÕÓ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÏÕȁ ÎÔ ȅƢǿȏȁ ǡŐǸLjǰdz) ƾƷȁȋơ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ÏÑ ƢȈǷȂǻ) ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơ ƣȂǼƳ ƨǬǘǼŭ ƨƠȈƦdzơȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÕÓ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ
/ǹơǂºȇDŽƷ Ï ŔǤǼºdzȁ) ƢºǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻȋ ƨȈǻƾǠŭơ ƽǁơȂŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÕÕ ǾȈǻȂȇ
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ Ñ ǡǁȂƦºLJơǂƬLJ) ƨºȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨºƷȐŭơ DZƢºů Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƾȇƾŢ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÕÕ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ
ƢȀºǼǷ ǎǴƼƬºdzơȁ ƽȁƾºūơ Őǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ƨǯǂƷ ƨƦǫơǂŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ DZǃƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÕÖ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÏÏ DZǃƢƥ)
ƩƢºȇƢǨǼdzơ ƨǯǂƷ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
(ÎÖÖÖ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÍ DZǃƢƥ) ƽȁƾūơ Őǟ ƢȀǼǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơȁ ƧǂǘŬơ
ƨºȇŐdzơ ǩǂǘdzƢºƥ ƧǂºǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǻ DZȐƻ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÕÖ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÍ ǦȈǼƳ) ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJȁ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzơȁ
ȆºǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzƢºƥ DzǐƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơȁ ƣȁƢƴƬdzơȁ ƤǿƘƬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÖÖÍ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÐÍ ǹƾǼdz)
ƨºƦǫơǂǷȁ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ ńƛ ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǞȈŦ ƽơŚƬLJơ ǚǨŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ȂǯƢǷƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÖÎ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÐÍ ȂǯƢǷƢƥ) ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ Dzƻơƽ ƢȀƬǯǂƷ
(ÎÖÖÎ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÏÒ ȂƦLJƛ) ƽȁƾūơ Őǟ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǂƯȋơ ǶȈȈǬƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjºƫ Ñ ƾºȇǁƾǷ) ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ǍƢŬơ ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ DZȂǯȂƫǂƥ
(ÎÖÖÎ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ
(ÎÖÖÏ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj Ô ƪƻǂƬLJƢǷ) (ƪƻǂƬLJƢǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ) ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ
Ô ȆǰǼLjǴǿ) ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩơŚƸƦdzơȁ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢĐơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơȁ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÖÏ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ
ƭƽơȂūơ ǁƢƯƕ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
ǵơƾƼƬºLJơȁ ƨȇƢǸŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ
ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢºǟ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩơŚƸƦdzơȁ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢĐơ
(ÏÍÍÐ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÏÎ ǦȈȈǯ) ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƭƽơȂūơ ǁƢƯƖƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
(ÎÖÖÏ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ Ö ȆǰǼLjǴǿ) ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ǂƸƦdz ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
107 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ

ǂǜǻơ .Ibid., vol. 1764, No 30674, p. 3 (ÎÖÖÏ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÎ ƪLJǁƢƻȂƥ) ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǺǷ ƽȂLJȋơ ǂƸƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ILM, vol. XXXII (1993), :ƢƆǔºȇƗ
.p. 1110
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. (ÎÖÖÏ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ Ö ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ) ƹƢǼŭơ ŚǤƫ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȇǁƢǗȍơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ǂººǜǻơ .1771, No. 30822, p. 107
ILM, vol. XXXI (1992), :ƢƆǔºȇƗ
.p. 851
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. (ÎÖÖÏ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ Ò ȁŚǻƢƳ ȅƽ Ȃȇǁ) ȆƳȂdzȂȈƦdzơ ǝȂǼƬdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
:ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .1760, No. 30619, p. 79
.ILM, vol. XXXI (1992), p. 822
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2226, ÏÖ DZƢȇǂƬǻȂǷ) ȆƳȂdzȂȈƦdzơ ǝȂǼƬdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ƨȈƟƢȈƷȍơ ƨǷȐLjǴdz ƢǼȈƻƢƫǁƢǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
ILM, :ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .No. 30619, p. 208 (ÏÍÍÍ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
vol. 39, No. 5 (September 2000),
.p. 1027
Official Journal of the European ÏÏ džȇǁƢºƥ) ȆLjºǴǗȋơ ǖȈºƸǸǴdz Ȇǫǂnjºdzơ DZƢǸnjǴdz ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
Communities, No. L 104, vol. 41 (3 (ÎÖÖÏ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ
ILM, :ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .April 1998), p. 3
.vol. XXXII (1993), p. 1072
Council of Europe, European Treaty ÏÎ ȂǻƢǣȂdz) ƨƠȈƦdzơ ȄǴǟ Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ILM, :ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .Series, No. 150 (ÎÖÖÐ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ
.vol. XXXII (1993), p. 1230
Yearbook of International Environmental ÎÏ Ö Õ ơȁƢƫȁƗ ǺǘǼNjơȁ ȂǰȈLjǰǷ) ƨƠȈƦdzơ DZƢů Ŀ ǹȁƢǠƬǴdz ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ ǩƢǨƫơ
Law, vol. 4 (1993), p. 831. (ÎÖÖÐ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÎÑȁ
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. Ŀ "ǵȁǁȂºǨdzơ" ǁDŽºƳ ǹơƾǴƥ ńƛ ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǠnjŭơȁ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ƽơŚƬLJơ ǂǜƷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
2161, No. 37758, p. 91. ĺȂǼŪơ ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ Ƨǁơƽƛȁ ƨǯǂƷ ǖƦǓȁ ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơ
(ÎÖÖÒ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÎÓ ňƢǤȇơȁ)
HNS Convention (IMO publication, ƽơȂºǸǴdz ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzƢƥ DzǐƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
:ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻơ.(Sales No. IMO–479E (ÎÖÖÓ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ Ö ǹƾǼdz) Ƨǂǔŭơȁ ƧǂǘŬơ
.ILM, vol. XXXV (1996), p. 1415
Ƨǁȁƾºdzơ ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ƨºȈƷȐŭơ Śºǣ Ǒơǂºǣȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢĐơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǹȂǻƢǬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ÑÖ Ƕºǫǁ ǪƸǴŭơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨȇƽƢūơ (ÎÖÖÔ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÏÎ ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ)
.Ǫǧǂŭơ ÏÏÖ/ÒÎ ǁơǂǬdzơ ƮdzƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ
ILM, vol. XXXVI :ƢƆǔººȇƗ ǂººǜǻơ
.(1997), p. 703
IAEA (INFCIRC/567, attachment) (22 (ÎÖÖÔ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÎÏ ƢǼȈȈǧ) ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ĿƢǓȍơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ILM, vol. :ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .(July 1998
XXXVI, No. 6 (November 1997),
.p. 1473
Official Journal of the European Ǻȇǂnjºƫ Ï ǵơƽǂƬLjºǷƗ) ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨºǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨƠnjºǼŭơ ƧƾǿƢǠǸǴdz ƧƾƷȂŭơ ƨƼLjǼdzơ
Communities, No. C 325, vol. 40 (ÎÖÖÔ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ
(24 December 2002), p. 107.
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2161, ƨºȈǻƢǰǷƛȁ ǁơǂºǬdzơ ǞǼǏ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ILM, :ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .No. 37770, p. 447 (ÎÖÖÕ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÒ DžȂǿǁƕ) ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ Ŀ ƨdzơƾǠdzơ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ
vol. XXXVIII, No. 3 (May 1999),
.p. 517
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ 108

United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. /ǁƢºȇƗ ÏÕ DZƢºȇǂƬǻȂǷ) ȅȂºŪơ DzǬǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƾȈƷȂƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
2242, No. 39917, p. 309. (ÎÖÖÖ ȂȇƢǷ
Official Journal of the European ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƩƢǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨƠnjǼŭơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭ ƨdzƾǠŭơ džȈǻ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ
Communities, No. C 80, vol. 44 (10 (ÏÍÍÎ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÏÓ džȈǻ) ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ śǻơȂǬdzơ ǒǠƥȁ
March 2001), p. 1.
United Nations Juridical Yearbook, ƽȂºǫȁ ǺºǷ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
2001 (United Nations publication, (ÏÍÍÎ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÏÐ ǹƾǼdz) ƲȇǁƢȀǐdzơ
ǂǜǻơ .Sales No. E.04.V.12), p. 310
IMO publication (Sales No. :ƢƆǔȇƗ
.(I490M
WHO, Fifty-sixth World Health (ÏÍÍÐ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÏÎ ǦȈǼƳ) ǢƦƬdzơ ǖƦǓ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȇǁƢǗȍơ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
Assembly, Resolutions and Decisions,
Annexes (WHA56/2003/REC/1),
resolution 56.1, annex.
W. E. Burhenne, ed., International (ÏÍÍÐ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÎÎ ȂƫȂƥƢǷ) ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơȁ ƨǠȈƦǘdzơ ǚǨū ƨȈǬȇǂǧȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
Environmental Law: Multilateral
Treaties (The Hague, Kluwer,
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ºººººººººº
ƨǷƾǬǷ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǑǂǠƬLjƫȁ -Ð
ǺºǷ ȃǂƻȋơ DZƢǰNjȋơȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǪƥơȂLjdzơ ǺǷ ƾǸƬLjŭơ Ņȁƾdzơ
ƨºȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ǺǷ ƵƢƬǷ Ȃǿ ƢǸǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ
ƢƆºȈƻȂƫȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƨdzƘLjŠ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǶǯƢƄơ ǵƢǰƷƗȁ
ƽơȂºŭơ ǺǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǷ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƱǁƽƌƗ DZȂǸnjǴdz
.ÎÖÖÒ ǵƢǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ƨȈƟƢǐǬƬLJȏơ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ
Ƕǰūơ ǩƢƦƬLJơ ƧƽƾŰ ƨǘnjǻƗ ǹƘnjƥ ƽơȂǷ ƱơǁƽƜƥ ƽơǂĄȇ ȏȁ -Ñ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ" ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǰƫ Ń ȁƗ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǽǀǿ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸȈǧ
ǒºǠƥ Ƣºđ ƪŪȂĄǟ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǨȈǰdzơ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ƾȈǨŭơ ǺǷȁ ."Ņȁƾdzơ
ǵƾºǟ ȁƗ ƨȈǟȁǂnjǷ ȄǴǟ ǵƢǟ ǩƢǨƫơ ƢȀȈǧ Ǻǰȇ Ń Ŗdzơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ
.ƧǁƢǓ ƲƟƢƬǻ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ƨȈǟȁǂnjǷ
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ DZȁƢǼƬƫȁ -Ò
Ʃơǁơǃȁ śƥ ƨdzƽƢƦƬǷ ǪƟƢƯȁȁ ǶȈǰŢ Ʃơǁơǂǫȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǫ ƆƢǷƢǰƷƗ
ǁƽƢǐǷ Dzǰnjƫ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ǽǀǿȁ .śȈǷȂǰūơ śǨǛȂŭơȁ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ
Ŀ DzºưǸƬȇ ǂºƻƕ ǶȀǷ ǁƾǐǷ ƨťȁ .DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭ ƨǷƢǿ
ƨƴȈƬǻ Ǻǰƫ Ń ǹƛȁ ȆȀǧ ƨȈƟƢǔǫ Śǣ ǩǂǘƥ ǶƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȇȂLjƬdzơ
Ŀ ƆƢºǘŶ DzưŤ ƢĔƗ DŽƟƢŪơ ǺǷ ǹƗ ȏƛ ƨȇƾȈǴǬƫ ƨȈƟƢǔǫ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ
.ƢºȀȈǧ ǝǃƢºǼƬƌŭơ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ DzƟƢLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƩƢǿƢšȏơ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ȆǨǛȂºǷ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ƮƸƦƫȁ
ǥǂǠƬǴdz ƆȐǠǧ ƪŤ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȇȂLjƬdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷ Ǻǟ ƆȐǔǧ śȈǼǠŭơ
.ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƝƽƢƦŭƢƥ ƨǴǸƬƄơ ƢȀƬǴǏ ȄǴǟ
112
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WU, Chao
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ƩǂnjºĄǻ Ŗºdzơ ƨLJơǁƾǴdz ƆȏƢǸǰƬLJơ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ ƾǠƫ -Î
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ DZȁƾºdzơ ƨºLJǁƢŲ Ŀ ƨLJơǁƽ" ǹơȂǼǠƥ ÎÖÕÑ ǵƢǟ
DZƢºǠǧƗ Ǻºǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ ƢȀƬǴǸǰƬLJơ Ŗdzơȁ (Î)"Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ
.(Ï)ÎÖÖÒ ǵƢǟ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǹƗ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟơ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ ƪǠǓȁ ƿƛȁ -Ï
ǞºǼŠ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷȁ ƨƳƢƦȇƽ ƩƾǸƬǟơ ǹƗ ǪƦLJ Ņȁƾdzơ
ƩDŽºǯǁ ƢĔƜǧ (Ð)Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƽȁƾūơ Őǟ ǁǂǔdzơ
.ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨdzƘLjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ƤǻơȂƳ ȄǴǟ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ
__________
ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ (ƨǧƢǓƛ) (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÎÖÕÒ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Î)
.A/CN.4/384
ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ÖÐ Ǎ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÎÖÖÒ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Ï)
.A/CN.4/471
ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÏ ƹǁƚŭơ ÕÏ/ÒÓ Ƣǿǁơǂǫ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ƪƥǂǟƗ (Ð)
ǶȈºǬdzơ DzºǸǠǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼƴǴdz ƢǿǂȇƾǬƫ Ǻǟ ÏÍÍÎ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ
Ǻºǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ" ǝȂǓȂŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǞǼŭơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ Ǿƥ ƪǷƢǫ ȅǀdzơ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ǞºǼǷ) Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ
."(Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ
ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÎ ƨȈdzȂƷ Ŀ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷȁ ƨƳƢƦȇƾdzơ ǎǻ ƽǂȇȁ
.ÖÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÕÕ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ)
113 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǺǷ ƨǴǐǨŭơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǺǷ ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ƨǴǏ Ǿdz ƢǷ ǒǠƦƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩƢLJƢȈLJ
ȆºǤƦǼȇ Ŗdzơ ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ DZƾƫȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƝƽƢƦǷ
"DZȁƾºdzơ ƧƽƢȈºLJ" DzºưǷ ƨLjǧƢǼƬŭơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǒǠƥ śƥ Ƣđ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ
.ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ śƥȁ "ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ"ȁ
ȃƾºdz ƝƽƢºƦŭơ ƔơǂǬƬLJơ Ŀ ǁǀūơ ƤǻƢƳ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ƤŸȁ -Ô
ƢƆǟȂȈNj ǂưǯȋơ ƩƢǠǫȂƬdzơ ǹȋ Ǯdzƿȁ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ
ǦºǴƬź ƾǫ ƨǘnjǻȌdz ǁƢǔdzơ ǂƯȋơ ǂǷƗ Ŀ "ƶǷƢLjƬdzơ ƨƳǁƽ" ǹƘnjƥ
.ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǥȐƬƻƢƥ
ƨºLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƮƸƦdzơ ƢŮȁƢǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƽơȂŭơ ǹƗ Ŀ ǮNj ȏȁ -Õ
ƨǴǐºƬŭơ ƨǘnjǻȋƢƥ ńȁȋơ ƨƳǁƾdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ Ȇǿȁ ƨǠǻƢǷ ƨǠǷƢƳ ƪLjȈdz
ƩƢºLJǁƢŲ ǂȇȂºǘƫ ǹȋ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨƠȈƦǴdz śȇƽƢŭơ Ƨǁơƽȍơȁ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏƢƥ
ƽȁƾºƷ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ơƆǁơǂǓƗ ƤƦLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǶȈǜǼƫ DZƢů Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ
ƽȂǐºǬŭơȁ .DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ Ŀ DzſƗ ǹƢǯ śƬȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ȁƗ ƨȇȏȂdzơ
Ǯdzǀºdz Ȇºǿȁ ƽơȂǸǴdz ơƆƾȈǨǷ ơƆǁƾǐǷ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀđ
ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƩƢǨǘƬǬŭƢƥ ƨǴǏ Ǿdz ƢŠ ƾȀnjƬLjƫ
ƪǠºǓĄȁ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈũǂdzơ ƩȐLJơǂŭơȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơȁ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁ
ƢºĔƗ ȁƾƦȇ ƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ DzǯƢnjŭơ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƨǔȇǂǠdzơ ƢȀǗȂǘƻ
.ǝȂǓȂŭơ ǺǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DzƟƢLjŠ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ƔDŽŪƢƥ ƨǴǏ Ʃơƿ
ǶƌǜǼĄºdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǎƟƢǐƼǴdz ƢƆǨǏȁ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơ ǺǸǔƬȇȁ -Ö
ȆźǁƢºƬdzơ ǁȂǘƬdzơ ǑǂǠƬLjȇ Ȃǿȁ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ DzưǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ȆǬǴȇȁ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƨǬǴǘŭơ ȁƗ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵȂȀǨŭ
.Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿ ǁȂǘƫ ȄǴǟ ƨǷƢǟ Ƨǂǜǻ
ǹȂºǰȇ ȅǀºdzơ ǥǂºǘdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ňƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ ƮƸƦȇȁ -ÎÍ
DzďǤnjºŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷȁ "Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ" ƗƾƦǷ Ƶǂnjȇ Ȃǿȁ ƆȏȁƚLjǷ
.ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƢȀȈǧ DZȁƾdzơ ƩŐƬǟơ ƨǴưǷƗ ǂǯǀȇȁ
ǃȂŸ Ŗdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơȁ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ƾȇƾŢ ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ DZȁƢŹȁ -ÎÎ
.ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǟǧƽ ǺǷ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȁƗ DzďǤnjŭơ ƔƢǨǟƛ ƢȀȈǧ
ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢºƥ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ DzƟƢLjŭơ Ǟƥơǂdzơ DzǐǨdzơ ƮƸƦȇȁ -ÎÏ
ƨºǴƥƢǬdzơ ǁơǂºǓȋơ ȅƗ :ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǽǀǿ DzǸnjƫȁ
ơǀǿ ƮƸƦȇȁ .ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǺǷ ƾūơȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ DZƢǰNjƗȁ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz
ƤLjºƷ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢºƥ ǶǰūƢƥ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ DzǐǨdzơ
.DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ
Ȃºǿ ƢǸǯ ǖĉǬLjŭơ ǵƽƢǬƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ džǷƢŬơ DzǐǨdzơ Ǧǐȇȁ -ÎÐ
.ƢƆƦdzƢǣ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼǷ
śǷƘºƬdzƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƩƢƦǴǘƬŭơ DžƽƢLjdzơ DzǐǨdzơ ǑǂǠƬLjȇȁ -ÎÑ
ƨºdzƢƷ Ŀ ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ ǹƢǸǔdz ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈƦLjƸƬdzơ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ǖǘŬơȁ
.ǁǂǔƥ ƨƥƢǏȍơ
Ŗdzơ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ƿƢǨǻƛ ǞƥƢLjdzơ DzǐǨdzơ ƮƸƦȇ ƆơŚƻƗȁ -ÎÒ
.ƧǁǂǔƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǒȇȂǠƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈǴƻơƽ ǶǯƢŰ ƢƆƦdzƢǣ Ƣǿǁƾǐƫ
ǺºǷ ƢȀǼȈǠƥ ƨdzƢƷ ƨȇƗ ǶȈȈǬƫ ƩƢƥȂǠǏ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ DzǿƢƴƬƫ Ńȁ -Ó
ǹƗ Ǯºdzƿ .(Ñ)DZȁƾºdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ ȄǴǟ "Ȑ ƆÅ Ȉdzƽ" ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ
ƿƢºţơ ȁƗ ƩơƾºǿƢǠŭơ ǵơǂºƥƛ ńƛ Ǟǧƾºƫ ƾǫ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ
ƣƢƦLJȋ ƪŤ ƩƢȈǓǂƫ ȁƗ ƩƢȇȂLjƫ ƢȀǔǠƥ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫȁ .ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ
ƩƢºLJǁƢŲ ǺǷ ƧǁǂǰƬǷ ƨǴưǷƗ ƽȂƳȁ ǹƗ ȏƛ .ǝȂǓȂŭơ Ǻǟ ƨƳǁƢƻ
ƩƢLJƢȈLJ ǞƎƦƬƫ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ȅƽƚȇ ƾǫ DZȁƾdzơ ƢȀǠƦƬƫ ƨǼȈǠǷ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƩƢǠǫȂƫ ƾȈdzȂƫ ńƛ Ƣđ ǀƻȋơ ȄǴǟ Ǟƴnjƫȁ ƨđƢnjƬǷ
Ŀ ǾºǟƢƦƫơ ǺºǰǸŭơ ǭȂǴLjdzơ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮǴƫ ƨȈƴŞ
ǮºǴƫ ȄºǴǟ ƢºȀȈǧ ǎǼȇ ȏ ƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ Ŀ ŕƷȁ .DzƦǬƬLjŭơ
ǭǂºƬĄȇ ȁƗ ƨǴǐºdzơ Ʃơƿ ƭơƾƷȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨƷơǂǏ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ
DzƯƢǸƬŭơ ǭȂǴLjdzơ ǁơǂǸƬLJơ ǹƜǧ ƆƨƷơǂǏȁ ơƆƾǸǟ ǶLjƷ Śǣ ǺǷ ƢǿǂǷƗ
ƪºǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥȁ .ƨȈǧǂǟ ƧƾǟƢǫ ƔƢnjǻƛ ńƛ ȅƽƚȇ ƾǫ
DZƾƫ ƢĔƜǧ ȏ ǵƗ ƢƆȈǧǂǟ ƢƆǻȂǻƢǫ Dzǰnjƫ ƮƸƦdzơ ƢŮȁƢǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƽơȂŭơ ǒǠƥ
ƵƢǔºȇƛ Ŀ ǶȀLjºĄƫ ƾºǫȁ ƩƢǠǫȂƬdzơ Ŀ śǠǷ ǽƢšơ ƽȂƳȁ ȄǴǟ
__________
Ƕǣǂƥ ǃȂŸ ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ǝȐǘǓȏơ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ǝƢǼƬǷơ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ DZƢưǷ (Ñ)
ǹȂºǰƫ ƾǫ ǂǷƗ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢȀƬȇȏȁ ƽȁƾƷ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ơƆǁơǂǓƗ ƤƦLjƫ ǹƗ ƢȀƬȈǟȁǂnjǷ
ƨǸǰƄơ ƩǁƢNjƗ ƾǫȁ .ǥǂǠdzơ ǺǷ ƾǸƬLjǷ ǭȂǴLJ ƽƢŸƜƥ ƨǴǏ Ǿdz ǹȂǰƫ ȏ ƾǫ ȁƗ
ǁƢƦƬǟơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƢȀǨǴƻ ƢǿƾǠƥ ǺǷȁ Ņȁƾdzơ DZƾǠǴdz ƨǸƟơƾdzơ
ƢƆºƫƢƦƯƛ Dzǰnjȇ ȏ ǾȈdzƛ ƪǠǧƽ Ŗdzơ DzǷơȂǠdzơ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ǹȁƽ ǽƾƷȁ ǝƢǼƬǷȏơ Ǟǫơȁ
śǠǷ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ǥǂǐƬdzơ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ǝƢǼƬǷƢǧ .Ņȁƽ ňȂǻƢǫ ǥǂǟ ƽȂƳȂdz ƢƆȈǧƢǯ
ȅǀdzơ Ƕǰūơ ǂǜǻơ .ňȂǻƢǫ ȃDŽǤǷ Ʃơƿ ƢȀǴǯ ƪLjȈdz Ƨƾǟ ƣƢƦLJƗ Ǿdz ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ
ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ DZƾǠǴdz ƨǸƟơƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ÎÖÏÔ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ Ô Ŀ ǾƫǁƾǏƗ
("Lotus", Judgment No. 9, 1927, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 10, p. "džƫȂºdz"
ÏÍ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ƢȀǸǰƷ Ŀ DzƯƢŲ ȅƗǁ ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƪƦǿƿȁ .28)
(Asylum, Judgment, I.C.J. ƔȂºƴǴdzơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ÎÖÒÍ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ
ÎÖÓÖ ǂºȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÏÍ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ƢȀǸǰƷ Ŀȁ Reports 1950, p. 286)
(North Sea Continental Shelf, DZƢǸnjºdzơ ǂƸƦdz ȅǁƢǬdzơ ǥǂŪơ ƨȈǔǬƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ
DZƾºǠdzơ ƨºǸǰŰ ȃȂƬǧ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .(I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 44, para. 77)
Legality of ) ƢȀǷơƾƼƬLJơ ȁƗ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋƢƥ ƾȇƾȀƬdzơ ƨȈǟȁǂnjǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports
Parry, The Sources and Evidences of :Ǯdzǀǯ ǂǜǻơ .(1996, pp. 253-255
.International Law , pp 34-64
Ó Ŀ ǁƽƢǐºdzơ ƢºȀǸǰƷ Ŀ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾºǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǹƗ Śǣ
Ǻºǟ DZȁƾºdzơ ǵƢƴƷƛ ńƛ ƩƾǼƬLJơ ǵȂƦȈƫȂǻ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ÎÖÒÒ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ
ǥǂǐºƬdzơ ƨºȇǂƷ ƾȈǬƫ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƧƾǟƢǫ ƽȂƳȁ ȄǴǟ Ȑ ƆÅ Ȉdzƽ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ǥǂǐƬdzơ
.(Nottebohm, Second Phase, Judgment, I.C.J. Rports 1955, pp. 21-22)
ƨºȈŷƗȁ"ƭƽơȂºūơ" ƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ (Reisman) ǹƢǷDŽȇơǁ DZȂǬȇȁ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƾǟơȂǬǴdz ƧƾdzȂŭơ ƢȀǐƟƢǐƻ
ǾƴƬǼƬLjºȇ ƢǷ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ƾǟơȂǫ Ǻǟ ƭơƾƷȋơ ǒƼŤ ǞǫȂƫ ǹƛ"
ǺºǷ ŚƦºǯ ƤǻƢŪ ȆǟȂǓȂŭơ ǹȂǸǔŭơ Dzǰnjȇ ǹȂȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ǹȂǴǴƄơ
ǺºǷ ƾºǟơȂǫ ƱƢƬǼƬºLJƢƥ śǸƟƢǬdzơ ǹƗ ǹȂǯȁ .ǂǏƢǠŭơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǺǷ ƧǁȂǏ ƨȇƘƥ džŻ ȏ ‘ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ƢƆǻȂǻƢǫ‘ ǶȀưŞ ƲƟƢƬǻ ǹȂǸLjȇ ȏ ƭơƾƷȋơ
Ŀ ǹơƽǁȂºƳ ƾȈLjdzơ ǹƘnjǯ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ǶĔƘNj ǶǿƢǠLjǷ ƨȈǟȁǂnjŠ ǁȂǐdzơ
ǾºǷȐǯ ǹƗ ǽƢǼǠǷ džȈdz ơƆǂưǻ ǾǸǴǰƬȇ ƢǷ ǹƗ ǾǴȀƳ ǹƗ ƿƛ ŚȈdzȂǷ ƨȈƷǂLjǷ
."ǾƬȈǸLjƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƢƆȇƗ ǹȂǻƢǫ Ȃǿ ǾǻȂǐǴƼƬLjȇ ƢǸǧ ǂưǼƥ džȈdz
Reisman "International incidents: introduction to a new genre in: the )
.(study of international law", p. 5
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǶƌǜǼĄdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ
ǹƗ ǽƽƢºǨǷ ƾȈǬǷ Śǣ ƗƾƦǷ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȈǼƦǷ ǽƾȀǟ DzƟơȁƗ Ŀ ǹƢǯ ǵƢǠdzơ
Ǻºǟ ǹȂdzȁƚLjºǷ ǶȀǧ ơǀŮȁ ǶēƾȀǟ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǧǂǐƬȇ ǂnjƦdzơ ƽơǂǧƗ
ǥǂƬǠŭơ ƩƢǧǂǐƬǴdz ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƣƢƦLJȋơ Ɣơǃƛȁ .(Õ)ǶēƢǧǂǐƫ ƲƟƢƬǻ
ƢƆºǷƢǜǻ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ǾƬǷǂƥ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǁȂǐƫ DzȀLjdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ǭơǀǻƕ Ƣđ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭƢƥ ǀƻƘȇ ƢƆǷƢǜǻ ǽǁƢƦƬǟơ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ǾȈǧ DzŰ ȏ"
ǺǷ ơƆƾȇDŽǷ ƲȇǁƾƬdzƢƥ ǾƳȂȇ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ɨƾƥ Ľ .(Ö)"ŚǐǬƫ ǹȁƽ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ
ƢȀǼǷ ƣƢƦLJƗ ŚƯƘƫ ƪŢ ǀƻƗȁ ƨƟŐŭơ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏơ" ńƛ ǵƢǸƬǿȏơ
ȆºǫȐƻȋơ ǶȈƯƘƬdzƢƥ ǀƻȋơ ńƛ ǝŗȇ ƨLjȈǼǰǴdz ƨȈǫȐƻȋơ ƨǨLjǴǨdzơ
ƲȀǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ (ÎÍ)"ŚǤdzƢƥ ƧǁƢǔdzơ DZƢǠǧȌdz ƶȈƸǐdzơ DžƢLJȋơ ǾǨǏȂƥ
ǥǂºǘdzơ ȏ ǁǂǔdzơ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǞǨǻ ńƛ ǝŗȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ
:ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƧǁȂưdzƢƥ ǂƯƘƫ ǁǂǔƬŭơ
DZƢºǠǧȋơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz "ƨȈǫȐƻȋơ ƨǔȀǼdzơ" ƪǟǁƢLjƫ ǂnjǟ ǞLJƢƬdzơ ǹǂǬdzơ DZȐƻ
ƨȇƽǂǨdzơ ƨǟŗǴdz ƨȈǫȐƻȋơ ƨǨLjǴǨdzơ ǺǷ Ƕǟƾƥȁ .ơƆƾȇƾNj ƢƆǟǁƢLjƫ ŚǤdzƢƥ ƧǁƢǔdzơ
ƧŚƦºǯ ƨȈŷƗ ǪǴǠƫ ǶǯƢƄơ ƩǀƻƗ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ƨȇǂƷ ƗƾƦǷȁ (Kant)
ǾºǻƘƥ DzºƟƢǬdzơ ǵƢǠdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ ńƛ ǂǷȋơ ǂƻƕ Ŀ ƪǸǴLjƬLJơȁ DzǸǠdzơ ƨȇǂƷ ȄǴǟ
ƧǁȂºưdzơ ǞºǷ ƨºǯǂūơ ǽǀǿ ǁȂȀǛ ǺǷơDŽƫ ƾǫȁ ."ŚǐǬƫ ǹȁƽ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȏ"
ǹƗ ȅƗǂºdzơ ǹƢǯȁ .ƧǁȂưdzơ ǮǴƫ ƩƢƦǴǘƬŠ ƩǂƯƘƫ ƢĔƗ Ŀ Ƥȇǁ ȏȁ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ
ƽơǂºǧȋơ ǺǷƗ ǝƢǔƻƛ Ȃǿ ǑȂȀǼdzơ ǪȇǂǗ Ŀ ŚLjȇ ƽƢǐƬǫơ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǞǨǻȋơ
ǾºǴȈǸƸƬƥ ǕƢnjǼdzơ DzȈƦǰƫ ȏ ƾȇƾŪơ ƨdzȉơ ǂǐǠdz ƨȈƸǓ ơȂǠǬȇ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ Ǻȇǀdzơ
ȅƽƚºȇ ǹƗ ǺǷ Ȅnjź ǹƢǯȁ."ƢƆǷȂƬŰ" ơƆǂǷƗ ƢȀǟȂǫȁ ŐƬǠȇ ƭƽơȂƷ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ
ǵƾǬƬdzơ ƨǴǫǂǟ ńƛ ŚǐǬƬdzơ Ǻǟ DZDŽǠŠ ǁǂǔdzơ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ǒǂǧ
ƤǻƢƳ ǾǷơDŽƬdzơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƤǼƴƬdz ƨǏǂǧ ƨȇƗ ƽǂǨǴdz ƶȈƬȇ ȏ Ǯdzƿ ǹȋ
ȁƗ ǞǷDŽŭơ ǾǗƢnjǻ ǭǂƫ ȄǴǟ ƢǷƛ ǾǴǸŹ ƢƆǫǃƘǷ ǾƳơȂȇ ǾǴǠŸ ȅǀdzơ ǂǷȋơ Ǎǂūơ
ŐƬǠȇ ǽƾƷȁ ŚǐǬƬdzơ ǹƢǰǧ .ǕƢnjǼdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ǶƴǼȇ ǁǂǓ Dzǯ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ DzǸŢ
ƨºǨȈǛȁ Ʃơƿ ŐƬǠƫ ƪǻƢǯ ǁǂǔdzơ ŐƳ Śƥơƾƫ ǹȋ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǒȇȂǠƬdz ơƆǁŐǷ
.(ÎÎ)ńȁȋơ ƨƳǁƾdzƢƥ ƨȈǟƽǁ ȁƗ ƨȇǂȇǀŢ
Ȇǿ ǩȐƻȋơ ƪǻƢǯ ǺƠǴǧ .DzȇƾǠƬǴdz ǦǫȂŭơ ơǀǿ Ǟǔźȁ -ÎÖ
DZƢºǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƩƢƥƢǏȍơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ȄǴǟ ǺǸȈē DZơDŽƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ
ƩǀºƻƗ ƭƽơȂūơ DZƢů Ŀ ƧƾƟƢLjdzơ Ɣơǁȉơ ǹƜǧ ƧƽȂǐǬǷ ƧǁƢǓ
:ƢƆȇǁǀƳ ơƆŚǤƫ ŚǤƬƫ
ǵƢǜƬǻȏơ ǺǷ ƔȆnjƥ ĿȂƬLjƫ ƨdzȉơ ǂǐǟ Ŀ ƨȇǂnjƦdzơ ƔƢǘƻȋơ ǹƗ ǭơǁƽƛ ƾȇơDŽƬȇ
DZȐǫȍơ ǺǰŻ ȏ DZơȂǷȋơȁ DZƢǏȁȋơȁ Ƶơȁǁȋơ Ŀ ǂƟƢLjŬơ ǺǷ ƢƆǸƼǓ ƢƆǘLjǫ
ǺǷ ƢǿƿƢǨǻƛȁ ƢȀǓǂǧ ǝƢǘƬLjĄȇ ǥǂǐƬǴdz ŚȇƢǠǷ ƽƢǸƬǟƢƥ DžȂLjŰ Dzǰnjƥ ǾǼǷ
ȄǴǟ ǞųƗ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ DzǸǠdzơ ǺǰŻȁ .ŚǤdzƢƥ ƧǁƢǔdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǪȈƦǘƫ DZȐƻ
ƨºȈƟƢǼŪơ ƩƢºƥȂǬǠdzơ ǾLJǁƢŤ ȅǀdzơ ǖǤǔdzơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƭƽơȂūơ ǝȂǫȁ ǞǼǷ
__________
ȄǴǟ ȄƫƗ Winfield, “Myth of absolute liability”, p. 37 ǂǜǻơ (Õ)
.Ô Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Fleming Ƣǿǂǯƿ
.Ô Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Fleming (Ö)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÍ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÎ)
114
ƤƦLjƬdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ -ǦdzƗ
ǍȂǐºş ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵȂȀǨǷ Ƙnjǻ -ÎÓ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƧǂǰǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ǁȂǘƫ Ǧnjǰȇȁ .ŚǤdzƢƥ ƧǁƢǔdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
Ŗºdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟơ ǺǷ ǾȈǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ ƢǷ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƨǼǿơǂdzơ ƨȇǂǜǼdzơ DzǰNj ǡȂǏ ńƛ ƢȀǼǷ Śưǰdzơ ȃƽƗ
ƢºǸȈǧ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǟǧƽȁ ƨdzƔƢLjŭơ ǺǷ "ŚǐǬƬdzơ" ǹƢǰŭ ƨǏƢşȁ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǵȂȀǨǷ ǁȂǘƫ ǶȀǧ ƾȇǁƗ ơƿƛȁ .ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ǽǀƼƬȈLJ ȅǀdzơ Dzǰnjdzơ śƦƫȁ ǶȀǨdzơ ǵƢŤ
ơǀŮ ȆźǁƢƬdzơ ǁȂǘƬǴdz DŽƳȂǷ Ǒǂǟ ʼnƾǬƫ ƾȈǨŭơ ǺǷ ǹƜǧ Ņȁƾdzơ
.ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ǵȂȀǨŭơ
Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵȂȀǨǷ ǁȂǘƫ ǹƘƥ ƔƢŹȍơ ơǀđ ƾǐǬȇ ȏȁ -ÎÔ
džºǨǻ ȄºǴǟ DzǸƬnjºȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ȁƗ DzǸƬnjȈLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ Ŀ ƢºȀȈǴǟ DzǸƬnjȇ Ŗdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ džǨǻȁ ǹȂǸǔŭơ
ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵȂȀǨǷ ǁȂǘƫ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ .ȆǴƻơƾdzơ
DZƢƻƽȍ ǺǰŻ ȏȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ǽǁȂǘƫ Ǻǟ Śưǰƥ ƾȇDŽȇ
Ŀ ƨƦLjƬǰŭơ ƧŐŬơ DzǿƢƴƬȇ ǹƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿ
Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ńƛ ƩơǁƢNjȍơȁ .ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ
ƨºȈȀȈƳȂƫ ƝƽƢƦǷ ƨƷƢƫƛ ȃȂLJ ƢȀǼǷ ƽơǂȇ ȏ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
.ǽǁȂǘƫȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵȂȀǨǷ ŘǠǷ ǭơǁƽƛ ǑǂǤdz ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ ƾǼǟ
ǁƘºưdzơ ǞǼŠ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǚǨƷ ǹƛ ƨȈźǁƢƬdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷȁ -ÎÕ
ǹȂǻƢǫ ǁȂǘƫ Ŀ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơȁ DzǣơȂnjdzơ ǶǿƗ ǺǷ ơƆƾƷơȁ ǹƢǯ ȅƽǂǨdzơ
ƢƆºȈǧƢǯ "ƤƦLjºƬdzơ" ǹƢǯ ƨȈƟơƾƦdzơ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƤLjƸƦǧ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨȈLjȈƟǁ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǵƾǬĄƫ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ƪǻƢǯȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǵƢȈǫ ǂȇǂǬƬdz
ǞºƦƬƫ ǹƢǰǷȍƢƥ ǵơƽ ƢǸǧ .ȆǐƼnjdzơ ǵƢǬƬǻȏơ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ ƤǼƴƬdz
ǹƢǯ ǹƛ ƢƆǸȀǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȁ ƤƦLJ ŕƷ ǞƴǨŭơ ƭƽƢūơ
Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ .(Ò)ǑǁƢǟ ǁǂǔdz ȁƗ ǂǧƢLJ ƔơƾƬǟȏ ǑǂǠƫ ƾǫ ƨȈƸǔdzơ
(Ñ ) (Ð ) (Ï ) (Î )
[ŘºǠĄȇ ǹƢºǯ ƢºǷ ǁƾǫ] DzǟƢǨdzơ ƾǐǫ" ƥ ŘǠĄȇ ȆƟơƾƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǒǠƥ ǭƢǼǿȁ .(Ó)"ǁǂǔƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzƢƥ śǬƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơȁ ƧǁƢLjŬƢƥ
.ŚǐºǬƬǴdz ƨºȈŷƗ ȆƟơƾƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƲĔ ƔƢǘǟƛ ǵƾǠdz ƩơŚLjǨƬdzơ
ƢŲ ƧŐŬơ ńƛ ǽƾȀǟ DzƟơȁƗ Ŀ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢǬƬǧȏ ƨƴȈƬǻ Ǿǻƛ DzȈǫ ƆȏȁƗ
ȁƗ ƾǐǫ ǹȁƽ ǁǂǓ ƭȁƾƷ ǹƢǰǷƛ ǑơǂƬǧơ Ǻǟ DŽƴǠdzơ ńƛ ȃƽƗ
ǵƾºǟ ǾǻȂǯ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǑơǂƬǧȏơ ơǀǿ DzưǷ Ƶǂǘdz ƽơƾǠƬLJȏơ ǵƾǟ
ǥǂºǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ǪǘǼŭơ ĿƢŸ ƢŲ ƢƆȈǻƢƯ .(Ô)ƾǐǬdzơ Ǯdzǀƥ ǵƢǸƬǿơ
__________
.Fleming, The law of Torts, p. 327 (Ò)
Lambert & Olliot v. Bessey (1681) T. Raym. 421 at 422 (Ó)
.Ô-Ó Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Fleming Ƣǿǂǯƿ ȄǴǟ ȄƫƗ ...
Ehrenzweig, “Psychoanalysis of negligence”, p. 855 ǂǜǻơ (Ô)
.Ô Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Fleming Ƣǿǂǯƿ ȄǴǟ ȄƫƗ
115 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Ǻºǟ Ǻºǰdzȁ DzȈǤnjƬdzơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƭƾŹ śǠǷ ŚǐǬƫ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ȏ" ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ŐƬǠĄȇ
ƔÅ ƢǼƥ DZƢŷƛ ȄǴǟ ȂǘǼǷ ǾǻƘƥ ǾǨǏȁ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ ǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼǴdz ƨǷȂƬƄơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ
ƢƆºǷȂǸǟ ƾºȈǨŭơ ǾǠƥƢǗ ǹƗ ȏȂdz ǾƟơǂƳ ǺǷ ƨǠǫȂƬŭơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƩȏƢǸƬƷơ ȄǴǟ
.(ÎÔ)"ǵƢǠdzơ ŁƢǐǴdz ǾǻƘnjƥ ƶǷƢLjƬdzơ ƢǼǷ ȆǔƬǬȇ
ǺǷ ǂƻƕ ƤǻƢƳ ȆƷơȂǼdzơ ǒǠƥ ǺǷ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ -ÏÏ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƢŷȐǯ ǹƢǷȂȀǨŭơ ǵȂǬȇȁ .DZƢŷȍơ ƤǻơȂƳ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƪºǻƢǯ ǺƠdzȁ .ǥȂdzƘŭơ Ǻǟ ƱǁƢƻ ǂǘƻ ƾȈdzȂƫ Ǻǟ
ǃơǂºƬƷơ Dzºǯ Ƕǣǂƥ ơƆǂǘƻ ȄǬƦƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋƢƥ ŘǠĄƫ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
ƨȇƽƘƬdz ƨƸȈƸǐdzơ Śǣ ƨǬȇǂǘdzƢƥ ƢƆLJƢLJƗ ŘǠĄȇ DZƢŷȍơ ǹƜǧ DZȂǬǠǷ
.(ÎÕ)ƶȈƸǐdzơ ǾƳȂdzơ ȄǴǟ ȃƽƚƫ śƷ ƨȈǧƢǯ ƨƳǁƾƥ ƨǻȂǷƘǷ ƔƢȈNjƗ
:ŅƢƬdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ǽŚLjǨƫ ȃǂƳ ǩǃƘǷ ȄǴǟ ǾǴǯ ơǀǿ ȅȂǘǼȇȁ
ǾȈǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ ƢǷ ƤƦLjƥ DZƢŷȍơ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ ǾǻƘƥ ơǀȀǯ ǕƢnjǻ ȅƗ ǶǏĄȁ ơƿƛ
ǕƢnjºǻ ǾǻƘƥ ǾǸǏȁ ǽƢǼǠǷ Ǯdzƿ ǹȂǰȇ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǺȇȂȀƬdzơ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǂǘƻ ǺǷ
ƢǷƛ ǦǏȂdzơ ơǀđ ǦǏȂƫ ǹƗ ǪƸƬLjƫ ǮNj Ȑƥ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǒǠƥȁ .ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ
ǾºǬȈǬŢ ǺºǰŻ Ǿǻȋ ȁƗ ƨȈǧƢǯ ƨƳǁƾƥ ơƆƾȈǨǷ džȈdz ǾǷƾţ ȅǀdzơ ǥƾŮơ ǹȋ
ǶǣǂdzƢºƥ ƢĔƘnjƥ ƶǷƢLjƬdzơ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȃǂƻƗ ƨǘnjǻƗ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ .ƨǻȂǷƘǷ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ
ȏƗ ȆºǤƦǼȇ ǽǀǿȁ ... ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǺȇȂȀƬdzơ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǂǘƻ ǺǷ ǾȈǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ ƢŲ
ǂǘŬơ ǹƗ Ȃdzȁ ȏƆ Ƣŷƛ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ƨǷȂǷǀǷ ƨǘnjǻƗ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƢĔƘnjƥ ƨƥȂǬǟ ǑǂǨĄƫ
ǶǣǂdzƢƥ (Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƟƢǐƷȍơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ) ǾƦǼš ǺǰŻ ȏ ƾǫ ǾǠƦƬƬLjƫ ȅǀdzơ
ƢȀLjǨǼƥ ƢȀǨȈdzƢǰƫ ƽƾLjƫ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷ ƢȀȈǴǟ śǠƫ ơƿƜǧ .ǺǰŲ ǃơǂƬƷơ Dzǯ ǺǷ
ƗƾºƦǷ Ȃǿ ƗƾƦŭơȁ .DZƢŷȍơ Śǣ ǂƻƕ ƗƾƦǷ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȈǧ
.(ÎÖ)ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƧƽȂǠdzơ ǹƜǧ ǽƾȀǟ DzƟơȁƗ Ŀ ȆƟơƾƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƲȀǼdz ƢƆǧȐƻȁ -ÏÐ
ƤºLJƢǰŭơ ƩơǁƢºƦƬǟơ" ƢºǿǁŐƫ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ńƛ
Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ǹƢƦƦLJ ǭƢǼǿȁ .(ÏÍ)"Ƣǻǂǐǟ Ŀ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ
ƨºǧǂǠŭơ ȏƆ ȁƗ :ƨȈǟȂºǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵȂȀǨŠ ǀƻȋơ Ɣơǁȁ ǹƢǼǸǰȇ
ƾºȇơDŽƬŭơ ǁȂǘƬdzơ Ŀ Ǻȇǀƻȉơ ƢȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơȁ ǶǴǠdzơ DZƢů Ŀ ƧƽȁƾƄơ
ȅȂºǘǼȇ ǭȂǴLJ ǾǻƘƥ ǭȂǴLJ ȅƗ ƾȇƾŢ ƨƥȂǠǏ ƢƆȈǻƢƯȁ .(ÏÎ)ƢŷǁƢƯƕȁ
ơǀŮȁ .(ÏÏ)DZƢŷȍơ ƩƢƦƯȍ ƨdzƽȋơ ǺǷ ǵDŽǴȇ ƢǷ ʼnƾǬƫȁ DZƢŷȍơ ȄǴǟ
ȄºǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ Ǒǂǧ Ŀ ǺǸǰȇ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ƥdz ǹƜǧ
Śºǣ ƨƳǁƽ ǞƦƬƬLjƫ (ÏÐ)"ƨǷȂǷǀǷ" ƨǘnjǻƗ ȄǴǟ ȏ ƨǟȁǂnjǷ ƨǘnjǻƗ
__________
.ÐÏÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Fleming (ÎÔ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÕ)
.ÐÏÖ-ÐÏÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÖ)
W. Page Keeton, ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂºǜǻơ .ÐÏÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÍ)
.Prosser and Keeton, on the Law of Torts, p. 537
ƨºdzƢūƢƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǾǻƗ ǾºdzȂǬƥ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ Goldie Dzǐ Ĉ ǧ (ÏÎ)
ƭƽơȂūơ ȅƽƢǨƫ ǺǰŻ ȏ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƩƢǟƢǼǐdzơ "ƩơǂǰƬƦǷ ƭƾƷȋ" ƨǼǿơǂdzơ
("Liability for damage and the ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǺǷ ȁƗ ǂǐƦƬdzơ ǺǷ ǁƾǫ ȅƘƥ
.progressive development of international law", p. 1203)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÏ)
ƶǴǘǐŭơ ơǀǿ ÐÏÖ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Fleming DzǸǠƬLjȇ (ÏÐ)
.ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ DZƢŷȍơ śƥ DŽȈȈǸƬǴdz
DzºưǷ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢǗƛ Ǻǟ ƨƳǁƢƻ Śƥơƾƫ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟȁ ƨǷȐLjdzơ ƨǸǜǻƘƥ ƨǘƦƫǂŭơ
śǷƘƬdzơ ǕƢLjǫƗ ǁƢǠLJƗ ƣƢLjƬƷơȁ ǩǂǘdzơ ƨǷȐLJ ƨdzƢǨǯ ńƛ ƨȈǷơǂdzơ ƩȐǸūơ
ǩǂºǘdzơ ƨȈǟȂǻ Ŀ ƩƢǼȈLjŢ ƔơǂƳƛȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǺǷƚŭơ ƨǷȐLJ DzƴLJ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ
ǽǀǿ Dzǯ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ Ǻǰdzȁ .ƨǟƢǼǐdzơ Ŀ ƱƢƬǻȍơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟȁ ƨȈdzȉơ ƩƢƦǯǂŭơȁ
ńƛ ǮºNj ƢǷ ǹȁƽ ȃDŽǠĄȇ ƢȀǔǠƥȁ .ƩƢƥƢǏȍơȁ ƭƽơȂūơ ǂǸƬLjƫ ǖƥơȂǔdzơ
ǒǠƦºdzơ ȃDŽºǠĄȇ ƢǸǼȈƥ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ Śǣ ǂǗƢű ńƛ ȅƗ ȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơ ǽƢǼǠŠ DZƢŷȍơ
ńƛ ȏ ƢȀºǼǷ ȅƗ ȃDŽǠĄȇ ǹƗ ƢƆǷƢŤ ǃȂŸȁ ."ƢȀƦǼš ǺǰŻ ȏ" ƭƽơȂƷ ńƛ ǂƻȉơ
Ŗºdzơ Ƣēơƿ ƨLjLJƚŭơ ȁƗ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ńƛȁ Dzƥ ƤLjƸǧ ƢȀȈǧ ǺȇǂNjƢƦŭơ śǯǁƢnjŭơ
ƨºǨǴǰƫ Ǟǧƾºȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ǺǷ ƨǗƢLjƦƥ Ȇǿ ƨdzƘLjŭơȁ ... Ƣđ ǹȂǘƦƫǂȇ
ŚǐºǬƬdzơ ƤLjǼȇ ǹƗ ǾȈǴǟ ǁǀǠƬȇ ƾǫ ȅǀdzơ ǚūơ ƞȈLjdzơ ƨȈƸǔdzơ ȂǿƗ Ǯdzƿ
ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǺǷ ǹȁƾȈǨƬLjȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǮƠdzȁƗ Ƕǿ ǵƗ ǾǼȈǠƥ ƽǂǧ ȅƗ ńƛ ȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơ ǽƢǼǠŠ
Dzºǯ ǺǷ ȆǔƬǬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƾǟơȂǫ ƭơƾƸƬLJơ ǺǰǷƗ Ȃdz ŸƭƽơȂūơ ƾŏdzȂȇ ȅǀdzơ
ǹƗ ƩơǁƢȈLjºdzơ ȆǬƟƢºLJ DzºưǷ śǠǷ ǕƢnjǻ Ŀ śǯǂƬnjŭơ ǺǷ ȁƗ ƨǟƢǼǏ
ƨƸǴǐºŭơ ơǀǿ ǵƾź ƾǬǴǧ ƢȀǴȈǤnjƫ ƨǨǴǰƫ ƔƤǟ ƨȈǟƢŦ ƧǁȂǐƥ ơȂǴǸƸƬȇ
ǭǂºƬƥ ǞºǼǬȇ ňȂǻƢºǫ ǵƢǜǻ DzǛ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ ǹƢǯ Ȃdz ƢŲ DzǔǧƗ Dzǰnjƥ ƨǷƢǠdzơ
ƤȈƦǘdzơ ǺǷ ƨǸǴǯ ȄǴǟ ƾǸƬǠƫ ǚƷ ƨdzƘLjǷ" ǹȂǰȈdz ƩƢƥƢǏȍơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
DzǸǠdzơ ǦǴǰƬȇȁ ŚǐǬƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǠǫơȁ Śǣȁ ƨȈdzƢƥ ǁƢǰǧƗ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ "Ȇǟǂnjdzơ
.(ÎÏ)ƨȇƢǤǴdz ƨƷƽƢǧ ƨǨǴǰƫ Ƣđ
ƧƢȈūơ ǥȁǂǛ Ŀ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǺǷ Śưǰdzơ ǹƗ ǞǸƬĐơ ǭǁƽƗ ƿƛȁ -ÏÍ
DZơȂºǷȋơȁ DZƢǏȁȋơȁ ƵơȁǁȋƢƥ ƧŚƦǯ ǂƟƢLjƻ ǪƸǴƫ ƾǫ ƨưȇƾūơ
ǂºǜƷ (Ɨ) :DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ƩơǁƢȈƬƻơ Ƨƾǟ ǀƼƬȇ ǹƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƢƆǷơDŽdz ƶƦǏƗ
ƨºLJǁƢǸŠ ƵƢǸLjdzơ (ƣ) žǾƬLJǁƢŲ ƨȈǨȈǯ ƾȇƾŢ ȁƗ ǕƢnjǼdzơ Ǯdzƿ
ǦºǏȁ ȁƗ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ ƾȇƾŢ ǞǷ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ǾƬǠǨǼŭ ǕƢnjǼdzơ Ǯdzƿ
Ǖǂnjƥ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǞǷ ƶǷƢLjƬdzơ (Ʊ) žǾƬLJǁƢŲ Ƣđ śǠƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǨȈǰdzơ
.(ÎÐ)Ǿƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ƨȈǨȈǯ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥ ǾLjǨǼƥ ǾǨȈdzƢǰƫ ƽƾLjȇ ǹƗ
ƨȈǟȂºǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ńƛ Śƻȋơ ǁƢȈƬƻȏơ ȅƽƚȇȁ -ÏÎ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǮºǴƫ ȄǴǟ ǹƢƳƿȂŶ ǭƢǼǿȁ .ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȌdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǶƟơǂƴǴdzȁ ƩƢȇƢǼƴǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ :ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
ǪǴǠƬŭơ ŚǐǬƬǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ƣǂūơ ǶƟơǂŪȁ ƨȈǻƾŭơ
.(ÎÑ)ƨȇƽƢǟ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ȁƗ "ǂǘŬơ ƨǤdzƢƦdzơ" ƨǘnjǻȋƢƥ
ƾǐºǬdzơ ƩƢºƦƯƛ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƤǴǘƬƫ ȏ ƧŚƻȋơ ƨdzƢūơ Ŀȁ
ƨǴȈºLJȂdzơ Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢºǼdzơ ǁǂǔºdzơ ȄǴǟ ǪȈǬƸƬdzơ ƤǐǼȇȁ .ȆƟƢǼŪơ
.(ÎÒ)ƽƾºŰ ǶȀºƬǷ ǭȂǴºLJ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȄǴǟ džȈdzȁ ƨǠƦƬŭơ
ƨǴȈºLJȂdzƢƥ ǾºƬǫȐǟ ńƛ ǾºȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƾǼƬLjƫ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ
ƨǴȈLJȂdzơ ǮǴƫ ǵƾƼƬLjǷ ȁƗ DzďǤnjǷ ȁƗ ǮdzƢǷ Ȃǿ ǾȈǴǟ ȄǟċƾŭƢǧ .ƨǠƦƬŭơ
ǁǂǔdzơ ǝƢǬȇƛ Ŀ ǾǗƢnjǻ ƤƦLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơȁ .(ÎÓ)łƛ
__________
.Õ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÏ)
.ÐÏÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÐ)
MacAheal, "The Comprehensive Environmental (ÎÑ)
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act: the correct paradigm of
.strict liability and the problem of individual causation, p. 218
.ÏÎÖ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÒ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÓ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Dzºǰƥ ƨºǏƢŬơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ǵƢǰƷƗ
ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ DzǸǠdzơ ǦǫȂdz ƨǴȈLJȁ ǾǻƜǧ ƨǘȈLjƥ ƧǁƢƦǠƥȁ .ƨȈǔǫ
ơǀŮȁ .(ÐÎ)ƨȇƢǤǴdz ǾȈǧ ǢdzƢƦǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ǒǂǧ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƨƬǫƚǷ
:ǦǏȂdzơ ơǀǿ ńƛ DzȈǷƗ ǹȂǰȇ "ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƦLjdzơ" ǹƜǧ ƤƦLjdzơ
ơƿƛ ƢºǷ ǂȇǂǬƬdz ƨLJƢȈLJ ƨǗƢLjƦƥ Ȃǿ Dzƥ :ƤƦLjƫ ƨdzƘLjǷ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƦLjdzơ džȈdz
ǩƢǘǻ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƦLjdzơ ǥďǂǠĄȇȁ ... ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ŐƬǠĄȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ǹƢǯ
ǂºưǯƗ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƤƦLJ ƣǂǫƗ ǾȈǧ ȁƾǠȇ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ǁƾǬdzƢƥȁ .ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳơȂdzơ
ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǸǴdz ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƽȁƾūơ ǦȇǂǠƬdz ƨLJƢȈLjdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǶǰƷ ǺǷ
śǠǷ ǞȇǂnjƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ Ŀ ǂǜǼƫ ǹƗ ǶǯƢƄơ ȄǴǟ ǹƜǧ śǠǷ ƔƢǟƽȏ
.(ÐÏ)ƨȈǼǠŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩȏƢů ǺǷ DZƢů ȁƗ
ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƔƢǟƽơ ƤƦLJ ƣǂǫȋ DzȈǴŢ ȅƗ DzǸnjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȏȁ ...
ƤºǫơȂǠǴdz ǭơǁƽȍơ ǂǐǼǟ ǩȐǗȍơ ȄǴǟ ǾȈǧ ƢȀǬȈƦǘƫ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ ȃƾŭơ ńƛ
.(ÐÐ)ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ǞǓȂǷ ǾLjǨǻ Ǟǔƥ DzǫƢǟ ǎƼNj ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ
ǾºȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ǹƗ ƪƦưȇ ǹƗ ǾǷDŽǴȇ ȏ Ȇǟƾŭơ ǹƗ Ȃǿ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǂǿȂƴǧ
(ÐÑ)
DzȈºǏƢǨƫ DzȈǴƸƬƥ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǴǤNj ơƿƜǧ ... DZƢŷƜƥ ȁƗ ơƆƾǸǟ ǥǂǐƫ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƦLjdzơ ǁƢȀǛȍȁ .DZƢŷȎdz DzȈǴŢ ƨƥƢưŠ DzȈǴƸƬdzơ ƶƦǐȇ ƨǴȈLJȂdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ
ǹƗ ǁƢºȀǛƛ ȃȂLJ ǵDŽǴȇ ȏ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǢdzƢƦdzơ ǕƢnjǼǴdz ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ
.(ÐÒ)ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ǞǓƢŬơ ǭȂǴLjdzơ Ŀ ƢƆǟȂǗ ǭǁƢNj ƾǫ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ
ǑǂǨdz Ʈȇƾūơ Ƥǿǀŭơ ǦǏȂdz ƨǨǴƬű ƩƢȈǸLjƫ ǵƾƼƬLjĄƫȁ -ÏÕ
"ŚǐºǬƫ ǹȁƽ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ" ƢȀǼȈƥ ǺǷ ƨǬǴǘŭơ ȁƗ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ" "ŚǐºǬƫ ǹȁƽ DZƢŷȍơ" (responsabilité sans faute)
"ƨȈǟȂºǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ" "Ǿºƫơƿ ƭƾƷ Ŀ ŚǐǬƬdzơ" "ƨǓǂƬǨŭơ
(ÐÓ)"
ǂººǘŬơ Ǻººǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjººŭơ" ȁƗ (responsabilité objective)
.(responsabilité pour risque créé)
ƨǬǴǘŭơ ȁƗ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ -ƔƢƥ
ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ -Î
ǕƢnjǼdzơ ȁƗ ƔȆnjdzơ ƨǠȈƦǗ (Ɨ)
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǁȂǘƫ Ŀ ƩǂƯƗ Ŗdzơ DzǷơȂǠdzơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ǭƢǼǿ -ÏÖ
Śưǯ ȃƾƥƗ ƾǬǧ .ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǬǴǘŭơ ȁƗ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
__________
.ÏÑÎ-ÏÐÏ Ǎ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǂǜǻơȁ .ÏÐÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÎ)
.ÏÐÖ-ÏÐÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÏ)
.ÏÐÖ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÐ)
.ÏÑÍ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÑ)
ƤƦLjºdzơ Ƨǂǰǧ DzȈǴŢ Ǻǟȁ .ÏÑÎ-ÏÑÍ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÒ)
Empress Car Co. ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ (Lord Hoffman) ǹƢǸǧȂǿ ƽǁȂǴdzơ ǶǰƷ ǂǜǻƗ
(Abertillery) Ltd. v. National Rivers Authority, All England Law
.Reports 1998, vol. 1, p. 481.
Stone, “Liability for damage caused by things”, p. 3, ǂǜǻơ (ÐÓ)
.para. 1
116
ǁǂǔºdzơ ƤƦLjºƥ ƢǷƛ ǺȇǂƻȉƢƥ ǁǂǔdzơ ǩƢūƛ ǂǘƻ ǺǷ ƨºȇƽƢǟ
řºǠŭơ ǕƢnjǼdzơȁ .(ÏÑ)ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƭȁƾƷ ǂƫơȂƫ ƤƦLjƥ ȁƗ DzǸƬƄơ
ƢºǷ ǦȈdzƢºǰƫ ƤǟȂƬLjȇ ǹƗ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟȁ (ÏÒ)Ǖǂnjƥ Ǿƥ ƶǸĄLJ ƢŶƛ
ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ǮǴƫ ǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƭƽơȂƷ ǺǷ Ǿƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬƸĄȇ
ǞºǸƬĐơ DzºǨǰȇ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .(ÏÓ)ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǾƫƢǬǨǻ ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ
ƧƽƢǠdzơ Ŀȁ .ǕƢnjǼdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ śǠǨƬǼŭơ ȄǴǟ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ǞȇǃȂƫ
.ƨǴǐºdzơ Ʃơƿ ƩƢǷƾŬơȁ ǞǴLjdzơ ǂǠLJ Ŀ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ Dzƻƾƫ
ǒȇȂºǠƬdz DzǔºǧƗ DŽǯǂǷ Ŀ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ Ƕǿ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǺǷ ǹȁƾȈǨƬLjŭƢǧ
.(ÏÔ)ǶȀLjǨǻƗ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ǺǷ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ
ƨºǬǴǘŭơ ȁƗ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǥƾŮơ DzưǸƬȇȁ -ÏÑ
ňȂǻƢǫ ǥǂǐƫ ǺǷ ǺȇǁǂǔƬŭơ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ŀ ǂǘŬơ ǢdzƢƦdzơ ǕƢnjǼǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƜǧ .(ÏÕ)ǂǘŬơ ƨǤdzƢƦdzơ Ɣơƽȋơ ƨǴȈLJȂdz ƨǷȂƬƄơ ǁƢƯȉơ Ǻǟ
.(ÏÖ)ňȂǻƢǫ ƤƦLJ ǭƢǼǿ ƶƦǏƗ ƨǴȈLJȂdzơ ǮǴƫ DzưǷ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ Ǻǟ ƢƆŦƢǻ
ǁȂȀǛ ńƛ ƧơƽȋƢƥ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ǖƥǁ ńƛ ƨƳƢūơ ƩƽƗ ƾǫȁ -ÏÒ
ƮºȈƷ ǺºǷ ƤƦLjºƬdzƢǧ .ƨǴǐdzơ ǮǴƫ ǂȇŐƬdz ƤƦLjƬdzơ Ǻǟ Ɣơǁƕ
ƨȈǐºƼnjdzơ ƩƢǧǂǐºƬdzƢƥ ơƆŚưǯ ǖƦƫǂȇ ȏ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǾºȈǧ ƪǷƾƼĄƬLJơ ȅǀdzơ ǕƢnjǼdzƢƥ ȁƗ ƨǴȈLJȂdzƢƥ ǾǗƢƦƫǁơ ǁƾǫ ǶȀƬǸǴdz
ƪºǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ǹƘnjƥ ǭȂǰNj Ǻǟ ƣǂǟƌƗ ƾǫȁ .(ÐÍ)ƨǴȈLJȂdzơ ǮǴƫ
ƨȈǟȂºǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƗƾƦŭ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǪƦǘǼƫ "ƤƦLJ ƣǂǫƗ" Ƨǂǰǧ
ƢƆǸƟơƽ ǪƦǘǼƫ ȏȁ DZƢŷȍơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ ƨȈLjȈƟǁ ƨǨǐƥ ƨƠNjƢǻ ƢĔȋ ơƆǂǜǻ
ǺưĄȇ Ń ơǀǿ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƧƽȂǐǬǷ ǁơǂǓƗ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ Ŀ
ƢĔƗ Ȃdzȁ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƢȇƢǔǫ Ŀ ƢȀǷơƾƼƬLJơ Ǻǟ ǶǯƢƄơ
.ƨǴȈLJȂdzơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ƾǼǟ ƨǴǐdzơ ǮǴƫ ȄǴǟ ƩƽċƾNj
ƨȈǸȈǿƢǨŭơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƢƆȇƾŢ "ƤƦLJ ƣǂǫƗ" Ƨǂǰǧ ƾǠƫȁ -ÏÓ
ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ ƢȀƬǨǏ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗ ƾȇƾnjƬdzơ ȃǂƳ ƾǫȁ .ƨǫƾƥ ƢǿƾȇƾŢ ǁǀǠƬȇȁ
ǹȁǂƻƕ ƾǯƗȁ .ƢȀƷƢūƛ ȃƾŭ ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ ƧǂNjƢƦŭơ ňƢǠŭơ ȁƗ ƨȈǻƢǰŭơ ȁƗ
ƤºǫƢǠƬƥ ǂºŤ ƨƴȈƬǻ" Ǻǟ ǂǨLjȇ ƤƦLJ ƣǂǫƗ ǹƘƥ ƾȈǨȇ ȅǀdzơ ŘǠŭơ
ƤƦºLJ" ǵƾƼĄƬºLJơ ȃǂºƻƗ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ Ǻǰdzȁ ."ǂǸƬLjǷȁ ȆǠȈƦǗ
ƪºǷơƽ ƢºǷ "ơƆƾȈƷȁ ƢƆƦƦLJ" ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ ơǀǿ řǠȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ "ȅǂǿȂƳ
ƧǁȂǐdzơ Ŀ ƪǴƻƽ ƾǫ "ƧƽƾǠƬŭơȁ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ" DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ǁƢǰǧƗ
.ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƢȇƢǔǫ ƨŪƢǠǷ ƾǼǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ
ǁǂǔdzơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƤƦLJ ƣǂǫƗ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǒǠƥ ƪǧċǂǟ ƾǫȁ -ÏÔ
ǺºǷ ǶºǰƷ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ǽǁȂǐƫ ȅǂŸ ȃǂƻƗ ƢȇƢǔǫ Ŀȁ .ǞǫȂƬŭơ
__________
.Strahl, “Tort liability and insurance”, pp. 213–218 (ÏÑ)
Robert E. Keeton, “Conditional fault in the law of ǂºǜǻơ (ÏÒ)
.ÎÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ ÐÏÖ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Fleming ǽǂǯƿ ȄǴǟ ȄƫƗ torts”
.ÐÏÖ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Fleming (ÏÓ)
.ÏÐÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ MacAyeal (ÏÔ)
.ÏÐÖȁ ÏÐÏ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÕ)
.ÏÐÖ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÖ)
.ÏÏÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÍ)
117 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǶȈǿƢºǨŭơ DZơDŽƫ ȏȁ .(ÑÏ)(ÖÏÑ ƧƽƢŭơ) ǹƢǻȂȈdzơȁ (ÎÑÍÑ ƧƽƢŭơ)
Ȃºdzȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂǷ ŚǐǬƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȇƾȈǴǬƬdzơ
ǑơǂºƬǧơ" DZȐºƻ ǺºǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭƢƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ȏƆ ȂŢ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ
ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ÒÓ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂǸƦǧ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ .(ÑÐ)"ŚǐǬƬdzơ
ơƿƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƪǴǨȇ ǹƗ ǹơȂȈūơ ǚǧƢƷ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ ȅǂLjȇȂLjdzơ
ǹƗ ȁƗ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ DzǛ Ŀ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƨȇƢǼǟ Dzǯ DžǁƢǷ ǾǻƗ ƪƦƯƗ
.(ÑÑ)ƨȇƢǼǠdzơ ǮǴƫ ƨLJǁƢŲ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ƭƾƸȈLJ ǹƢǯ ǁǂǔdzơ
Ǻǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǩƢǘǼdzơ ǞLJơȁ ǥơǂƬǟơ ǭƢǼǿȁ -ÐÏ
ƢƆºǬǧȁ ʼnƾǬdzơ ǵƢǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǎǻ ƾǫȁ .Ǫȇǂūơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǹƘnjºƥ ǍƢƻ ƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţơ ȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơ ǾƦƦLjȇ ȅǀdzơ Ǫȇǂūơ ƧƾǟƢǬdz
ƩƢºǰǴƬǸŭơ ǮºǴƫ ȆǴǣƢºNj ƾºǓ ƩƢºǰǴƬǸŭơ ȄǴǟ ȅƾǠƬdzơ
ǵƢǠdzơ ǥǂǠǴdz ƢƆǧȐƻ ƢēȐǨǻƢƥ ƶũ ƢŲ DZƢŷƜƥ ǁƢǼdzơ ǶȀǷơƾƼƬLJȏ"
ƨȇǁȁǂºǓ Śǣ DZƢŷȍơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ƪǻƢǯ ƢŠǁȁ .(ÑÒ)"ƨǰǴǸŭơ Ŀ
ǃȂºŸ Ǻºǰȇ Ń ǾǻƗ ŕƷ ơƆƾƳ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƪǻƢǯ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȋ
ǎƼNj DzǠǨƥ ȁƗ ǁƾǬdzơȁ ƔƢǔǬdzơ DzǠǨƥ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƛ ȏƛ ƢȀǼǷ ƔƢǨǟȍơ
ƶǸLjȇ ƢŠ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ŚǤƫ Ľ .(ÑÓ)Ƥȇǂǣ
ƾǐǫ Śǣ Ǻǟ ǪȇǂƷ ǞdzƾǼȇ ǎƼNj ȅȋ" ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƔƢǨǟȍƢƥ
ǂºƻƕ ŘƦǷ Ŀ ȁƗ ǾƫŚǜƷ ȁƗ ǾdzȂȈƻ DzƦǘLJƛ ȁƗ ǾƬǧǂǣ ȁƗ ǾƬȈƥ Ŀ
DŽƟƢƷ ǹƗ ǶǯƢƄơ ƩƘƫǁơ ƾǬǧ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ .(ÑÔ)"ǾƫǃȂŞ ǁƢǬǟ Ŀ ȁƗ
Ǻºǟ ǂnjºƬǼȇ ȁƗ Ǫȇǂūơ ƤnjǼȇ Ń ƢǷ ƧƆ ƽƢǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ džȈdz ǁƢǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .(ÑÕ)ơƆƾǸǟ DzǠNjƗ ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ ȁƗ ǾƦǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZƢŷƛ
ƧǁȂǐƥ ơƆǂǘƻ ŐƬǠĄȇ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢŲ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǪȇǂƷ ƣȂnjǻ ƨdzƢƷ ȆǨǧ
ǮºdzƢǷ ŐºĄƬǟơȁ ńȁȋơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ńƛ ǞƳǂĄȇ ǹƢǯ ƾǬǧ ƨȇƽƢǟ Śǣ
ƾǬǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .(ÑÖ)ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ Ǒǁȋơ
ńȁȋơ ƧƾºǟƢǬdzơ ǒºǧǁ ȄǴǟ ǁơǂǸƬLJƢƥ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǶǯƢƄơ ƪƥƗƽ
ƾƳȂƫ ȏ Ǯdzƿ ǦdzƢţ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƫ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǠdz ǾǻƗ ƩŐƬǟơȁ
__________
.ÒÏȁ ÒÎ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ ÎÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Stone (ÑÏ)
.Koch and Koziol, “Comparative conclusions”, p. 396 (ÑÐ)
Loi fédérale du 30 mars 1911 complétant le :ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ DzȇƾǠƫ (ÑÑ)
.code civil suisse (Livre cinquième: Droit des obligations)
.ÐÑÖ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Fleming (ÑÒ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÓ)
(Fires Prevention Act 1775) ÎÔÔÒ ǪºƟơǂūơ ǞǼǷ ǹȂǻƢǫ (ÑÔ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ Fleming Ŀ ƽǁơȁ DžƢƦƬǫȏơȁ
Job Edwards, Ltd. v. Birmingham Navigations (1924), (ÑÕ)
United Kingdom, The Law Reports, King’s Bench Division, 1924, vol.
1, p. 341; Vaughan v. Menlove (1837), Bingham’s New Cases, vol. 3, p.
468; Filliter v. Phippard (1847), United Kingdom, The Law Reports,
Keeton Ŀ Ʃƽǁȁ Queen’s Bench Division, 1847, vol. 11, p. 347,
ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Fleming ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .ÒÑÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ
.ÐÒÍ-ÐÑÖ Ǎ
Musgrove v. Pandelis (1919), United Kingdom, The Law (ÑÖ)
Ŀ Ʃƽǁȁ Reports, King’s Bench Division, 1919, vol. 2, p. 43
.ÐÒÍ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Fleming
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵȂȀǨŠ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ńƛ ƧǂǸƬLjǷ ƨǟDŽǻ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǶǜǼdzơ ǺǷ
ǕƢnjºǼdzơ ȁƗ ƔȆnjºdzơ "ƨǠȈƦǗ" ńƛ ƧƾǼƬLjŭơ ƨǬǴǘŭơ ȁƗ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
DzȈƦºLJ ȄǴǟȁ .ƧǂǘŬơ ǾƬǠȈƦǗ ȁƗ ǾƫƢũ ȅƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ƤċƦLJ ȅǀdzơ
ƢƆȇǂƥ ǹơȂȈūơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjƫ ƩƢǨȈǼǐƫ ƪǠǓĄȁ ƾǬǧ DZƢưŭơ
Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ŐǯƗ ơƆƽƢǸƬǟơ ȅDŽȈǴǰǻȍơ ǵƢǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǸƬǠȇȁ .ƢƆǨȈdzƗ ǵƗ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǑǂǨĄƫ ơǀŮȁ .ƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ǦȈǐƫ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjŭơ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ
Ŗºdzơ ƨȇŐdzơ ƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ǾƦƦLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
ǹƗȁ "ƨºǨȈǼǟ ȁƗ ƨȇƿƚǷ ȁƗ ƨȈLJƢǫ" ƨǟDŽǻ ơƿ ƢĔƗ Ƣđ ǚǨƬƄơ ǥǂǠȇ
Ŀȁ .(ÐÔ)DzȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ȆƟƢǼŪơ ǝȐǗȏơ ǪƦLJ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjȇ DzǠǨdzơ
ǹȂǻƢǫ ǎǼȇ ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ơƾǼdzǂȇƕȁ ȄǸǜǠdzơ ƢȈǻƢǘȇŐdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ
Ŀ ǹơȂȈŞ ǚǨƬŹ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǠdz ƩƢǻơȂȈūơ
ȆǸƬǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ǹơȂȈūơ ǾƦƦLjȇ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ Ǻǟ" ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ Ǻǿơǂdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ
ńƛ ȆºǸƬǼƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǻơȂȈƸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥȁ .(ÐÕ)"Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǴȈǐǧ ńƛ
ǶLjƬȇ ǹơȂȈūơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ Ƣđ ǚǨƬŹ ǺǷ ŐƬǠĄȇ Ƨǂǘƻ DzƟƢǐǧ
ƢºǿǁƢƦƬǟơ ƤŸ ȁƗ ǹơȂȈūơ ǚǧƢƷ ƢȀǸǴǠȇ ƨǧȂdzƘǷ Śǣ ǎƟƢǐş
ƩƢǻơȂȈūơ" śƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨȈǯŚǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ DŽȈŤȁ .Ǿdz ƨǷȂǴǠǷ
.(ÐÖ)"ƧƽƢǟ ƧǁƢǔdzơ Śǣ" ǮǴƫȁ "ƧǂǘŬơ
Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ Śưǯ Ŀ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƩƢǻȁƾǷ ǑǂǨƫȁ -ÐÍ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƢLjǻǂǧȁ ƨȈǰȈnjƬdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơȁ ƢǰȈƴǴƥȁ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛȁ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ
ǺǷ ǹơȂȈūơ ǾƦƦLjȇ Ƣŭ ǾǜǧƢƷ ȁƗ ǹơȂȈūơ ƤƷƢǏ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ
ƨºȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .ƣǂǿ ȁƗ ƽǂNj ȁƗ ǾƫƾȀǟ Ŀ ǹƢǯ ƔơȂLJ ǁǂǓ
Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥ ƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ǞȈŦ ȄǴǟ Ƣēơƿ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǪƦǘǼƫ
ƢƆǔºȇƗ ÎÖÍÍ ǵƢǠdz ňƢŭȋơ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǑǂǨȇȁ .(ÑÍ)ƢȀƬǠȈƦǗ
ƢȀƦƦLjºƫ Ŗºdzơ ǁơǂºǓȋơ ǞºȈǸŪ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ȄºǴǟ ǎǼºƫ ÎÖÍÕ ǵƢºǟ ƨdzƾǠŭơ ǾƬǤȈǏ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ .ƩƢǻơȂȈūơ
Ŗdzơ ƨǨȈdzȋơ ƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơ
ǾºƫƾȀǟ Ŀ ǹȂǰƫ ȁƗ ǾǴǸǟ Ŀ ȁƗ ǾƬǼȀǷ Ŀ ƢȀƦƷƢǏ ƢȀǷƾƼƬLjȇ
ƧƽƢºŭơ ȄƻȂƬƫȁ .(ÑÎ)DZƢŷȍơ ƩƢƦƯƛ ǂǷȋơ ǵDŽǴƬLjȇ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ
ơƿƛ ǹơȂȈūơ ǮdzƢǷ ƨƷƢLJ Ɣơǂƥƛ ňƢƦLJȍơ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ÎÖÍÒ
.ǂǿƢǫ ƤƦLjdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƢǯ
ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ ƨȈǟȂºǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭƢƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǥơǂƬǟơ ƨťȁ -ÐÎ
:ƨºȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨºȈǻƾŭơ śǻơȂǬdzơ Ŀ ƢȀȈǜǧƢƷ ȁƗ ƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƣƢƸǏȋ
ơƾºǼdzȂƥȁ (ÎÒÏÔ ƧƽƢºŭơ) DzȇǃơŐdzơȁ (ÎÎÏÓ ƧƽƢŭơ) śƬǼƳǁȋơ
(ÏÐÒÐ ƧƽƢŭơ) ƢȈƦǷȂdzȂǯȁ (ÒÓ ƧƽƢŭơ) ơǂLjȇȂLJȁ (ÑÐÎ ƧƽƢŭơ)
ơƾºǼdzȂǿȁ (ÐÒÐ ƧƽƢºŭơ) ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿȁ (ÎÖÐÍ ƧƽƢŭơ) ǮȈLjǰŭơȁ
__________
.ÑÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÏ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÔ)
Animals Act 1971 (London, HM Stationery Office, 1971), (ÐÕ)
.Mullholland, “Animals”, chap. 21 ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǂǜǻơȁ .chap. 22, para. 2 (1)
.ÑÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÏ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Stone (ÐÖ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÍ)
ǞºƳǂŭơ Stone ǂǜǻơ žňƢŭȋơ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ÕÐÐ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÑÎ)
.ÑÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ńƛ DzºǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭ ƨưȇƾūơ ƨȇǂǜǼdzơ DzǏƗ ǞƳǂȇȁ -ÐÓ
ǞºǼǷ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƢȀƬǸȈǫ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƦǧ .ǂnjǟ ǞLJƢƬdzơ ǹǂǬdzơ ǞǴǘǷ
ǹƗ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ DZƢů Ŀ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ DzưǸƬȇ ƭƽơȂūơ
DZƾǠdzơ ȆǔƬǬȇ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǾƬƸǴǐŠ ǑȂȀǼǴdz Ǻȇǂƻƕ ǵƾƼƬLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ
ǮºǴƫ DzºǸǟ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƭƾŢ Ŗdzơ ǂƟƢLjŬơ Ǻǟ ƧǂǛƢǼǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭ Ǟǔź ǹƗ ǾǼǷ
Ǻȇǀºdzơ ǾȈǷƾƼƬLjǷ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ơƆƾǟơȁ ơƆǁƾǐǷ DzưŻ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǂǧ žƨLjLJƚŭơ
ǞºȇǃȂƫ ǩƢǘǻ ǞȈLJȂƫ ńƛ Ȃǟƾƫ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹƗȁ ƔƢǨǠǓ ơȂǻȂǰȇ ǹƗ ńƛ ǹȂǴȈŻ
ƧƢºǼǫ ƤLjºǻƗ Ȃºǿ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǹȂǰȇ ƮȈƷ ŚǐǬƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǂƟƢLjŬơ
.(ÒÒ)ƨǠǨƫǂŭơ ǁƢǠLJȋơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ śǷƘƬdzơ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ƢȀǠȇǃȂƬdz
ȅȋ DzºǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ƨºǨdzƢű ńƛ ƧǂNjƢƦŭơ Śǣ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƾǼƬLjƫ ȏȁ
ŚǐºǬƫ ƨƦLjºǻ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ńƛ ƢŶƛȁ Ǿƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ǾȈǴǟ ȆǐƼNj ƤƳơȁ
ƧƾǸƬLjŭơ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȇǂǜǻ ƪůƽƌƗ ƾǫȁ .(ÒÓ)ǾȈǷƾƼƬLjǷ
Ŀ ǾȈǷƾƼƬLjǷ ǽƢš ŚǐǬƬdzơ Ǻǟ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǂdz ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ DZƢǸǠdzơ ǒȇȂǠƫ śǻơȂǫ Ŀ ǵƢǠdzơ ĿǂǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ DZȁƚLjºǷ DzºǸǠdzơ ƣǂǧ žDZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ
ƨǼǷƢǰdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơȁ .ǾȈǷƾƼƬLjǷ ƤȈǐƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ
"ȆǟƢºǸƬƳȏơ śǷƘºƬdzơ" ƨLJƢȈLJ Ȇǿ DzǸǠdzơ ƣƢƥǁƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ɣơǁȁ
.(ÒÔ)ƧǁƢLjŬơ DzǸƸƬdz ƶǴǏȋơ Ȃǿ ǺǷ ƾȇƾŢȁ
Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ Ƣđ ǥǂƬǠǷ DzǸǠdzơ ƣƢƥǁȋ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ -ÐÔ
Ŗºdzơ DzǸǠdzơ ƭƽơȂŞ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ÎÕÖÕ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ Î ƧƽƢŭƢǧ .ƢLjǻǂǧ
concernant la responsabilité des accidents dont les ) DZƢǸǠǴdz ǞǬƫ
ƨȈƸºǓ ǪºŞ ȆǔǬƫ (ouvriers sont victimes dans leur travail
Ƥºƫǂƫ ơƿƛ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǺǷ ǒȇȂǠƬƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ Ŀ ǾȈǴưŲ ȁƗ ƭƽƢūơ
Ƨƾŭ DzǸǠdzơ Ǻǟ ǦǫȂƬdzơ ńƛ řǠŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǁơǂǘǓơ ƭƽƢūơ ȄǴǟ
ƤºƳȂŠ ȆǰȈƴǴƦdzơ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǑǂǨȇȁ .ǵƢȇƗ ƨǠƥǁƗ Ǻǟ ƾȇDŽƫ
Ŗºdzơ ǁơǂºǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ÎÐÕÑ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ð ȆǟǂǨdzơ ƾǼƦdzơ
.śǨǛȂŭơ DzưǷ Ǻȇǂƻȉơ śǼȈǠŭơ ǍƢƼNjȋơȁ ǵƾŬơ ƢȀƦƦLjȇ
ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ǪƦǗ ƢƆȈƦLjǻ ơƆƾȀǟ ƭƾƷƗ ǁȂǘƫ Ŀȁ -ÐÕ
ǹơǂǨLjºȇ ƾǫ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ƢȇƢǔǫ ǺǷ ǹƢǟȂǻ ǭƢǼȀǧ .ƨƦȈǠŭơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ǹƘnjƥ
ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢŷƾƷƗȁ .ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǘdz ȁƗ ȅǂƬnjǸǴdz ƢǷƛ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǺǷ ǝȂǻ Ǻǟ
.(ÒÕ)ƲƬºǼǸǴdz ƨºƠȇƽǂdzơ ƨºdzƢūƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǂƻȉơȁ ƲƬǼǸǴdz ƧǂǘŬơ ƨdzƢūƢƥ
ȁƗ ǁȁǂºǷ ƭƽƢƷ DzưǷ ƧǁƢǓ ƭƽơȂƷ Ǻǟ DZȁȋơ ǂǨLjȇ ǹƗ ƶƳǁȋơȁ
ƢºǸǼȈƥ ȆǟƢǼºǏ ƭƽƢƷ ȁƗ ǦLJƚǷ œǗ ƭƽƢƷ ȁƗ ƧǂƟƢǗ ǶǘŢ
.(ÒÖ)ƧǁȂǜǼǷ Śǣ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫơ ǂƟƢLjƻ ƢǸȀǼǷ Śƻȋơ ƤƦLjȇ ǹƗ ƶƳǂȇ
__________
.ÐÓÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÒ)
.ÐÓÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÓ)
.ƢȀȈǴȇ ƢǷȁ ÒÓÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Keeton ǂǜǻƗ (ÒÔ)
.ÓÔÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÕ)
ƢºȈǴǠdzơ ƨºǸǰƄơ ǁơǂºǫ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .ÓÔÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÖ)
Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc. (1962), ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƢȈǻǁȂǨȈdzƢǰdz
Supreme Court of California, Pacific Reporter, Second Series, vol. 377,
.p. 897
118
ƽȂºƳȁ ǵƾǟ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǁƢǼdzơ ƣǂLjƫ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
Ŀ ȆǔºǬȇ ǾºƦǻƢƳ ǺºǷ ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ .(ÒÍ)DZƢŷƛ
ǪºƷ ȅƘƥ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ ȁƗ ƢƆȈǴǯ DŽƟƢūơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǹƘƥ ǾǼǷ ÎÐÕÑ ƧƽƢŭơ
Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƾǠĄȇ ȏ ǪȇǂƷ ǾȈǧ ƭƾŹ ȆǐƼNj ǁƢǬǟ ȁƗ ŘƦŭ ǹƢǯ
ńƛ ǞºƳǂȇ ǾǻƗ ƪƦƯ ơƿƛ ȏƛ Ǫȇǂūơ ơǀǿ Ǻǟ ŚǤǴdz ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǑǂǨȇȁ .(ÒÎ)ǾǼǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ Ȃǿ ǹȂǰȇ ǎƼNj ŚǐǬƫ ȁƗ ǽŚǐǬƫ
ƩơǁƢƴǨǻȏơȁ ǪƟơǂūơ ǞǼǷ ǹƘnjƥ ÎÖÔÖ ǵƢǠdz ȆǰȈƴǴƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǸǴdz ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ ȅǁƢƦƳȍơ śǷƘƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ňƢƦŭơ Ŀ
ňƢºƦŭơ ƩƢºƠǧ ǒǠƥ ȆǴďǤnjǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǻƾŭơ
ƩƢȈǨnjºƬLjŭơȁ ǶǟƢºǘŭơ DzưǷ ȆǰǴŭơ ǵȂLJǂŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ƧƽƾƄơ
.ƨưdzƢƯ ƢƆǧơǂǗƗ ƤȈǐƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƽƢŭơ ȁƗ ƨȈǻƾƦdzơ ǁơǂǓȌdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
ÏÐÎ ƧƽƢºŭơȁ ȅǂǐŭơ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ÎÔÕ ƧƽƢŭơȁ -ÐÐ
ňƾºŭơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǺǷ ÏÖÎ ƧƽƢŭơȁ ȆǫơǂǠdzơ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ
ƢƆºǠȈŦ ǁǂǬƫ ňơƽȂLjdzơ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ÎÓÎ ƧƽƢŭơȁ ňƽǁȋơ
Ʃȏƕ Ǻǟ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ÎÐÐ ƧƽƢŭơȁ .ƨǏƢƻ ƨȇƢǼǟ ńƛ ƱƢƬŢ ȃǂƻƗ ƔƢȈNjƗ ȁƗ
ǥǂºƬǠƬǧ Ǯºdzƿ ǺºǷ ƾǠƥƗ Ȃǿ ƢǷ ńƛ Ƥǿǀƫ ȅǂƟơDŽŪơ ňƾŭơ
Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
.ǁǂǓ Ŀ ƔȆnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƤƦLjƫ ơƿƛ ƔȆNj ȅƗ
ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ ƨdzƢƷ (ƣ)
Ȑ
Ɔ ǷƢǟ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǾȈǧ DžǁƢǸĄȇ ȅǀdzơ ƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǝȂǻ ŐƬǠĄȇ ƆƢȈǻƢƯ -ÐÑ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Dzǰnjȇ Ƶǂƥ ƢǷ Ȃǿȁ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƢƆǸȀǷ
DzǸnjºƫȁ ƧŚưºǯ ǝȂºǓȂŭƢƥ ƨǴǐdzơ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ƨǴưǷȋơȁ .ȆǴƻơƾdzơ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ƧǂNjƢƦŭơ Śǣ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǴǬǠƬŭơ ƩơǁȂǘƬdzơ
.ƩƢǼȈŪơ ƢȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƫȁ ƩƢƴƬǼŭƢƥ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ŐºƬǠȇ ƢǿƢǔºƬǬŠ Ŗdzơȁ ƧǂNjƢƦŭơ Śǣ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ -ÐÒ
Ǻºǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƘƆǘƻ Ƥǰƫǂȇ Ń ȅǀdzơ ȁƗ ǵȂǴdzƢƥ ǂȇƾŪơ Śǣ ǎƼnjdzơ
ƨȈǟȂºǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǺǷ DzǰNj Ȇǿ ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj ƩƢǧǂǐƫ
ƧǂºLJȋơ DžƗǁ ǁƢƦƬǟƢƦǧ .ȆƟơƾƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨǠƟƢNj ƨũ ƪǻƢǯȁ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭ ơƆƾȀŲ DzȈƦLjdzơ DzǠƳ (ÒÏ)ǾƫǂLJƗ ƽơǂǧƗ ǥǂǐƫ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ
ƩǂǐºƬǫơ ȆǟƢǘǫȍơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƔƢȀƬǻƢƥȁ .(ÒÐ)ǾǷƾƻ ŚǐǬƫ Ǻǟ ƾȈLjdzơ
.(ÒÑ)ƢȀȈǴǟ ǩƾǏ ȁƗ Ƣđ ǂǷƌƗ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
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ǚºăƷȐȇȁ .ÒÑÒ-ÒÑÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Keeton ǂǜǻơ (ÒÍ)
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƧƾǟƢǫ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ńƛ ƩƽƢǟ ƾǫ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ Śưǯ Ŀ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ǹƗ
.ơƆƾƳ ƧŚǘŬơ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
ŐǸǧȂºǻ/ňƢºưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ô ƹǁƚŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥ ƨdzƾǠŭơ ƢȀƬǤȈǐƥ (ÒÎ)
.ǂƳƘƬLjŭơȁ ǮdzƢŭơ śƥ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÏÏ ǵƢǟ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǪƦǘǼȇ ȏȁ .ÎÖÏÏ
ƾǠĄȇ Ȑ
Ɔ ưǷ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǹƢǯ .ÐÓÓ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Fleming (ÒÏ)
.ǾƬƳȁǃ ǾƦƦLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÐ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÑ)
119 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ƣȂȈǟ ƩƢƠǧ -Ï
ƤºȈǟ ȄºǴǟ ȅȂºƬŹ ǾǠȇǃȂƫ ȁƗ ǾǠȈƥ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢƆƦȈǠǷ ƲƬǼŭơ ǹȂǰȇ
ƨºȇƢǨǯ ǵƾºǟ ƤƦLjºƥ ƢƆºƦȈǠǷ ǹȂǰȇ ȁƗ ƢƆƦȈǠǷ ǾǸȈǸǐƫ ǹȂǰȇ ȁƗ ȆǟƢǼǏ
:ƲƬǼŭơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .ƩơǂȇǀƸƬdzơ ȁƗ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƬdzơ
ǾǸȈǸǐºƬdz ƲăƬǼŭơ ƨǨdzƢű ƾǼǟ ȆǟƢǼǘǏơ ƤȈǟ ȄǴǟ ȅȂƬŹ (Ɨ)
žƲƬǼŭơ ǪȇȂLjƫȁ ƽơƾǟƛ Ŀ ƨǼǰŲ ƨȇƢǼǟ Dzǯ Ʃǀţơ Ȃdzȁ ŕƷ ƽȂǐǬŭơ
ǺǷ DzȈǴǬƬdzơ ǺǰǷƗ Ȃdz ƢǸȈǧ ǶȈǸǐƬdzơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƢƆƦȈǠǷ ǹȂǰȇ (ƣ)
ǂǗƢºƼŭơ ǮºǴƫ ƤǼš ȁƗ ƲăƬǼŭơ Ǯdzƿ ǾǴǰnjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔǴdz ƨǠǫȂƬŭơ ǂǗƢƼŭơ
ƨºȀŪơ ȁƗ ǂƻȉơ ǝǃȂŭơ ȁƗ ǞƟƢƦdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZȂǬǠǷ Dzȇƾƥ ǶȈǸǐƫ ƽƢǸƬǟƢƥ
DzǠƳ DzȇƾƦdzơ ǶȈǸǐƬdzơ DZƢǨǣƛ ǹƗȁ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǞȇǃȂƬdzơ ƨǴLjǴLJ Ŀ ƢǸȀǬƦLjƫ Ŗdzơ
žƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƨƳǁƾƥ ǹȂǷƘǷ Śǣ ƲăƬǼŭơ
ȁƗ ƩƢºǸȈǴǠƬdzơ ƨȇƢǨǯ ǵƾǟ ƤƦLjƥ ƢƆƦȈǠǷ ƲăƬǼŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ (Ʊ)
ƲăƬǼŭơ ǾǴǰnjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǞǫȂƬŭơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǂǗƢű ǺǷ DzȈǴǬƬdzơ ǺǰŻ ǹƢǯȁ ƩơǂȇǀƸƬdzơ
ȁƗ ǝǃȂŭơ ȁƗ ǞƟƢƦdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƩơǂȇǀŢ ȁƗ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƫ ŚǧȂƬƥ ƢȀƦǼš ȁƗ
ƩƢǸȈǴǠƬdzơ ǮǴƫ DZƢǨǣƛ ǹƗȁ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǞȇǃȂƬdzơ ƨǴLjǴLJ Ŀ ƢǸȀǬƦLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȀŪơ
.ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƨƳǁƾƥ ǹȂǷƘǷ Śǣ ƲăƬǼŭơ DzǠƳ ƩơǂȇǀƸƬdzơ ȁƗ
...
ǁǂǔdzơȁ ƤȈǠŭơ ƲƬǼŭơ śƥ ƨȈƦƦLjdzơ ƨǴǐdzơ ǶǰŢ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ -ÎÒ
ǹƢºǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ŚǐǬƬdzơ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾƟƢLjdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơȁ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƽƾŢȁ
.(ÓÐ)ƩƢǰǴƬŲ ȁƗ ǍƢƼNjȋ ơƆǁǂǓ ƤƦLJ ƾǫ ƤȈǠŭơ ƲăƬǼŭơ
ƩơǁȂǘƬdzƢƥ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Ŀ ƪǴǐƷ Ŗdzơ ƩơǁȂǘƬdzơ ƩǂƯƘƫ ƾǫȁ -ÑÍ
ȏƆ ȁƗ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǀţơ ƾǬǧ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ƪǠǫȁ Ŗdzơ
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ǞǸƬƴǸǴdz ƨLJƢȈLJ ƽơƾǟȍ ƧǁƽƢƦǷ
ǽǁƾºǏƗ ȅǀºdzơ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ȄǠLjȇȁ .ÎÖÕÒ ǵƢǟ ƨƦȈǠŭơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭƢƥ
ǁƢnjȇ) (ÓÑ)ƨƦȈǠŭơ ƩƢƳȂƬǼŭơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ
DZƢºǟ ȃȂƬLjǷ ǹƢǸǓ ńƛ ("ÎÖÕÒ ǵƢǟ ǾȈƳȂƫ" ƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǾȈdzƛ
ƤºȈǠŭơ ƲƬºǼŭơ ǾƦƦLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƾǓ ǮǴȀƬLjǸǴdz ƨȇƢǸūơ ǺǷ
śǻơȂºǬdzơ śƥ ǩǁơȂǨdzơ DzȈǴǬƫ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ƩƢǰǴƬǸǸǴdz ȁƗ ƨƸǐǴdz
ƨºǯǂūơ ƨºȇǂƷȁ ƨLjǧƢǼŭƢƥ Dzţ Ŗdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ
ƨǯǂƬnjºǷ ƨȈǟȂºǓȂǷ ƩƢȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǁǂǬȇȁ .ǞƟƢǔƦǴdz
.ƤȈǠŭơ ƲăƬǼŭơ ǾƦƦLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƲƬǼŭơ ǞǻƢǐdz Ƨƾȇƾǟȁ
ƽȂºƳȁȁ ȆǴǠǨdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƪƦưȇ ǹƗ ǁǂǔƬŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ȄǴǟ śǠƬȇȁ
ǪºƦǘǻơȁ .ƤȈǠdzơȁ ǁǂǔdzơ śƥ ƨȈƦƦLjdzơ ƨǫȐǠdzơȁ ƲăƬǼŭơ Ŀ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƢƆȈǟƢǼºǏ ƨºƴăƬǼŭơ ƩȏȂºǬǼŭơ ǞȈŦ ȄǴǟ ǂǷȋơ DZȁƗ Ŀ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ
__________
Restatement of the Law Third, Torts: Products Liability (ÓÐ)
(St. Paul, Minn., American Law Institute, 1998), chaps. 1 and 4, sects.
.1, 2 and 15
/ǃȂºŤ ÏÒ ƹǁƚºŭơ 85/374/EEC Ƕºǫǁ džºǴĐơ ǾȈƳȂƫ (ÓÑ)
DZȁƾºǴdz ƨºȇǁơƽȍơ ǵƢǰƷȋơȁ ƾǟơȂǬdzơȁ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƨǷƔơȂǷ ǹƘnjƥ ÎÖÕÒ ǾȈdzȂȇ
(Official Journal of the ƨƦȈǠŭơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƔƢǔǟȋơ
.European Communities, No. L 210 (7 August 1985), p. 29)
ǹȂǻƢºǫ ƤºƳȂŠ ƨºƷƢƬǷ ƨǼǰŲ ƩƢȇǂǜǻ ǞƥǁƗ ǭƢǼǿȁ -ÐÖ
ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ƥƫǂƫ Ȇǿȁ ƨưȇƾūơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǹȂǠƟƢƦdzơ ƢȀǷƾƼƬLjȇ Ȇǰdz ƩƢƴƬǼŭơȁ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ ƾȇǁȂƬƥ ǹȂǷȂǬȇ ǺǷ
ǂƟƢLjºŬơ ǹƘnjƥ ƆƢǓǂǟ ǹȁƽȂƳȂŭơ ǍƢƼNjȋơȁ ǹȂǷƾƼƬLjŭơȁ
ǞƟƢǔºƦdzơ ǮºǴƬƥ ƣȂºȈǟ Ǻºǟ ƨºŦƢǼdzơ ƢºȀǟơȂǻƗ ǦǴƬƼŠ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ (Ɨ) :ȆǴȇ ƢǸǯ Ȇǿ ƩƢȇǂǜǼdzơ ǽǀǿȁ .(ÓÍ)ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ȁƗ
žƆƢǼǸǓ ȁƗ ƨƷơǂǏ ǹƢǸǔdzƢƥ DZȐƻȍơ ǹƘnjƥ ƽȂǬǠdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
DZȐºƻȍơ ǹƘnjºƥ ƽȂºǬǠdzơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ DZƢŷȍơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ (ƣ)
DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ DZƢŷȍơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ (Ʊ) žƆƢǼǸǓ ȁƗ ƨƷơǂǏ ǹƢǸǔdzƢƥ
žƨºȇƽƢŭơ ƔƢȈNjȋơ ȁƗ ǍƢƼNjȋƢƥ ƢƆȈǻƾƥ ơƆǁǂǓ ǪƸǴƫ Ŗdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ
ƢƆȈǻƾƥ ơƆǁǂǓ ǪƸǴƫ Ŗdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ (ƽ)
ƨLJƢȈLjºdzơ ƩơǁƢºƦƬǟơ ƪǻƢǯȁ .(ÓÎ)ƨȇƽƢŭơ ƔƢȈNjȋơ ȁƗ ǍƢƼNjȋƢƥ
ǹȂǻƢºǫ ƾȇƾŢ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǺǷ (ÓÏ)402A ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƽƢǸƬǟơ Ɣơǁȁ ǽǀǿ ƨǷƢǠdzơ
Restatement of :ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƧǂǸǴdz ƧǁƢǔdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
402A ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǹƜºǧ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .the Law, Second, Torts
ƢºǸȈǧ ƢƆƦLJƢǼǷ ƢȀǬȈƦǘƫ Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ .ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƣȂȈǠdzơ ƨŪƢǠŭ ƪƠnjǻƗ
ƩƢºǸȈǴǠƫ ȄºǴǟ ƨºǸƟƢǬdzơ ƣȂºȈǠdzơ ȁƗ ǶȈǸǐƬdzơ ƣȂȈǠƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ
ƧƽƢºǟƜƥ ƪºǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǀǼǷ ƪƸǬǻ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈǧƢǯ Śǣ ƩơǂȇǀŢ ȁƗ
:(ƩƢºƴƬǼǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ) ƧǁƢǔdzơ DZƢǠǧȌdz ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƾȇƾƸƬdzơ
:Restatement of the Law Third, Torts: Products Liability
ȅǀºdzơ ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǻǟ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǝǃȂŭơ ȁƗ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǞƟƢƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ -Î
ƨƦȈǠŭơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ǾƯƾŢ
ǝǃȂºȇ ȁƗ ǞºȈƦȇ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ǞȇǃȂƬƥ ǵȂǬȇ ȁƗ ǞȈƦdzơ DZƢǸǟƗ DžǁƢŻ ǎƼNj ȅƗ
ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ȁƗ ǍƢƼNjȌdz ǾƦƦLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƢƆƦȈǠǷ ƢƆƴƬǼǷ
.ƤȈǠŭơ ƲƬǼŭơ Ǯdzǀdz
__________
.ÓÔÔ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Keeton (ÓÍ)
.ÓÔÕ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÎ)
ƤȈǐȇ ȅǀdzơ ňƾƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƲăƬǼŭơ ǞƟƢƦdz ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ" (ÓÏ)
:ǮǴȀƬLjŭơ ȁƗ ǵƾƼƬLjŭơ
ǹȂºǰƫ ƨºƦȈǠǷ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƲăƬǼǷ ȅƗ ǞȈƦȇ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ -Î
ȅƗ ƩƢºǰǴƬǸŭ ȁƗ ǮǴȀƬLjǸǴdz ȁƗ ǵƾƼƬLjǸǴdz ƨdzȂǬǠǷ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ Ƨǂǘƻ
ǮǴȀƬLjŭơ ȁƗ ǵƾƼƬLjǸǴdz ƭƾŹ ȅǀdzơ ňƾƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ DZȁƚLjǷ ǶȀǼǷ
ơƿƛ ƢǸȀǼǷ ȅƗ ƩƢǰǴƬǸǸǴdz ȁƗ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ
ȁ ƲăƬǼŭơ Ǯdzƿ ǞȈƦdz ƢƆȇǁƢš ơƆƾǫƢǠƫ DžǁƢŻ ǞƟƢƦdzơ ǹƢǯ (Ɨ)
ǾȈǷƾƼƬLjºǷ ńƛ ƲƬºǼŭơ DZȂºǏȁ ǞºǫȂƬŭơ ǺǷ ơƿƛ (ƣ)
.Ƣđ ǞȈƥ Ŗdzơ ǾƬdzƢƷ Ŀ ȅǂǿȂƳ ŚȈǤƫ ƭȁƾƷ ǹȁƽ ǾȈǰǴȀƬLjǷ ȁƗ
ǹƛȁ ŕƷ (Î) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǪƦǘǼƫ -Ï
ǞºȈƥȁ ƽơƾǟƛ Ŀ ƨǼǰŲ ƨȇƢǼǟ Dzǯ DžǁƢǷ ƾǫ ǞƟƢƦdzơ ǹƢǯ (Ɨ)
ȁ ǾƴƬǼǷ
ǞƟƢƦdzơ ǺǷ ƲăƬǼŭơ Ɣơǂnjƥ ǮǴȀƬLjŭơ ȁƗ ǵƾƼƬLjŭơ ǶǬȇ Ń (ƣ)
.ǾǠǷ ƨȇƾǫƢǠƫ ƨǫȐǟ Ŀ Dzƻƽ ȁƗ
(Restatement of the Law, Second, Torts (St. Paul, Minn., American Law
.Institute, 1965), division II, chap. 14, sect. 402A)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ňƢŭȋơ ƨȈƯơǁȂdzơ ƨLJƾǼŮơ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ ÖÑ/ÔÐÔ Ƕǫǁ ȅƾǼǴǼǨdzơ ȆƠȈƦdzơ
ƗƾºƦǷ ńƛ ȆºŸȁǂǼdzơ ÎÖÖÐ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈƯơǁȂdzơ ƢȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ
.(ÓÖ)ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ŁƢǐŭơ śƥ ǹǃơȂƬdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ (Ʊ)
ȄǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥ ƮdzƢƯ DzǷƢǠǯ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƪǓǂƌǧ ƾǬdz -ÑÑ
.ƽơǂºǧȌdz DzºǸƬƄơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ƨǻǁƢǬǷ ǾƬǷǂƥ ǞǸƬƴǸǴdz ǕƢnjǻ ƨǠǨǼǷ
ơƿƛ ƢǷ ǂȇǂǬƫ Ŀ ơƆǁȁƽ ƤǠǴȈdz ŁƢǐŭơ śƥ ǹǃơȂƬdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ ƗƾƦǷ ƔƢƳȁ
ƩƖnjºǼŭơȁ DzǬǼǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ǒǂǧ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǹƢǯ
.ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ȁƗ ǃƢǤdzơ ƨǫƢǗ ȁƗ ƨȈƟƢƥǂȀǰdzơ
Ŀ ǂǿƢǛ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀȁ -ÑÒ
Ȃºǿ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ǑǂǤdzơȁ .ÎÖÏÏ ǵƢǠdz ƾƷȂŭơ ǹơŚǘdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ
ƩơǂƟƢºǘdzơ ƭƽơȂºƷ ƢȀƦƦLjƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DzȈǸŢ
Ń ǹƛȁ ŕºƷ ƔƢȇǂƥȋơ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ƨȇƢŧȁ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ ǮǴƫ ȆǴǤnjŭ
ƨºǰǴǸŭơ Ŀȁ .(ÔÍ)ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ DzǤnjǷ ŚǐǬƫ ńƛ ƨƯƽƢūơ ƨƦLjǻ ǺǰŻ
ȂǰdzƢºǷ ŐºƬǠĄȇ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ Ŀ Ƨƾȇƾǟ ƩƢȇȏȁȁ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
Ŗºdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǞȈŦ Ǻǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ śdzȁƚLjǷ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ
ƢºȀǟȐǫƛ ȁƗ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ ǪȈǴŢ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ȁƗ ǍƢƼNjȋƢƥ ǪƸǴƫ
Ŀ ňƾºŭơ ǹơŚǘdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ ÔÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫȁ .(ÔÎ)ƢȀǗȂƦǿ ȁƗ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÕÏ ǵƢǠdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ
ȄºǴǟ ƩƢºǰǴƬŲ ȁƗ ǎƼNj ȅƘƥ ƨȇƽƢŭơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ȁƗ ȅƽƢŭơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǫū ơƿƛ
ƧǂƟƢºǘdzơ ǺǷ ǎƼNj ȁƗ ǹơȂȈƷ ȁƗ ƔȆNj ǕȂǬLjdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƔƢŭơ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ Ǒǁȋơ
ƨºƴȈƬǻ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjŬơ Ǻǰƫ Ń ǹƜǧ ƢȀǗȂƦǿ ȁƗ ƢȀǟȐǫƛ ȁƗ ƢȀǬȈǴŢ ƔƢǼƯƗ
ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ Ǟǧƽ ǶƬȇ ǁǂǔƬŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZƢŷƛ ńƛ ȃDŽǠĄƫ ȁƗ DZƢŷƛ
ƤƦLJ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƾǐǬdzơ ȁƗ DZƢŷȍơ ƩƢƦƯƛ ńƛ ƨƳƢƷ ǹȁƽ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjŬơ Ǻǟ
DZƢŷƛ ȁƗ DzǠǧ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƢǠǫȁ ƾǫ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƪǻƢǯ Ȃdz ƢǸǯ DzǠǨǴdz ǂƻƕ
.(ÔÏ)ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƽȂǐǬǷ Ƙǘƻ ȁƗ
ǵƢǠdz ňƾŭơ ǹơŚǘdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ ÎÍ ǝǂǨdzơ ǺǷ (Ï) ƧǂǬǨdzơȁ -ÑÓ
ǹơƾºǴƥ ǺºǷ ƽƾǟ ƾǸƬǟơ ƾǫȁ .ơǀđ ƨȀȈƦNj ƢǻơȂLjƫȂƥ Ŀ ÎÖÔÒ
Śưǯ Ŀ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵȂȀǨǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ
ƢȀƦƦLjƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏƢƥ ǾȈƦNj ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǺǷ
__________
/ǹƢLjººȈǻ Ï ƹǁƚººŭơ UNEP/CBD/ICCP/3/INF.1 ǂººǜǻơ (ÓÖ)
.ÏÍÍÏ DzȇǂƥƗ
Sweeney, “Is special aviation liability legislation ǂºǜǻơ (ÔÍ)
essential”, p. 166; and Prentiss et al. v. National Airlines, Inc., 112
.Federal Supplement, pp. 306 and 312
ǹȂǻƢºǫ ž(ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ)ÎÖÕÏ ǵƢǠdz ňƾŭơ ǹơŚǘdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ (ÔÎ)
ƩơǂƟƢºǘdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ž(ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ)ÎÖÓÑ ǵƢǠdz ňƾŭơ ǹơŚǘdzơ
ƩơǂƟƢºǘdzơ Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ž(New South Wales)ÎÖÒÏ ǵƢǠdz
.ƢȇǁȂƬǰȈǧ Ŀ ÎÖÒÕ ǵƢǠdz ƧǁƢǔdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ ƢȈǻƢǸLjƫ Ŀ ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz
.ƨºȈǻƾŭơ ƩơǂƟƢºǘdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǖǬǧ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǪċƦǘĄȇ (ÔÏ)
.ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƩơǂƟƢǘǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǪċƦǘȇ ȏȁ
120
ƣƢǬǟƗ Ŀȁ .(ÓÒ)"ƩƢǻơȂȈūơȁ ƨȈdzȁȋơ ƨȈǟơǁDŽdzơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ" ŘưƬLJơȁ
ǩƢºǘǻ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢºǟ Ļ DzȇƾºǠƫ ǞLJȁ ǂǬƦdzơ ǹȂǼƳ ǑǂǷ ƨǷǃƗ
.(ÓÓ)ƩƢǻơȂȈūơȁ ƨȈdzȁȋơ ƨȈǟơǁDŽdzơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ DzǸnjȈdz ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ
ǾȈƳȂƫ ǀȈǨǼƬdz ƩƢǠȇǂnjƫ Ƨƾȇƾǟ ƨȈƥȁǁȁƗ ǹơƾǴƥ ƩǂǫƗ ƾǫȁ -ÑÎ
ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ ƔDŽŪơ ǂǐǬȇ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ȆǨǧ .ÎÖÕÒ ǵƢǟ
ǾºȈƳȂƬdz ƨƴȈƬǻ Ǿƥ DzǸǠdzơ Ɨƾƥ ȅǀdzơ ÎÖÕÔ ǵƢǠdz ǮǴȀƬLjŭơ ƨȇƢŧ
ơƆǁǂºǓ ƤƦºLJ ȁƗ ǂǘƻ ƲƬǼŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩơƔƢǟƽȏơ ÎÖÕÒ ǵƢǟ
Ï ǝǂǨdzơ ǺǷ (Î) ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫȁ .ǾƫƢǰǴƬŲ ȁƗ Ȇǟƾŭơ ȄǴǟ DzǠǨdzƢƥ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ
ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǾǻƜǧ ƔDŽŪơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋƢƥ ƆƢǼǿǁ
ǾºȈǴǟ ǪºƦǘǼƫ ǺǷ Dzǯ ǹƜǧ ƲăƬǼŭơ Ŀ ƤȈǠdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƆƢȈƟDŽƳ ȁƗ ƆƢȈǴǯ ǞǬȇ
ƆȏȁƚLjºǷ ǹȂǰȇ (ƢǿŚǣȁ ƨǠǻƢǐdzơ ƨȀŪơ ȅƗ) ǽƢǻƽƗ (Ï) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
.ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ
Ǻºǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ȆǰȈƴǴƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ȄǘǟƗ ƾǬdzȁ -ÑÏ
ƨƦȈǠŭơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ ÎÖÖÎ ǵƢǠdz ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ
ǵƢºǟ ǾȈƳȂƬdz ƿƢǨǼdzơ ƧȂǫ ƨȈǰȈnjƬdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơ Ŀ ÎÖÖÕ ǵƢǠdz
ƧƾºǟƢǬdz ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ȆǰȈƴǴƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ DzǸǰȇȁ .ÎÖÕÒ
ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƪƳǁƽƌƗ Ŗdzơ ƨƦȈǠŭơ ǞǴLjdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨǸǰŰ ǺǷ ǁơǂǬƥ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ Î ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÐÕÑ
ǁơǂºǬdzơ ȄǠLJ ƾǫȁ .ÎÖÍÑ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÏÓ Ŀ ǵơǂƥȍơȁ ǒǬǼdzơ
Ǒǂºǧȁ ƭƽơȂºūơ ƽƾǟ ƧƽƢȇǃ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ DzǯƢnjŭơ DzƷ ńƛ
ȄºǴǟ ȆºǏȂdzơ) ƨƦȈǠŭơ ǞǴLjdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ȆǏȂdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ȆǘǠƫ Ǯdzǀǯ .(ÓÔ)(le gardien de la chose) (ƔȆnjdzơ
ňƾºŭơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǺºǷ ÎÐÕÓ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ ÎÕ ńƛ Î ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ
ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơ ǺǸǔƬƫȁ ÎÖÕÒ ǵƢǟ ǾȈƳȂƬdz ƿƢǨǼdzơ ƧȂǫ ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ
Ǻºǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǸǴdz ňƢƦºLJȋơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁǂǬȇȁ .(ÓÕ)ƨǔȈǨƬLjǷ
ȆƴƬǼǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƆƢǷƢǜǻ (ÎÖÖÑ) ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ
.ƔơǂƥȎdz ƩơǁŐǷ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǺǸǔƫ ƢǸǯ .ƨƦȈǠŭơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ
ƨȈǟȂºǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǁǂǬƫ ǂƻƕ ƮȇƾƷ ǁȂǘƫ Ŀȁ -ÑÐ
DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ .ƢƆȈƯơǁȁ ƧǁċȂƄơ ƨȇǂȀĐơ ƩƢǼƟƢǰdzơ ǶȈǜǼƬdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
ǵƢºǠdz ŅơǂƬºLJȋơ ƨºȈƯơǁȂdzơ ƨȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ Dzǯ ƾǼƬLjȇ
ǹȂǻƢºǫȁ žƨºȈƯơǁȂdzơ ƨºLJƾǼȀǴdz ȅȁƢLjºǸǼdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ÏÍÍÍ
ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ ÖÒ/ÐÔÔ Ƕǫǁ ƨȈƯơǁȂdzơ ƢȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơ
__________
.Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÒ)
ƹǁƚŭơ 1999/34/EC ĺȁǁȁȋơ džǴĐơȁ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ǹƢŭŐdzơ ǾȈƳȂƫ (ÓÓ)
ƨºǷƔơȂǷ ǹƘnjƥ 85/374/EEC džǴĐơ ǾȈƳȂƬdz DZƾǠŭơ ÎÖÖÖ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÎÍ
Ǻºǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ǵƢǰƷȋơȁ ƾǟơȂǬdzơȁ śǻơȂǬdzơ
(Official Journal of the European Communities, No. L ƨƦȈǠŭơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ
.141 (4 June 1999), p. 20)
.Cousy and Droshout, “Belgium”, pp. 45 and 49 (ÓÔ)
DzƻƽƗ ÎÖÖÕ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÎÖ ƹǁƚŭơ ÐÕÖ-ÖÕ Ƕǫǁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ (ÓÕ)
.ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩơŚȈǤƫ
121 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǹƘºƥ Ǟǧƾdzơ ǺǰŻ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ."ƩƢƦƯȍơ Ǯdzƿ DzưǷ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ
ǺºǷ DZƢŷƛ ȁƗ ȆǟȂǗ ǥǂǐƫ ńƛ ȃDŽǠĄƫ ƨƥƢǏȍơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ"
ȃƾºdz DzºǸǠȇ ȏ ǎƼNj ƤƦLjƥ ȁƗ ǁǂǔƬŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ƤǻƢƳ
ƨǯȂǴǸŭơ Ʃȏȉơ ȁƗ ǞǼǐŭơ DzȈǤnjƬƥ ǵƢǫ ǎƼNj ȁƗ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ
ƾºǫȁ .(ÎÎ ǝǂǨdzơ ǺǷ (Ï) ƧǂǬǨdzơ) ."ǾƬǬǧơȂǷ ǹȁƽ ǶȀƬǸǴdz
ƨȈǟȂºǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƧƾǟƢǫ Ǻǟ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ ƣȂǼƳ ƪǼǤƬLJơ
.(ÕÍ)ǾǔƷƽ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ ŚǐǬƬdzơ ǑơǂƬǧơ ŁƢǐdz ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ńƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǶǰƬƸĄȇȁ -ÑÖ
ǺºǷ ǾȈǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ ƢŠ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƖnjǼŭơ ƩƽƗ ƾǫȁ .ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzƢƥ
Ǯdzƿ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƧƾȇƾƳ DzǯƢnjǷ ǁȂȀǛ ńƛ ƨǼǷƢǯ ǁƢǘƻƗ
ǹƢºǯ ơƿƛ ƢºǷ ƨǧǂǠǷ ƤǠǐdzơ ǺǷ DzǠŸ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƶƦNj ǹƗ
ƨǰǴǸŭơ Ŀȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƢƆȈǧƢǯ ƢƆǔȇȂǠƫ ǵƾǬȈLJ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ
ǾƬǤȈǐºƥ ÎÖÓÒ ǵƢǠdz ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƖnjǼŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƤƳȂŠȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ǥȐƻ ǎƼNj ȅȋ ǃȂŸ ȏ ÎÖÕÐ ǵƢǠdz ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬƥ ƨdzƾǠŭơ
DzȈǤnjƬdz ǞǫȂǷ ȅƗ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ Ŀ ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ƨƠȈǿ
ơǀđ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ǯdzǀƥ ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥ ƢƆǐȈƻǂƫ ƶǼǸĄȇ Ń ƢǷ ȅȁȂǻ DzǟƢǨǷ
ǍȂǐş ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǶǜǼȇȁ .ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǞǫȂŭơ
Ô ǝǂǨdzơ ǺǷ (Î) ȆǟǂǨdzơ ƾǼƦdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ǎǼȇȁ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ƭƽƢūơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǺǷƚȇ ǹƗ Ǿdz ǎƻǂŭơ ƤƳơȁ ǺǷ
ȄºǴǟ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƧƽƢǷ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ ƭƽƢƷ ȅƗ ƤƦLjȇ ȏ (Ɨ)
ȅȋ ƨƥƢºǏƛ ȅƗ ǝǂºǨdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ (Ï) ȆǟǂǨdzơ ƾǼƦdzơ Ŀ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ȂƸǼdzơ
ǎƼnjºdzơ ǥȐş ǎƼNj ȅȋ ȁƗ ƩƢǰǴƬŲ ȅȋ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ ȁƗ ǎƼNj
ǎƟƢǐŬơ Ǻǟ śšƢǻ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ȁƗ ƨƥƢǏȍơ ǮǴƫ ǹȂǰƫȁ Ǿdz ǎƻǂŭơ
ȁƗ ƧǂƴǨƬǷ ȁƗ ƨȈďǸĄLJ ǎƟƢǐƻ ȅƗȁ ǎƟƢǐŬơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ƲȇDŽǷ ȁƗ ƨǠnjŭơ
žƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǮǴƬdz ȃǂƻƗ Ƨǂǘƻ
Ǿdz ǎƻǂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƧǂƬǧ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƨǼȇƚǷ ƩƢǟƢǠNjƛ ƮǠƦƫ ȏƗ (ƣ)
ǹȂºǰȇ Ǿºdz ǑǂºǠƫ ȁƗ Ǿdz ǎƻǂŭơ ǾƦƦLJ ƔȆNj ȅƗ ǺǷ ‘Α
ȁƗ žƨȇȁȂǻ ƧƽƢǷ ǹȂǰȇ ȏȁ ǞǫȂŭơ Ŀ ơƆƽȂƳȂǷ
ǺºǷ ȁƗ ǞºǫȂŭơ Ŀ ƧǁȂǏ ȅƘƥ ƩƢȇƢǨǼǴdz ǎǴţ ȅƗ ǺǷ ‘Ï‘
ơƆǁǂºǓ ǪƸǴȇ ȁƗ ǎƼNj ȅȋ ƨƥƢǏƛ ƤƦLjȇ ƢŲ ǞǫȂŭơ
.Ǿdz ǎƻǂŭơ ǥȐş ǎƼNj ȅȋ ƩƢǰǴƬŲ ȅƘƥ
ǹȂǻƢºǫ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƽƾƄơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƭȁƾƷ ƪƦƯ ŕǷȁ -ÒÍ
.ƨȈǟȂºǓȂǷ Ǿºdz ǎċƻǂƌŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰƫ ÎÖÕÐ ǵƢǠdz ƨǫƢǘdzơ
.(ÕÎ)DZƢŷȍơ ƩƢƦƯƜƥ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ǵȂǬȇ ǹƗ ǵDŽǴȇ ȏȁ
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ƔƢºƥǂȀǰdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ ÒÍ ǝǂǨdzơ ǺǷ (Î) ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȈǠĄƬLJơ (ÕÍ)
ÒÑ Ƕºǫǁ DZƾºǠŭơ ƔƢƥǂȀǰdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ ÎÖ ǝǂǨdzƢƥ ÎÖÒÕ ǵƢǠdz ÑÍ Ƕǫǁ
.ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǠdz
.Buckley, “Rylands v. Fletcher liability”, p. 1076, para. 83 (ÕÎ)
śƬǼƳǁȋơ ƪǻƢǯȁ .Ǒǁȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨưdzƢƯ ǥơǂǗȋ ƨȈƦǼƳȋơ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ
ƨºȈǼȈƫȐdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ ǹơƾǴƥ śƥ ǺǷ DžơǁȁƾǼǿȁ ǮȈLjǰŭơȁ ȏƢǸȈƫơȂǣȁ
ǺǷȁ .ǁƢǘƻȋơ ǵȂȀǨǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǼƦŭơ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƪǓǂǧ Ŗdzơ
ƢºȈdzƢǘȇƛȁ ƢºȈǻƢŭƗȁ ƢȈǻƢƦºLJƛ Ǯdzƿ ƪǴǠǧ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƥǁȁȋơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ śƥ
ǎǼƫȁ .(ÔÐ)ƲȇȁǂǼdzơȁ ơƾǼǴǼǧȁ ƢLjǻǂǧȁ ơǂLjȇȂLJȁ ƾȇȂLjdzơȁ ǭǂŶơƾdzơȁ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ňƢƦLJȍơ ƨȇȂŪơ ƨƷȐŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ ÎÏÍ ƧƽƢŭơ
ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƭƽƢūơ ǾǴŰ ƧǁƢLjŬơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ȆǟȂǓȂŭơ DžƢLJȋơ ǹƛ
ƨºdzƢƷ ƨȇƘƥ DzǐǨdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƧǁǂǬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƽȁƾƷ Ŀ ƢƆƦLJƢǼǷ ǹȂǰȇȁ Ǟǫȁ
Ŗdzơ ƨȀŪơ ȁƗ ǹơŚǘdzơ ƨǯǂnjdz ǺǰǷƗ Ȃdz ŕƷȁ ȆǓǁƢǠdzơ ƭƽƢūơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ŕƷ
ȄǔºƬǬŠ ơȂǧǂǐƫ ǶĔƘƥ ƩơǁŐǷ ǩȂLJ ƢǸȀǼǷ ȅƗ ȆǨǛȂǷ ȁƗ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ DzďǤnjĄƫ
.ƨƦƳơȂdzơ ƨȇƢǼǠdzơ
ƭƽơȂū ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ǪďƦǗƌ ƾǫȁ -ÑÔ
.(ÔÔ)ơǂLjȇȂLJȁ (ÔÓ)ƢȈǻƢƦLJƗȁ (ÔÒ)ƢȈǻƢŭƗȁ (ÔÑ)ƢLjǸǼdzơ Ŀ ƩơǁƢǘǬdzơ
ƾȈǬƬƫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ ƣȂǼƳ DZơDŽƫ ȏȁ
.(ÔÕ)ŚǐǬƬdzơ ƗƾƦŠ
ȆǰdzƢŭ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǶǰƷ ǪƦǗȁ -ÑÕ
Ǻºǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈƟƢƥǂȀǰdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǁƽƢǐǷ ȆǴǤnjǷȁ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǵȂȀǨǷ DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .ƢȀǼȇDŽţȁ ƔƢƥǂȀǰdzơ ƱƢƬǻƛ
"Ɣǂºŭơ ƧƾȀǟ Ŀ ƔȆNj ƔƢƥǂȀǰdzơ" ǹƗ Ƨǂǰǧ DzƥƢǬȇ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
ŚǐǬƬdzơ" ǹƗ Ƨǂǰǧ ȁƗ (ÎÐÕÑ ƧƽƢŭơ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢLjǻǂǧ)
ƧƽƢŭơ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ śƬǼƳǁȋơ) "ǮdzƢŭơ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǑǂƬǨǷ
ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ) "ǂǘŬơ ȄǴǟ ƨȇȂǘǼŭơ ƔƢȈNjȋơ" Ƨǂǰǧ ȁƗ (ÎÎÐÒ
ȄºǴǟ ƨȇȂǘǼŭơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ" Ƨǂǰǧ ȁƗ (ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ǑǂǨƫȁ .(ÔÖ)(ÏÍÒÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ) "ǂǘŬơ
ǵƢǠdz ƔƢƥǂȀǰdzơ ƩơƽơƾǷƛ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ ÎÎ ǝǂǨdzơ ǺǷ (Î) ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ǹƗ ǵDŽºǴȇ ȏ" :ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƢǻơȂLjƫȂƥ Ŀ ÎÖÔÐ
ƔơǂƳ ǺǷ ƪƯƾƷ ƾǫ ƨƥƢǏȍơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ƩƢƦƯƜƥ Ȇǟƾŭơ ǵȂǬȇ
ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ŕƷ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǃȂŸȁ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ DZƢŷƛ
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ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ÑÓ-ÑÒ Ǎ ǁȂºǯǀŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Stone ǂºǜǻơ (ÔÐ)
.ÎÕÎ-ÎÔÕ
ÏÎ ƹǁƚŭơ ƨȈdzȉơ ƩƢƦǯǂŭơȁ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǻƢǫ (ÔÑ)
Rail and Road Traffic Liability Act of 21 ) ÎÖÒÖ ǂȇƢºǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
.(January 1959
ÎÖÔÕ ǂȇƢºǼȇ/ňƢºưdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǯ Ñ ƹǁƚŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ (ÔÒ)
.(Liability Act of 4 January 1978)
Road Traffic ) ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ǁȁǂŭơ ƨǯǂƷ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ (ÔÓ)
.(Liability Act
ǺǨLjdzơȁ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzơ ƩƢǯǂnjdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ (ÔÔ)
Federal Act on the Liability of ) ƨºȇƾȇŐdzơ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ƩƢǯǂNjȁ ƨȇǁƢƼƦdzơ
.(Railways, and Steamship Companies and the Postal Service
.ÐÖÓ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Koch and Koziol (ÔÕ)
.ÎÖÔ-ÎÖÐ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ÑÖ-ÑÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Stone (ÔÖ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǹƗ ǾǬƷ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƢƆƠȈNj ǾǓǁƗ ǩȂǧ DzǸǠȇ ǎƼNj ǾƦƦLjȇ ǹƗ ƽƢƬǠŭơȁ Dzƥ ǃȂŸ
ǾǴǸǟ ƲƟƢƬǻ ǂǐƸǼƫ ȏ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǖǬǧ ƔÅ ơǀȇƛ ơǀǿ ǾǯȂǴLJ ƶƦǐȇȁ .ƢƆǻȂǻƢǫ ǾǴǸǠȇ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ǽǁƢƳ ǑǁƗ ńƛ ƾƬŤ Dzƥ ǾǓǁƗ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ
Ǯºdzƿ ǾƦnjȇ ƢǷƾǼǟȁ ǽǁƢƳ Ǒǁȋ ƢƆǯƢȀƬǻơ ƤƦLjȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ -Î
žƆƢǬȈƯȁ ƢƆȀƦNj ȅƾǠƬdzơ ǭƢȀƬǻȏơ
ǽǁƢºƳ ƨºȇƢǼƥ ȁƗ ǽǁƢºƳ Ǒǁȋ ƢƆȇƽƢǷ ơƆǁǂǓ ƤƦLjȇ ǹƗ -Ï
žǽǁƢƳ ǑǁƗ ȄǴǟ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƫƢƦǼdzơ ȁƗ ǽǁƢƳ DZƢǸǟƗ ȁƗ
ǞºƬǸƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǽǁƢƳ ǹȁƚNj Ŀ ǪƷ ȅƘƥ DzƻƾƬȇ ǹƘƥ -Ð
.(ÕÓ)ƤLJƢǼŭơȁ ƶȇǂŭơ DzǰnjdzƢƥ ǾǓǁƘƥ ǁƢŪơ ơǀǿ
ǮdzƢǷ džŻ ǁƢǓ DzǸǟ ƨȈLjȈƟǁ ƧǁȂǐƥ Ȃǿ ǍƢŬơ Ɣơǀȇȍơȁ -ÒÑ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƗƾºƦǷ ǪºďƦǗƌ ƾºǫȁ .(ÕÔ)ǁǂǔƬŭơ Ǒǁȋơ DzǣƢNj ȁƗ
ǩȂǬƷ ǭƢȀƬǻƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǵƢǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
ǽǀƼƬȇ Ƣŭ ȁƗ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ƾǐǬdz ǁƢƦƬǟơ ƢŶȁƽ ȅƽƢŭơ ǁǂǔdzơȁ ŚǤdzơ
ǾºdzƢŠ ǎƼnjdzơ ǞƬŤ Ŀ DzƻƾƬdzơ ƢȇƢǔǫ Ŀȁ .ƨȇǃơǂƬƷơ Śƥơƾƫ ǺǷ
ƨǤȈºǏ ƾƳȂƫ ȏ ǾǻƗ ǞǷȁ .(ÕÕ)ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ƱƢǟǃȍơ ƨƳǁƽ ǀƻƚƫ
ƢƆºǬǧȁ ȏƆ ȂºǬǠǷ ƾºǠĄȇ ƢǷ ƨǧǂǠǷ Ȃǿ ƾȈǨŭơ ǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ǹƜǧ ƨǷƢǟ
.(ÕÖ)śǠǷ ǞǸƬů Ŀ ǹȂnjȈǠȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǂnjƦǴdz ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJȐdz
Ǻdz ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ǹƜǧ ƆȏȂǬǠǷ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ǵƾƼƬLjŭơ ǹƗ ǂǷȋơ Ǟǫơȁȁ
ǺºǷȁ .ǾǓǁƘƥ ǽǁƢƳ ǞƬǸƬdz DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ
ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ǹƜǧ ȏƆ ȂǬǠǷ ǵƾƼƬLjŭơ Ǻǰȇ Ń ơƿƛ ǾǻƜǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ
ƧǁȂǐƥ ƧǁƢȀŭơȁ ƨȇƢǼǠdzơ DžǁƢǷ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ Ȃdzȁ ŕƷ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ
.(ÖÍ)ǁǂǔdzơ ƤǼƴƬdz ƨdzȂǬǠǷ
Ŀ ƆƢºǫǁƢǣ" Ɣơǀȇȍơ ǵȂȀǨǷ DZơDŽȇ ȏ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ -ÒÒ
ǹƗ Ǯºdzƿ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƪǻƢǯȁ .(ÖÎ)"ƽƾƄơ Śǣ ƾȇƾnjdzơ ǺǬȈƬdzơ ǵƾǟ
ǹȂǻƢºǫ ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ ǖºǬǧ ƘnjǼƫ ǹƗ śǠƬȇ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǺºǷ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ Ɣơǀȇȍơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ Ƣđ ƶǸĄLJ ƾǫ DZƢŷȍơ
ǹƢºǯȁ .ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƤƳȂƬLjȇ ơƆǁǂǓ ƨȈźǁƢƬdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ
ǁƢǰǧȋơ Ʃƾƥȁ ‘ƨǴǷƢNj ƧǁȂǐƥ‘ Ǯdzƿ DZƢǬƬǻȏ ƢƆǔȇƗ DzȈǷ" ǭƢǼǿ
__________
.Ó ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÖÔÓ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÕÓ)
(ÕÔ)
Hunter and Others v. Canary Wharf Ltd., United
Kingdom, The Law Reports 1997, Appeal Cases (House of Lords), p.
.655
ÖÔÖ-ÖÔÕ Ǎ ǁȂºǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Buckley, "Nuissance" (ÕÕ)
.ÎÍȁ Ö ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ
Lord Wright in Sedleigh-Denfield v. O’Callaghan and (ÕÖ)
Others, United Kingdom, The Law Reports 1940, Appeal Cases (House
.of Lords), p. 903
(ÖÍ)
Lord Goff in Cambridge Water Co. Ltd. v. Eastern
.Counties Leather plc, All England Law Reports 1994, vol. 1, p. 71
Brand v. ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ Ǿºƥ ǪǘǼdzơ ǶƬȇ Ń ǶǰƷ Ŀ C.J. Erle (ÖÎ)
Ŀ DžƢººƦƬǫȏơ .Hammersmith Railway (1867), L.R.2 Q.B.223, 247
.ÑÕÍ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Newark
122
ÎÖÕÒ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÏÏ ƹǁƚŭơ ȆǰȈƴǴƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǑǂǨȇȁ -ÒÎ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ DZƢů Ŀ ƮdzƢưdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ǪǴǠƬŭơ
Ǫºǧơǂŭơ DzďǤnjºǷ DzǿƢǯ ȄǴǟ ǞǬƫ ǹƘƥ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƭƽơȂƸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
Ǒơǂºǣȋơ Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǀŏǨǼĄȇ ƢǸǼȈƥ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
ƨȈǰȈnjºƬdzơ ƨºȇǁȂȀǸŪơ Ŀ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ǝƢǠNjȍơ ǺȇƘƫȁ ƨȈǸǴLjdzơ
ǁƢnjŭơ) ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁ ("ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ" ƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ
ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ) ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ DZƢů Ŀ ƮdzƢưdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ
Ŀ ƢȀºǴȇƾǠƫ Ļ ƢºǸǯ ("ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢºǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ" ƥ ƾǠƥ
.ÎÖÕÏ ǵƢǟȁ ÎÖÓÑ ǵƢǟ
ƢƆǔºȇƗ "ŁƢǐºŭơ śƥ ǹǃơȂƬdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ" ȄǴǟ DzưǷ ƣǂǔĄȇȁ -ÒÏ
ǁơȂŪơ ƤǟƢƬǷ ǵȂȀǨǷȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǥǂǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ Ɣơǀȇȍơ ǵȂȀǨŠ
ǵȂºȀǨǷ Dzďǐºƌǧ ƾǫȁ .ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ (trouble du voisingae)
ƨǻȁƾǷ ǺǷ ÎÐÕÏ ƧƽƢŭơ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ǂǷȋơ DZȁƗ Ŀ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǽƽƢǨǷ Ȑ
Ɔ ǬƬLjǷ ơƆDŽǯǂǷ ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǀǼǷ ƪƦLjƬǯơȁ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
.ƨºǧȂdzƘǷ Śǣ ǁơȂƳ ƤǟƢƬǷ ŚǤǴdz ƤƦLjȇ ǹƗ ƾƷȋ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȏ ǾǻƗ
.(Nul ne doit causer à autrui un trouble anormal du voisinage)
ǑǁƗ ƨǠǘǫ DzǤnjȇ ȁƗ ǮǴŻ ǺǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǑǂǨĄƫȁ
"ƱƢǟǃȍơ ǺǷ ƨǧȂdzƘǷ Śǣ ƨƳǁƽ" Ǿƥ ǵȂǬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ƤƦLjȇȁ
śƦȇ ǹƗ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ȆǨǰȇȁ .(ÕÏ)ǾǻơŚŪ (un trouble anormal)
.(ÕÐ)ǥȂdzƘŭơ Śǣ ǾǠƥƢǗȁ ƱƢǟǃȍơ ƨȈƸǔdzơ
ŚǤdzƢºƥ ǁơǂºǓȍơ ǹȁƽ DZƢºŭơ DZƢǸǠƬLJơ ƗƾƦǷ ƾǯƚȇ -ÒÐ
ƔơǀȇȍƢǧ .Ɣơǀȇȍơ ǹȂǻƢǫ (sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas)
Ȃǿ ƔơǀȇȍƢǧ .(ÕÑ)ƱƢǟǃȍơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ȃȂLJ řǠȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƆȐǏƗ
ƆƨǬȇƢǔǷ ȁƗ ƆƢƳƢǟǃƛ ȁƗ ƆȐƻƾƫ DzŏưŻ ƢŲ DzǠǧ ǹƢȈƫƛ ǵƾǟ ȁƗ ǹƢȈƫƛ
ƽơǂǧƗ ǺǷ ƽǂǧ ǪƷ (Ɨ) ƥ ǾǠƬŤ ȁƗ ǾƬLJǁƢǸŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǎƼnjdz
Ǒǁȋ ǾǴǤºNj ȁƗ ǾºƬȈǰǴǷ (ƣ) ȁƗ (ǵƢǠdzơ Ɣơǀȇȍơ) ǁȂȀǸŪơ
ǂºƻƕ Ǫºū ȁƗ ƤLjºǰŭ ȁƗ ǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ǩȂǬƷ ǺǷ Ǫū ȁƗ
.(ǍƢºŬơ Ɣơǀȇȍơ) ǑǁȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ǿƥ ǞăƬǸƬĄȇ ȁƗ ǵăƾƼƬLjĄȇ
DzăǷƢǠĄƫȁ ƆƢȈǻƾǷ ƆơǁǂǓ ǹȂǰƫ ȏȁ .ƨȈƟƢǼƳ ƨŻǂƳ ǵƢǠdzơ Ɣơǀȇȍơȁ
ǍƢƻ ǁǂǔdz ǑǂǠƫ ƾǫ ǎƼnjdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ȏƛ ȂƸǼdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ
ǺºǷȁ .(ÕÒ)ǁȂȀǸŪơ Ǿdz ǑǂǠƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơȁ ƱƢǟǃȍơ ǩȂǧ
ǭȂǴºLJ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ǍƢŬơ Ɣơǀȇȍơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǾǻƜǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ
ƧǁȁǂǔºdzƢƥ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ Śǣ Ɣơǀȇȍơ Ǻǟ ǂǨLJƗ ȅǀdzơ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ
ƢŶƛȁ .ƧƽƢƬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ȁƗ
__________
.Galand-Carval, “France”, p. 134 (ÕÏ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÕÐ)
.Prosser, Selected Topics on the Law of Torts, p. 164 (ÕÑ)
.Newark, “The boundaries of nuisance”, p. 480 ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ
.Buckley, “Nuisance”, pp. 973–975, paras. 01–03 (ÕÒ)
123 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Ŀ ǽǂƯƗ ƭƾƷƗ ȅǀdzơ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơȁ .ƢƆȈƦLjǻ ƾȇƾƳ ǵȂȀǨǷ ǂǘŬơ
ȅǀdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ Ŀ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ƔȂnjǻ ńƛ ȃƽƗ ǾǻƗ ŐƬǠȇ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ Ŀ ǁƾǏ ȅǀdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ Ȃǿ (common law) ǵƢǠdzơ
DZƢºǫ ƾºǬǧ .(ÖÓ)Rylands v. Fletcher ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ÎÕÓÕ ǵƢǟ Ŀ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ŅƢŭơ ƔƢǔǬdzơ ƧǂƟơƽ Ŀ Blackburn ȆǓƢǬdzơ
ǞǸŸȁ ǾȈǓơǁƗ ńƛ ƤǴŸ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǹƗ Ȃǿ Ǫūơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǶǰƷ ǹƗ ȃǂǻ
ơƿƛ ȃƿƗ ƤƦLjºȇ ǹƗ DzºǸƬŹ ƔȆºNj ȅƗ ƨǏƢŬơ ǾǓơǂǣȋ ƢȀȈǧ ǚǨŹ ȁƗ
ƨºǿơƾƥ ǾǻƜǧ DzǠǨȇ Ń ǹƜǧ ǾƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƔȆnjdzƢƥ ǚǨƬŹ ǹƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƣǂLjƫ
ƤºƫǂƬȇ ȅǀºdzơ ǁǂǔºdzơ Dzǯ Ǻǟ ƨǴǿȁ DZȁȋ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ
.(ÖÔ)ƔȆnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƣǂLjƬdz ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƨƴȈƬǼǯ
ƨǤȈǐºdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƩơƽǁȂǴdzơ džǴů ƾƷ ƾǫȁ -ÒÔ
DZƢǸǠƬLJȏơ ȄǴǟ ȏƛ ǪºƦǘǼȇ ȏ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀǿ ǹƛ ƆȐƟƢǫ ƨǓƢǨǔǨdzơ
Ǻºǟ Ǿºdz ƆơDŽºȈȈŤ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ȆǓơǁȋ (ÖÕ)"ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ Śǣ"
ǩƢȈºLJ Ŀ ǾǴƳƗ ǺǷ DzǸǠƬLjƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ǒǂǣ ȅȋ" ƢŮƢǸǠƬLJơ
Śưǯ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ Ƕǰūơ ƤǬǟƗ ƾǫȁ .(ÖÖ)ǑǁȋƢƥ ǩƢǨƫǁȏơ
Ʃǂǐºƌǫȁ ƾºǠƥ ƢºǸȈǧ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ǶǯƢƄơ Ŀ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǺǷ
ȁƗ "ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ Śǣ" ƨǘnjǻȋơ ȁƗ ƔƢȈNjȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Ȃºǿ ƢǷ ƽƢǠƦƬLJơ ǞǷ "ǥȂdzƘŭơ Ǻǟ ƨƳǁƢŬơ" ȁƗ "ƨȈƟƢǼưƬLJȏơ"
ȄǴǟ ƆƢǬƦǘǼǷ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀǿ ȁƾƦȇ ȏȁ .(ÎÍÍ)ƢȀǼǷ "ǥȂdzƘǷȁ ȅƽƢǟ"
ǞǨǼdz ƶǴǐȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢŮƢǸǠƬLJơ ȄǴǟ ȏȁ ǑǁȌdz ȅƽƢǠdzơ DZƢǸǠƬLJȏơ
ƤǴŸ ƆƢǏƢƻ ƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơ Ǯdzƿ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ Dzƥ .ƨǷƢǟ ǞǸƬĐơ
Ȃºǿ ƢºǸȈǧ ƪºƦdzơ ȃƾdzȁ .(ÎÍÎ)ǺȇǂƻȊdz ƆơƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƆơǁǂǓ ǾǠǷ
Ǻǰƫ Ń ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ǶǯƢƄơ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇ "ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ Śǣ DZƢǸǠƬLJȏơ"
ǂǜǼƫ ƪǻƢǯ Dzƥ řǠŭơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ȁƗ ƔȆnjdzơ ǞƥƢǗ Ŀ ǖǬǧ ǂǜǼƫ
.Ǿºƥ ƨǘȈƄơ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǾƬǫȐǟ Ŀȁ ǾǜǨƷ ƨȈǨȈǯȁ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ƆƢǔȇƗ
ƤƦLjºȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƆȏȁƚLjǷ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǁƢƦǠƥȁ
ǹȁƽ ǶƟȐǷ Śǣ ȁƗ ǂǘƻ ǕƢnjǻ ȁƗ ƔȆNj ƨǘLJơȂƥ ǽŚǤdz ƆơǁǂǓ
__________
The Law Reports, Court of Exchequer, vol. I, 1866, p. 265, (ÖÓ)
ƢǸȈǧȁ .affd. in Rylands v. Fletcher, House of Lords, vol. 3, 1868, p. 330
ǞºƳǂŭơ Keeton ǂǜǻƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ Ǯdzƿ ǁƢƯƖƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ
Anderson "The Rylands v :ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂºǜǻơȁ .ÒÒÖ-ÒÑÒ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀºŭơ
Flethcher doctrine in America: abnormally dangerous ultrahazardous or
.absolute nuisance?", p. 99
(ÖÔ)
The Law Reports Court of Exchequer, vol. I, (1866),
.pp. 279
Ibid., English and Irish Appeal Cases before the House of (ÖÕ)
.Lords, vol. III, (1868), p. 339
.ÐÐÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÖÖ)
ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂºǜǻơȁ .ÒÑÓ Ǎ ǁȂººǯǀŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Keeton (ÎÍÍ)
.(ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) Ö-Ó ȆNjơȂūơ
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÍÎ)
ȄºǴǟ ƆơǁȂǐºǬǷ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ DZƢĐơ Ŀ ǂȀǜƫ DZƢŷȍƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƆƢȇǁȁǂǓ ǹƢǯ DZƢŷȍơ ǹƗ śƦƫ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǒǠƥ Ŀȁ .(ÖÏ)"Ɣơǀȇȍơ
ƨǴºǏ Ǿºdz Ǻºǰƫ Ń ǂƻȉơ ǒǠƦdzơ Ŀȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƩƢƦƯȍ
Wagon Mound (No. ƨȈǔǫ ȆǨǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ . ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ
ƔơǀȇȍƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƗ ǍƢŬơ ƨǰǴŭơ džǴů ǚƷȏ (ÖÐ)2)
.ǖǬǧ ƨǠǫȂƬŭơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ǂǐƬǬƫ DZƢŷȍơ DzưǷ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢȀǴưǷ
Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ǾǻƗ ȁƾƦȇ":Fleming ƾǯƚȇ DžƢLJȋơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ
Ń ƢºǷ ƧǂŭƢƥ Ɣơǀȇȍơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǎƼNj ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǾǻƗ
džºǴů ƨºǘǬǼdzơ ǽǀºǿ ƾǯƗ ƾǫȁ .(ÖÑ)"ǞǫȂƬǷ ǁǂǓ ǭƢǼǿ Ǻǰȇ
Cambridge Water Co. v. Eastern Counties ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ ƩơƽǁȂǴdzơ
ǹƗ ńƛ Goff ƽǁȂǴdzơ ǁƢNjƗ ƾǫȁ .Leather plc
DZƢºūơ Ȃǿ ƢǸǯ ǍƢŬơ Ɣơǀȇȍơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ǾǼǷ ƾƥ ȏ ǕǂNj ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǫȂƫ
ơǀǿ ƨǠȈƦǗ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ džȈdzȁ ... ǵƢǠdzơ Ɣơǀȇȍơ Ŀ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƘnjƥ Reid ƽǁȂǴdzơ ǹƢȈƥ ǺǷ ȁƾƦȇ ǾǻƗ ƾȈƥ žƨǫƾdzơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ƗƾƦŭơ
ƾºǠƦƥ ǪºǴǠƬƫ ƢƆLJƢLJƗ ƢǿŐƬǟơ ǾǻƗ ńƛ [Wagon Mound (No. 2) ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ]
.(ÖÒ)ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȁ
ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơȁ ȆƟƢǔǬdzơ ŚLjǨƬdzơ (ƽ)
ƾºǼǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ ǁȂǐƫ Ŀ Ǟƥơǂdzơ DzǷƢǠdzơ DzưǸƬȇ -ÒÓ
ƨºǧȁǂǠǷ Ǻºǰƫ Ń DzǯƢnjºǷ Dzū ƨŻƾǬdzơ ƤȈdzƢLJȋơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ
ƨºdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨȈǟȂºǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢǧ .DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƢȀƯȁƾƷ DzȈƼƬȇ ȁƗ
ǺºǷ ǥȂdzƘºŭơ Ǻǟ ƱǁƢƻ ǁƾǫ ȄǴǟ ƨȇȂǘǼŭơ ƔƢȈNjȋơȁ ƨǘnjǻȋơ
__________
ƨǴưǷƗ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdzȁ .ÑÕÔ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ .Newark (ÖÏ)
Sinatambou, “The approach of mixed ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ DžȂȈnjȇǁȂǷ Ŀ ƣǁƢǔƬǴdz
.legal systems: the case of Mauritius”, pp. 272–273
Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd. v. The Miller Steamship Co. (ÖÐ)
Pty and Another, The Law Reports 1967, vol. I, Appeal Cases (Privy
:ÓÑÍ Ǎ (Lord Reid) ƾȇǁ ƽǁȂǴdzơ ǽȂǻȁ .Council), p. 617.
DzºƳƗ ǺǷ Ɣơǀȇȍơ ƢȇƢǔǫ ǦǴƬű śƥ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ƶǐȇ ȏ ǾǻƗ"
ƢǸǼȈƥ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ǁơǂǓȋơ ƾȇƾƸƬdz ƢƆȇǁȁǂǓ ơƆǂǐǼǟ ǞǫȂƬdzơ DzǠƳ
ơǀdzȁ .ƢǿŚǣ Ŀ džȈdz Ǻǰdzȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƾȇƾƸƬdz ƢƆȇǁȁǂǓ ơƆǂǐǼǟ ƾǠȇ
Ɣơǀºȇȍơ ƢȇƢǔǫ Dzǯ Ŀ ƢƆȇǁȁǂǓ ơƆǂǐǼǟ ǾǻȂǯ śƥ Ȃǿ ǁƢȈƬƻȏơ ǹƜǧ
ǽǁƾǏƗ ȅǀdzơ Ƕǰūơ Ŀȁ .ƨȈǔǫ ȅƗ Ŀ ȅǁȁǂǓ Śǣ ơƆǂǐǼǟ ǾǻȂǯȁ
ǁǂǔºdzơ DZƢǰºNjƗȁ Ɣơǀȇȍơ śƥ ǾƦnjdzơ ǾƳȁƗ ǹƜǧ ƩơƽǁȂǴdzơ džǴů
The Wagon Mound (No. 1) [Overseas ƢȀȈǴǟ ǪƦǘǼƫ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ
Tankship (U.K.) Ltd. v. Morts Dock and Engineering Co., All
ƤŸ ǾȈǴǟȁ ǩȁǂǧ ȅƗ ơƆŚưǯ ǩȂǨƫ England Law Reports 1961]
.ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǺǷ ǝǂǨdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ Ƙǘƻ ǾǼǷ ǦǻƘƬLjŭơ Ƕǰūơ ǹƗ ơȁŐƬǠȇ ǹƗ
ǶȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ǺǨLJ Ǿdz ƪǓǂǠƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȆǨǰȇ ȏȁ
ƮºȈƷ ǺºǷ ƢƆºǠǫȂƬǷ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǰȇ Ń ơƿƛ ƱƢǟǃȎdz ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨƴȈƬǻ
."ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ƨǴǐdzơ
.ÑÏÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Fleming (ÖÑ)
ÖÍ ƨȈºNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) All England Law Reports 1994, p. 72 (ÖÒ)
.ÔÏ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƾºǫ Rylands v. Fletcher ƧƾǟƢǫ ǹƗ Goff ƽǁȂǴdzơ ǚƷȏȁ -ÓÍ
ǾºȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ Śǣ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ :ƪǬďƦǗ
ƔƢȈNjȋơ ƣǂLjƬdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ȆǟƾǸǴdz ƭƾŹ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ
Ǯdzƿ ǞǼŭ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƧǁƢȀǷȁ ƨȇƢǼǟ Dzǯ ƨLJǁƢǸŠ ǾǷƢȈǫ Ƕǣǁ
.(ÎÍÓ)ƭȁƾūơ ǺǷ ƣǂLjƬdzơ
Rylands v. ƧƾǟƢǫ Ŀ ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǫȂƫ ƨǿƢƳȂƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÓÎ
ǶǴǰƫ ƾǫ Blackburn ȆǓƢǬdzơ ǹƗ ńƛ Goff ƽǁȂǴdzơ ǁƢNjƗ Fletcher
ƔȆºNj ǺǷ ƣǂLjƫ ơƿƛ ȃƿȋơ ƤƦLjȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬƸĄȇ ƔȆNj ȅƗ" Ǻǟ
ǥǂºǠȇȁ ‘ǾºǻơŚƳ [ƩƢǰǴƬŲ] ńƛ DzǏȁ ơƿƛ ƿĊ ƚǷ ǾǻƗ ǥǂǠȇ‘
(ÎÍÔ)"Ǯdzǀºdz ƨºǠǫȂƬŭơȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƤǫơȂǠdzơ DzǸŢ Ǻǟ ǾƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ȄºǴǟ ƨºǓȁǂǨŭơ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ńƛ Goff ƽǁȂǴdzơ ǎǴƻ ƾǬǧ ơǀdzȁ .ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ
ƨºǧǂǠŠ ǹƿƛ Ȃºǿ ƗƾƦǸǴdz [Blackburn ȆǓƢǬdzơ] ƾȈǯƘƬdz ǵƢǠdzơ ǹȂǸǔŭơ ǹƛ
ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ǾǼǷ ƾƥ ȏ ǕǂNj Ȃǿȁ ǂǘŬơ ƭȁƾƷ ǞǫȂƬƥ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ǂǘŬơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƗƾºƦǷ Ȃºǿ Ǿƫơƿ ƗƾƦŭơ Ǻǰdz ƗƾƦŭơ Ǯdzƿ ƤƳȂŠ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ
ǾǻȂǯ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƾċ ǠĄȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ǹƛ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
.(ÎÍÕ)ƭȁƾūơ ǺǷ ƣǂLjƬdzơ ǞǼŭ ƨƦƳơȁ ƨȇƢǼǟ Dzǯ DžǁƢǷ ƾǫ
ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƨȈźǁƢƬdzơ ƨǴǐdzơ" ǹƗ ǚƷȂdz ƾǬǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ -ÓÏ
ǽơƽƚǷ ȅǀdzơ ƱƢƬǼƬLJȏơ ńƛ Śnjƫ ƢĔƘǯȁ ǹȉơ ŐƬǠĄƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ Ɣơǀȇȍơ
ȄǔƬǬŠ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ǾǼǷ ƾƥ ȏ ǕǂNj ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǫȂƫ ǹƗ
.(ÎÍÖ)"ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǮǴƫ
Cambridge Water Co. v. Eastern ƨǯǂºNj ƪǠLJ ƾǫȁ -ÓÐ
ǹȂºǯ ǁƢƦƬǟơ Ǻǟ ƢƆǓȂǟ ǾǻƗ ƽƾŢ ǹƗ ńƛ Counties Leather plc
ǹȂǻƢºǬdz ơƆƽơƾºƬǷơ ƨǗƢLjƦƥ Rylands v. Fletcher ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ Ƕǰūơ
ǹƘƥ Ɣơǀȇȍơ
ǾºǼǷ ƾǸăƬLjºĄƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ơƆǁȂǘƬǷ ƗƆƾƦǷ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ DzăǷƢǠĄȇ
ƩƢºȈǴǸǟ ǾºƯƾŢ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǷƢǟ ƧƾǟƢǫ
ǮºǴƬƥ ǹȂºǷȂǬȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ǺǰŻ ǾȈǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥȁ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƨǤdzƢƥ
ǂºǘŬơ ƤƦLjƥ ƤƳơȂdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ śdzȁƚLjǷ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ
.(ÎÎÍ)ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ǮǴƬƥ ǺȇǂƯƘƬŭơ ǺȇǂƻȊdz ǽȂƦƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ȅƽƢǠdzơ Śǣ
DZƢºǸƬƷȏơ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ Goff ƽǁȂǴdzơ ǚƷȏ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ -ÓÑ
ơȂǓǂǠƫ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǞȈǸŪ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǞƦƬƬLjȇ ǥȂLJ
ƽƢºǸƬǟȏƢƥ ǾǻƜǧ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .Ƨǂǘƻ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ǁǂǔǴdz
__________
.ÔÎ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÍÓ)
.ÔÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÍÔ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÍÕ)
.ÔÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÍÖ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÎÍ)
124
ǹƢºǰŭơ Ǯdzƿ ƨǠȈƦǗ Ɣơǃƛ ǾȈǧ Ǿƥ ǚǨƬŹ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢǰǸǴdz ǡȂLjǷ
.(ÎÍÏ)Ǿƥ ƨǘȈƄơ ƨƠȈƦdzơȁ
Rylands v. FletcherƧƾǟƢǫ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ƩơƽǁȂǴdzơ džǴů ƽȁƢǟȁ -ÒÕ
Cambridge Water Co. Ltd. v. Eastern ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ ǂºǜǼdzơ ƾǼǟ
ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǮǴƫ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸǟ DZƔƢLjƫȁ (ÎÍÐ)Counties Leather plc
ǹȂǻƢºǬǴdz ơƆƾȈǯƘƫ ȏƛ ƪLjȈdz ƢĔƗ ȁƗ ƾȇƾƳ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǁơǂǫƛ ńƛ ȄǠLjƫ
ǵƾǟ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƢȀǬȈƦǘƫ ǺǰŻ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸǟȁ ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ǶƟƢǬdzơ
ǚºƷȏȁ .ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ Ǻǟ ƞNjƢǻ ǁǂǔǴdz ǞǫȂƫ ƽȂƳȁ
Blackburn ȆºǓƢǬdzơ Ƕºǰū ǾºǴȈǴŢ ǑǂǠǷ Ŀ Goff ƽǁȂǴdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǂǯǀdzơ ƨǨǻȉơ ƨdzƘLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ȄºǴǟ ƔƢȈNjƗ ǞǸŸ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ƢȀȈǧ ǹƢǯ ƨdzƢŞ ƢƆȈǼǠǷ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ǾǸǰƷ ǺǷ ǂǿƢǜdzơ
ǹȂǰȇ ƨdzƢūơ ǮǴƫ Ŀȁ ƩǂnjƬǻơ ƢĔƗ Ȃdz ơƆǁǂǓ ƤƦLjƫ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǯ Ǒǁȋơ
.(ÎÍÑ)ƔƢȈNjȋơ ǮǴƫ ƣǂLjƫ Ǻǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ
:ǾǻƗ ńƛ ǎǴƻȁ -ÒÖ
ǞǸŝ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ǵƢȈǫ Ȃǿ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ȅǂǿȂŪơ DžƢLJȋơ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇȁ
Ŀ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƔȂnjǻ Ȇǿ ƨƴȈƬǼdzơ ǹƗȁ žǾǓǁƗ ǩȂǧ ǺǷ ƔƢȈNjȋơ ǮǴƫ
Ǯºdzƿ ǹƢºǯ Ȃdzȁ ŕƷ ƔƢȈNjȋơ ǮǴƫ ƣǂLjƫ ƔơǂƳ ǺǷ ǁǂǔdzơ ƭȁƾƷ ƨdzƢƷ
ǺºǷ ǭƢǼǿ džȈǴǧ ǾǫƢȈLJ Ŀ ǂǷȋơ ńƛ ǂǜǼdzơ ƾǼǟȁ .ƨdzȁDŽǠǷ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƣǂLjƬdzơ
ƔƢnjºǻƛ ńƛ ȆºǷǂȇ ǹƢǯ Blackburn J. ȆǓƢǬdzơ ǹƗ ǑơǂƬǧơ ńƛ Ȃǟƾȇ ƤƦLJ
ǹƢºǯ Ȃdzȁ ŕƷ Ǻǰdzȁ žƔơǀȇȍơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƢǿƘnjǻƗ ƢŲ ǂưǯƗ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ǹƗ ƤºŸ ƢǿƽƾƷ Ŗdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ƾǐǬȇ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ƾƥ Ȑǧ Ǯdzǀǯ ǂǷȋơ
.(ÎÍÒ)DZȁDŽǠŭơ ƣǂLjƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰƫ
__________
Stallybrass, “Dangerous things and the ǂǜǻơ .ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÍÏ)
The Law Commission, ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .non-natural use of land”, p. 387.
Civil Liability for Dangerous Things and Activities (London, 1970). In
Rickards v. Lothian (United Kingdom, The Law Reports 1913, Appeal
ƧƾºǟƢǫ Ŀ Moulton ƽǁȂºǴdzơ ǚƷȏȁ .Cases (Privy Council), p. 280)
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ Rylands v. Fletcher
Dzºƥ .ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀǿ ǪȈƦǘƫ ńƛ ȅƽƚȇ ǑǁȌdz ǵơƾƼƬLJơ Dzǯ džȈdz"
ơƆƾºȇơDŽƬǷ ơƆǂǘƻ ǾǠǷ ƤǴŸ ǍƢƻ ǝȂǻ ǺǷ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ
ȁƗ ǑǁȌºdz ȅƽƢǠdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ ƽǂů Ǯdzƿ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ȏȁ ŚǤǴdz
."ǞǸƬƴǸǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǠǨǼŭơ ƤLJƢǼȇ ƢƆǷơƾƼƬLJơ
Cambridge Water Co. Ltd. v. Eastern Counties Leather ƨȈǔǫ Ŀȁ
Śnjºƫ "ǞǸƬĐơ" ƨǸǴǯ ǹƗ Goff ƽǁȂǴdzơ ǂǠNj (ǽȐǟƗ ÖÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) plc
.ƨǷƢǟ ǞǸƬĐơ džȈdzȁ ȆǴƄơ ǞǸƬĐơ ńƛ
Ellison v. Ministry of Defence (1996) (United Kingdom, ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƢǷƗ
ǹƗ J. Bowsher Őº ºƬǟơ Building Law Reports 1997, vol. 81, p. 108)
.ǾǴǸǯƘƥ řǗȂdzơ ǞǸƬĐơ ƨǠǨǼŭ Ȃǿ ƿƛ ȆǠȈƦǗ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ
Reid, “Liability for dangerous activities: a ǵƢºǟ ǾºƳȂƥ ǂºǜǻơ
.comparative analysis”, p. 731
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÖÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) All England Law Reports 1994 (ÎÍÐ)
.ÔÍ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÍÑ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÍÒ)
125 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƢȀǨǼƬǰȇ ƢǷ Dzǰƥ Rylands v. Fletcher ƧƾǟƢǫ" ǹƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǜƷȏ
Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǂǜǼdzơ śǠƬȇ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơȁ ƽȂȈǫȁ ǭȂǰNjȁ ƤǟƢǐǷ ǺǷ
ƾǫ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƾǴƦdzơ ơǀŮ ǵƢǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋȁ Ǻǿơǂdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ
ǦǏĄȁ ơƾǼǴƬǰLJơ Ŀȁ .(ÎÎÑ)"ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ DZƢŷȍơ ƝƽƢƦǷ Ŀ ƪƦǟȂƬLJơ
Ŀ ƩơƽǁȂǴdzơ džǴů ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ Ryland v. Fletcher ƧƾǟƢǫ ǪȈƦǘƫ
RHM Bakeries (Scotland) Ltd. v. Strathclyde Regional ƨȈǔºǫ
ƾȇƾŢ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǨĄǷ (ÎÎÒ)"ƢȀƯƢưƬƳơ ƤŸ ƨǬǗǂǿ" ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ Council
ƨȈƟƢǼŪơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ǵƢǠdzơ ǁƢǗȍơ Ŀ ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǪºȈƦǘƫ ǺºǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ ƣȂǼƳ Ŀȁ .ŚǐǬƬdzơ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ
ǹȉơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǹƗ ȏƛ ǪƥƢLjºdzơ Ŀ Rylands v. Fletcher ƧƾǟƢǫ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƪºƷǂƥ ƢºǷ ƢȈǼȈǯ Ŀȁ .(ÎÎÓ)ŚǐǬƬdzơ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjƫ
ȅȂºǘǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ Ŀ ƨȈLjȈƟǁ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǪċƦǘĄƫ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
Muhoroni Sugar Company v. Chemoros ƨȈǔǫ Ŀȁ .ǪƟơǂƷ ȄǴǟ
Rylands v. Fletcher ƧƾºǟƢǫ ȄºǴǟ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩƾǸƬǟơ Limited
ǞǼǐºǷ ńƛ ƾƬǷơ ȅǀdzơ Ǫȇǂūơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ
ƧƾºǟƢǫ ƪLjºȈdz ơƾºǼǯ Ŀȁ .(ÎÎÔ)ǽǂǷċ ƽȁ ȆǟĈƾŭơ ǾǰǴŻ ǂǰLjǴdz
ƨƸǐºƥȁ ƨºȈƷ Ȇºǿ Dzºƥ ƨƬȈǷ ƧƾǟƢǫ" Rylands v. Fletcher
ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ" ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ Ȃǿ ƢŠ ơƾǼǯ Ŀ ǶǯƢƄơ ŘǠĄƫȁ .(ÎÎÕ)"ƧƾȈƳ
ƧƾºǟƢǫ Ŀ śƦºŭơ ȂºƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƣǂLjƬdzơȁ ȃƿȋơȁ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ Śǣ
ƢȇƢǔºǫ Ŀ ƧƾºǟƢǬdzơ ƪǬďƦǗ ƾǫȁ .(ÎÎÖ)"Rylands v. Fletcher
_________________________________________
ƧƾºǟƢǫ ǹƗ ǞǫơȂdzơȁ .ƢȀȈǧ ċƪƥĄ Ŗdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǺǷ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǮǴƫ ǍȐƼƬLJơ
ǹȂǻƢǫ ƩȏƢů ǺǷ Ȑ Ɔ ǬƬLjǷ ȏƆ Ƣů Dzǰnjƫ ƢĔƘǯ ŐƬǠĄƫ Rylands v Fletcher
DzºưǷ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ Ŀ DzưǸƬȇ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǂƯƗ ǹƗ ƢǼdz ȁƾƦȇȁ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǹƢºǷƗȂƬdzơ ǹƢǗǂnjdzơ ǦǟƢǔĄȇ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǮǴƫ ǵơƾǠǻȏ ơƆǂǜǻȁ .ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǮǴƫ
ƾƳȂȇ ǾǻƗ ƨƳǁƽ ńƛ ‘ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ‘ ǹȂǸǔǷ ǹƘnjƥ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢƥȂǠǐdzơ ǺǷ
ńƛ ȅƽƚƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ǹƘnjƥ DZȂƦǬŭơ Śǣ ǺǬȈƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ǺǷ ǁƾǫ
ǪºȈƦǘƬdzơ ǹƗ ƨƴȈƬǼdzơ ǹȂǰƫȁ .‘ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ‘ ȄǸLjĄȇ ƢǷ ƭȁƾƷ
ǺºǷ ƧƽƢºǷ ƣǂLjƫ ǾƦċƦLJ ǁǂǓ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƧƾǟƢǬǴdz ȆǴǸǠdzơ
ƗƾƦǷ ńƛ ƢƆLJƢLJƗ ƾǼƬLjȇ ȏ ǍƢƻ ȆǐƼNj ƾȇƾŢ ńƛ DzǴƸƬȇ ǹƗ ƶƳǂŭơ
Śǣ ǶȈǿƢǨǷ ǺǸǓ ƱǁƾǼƫ ƨȈǔǬdzƢƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ǞƟƢǫȂdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ǹƘnjƥ
."‘ȅƽƢǟ Śǣ‘ ȁƗ ‘ǍƢƻ‘ Ȃǿ ƢǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƧƽƾŰ
ȅƗǁ ǹƗ ƨº ºǸǰƄơ Ʃǁǂºǫ .ÓÕ-ÓÔ Ǎ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ (ÎÎÑ)
ƶƦǐºȈdz DzǬºĄǏ ƾǫ ‘ƔơǀȇȎdz ǦȈȈǰƫ ǾǻƗ Ȃǿ ǥǂǠȇ ȅǀdzơȁ‘ Blackburn J."
"řǠŭơ ǂǘŬơ ǞǫȂƬƥ ƨǴǐdzơ ǪȈƯȁ ȏƆ ƽƢǠǷ (Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ) ƾǠĄȇ ƢƆȈǟȂǓȂǷ ơƆǁƢƦƬƻơ
.(ÒÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
Scotland, Session Cases (House of Lords) (1985), Lord (ÎÎÒ)
.Fraser, p. 41
Eastern and ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ ƧƾºǟƢǬdzơ ǍƢŬơ ƨǰǴŭơ džǴů ǪƦǗ (ÎÎÓ)
South Africa Telegraph Company.v. Cape Town Tramways Companies
(United Kingdom, The Law Reports 1902, Appeal Cases (Privy
.ÔÒÍ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Reid ǂǜǻơ .Council), p. 381)
Juma, “Environmental protection in Kenya: will the (ÎÎÔ)
Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (1999) make a
.difference?”, p. 193
.Baudoin and Linden, “Canada”, p. 152, para. 395 (ÎÎÕ)
.ÑÎÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÓÎ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÎÖ)
(ÎÎÎ)
ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ǪƥƢLJ ǶǰƷ ȄǴǟ
Read v. J. Lyons & Co Limited
ǁǂǔdzơ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǼƫ ȏ Rylands v. Fletcher ƧƾǟƢǫ ǹƗ ǁǂǫ ȅǀdzơȁ
ƧȁȐºǟȁ .DZƢǸƬƷȏơ ơǀđ ƩơƽǁȂǴdzơ džǴů ǀƻƘȇ Ń ȆǐƼnjdzơ
ƨºǷƢǟ ƨȇǂǜǻ ƣǁƽ ȄǴǟ" ŚLjdzơ ǁȁƽ ǹƗ ǚƷȂdz ƾǬǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ
.(ÎÎÏ)ǹƢŭŐdzơ ǁȁƽ Ȃǿ Dzƥ ǶǯƢƄơ ǁȁƽ džȈdz "ǁȂǘƬdzơ Ŀ Ƨǀƻƕ
.ƾǠƥƗ ƧȂǘƻ ƨdzƘLjŭƢƥ ƢȈǴǠdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǘƻ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ Ŀȁ -ÓÒ
(ÎÎÐ)
Burnie Port Authority v. General Jones Pty. Ltd ƨȈǔǫ ȆǨǧ
__________
United Kingdom, The Law Reports 1947, Appeal Cases (ÎÎÎ)
ƗƾºƦǷ ǩƢºǘǻ ǞȈLJȂƫ ƩơƽǁȂǴdzơ džǴů ǦǫȁƗ .(House of Lords), p. 156
ƾºǫȁ Read v. J. Lyons & Company Limited Ŀ Rylands v. Fletcher
ƔƢǼƯƗ ƭƾƷ ǁƢƴǨǻơ ƔơǂƳ ǁǂǔǴdz ȆǷȂǰƷ NJƬǨǷ Ȃǿȁ Ȇǟƾŭơ ƢȀȈǧ ǑǂǠƫ
ƗƾºƦǷ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƧƢǔǬdzơ ǂǐǫȁ .ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ƧŚƻƿ ǞǼǐǷ Ŀ ǽƾƳơȂƫ
ǺºǷ Ƨǂǘƻ ƧƽƢŭ ƣǂLjƫ ƢȀȈǧ ƭƾŹ Ŗdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƗƾƦŭơ ǹƛ ǹơǂƻƕ ǹƢȈǓƢǫ DZƢǫȁ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ƧǂǘȈLjdz ƨǠǓƢƻ ǹȂǰƫ Ǒǁȋơ
ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ) Fleming ǁƢºNjƗȁ .ȆǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǼȇ ȏ
Read v. Lyons ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ Ƕǰūơ ǁơǂǫ ǶǰƸǴdz ǂƯƗ ƗȂLJƗ" ǹƗ ńƛ (ÐÑÎ Ǎ
ƨȈǟȂºǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǸǴdz ƨǷƢǟ ƨȇǂǜǻ ǁȂǘƫ ǹơȁȋơ DzƦǫ ǦǫȁƗ ǾǻƗ Ŀ DzưǸƬȇ
."ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƨǤdzƢƦdzơ ƨǘnjǻȌdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
(ǽȐǟƗ ÖÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) All England Law Reports 1994 (ÎÎÏ)
(Law Commission) ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƨºǼŪ ǂȇǂǬƫ ńƛ Lord Goff ǁƢNjƗ .ÔÓ Ǎ
Ǻǟ ǾȈǧ ƣơǂǟȍơ ȃǂƳ ȅǀdzơ (Law Dom. 32) (ǽȐǟƗ ÎÍÏ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ)
Ŗºdzơ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǪȈƦǘƬdz ǁƢƦƬƻơ ȅƗ ƽƢǸƬǟơ ǹƘnjƥ ǭȂǰnjdzơ ǒǠƥ
ǢdzƢºƥ" ȁƗ "ƨºǏƢƻ ƨǨǐºƥ ǂǘƻ" ǕƢnjǻ Ŀ DzưǸƬȇ ƢƆǷƢǟ ƢƆǷȂȀǨǷ ǺǸǔƬƫ
ǾǻƗ DZƢǫȁ ǾǬȈƦǘƫ ǦǼƬǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƩƢƥȂǠǐdzơȁ ǭȂǰnjǴdz ơƆǂǜǻ "ƧǁȂǘŬơ
.ǾǬȈƦǘƫ Ŀ ƨǠǻƢŲ ǂưǯƗ ŕƷ ơȂǻȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƧƢǔǬdzơ ȄǴǟ śǠƬȇ
ŚºNjƌƗ ƾǫȁ .Australian Law Reports 1994, vol. 120, p. 42 (ÎÎÐ)
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ńƛ ÒÑ ƨƸǨǐdzơ Ŀ
ȆºǠȈƦǗ Śǣ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǹƗ ȆǴŪơ ǺǷȁ"
ȅǀºdzơ ǂºǷȋơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ƨǬȈǬūơ śƥ ƱDŽŻ ȏƆ ơƚLJ ƾǠĄȇ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ
ƾºȇƾŢȁ ƔơȂLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ǪƟƢǬƸǴdz ǶȈȈǬƫȁ ƾȈǯƘƫ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ
Ǯºdzƿ ǹƗ ǞǫơȂdzơȁ .‘ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ Śǣ‘ ǵơƾƼƬLJȐdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵȂȀǨŭơ ǹȂǸǔŭ
ǒºŰ DZơƚLJ ńƛ ƨǴǴǔǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ DZȂƸƬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƨǴƠLJȋơ ƾƷƗ Ȃǿ
ǺºƊǴǠĄǷ Śǣ ǑơǂƬǧơ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ǻǟ ǒŰ DZơƚLJ ȁƗ ǪƟƢǬūơ Ǻǟ
Ʃơƿ ǪƟƢºǬūơ ȁƗ ƨǬƦǘǼŭơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǶȈǿƢǨǸǴdz ǪȈǫƾdzơ ǹȂǸǔŭơ ƢǷƛ ǾǻƘƥ
ǾǻƘNj Ǯdzƿ ǹƢǯ ƢƆȇƗ Ǻǰdz .ƧƾǯƚǷȁ ƨȈǴƳ ƨȈǠǫơȂdzơ ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJȏơȁ ƨǴǐdzơ
ȆǠǫơȂºdzơ ȁƗ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤǻƢŪơ ƾǯƚȇ ƾƷƗ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥȁ
‘ǍƢºƻ‘ DzºưǷ ǥƢǏȁƗ DZƢƻƽƛ ǹƜǧ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ Śǣ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ ƨdzƘLjŭ
ȁƗ ǁƢȈǠŭ ƾȇƾŢ ȅƗ ǹȁƽ ‘ȆǠȈƦǗ Śǣ‘ ǦǏȂdz śǴȇƾƦǯ ‘ȅƽƢǟ Śǣ‘ȁ
‘ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ Śǣ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ‘ ǕǂNj ƾȇǂš ǽƢš ơƆƾȈǠƥ ƢƆǗȂNj ȆǔŻ ƢŶƛ ƗƾƦǷ
Webber v Hazelwood ńƛ ƨȈºNjƢūơ Śnjƫ] ȆǟȂǓȂŭơ ǾǻȂǸǔǷ ǺǷ
Ŗºdzơ ǥƢǏȁȋơ‘ :(1934) 34 SR (NSW) 155, at 159 per Jordan CJ
.[‘ȏƆ ȂǴƷ Ƣēơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ǵƾǬƫ ȏ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƪǷƾƼĄƬLJơ
Lord Porter ǁƢºNjƗ Read v J Lyons & Co Ltd, ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀȁ
Cambridge Water Co. Ŀ ǞǘǬǷ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǭƢǼǿȁ žÎÔÓ Ǎ]
Ŀ ǂȀǜƫ ƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƨƳƢūơ ǹƘnjƥ [Ltd. v. Eastern Counties Leather plc
Ǻºǟ śǷƗȂƬdzơ śǗǂnjdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƾȇƾƸƬdz ‘ƝƽƢƦǷ ǞǓȂdz‘ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ
ƢºǼǼǰŻ ȏȁ .ƢǸȀƬȈƦǴƫ ƩǂƳ ƾǫ ‘ȆǠȈƦǗ Śǣ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ‘ȁ ‘Śǘƻ ƔȆNj‘
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƤºǴŸ Ń džǴĐơ ǹƗ ƩơƽǁȂǴdzơ džǴĐ śƦƫ ǵơƾƼƬLJȐdz ƧǂǏƢǠŭơ
ƣǂLjƫ ơƿƛ ȃƿƗ ƤƦLjȇ ȁƗ ơƆǂǘƻ ƭƾƸĄȇ ǹƗ DzăǸƬƸĄȇ ƢƆƠȈNj ǑǁȌdz
ƢƆǷơƾƼƬºLJơ ǹƢǯ ǽƢȈŭƢƥ ƽȁDŽƬǴdz ǽƢȈŭơ ƤȈƥƢǻƗ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǹƗȁ .ƢȀǼǷ
.džǴĐơ Ǒǁȋ ƢƆȇƽƢǟ
ƾǫ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ DzǸǟ ǩƢǘǻ ǹƘƥ ƩơƽǁȂǴdzơ džǴů ƔƢǔǟƗ ǂǫƗȁ -ÓÔ
ǹȂǻƢǬdz ǂǸƬLjŭơ ǁȂǘƬdzơȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȌdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǶȈǜǼƬdzơ ȂŶ ǽƾȈǫ
ƔƢǬƥȍơ ǑǁƢǠƫ Ŗdzơ Ʋƴūơ ǦǴƬű ƨǿƢƳȁ ơȂLJǁƽ ƾǫȁ .DZƢŷȍơ
"ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƨǨȈǛȂdzơ ǞǷ ǪLjƬȇ ƢŲ ǾǻƗ ơȁǂȇ Ń" ǶȀǼǰdzȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ȄǴǟ
ƨȇǁǀƳ ƧȂǘƻ ƾǠĄȇ" Ǯdzǀƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ǹƗȁ ."ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƔƢǤdzƛ" džǴƴǸǴdz
ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽǷ ƔƢǨǓƛ" ƤLJƢǼŭơ ǺǷ ǹƗ ȃƗǁ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ."ƨȇƢǤǴdz
ƽǁȂºǴdzơ DŽºƳȁƗ ƾºǫȁ .(ÎÏÐ)"ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǵȂȀǨǷ ȄǴǟ
:ŅƢƬdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ Bingham
ǵƾƼƬLjŭơ ǺǷ DzǔǧƗ ơƆǁƢƦƬƻơ ƾǠĄȇ ȅƽƢǠdzơ ǵƾƼƬLjŭơ ǹƗ ƶǓơȂdzơ ǺǷ ǹƗ ƾǬƬǟƗ
ƢȀȈdzƛ ƾǼƬLjĄȇ Rylands v. Gletcher ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹƗ ƶǓȂȇ ƢŲ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ
Śǣȁ ƧƽƢǠdzơ Ǻǟ ƱǁƢƻ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǹƗ śƦƬȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǖǬǧ
ƾºǫ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏƢǧ :ƨǻȁǂŭƢƥ ȆǴƸƬdzơ ǹȁƽ ǾǬȈƦǘƫ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȏ ǁƢƦƬƻơ Ȃǿȁ .ȅƽƢǟ
ǺǯƢºǷȋơ ƾƷƗ Ŀ ȁƗ Ʃơǂŭơ ƾƷƗ Ŀ ȅƽƢǟ Śǣȁ ƧƽƢǠdzơ Ǻǟ ƢƆƳǁƢƻ ǹȂǰȇ
DZƔƢLjºƫƗ ňƗ Ȃdzȁ) ǂƻƕ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ȁƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǂǷ Ŀ Ǯdzǀǯ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ Ǻǰdzȁ
ƩơǂºƴǨƬŭơ ǞǼǐºȇ ǺºǷ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ǺǰŻ ƣǂūơ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ŕƷ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸǟ
ƽǁȂºǴdzơȁ Viscount Simon ǽǁȂǐƬȇ ƢǷ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ǑǁȌdz ƢƆȇƽƢǟ ƢƆǷƾƼƬLjǷ
Read v J Lyons ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ Uthwatt ƽǁȂǴdzơȁ Porter ƽǁȂǴdzơȁ Macmillan
ňƗ ƢǸǯ .& Co Ltd [1947] AC 156, 169-170, 174, 176-177, 186-187)
ǹȂºǰȇ ǹƗ ǃȂºŸ ƿƛ ƆơƾȈǨǷ DZȂǬǠŭơ ǵƾƼƬLjŭơ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸȈǧ ǮNjƗ
Rylands, ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƢǸǯ DZȂǬǠǷ Śǣ džȈdz ǾǼǰdzȁ ƧƽƢǠdzơ Ǻǟ ƱǁƢƻ ǵƾƼƬLjŭơ
.Cambridge Water ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ ƨǤƦǐºŭơ ȁƗ Rainham Chemical Works
ƾºǫ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢŠ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƜǧ Ņ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǸǯȁ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǂǷȁ
Ŀ ƧƽƢºǠdzơ Ǻºǟ ƢƆƳǁƢƻ ƾǠȇ ǾǻƗ Ǿǯơǁƽƛ ǾȈǴǟ śǠƬȇ ȁƗ Ǿǯǁƾȇ ƢƆƠȈNj ȄƫƗ
Dzºǰƥ ƾǬƬǟƗ DZơƚLjdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƨƥƢƳȍơ Ŀȁ .ǾȈǧ ǾǴǠǧ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơȁ ǹƢǰŭơ
ǞǸƬƴǸǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǠǨǼǸǴdz ƢƆƦLJƢǼǷ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸȈǧ ǂǜǼdzơ ǹƗ ǵơǂƬƷȏơ
ƧǁȁǂºǓ ȏ ƢƆǯƢƦƫǁơ ƤƦLjȇ ƢŠǁ ȁƗ) ǹȂǠdzơ ǺǷ DzȈǴǫ ȄǴǟ ȏƛ ǂǨLjȇ Ǻdz ȏ ǵƗ
ńƛ ǪǧƾºƬdzơ ǹȋ ƔƢºǟƽȏơ Ƙnjǻ Ƣēơƿ Richards v Lothian ƨȈǔǫ Ŀȁ .(Ǿdz
ƾċ ºĄLJ ƾǫ ŘƦŭơ ǺǷ ȄǴǟȋơ ǪƥƢǘdzơ ǩȂǧ ƽȂƳȂŭơ DzȈLjǤdzơ ǑȂƷ ǺǷ ƱǁƢŬơ
ƭȁƾƷ Ǯdzƿ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƪǻƢǯȁ ƢƆȇǁƢƳ ƔƢŭơ ǁȂƦǼǏ ǭǂĄƫȁ ƧǂȇǂNj ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ơƆƾǸǟ
ŚǧȂºƫ ǹƗ ƣǂǤƬLjºŠ džȈºdzȁ :ǾǼǷ DzǨLJȋơ ǪƥƢǘdzơ Ŀ ƨǻȁDŽű ƽơȂŭ ǁǂǓ
ǹƛȁ .ǑǁȌdz ƢƆȇƽƢǟ ƢƆǷơƾƼƬLJơ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ŐĄƬǟơ ƾǫ ŘƦǸǴdz ƨȈdzŗŭơ ƔƢŭơ ƩơƽơƾǷƛ
ƤºǴƳ ƾºǫ ǑǁȌºdz ǂƻƕ ȐƆ ǣƢNj ǹƗ śƦȇ ǹƗ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ ǑǁȌdz DzǣƢNj ȅƗ
ǥȁǂºǛ Ŀ ƨȈƟƢǼưƬºLJơ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƿƚǷ ȁƗ Śǘƻ ƔȆnjƥ ǾǓǁƗ ȄǴǟ ǚǨƬƷơȁ
DzǣƢnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ƢƆǔȇȂǠƫ ȆȇƗǁ Ŀ ǪƸƬLjȇ ƨȇƽƢǟ Śǣ ȁƗ ƧƽƢǠdzơ Ǻǟ ƨƳǁƢƻ
ǾǼǷ ƔȆnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƣǂLjƫ ƤƦLjƥ ǾƫƢǰǴƬŲ ƨƸǴǐŭ ǾƦċƦLJ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ǑǁȌdz
ƨƳƢƷ ǹȁƽ ƤȇǂǤdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ DzǠǧ ȁƗ ǁƾǬdzơȁ ƔƢǔǬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǝȂǧƾdzƢƥ ƢƆǼǿǁ
.(ÎÏÑ)*DZƢŷȍơ ƩƢƦƯƛ ńƛ
__________
.ÑÑȁ ÑÐ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÏÐ)
.ÎÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÏÑ)
126
śºƥ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ȄǴǟ Ƣǿǂǐǫ ǹȁƽ ƨȈǐƼNj ǁơǂǓƗ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ
ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƪǬďƦǗƌ ƢǸǯ .(ÎÏÍ)ǺȇǁȁƢƴƬŭơ ȆǓơǁȋơ ƣƢƸǏƗ
.(ÎÏÎ)"ǂǘŬơ ƨǤdzƢƦdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ȁƗ ƾȇơDŽƬŭơ ǂǘŬơ"
Ȇºǯ ƨǏǂǨdzơ ƩơƽǁȂǴdzơ džǴĐ ƪƸǼLJ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ Ŀȁ -ÓÓ
ǂǜǼȇ Ȃǿȁ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǂǷ Rylands v. Fletcher ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ƽȁƢǠȇ
(BG plc and BG Transco plc) v. ƢƆǬƥƢLJ) Transco plc ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ
Ȅǟċƾŭơ ǹƢǯȁ .(ÎÏÏ)Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council)
ǺºǷ ǦdzƘƬƫ ǺǯƢLjǸǴdz ƨȇǁƢǬǟ ƨǯǂNj ǮǴŻ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ
ƢºȀȈǧ ƨǠǨƫǂǷ ƨȈǼǰLJ ƩƢǠƥǂǷȁ ƨǴǐǨǼŭơ ǾƦNj ǺǯƢLjŭơ ǺǷ ǖȈǴƻ
ǾǼǷ Ǒǁȋơ ǁƾƸǼƫ ǒǨƼǼǷ ǥǂƳ ȄǴǟ ƨǷƢǬĄǷ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǼǰLJ ǪǬNj
ƨºǬȇƾūơ Ǻǟ ňƢƦŭơ DzǐǨȇ ǹƢǯȁ .ƨȈǨȇǁ ƨǬȇƾƷ ȂŴ DzǨLJƗ ńƛ
ȅȂƬŢȁ DzǸǠƬLjǷ Śǣ Ȇǟǂǧ ƾȇƾƷ ƨǰLJ ǖŬ ƨȈLJƢLJƗ ƩơƔƢnjǻƛ
ƪºǻƢǯȁ .ǖºŬơ Őǟ ƧƾȈnjǷ ǁȂLjƳȁ ƾȇƽƢƻƗ ȄǴǟ ƩơƔƢnjǻȍơ
Ƨǂnjºǟ ƪLJ ǽǂǘǫ ȆLjȈƟǁ ƤȈƥƢǻƗ ǖƻ ǮǴƬŤ Transco ƨǯǂNj
ƶǘºLJ ƪºŢ ƾºƬŻȁ ŅƢǠdzơ ǖǤǔdzƢƥ ǃƢǤǴdz ƤǴǐdzơ ǺǷ ƨǏȂƥ
ƨǯǂnjdzơ ƪǻƢǯȁ ʼnƾǬdzơ ƾȇƾūơ ƨǰLJ ǖŬ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƩơƔƢnjǻȍơ
ƨǰLJ ǖƻ ƣơǂƫ ƪŢ ǹȂǧƾŭơ ƣȂƦǻȋơ ƨǻƢȈǐdz ǩƢǨƫǁơ ǪŞ ǞƬǸƬƫ
ƣȂºƦǻƗ Ŀ ƵƢnjºƫǁơ ƭƾƷ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ ǦȈǏ Ŀȁ .ƾȇƾūơ
ňƢºƦŭơ ƾºƷƗ ǽƢȈŭƢƥ ƽȁDŽȇ ȅǀdzơ džǴƴǸǴdz ȆǸƬǼȇ ŅƢǠdzơ ǖǤǔǴdz
ơǀºǿ ƵȐºǏƛ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ .ƨȇǁƢǬǠdzơ ƨǯǂnjǴdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨǠǨƫǂŭơ
ƢºŲ ƧŚƦǯ ƩƢȈǸǰƥ ƪƥǂLjƫ ǽƢȈŭơ ǒǠƥ ǹƗ ȏƛ ƨǟǂLjƥ ƣȂƦǻȋơ
ǃƢºǤdzơ ƣȂºƦǻƗ ƨǯǁƢƫ ƢǿǁƢȈĔơȁ ǽƢȈŭƢƥ ǁȂLjŪơ ǞƦnjƫ Ǻǟ ǂǨLJƗ
ǵƢǯǂdzơ ƤLJǂƫ ńƛ ƩƽƗȁ ƨǷƢǟƽ ǹȁƽ Transco ƨǯǂnjdz ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ
ƽȂºƳȁ DZƢǸƬƷơ ǹƢǯȁ .ǹƢǰŭơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ Ƥȇǂǫ ǦdzȂǤǴdz ȅƽƢǻ Ŀ
Dzºǰƥ ơƆŚǘƻ ȏƆ ƢǸƬƷơ Ǿdz ƨǷƢǟƽ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ǃƢǤdzơ ƣȂƦǻƗ Ŀ ƹǂNj
ƵȐºǏȍ ƩơȂºǘƻ ƨǟǂLjƥ Transco ƨǯǂNj Ʃǀţơȁ ƵȂǓȁ
ƨºȈǘǤƫȁ ƨǷƢǟƾdzơ ƧƽƢǟȍ ƨǷǃȐdzơ DZƢǸǟȋơ ƨǨǴǰƫ ƪǤǴƥȁ ǁǂǔdzơ
Transco ƨǯǂNj ƪǠǧǁ ƾǫȁ .ƢƆȈǼȈdzǂƬLJƛ ƢƆȀȈǼƳ ÖÐ ÓÕÎ ƣȂƦǻȋơ
ǥƢǼƠƬºLJȏơ ƨǸǰŰ ƪǔǧǁȁ .džǴĐơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǔǫ ǦdzȂǤdzơ ȅƽƢǻȁ
ǵơƾƼƬºLJơ ǹƗ ƾƳȁ ȅǀdzơ ƨƳǁƽ DZȁƗ ƨǸǰŰ Ŀ ȆǓƢǬdzơ ǶǰƷ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƾǠĄȇ ơǀdzȁ ƢƆȇƽƢǟ ƢƆǷơƾƼƬLJơ džȈdz Ǒǁȋơ džǴĐơ
ƨǯǂNj ƪǨǻƘƬLJơȁ .Rylands v. Fletcher ƧƾǟƢǫ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ
ƩơƽǁȂºǴdzơ džǴů ǺǴǟƗȁ .ƩơƽǁȂǴdzơ džǴů ǵƢǷƗ Ƕǰūơ Transco
Rylands v. Fletcher ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹƗ ǥƢǼƠƬLJȐdz Ǿǔǧǁ Ŀ
ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ƾǼǟȁ .ȅƽƢǟ Śǣ Ǒǁȋơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ǪƦǘǼƫ
__________
ÑÍÖ-ÑÍÕ ǹƢºƫǂǬǨdzơ ÎÒÕ-ÎÒÔ Ǎ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÏÍ)
Hale v. Jennings Brothers (All England Law Reports ǺǷ ƽƢȀnjƬLJȏơȁ
Aldridge and :ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂºǜǻƗ .1938, vol.1, p. 579 (Court of Appeal))
O'Brien v. Patter, Martin, and Western Fair Association, Ontario
Read v. J. Lyons &ƨȈǔºǫ ǹƘnjºƥ ǁƽƢǏ ǶǰƷ Reports 1952, p. 595
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÎÎÎ ƨȈNjƢūơ) Company, Limited
.Baudoin and Linden, loc. cit., p. 161, para. 413 (ÎÏÎ)
.United Kingdom, House of Lords (2003), p. 61 (ÎÏÏ)
127 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƧƽƢºƬǠŭơ ƨǘnjºǻȋơ ǩƢºǘǻ Ǻǟ ǕƢnjǼdzơ Ʊȁǂƻ ȃƾǷ ( ƽ)
žƨǠƟƢnjdzơ
ȁ žǾȈǧ ȃǂŸ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢǰǸǴdz ǕƢnjǼdzơ ƨǷƔȐǷ ǵƾǟ (ǿ)
ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ ǾºƬǸȈǫ ȄºǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǾǏơȂƻ ƵȂƳǁ ȃƾǷ ( ȁ)
.ǞǸƬƴǸǴdz
ǪȈºǓƗ ǾǻƗ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ Ƕǰūơ ơǀǿ ǶȀǔǠƥ ƾǬƬǻơ ƾǫȁ -ÔÍ
ƤƦLjƥȁ Rylands v. Fletcher ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ Ƕǰūơ ǺǷ ƆƢǫƢǘǻ
ƨdzƢƸƬLJơȁ ƆƢǤdzƢƥ Ɔơǂǘƻ DzưŻ ǾǻƘƥ" - ǕƢnjǼdzơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ȄǴǟ ǽƾȈǯƘƫ
ǾºƬǫȐǟ ȄºǴǟ ȏ - "ǺǰǸŭơ Ǎǂūơ Dzǯ ȆƻȂƫ ǞǷ ǽƽƢǠƦƬLJơ
DzºǷơȂǠdzơ ƨǧƢǓƛ ǹƛ ńƛ śǬǴǠŭơ ǒǠƥ ǁƢNjƗ ƾǫȁ .(ÎÏÖ)ǾǘȈƸŠ
"ǾȈǧ ǀōǨǼĄȇ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢǰǸǴdz ǕƢnjǼdzơ ƨǷƔȐǷ ǵƾǟ" ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ƨƬLjdzơ
Rylands v. ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ȆǴǏȋơ ƲȀǼdzơ ńƛ ƣǂǫƗ ƨǤȈǐdzơ DzǠƳ ƾǫ
džºǴů ǽǁƾºǏƗ ȅǀºdzơ Ƕºǰūơ ǩȂǘǼǷ ƤLjƷ Fletcher
ƧƽƢǟƛ) Restatement ǹƗ ƾų ǾLjǨǻ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀȁ .(ÎÐÍ)ƩơƽǁȂǴdzơ
ƢĔȋ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨȈǔǬdzơ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ Ƕǰūơ ǺǷ ƆƢǫƢǘǻ ǞLJȁƗ (ƾȇƾƸƬdzơ
Ȅǟċƾŭơ ǑǁƗ ǺǷ ƽơȂŭơ "ƣǂLjƫ" ƩȏƢƷ ȄǴǟ ǵȂȀǨŭơ ǂǐǬƫ ȏ
.(ÎÐÎ)ǖǬǧ "ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ DZƢǸǠƬLJȏơ ȄǴǟ" ĈƤǐǼƫ ȏ ƢĔƗ ƢǸǯ ǾȈǴǟ
ǾǻƗ ńƛ Keeton Śnjȇȁ
Second Restatement Ŀ ƨºƷǂƬǬŭơ DzºǷơȂǠdzơ ǞȈŦ ƨǸǰƄơ ǪƦǘƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ
ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ ǾǴǠǨƫ ȅǀdzơ ƆƢǷƢŤ Ǿƫơƿ ƔȆnjdzơ DzǠǨƫ ƢŶƜǧ (ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƾȇƾƸƬdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ)
ǂǘŬơ ǵȂȀǨǷ ǪȈƦǘƫ Ŀ DzưǸƬƫ ƨǸǰƄơ ƨǨȈǛȁ ǹƗ ơƾǟ ƢǸȈǧ DZƢŷȍơ ǵȂȀǨŭ
.(ÎÐÏ)"ǹȂǨǴƄơ ƢȀȈdzƛ DzǏȂƫ Ŗdzơ ǪƟƢǬūơ ȄǴǟ ǥȂdzƘŭơ Śǣ
ƧǂǘŬơ" ƨǘnjǻȌdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƆƨǷƢǟ ǹȉơ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǪċƦǘĄƫȁ
.(ÎÐÐ)"ƨǧȂdzƘǷ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ
Ǻºǟ ƨȈǟȂºǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ Ƕǰūơ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇ -ÔÎ
ǺǷ ÎÐÕÑ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƽǁơȁ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƨǤdzƢƦdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ Ŗdzơ (ÎÐÑ)ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
__________
.ÎÒÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Prosser ǂǜǻơ (ÎÏÖ)
.ÎÍÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Anderson (ÎÐÍ)
Looney, "Rylands v. Fletcher revisited: a comparison of (ÎÐÎ)
English, Australian and American approaches to common law liability
.for dangerous agricultural activities,", p. 154
.ÒÒÒ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Keeton (ÎÐÏ)
Ŗºdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǮǴƫ":ÐÐÍ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Fleming (ÎÐÐ)
."ƨȇƢǼǠdzơ ǺǷ DZȂǬǠǷ ǁƾǫ ƨLJǁƢǸŠ ƢǿƽƢǠƦƬLJơ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǂǗƢű ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ
Mazeaud and Tunc, Traité théorique et pratique de ǂǜǻơ (ÎÐÑ)
A. n žla responsabilité civile délictuelle et contractuelle, p. 342
Lawson, ȁ žMehren and. Gordley, The Civil Law System, p. 555
Rodière "Responsabilité ȁ žNegligence in the Civil Law, pp. 46-50
. Starck, "The foundation of ȁ žcivile et risque atomique", p. 505
delictual liability in contemporary French law: an evaluation and a
.proposal ", pp. 1044-1049
ǶǯƢºƄơ ǺºǷ ŚƦǯ ƽƾǟ ǀƻƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀȁ -ÓÕ
ǶǯƢºŰ ƢȀƬǔºǧǁ Ǻǰdzȁ ǂnjƬȈǴǧ ȄǴǟ ǃƾǼǴȇơǁ ȃȂǟƽ ƨǬƥƢLjƥ
.ȆLJǂƳȂȈǻȁ ŚnjƦǷƢǿȂȈǻȁ ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ ǶǯƢŰ ƢȀǼȈƥ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ
ǪºǴǠƬƫ ƧŚƻȋơ ǶǯƢƄơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠŭơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ƪǻƢǯ Ƣŭȁ
ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ǶǯƢƄơ ǹƗ ƾǯƚŭơ ǺǷ" ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƧƽƢƬǠǷ DZƢǸǠƬLJơ ǽȂƳȂƥ
ǶºǰƷ ǹƗ ȆƟĄǁ ƾǬǧ ."ǖǫ Ƕǰūơ ơǀǿ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǪƦǘƬdz ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ
ǾºǻƗȁ "ǥǂŰ" Dzǰnjƥ ƽǁȁƗ ƾǫ ǂnjƬȈǴǧ ȄǴǟ ǃƾǼǴȇơǁ ȃȂǟƽ
ǾºǬȈƦǘƫ ƶǐȇ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ Ǿǔǧǁ" ȆǤƦǼȇ ǽǀǿ ǾƬǨǐƥ
.(ÎÏÒ)"DZȁȋơ ǵƢǬŭơ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ
ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǺȇȁƾƬdzơ (ǿ)
ǹơȂǼǠƥ ǁƽƢǐdzơ Ǧdzƚŭơ ƾǸƬǟơ ƾǬdz -ÓÖ
Restatement of the
(ÎÏÓ)
 ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ȆǰȇǂǷȋơ ƾȀǠŭơ ǾǠǓȁ ȅǀdzơ Law Second: Torts
ǂǐǫ ǾǼǰdzȁ Rylands v. Fletcher ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ ƗƾƦǷ
.ǂºǘŬơ ƨǤdzƢƥ ƨǘnjǻƗ ǺǷ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ Ǿƥ ǵȂǬȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǾǬȈƦǘƫ
ȅȂºǘǼƫ (Ɨ) Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫ ƢĔƘƥ ǂǘŬơ ƨǤdzƢƦdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ƪǧǂǟ ƾǫȁ
ǶȀȈºǓơǁƗ ȁƗ Ƕºēơȁƿ Ŀ ŚǤǴdz ǶȈLjƳ ǂǘƻ ȄǴǟ ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ
ǺºǷ ǁƾºǫ ȄǐǫƗ ƨLJǁƢǸŠ ǾƦǼš ǺǰŻ ȏ ǹƢǯȁ ǶēȏȂǬǼǷ ȁƗ
ǒȈǠƬLJơȁ .(ÎÏÔ)ǵƢǠdzơ DZƢǸǠƬLJȏơ ƽơȂǷ ǺǷ Ǻǰƫ Ń (ƣ)ȁ žƨȇƢǼǠdzơ
ƧǁƢºƦǠƥ "ǂǘŬơ ǢdzƢƦdzơ" ǕƢnjǼdzơ ƧǁƢƦǟ Ǻǟ Restatement ƶȈǬǼƫ Ŀ
ƾºǼƦdzơ ȆǐŹȁ "ǥȂdzƘŭơ Ǻǟ ƨƳǁƢƻ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ"
ơƿƛ ƢǸȈǧ ƪƦdzơ ƾǼǟ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ƢȀǠǓȁ ȆǤƦǼȇ Ŗdzơ DzǷơȂǠdzơ ÒÏÍ
:(ÎÏÕ)ǥȂdzƘŭơ Ǻǟ ƨƳǁƢƻ ƧǁȂǘƻ ơƿ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǹƢǯ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ǒºǠƥ ǝȂºǫȁ ǂǘƻ ǺǷ ƨȈdzƢǟ ƨƳǁƽ ƽȂƳȁ (Ɨ)
žƨdzȂǬǼŭơ ǶēƢǰǴƬŲ ȁƗ ŚǤdzơ ȆǓơǁƗ ȁƗ ŚǤdzơ ǎƼnjdz
žƆơŚƦǯ ǾǼǟ ǶƴǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DZƢǸƬƷơ ( ƣ)
ǺºǷ DZȂºǬǠǷ ǁƾºǫ ƨLJǁƢǸŠ ǂǘŬơ ƽƢǠƦƬLJơ ƨdzƢƸƬLJơ (Ʊ)
žǍǂūơ
__________
.ÎÒÏ-ÎÑÖ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Prosser (ÎÏÒ)
Restatement of the Law Second: Torts (St. Paul, Minn., ǂǜǻơ (ÎÏÓ)
.American Law Institute, 1977), division 3, chap. 21, sects. 519–524
.ÒÒÎ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Keeton (ÎÏÔ)
"ǥȂdzƘºŭơ Ǻǟ ƨƳǁƢƻ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ" [ǦǏȂƫ] (ÎÏÕ)
ǁƢºǘƻƗ ǺǷ ȁƗ ƨȇƽƢǟ Śǣ Ƣēơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ Ȇǿ ƨǘnjǻƗ ǺǷ ƘnjǼƫ" ǁƢǘƻƗ ƢĔƘƥ
ǥȁǂºǛ DzºǛ Ŀ ơƆÅƽƢºȈƬǟơ ǂºưǯƗ ƨǘnjºǻƗ Ǻºǟ ƪºǸų ƨȇƽƢǟ Śǣ
ƾºǬǧ .(chap. 520 (f) (ǽȐǟƗ ÎÏÓ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) Restatement…)"ƨǼȈǠǷ
Bella v. Aurora Air, Inc. (Supreme Court of Oregon (1977), Ŀ DžǁĄƽ
ƧǁȂǐƥ ƧǂǘŬơ" ǵȂȀǨǷ Pacific Reporter, Second Series, vol. 566, p. 489
Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢºǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ" ǹȂǰȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƭƾŢ ƾǫ Ŗdzơȁ "ǥȂdzƘŭơ Ǻǟ ƨƳǁƢƻ
ǂǘŬơ ǹƢǯ Ȃdz ŕƷ ȁƗ "ǾƯȁƾƷ DZƢǸƬƷơ ňƾƫ [ǞǷ] ŕƷ ơƆƾƳ Śǘƻ ǕƢnjǻ
ǾºȈǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjºdzơ ǺǰŻ ȏƗ DZƢǸƬƷơ ǞǷ" ǕƢnjǼdzơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ƩǂƳ ơƿƛ ȏƆ ƾƬǠǷ
."ƢǷ ƢƆƬǫȁ ǞǬȈLJ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƘƥ ǖǬǧ ƧŚƦǯ ƨƳǁƾƥ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǒȇȂǠƬƥ ƨȀȈƦNj) ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǷƾŬơ Ŀ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ ǁƢǘƻƗ (Ɨ) :ƨǷȂǰūơ
ǂǘƻ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ǁƢǘƻȋơ (ƣ) ž(DZƢǸǠdzơ
ǥȂdzƘºǷ Śºǣ ơƆǂǘƻ" ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǺǷ ƨǘǴLJ ƤƦLjƫ ƮȈƷ
ȅǁơƽȍơ ǒǧǂºdzơ (Ʊ) ž(risque anormal du voisinage) "ȆūƢƥ
Ǻºǟ ƨºŦƢǼdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ (ƽ) ž(ÎÐÕ)ȆƟƢǔǫ ǶǰƷ ǀȈǨǼƬdz
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƩăǁǂĄƥ ƾǫȁ .(ÎÐÖ)ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơ
"
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ DzǸŢ Ŀ ƧơȁƢLjŭơ" ƗƾƦǷ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ȅǁơƽȍơ
ǹƗ Ȃǿ ƢǼǿ ƗƾƦŭơȁ .(ÎÑÍ)"(égalité devant les charges publiques)
ƤƦLjºdz DzºăǠǨĄȇ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ŕƷ ǵƢǠdzơ ŁƢǐdzơ DzȈƦLJ Ŀ DzăǠǨĄȇ ƢǷ
.(ÎÑÎ)śǠǷ ǎƼnjƥ ǂċ ǓƗ Ȃdz ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǞƦƬƬLjȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ǝȁǂnjǷ
ǹƜǧ "ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ DzǸŢ Ŀ ƧơȁƢLjŭơ" ƗƾƦǷ ƤƳȂǸƦǧ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ
DzºǠǨdz ƨºƴȈƬǻ ƨǧȂdzƘǷ Śǣȁ ƨǏƢƻ ƧǁƢLjŬ ǑǂǠƬȇ ǎƼNj ȅƗ
.ƧǁƢLjºŬơ Ǻǟ ǾǔȇȂǠƫ ƤŸ Dzǰǯ ǞǸƬĐơ ƾȈǨȇ ňȂǻƢǫ ǁơǂǫ ȁƗ
ƨºǧȂdzƘǷ Śºǣ ƤǟƢƬǷ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ŐăƬǠĄƫȁ
ƔơǂƳȍ ƨƴȈƬǻ ȁƗ ƨǷƢǠdzơ DZƢǤNjȋơ ƔơǂƳ ǺǷ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ƢȀǼǷ ňƢǠȇ
.(ÎÑÏ)ňȂǻƢǫ ȅǁơƽƛ
ǁǂǔºǴdz ƨȈƸȈƸǐƬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǁȁƾƫ DžȂȈnjȇǁȂǷ Ŀȁ -ÔÒ
ƤǴǘƬƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƨǻȂǟǂdzơȁ DZƢŷȍơȁ ŚǐǬƬdzơ ǶȈǿƢǨǷ DZȂƷ ȆƠȈƦdzơ
ÎÐÕÏ ǺǷ ƽơȂŭơ ƤƳȂŠ Ǿƫơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ Ǎǂūơ ƤƳơȂƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ƩƢƦƯƛ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǶȈǫǂƫ džǨǻ ǀƻƘȇ ȅǀdzơȁ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ÎÐÕÑ ńƛ
.(ÎÑÐ)ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ ňƾŭơ
Ŀ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƾLjƴƬȇ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƗƾƦŠ ǥơǂƬǟȏơȁ -ÔÓ
ǺǷ ƽơȂŭơ ǥǂƬǠƫ ȅǀdzơ ÎÖÓÑ ǵƢǠdz ȅƾǼdzȂƦdzơ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǀºdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǾǼǷ ÑÐÔ ńƛ ÑÐÒ
ǺºǷ ÎÐÎÕ ƧƽƢŭơ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƨǤdzƢƦdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǾƦƦLjƫ
ňƾºŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ÏÍÒÍ ƧƽƢŭơȁ ȅȁƢLjǸǼdzơ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ÎÖÏÕȁ ÎÖÐÏȁ ÎÖÎÐ ƽơȂŭơȁ ŅƢǘȇȍơ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǥǂƬǠƫ ȆǰȈLjǰŭơ
__________
ƪºǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢºǸȈǧ ƪƦȇ ǹƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ džǴů ǒǧǁ ƨũƢƷ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ (ÎÐÕ)
.ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ DzǸŢ Ŀ ƧơȁƢLjŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ńƛ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥ ƾǼƬLJơȁ ƧǂǐǬǷ ƨǷȂǰūơ
Affaires Étrangères v.. Consorts Burgat) ƨȈǔºǫ ǂºǜǻơ (ÎÐÖ)
ǁƢǬǟ ƨǰdzƢŠ ǪǴǠƬƫ Ȇǿȁ (ÎÖÔÓ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÖ ƨdzȁƾdzơ džǴů
ƶǼºǷ ƤƦLjºƥ ǁƢǬǠdzơ ƨǰdzƢǷ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ ƢȀǫȂǬƷ ƨLJǁƢŲ ǺǷ ƪǷǂƷ
Brown ƆƢǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .ǁƢǬǠdzơ ǂƳƘƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǼƫ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƨǻƢǐƷ ƨǷȂǰūơ
Lawson, and ȁ žand. Bell, French Administrative Law, pp. 183-191
Markesinis, Tortious Liability for Unintentional Harm in the Common
.Law and the Civil Law, pp. 146-177
Traité de droit ǾºǨdzƚǷ Ŀ ƗƾºƦŭơ ơǀºǿ Ǻǟ Duguit ǂċƦǟ (ÎÑÍ)
ǞƳǂŭơ Brown and Bell Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ constitutionnel (3rd ed., p. 469)
.ÎÕÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÑÎ)
.ÎÐÒ-ÎÐÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Galand-Carval (ÎÑÏ)
.ÏÔÏ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Sinatambou (ÎÑÐ)
128
ǾºǴǠǨƥ ǾƦƦLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǖǬǧ ƆȏȁƚLjǷ ǎƼnjdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ
Ǻȇǀºdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ DZƢǠǧƗ ǾƦƦLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƆȏȁƚLjǷ Dzƥ Ȃǿ
.ǾƫƾȀǟ Ŀ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƔƢȈNjȋơȁ ǶȀǼǟ ƆȏȁƚLjǷ Ȃǿ ǹȂǰȇ
ƢēǂǫƗȁ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƪǐǻ Ŗdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ȄǔƬǬŠȁ -ÔÏ
ȆºǨǰȇ ÎÕÖÓ ǾºȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ Ŀ ƧǂǷ DZȁȋ ǒǬǼdzơ ƨǸǰŰ
Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢǻ ǁǂǔƥ ƤȈǏƌƗ ǾǻƗ Ȇǟƾŭơ śƦȇ ǹƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƩƢƦƯȍ
ƱǁƾºǼƫȁ .(ÎÐÒ)ǾȈǴǟ Ȇǟƾŭơ ƧƾȀǟ Ŀ ƽȂƳȂǷ ȆƷ Śǣ ǺƟƢǯ
Ŗºdzơ ǮºǴƫ ƔƢǼưƬLJƢƥ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨȇƽƢŭơ ƔƢȈNjȋơ ǞȈŦ
1385 CC ƧƽƢŭơ) ƩƢǻơȂȈūơ DzưǷ ƨǏƢƻ ƾǟơȂǫ ƆƨƷơǂǏ ƢȀǴǸnjƫ
ƤºƟơǂƻ ńƛ DZȂƸƬƫ Ŗdzơ ňƢƦŭơȁ (ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ
Ò ǹȂǻƢºǫ) ƨȈdzȉơ ƩƢƦǯǂŭơȁ (1386 CC ƧƽƢŭơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǚƷȂdz ƾǫȁ .(ÎÖÕÒ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ
ƨºƴȈƬǻ ńƛ ȅƽƚºȇ [ÎÐÕÑ] ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀŮ Ŀǂūơ ŚLjǨƬdzơ ǹƗ Ŀ ǮNj ȏ
ƆơǂƯƗ ƾǠƥƗȁ Dzƥ Rylands v. Fletcher ƨȈǔǫ ǺǷ ƨǐǴƼƬLjŭơ ƨƴȈƬǼdzơ ȆǿƢǔƫ
ƩȏƢūơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǂǐǬȇ ƢǷ ƧƽƢŭơ ƩơǁƢƦǟ Ŀ džȈdz Ǿǻȋ Ǯdzƿȁ ƢȀǼǷ
ƢºǷ ŕƷ ȏȁ ƔƢȈNjȋơ ƧǃƢȈƷ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ DZƢŷƛ ƩƢƦƯƛ ƢȀȈǧ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ
.(ÎÐÓ)ƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥ Ƨǂǘƻ Ȇǿ Ŗdzơ ƔƢȈNjȋơ ƨdzƢƷ ȄǴǟ ƢǿǂǐǬȇ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ÎÐÕÑ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ȅȂǘǼƫȁ -ÔÐ
.ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ ǾǴȈưŭ DzƯƢŲ ǹȂǸǔǷ ȄǴǟ ȆǰȈƴǴƦdzơ ňƾŭơ
ƢLjºǻǂǧ Ŀ ƨdzȁƾdzơ džǴů ƭƾƸƬLJơ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ -ÔÑ
Ŀ ƨȈǟȂºǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǺǷ Ƨƾȇƾǟ ȏƆ ƢǰNjƗ (Conseil d'État)
ƨdzȁƾdzơ džǴů ǁċȂǗ ÎÖÑÑ ǵƢǟ ǀǼǸǧ .ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ ȅǁơƽȍơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
.(ÎÐÔ)ǁƢǘƻȋơ ƨȇǂǜǻ ȄǴǟ řƦǷ ŚǐǬƫ ǹȁƽ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƢƆǷƢǟ ƗƆƾƦǷ
ƨǘnjǻƗ ǺǷ ƩƢƠǧ ǞƥǁƗ Ŀ ǁƢǘƻȋơ ƨȇǂǜǻ ƨdzȁƾdzơ džǴů Ǒǂǧ ƾǫȁ
__________
Guissez, Cousin et Oriolle v. veuve Teffaine (Arrêt (ÎÐÒ)
Teffaine of 16 June 1896) (Dalloz, Recueil périodique et critique, 1897
ƭƾºƷ ǁƢƴǨǻơ Ŀ ƨȈƸǔdzơ ĿȂƫ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ .(Paris), part 1, p. 433)
ǮºdzƢǷ ŐĄƬǟơ ƾǫȁ .ƨdzȉơ Ŀ ƤȈǟ ƤƦLjƥ ǁƢƴǨǻȏơ ƭƾƷ ƾǫȁ ƨȇǁƢş ƨdzȉ
Ǻºǰȇ Ń ǾºǻƗ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ƨdzȊdz "ƢƆǜǧƢƷ" ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƨȇǁƢƼƦdzơ ƨdzȉơ
Jand'heur v. ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .ƤȈǠdzơ ƽȂƳȂƥ ǥǂǠȇ ǹƗ ǾǠLJȂƥ Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ ǥǂǠȇ
ǽǀºǿ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ Ƕǰūơ ǁǂǫȁ .Galeries belfortaises 1930, ibid., p. 57)
Śǣ ƔȆNj ǾƫƾȀǠƥ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ŚǐǬƬdzơ ǑơǂƬǧơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨȈǔǬdzơ
.ơƆǁǂǓ ƤƦLJ ȆƷ
ȄºǴǟ ǝȐºǗȐdzȁ .ÑÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Lawson (ÎÐÓ)
Ancel, "La ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂºǜǻơ ȆLjºǻǂǨdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ŚǐǬƫ ǹȁƽ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
.responsabilité sans faute en droit français"
(Recueil des ÎÕÖÒ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÎ Cames ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ (ÎÐÔ)
džǴů ŐƬǟơ arrêts du Conseil ou Ordonnances royales, 1895, p. 509)
Ǿºdz ǑǂǠƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
– ƧǂǗƢƼŭơ" ƨȇǂǜǻ ƤƳȂŠ ơǀǿ ǁďǂƥ ƾǫȁ .ǶȀǴǸǟ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǹȂȈǷȂǸǠdzơ ǹȂǨǛȂŭơ
Ǿºƥ ǵȂºǬȇ ǕƢnjǻ ǺǷ ǞǨƬǼȇ ǺǷ Dzǯ ǹƗ ƢǿơƽƚǷȁ (risque-profit) "ƶƥǂdzơ
ǂǜǻơ .ǕƢnjǼdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ƧƾdzȂƬŭơ ǂǗƢƼŭơ DzǸƸƬȇ ǹƗ ǾȈǴǟ śǠƬȇ ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj
Hauriou, Notes d’arrêts sur décisions du Conseil d’État et du ƢƆǔºȇƗ
.Tribunal des conflits
129 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƢȀǬȈƦǘƫ Ǒǂǧȁ śǻơȂǬdzơ ǮǴƫ ǀȈǨǼƫ ƨƦǫơǂǷȁ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơ śǻơȂǬdzơ
ƨLJƢȈLJ ǹƗ ƾǬƬǠŭơ ǹƢǯȁ .ƢŮ ǹȂǴưƬŻ ȏ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƨǘnjǻƗ ǂǜƷȁ
ȄºǴǟ ƩƢǟƢǼǐdzơ ŐƴƬLJ ǽǀǿ ƢȀǬȈƦǘƫ Ǒǂǧȁ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǞǓȁ
DzƻƾƬƥ ƩơƾȇƾȀƬdzơ ǹƘƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǭǁƽƌƗ Ǻǰdzȁ .ƢȀLjǨǻ ƶȈƸǐƫ
ƨǟƢǼǐºdzơ ǁƢƦƳƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǿ DŽǧơȂƷ Dzǰnjƫ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƛȁ ƨǷȂǰūơ
ƨȈǧƢǯ Ǻǰƫ Ń ƢĔƜǧ ƆƢȈƠȈƥ ƨǸȈǴLjdzơ Śǣ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ƶȈƸǐƫ ȄǴǟ
ǹƗ ƆȏȁƗ Ǯºdzƿ ǺºǷ .(ÎÑÓ)ƨǟƢǼǐºdzơ ǦǫȂǷ ŚȈǤƬdz ƢǿƾƷȂdz
ƨºǷȂǰūơȁ .DZȂǸnjdzơ ǺǷ ȆǨǰȇ ƢŠ ǶLjƬƫ ȏ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ
ŚǧȂƫȁ ƨǸǜǻȋơ ǡȂǏȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ DzǯƢnjŭơ Dzǯ ƾȇƾŢ ǞȈǘƬLjƫ ȏ
ƔƢºǬƦǴdz ƨūƢǏȁ ƨȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ ǪȈƦǘƬǴdz ƨǴƥƢǫ DZȂǴƷ
ǞºǷ ŕƷ ǾǻƜǧ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .(ÎÑÔ)ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ
ƨºȈǼǠŭơ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƩȏƢǯȁ ǶƴƷ ƨǷƢƼǓ
ƾºǏǁ ǞȈǘƬLjƫ ȏ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǮǴƫ ǹƜǧ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨǸǜǻȋơ ƿƢǨǻƜƥ
ȄºǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .(ÎÑÕ)DZƢǠǧ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ƢǿƿƢǨǻƛȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨǸǜǻȋơ
ƨºȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺºǷ ƧƔƢǨǯ ǂưǯȋơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮǴƫ ǹȂǰƫ Ǻdz Ǯdzƿ
ńƛ ǵƢºǸƬǿȏơ Ǿºšơ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ .ƆƢǟơƾƥƛ ǂưǯȋơ ȁƗ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ
śǻơȂºǫ Ȇǿȁ "ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ƨȈƫơƿ" ƢĔƛ DZƢǬȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ śǻơȂǫ ǺLJ
ǀºȈǨǼƫ Ŀ ǵƢºǿ ǁȁƾºƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǵƢȈǬdz DŽǧơȂƷ Ǟǔƫ
.ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ śǻơȂǬdzơ
ǺºǷ ƽƾºǟ ǺºLJ ńƛ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ǽǀǿ ƩƽƗ ƾǫȁ -ÕÍ
ȅƽƢºŢȏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥ ȄǸLjŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀǼȈƥ ǺǷ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ śǻơȂǬdzơ
ǹȂǻƢºǫ" ƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ) (FWPCA) ǽƢȈŭơ ƭȂǴƫ ƨƸǧƢǰŭ
ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DzǷƢnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ (ÎÑÖ)("ƨǨȈǜǼdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ
__________
ƨºǷƢǫƛ ƨºLJƢȈLJ ǹƗ ńƛ śȈǰȇǂǷȋơ śưƷƢƦdzơ ǺǷ Śưǯ Ƥǿƿ (ÎÑÓ)
ƨƠȈºLJ ƨLJƢȈLJ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƨƸǧƢǰǷ Ŀ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ Ƨơƽȋơ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ƩƢȈdzȉơ
Ackerman and Stewart, Reforming DZƢºưŭơ DzȈƦºLJ ȄºǴǟ ǂǜǻơ .ǾƳȂƬdzơ
Breyer, "Analyzing regulatory failure: ȁ ženvironmental law"
Hann and ȁ žmismatches, less restrictive alternatives, and reform"
.Hester, "Marketable permits: lessons for theory and practice".
Babich, “Understanding the new era in environmental (ÎÑÔ)
.law”, p. 736
.ÔÐÓȁ ÔÐÑ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÑÕ)
.United States Code, title 33, chap. 26, sects. 1251 et seq. (ÎÑÖ)
ƭȂǴƫ ƨƸǧƢǰŭ ȆǴǏȋơ ȅƽƢŢȏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧŚưǯ ƩȐȇƾǠƫ ƪǴƻƽƌƗ ƾǫȁ
Public Law 845, United States Statutes at Large, vol. ) ÎÖÑÕ ǵƢǠdz ǽƢȈŭơ
ÎÖÓÎ ǵƢǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ƩȐȇƾǠƬdzơ ƪǴƻƽƌƗȁ .(62, p. 1155
Pub.L. No. 87-) ǽƢºȈŭơ ƭȂǴƫ ƨƸǧƢǰŭ ȅƽƢŢȏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩȐȇƾǠƬdzơ)
ƨºǨȈǜǼdzơ ǽƢºȈŭơ ǹȂǻƢºǬƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǹȂǻƢǫ) ÎÖÓÓ ž(88, 75 Stat. 204
ƨºȈǟȂǻ śLjŢ ǹȂǻƢǫ) ÎÖÔÍ ǵƢǠdz ž(Pub.L. No 89-753; 80 Stat. 1246)
ȄºǴǟ ƩȐȇƾºǠƬdzơ) ÎÖÔÏ ǵƢǠdz ž(Pub.L. No 91-224; 84 Stat.91) ǽƢȈŭơ
ž(Pub.L. No 92-500; 86 Stat. 816) (ǽƢȈŭơ ƭȂǴƫ ƨƸǧƢǰŭ ȅƽƢŢȏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ž((Pub.L.No 95-217 91 State. 1566 ƨºǨȈǜǼdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ) ÎÖÔÔ ǵƢǠdz
.((Pub.Law 100-4, 101 Stat. 7 ƨǨȈǜǼdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ) ÎÖÕÔ ǵƢǟȁ
ǺǷ ÐÑÓȁ ÐÑÒ ǹƢƫƽƢŭơ ǪǴǠƬƫȁ .ƧǂǘŬơ ƔƢȈNjȋơ ȁƗ ƨǘnjǻȋƢƥ
.ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƧƾȇơDŽƬŭơ ƨǘnjǻȋƢƥ ȅǁƢǤǼŮơ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȆºLJȁǂdzơ ňƾºŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ÎÍÔÖ ƧƽƢŭơ ǑǂǨƫȁ -ÔÔ
Ƨǂºǘƻ ƨǘnjºǻƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǂºǘƻ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ ǕƢnjǻ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ")
ǃƢºǤdzơȁ ǖǨǼºdzơ ǥƢnjǰƬLJƢƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ƾǠĄȇ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ .("ƾȇơDŽƬǷ
ȃȂǟƾºƥ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ ȏȁ .ƆơŚǘƻ ƆƢǗƢnjǻ ƢǸȀƬȈǸǼƫȁ
ƪǴǨȇ ǹƗ Ƕǰūơ ơǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ
ŚǐºǬƫ Ǻºǟ ƤƦLjƫ ƾǫ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ƪƦƯ ơƿƛ ȏƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ
Ŀȁ .Ɔơǁƾǫȁ ÅƔƢǔǫ ƭƾƷ ǾǻƗ ȁƗ ǁǂǔǴdz ǑǂǠƫ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ
ǹƘnjºƥ (ÎÖÕÓ)ÎÓÒÍ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ÏÖ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ ǹƢǻȂȈdzơ
ƆƢƯȂǴƫ ƭƾƷƗ ňȂǻƢǫ ȁƗ ȆǠȈƦǗ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ
ǹȂǰƫ ȏȁ .ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǟǧƽ Ǻǟ ƆȏȁƚLjǷ ŐƬǠȇ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ƆơǁơǂǓƛ ȁƗ
ȁƗ ƧǂǿƢºǫ ƧȂǫ ńƛ ǞƳǂƫ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǹƗ ƪƦƯ ơƿƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǭƢǼǿ
.(ÎÑÑ)ƆơƾǸǟ Ǿƥ ǵƢǫȁ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ǾƦǰƫǁơ ȆǷơǂƳƛ DzǠǧ ƤƦLjƥ
ÎÍÓ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ řȈǐdzơ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÔÕ
ǵƾºǟ ƨºdzƢƷ Ŀ ŕƷ ƨǸƟƢǫ Dzǜƫ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ" ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǾǼǷ
ƧƽƢºŭơ ǎǼºƫ ƢǸǯ "Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǎǻ ơƿƛ ŚǐǬƫ ƽȂƳȁ
ơƆǁǂºǓ ƤƦLjȇȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƮȇȂǴƬƥ ǵȂǬȇ ǎƼNj ȅƗ"ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ÎÏÑ
ǞºǼǷȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǦdzƢź ƢŠ ǺȇǂƻȊdz
ǺºǷȁ ."ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DzǸƸƬȇ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ÎÏÐ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ
ǹȂºǰƫ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ƨǯǁƢnjŭƢƥ ŚǤǴdz ơƆǁǂǓ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ƤƦLJ ơƿƛ
ƨǠǨƫǂǷ ƨǧƢLjǷ ȄǴǟ ȅǂš Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ƨǘȈƄơ ƨƠȈƦǴdz ơƆƾƳ Ƨǂǘƻ
ƪºdzȂǨdzơ ȁƗ ŅƢǠdzơ ǖǤǔdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫ ȁƗ Ǒǁȋơ Ǻǟ
ƽơȂºŭơ ȁƗ ƨȈǸLjdzơ ƨȈdzƢǠdzơ ƽơȂŭơ ȁƗ ƩơǂƴǨƬŭơ ȁƗ ǩơǂƬƷȏơ Ʃȏƕ ȁƗ ŅƢǠdzơ
Ǻºǟ ƨºȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƜǧ ƨǟǂLjdzơ ƨȈdzƢǠdzơ DzǬǼdzơ ǖƟƢLJȁ ȁƗ ƨǠnjŭơ
DzºǸƸƬȇ ȏ ǾºǻƜǧ ơƆƾǸǟ ƨȈƸǔdzơ ǾƯƾƷƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ƪƦƯ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ žǮdzƿ
.Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƶƦºǏƗ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ńƛ ƨƳƢūƢƥ ǵƢǸƬǿȏơ ƾȇơDŽƫ ǞǷȁ -ÔÖ
.Ɔơǃȁǂƥ ǂưǯƗ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƾǟơȂǬdz DzǸƬƄơ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ
DzºǬǻ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ǁƢǘƻȋƢƥ ǁȂȀǸŪơ ƨȈǟȂƫ Ʃƽơǃ ƾǫȁ
DzƷƢLJ ǺǷ ƨƥǂǬǷ ȄǴǟ Torrey Canyon ƨƯǁƢǯ ƣƢǬǟƗ Ŀ ǖǨǼdzơ
ǖǨǼdzơ ƣƢǰLjǻơȁ ÎÖÓÔ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÎÕ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ
ǺºǷ ƨƥǂǬǷ ȄǴǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǟ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀȁ .(ÎÑÒ)ƢȈǻǁȂǨȈdzƢǰƥ ƧǁƢƥǂƥ ƢƬǻƢLJ DzƷƢLJ
ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ǽƢšơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ Ŀ ǁȂǘƫ ƭƾƷ
Ŗºdzơ ƨȈLjºȈƟǂdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ƪȈǼĄƥ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ DzǯƢnjŭơ ƨŪƢǠŠ
ǺLjºƥ DzǨǰƬƬLJ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƗ ǞǫȂƫ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǼȈǠƦLjdzơ Ŀ ƪǠƦƫơ
__________
.Canellopoulou-Bottis, “Hellas” ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÑÑ)
B. Lewis, “It’s been 4380 days and counting since Exxon (ÎÑÒ)
.Valdez: is it time to change the Oil Pollution Act of 1990?”, p. 101
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƽơȂŭƢƥ ǁƢǷƾdzơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ǩƢūƛ Ǻǟ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƽ ‘Ï‘
ŁƢǐŭơ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣȁ ƨǏƢŬơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ
žƨǏƢŬơȁ ƨȈǷȂǰūơ ǥơǂǗȌdz ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ
DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭ Ȅǐǫȋơ ǁơƾǬŭơ ƾȇƾŢ (ƣ)
žƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƾȇƾŢ ƢȀȈǧ ƵƢƬĄȇ ȏ Ŗdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ƽơƾǠƫ ǞǷ
ƤºƳơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǶȀǴȈǸŢ ǺǰŻ ǺǷ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ (Ʊ)
žȃǂƻƗ ƨȈdzƢǷ ƩƢǻƢǸǓ ȁƗ śǷƘƫ DzǰNj Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ǶȀƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƩƢƦƯƛ
Ǟǧƾºdz ƨºǷȂǰūơ Ƣǿǂȇƾƫ ƨǨǴƬű ǪȇƽƢǼǏ ƔƢnjǻƛ (ƽ)
DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǵƢȈǫ ǵƾǟ DZƢƷ Ŀ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨdzơǃȍơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ
.(ÎÒÑ)ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ƽơƾLjƥ
ƽơȂŭơ ȁƗ ǖǨǼdzơ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ" ƨǨȈǜǼdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǂǜŹȁ -ÕÏ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨƷȐǸǴdz ƨūƢǐdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ Ŀ ‘Α ƧǂǘŬơ
ƨºŨƢƬŭơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǽƢȈǷ Ŀ ȁƗ ƢŮ ƨǬǏȐŭơ ƞǗơȂnjdzơ ȁƗ ƢȀǫȂǧ ȁƗ
ǵȂºǬȇ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLJ ǮǴƬŻ ǎƼNj Dzǯȁ (ÎÒÒ)"ǽƢȈŭơ ǮǴƫ ǩȂǧ ȁƗ
ȆǴƻơƽ ǪǧǂǷ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ȁƗ ƢȀǼǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ȁƗ ƢȀǴȈǤnjƬƥ
ƢƆǯƢȀºƬǻơ ƧǂǘŬơ ƧƽƢŭơ ȁƗ ǖǨǼdzơ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ǾǼǷ ǶƬȇ ȅǂŞ ȁƗ
.ƨȈǻƾǷ ƨƥȂǬǠdz ƨǓǂǟ ǹȂǰȇ Ƕǰūơ ơǀŮ
ƨǨȈǜǼdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ (Ó)(Ɨ)ÐÎÎ ƧƽƢŭơ ƽȂǼƥ ƤLjƷȁ -ÕÐ
ƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƜǧ
ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjºdzơ ǮǴƫ ǮǴƬŻ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ "DzďǤnjŭơ ȁƗ ǮdzƢŭơ"
Ǫºǧǂŭơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮǴƫ ƾǬǟ ƤƳȂŠ ƢǿǂƳƘƬLjȇ ȁƗ ƢȀǴȈǤnjƬƥ ǵȂǬȇ
DzȈǤnjºƬƥ ǵȂǬȇ ȁƗ ǮǴƬŻ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ǾǻƜǧ ȅǂƸƦdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ
ȆǴƻơƾºdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ ƨdzƢŞ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ žȅǂƸƦdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ ȁƗ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ Ǯdzƿ
Ǯdzƿ DzȈǤnjƬƥ ǵȂǬȇ ȁƗ ǮǴƬŻ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ Ȃǿ ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǹȂǰȇ ǁȂƴȀŭơ
.(ÎÒÓ)ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ǽǂƴǿ DzƦǫ Ǫǧǂŭơ
ƨºȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬºLJȏƢƥ ǪºǴǠƬŭơ DzǷƢnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǪƦǘǼȇȁ -ÕÑ
ơƾǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȈŦ ȄǴǟ (CERCLA) ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ȄºǴǟ ǵȂºǬȇ ǾƠnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵƢǜǻȁ .ǖǨǼdzơ
ǺǨLjºdzơ ȄºǴǟ ǪƦǘǼȇ Ȃǿȁ .(ÎÒÔ)DzǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ǺǷƢǔƬdzƢƥ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
.ƧǂǘŬơ ƽơȂŭơ ƢȀǼǷ ƪǬǴǗƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơȁ ƨȇŐdzơ Ǫǧơǂŭơ ȄǴǟȁ
__________
ǂºǜǻơ (ÎÒÑ)
Force, "Insurance and liability for pollution in the
ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .United States", p. 22
Rodgers Jr., Environmental Law, p.
.685
.United States Code, title 33, chap. 26, sect. 1321 (ÎÒÒ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÒÓ)
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ . title 42, chap. 103, sect. 9601(8) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÒÔ)
(CERCLA) ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơȁ ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơȁ ƨºȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DzǷƢnjdzơ
ǪºȇǂǗ Ǻºǟ Ǯdzƿ DzǠǨȇ Dzƥ .ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǴƳ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǑǂǨȇ ȏ
"DZȁƚLjǷ" ǹƗ ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ǦȇǂǠƬdzƢƥ ǍƢŬơ ƾǼƦdzơ Ŀȁ .ȆǬǧơǂƬdzơ ƽƢǼºLJȍơ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
130
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơȁ (ÎÒÍ)(CERCLA) ÎÖÕÍ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ
ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬŭơ ǂƯȋơ DzưǸƬȇȁ .(ÎÒÎ)(OPA) ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ
ŚƦǯ ƤǻƢƳ ƽƢǼLJƛ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǼƦŭơ ƧƾȇƾŪơ śǻơȂǬdzơ ǽǀǿ
ǒǷƢǣȁ ǂǘŬƢƥ ǥȂǨŰ ȆƠȈƥ DzƦǬƬLjŭ ǖȈǘƼƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ
:ƢŮ ƨǠƳƢǻ ƧǂǰƬƦǷ DZȂǴƷ ƽƢŸƛ ȄǴǟ ǞǸƬĐơ ƔơDŽƳƗ ǁƾǫƗ ńƛ ŃƢǠŭơ
.(ÎÒÏ)ǍƢŬơ ǝƢǘǬdzơ ȅƗ
:ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƩƢǸLjdzƢƥ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ śǻơȂǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǶLjƬƫȁ -ÕÎ
ǝƢǧƽ Śǣ ƢȀǠǷ ƵƢƬĄȇ ȏ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǑǂǨƫ (Ɨ)
ƭȂºǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƢƆǻȂǻƢǫ śdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȁŐƬǠĄȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ȄǴǟ ƽȁƾŰ
:ȆǴȇ ƢŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÎÒÐ)ƧǂǘŬơ ƽơȂŭơ ǺǷ ǽŚǣȁ ǖǨǼdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ
žǦȈǜǼƬdzơȁ ƨdzơǃȍơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ Ǟǧƽ ‘Α
__________
(ÎÒÍ)
United States Code, title 42, chap. 103, sects. 9601 et
(Pub. L. ÎÖÕÍ ǵƢǟ Ŀ (Superfund) ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺLJȁ .seq.
(42 ÎÖÕÐ ǵƢºǟ Ŀ ƨȈLjȈƟǁ ƩȐȇƾǠƫ ƪǴƻƽƗȁ 96–510; 94 Stat.2767)
DzƻƽƗ ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǟ Ŀȁ U.S.C. 9601–9657, Pub. L. 98–80; 97 Stat.485)
the Superfund ) (ǾǐȈƻǂƫ ƾȇƾšȁ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ DzȇƾǠƫ ǹȂǻƢǫ) SARA
Amendment and Reauthorization Act (SARA), Pub. L. 99–499; 100
ǪºǴǠƬŭơ DzǷƢnjºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ) CERCLA DzȇƾǠƬƥ SARA ǵƢǫȁ .(Stat.1613
ƝǁơȂǘǴdz ǖȈǘƼƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƞnjǻƗȁ (ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏƢƥ
the Emergency Planning and Community Right-) ƨǧǂǠŭƢƥ ǞǸƬĐơ ǪƷȁ
ƺȇǁƢºƫ ȄºǴǟ ǝȐºǗȐdzȁ .(to-Know Act (EPCRA or SARA Title III)
Light, CERCLA Law and Procedure; Grad, “A legislative ǂǜǻơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ
history of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation
Topol and Snow, ȁ žand Liability (‘Superfund’) Act of 1980”
CERCLA DzȇƾǠƬƥ ƢƆǬƷȏ DžǂǤǻȂǰdzơ ǵƢǫȁ .Superfund Law and Procedure
Asset Conservation, Lender, Liability, and Deposit ) ÎÖÖÓ ǵƢºǟ Ŀ
Insurance Protection Act, Pub. L. 104–208; 110 Stat.3009–3462) and in
1999 (sect. 127 to CERCLA pursuant to the Superfund Recycling
Equity Act as a rider to H.R. 3421, the Consolidated Appropriation Act
.(Pub.L. No.106–113; 113 Stat.1501A–598)
džǘLjºǣƗ/ƣƕ ÎÕ) Pub.L. No. 101-380. 104 Stat. 484 (ÎÒÎ)
.United States Code, title 33, chap. 40, sects. 2701 et seq ȁƗ (ÎÖÖÍ
Randle "The Oil Pollution ǂǜǻơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ƩƢƥƢƬǯ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdzȁ
Rodriguez and Jaffe, ȁ žAct of 1990: its provisions, intent, and effects"
Strohmeyer, Extreme Conditions: ȁ ž“The Oil Pollution Act of 1990”
.Big Oil and the Transformation of Alaska
ƔƢǔºǟƗ ǞºȈŦ ǂȇ Ń .ÔÐÒ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Babich (ÎÒÏ)
ǂºǜǻơ .ƢƆƷƢų DzưŻ ƾȇƾŪơ ȆǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ǂǐǠdzơ ǹƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ DžǂǤǻȂǯ
“Domenici declares Superfund ‘failure’, suggests revamped liability
scheme”, Inside E.P.A. Weekly Report (Washington, D.C.), vol. 10, No.
.38 (22 September 1989), p. 4
ńƛ ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥȁ section 2710 (b) :ǂºǜǻơ OPA ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ (ÎÒÐ)
ƨºǨȈǜǼdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥȁ žsection 9707 (e) (i) :ǂǜǻơ CERCLA
.section 1321 (f) :ǂǜǻơ
131 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Ŀ ƵȐºǏȍơ Śƥơƾºƫȁ ƨºdzơǃȍƢƥ ƨǘƦƫǂŭơ ƩƢȀȈƳȂƬǴdz ƨǠȇǂLjdzơ
.ƨȈƟơDŽƳ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ Ǒǂǧ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ Ǯdzƿȁ (Ð)(Ʊ)ÎÍÔ ƧƽƢŭơ
:ƧƽƢŭơ ǮǴƫ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ
Ń ơƿƛ Ƨǂǘƻ ƧƽƢǷ ǩȐǗƜƥ ƾȇƾȀƬdzơ ȁƗ ǩȐǗƛ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǎƼNj ȅƗ
ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ŚǧȂƬƥ ȁƗ ƨdzơǃȍƢƥ ǶȈǴLJ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ DzǸǠdzƢƥ ǥƢǯ ƤƦLJ ǹȁƽ ǶǬȇ
ơǀºǿ ǺºǷ ÎÍÓ ȁƗ ÎÍÑ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ džȈƟǂdzơ ǂǷƗ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥ ƨȈƷȐǏȍơ
Ǻºǟ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ DzƦǫ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǎƼnjdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƜǧ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƢǿƾºƦǰƬȇ ǦȈdzƢºǰƫ ƨºȇƗ ǢǴƦǷ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ȅȁƢLjȇ ǢǴƦŠ ƨȈƟơDŽƳ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ
.ǾºdzƢưǷƗ ƨƯȐƯ Ǻǟ ƾȇDŽȇ ȏȁ ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ƿƢţơ ǵƾǠdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
ƔƢǨȈƬLJȏ ơǀȀǯ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǻƾǷ ȃȂǟƽ ƨǷƢǫƛ Ŀ ƔƾƦdzơ DZȂű džȈƟǂdzơȁ
Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ľȂƬLjƫ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ƨȇƗ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ ƤƫǂƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƟơDŽŪơ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ
DzǐŢ ǢdzƢƦǷ ƨȇƗ ǝƽȂƫȁ .ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ (Ʊ)ÎÎÏ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ǎƼnjdzơ
.(ÎÒÖ)ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀđ ȐƆ Ǹǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟ
ƣǁƢǔƬdzơ ǾƳȁȋ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ DžǂǤǻȂǯ ǺǷ ƢƆǯơǁƽƛȁ -ÕÔ
ƩƢǠȇǂnjƫ ƽơƾǟƛ ȄǴǟ DzǸǠȇ ǀƻƗ ƾǬǧ ƨȈdzƢūơ śǻơȂǬdzơ Ŀ ǁȂǐǬdzơȁ
ƣƢǰLjºǻȏ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ .ÎÖÕÍ ǵƢǟ ǀǼǷ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ
ǵƢºǟ (ÎÓÍ)(Exxon Valdez) "DŽȇƾºdzƢǧ ǹȂLjǯƛ" ƨǴǫƢǼdzơ ǺǷ ǖǨǼdzơ
ƭȂºǴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdz ȆǟȂºǓȂŭơ ǹȂǸǔŭơ ȄǴǟ ŚƦǯ ǂƯƗ ÎÖÕÖ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǵƢǜǼdz ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ŚƦǯ ƔDŽƳ ǎǐĄƻ ƾǫȁ .ȆǘǨǼdzơ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƤºƳȂŠ ǑȁǂǨŭơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƤȇǂǬƬdzơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ȆǿƢǔȇ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơȁ ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơȁ ƨºȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬºLJȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DzǷƢnjdzơ
.ƧǂºǘŬơ ƽơȂǷ ǩȐǗƛ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ȄǴǟ (CERCLA)
Ŀ ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ǾºƬȇǂǜǻ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ (Ɨ)ÏÔÍÏ ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǑǂǠƫȁ
:ŅƢƬdzơ ǾƳȂdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
DZȁƚLjǷ ǥǂǗ Dzǯ ǹƜǧ ... ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȁƗ ǶǰƷ ȅƗ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ
ƢƆǸȈLjºƳ ơƆƾºȇƾē Dzǰnjºƫ ȁƗ ǖǨǼdzơ ƢȀǼǷ ƤǰLjǼȇ ƧƘnjǼǷ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLJ Ǻǟ
ƢºŮ ƨǬºǏȐŭơ ƞǗơȂnjºdzơ ȁƗ ƨƷȐǸǴdz ƨūƢǐdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ Ŀ ǖǨǼdzơ ƣƢǰLjǻƢƥ
Ǻºǟ ǶƴǼȇ ƢǸǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƢȀǫȂǧ ȁƗ ƨǐdzƢŬơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ȁƗ
(ƣ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƧƽƾƄơ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨdzơǃȍơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ǺǷ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǮǴƫ
.(ÎÓÎ)ǝǂǨdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ
ƭƾƷ ȅƗ ƢĔƘƥ "ƨƯƽƢūơ" ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǥďǂǠĄȇȁ -ÕÕ
ƧƾƷơȁ ƨǼȈǨLJ DzǸnjƫ ƾƷơȁ ƘnjǼǷ Ʃơƿ ƭơƾƷȋơ ǺǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ ȁƗ
ȁƗ ǺǨLjºdzơ ǺºǷ ǖȈǴƻ ȅƗ ȁƗ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ƾƷơȁ ǪǧǂǷ ȁƗ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ
ǦȇǂǐºƬƥ ǶȈLjƳ ƾȇƾē ȁƗ ǖǨǼǴdz Ǧȇǂǐƫ ƢȀǼǟ ǶƴǼȇȁ Ǫǧơǂŭơ
DzǸnjȇ ... ƭƢǠƦǻơ ȅƗ" ǾǻƘƥ "Ǧȇǂǐƫ" ƶǴǘǐǷ ǥċǂǠĄȇȁ .ǖǨǼdzơ
Ƥǐºdzơ ƺǔºdzơ ƣǂLjƬdzơ ƣƢǰLjǻȏơ ȄǴǟ ǂǐƬǬȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ
ǾºǻƘƥ "ǪǧơǂǷ" ƶǴǘǐǷ ǥċǂǠĄȇȁ ."ƔƢǬdzȍơ ȁƗ ǡơǂǧȍơȁ ƭƢǠƦǻȏơ
ǵăƾƼƬLjĄƫ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ ȁƗ ƩơƾǠŭơ ǺǷ DzǯƢȈǿ ƨǟȂǸů ȁƗ DzǰȈǿ ȅƗ"
__________
.Ibid., SARA, pp. 2782-2783 (ÎÒÖ)
(Pearl Harbour) ǁȂƥǁƢºǿ DZŚƥ" ƥ Exxon Valdez ƨƯƽƢƷ ƪȈũ (ÎÓÍ)
ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Randle ǂǜǻơ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƭǁơȂǰdzơ"
.ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rodriguez and Jaffeȁ
.United States Code, title 33, chap. 40 (ÎÓÎ)
ǪºǴǠƬŭơ DzǷƢnjºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǺºǷ (Ɨ)ÖÓÍÔ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÕÒ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ (CERCLA) ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏƢƥ
ǖºǬǧ ƢƆºǼǿǁȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ȃǂƻƗ ƾǟơȂǫ ȁƗ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƨȇƗ Ǻǟ ƢƆǸǣǁ
:ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ (ƣ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƨǼȈƦŭơ ǝȂǧƾdzƢƥ
ƢǸȀǼǷ ȅƗ DzȈǤnjƬƥ ǵȂǬȇ ǺǷ ȁƗ Ǫǧǂŭơ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ǹƜǧ -Î
ǺºǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ǾȈǧ Ļ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǹȂǰȇ ǎƼNj ȅƗ -Ï
ǮºǴƫ ǺºǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ǾǼǷ Ļ ǪǧǂǷ ȅƗ DzȈǤnjƬƥ ǵȂǬȇ ȁƗ ǮǴŻ ƧǂǘŬơ ƧƽƢŭơ
ƧǂǘŬơ ƧƽƢŭơ
ƧǁȂǐºƥ ǵƢǫ ȁƗ ǩƢǨƫơ ȁƗ ƾǬǟ ƤƳȂŠ ǵƢǫ ǎƼNj ȅƗ -Ð
ƢȀºǴǬǻ ƤȈƫǂƬƥ ǵƢǫ ȁƗ ƢȀƬŪƢǠǷ ȁƗ ƧǂǘŬơ ƽơȂŭơ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ƤȈƫǂƬƥ ȃǂƻƗ
ƢºȀǰǴŻ Ŗdzơȁ ƢȀƬŪƢǠǷ ȁƗ ƧǂǘŬơ ƽơȂŭơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬǴdz ƨƠǗȂƫ DzǫƢǻ ǞǷ
Ŀȁ ȃǂºƻƗ ƨȀƳ ȁƗ ǥǂǗ ȅƗ ƾȇ ȄǴǟ ǾƫǃȂŞ ƾƳȂƫ ȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ
ƨȀƳ ȁƗ ǥǂǗ ƢȀǴȈǤnjƬƥ ǵȂǬȇ ȁƗ ƢȀǰǴŻ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǩǂū ƨǼȈǨLJ ȁƗ ǪǧǂǷ ȅƗ
ȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ƽơȂŭơ ǮǴƫ DzưǷ ȄǴǟ ȅȂƬŢȁ ȃǂƻƗ
ǪǧơǂǷ ńƛ ƢȀǴǬǼdz Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂǷ ȅƗ DzƦǫ ȁƗ DzƦǬȇ ǎƼNj ȅƗ -Ñ
Ŗºdzơ ƩƢºȇƢǨǼdzơ ǩǂƷ ǞǫơȂǷ ȁƗ ǺǨLJ ńƛ ȁƗ ƢȀƬŪƢǠǷ ȁƗ ƢȀǼǷ ǎǴƼƬǴdz
ƢȀǫȐǘǻƢƥ ƾȇƾē ƨť ȁƗ ƽơȂŭơ ǮǴƫ DzưǷ ƢȀǼǷ ǪǴǘǼƫȁ ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƢǿǁƢƬƻơ
:Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƧǂǘŬơ ƽơȂŭơ ǮǴƫ ƨȀƳơȂǷ ƩƢǬǨǻ ƾƦǰƫ ńƛ ȅƽƚȇ ƢŲ
Ŗdzơ ƵȐǏȍơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ȁƗ ƨdzơǃȍơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƩƢǬǨǻ ǞȈŦ (ǦdzƗ)
DzºƟƢƦǬdzơ ȃƾºƷƛ ȁƗ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ȁƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƢǿƾƦǰƬƫ
žƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƝǁơȂǘdzơ ƨǘƻ ǞǷ ƨǬLjƬǷ ǹȂǰƫ ȏȁ ƨȇƾǼŮơ
ȅƗ ƢǿƾƦǰƬȇ ȁƗ Ǯdzƿ ƨȀƳơȂŭ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȇǁȁǂǓ ƩƢǬǨǻ ȅƗ (ƔƢƥ)
žƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƝǁơȂǘdzơ ƨǘƻ ǞǷ ǪLjƬȇ ƢŠ ǎƼNj
ƽǁơȂºŭơ Ŀ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ȁƗ ǁƢǷƾdzơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ (ǶȈƳ)
ǁƢǷƾºdzơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǯºdzƿ ǶȈȈǬƬdz ƨdzȂǬǠŭơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ
žƧǂǘŬơ ƽơȂǸǴdz ǩȐǗȍơ Ǯdzƿ DzưǷ Ǻǟ ƨšƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ȁƗ
Ŗdzơ ƨȈƸǐdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ ƨLJơǁƽ ȁƗ ƨƸǐǴdz ǶȈȈǬƫ ȅƗ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ (DZơƽ)
.(ÎÒÕ)ǹơȂǼǠdzơ ơǀǿ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ‘ΑÖÓÍÑ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ Ƣđ ǝȐǘǓȏơ ǶƬȇ
ǵƢǜǻ "ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ" ǺǷ ÎÍÔ ƧƽƢŭơ DzǸšȁ -ÕÓ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨºȈdzƢŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǾǼǷ ÎÍÕ ƧƽƢŭơ DzǸš ƢǸǯ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨƥƢƴƬºLJȐdz ƨǠǧơƽ DŽǧơȂƷ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ǂǧȂȇȁ .ǦȈǜǼƬdzƢƥ
_________________________________________
(ǞƥƢƫ (ÎÒÔ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
ÎÐÏÎ ƾºǼƦdzơ ƤºƳȂŠ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ơƆǁƢȈǠǷ ƢŷǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ǹơǂLjǨȇ "ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ"ȁ
ƩǂLjǧ ƾǫȁ .(ǦȈǜǼdzơ ƔơȂŮơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ ÐÎÎ ƾǼƦdzơ ȅƗ) (ÐÐ ǹơȂǼǠdzơ ƪŢ
DZƢºưǷȁ) "ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ" ǑǂǨȇ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ÐÎÎ ƾǼƦdzơ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ǶǯƢƄơ
United States of America v. LeBeouf Brothers. Towing Co. ƨȈǔǫ Ǯdzƿ
(United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, Federal Reporter, 2nd
ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DzǷƢnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƗȁ ed., vol. 621 (1980), p. 789
(United States of "ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ" ƢƆǔȇƗ ǑǂǨȇ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ
America v. Alcan Aluminium Corp., ibid., Third Circuit, Federal
ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǂǜǻơ .Reporter, 2nd ed., vol. 964 (May-June 1992), p. 259–263)
.ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Mac Ayeal
.ǽȐǟƗ ÎÒÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÒÕ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƽǁȁ ǁƢºȈǠǷ Ȃǿȁ "ƨƠȈƦdzơȁ ǂnjƦdzơ ƨƸǏ ƨȇƢŧ" Ŀ DzưǸƬŭơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ
ǹƗ Ǿºƥ ǶǴLjºŭơ ǺºǷȁ .(ÎÓÒ)"ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȇƢǼƯ Ŀ ƧǂǷ ÒÍ" ǽǂǯƿ
ȁƗ Ǒǁȋơ Ŀ ƧǂºǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơȁ ƨƦǴǐdzơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ
DzºưŻ ǹƗ ǺºǰŻ Ƨǁơƽȍơȁ ǖȈǘƼƬdzơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƨȇƢǼǟ ǹȁƽ ƢȀǫȂǧ
ƢƆǔȇƗ ÎÖÕÑ ǵƢǟ DzȇƾǠƫ ǞċLJȂƫȁ .ƨƠȈƦdzơȁ ǂnjƦdzơ ƨƸǏ ȄǴǟ ơƆǂǘƻ
Ňƽȋơ ƾūơ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ŐƬǟơȁ ƨƦǴǐdzơ ƩȐǔǨdzơ ǦȇǂǠƫ Ŀ
ȄºǴǟ ƢƆȇǁơƽƛ ƢƆƷȐǏƛ DzƻƽƗȁ ǾǼȈLjŢ Śǣ ǽƾǠƥ DzȈƦLJ ȏ ȅǀdzơ
ƾºǫȁ .(ÎÓÓ)ƢȀȈǧ ŃƢǜǷ śǷƗ ƤǐǼŭ ǾƟƢnjǻƜƥ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨdzƢǯȁ
śºǷƗ ƤǐǼǷ ǁȂǯǀŭơ DzȇƾǠƬdzơ ǺǷ ÓÖÎÔ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ƞnjǻƌƗ
ǎƼNj ȅƗ ǾǷƾǬȇ ƢǷȁ ƨȇƽǂǨdzơ ƩƢǸǴǜƬdzơȁ ȃȁƢǰnjdzơ ȄǬǴƬȇ ŃƢǜǷ
ǽƙƢnjºǻƛ ǵDŽºǴȇ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ȅƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǸǴdz ƩƢƦǴǗ ǺǷ
.(ÎÓÔ)ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ƤƳȂŠ
ǹȂǻƢºǫ) ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ ƪǴƻƽƌƗ Ŗdzơ ƩȐȇƾǠƬdzơ ƪǸLjƷȁ -ÖÎ
ƨºȇƽƢŢȏơ Ǫǧơǂŭơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ (ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ǪǧơǂǸǴdz DZƢưƬǷȏơ
ƨƦǴǐdzơ ƩȐǔǨdzơ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ȄǔƬǬŠ ƿƢǨǻȍơ ŚƥơƾƬdz Ǟǔţ
ƨǷȂǰƸǴdz ƨȇƽƢȈLjdzơ ƨǻƢǐūơ ƩȐȇƾǠƬdzơ ǽǀǿ ƪdzơǃƗ ƾǫȁ .(RCRA)
Ʃơǁơƽȍơȁ Ǫºǧơǂŭơ ǹƜºǧ ơǀºǿ ȄºǴǟȁ .ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƨǬƷȐŭơ Ɣơǃƛ
.ƢŮƢưƬǷơ ǵƾǠdz ƩƢƥȂǬǠdz ǑǂǠƬƫ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƩȏƢǯȂdzơȁ
DzǣơȂnjºdzơ DZȁƢǼƬƫ Śƥơƾƫ ƢƆǔȇƗ ȃǂƻƗ ǹơƾǴƥ Ʃǀţơ ƾǫȁ -ÖÏ
Ȃǿȁ ÎÖÖÍ ǵƢǟ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƾǸĄƬǟơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ȆǨǧ .ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ
ȆǐºƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔºdzơ ȁƗ ƧƢǧȂdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾǷ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ
ǹȂǻƢºǫ ȆǔºǬȇȁ .(ÎÓÕ)ȆƠȈƥ ǂƯƗ DzǠǨƥ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ǁơǂǓȍơ ȁƗ
ȆǴďǤnjºǷ ǒǠƥ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǑǂǨƥ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƾºȇDŽȇȁ .ǁơǂºǓȋơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬǴdz ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƧƽƾƄơ Ǫǧơǂŭơ
ƩƢLjºLJƚŭơ ǞºȈǸŪ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ƥƫǂƫ ǂǘƻ ǺǷ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƽȁƾºƷ ƢȀƬǘnjǻƗ ǩƢǘǻ ǃȁƢƴƬȇȁ ƨȈƠȈƥ ǁơǂǓƗ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬǴdz ƨǴƥƢǬdzơ
.(ÎÓÖ)ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ
ǁơǂºǓȌdz ŐƳ ǩǂǗ śƥ ǞǸŸ ƾȇƾŪơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ -ÖÐ
ǥďǂºǠĄƫȁ ǞºLJȁƗ ǾǫƢƦǘǻơ ǩƢǘǻ Ǻǰdzȁ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƧƽȂƳȂǷ ƨȈǻƾŭơ
:ǾǻƢȇǂLJ ǩƢǘǻȁ ǾƬǠȈƦǗ ǾǼǷ Î ƧƽƢŭơ
__________
.ÒÐÓ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rodgers Jr. ǂǜǻơ (ÎÓÒ)
.ÒÐÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÓÓ)
United States Code, title 42, chap. 82, sect. 6917 ǂºǜǻơ (ÎÓÔ)
.ÎÖÕÑ ǵƢǟ ǦȈǓƗ
(ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ) Gesetz über die Umwelthaftung (ÎÓÕ)
/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Î Ŀ ǾǻƢȇǂLJ Ɨƾƥȁ ÎÖÖÍ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ŀ ǺLJ ƾǫȁ
Hoffman, "Germany's new environmental Ŀ ǾºȈdzƛ ŚºNjƗ ÎÖÖÎ ǂȇƢǼȇ
liability Act: strict liability for facilities causing pollution", p. 27,
.ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǼƦǷ ňƢŭȋơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ơǀđ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơȁ .footnote 1
Kloepfer, Uniweltschutz: Textsammlung des ǂººǜǻơ (ÎÓÖ)
Ŀ ǽǂºººǯƿ ƽǁȁ Umweltrechts der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
.Ï ƨȈNjƢūơ ÏÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Hoffman
132
ǾºƬŪƢǠǷ ȁƗ ǖǨǼdzơ DzȇȂŢ :ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋơ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ƾƷơȁ Ŀ
DzǸnjºȈdz ƢƆǠºLJơȁ ƢƆǨȇǂǠƫ ǥċǂǠĄȈǧ "ƨǼȈǨLJ" ƶǴǘǐǷ ƢǷƗ ."ǾǴǬǻ ȁƗ
ǺºǷ ƢºǿŚǣ ȁƗ ƨºȈƟƢŭơ Ƥºǯơǂŭơ ƣȁǂǓ ǺǷ ƣǂǓ Dzǯ"
ƢȀǷơƾƼƬºLJơ ǺºǰŻ ȁƗ ǵăƾƼƬLjĄƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǟƢǼǘǏȏơ ƩƢƯƾƸƬLjŭơ
ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ" ǥċǂǠĄƫȁ ."ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ǥȐş ƔƢŭơ ȄǴǟ DzǬǼǴdz ƨǴȈLJȂǯ
ƩơDŽȈȀš ǹȁƽ ƢǿǂƳƘƬLjƫ ȁƗ ƢȀǰǴŤ Ŗdzơ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ" ƢĔƘºƥ "ƨǷƢǠdzơ
ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ơƾǟ ƢȀǴȈǤnjƬƥ ǵȂǬƫ ȁƗ ƨȈƦǼƳƗ ƨdzȁƽ ȁƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
.(ÎÓÏ)"ȅǁƢš ǕƢnjǼƥ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ DZƢǤƬNjơ
ƩȐǔǨdzơ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ƨǴǏ Ǿdz ƢŲȁ -ÕÖ
ǂºǷ ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǀǼǷȁ .ÎÖÓÒ ǵƢǟ ǂǷȋơ DZȁƗ ǺĄLJ ȅǀdzơ ƨƦǴǐdzơ
ǾũƢƥ ǥǂǠĄȇ Ƣēǂưǯ ǺǷ ƶƦǏƗ Ŗdzơ ƩȐȇƾǠƬdzơȁ ƩơŚȈǤƬdzơ ǺǷ ƽƾǠƥ
ÎÖÔÓ ǵƢºǠdz ƢŮơƾƦƬºLJơȁ ƽǁơȂºŭơ ǚºǨƷ ǹȂǻƢǫ :ǹȉơ ǞƟƢnjdzơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨdzƢǯȂdz ǂǧȂȇ Ȃǿȁ .(ÎÓÐ)(RCRA)
ǀǼǷ) ȅƗ "ƔƢȈdzơ ńƛ Ǧdzȋơ" ǺǷ ƧŚǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ƨƸǧƢǰŭ ƨǘǴLjdzơ
ǎǴƼƬdzơ ńƛ ƢȀǼȇDŽţ ńƛ ƢȀƬŪƢǠǷ ńƛ ƢȀǴǬǻ ńƛ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǮǴƫ ƾȈdzȂƫ
ǞºǫơȂŭơ ȆǘǤȇ ȏ ǾǼǰdzȁ ƨǴƦǬŭơȁ ƨǴǷƢǠdzơ Ǫǧơǂŭơ ȄǴǟ DŽǯǂȇȁ (ƢȀǼǷ
ȄºǴǟ ƪºǴƻƽƌƗ Ŗºdzơ ƩȐȇƾǠƬdzơ ǺǰŤȁ .ƨȈźǁƢƬdzơ ȁƗ ƧǁȂƴȀŭơ
ƾºȇƾšȁ ȆLjºȈƟǂdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ DzȇƾǠƫ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨdzƢǯȁ ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǠdz ǾǐȈƻǂƫ
Ŀ ǹȁDŽºƼŭơ ǖǨǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǻ ƨȈƠȈƥ DzǯƢnjǷ ƨŪƢǠǷ ǺǷ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ
.(ÎÓÑ)ȃǂƻȋơ ƧǂǘŬơ ƽơȂŭơȁ Ǒǁȋơ ƪŢ ƩƢǻơDŽƻ
ÎÖÕÑ ǵƢǟ ƪǴƻƽƌƗ Ŗdzơ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƩȐȇƾǠƬdzơ ƪǔƬǫơ ƾǫȁ -ÖÍ
ȆŸǁƾºƬdzơ ƔƢĔȍơ (ƨƦǴǐdzơȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ƩȐǔǨdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DzȇƾǠƬdzơ)
Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơȁ .Ǒǁȋơ ǩȂǧ ƧǂǘŬơ ƩȐǔǨdzơ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬǴdz
ƾūơ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǂǘŬơ" Ŀ DzưǸƬŭơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ Ȃǿ džȈdz ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ơǀǿ
Ȃºǿ Dzƥ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơ Ŀ ǵƾƼĄƬLJơ ȅǀdzơ "DZȂǬǠŭơ
__________
.Ibid., sects. 2701 (7), (9), (14), (29) and (37) of the Act (ÎÓÏ)
Resource ) :ÎÖÔÍ ǵƢǠdz ƽǁơȂŭơ ƵȐǏƛ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂºǜǻơ (ÎÓÐ)
ƧƽƢºǟƛ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ ž(Recovery Act of 1970 Pub.L. 91-512; 84 Stat. 1227
Used Oil Recycling Act of 1980 :ÎÖÕÍ ǵƢºǠdz DzǸǠƬLjŭơ ǖǨǼdzơ ǂȇȁƾƫ
ǺºǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ȄǴǟ ƩȐȇƾǠƬdzơȁ ž(Pub. L. 96–463; 94 Stat. 2055)
Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1980 (Pub. :ÎÖÕÍ ǵƢǠdz ƨƦǴǐdzơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ
ƧǂºǘŬơ ƩƢºȇƢǨǼdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ȄǴǟ ƩȐȇƾǠƬdzơȁ ž(L. 96-482; 94 Stat. 2334
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 :ÎÖÕÑ ǵƢǠdz ƨƦǴǐdzơȁ
ǵƢºǠdz ƨºȈƦǘdzơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ƤǬǠƫ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ ž(Pub. L. 98-616; 98 Stat. 3221)
Medical Waste Tracking Act of 1988 (Pub. L. 100-582; 102 :ÎÖÕÕ
Federal :ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢºǠdz ƨºȇƽƢŢȏơ ǪǧơǂǸǴdz DZƢưƬǷȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ ž(Stat. 2950
žFacility Compliance Act of 1992 (Pub. L. 102-386; 106 Stat. 1505)
Land Disposal ÎÖÖÓ ǵƢºǠdz ȆǓơǁȋơ Ŀ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ƨǻȁǂǷ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ
ƢƆºǔºȇƗ ǂººǜǻơ .Program Flexibility Act of 1996 (Pub. L. 104-119)
.ÒÐÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rodgers Jr.
ƩȐǔºǨdzơ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ Ŀ ȏƆ ȁƗ ȆǟǂǨdzơ ǹơȂǼǠdzơ DZƾǠȇ (ÎÓÑ)
ƾºȇƾšȁ ȆLjºȈƟǂdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐºdzơ DzȇƾǠƫ ǹȂǻƢǫ DZȐƻ ǺǷ (RCRA) ƨƦǴǐdzơ
.(sect. 205 of Pub. L. 99–499) (SARA) ǾǐȈƻǂƫ
133 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǪȈƦǘƫ ƔƢǔƬǫơȁ ƨȈǻƢŭƗ ƨǸǰŰ ȅƗ Ŀ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ ȆǟƾǸǴdz ǺǰŻ
.(ÎÔÒ)ǽơȂǰNj ǝȂǓȂǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ
ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ȅƽƢŢȏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ DZďƾǟ ơǂLjȇȂLJ Ŀȁ -ÖÔ
/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÏÎ Ŀ (ƣ)ȁ (Ɨ)ÒÖ śƫƽƢºŭơ ƨǧƢǓƜƥ Ǯdzƿȁ
Î Ŀ ƿƢºǨǼdzơ DŽºȈƷ ǹƢºƫƽƢŭơ ǹƢƫƢǿ ƪǴƻƽȁ žÎÖÖÒ ŐǸLjȇƽ
ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ (Ɨ)ÒÖ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ .ÎÖÖÔ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ
ƢƆºǏƢƻ ơƆǂǘƻ DzưŤ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ȁƗ ƨLjLJƚŭơ ǮdzƢǷ ǹȂǰȇ -Î
ƶƦǐºȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƭƾŢ Ŗdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ȄǴǟ
.ƨƠȈƦǴdz DzǏƢūơ ȆǴǠǨdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ŘưƬLjĄȇȁ ƨǠǫơȁ ƨǬȈǬƷ ƾȇƾȀƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ
ƢºĔƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƩƖnjǼŭơȁ ƩƢLjLJƚŭơ ŐƬǠĄƫ ƧƾǟƢǬǯȁ -Ï
:ƨƠȈƦǴdz ƢƆǏƢƻ ơƆǂǘƻ DzưŤ
ȅƽƢºŢȏơ džºǴĐơ ƢȀǠǔź Ŗdzơ ƩƖnjǼŭơ ȁƗ ƩƢLjLJƚŭơ (Ɨ)
(ÎÔÓ)
ȁƗ ƨǷƾƼƬLjºŭơ ƨºȇǂȀĐơ ƩƢǼƟƢǰdzơ ȁƗ ƽơȂŭơ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ ÎÍ ƧƽƢǸǴdz
žƨšƢǼdzơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ
ǺºǷ ǎǴƼƬºǴdz ǵƾƼƬLjºĄƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƖnjǼŭơ ȁƗ ƩƢLjLJƚŭơ (ƣ)
žƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ
DzƟơȂLjºdzơ DZȁơƾºƫ ƢȀȈǧ ǶƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƩƖnjǼŭơ ȁƗ ƩƢLjLJƚŭơ (Ʊ )
žƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ Ƨǂǔŭơ
ƩƢǼƟƢǯ ȁƗ ƽơȂǷ ȄǴǟ ȅȂƬŢ Ŗdzơ ƩƖnjǼŭơ ȁƗ ƩƢLjLJƚŭơ (ƽ)
ǺLjºȇ ȁƗ ƢȀǷơƾƼƬLJȏ ǎȈƻǂƬdzơ ƤǴǗ ȅƽƢŢȏơ džǴĐơ ƭƾƸƬLjȇ ƨȇǂȀů
.ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀđ ȃǂƻƗ ƨǏƢƻ ƶƟơȂdz
ǹƗ ƪºƦưȇ ǹƗ ǞȈǘƬLjºȇ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ȄǨǠȇ -Ð
ǺǷ ȁƗ ǁǂǔƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǶȈLjƳ DZƢŷƛ ȁƗ ƧǂǿƢǫ ƧȂǫ ǾƬƦċƦLJ ǁǂǔdzơ
.ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ƤǻƢƳ
ǺºǷ ÓÍȁ ÒÐȁ ÒÎ ńƛ ÑÖȁ ÑÔ ńƛ ÑÏ ƽơȂŭơ ǪƦǘǼƫ -Ñ
.ȅǂLjȇȂLjdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ
(ÎÔÔ)
ǵƢºǰƷƗ ȄºǴǟ Ð ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ǚǨƸƬdzơ ǪƦǘǼȇ -Ò
.ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ śǻơȂǬdzơ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƩƢºǻȂǷȂǰdzơȁ ƩƢǻȂƬǻƢǰdzơȁ ƨȈdzơǁƾǨǻȂǰdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǹȂǰƫ -Ó
.Ò ńƛ Î ƩơǂǬǨǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ
__________
.ȆƠȈƦdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ÐÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÔÒ)
ȅƗ" :ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ ƔDŽƳ Ŀ ÎÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫ (ÎÔÓ)
ǹƗ ƨȈƟƢǼưƬLJơ ǥȁǂǛ Ŀ ǺǰŻ ƩƖnjǼǷ DzȈǤnjƫ ǵDŽƬǠȇ ȁƗ DzȈǤnjƬƥ ǵȂǬȇ ǎƼNj
ƨºȇƢǸū ƩơȂºǘƻ ǀƼƬȇ ǹƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ȁƗ ǍƢƼNjȌdz ơƆŚǘƻ ơƆǁǂǓ ƤƦLjƫ
."... ƨƠȈƦdzơȁ ǹƢǰLjdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ Ð ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÎÔÔ)
.ȅƽƢŢȏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƾNjȋơ ǵƢǰƷȋƢƥ DZȐƻȍơ ǵƾǟ ǞǷ -Î"
ǺºǷ ƨȇƢǸƸǴdz ǞȇǂnjƬƥ ƨǼȇƚŭơ ƨǠNjȋơȁ ƨǠnjŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ȄǘǤĄƫ -Ï"
."ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơȁ ǝƢǠNjȍơ
ƤƦLjƥ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ǁǂǓ ȁƗ ȆǐƼNj ǁǂǓ ǾǬū ȁƗ ƾƷƗ ĿȂƫ ơƿƛ
ŐºƬǠĄȇ Î DzȈȇǀƬdzƢƥ ƧƢǸLjŭơ Ǫǧơǂŭơ ǺǷ ǪǧǂǷ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ ȆƠȈƥ ǂƯƗ
Ǻºǟ ǁǂǔºdzơ ǾƥƢǏƗ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǽƢš ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ Ǫǧǂŭơ ǮdzƢǷ
.(ÎÔÍ)ƤƦLjdzơ ơǀŮ ƨǴǏƢūơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƤLjƷ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ŐƬǠƫȁ -ÖÑ
ƔƢǟƽơ ȅȋ ǵDŽǴȇȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ƥƫǂƫ ƩƢƦƯȍ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ƩƢƦƯƛ ȆǨǰȇȁ
DzȈǤnjºƬƥ ǵȂǬȇ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ǹƗ (Ɨ) :ƪƦưȇ ǹƗ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ơǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ
Ŗºdzơ ƭơƾƷȋơ ǹƗ (ƣ) žǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ Ǫǧơǂŭơ ǺǷ ǪǧǂǷ
ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǂƯȋơ ǹƗȁ (Ʊ) žǪǧǂŭơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ƩǁƾǏ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǂƯȋơ Ʃƾdzȁ
ǹȂǰƫ ǶȀȈǴǟ ȄǟÈƾċ ŭơ ƽƾǠƫ DZƢƷ Ŀȁ .ǽŐƳ ƽơǂŭơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ŀ ƤƦLjƫ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƽƾŹȁ .(ÎÔÎ)DzǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ǺǷƢǔƬdzƢƥ ǶȀƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ƽƾºŢ ƢºǸǯ .(ÎÔÏ)ňƢŭƗ ǭǁƢǷ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÐÏÍ ǽƢǐǫƗ ǢǴƦŠ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ
ǪºƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơȁ ȆǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ Dzǯ ȄǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
.(ÎÔÐ)ňƢŭƗ ǭǁƢǷ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÓÍ ǽƢǐǫƗ ǢǴƦŠ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ
ǶƳƢǻ ǁǂǓ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ƩƢƦƯƛ ƨƥȂǠǏ ƨŪƢǠǷ DzȈƦLJ Ŀȁ -ÖÒ
ǑơǂºƬǧơ ȄºǴǟ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǎǼȇ ƧƾȈǠƥ ƨǧƢLjǷ ǺǷ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ
ǂǧȂºƫ ǑơǂƬǧơ ȄǴǟ Î ȆǟǂǨdzơ ƾǼƦdzơ Ó ǝǂǨdzơ ǎǼȇȁ .ƤƦLjƬdzơ
"Ȑ
Ɔ ǏƗ ƘȈȀǷ" řǠŭơ Ǫǧǂŭơ ǹƗ ƨǴǿȁ DZȁȋ śƦƫ ơƿƛ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ǂǐǼǟ
Ï ǺǷ ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƽȂǼƦdzơ ǎǼƫȁ .(ÎÔÑ)ǁǂǔdzơ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬǴdz (geeignet)
ƤƦLjƬdzơ ǑơǂƬǧơ Ɣǁƾdz ǝȂǧƽ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ Ó ǝǂǨdzơ ǺǷ Ñ ńƛ
DzȈǤnjºƫ" ƩƢƦƯƜƥ Ǫǧǂŭơ DzďǤnjǷ ǵƢȈǫ ǝȂǧƾdzơ ǽǀǿ DzǸnjƫȁ .ơǀǿ
ƨºȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƬdzơ Dzǰdz DZƢưƬǷȏƢƥ ȅƗ "ǶȈǴLJ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ Ǫǧǂŭơ
ǝȂǧƾºdzơ ǽǀºǿȁ .ƭȂºǴƬdzơ ǞǼǷ ńƛ ȆǷǂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǬƦǘǼŭơ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ
.ƤƦLjƬdzơ ƽȂƳȁ Ȇǟƾŭơ ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ DzďǤnjŭơ ȆǨǠƫ ȏ
ƨºȈǻƾŭơ ƩơƔơǂºƳȍơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ DZċƾǟ ƾǫȁ -ÖÓ
Ŗdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƜƥ ƵƢǸLjdzơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ
Ǫǧǂŭơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ȏƛ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬŭơ Ǫǧǂŭơ ƢȀȈǧ ƾƳȂȇ
ƧŚºƻȋơ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ .ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƽȁƾūơ ƱǁƢƻ ǞǬȇ
__________
.ÐÏ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Hoffman Ŀ ƽǁơȁ DžƢƦƬǫȏơ (ÎÔÍ)
.ÐÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÔÎ)
.ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ÎÒ ƧƽƢŭơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÔÏ)
.ÐÐ-ÐÏ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÔÐ)
ƨºȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ (Î)Ó ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ .ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÔÑ)
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ
Ŀ ƤƦLjºƬǴdz ǥȁǂºǜdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ Ȑ Ɔ ǏƗ ƘƆȈȀǷ Ǫǧǂŭơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ"
ǾƬƠȈē ƽƾŢȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ Ŀ ƤƦLjƫ Ǫǧǂŭơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ǑǂƬǨȈǧ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƩƢºƦȈǯǂƬdzơȁ DzºǸǠdzơ ŚLJ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼȈǠƥ ƨȈǔǫ ƨȇƗ Ŀ ƨȈǴǏȋơ
ƢºȀǫȐǗƛȁ ƢȀǷơƾƼƬºLJơ Ļ Ŗdzơ ƽơȂŭơ DŽȈǯǂƫȁ ƨǠȈƦǗȁ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ
Dzºǯ Ǻºǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔºǧ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨȇơƾƥ ǹƢǰǷȁ ƪǫȁȁ džǬǘdzơ DZơȂƷƗȁ
."ƤƦLjƬdzơ ƽȂƳȁ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ ǑǁƢǠƫ ȁƗ ƾȇƚƫ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ DZơȂƷȋơ
.(ÑÐ ƨȈNjƢūơ ÐÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƨƠȈƦdzơ Ŀ ƨƯȂǴŭơ ƧƽƢŭơ Ǧȇǂǐƫ ƢĔƘƥ ƩƢƥƢǰLjǻȏơ ǥċǂǠƫȁ .ƨȈǘǨǼdzơ
ƨºȇȁƢƷ ȁƗ ƨǴǫƢǻ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƣǁƢǫ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLJ ȁƗ ƨƦǯǂǷ ȁƗ DzǰȈǿ ǺǷ
Ŀ ǀºƻƚƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƨǧȂdzƘǷ Śǣ (Ɨ) ǹȂǰƫȁ ƢȀƳǁƢƻ ȁƗ ȃǂƻƗ
ơƆŚºǘƻ ơƆƾȇƾē Dzǰnjƫ (ƣ)ȁ ǦȇǂǐƬdzơ ǥȁǂǛ ǞȈŦ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ
ǂºǘƼĄȇ ǹƗ ƪƦǰLjǻơ Ŗdzơ ƨƯƎȂǴŭơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǮdzƢǷ ȄǴǟ śǠƬȇȁ .ƨƠȈƦǴdz
ƨǘȈƄơ ǥȁǂǜdzơȁ ƣƢǰLjǻȏơ Ǯdzƿ ǹƘnjƥ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƧǂƟơƽ ǂȇƾǷ ơƆǁȂǧ
ŚƥơƾºƬdzơ Ǻºǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ƢǿƿƢţơ ƵǂƬǬȇ ȁƗ Ʃǀţơ Śƥơƾƫ ȅƗȁ Ǿƥ
ƣƢǰLjºǻȏơ Ǯdzǀºdz ƨȈƫơȂŭơ Śǣ ǁƢƯȉơ ǞǼŭ Ƣǿǀţơ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ
Ŗºdzơ ƢȀºƬdzƢƷ ńƛ ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛȁ ƢȀǼǷ ǦȈǨƼƬdzơ ȁƗ ƢȀƬdzơǃƛ ȁƗ
.(ÎÔÖ)ƢȀȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ
Ŗºdzơ ƨƯƎȂǴŭơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǮdzƢǷ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƧǂƟơƽ ǂȇƾŭ ǃȂŸȁ -ÎÍÎ
ƨƴȈƬǻ ƧƾƦǰăƬŭơ ƩƢǬǨǼdzơȁ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ǞȈŦ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƪƦǰLjǻơ
ǀºƼƬĄƫ Śƥơƾƫ ȅƗ (ƣ) ƨdzơǃƛ ȁƗ ǦȈǜǼƫ ƨȈǴǸǟ ȅƗ (Ɨ) :ȆǴȇ Ƣŭ
ȁƗ ƢȀºƬdzơǃƛ ȁƗ ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ȄǴǟ ƣƢǰLjǻȐdz ƨȈƫơȂŭơ Śǣ ǁƢƯȉơ ǞǼŭ
ƨƯƎȂǴŭơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬǴdz ǀƼƬĄƫ Śƥơƾƫ ȅƗ (Ʊ)ȁ ƢȀǼǷ ǦȈǨƼƬdzơ
.(ÎÕÍ)ƢȀƬŪƢǠŭ ȁƗ
ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ ÏÔ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÎÍÏ
Ǫūơ Ǿdz ƣƢǰLjǻȏơ ƔơǂƳ ǺǷ ƧǁȂǏ ȅƘƥ ǁǂǔƬȇ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ǹƜǧ
ƨƯƎȂǴŭơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǮdzƢǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ǑơǂƬǧơ ǭƢǼǿȁ .ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ Ŀ
ƔƤºǟ Ŀ ȏƆ ȂŢ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .ƣƢǰLjǻȏơ ǾƦƦLjȇ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ Ǻǟ
.(ÎÕÎ) ƨƯȂǴŭơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǾƦƦLJ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ƩƢƦƯƛ
Ŀ ÎÖÕÐ ǵƢºǠdz ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǫ ǺǷ ÏÕ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÎÍÐ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ (ÎÕÏ)ƢȈǯǂƫ
ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ŚǐǬƫ ǹȁƽ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ Ƣđ ǂǔȇ ȁƗ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƭȂǴȇ ǺǷ ŐƬǠĄȇ
.ǾƯƾƷƗ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔǴdz ȁƗ ƭȂǴƬǴdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƨŦƢǼdzơ
ÐÑÎÓ Ƕǫǁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ DzȇƾǠƬǯ ÏÕ ƧƽƢŭơ ƪƯƾƸĄƬLJơ ƾǫȁ -ÎÍÑ
ǞºLJơȂdzơ ǦºȇǂǠƬdzơ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ .ÎÖÕÕ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ Ð ƹǁƚŭơ
Śǣ DzǠǧ ƭȁƾƷ ƪƦưȇ ǹƗ Ȇǟƾŭơ ǺǷ ǂǷȋơ ȆǔƬǬȇ ÏÕ ƧƽƢǸǴdz
ƨºƯƎȂǴŭơ ƧƽƢºŭơ ǮºdzƢǷ ŐƬǠĄȇ ŕƷ ǁǂǔdzơȁ ƤƦLjƬdzơȁ ňȂǻƢǫ
Ǎǂºūơ" ȄǔºƬǬŠ Ǟǧƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ ȏȁ .(ÎÕÐ)ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ
ơƆƔƢǼưƬºLJơ ơǀºǿ ƨȈǟȂºǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǵƢǜǻ ƾǠȇȁ ."ƤƳơȂdzơ
ǹȂǻƢǫ Ŀ ŚǐǬƬdzơ ƤƦLjƥ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ǻǟ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬǴdz
__________
.Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÑ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÎÔÖ)
.Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÕ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÎÕÍ)
.ÏÔÔ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Sinatambou (ÎÕÎ)
ÎÎ Resmi Gazete ÏÕÔÏ Ƕºººǫǁ Çevre Kanunu (ÎÕÏ)
ÎÖÕÕ ÎÖÕÓ ÎÖÕÑ ǵơȂºǟȋơ Ŀ ƨdzƾǠŭơ) ÎÖÕÐ ǵƢǟ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ
Turgut, “Definition and valuation of ƢƆºǷȂǸǟ ǂǜǻơ .(ÎÖÖÎȁ ÎÖÖÍ
ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƾǼƬLjƫȁ .environmental damage in Turkey”, pp. 281 and 283
.ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ńƛ ȆǯǂƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
.ÏÕÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Turgut (ÎÕÐ)
134
ȅǂLjºȇȂLjdzơ ŅơǁƾȈǨdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ (ƣ)ÒÖ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ -ÖÕ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȅƽƢŢȏơ džǴƴǸǴdz ǃȂŸ ƧǁǂǔƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƨȇƢŧ Ǒơǂǣȋ
ʼnƾǬƫ ƩƖnjǼŭơ ȁƗ ƩƢLjLJƚŭơ ǒǠƥ ȆǰdzƢǷ ǺǷ ƤǴǘȇ ǹƗ (Ɨ)
žȃǂƻƗ ƨǴȈLJȁ ȅƗȁ śǷƘƫ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūƢƥ ǶȀƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ǻǟ ǹƢǸǓ
ƨǘǴLjºǴdz Ǯdzƿ ǭǂƫ ȁƗ ƨǻƢǸǔdzơ ǮǴƫ ƧƾǷȁ ǩƢǘǻ ƾȇƾŢ (ƣ)
žƧƾƷ ȄǴǟ ƨdzƢƷ Dzǯ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿ ǁǂǬƬdz
ǁƢǘƻƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ǻǟ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ǹȂǷƾǬȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǺǷ ƤǴǘȇ (Ʊ)
žǾǨǫȂƫ ƾǼǟ ȁƗ ǾǬȈǴǠƫ ȁƗ ǾǷƾǟ ȁƗ ǹƢǸǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƽȂƳȂƥ ƿƢǨǻȍơ ƨǘǴLJ
ȏƛ Ǿºƥ DzǸǠdzơ ǦǫȂƬȇ ȁƗ ǪǴǠȇ Ǻdz ǹƢǸǔdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼdzơ (ƽ)
žǁƢǘƻȍơ ǶǴLjƫ ǺǷ ƢƆǷȂȇ śƬLJ ƾǠƥ
ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ǞǫơȂǷ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǵƢǬĄƫ Ŗdzơ Ǒǁȋơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼdzơ (ǿ)
ǺºLJȁ ǞǫȂŭơ ǩȐǣƛ ƾǼǟ ǹȂƬǻƢǰdzơ ƩƢǰǴƬŲ ǺǷ ƶƦǐƫ ǹƗ ƢŮƖǷ ƩȐǔǨdzơ
.ǒȇȂǠƫ ȅƘƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƶƟơȂdz
ǪºǴǠƬŭơ ÎÖÖÒ ǵƢºǠdz LIII ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǶǜǼȇ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ Ŀȁ -ÖÖ
ƨºȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ǵƢǠdzơ DžƢLJȋơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸū ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzƢƥ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ÎÍÎ ǝǂǨdzơ ǎǼȇȁ .ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǽƢš
ƢȀưȇȂǴƬƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ȁƗ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ȄǴǟ ơƆǂǘƻ Dzǰnjȇ ǺǷ Dzǯ ŐƬǠĄȇ -Î
ƨǘnjºǻȋơ ǮǴƬƥ ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥ ŚǐǬƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ Ƣđ ǁơǂǓȍơ ȁƗ
ƢƆºǠǷ ȄǸLjĄƫ) ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ Ƣđ ǮȀƬǼȇ ƨǘnjǻƗ DžǁƢŻ ǺǷ ȁƗ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ȆƟƢǼŪơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ) ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ("ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ Śǣ ƨǘnjǻƗ" ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ
ǵƢºǰƷƗȁ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǹȂǸǔŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ (ƢǿŚǣȁ ȅǁơƽȍơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ňƾŭơ
.ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢŠ ǵȂǬȇ ǹƗ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ Śǣ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǮǴƫ DžǁƢŻ ǺǷ ȄǴǟȁ -Ï
ǹƗȁ ƢºȀưȇȂǴƫ ȁƗ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ȄǴǟ ǂǘƻ DzȈǰnjƫ Ǻǟ ǦǫȂƬȇ ǹƗ (Ɨ)
žƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǁơǂǓȍơ Ǻǟ Ǧǰȇ
žǾƦƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ DzƦǬȇ ǹƗ (ƣ)
DzºƦǫ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ƢŮƢƷ ńƛ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƾȈǠȇ ǹƗ (Ʊ )
.ǕƢnjǼdzƢƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ
(Ï) ȆǟǂǨdzơ ƾǼƦdzơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ŚƥƾƬdzơ ƿƢţơ ǵƾǟ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ -Ð
ȁƗ ƨǘǴLjºǴdz ǃȂºŸ ƆƢºƷƢų ǪǬŹ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǀƼČƫơ ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ ȁƗ (Ʊ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ǽǂǜƷ ȁƗ ǾǬȈǴǠƫ ƢŮ ǃȂŸ ƢǸǯ ǕƢnjǼdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƾȈǬƫ ǹƗ Ǯdzǀƥ ƨdzȂƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ
.ƢēǂǫƗ Ŗdzơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ DzǨǰƫ ŕƷ
Ŀ ÎÖÖÎ ǵƢºǠdz ƨºȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨºȇƢǸūơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ ǥƾŮơȁ -ÎÍÍ
Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƢƆǷƢǜǻ ƞnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơȁ (ÎÔÕ)DžȂȈnjȇǁȂǷ
ƩƢƥƢǰLjǻȏơȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ DzǸnjȇ ǹƗ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
__________
ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ǹȂǻƢǬƥ ƨdzƾǠŭơ ǾƬǤȈǐƥ ÎÖÖÎ ǵƢǠdz ÐÑ Ƕǫǁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ (ÎÔÕ)
ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Sintambou ƢƆºǷȂǸǟ ǂºǜǻơ .ÎÖÖÐ ǵƢǠdz (DzȇƾǠƬdzơ)
.ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjƫ DžȂȈnjȇǁȂǷ ǹȂǻƢǬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơȁ .ÏÔÖ-ÏÔÒ Ǎ
135 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
(ÎÖÑ)ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ Ŀ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ Ƨǁơƽƛ ǹȂǻƢǫ ȁƗ Ronchi Decree ǵȂLJǂǷȁ
ƨƸǧƢǰŭ ƧƽƢǔŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ (ÎÖÒ)ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ Ŀ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ
.ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ Ŀ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ƭȂǴƫ
Ŀ ÎÖÖÍ ǵƢǠdz ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ IIA ƔDŽŪơ ǁǂǬȇȁ -ÎÍÕ
ȆǓơǁȋơ ǹƘnjƥ ÎÖÖÒ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ǾǴȇƾǠƫ Ļ ƢǸǯ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ
ƨºƯȂǴŭơ ȆǓơǁȌdz ơƆƾȇƾƳ ƢƆǷƢǜǻ (ÎÖÓ)ƧǁȂƴȀŭơ ǶƳƢǼŭơȁ ƨƯȂǴŭơ
ƾºȇƾƸƬƥ ƿƢǨǻȍơ ƩƢǘǴLjdz ƵƢǸLjdzơ ńƛ ȄǠLjȇ ȂȀǧ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ
ƵȐǏƛ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DzǸƸƬȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȅǀdzơ "ƤLJƢǼŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ"
Ŗdzơ ƵȐǏȍơ Śƥơƾƫ ǁȁƢnjƬdzơ ƾǠƥ ǁǂǬƫ ǹƗȁ (ÎÖÔ)ƨƯȂǴŭơ Ǒǁȋơ
ǎƼnjºdzơ ǞºǷ ǩƢºǨƫȏơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ơǀǿ ǶƬȇȁ .ƢǿƿƢţơ ȆǤƦǼȇ
ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ȁƗ ƩƢƷȐǏȍƢƥ ơƆǁƢǘƻƛ ǾǸȈǴLjƫ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƤLJƢǼŭơ
ƿƢºǨǻȍơ ƩƢǘǴLJ ƽƾŢȁ .ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ ƨȈǴǸǠƥ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǵƢȈǫ
ƘnjºǼȇ ƢǸǯ .ƢȀǴǸƸƬƫ ǹƗ śǠƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȀŪơȁ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ƨƦLjǻ ƢƆǔȇƗ
.ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȎdz ǵƢǟ DzƴLJ ƢƆǔȇƗ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ÎÖÖÍ ǵƢºǠdz ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǑǂǨȇȁ -ÎÍÖ
ȁƗ ǹȂƦƦLjºȇ ǺȇǀºǴdzơ ǍƢƼºNjȋơ ȄǴǟ ȆǠƳǁ ǂƯƘƥ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ
śǴǣƢnjdzơ ȁƗ śǰdzƢŭơ ȁƗ (ÎÖÕ)ƾǐǫȁ ǶǴǟ Ǻǟ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ǹȂƸǸLjȇ
__________
.ÎÖÖÔ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj Ò ƹǁƚŭơ ÖÔ/ÏÏ ȆǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ǵȂLJǂŭơ (ÎÖÑ)
ǵȂLJǂŭơ) ÎÖÖÖ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÓ Ŀ ƿƢǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ ǵƢǜǼdzơ Dzƻƽ ƾǫȁ
.(ÖÖ/ÑÔÎ ȅǁơǃȂdzơ
.ÎÖÖÕ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÎ ƹǁƚŭơ ÎÖÖÕ/ÎÍ Ƕǫǁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ (ÎÖÒ)
Ŀȁ ÏÍÍÍ DzºȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ Î Ŀ ơǂƬǴǰǻơ Ŀ ƿƢǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ Dzƻƽ (ÎÖÓ)
.ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Clarke ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǂǜǻƗ .ÏÍÍÍ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÎÑ Ŀ ơƾǼǴƬǰLJơ
ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂºǜǻơ .ƧƽƢŭơ ǮǴƫ ńƛ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƾǼƬLjƫȁ
ǀºȈǨǼƫ :ƨƯȂǴŭơ ȆǓơǁȋơ" :ÏÍÍÍ/ÍÏ ǪǗƢǼŭơȁ DzǬǼdzơȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơ Ƨǁơƽƛ ǁȂnjǼǷ
Department of ) "ÎÖÖÍ ǵƢºǠdz ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ƨºȇƢŧ ǹȂǻƢºǫ ǺºǷ IIA ƔDŽŪơ
Environment, Transport and the Regions circular 02/2000,
“Contaminated land: implementation of part IIA of the Environmental
.(Protection Act 1990”
ƨºƯȂǴŭơ ȆǓơǁȋơ (Ï) ȆǟǂǨdzơ ƾǼƦdzơ ǦdzƗ ÔÕ ǝǂǨdzơ ǥǂǠȇ (ÎÖÔ)
:ŅƢƬdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ IIA ƔDŽŪơ Ǒơǂǣȋ
Ŀ Ǒǁȋơ ǮºǴƫ ǞºǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǴƄơ ƨǘǴLjǴdz ȁƾƦȇ ǑǁƗ ȅƗ"
ƢȀȈǴǟ ȁƗ Ǒǁȋơ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂǷ ƽơȂǷ ƤƦLjƥ ƨdzƢūơ ǮǴƬƥ ƢĔƗ ƢȀƬǬǘǼǷ
:ǹȂǰƫȁ ƢȀƬŢ ȁƗ
ƨºť ǭƢºǼǿ ǹȂºǰȇ ȁƗ ŚƦǯ ǁǂǓ ƭȁƾƷ Ŀ ƢƆƦƦLJ (Ɨ)"
ȁƗ žǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƭȁƾŞ ŚƦǯ DZƢǸƬƷơ
DZƢǸƬƷơ ȁƗ ƨƦǫơǂŭ Ǟǔţ ǽƢȈŭ ƭȂǴƫ ƭȁƾƷ Ŀ ƢƆƦƦLJ (ƣ)"
."ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ DzưǷ ƭȁƾƷ
.ǑǂǤdzơ ơǀŮ ƢƆȈȀȈƳȂƫ ơƆǁȂnjǼǷ ǁƾǐȇ ǹƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǂȇǃȂdz ǃȂŸ
ƤºLJƢǼŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ..." :(Ï) ȆǟǂǨdzơ ƾǼƦdzơ ȁơȁ ÔÕ ǝǂǨdzơ (ÎÖÕ)
ǶǴǟ Ǻǟ ƶũ ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ ȁƗ ƤċƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ƾƷƗ ȁƗ ǎƼNj ȅƗ Ȃǿ
Ǒǁȋơ Ŀ ƭȂºǴƬdzơ ƭƾºƷ ƢȀƦƦLjƥ Ŗdzơȁ ƢȀǼǷ ȅƘƥ ȁƗ ƽơȂŭơ ǮǴƬƥ ƾǐǫȁ
."ƢȀƬŢ ȁƗ ƢȀȈǴǟ ȁƗ ƮƸƦdzơ ǞǓȂǷ
ǹȂǻƢºǬǴdz ȃǂƻȋơ ƩȏƢĐơ Ŀ ƨdzȂƦǬŭơȁ ŚǤdzƢƥ ƧǁƢǔdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
.ȆǯǂƬdzơ ňƾŭơ
ȆƳȂºdzȂǰȇȍơ ǹǃơȂºƬdzơ ŚǷƾºƫ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƮȇȂǴƫ DzǸnjȇȁ -ÎÍÒ
ƨºƥǂƬdzơ ȁƗ ƔƢŭơ ȁƗ ƔơȂŮơ Ŀ ƭƾŢ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƫơȂŭơ Śǣ ƩơǁȂǘƬdzơȁ
Ŗdzơ ƨƥȂǣǂŭơ Śǣ ƤǫơȂǠdzơȁ ƨȇǂnjƦdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǝơȂǻƗ ǞȈǸŪ ƨƴȈƬǻ
ƨºŦƢǼdzơ ƽơȂŭơ Ǧȇǂǐƫȁ ƔƢǓȂǔdzơȁ ƶƟơȁǂdzơ ǺǷ ƨƠȈƦdzơ Ŀ ƭƾŢ
.(ÎÕÑ) ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǮǴƫ Ǻǟ
(ÎÕÒ)ơƾǼǴǼǧ Ŀ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ DzưŻȁ -ÎÍÓ
ǹȂǻƢºǫȁ (ÎÕÓ)DZƢºǤƫŐdzơ Ŀ ƨºƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ȆLJƢLJȋơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ
ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ (ÎÕÔ)ǭǂŶơƾdzơ Ŀ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ǁǂǔdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ (ÎÕÖ)(Miljöbalken) ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ (ÎÕÕ)ǹƢǻȂȈdzơ Ŀ
ńƛ ƾǼƬLjºƫȁ ƨºƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƫ ƢƆǏȂǐǻ ƾȇȂLjdzơ Ŀ ȆƠȈƦdzơ
.(ÎÖÍ)ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƩƖnjǼŭơȁ ƨǘnjǻȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǪºǴǠƬƫ ƩƢǠȇǂnjºƫ ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǒǠƥ ƪǠǓȁ ƾǫȁ -ÎÍÔ
ǽǀºǿ DzǸnjƫȁ .ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ƵȐǏƜƥ
(ÎÖÎ)ǭǂŶơƾºdzơ Ŀ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz ƨƯȂǴŭơ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơ
(ÎÖÏ)ơƾǼǴǼǧ Ŀ ÏÍÍÍ ǵƢǠdz ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ ÎÏ DzǐǨdzơȁ
(ÎÖÐ)
ƢºȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ (BBodSchG) ƨºƥǂƬdzơ ƨȇƢǸū ȅƽƢŢȏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ
Ŀ ƨºƥǂƬdzơ ƨºȇƢŧ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƤƳȂŠ Ǯdzǀǯ Ǿƥ ǀŏǨǻĄ ȅǀdzơ DzǰnjdzƢƥ
ÎÖÖÖ ǾºȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÎÏ ƹǁƚŭơ (BBodSchV) ƨƯȂǴŭơ ȆǓơǁȋơ
__________
.ÏÕÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÕÑ)
.ÖÑ/ÔÐÔ Ƕǫǁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ (ÎÕÒ)
.ÎÖÕÔ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ Ô ƹǁƚŭơ Lei de Bases do Ambiente (ÎÕÓ)
.ÎÖÖÑ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ Ó ƹǁƚŭơ ÏÏÒ Ƕǫǁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ (ÎÕÔ)
Official Gazette No. 160, ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǠdz ÎÓÒÍ Ƕǫǁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ (ÎÕÕ)
.part I (16 October 1986), pp. 3257–3272
ƿƢºǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ Dzƻƽȁ ÎÖÖÕ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ Ŀ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǸĄƬǟơ (ÎÕÖ)
.ÎÖÖÖ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Î Ŀ
Clarke, ƢƆºǷȂǸǟ ǂǜǻơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǵƢǠdzơ ǦǏȂdzơ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdz (ÎÖÍ)
.Update Comparative Legal Study
DzºŹ ȅǁơƽƛȁ ǵƢǟ ňȂǻƢǫ ǵƢǜǻ ơǀǿ .ÖÖ/ÐÔÍ Ƕǫǁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ (ÎÖÎ)
ÑÏÍ Ƕºǫǁ) ƨºƯȂǴŭơ ǞǫơȂŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ DzŰ
ƩƢƦȈºLJǂƫ ǹȂǻƢºǫ ǶLJƢƥ ǥǂǠĄȇ ƢƆǔȇƗ) (ÎÖÖÍ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÎÐ ƹǁƚŭơ
Ó ƹǁƚŭơ ÐÒÕ Ƕǫǁ) ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ (ƨƯȂǴŭơ Ǒǁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ȁƗ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ
.(ÎÖÖÎ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ
Î Ŀ ƿƢºǨǼdzơ DŽºȈƷ Dzºƻƽ ƾǫȁ ÏÍÍÍ/ÕÓ Ƕǫǁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ (ÎÖÏ)
DzŰ DzŹ ơƆƾȇƾƳ ƢƆȇǁơƽƛȁ ƢƆǷƢǟ ƢƆǷƢǜǻ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƭƾƸƬLjȇȁ .ÏÍÍÍ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ
ǹȂǻƢǫȁ (ÎÖÖÐ ǵƢǟ ǹȂǻƢǫ) ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ Ƨƽǁơȁ ƨǴǐǨǼǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ
.ǾǴǸǰƬLjȇ ƢǸǯ ǽƢȈŭơ
ƨºȈƦdzƢǣ ƪƸƦºǏƗȁ .ÎÖÖÕ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ Ŀ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǸĄƬǟơ (ÎÖÐ)
.ÎÖÖÖ DžǁƢǷ /ǁơƿƕ Î Ŀ DZȂǠǨŭơ ƨȇǁƢLJ ǾǷƢǰƷƗ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǹƗ ńƛ ȆºǴƄơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǽȐǟƗ ƽǁơȂdzơ ǑơǂǠƬLJȏơ Śnjȇȁ -ÎÎÏ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷ ǹȉơ ȁƾƦƫ ƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƢƆǷȂȀǨǷ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Ŗºdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǩƢǘǻ ƩȁƢǨƬȇ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǸǜǻȋơ ǶǜǠǷ ǺǷ
ƧƽȁƾºŰ ǹȂǰƫ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǒǠƥ Ŀȁ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz Ǟǔţ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơ DžƢLJȋơ ǺȇƢƦƬȇ ƢǸǯ .ǂƻȉơ ǒǠƦdzơ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ
"ƧǂǗƢºƼŭơ" ǵȂºȀǨǷ ńƛ "ǑǂºƬǨŭơ ŚǐǬƬdzơ" ǺǷ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
ǺǷ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ .Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƢǷȁ "ǂǘƻ ǺǷ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǾȈǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ ƢǷ" ȁƗ
ǺºǷ ŚƦǯ ƽƾǟ ȃƾdz ǞƟƢNj ƗƾƦǷ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƗ ȆǴŪơ
ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ƨƥǂš ƢȀȇƾdz Ŗdzơȁ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǸǜǻȋơ Ʃơƿ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ
ƨǴǐdzơ ǪȈƯȁ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀǿ ƾǠĄȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ƧǁȁǂǓ Ŀ DzưǸƬƫ
ơǀŮ ǍƢŬơ ǪȈƦǘƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǦǴƬţ DZȁƾdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ǹȋȁ .Ƣđ
ǵƾƼƬLjĄƫȁ .ƧŚƦǯ ƨƳǁƾƥ ǹƢđƢnjƬȇ Ǿdz ƢȀƬǣƢȈǏȁ ƢȀǸȀǧ ǹƜǧ ƗƾƦŭơ
ƩƢǠȇǂnjºƬdzơ Ŀ ơƆƾºȇơDŽƬǷ ƢƆǷơƾƼƬLJơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
.ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ -Ï
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǵȂºȀǨǷ DZƢƻƽƛ ǹƜǧ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƢǷƗ -ÎÎÐ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ Ŀ ǾºǼǷ ơƆǁȂºǘƫ DzǫƗ Ȃǿȁ ƆƢȈƦLjǻ ƾȇƾƳ ǂǷƗ ǾǬȈƦǘƫȁ
ǝơȂǻƗ ǹƗ ƧǂƻƘƬŭơ ƨȇơƾƦdzơ ǽǀǿ ƣƢƦLJƗ ƾƷƗ ǹƢǯ ƢŠǁȁ .ȆǴƻơƾdzơ
ƧȁȐºǟȁ .ƢƆȈƦLjǻ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǟ ǁǂǓ ńƛ ƨȇƽƚŭơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ
ƢºǷ ƨºdzȁƽ Dzƻơƽ ƨȇǁƢŪơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ śƥ ǺǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ
ǞƦǘdzƢƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǟ ƨǷƢǿ ǁƢƯƕ ƢŮ ƧŚưǯ ƨǘnjǻƗ
ȃǂƻƗ ǶȈǿƢǨǷ ǞǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵȂȀǨǷ ǦȈȈǰƫ ƩƢƥȂǠǏ DzǿƢš ǵƾǟ
ƨºȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ DzưǷ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƨƼLJơǂdzơ ǶȈǿƢǨŭơ ǺǷ
ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǁȂǘƫ ǹƗ DZƢūơ Ǟǫơȁȁ .ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƧƽƢȈLjdzơȁ
ǹƗ ȏƛ .ƨºǴƯƢŲ ƩƢƥȂǠǏ ǥƽƢǏ ƆƢǨǻƕ ǾƷƢǔȇƛ Ļ ƢǷ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ
ǺºǷ Śưºǯ Ŀ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơȁ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ - ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ Ʃơǁȁǂǔdzơ
ǺǷ ǽŚǣ ǞǷ ƾȇƾŪơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿ ǦȈȈǰƫ ńƛ ƩƽƗ DZȁƾdzơ
ƨºȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjºdzơ ŁƢǏ ǵƾţ ƢĔƗ ŐĄƬǟơ ǩǂǘƥ ǶȈǿƢǨŭơ
.ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơȁ
ƨºǸǜǻƗ ƭơƾƸƬºLJơ ńƛ ƨºƳƢūƢƥ ǶȈǴLjƬdzơ ȃǂƳ ƾǫȁ -ÎÎÑ
Ŀ Ǯºdzƿ Ǻºǟ ŚºƦǠƬdzơ ȃǂƳȁ Ņȁƽ ǩƢȈLJ ǺǸǓ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz
ǂŤƚºǷ ǹȐººǟƛ ǺǷ ÏÏ ƗƾƦŭơ ȆǨǧ .ǭȂǰºǐdzơ ǺǷ ƽƾºǟ
Ŀ ǁƽƢǐºdzơ ŃȂȀǯȂƬºLJ ǹȐǟƛ) ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ řǠŭơ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƢǿƽƢǨǷ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ƨǟƢǼǫ Ǻǟ ƣǂǟƌƗ (ÏÍÒ)(ÎÖÔÏ ǵƢǟ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂȇȂǘƫ ƧƽƢȇDŽdz DZȁƾdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬƫ
Ǟǔţ ƨǘnjǻƗ ƢȀƦƦLjƫ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơȁ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƢȇƢƸǓ ǒȇȂǠƫȁ
.DZȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ƨȇȏȁ Ǻǟ ƨƳǁƢƻ ǪǗƢǼŭ DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƥ ƧǂǘȈLJ ȁƗ ƨȇȏȂdz
__________
Report of the United Nations Conference on the (ÏÍÒ)
Environment, Stockholm, 5–16 June 1972 (United Nations publication,
.Sales No.E.73.II.A.14)
136
ǵƢºǜǻȁ ǝȂºǧƽ ƨǠǔƥ ȃȂLJ ǾȈǧ ƽǂȇ ȏȁ .(ÎÖÖ)ǞǫȂǸǴdz śȈdzƢūơ
ǂºǏƢǼǟ ǞǸŸ ȅǀdzơ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ƽơƾLJ ǎǐƷ ǞȇǃȂƬdz DzċǐǨǷ
ƩơǁƢºƦƬƻơ ǞºǷ (ÏÍÍ)ƨȈƦLJƢǼƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ DzǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ
ƨƸǐǴdz ơƆǁǂǓ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ "ǁǂǔdzơ" ǥċǂǠĄȇȁ .(ÏÍÎ)ƔƢǼưƬLJȐdz ƧƽƾǠƬǷ
ǶǜǼºdzơ Ŀ ǂƻƕ ǝȂǻ ǺǷ Ȑ Ɔ ƻĈ ƾƫ ȁƗ ƨȈūơ ƨȇȂǔǠdzơ ƩƢǼƟƢǰǴdz ȁƗ
Ǯdzƿ DzǸnjȇ ǂnjƦdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ ƢȀǼǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ
.(ÏÍÏ)ƩƢǰǴƬǸǸǴdz DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ơƿƛ ƵȐǏȍƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǁƢǘƻȎdz ǎƼNj DzưƬŻ ȏƗ ǃȂŸȁ -ÎÎÍ
DzǸnjºȇȁ .Ǯdzǀdz ƩơǁƢǘƻȎdz Ǻȇǂƻȉơ śǸǴƬLjŭơ ƾƷƗ DzưƬŻ Ń
ƩơƔƢǼưƬºLJȐdz ơƆƾǬǠǷ ƢƆǷƢǜǻȁ (ÏÍÐ)ǥƢǼƠƬLJȐdz ơƆǁŐǷ ÎÖ ǵƢǜǼdzơ
ǥơǂºǗȋơ ȄºǴǟ ƩƢǔºȇȂǠƬdzơ ƽơƾLJ ǎǐƷ ǞȇǃȂƫ ƾǟơȂǬdzȁ
ƩơƔƢǼưƬºLJȏơ ǒǠƥ ǺǸǔƬƫȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǮǴƬdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ Ǻȇǂƻȉơ
ǥǂºǗ Dzƻƾºƫ DzưǷ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ǝȂǧƾdz ƨLJȂǸǴǷ ǂǏƢǼǟ
ƪǤȈǏ ƾǫ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȏơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ȏƛ .ǁǂǔdzơ ƭȁƾƷ ǞǫȂƫȁ ƮdzƢƯ
Ǟǧƾºdzơ ƾȇƾƸƬdzƢƥ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂǯǀȇ ȏȁ .ƾȈȈǬƬdzơ ƧƾȇƾNj ƩơǁƢƦǟ Ŀ
ȅƗȁ ǝȂǧƾºdzơ ǺºǷ ǹƿȎdz DZƢưƬǷȏơ ƾĈ ǠĄȇ ȏȁ .ƧǂǿƢǫ ƧȂǫ ƽȂƳȂƥ
ȄºǴǟ ȅȂºǘǼƫ ƨȈƟƢǼƳ ƨǬƷȐŭ Ǟǔţ ǹƗ ƶăƳǂĄȇ ǹƿȎdz ƨǨdzƢű
.(ÏÍÑ)ƾNjƗ ƵȐǏȍ ƩƢƦǴǘƬǷȁ ƩơƔơDŽƳ
ǶȈLjºǬƫ ǹƗ ǽƽƢǨǷ ƢƆǷƢǟ ƗƆƾƦǷ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƞnjǼȇȁ -ÎÎÎ
Dzǰdz ƨȈƦLjǼdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ džǰǠȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƽơƾLJ ǎǐƷ
.ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǾƦƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ǂǘŬơ ǁơǂǸƬLJơ ȁƗ ƽƢŸƛ Ǻǟ DZȁƚLjǷ ǥǂǗ
__________
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ (Ò)ȁ (Ñ) ǹƢȈǟǂǨdzơ ǹơƾǼƦdzơ ȁơȁ ÔÕ ǝǂǨdzơ ǎǼȇ" (ÎÖÖ)
ǁƢLjºǨƬLJȏơ ƾºǠƥ ǎƼºNj ȅƗ ǹƗ śƦƬȇ Ń ơƿƛ (Ñ)"
ǎƼnjºdzơ ǽȐºǟƗ (Ï) ȆǟǂǨdzơ ƾǼƦdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ DZȂǬǠŭơ
ȄºǴǟ Ƣđ ǵƢȈǬdzơ śǠƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƔƢȈNjȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DzǸƸƬdz ƤLJƢǼŭơ
ƢȀǴǣƢNj ȁƗ ƮƸƦdzơ ǞǓȂǷ ƨƯȂǴŭơ Ǒǁȋơ ǮdzƢǷ ƾǠĄȇ ƵȐǏȍơ DzȈƦLJ
.ƤLJƢǼŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ
ǭƢºǼǿ ǹƗ ǽȐºǟƗ (Ð) ȆǟǂǨdzơ ƾǼƦǴdz ƨƴȈƬǻ śƦƫ ơƿƛ (Ò)"
ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǺǰŻ Ń Ŗdzơȁ ƵȐǏȍơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ Ƣđ ǵƢȈǬdzơ śǠƬȇ ƔƢȈNjƗ
ƤºƳȂŠ DZȂǬǠǷ ǁƢLjǨƬLJơ ƾǠƥ ƤLJƢǼŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ȄǴǟ ǁȂưǠdzơ Ƣđ
ƨºƯȂǴŭơ Ǒǁȋơ DzǣƢºNj ȁƗ ǮºdzƢǷ ƾǠĄȇ ǽȐǟƗ (Ï) ȆǟǂǨdzơ ƾǼƦdzơ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ƤLJƢǼŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ Ȃǿ ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƮƸƦdzơ ǞǓȂǷ
."ƔƢȈNjȋơ ǮǴƬƥ
.(Ô)ȁ (Ó) ǹƢȈǟǂǨdzơ ǹơƾǼƦdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÍÍ)
ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ƺȇǁơȂƫ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨǸǜǻȋơ DzȈǏƢǨƫ ǒǠƥ ƩȁƢǨƬƫ (ÏÍÎ)
ơƾºǼdzǂȇƕȁ DŽºǴȇȁ ơƾǼǴƬǰLJơ ơǂƬǴǰǻƛ) ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸǴdz ƨǻƎȂǰŭơ ƔơDŽƳȋơ śƥ
.ƢȀƦǻơȂƳ ǶǜǠǷ Ŀ ơƆƾƳ ǾƥƢnjƬƫ ƢȀǼǰdz (ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ
.(Ñ) ȆǟǂǨdzơ ƾǼƦdzơ ǦdzƗ ÔÕ ǝǂǨdzơ (ÏÍÏ)
ƿƢºǨǻȍơ ƩƢǘǴºLJ ǵƢºȈǫ ǵƾǠƥ ƨȈLjȈƟǁ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǽǀǿ ǪǴǠƬƫ (ÏÍÐ)
Ǯºdzƿ DZƢưǷȁ ƨǸǜǻȌdz ȁƗ ƩƢȀȈƳȂƬǴdz ȁƗ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǥǂǐƬdzƢƥ
ȁƗ ƵȐǏȍơ ƣȂƳȂdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ȁƗ ƘǘŬơ ǎƼnjǴdz ǁƢǘƻƛ ǶȈǴLjƫ
.ƢȀȈǧ ǢdzƢƦǷ ƨǓȁǂǨŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȁƗ ƣȂǴǘŭơ ȆƷȐǏȍơ ƔơǂƳȍơ ǹƗ
.ǶȈǷ ÔÕ ǝǂǨdzơ (ÏÍÑ)
137 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƨƠǨdzơ ǦdzƘƬƫȁ -ÎÎÕ
ǺºǷ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǝȂǓȂǷ DZȁƢǼƬƫȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ Ŗdzơ
ƽơȂºŭơȁ ǖǨǼºdzơȁ ƨƷȐŭƢƥ ńȁȋơ ƨƳǁƾdzƢƥ ƨȈǼǠǷ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ
ńȁƗ ǺǷȁ .ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ DzǸnjƫ ȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǟƢǘǫȁ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
DZƢºů Ŀ ƨºȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ƪdzȁƢǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ
ǺǷ ƾūƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƾȈƷȂƬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƨƷȐŭơ
ƾºǠƥ ƢºǸȈǧ ƢºȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ) ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ȆǰdzƢǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀºǿ ƪºƸũȁ .(ÏÍÖ)("ÎÖÏÑ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ" ƥ
ǺǨLjdzơ ȆǰdzƢǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǺǷ ƾūƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢȀƬǴƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁ
__________
ƾºūơ Ŀ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ Ǫūơ ȄǴǟ ǁȂưǠdzơ ǺǰŻ ƨȈźǁƢƬdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ (ÏÍÖ)
ǂnjǟ ǞƥƢLjdzơ ǹǂǬdzơ ńƛ ǾǟƢƳǁƛ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơȁ ƧǁƢƬű ǥȁǂǛ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ
DZȐƻ ǺǷ ǶȀƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǺǷ ƾūƢƥ ǺǨLjdzơ ȆǰdzƢŭ ƶǸLjƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ Ŀ
śǻơȂºǫ Ŀ ƧƽȂºƳȂǷ ǵƢºǰƷȋơ ǮǴƫȁ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơȁ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƨǸȈǫ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ
(Hanseatic Ordinances) ƨººȇDŽǻƢŮơ ǺºȈǻơȂǬdzơȁ ÎÓÍÐ ǵƢǠdz ǡǁȂºƦǷƢǿ
džȇȂºdz ǽǁƾǏƗ ȅǀdzơ ÎÓÕÎ ǵƢǠdz ȅǂƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ÎÓÑÑȁ ÎÓÎÑ ȆǷƢǠdz
Pardessus, Collection de lois maritimes antérieures au ǂǜǻơ) ǂnjǟ Ǟƥơǂdzơ
ǺǨLjdzơ ȆǰdzƢǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺLJ ƾǠƥȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ Ŀȁ .(XVIIIe siècle
ȅƗ" ȄǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ƤǫơȂǠdzơ ȆǘǤȈdz ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǟ Ŀ Ǫūơ ơǀǿ ƾƬǷơ ÎÔÐÐ ǵƢǠdz
ȁƗ ƧǁƢƸƦdzơ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǹƢƥǁ Ǿƥ ǵƢǫ ƧǁƽƢǐǷ ȁƗ ǁǂǓ ȁƗ ƔȆNj ȁƗ ƧƽƢǷ ȁƗ DzǠǧ
ȁƗ ǮºdzƢŭơ ǶºǴǟ ȁƗ ƚºǗơȂƫ ǹȁƽ ǽƾƦǰƫ ȄǴǟ DzǸǟ ȁƗ ǾƦċƦLJ ȁƗ ǶȀǼǷ ȅƗ
Griggs, “Limitation of liability for maritime claims: Ŀ džƦƬǬǷ) "śǰdzƢŭơ
.(the search for international uniformity”, p. 371
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ŐºƬǠĄƫ ÎÖÏÑ ǵƢºǟ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺºǷ Î ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁȁ
ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǞƥơȂƫȁ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơȁ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƨǸȈǫ ȅȁƢLjȇ ǢǴƦŠ ƧƽȁƾŰ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ
:ȆǴȇ ƢŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƤƦLjƥ ƨưdzƢƯ ǥơǂǗȋ ǪƸƬLjŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ -Î"
ƨǼȈǨLjºdzơ ǹƢƥǁ *ƔƢǘƻƗ ȁƗ DZƢǠǧƗ ƔơǂƳ ǺǷ ƔƢŭơ ǩȂǧ ȁƗ Ǒǁȋơ ǩȂǧ
žƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƨǷƾƻ Ŀ DzǸǠȇ ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ȁƗ ƢȀƬǧƽ ƾƟƢǫ ȁƗ
..."
ƤºǰĄƫǁơ ƨƷȐŭơ Ŀ Ƙǘƻ ƤƦLjƥ ǪƸƬLjŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ -Ñ"
."ƾǬǠdzơ ǀȈǨǼƫ ƔƢǼƯƗ
Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƾūơ ǪƦǘǼȇ ȏ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ï ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁȁ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ǮºdzƢǷ ƔƢºǘƻƗ ȁƗ DZƢºǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ -Î"
."*ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǺǷ ƾūƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƢȀƬƦǬǟƗ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿȁ
ǃȂºŸ ÎÖÒÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠȁ .ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ȆǰdzƢǷ
:ȆǴȇ ƢŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǾƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǺǷ ƾŹ ǹƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢŭ
ȅȋ ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ ȆǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǧ (Ɨ)"
ŔǷ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǰǴƬŲ ȅƗ ǁǂǓ ȁƗ ǝƢȈǓȁ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ ǎƼNj
žƨǼȈǨLjdzơ
ǎƼºNj ȅȋ ȆǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǧ (ƣ)"
ȅƘºƥ ǪƸǴƫ Ŗdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjŬơȁ ƔƢŭơ ǩȂǧ ȁƗ Ődzơ ȄǴǟ ƔơȂLJ
ȅƗ DzºǠǧ ƤƦLjºƥ ƭƾºŢ ǩȂǬƷ ȅƗ ǭƢȀƬǻơ ȁƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǰǴƬŲ
ǹȂºǰȇȁ ǽŚǐºǬƫ ȁƗ ǾdzƢŷƛ ƤƦLjƥ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ ǎƼNj
ǎƼNj ȅƗ ȁƗ ǽŚǐǬƫ ȁƗ ǾdzƢŷƛ ȁƗ ǾǴǠǧ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ
Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ǹȂǰȇȁ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ǂƻƕ
."ǽŚǐǬƫ ȁƗ ǾdzƢŷƛ ȁƗ ǾǴǠǧ
(ÏÍÓ)ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǹƘnjƥ Ȃȇǁ ǹȐǟƛ ǺǷ ÎÐ ƗƾƦŭơ ƢǷƗ -ÎÎÒ
:ǹƘƥ ƨǷƢǟ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǾƫơƽƢǼŠ Ņȁƾdzơȁ řǗȂdzơ śǫƢȈLjdzơ DZȁƢǼƬȈǧ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭƢƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁȂǘƫ ǹƗ DZȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǹƗ ƢƆǔºȇƗ DZȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟȁ .ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơȁ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƢȇƢƸǓ ǒȇȂǠƫȁ
ǪºǴǠƬŭơ Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǂȇȂǘƫ ƧƽƢȇDŽdz ƢƆǷDŽǟ ƾNjƗȁ ǞȇǂLJ Dzǰnjƥ ǹȁƢǠƬƫ
Ŗºdzơ ƨºȈƠȈƦdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƨȈƦǴLjdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
.(ÏÍÔ)ƢȀƬȇȏȁ Ǻǟ ƨƳǁƢƻ ǪǗƢǼŭ ƢēǂǘȈLJ ȁƗ ƢȀƬȇȏȂdz Ǟǔţ ƨǘnjǻƗ ƢȀƦƦLjƫ
ƢĔƜǧ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽdzȍơ ƧȂǫ ńƛ ǂǬƬǨƫ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ǞǷȁ -ÎÎÓ
.(ÏÍÕ)ǾƫƢȈǴǔǧƗȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǞǸƬĐơ ňƢǷƗ Ǻǟ ǂďƦǠƫ
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ (Ɨ)
ƩơƾºǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ ǶȈLjǬƫ ǺǰŻ -ÎÎÔ
ƩƢƠǧ ƭȐƯ ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǝȂǓȂŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ
DZȁƢºǼƬƫ Ŗºdzơ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫơ DzǸnjƫȁ ńȁȋơ :ƨǷƢǟ
ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷȁ śǴǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǝȂǓȂǷ
ǹƕ Ŀ ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơ ǵƢǰƷȋơȁ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ Ǯdzƿȁ
žƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ DZȁƾdzơ DzǸĈ Ţ Ŗdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ DzǸnjƫȁ žƢƆǠǷ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ńƛ ƨǷƢǟ ƧǁƢNjƛ ǺǸǔƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ƨưdzƢưdzơ DzǸnjƫȁ
.Ƣđ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơ ȁƗ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz ǂƻƕ ƾȇƾŢ ȅƗ ǹȁƽ
__________
ȁŚǻƢºƳ ȅƽ Ȃȇǁ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ řǠŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǂȇǂǬƫ (ÏÍÓ)
ǞºȈƦŭơ Ƕºǫǁ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩơǁȂnjǼǷ) ÎÖÖÏ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÎÑ-Ð
ǂŤƚºŭơ ƢǿƾºǸƬǟơ Ŗºdzơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ :DZȁȋơ ƾǴĐơ (ƩƢƦȇȂǐƬdzơȁ A.93.I.8
.DZȁȋơ Ǫǧǂŭơ Î ǁơǂǬdzơ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ǁơǂǬƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ƾǬĄǟ ǝƢǸƬƳơ Ŀ (ÏÍÔ)
Ŀ ƨºƠȈƦdzơ Ɣơǁǃȁ śºǰŤ ǑǂǤƥ ÎÖÖÖ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÏÕ ƹǁƚŭơ ÏÑÏ/ÒÐ
DzƦǬƬLjºŭơ ǪȇǂǗ ǶLJǁȁ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơȁ ƨǸȀŭơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǑơǂǠƬLJơ ǺǷ ŃƢǠdzơ
řǗȂºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǂȇȂǘƫȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƞNjƢǼdzơ ǁƢǗȍơ" ǹƗ ǚƷȂdz
ƤºŸȁ .ǵȂºȈdzơ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩơƾȇƾȀƬǴdz ȅƾǐƬǴdz ƢƆǸȈǴLJ ƢƆLJƢLJƗ ǹơǂǧȂȇ
.ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ Ʃơȁƽȋơ śƥ ƢƆǬȈLjǼƫȁ ƢƆǘƥơǂƫ ǂưǯƗ ƲĔ ƿƢţƢƥ Ǯdzƿ ƾȈǯƘƫ
ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ƿƢǨǻȍơȁ DZƢưƬǷȐdz ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǁȁƾdzơ ǭơǁƽƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƤŸȁ
ǪƸǴŭơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨLjǷƢŬơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ)"ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ
.(Ð ƧǂºǬǨdzơ Î/Ó-Ɨ ƽ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǁǂǬǷ DZȁȋơ Ǫǧǂŭơ (A/55/25) ÏÒ Ƕǫǁ
ǺǷ DZȁȋơ ƾǬǠǴdz ƨȈǴƷǂŭơ ǾƬǠƳơǂǷȁ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂȇȂǘƫ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ Ƨǁơƽƛ džǴů ǽƾǸƬǟơ ȅǀdzơ ǺȇǂnjǠdzơȁ ȅƽƢūơ ǹǂǬdzơ
ƨLjºǷƢŬơ Ƨǁȁƾºdzơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ) ǺȇǂnjǠdzơȁ ƨȇƽƢūơ Ǿƫǁȁƽ Ŀ ƨƠȈƦǴdz
ǀȈǨǼƫ ƨǘƻ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ (ÏÐ/ÏÎ ǁǂǬŭơǪǧǂŭơ ÏÒ Ƕǫǁ ǪƸǴŭơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ
ƨºȈǸǼƬǴdz ȆŭƢºǠdzơ ƨǸǬdzơ ǂŤƚǷ ǂȇǂǬƫ ƨǷơƾƬLjŭơ ƨȈǸǼƬǴdz ȆŭƢǠdzơ ƨǸǬdzơ ǂŤƚǷ
Ñ - džǘLjºǣƗ/ƣƕ ÏÓ ƢºȈǬȇǂǧƗ ƣȂºǼƳ ǡŐLjºǻƢǿȂƳ ƨǷơƾƬLjŭơ
E.03.II.A.1, ǞȈƦŭơ Ƕǫǁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶºǷȋơ ƩơǁȂnjǼǷ) ÏÍÍÏ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ
.Ǫǧǂŭơ Ï ǁơǂǬdzơ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơ (and corrigendum
Birnie and Boyle, International Law and the Environment (ÏÍÕ)
ƩơǁȂǘƫ džǰǠƫ ƢȀǠȈŦ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǽǀǿ" ǹƗ ńƛ ÎÍÒ ƨƸǨǐdzơ Ŀ ǹơŚnjȇ Ƣŷȁ
ŅƢºūơ ƢºǿDŽǯǂǷ ƾǠĄȇȁ žDZȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢŲȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ DZƢů Ŀ ơƆƾȀǟ ƣǂǫƗ
ȄǴǟ DzƟȏƾdzơ ǹƗ ȏƛ žƆơŚưǯ ǾȈǧ ƢƆǯȂǰnjǷ ǵƢǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƝƽƢƦǷ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ
ƢȀºƬȈŷƗ ȄºǴǟ ƢƆºǸȀǷ ơƆǂNjƚǷ ȁƾƦȇ Ȃȇǁ ǹȐǟƛ Ŀ Ɣơǁȉơ ǪǧơȂƬƥ ƾȈȇƘƫ ƽȂƳȁ
."ǁȂȀǜdzơ Ŀ Ƨǀƻȉơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǽǀºǿ ƪdzȁƢǼƫ ƾǫȁ (ÏÎÐ)("ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ" ƥ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǪȈLjǼƫ ƧǁȁǂǓ (Ɨ) :Ȇǿȁ ƨǷƢǿ DzƟƢLjǷ ǞƥǁƗ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ƢȀǴȈǤnjƬƥ ǵȂǬȇ ǺǷ ȄǴǟ ȏ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ǞǓȂƫ ƮȈŞ
ƢǸǟ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƾƥ ƭȂǴŭơ ǵƢȈǫ ƨdzƢǨǯ (ƣ) žƨǟƢǔƦdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ
ƨdzơǃƛ (ƽ) žǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ǞȇǃȂƫȁ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƾȇƾŢ (Ʊ) žǁǂǓ ǺǷ ǾƦƦLJ
Ȇºǧ ƨȈǴƷƢLjdzơ DZȁƾdzơ DzȈƦLJ ǑǂƬǠƫ ƩƢƦǬǟ ǺǷ ƨȇȏȂdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǷ
.(ÏÎÑ)ǥƢǯ ǒȇȂǠƫ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ
ƢƆºǷƢǜǻ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢºǠdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƩƘnjǻƗȁ -ÎÏÍ
ƶƦºǏƗȁ .ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ǝċǃȂȇ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz
ǁǂºǓ Dzºǯ Ǻºǟ DzǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ǺǷƢǔƬdzƢƥ śdzȁƚLjǷ ǺǨLjdzơ ȂǰdzƢǷ
śǷƘºƬdzơ ǹƘnjºƥ ƢƆǷƢǰƷƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǺǸǔƬȇȁ .ǽơȂǟƽ ƨƟDŽš ǺǰŻ ȏ
Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ" ǹƘnjƥ ƢƆƸǓơȁ ƢȀǨȇǂǠƫ Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ .ȅǁƢƦƳȍơ
ǁǂǔºdzơ" ƪºǧċǂǟ ƾǬǧ .Ó ƧǂǬǨdzơ Î ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ "ƭȂǴƬdzơ
Ŗdzơ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƱǁƢƻ ǾƦƦLjȇ ǁǂǓ ȁƗ ǹơƾǬǨƥ" "ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ
ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǺǷ ǾǨȇǂǐƫ ȁƗ ǖǨǼdzơ ƩȐǧƛ Ǻǟ ƲƫƢǻ ƭȂǴƫ ǖǨǼdzơ DzǬǼƫ
Ǯºdzƿ Ŀ Dzƻƾºƫȁ ǦȇǂǐƬdzơ ȁƗ ƩȐǧȍơ ơǀǿ ƭƾƷ ƢǸưȈƷ
ǺȇǀºǴdzơ śȈǧƢºǓȍơ ǁǂǔdzơȁ ǹơƾǬǨdzơȁ ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ
ǦºȇǂǠƬdzơ ơǀºǿ ŚLjǨƫ ǂǷƗ ǭǂĄƫ ƾǫȁ ."ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ƢǸȀƦƦLjƫ
Ŗºdzơ ƢȀƬdzƢƷ ńƛ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ŐƬǠƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǶǯƢƸǸǴdz
.(ÏÎÒ)ǁǂǔdzơ ǵȂȀǨǷ Ŀ ƨǴƻơƽ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ
ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢºǠdz ƨºȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƪǴǸǰĄƬLJơ ƾǫȁ -ÎÏÎ
ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƔƢnjǻȍ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏƢƥ
ƾºǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ) ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǠdz ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ
__________
ƭȂºǴƬdzơ ǁơǂºǓƘƥ řºǠŭơ Ņȁƾºdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂŤƚŭơ ƾǸƬǟơ (ÏÎÐ)
Ŀ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ŅƢǟƗ Ŀ DzƻƾƬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ȅǂƸƦdzơ ȆǘǨǼdzơ
Wu Chao, ƢƆºǷȂǸǟ ǂºǜǻơ .ȆºǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƩƢƥƢǏȍơ ƨdzƢƷ
Pollution from the Carriage of Oil by Sea: Liability and Compensation,
.pp. 37–101
ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Birnie and Boyle ǵƢºǟ ǾƳȂƥ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÎÑ)
.ÎÕÏ-ÎÕÎ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Abecassis and Jarashowȁ ÐÕÒ Ǎ
ǁȂººǯǀŭơ ǞººƳǂŭơ Abecassis and Jarashow ǂºǜǻơ (ÏÎÒ)
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ǺǷ ƨǷƢǬƌŭơ ȃȂǟƾdzơ Ŀȁ .ÏÎÍ-ÏÍÖ Ǎ
v. S.S. Zoe Colocotroni (United States District Court, vol. 456, Federal
Supplement, p. 1327 (1978); and Court of Appeals, ibid., 2nd series,
ƧǁƾǬŭơ ƧǁƢLjƼǴdz ƨǸȈǫ ƩċƽƾĄƷ vol. 628 (June–November 1980), p. 652)
ńƛ ǥȁǂǤǻƢºŭơ ƩƢǠǬǼƬLjǷ ƨdzƢƷ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǦȈdzƢǰƫȁ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨȇǂȀĐơ ƩƢǼƟƢǰǴdz
ȆǘǤȈdz ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǒŏǨƻĄ Ƕǰūơ ǦǻƚƬLJơ ƢǷƾǼǟȁ .ƢȀȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƢȀƬdzƢƷ
Ń ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ .ǾȈǴǟ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ǞǓȂdzơ ƧƽƢǟȍ "ƨdzȂǬǠŭơ" ŚƥơƾƬdzơ
ƨȈºNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) Antonio Gramsci ƨȈǔǫ Ŀȁ .ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ Ǟǔţ
ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzƢƥ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ƔƢǨȈƬLJƢƥ ƶũ Patmos ƨȈǔǫȁ (ǽƢǻƽƗ ÔÑÎ
Bianchi, “Harm to the environment ǂǜǻơ .ƨƠȈƦǴdz DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔǴdz ƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơ
in Italian practice: the interaction of international law and domestic
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ śºƥ DzǟƢǨƬdzơ :ƨȈdzƢǘȇȍơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ Ŀ ƨƠȈƦǴdz DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ) law”
.(ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ Ņȁƾdzơ
138
("ÎÖÒÔ ǵƢºǟ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ" ƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ) ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ
.(ÏÎÍ)ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ȆǰdzƢŭ ƧƽȁƾŰ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ
ƨºƷȐǸǴdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƢǷƛ ƲȇǁƾƬdzƢƥ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƶƦǏƗ ƾǫȁ -ÎÎÖ
ŕºƷ Ǻǰdzȁ .ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ DzǣơȂnjdzơ ǺǷ ǺǨLjdzƢƥ ǖǨǼdzơ DzǬǼdz ȁƗ ƨǷƢǟ
ƞnjºǼƫ ǥơǂºǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ƨȇƗ ǭƢǼǿ Ǻǰƫ Ń ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǟ
ǵƢºǟ ǾƳȂƥȁ .ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǁơǂǓƗ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƢƆǷƢǟ ƢƆǷƢǜǻ
DZƢºǠǧȋơ ǹȂǻƢºǫ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǦǴƬƼŭ Ǟǔţ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƪǻƢǯ
ÎÖÏÑ ǵƢǟ ŖȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ ȁƗ (ÏÎÎ)DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ Ŀ ŚǤdzƢƥ ƧǁƢǔdzơ
ǵƢºǟ Ŀ "(Torrey Canyon)ǹȂȈǻƢǯ ȅǁȂƫ" ƨƯƽƢƷȁ .ÎÖÒÔ ǵƢǟȁ
ƨºdzƢƦǫ ƢȇŚƦȈdz Ŀ ƨǴƴLjǷ ƨǼȈǨLJ ǝƢǬdzƢƥ Ƣđ ƪǸǘƫǁơ Ŗdzơȁ ÎÖÓÔ
ǺǷ ǹƢǼǗȋơ ǥȏƕ ƪƦǰLJȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ƣǂǣ ƣȂǼƳ ƞǗƢNj
ǩƢǨƫȏ śǷǃȐdzơ ȆLJƢȈLjdzơ ǖǤǔdzơȁ ƨȈǨǴŬơ Ʃǂǧȁ ǂƸƦdzơ Ŀ ǖǨǼdzơ
ƪºǻƢǯȁ .ȆºǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔǴdz ǵƢǜǻ ȄǴǟ DZȁƾdzơ
ŐƬǠƬLJ" ÎÖÒÔȁ ÎÖÏÑ ȆǷƢǟ ŖȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƽȁƾƷ
ƨºƯƽƢƷ (ÏÎÏ)"Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȆǘǤƫ ǹƗ ǺǷ Śưǰƥ ơƆƾƳ DzǫƗ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƩƾǸƬǟƢǧ ."ǹȂȈǻƢǯ ȅǁȂƫ"
ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ) ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ
__________
ȆǴǠǨdzơ ƚǗơȂƬdzơ ȁƗ ŚǐǬƬdzơ" ńƛ ƢŷƢƬǴǯ ǹƢƬȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƩƾǼƬLJơ ƾǫȁ (ÏÎÍ)
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƾȇƾŢ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƩŚǣ ƾǫȁ .(Î ƧƽƢŭơ) "ǮdzƢŭơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ
ƚºǗơȂƬdzơ ȁƗ ŚǐºǬƬdzơ" ǺºǷ ǪǬƸƬdzơ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ÎÖÔÓ ǵƢǠdz ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭƢƥ
ȁƗ ȆǐƼnjdzơ DzǠǨdzơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ" ǹƗ ǺǷ ǪǬƸƬǴdz ǁƢƦƬƻơ ńƛ "śȈǴǠǨdzơ
ǹƗ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjºŬơ ǮǴƫ ƭơƾƷƛ ƾǐǬƥ Ļ ƾǫ [ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ] ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǾǷƾǟ
ƾºǫȁ .(Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ) "ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǮǴƫ ƭȁƾƷ DZƢǸƬƷƢƥ ǶǴǟ Ǻǟȁ ǁȂȀƬƥ Ļ Ǯdzƿ
ƾºȇƾŢ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ DzȇƾºǠƬdz ÎÖÖÓ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐƥ ǹƾǼdz Ŀ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƪdzďƾǟĄ
ǵƢºǜǻ ȄºǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdzȁ .ÎÖÔÓ ǵƢǠdz ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǂºǜǻơ "ȂLJǁơȁ ǵƢǜǻ" ƤƳȂŠ ƞnjǻƌƗ ȅǀdzơ ňƾŭơ ǹơŚǘdzơ DZƢů Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Ņȁƾºdzơ ȅȂŪơ DzǬǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƾȈƷȂƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ÎÖÏÖ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ǵƢºǰƷƗ ƾȈƷȂƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ DzȇƾǠƬdz ÎÖÒÒ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥȁ žǞƟƢǔƦǴdz
ƨºǴǸǰŭơ ÎÖÓÎ ǵƢºǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ žǞƟƢǔƦǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ ȅȂŪơ DzǬǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǼȈǠǷ
Ņȁƾºdzơ ȅȂºŪơ DzǬǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƾȈƷȂƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ȂLJǁơȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ
ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥȁ žƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƨǯǂnjdzơ Śǣ ǎƼNj Ǿƥ ǵȂǬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǞƟƢǔƦǴdz
Ņȁƾºdzơ ȅȂºŪơ DzǬǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƾȈƷȂƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ DzȇƾǠƬdz
ƢȀƬǤȈǐºƥ ÎÖÏÖ ǂƥȂºƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÏ Ŀ ȂLJǁơȁ Ŀ ƨǠǫȂŭơ ǞƟƢǔƦǴdz
žÎÖÒÒ ŐǸƬƦºLJ/DZȂºǴȇƗ ÏÕ Ŀ ȅƢǿȏ Ŀ ǢȈǏ ȅǀdzơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzƢƥ ƨdzƾǠŭơ
Ñ Ƕºǫǁ DZƢºȇǂƬǻȂǷ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥȁ Ð ńƛ Î ƢȀǷƢǫǁƗȁ ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ ƩȏȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơȁ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȁƗ ÎÖÒÒ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐƥ ƨdzƾǠŭơ ƢȀƬǤȈǐƥ ÎÖÏÖ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ DzȇƾǠƬdz
žÎÖÔÎ ǵƢºǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥȁ ÎÖÒÒ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ Dzǰƥ ƨdzƾǠŭơ ȂLJǁơȁ
.ǞƟƢǔƦǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ ȅȂŪơ DzǬǼǴdz ƨǼȈǠǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƾȈƷȂƬdz ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ
Abecassis and Jarashow, Oil Pollution from Ships: ǂǜǻơ (ÏÎÎ)
International, United Kingdom and United States Law and Practice,
.p. 181
Churchill, “Facilitating (transnational) civil liability (ÏÎÏ)
litigation for environmental damage by means of treaties: progress,
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼǸǴdz (řǗȂdzơ Őǟ) ŚLjȈƬdzơ) problems and prospects”, p. 15
DzºǏƢūơ ǵƾǬƬdzơ :ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
.(ƩƢǠǫȂƬdzơȁ DzǯƢnjŭơ
139 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƪƦƦºLJ Ŗdzơȁ ÎÖÔÕ ǵƢǟ Amoco Cadiz ƨƯƽƢƷ ƩƽƗȁ -ÎÏÐ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǑơǂǠƬLJơ ńƛ ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ DzƷƢLjdzơ ƨdzƢƦǫ ơƆŚƦǯ ƢƆƯȂǴƫ
ƶºǓȁƗȁ .ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ
ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢºǠdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ÎÖÕÑ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
ƾºȇƾŪơ ǦºȇǂǠƬdzơ ƤƳȂŠȁ .ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ŘǠǷ
:ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǥċǂǠĄȇ
ƭȂǴƫ ǖǨǼdzơ DzǬǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƱǁƢƻ ǾƦƦLjȇ ǁǂǓ ȁƗ ǹơƾǬǧ (Ɨ)
ȁƗ ƩȐºǧȍơ ơǀǿ ƭƾƷ ƢǸưȈƷ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǺǷ ǾǨȇǂǐƫ ȁƗ ǖǨǼdzơ ƩȐǧƛ Ǻǟ ƲƫƢǻ
ƶƥǂdzơ ǹơƾǬǧ ǥȐş ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ DZȐƻȍơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǂǐƬǬȇ ǹƗ Ǖǂnjƥ ǦȇǂǐƬdzơ
ȐƆ Ǡǧ Ƣđ ǵƢȈǬdzơ Ļ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ Śƥơƾƫ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ȄǴǟ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ DZȐƻȍơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ƞNjƢǼdzơ
ž*ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ƨdzƢūơ ƧƽƢǟȍ Ƣđ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ȅǂƴȈLJȁ
śȈǧƢºǓȍơ ǁǂǔºdzơȁ ǹơƾǬǨdzơȁ ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ (ƣ)
.(ÏÏÏ)ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ƢǸȀƦƦLjƫ ǺȇǀǴdzơ
ƢƆǬǴǘǷ Dzƻƾȇ Ń ÎÖÕÑ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǹƗ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟ -ÎÏÑ
DZȂºǯȂƫȁǂƥ Ŀ ƾºǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ƱǁƽƗ ƾǬǧ (ÏÏÐ)ƿƢǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ
.(ÏÏÑ)ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢºǠdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ DZďƾǠŭơ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ
Ǻºǟ ƞºNjƢǼdzơ ƶƥǂdzơ ǹơƾǬǧ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ƶǸLjȇȁ
ƭȂºǴƬdzơ Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ DzǸnjȈdz ƾƬŻ ƢǸǯ .ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ DZȐƻȍơ
ŕºƷ ƾƬŤ ƨǬǘǼǷ ȁƗ ƨȈǴƷƢLjdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨǐdzƢŬơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǬǘǼǸǴdz
ǹƢºǯ ǺƠdzȁ .ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǂƸƦǴdz DžƢLJȋơ ǕȂǘƻ ǺǷ DzȈǷ ŖƟƢǷ ƨǧƢLjǷ
ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ) ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ ŅȂǯȂƫȁŐdz ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁȂǜǼŭơ
śƬȈǫƢºǨƫȏơ Ǻºǟ DzċǔǨȇ (ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ÎÖÓÖ
:ȆǴȇ ƢŠ ǶLjƫơ ƾǫȁ ơƆƽȁƾŰ DZơDŽȇ ȏ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ǹƜǧ śƬǬƥƢLjdzơ
ƵȐºǏƛ ǺǰŻ ȏ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǮƠdzȁƗ ƨƦǫƢǠŭ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DZƢǸǠƬLJơ ƾƷ ńƛ ȆǔŻ ȏ [ǾǻƗ]
ȁƗ ƩƢºǰǴƬǸŭơ ǹơƾºǬǧ ƮºȈƷ ǺǷ ƢǿƾȇƾŢ ȁƗ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ƢǿȂǬūƗ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
Ŗºdzơ ȁƗ ƢȀƷȐºǏƛ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƾȇǂƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ȁƗ ƵƢƥǁȋơ
ǖǨǼdzơ DzǬǼdz ƨȈǬȈǬūơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ǹƜǧ ƾūơ ơǀǿ ńƛȁ .ǁƢƸƦdzơ ŅƢǟƗ Ŀ ƭƾŢ
.(ÏÏÒ)ƭďȂǴŭơ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ȏ Dzǰǯ ǞǸƬĐơ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ǞǬƫ DZơDŽƫ ȏ ơƆǂŞ
ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢºǟ DZȂºǯȂƫȁŐdz ƢƆºǬǧȁ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷȁ -ÎÏÒ
ƶǸLjȇ ǾǻƜǧ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .DzǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ǺǷƢǔƬdzƢƥ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ƢºŠ ǞƊǧƾºĄƫ ȃȂǐºǫ ơƆƽȁƾƷ ǑǂǨȇ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzƢǧ .(ÏÏÓ)ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJƢƥ
.ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÒÖ,Ô ȅȁƢLjȇ
__________
.Ó ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÏÏ)
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ DzȇƾºǠƬdz ǂǛƢǼŭơ ÎÖÕÑ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ Dzƻƾȇ Ń (ÏÏÐ)
.ƢƆǬǴǘǷ ƿƢǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
ƨºdzċƾǠŭơ ƢȀƬǤȈǐƥ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǥăǂǠĄƫ (ÏÏÑ)
Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǶLJƢƥ ƨƆ ǷƢǟ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐƥ
ƢȀƬǤȈǐºƥ ǩȁƾǼǐºdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǥăǂǠĄƫȁ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
Ņȁƽ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƔƢnjǻȍ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǶLJƢƥ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐƥ ƨdzċƾǠŭơ
.ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz
.ÐÕÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Birnie and Boyle (ÏÏÒ)
.Òȁ Ñ ǹƢƫƽƢŭơ (ÏÏÓ)
DzȇȂŤ ƨȈdzƕ ƔƢnjǻƛ ǹƢǯȁ .(ÏÎÓ)("ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ" ƥ
ȃƽƗ ȅǀdzơ ǖLJȂdzơ Dzūơ ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ ǖǨǼdzơ ƩƢǯǂNj ƢŮȂŤ ƨȈǴȈǸǰƫ
ǺºǷ ȏƆ ƾƥ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǞǓȂdz ǩƢǨƫơ ńƛ
.(ÏÎÔ)ƨǼȈǨLjºdzơ DzďǤnjºĄǷ ȁƗ ƨǼƸnjdzơ ƤƷƢǏ ȁƗ ƨǼƸnjdzơ DzLJǂǷ
ŚǧȂƫ ƶȈƬƫ ƮȈƷ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ƕǜǻ ǺǷ ƢƆȈǻƢƯ ȃ
Ć ȂƬLjǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƞnjǼƫȁ
ǾƦƦLjºȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔǴdz ǹȂǓǂǠƬȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȌdz ǥƢǯ ǒȇȂǠƫ
ƩȏƢºƷ Ŀ ǺǨLjºdzơ ǺǷ ǾǨȇǂǐƫ ȃǂƳ ȅǀdzơ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
ƾȇƾŢ ƢȀȈǧ ǺǰŻ Ń ȁƗ ơǀŮ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƢȀȈǧ ȆǨǰƫ ȏ
ƢƆǔºȇƗ ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƩƘnjǻƗȁ .(ÏÎÕ)ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
.(ÏÎÖ)(IOPC) ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
ǵƢºǠdz ƨºȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ŐƬǠĄƫȁ -ÎÏÏ
ǃȂºŸȁ .ƧƽȁƾºŰ ǝȂǧƾdz Ǟǔţȁ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ÎÖÓÖ
ƩƢºƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ ƢǸȀȈǴǯ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷȁ ǍƢŬơ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƤƷƢǐdz
Ǻºǟ ƨºŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ
ǺǷ ƩƢŷƢLjŠ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ơǀǿ DZȂŻȁ .ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǠdz ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
.ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƽȂǫȂdzơ ƪȇǃ ȁƗ ǵƢŬơ ǖǨǼdzơ ơȂǸǴLjƫ Ǻȇǀdzơ
ƧƾºǫƢǠƬŭơ DZȁƾdzơ Dzǯ ǺǷ ǦdzƘƬƫ ƨȈǠŦ Ƨǁơƽȍ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ Ǟǔźȁ
ƤƷƢǏ ƾǨǼƬLJơ ơƿƛȁ .ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ǥơǂǗȋơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ȄºǴǟ ƨºƦƫǂƬŭơ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ƔƢǨȈƬLJơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƔƢǟƽȏơ
ǪºǴǠƬŭơ ƔơǂƳȍơ ǝƢƦƫơ ǀƠǻƕ Ǿdz ǃƢƳ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ
ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
Ŀ śƬȈǫƢǨƫȐdz "ǭǂƬnjŭơ ǂƯȋơ" DzưǸƬȇ ƢƆLJƢLJƗȁ .ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ
ȂǰdzƢºǷȁ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ȂǰdzƢǷ DzăǷƢǠĄȇ ƧǁȂǘƻ ǂưǯȋơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ" ǾǻƗ
ȅȁƢLjƬdzƢƥ ǹƢũƢǬƬȇȁ ‘ƭȂǴŭơ‘ ƢŷǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨǼƸnjdzơ
ƾºǫȁ .(ÏÏÍ)"DzǬǼdzơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ǑǁƢǠdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǁǂǓ ƨǨǴǰƫ
ǵƢºǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƢƆǧơǂǗƗ ƪLjȈdz Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ Ŀ ǺǨLjdzơ ȂǰdzƢǷ ǂǰƬƥơ
ŚǧȂºƬdz ȃǂºƻƗ ƲǷơǂƥ ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȁƗ ÎÖÓÖ
Ŀ ƲǷơŐºdzơ ǮǴƫ ƾȈƷȂƫ Ļ ƾǬǧ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .ĿƢǓƛ ǒȇȂǠƫ
.(ÏÏÎ)ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻȁ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƵƢų ƔȂǓ
__________
Larsson, The Law of Environmental Damage: ǂººǜǻơ (ÏÎÓ)
.Liability and Reparation, pp. 185–196
.ÒÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Wu Chao (ÏÎÔ)
.Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÎÕ)
.Ï ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÎÖ)
.ÐÕÓ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Birnie and Boyle (ÏÏÍ)
ǁȂǯǀººŭơ ǞººƳǂŭơ Abecassis and Jarashow ǂººǜǻơ (ÏÏÎ)
ǪǴǠƬŭơȁ ƩȐǫƢǼdzơ ȆǰdzƢŭ ȆǟȂǘdzơ ǩƢǨƫȏơȁ .ÐÏÒ-ÐÍÐ Ǎ ÎÏ DzǐǨdzơ
ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ô ƹǁƚŭơ (TOVALOP) ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƪǫƚŭơ ǪƸǴŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ƾǬǠdzơȁ ƩȐǫƢǼdzơ ȆǰdzƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǻơ ÎÖÓÖ
ǂȇƢºǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÑ ƹǁƚŭơ (CRISTAL) ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƩȐǫƢǼdzơ
ǁơǂºǓȋơ Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ȆǿƢǔȇ ƢƆǫȁƾǼǏ ƘnjǻƗ ÎÖÔÎ
ǽǀºǿ ǍȂǐºǻ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdzȁ .ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǠdz ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ
ILM, vol. VIII, No. 3 (May 1969), p. 497, and ibid., vol. ǂǜǻơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ
.ŅơȂƬdzơ ȄǴǟ X, No. 1 (January 1971), p. 137
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƽơƾLjdzơ ƤƳơȂdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǢǴƦǷ ǝȂǸů ǹȂǰȇ -ÎÏÖ
ǵƢºǠdz śȈdzƢūơ śdzȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ǞƊǧƾĄȇ ȅǀdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǢǴƦǷ
.ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ÔÒÍ ÎÖÖÏ
ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ DzǸnjȇ ȏȁ -ÎÐÍ
ƩȐǫƢǻ ǺǷ ǖǨǼdzơ ȏƛ ǵƢǜǼdzơ Ǯdzƿ ȆǘǤȇ ȏ ƿƛ žǞƟƢǔƦdzơ ǝơȂǻƗ ǞȈŦ
ƧǂǤưdzơ ǽǀǿ ƾLjƫȁ .ƨǼƸNj ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ǖǨǼdzơ DzǬǼƫ Ŗdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ȁƗ ǖǨǼdzơ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ŘºǠĄƫ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ .ȃǂƻƗ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ
ƨºȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ÏÍÍÎ ǵƢǠdz
ƢºȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ) ǺǨLjdzơ ƽȂǫȁ ƪȇDŽƥ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ
ƢƆºǷƢǜǻ ƞnjºǼƫ ȆºȀǧ (ǺǨLjdzơ ƽȂǫȁ ƪȇǃ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ" ƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ
ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơ ǞǷ DzǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ǺǷƢǔƬdzƢƥ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz
Ǯºdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǶȈǴǫȎdz DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǼƫȁ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢŭ
.ǥơǂºǗȋơ DZȁƾǴdz ƨǐdzƢŬơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǪǗƢǼŭơȁ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǂƸƦdzơ
:ŅƢƬdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǥǂǠȇȁ
ƪºȇǃ DzºǬǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƱǁƢƻ ǾƦƦLjȇ ǁǂǓ ȁƗ ǹơƾǬǧ (Ɨ)
ǺºǷ ǾǨȇǂǐºƫ ȁƗ ǺǨLjdzơ ƽȂǫȁ ƪȇǃ ƩȐǧƛ Ǻǟ ƲƫƢǻ ƭȂǴƫ ǺǨLjdzơ ƽȂǫȁ
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǂǐƬǬȇ ǹƗ Ǖǂnjƥ ǦȇǂǐƬdzơ ȁƗ ƩȐǧȍơ ơǀǿ ƭƾƷ ƢǸưȈƷ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ
DZȐºƻȍơ Ǯdzƿ DzưǷ Ǻǟ ƞNjƢǼdzơ ƶƥǂdzơ ǹơƾǬǧ ǥȐş ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ DZȐƻȍơ ȄǴǟ
Ƣºđ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ȅǂƴȈLJ ȁƗ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǡǧ Ƣđ ǵƢȈǬdzơ Ļ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ Śƥơƾƫ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ȄǴǟ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ
ȁ žǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ƨdzƢūơ ƧƽƢǟȍ
śȈǧƢºǓȍơ ǁǂǔºdzơȁ ǹơƾǬǨdzơȁ ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ (ƣ)
.(ÏÏÕ)ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ƢǸȀƦƦLjƫ ǺȇǀǴdzơ
ƽȁƾºƷ ǺǨLjdzơ ƽȂǫȁ ƪȇǃ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǸǔƬƫ ȏȁ - ÎÐÎ
ǃȂŸ Ó ƧƽƢŭƢƥ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǹǟȁ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ƢƆǓȂǟȁ .Ƣđ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
_________________________________________
ǩȁƾǼǐºdzơ ǺºǷ ƨºƥȂǴǘŭơ ƧǁǂǬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǢǴƦǷ ǃȁƢš ơƿƛ -Ð"
Ï ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ƤºƳȂŠ ƽơƾLjdzơ ƤƳơȂdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǺǷ ǢǴƦŭơ ŅƢŦƛ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǢǴƦǷȁ ƧǁǂǬǷ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ȅƗ śƥ ƨƦLjǼdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ƮȈŞ ƵƢƬŭơ ǢǴƦŭơ ǝǃȂȇ
ƨƦLjºǼdzơ džºǨǻ Ȇǿ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ơǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ ƤdzƢǘŭơ ǽƽǂƬLjȇ ȅǀdzơ
.śƦdzƢǘŭơ ǞȈǸŪ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ Ǟǧƾºƥ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ǵȂǬȇ -Ñ"
ƢºǸȈǧȁ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Õ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ƤLjƷ ƧǁǂǬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭƢƥ
.ǖǬǧ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǽǀǿ ǎź
Ò ƧƽƢŭơ"
ǵƢºǟ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƨȈǠŦ ȃǂƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƢƆǔȇȂǠƫ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ Ǟǧƾȇ"
ǭƢºǼǿ ǹƗ ȁƗ ǃȁƢºƴƬȇ ƧǁǂǬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ǵǃȐdzơ ǢǴƦŭơ ǝȂǸů ǹƗ ÎÖÖÏ
ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ŅƢŦȍơ ǢǴƦŭơ ƧǁǂǬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǢǴƦǷ ǝȂǸů ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ǹƘƥ ƧǂǗƢű
ǾºǻƗȁ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ñ ƧǂǬǨǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƵƢƬŭơ
ǹƗ ƨȈƟƢĔ ȁƗ ƨƬǫƚǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǠŦ Ʃǁǂǫ Ǯdzǀdz ƨƴȈƬǻ
ǩȁƾǼǐºdzơ ƨȈǠŦ ǁǂǬƫȁ .ƧǁǂǬǷ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ȅƗ ǺǷ ǖǬǧ ƔDŽƳ Ǻǟ ǢdzƢƦŭơ ǞƊǧƾĄƫ
ȅƗ ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ Ǟǧƾȇ ǥȂLJ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ǹƢǯ ǹƛ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ƢǿƽơƾLJ ǶƬȇ Ń ƧǁǂǬǷ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ
."ȃƾǷ ȅƗ ńƛȁ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
.Ö ƧǂǬǨdzơ Î ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÏÕ)
140
ǩȁƾǼǐºdzơ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏ DZƾǠŭơ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥȁ -ÎÏÓ
ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ DzưǷ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ǾǴưǷ ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǠdz
.ǖǨǼºdzơ Ʃơƽǁơȁ ȄºǴǟ ǑăǂºǨĄȇ ǶLJǁ ǺǷ DZċȂǸĄȇ ƢƆǫȁƾǼǏ ƞnjǼȇ
ÎÐÒ ƨǸȈǬƥ ǞƊǧƾĄƫ ȃȂǐǫ ơƆƽȁƾƷ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǑǂǨȇȁ
ǺºǷ ƽơƾLjdzơ ƤƳơȁ ǢǴƦǷ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ) ƣƢLjūơ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ
.(DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ƤǻƢƳ
Ŀ ƲȇǁƾºƬdzƢƥ ƢƆºǷȂǸǟ ȃȂǐºǬdzơ ƽȁƾūơ Ʃƽơǃ ƾǫȁ -ÎÏÔ
ƨºdzƢƦǫ Nakhodka ƨƯƽƢƷ ǂƯƛ ȄǴǟȁ .ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz śdzȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
DzƷƢLjdzơ ƨdzƢƦǫ Erika ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǩǂǣȁ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ DzƷƢLJ
ǵƢǟ ƩȐȇƾǠƫ Ŀ Ȅǐǫȋơ ƾūơ ǞǨƫǁơ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǟ ƢLjǻǂǨdz ĺǂǤdzơ
ƧƾºƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÕÖ,ÔÔ ƶƦǐȈdz ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdz ÏÍÍÍ
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ Î ǺºǷ ơƆǁƢƦƬǟơ ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ
ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdz ÏÍÍÍ ǵƢǟ ƩȐȇƾǠƫ Ŀȁ .ÏÍÍÐ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ
ÏÍÐ ńƛ ƢƆǔºȇƗ Ȅǐºǫȋơ ƾūơ ƾȇǃ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ÎÖÖÏ
ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ
ǺºǷ ǂưǯƗ ȄǴǟ DzǐŢ ǩȁƾǼǐǴdz ƨdzȂǸŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ DZȁƽ ƭȐƯ
Ȅǐºǫȋơ ƾºūơ ƾºȇDŽȇ ƆƢȇȂǼºLJ ǖǨǼdzơ ǺǷ ǺǗ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÓÍÍ
ȏƆ ƾƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÐÍÍ,ÔÑ ƶƦǐȈdz
.ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÏÍÍ ǺǷ
ǩȁƾǼǐºdzơ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ƞnjǼȇȁ -ÎÏÕ
Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐǴdz ƞnjǼŭơ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdz ƢƆưdzƢƯ ȃ
Ć ȂƬLjǷ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
ǂºƸƦdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǶȈǴǫȎdz DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȄǴǟ ǪċƦǘȈdz ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ
ƨǐdzƢŬơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ
.(ÏÏÔ)ƢȀȇȁƢLjȇ ƢǷ ȁƗ
__________
:DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ǺǷ Òȁ Ñ śƫƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ (ÏÏÔ)
ȅȋ ǑǂǠƬȇ ǎƼNj ȅȋ ƢƆǔȇȂǠƫ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ Ǟǧƾȇ -Î"
ȄºǴǟ DZȂǐºūơ ǺǷ ǎƼnjdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǰǸƬȇ Ń ơƿƛ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǻ ǁǂǓ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ƽȂºǼƦdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ƧǁǂǬǷ ƨƦdzƢǘŭ ǥƢǯȁ DzǷƢǯ ǒȇȂǠƫ
ǹƘƥ ƧǂǗƢű ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ ȁƗ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ DzǷƢǰdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹȋ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ǪƦǘǼŭơ ƾūơ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ
.ƧƾƷơȁ ƨƯƽƢƷ ȅƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
DzºƦǫ ǺǷ ƽơƾLjdzơ ƤƳơȂdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ŅƢŦȍơ ǢǴƦŭơ ǹȂǰȇ (Ɨ) -Ï"
ƧƾƷơȁ ƨƯƽƢƷ ȅƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ơƆƽȁƾŰ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
Ȑ
Ɔ Ǡǧ ǝȂǧƾŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǢǴƦǷ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ ǢǴƦŭơ ơǀǿ ǝȂǸů ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ȏ ƮȈŞ
Ŀ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢºǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ
.ƣƢLjūơ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÔÒÍ ǢǴƦǷ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ơǀǿ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǩƢǘǻ
Ŀ ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ƣƢLjºūơ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÔÒÍ ǢǴƦǷ DZċȂŹ (ƣ)"
ǪƷ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ ǞǷ ƨǴǸǠdzơ ƨǸȈǫ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨǴǸǠdzơ ńƛ (Ɨ)Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ
DzºȇȂƸƬdz ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƨȈǠŦ ǽƽƾŢ ȅǀdzơ ǵȂȈdzơ Ŀ ǍƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ
ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢºǠdz ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ŖȈǫƢºǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ƽơƾLjdzơ ƤƳơȂdzơ ǢǴƦŭơ ȄǐǫƗ
.ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơȁ
141 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨƥƢǏȍơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǧ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǁƢƴǨǻȏơȁ Ǫȇǂūơ ǂǗƢűȁ
.(ÏÐÐ)Ƣđ ǁơǂǓȍơ ȁƗ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ǹơƾǬǧ Ǻǟ Ȑ
Ɔ ǔǧ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ
ǒȇȂºǠƬǴdz ƆƢǷƢǜǻ ƧǁƢǔdzơȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ƽơȂŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƞnjǼƫȁ -ÎÐÑ
ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭ Ȅǐǫȋơ ƾūơ ƽďƾĄƷ ƾǬǧ .śȇȂƬLjǷ ǺǷ
.ƨºǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ ƨƟƢǷ ƾǼǟ
ƆƢǫȁƾǼǏ ƧǁƢǔdzơȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ƽơȂŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƞnjǼƫȁ .ȅǁƢƦƳƛ śǷƘƬdzơȁ
ǺºǷ ƩƢŷƢLjºǷ Œºšȁ (ÏÐÑ)ƧǁƢǔdzơȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ƽơȂŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ
ŇƽƗ ƾƷ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǴǐŹ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ Ŀ ǍƢƼNjȋơ
ƧǁƢºǓȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂǷ ȄǴǟ ȅȂƬŢ Ŗdzơ ƨǼƸnjdzơ ƨȈǸǯ ǺǷ śǠǷ
ƪƠnjǻƌƗ ǵƢǟ ƣƢLjƷ ƽȂƳȁ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .ƨȈŻȂǬƫ ƨǼLJ DZȐƻ
ƤºǼƴƬdz DzăȈLjºŭơ ȆºǠȈƦǘdzơ ǃƢǤdzơȁ ǖǨǼǴdz ƨǴǐǨǼǷ ƩƢƥƢLjƷ
ÏÒÍ ǢǴƦǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz Ȅǐǫȋơ ƾūơ ǢǴƦȇȁ .ƩƢǻƢǟȍơ ƨȈƳơȁƽǃơ
Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ) ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ
.(ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ǾǠǧƾȇ ȅǀdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ƽơȂŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ řưƬLjƫȁ -ÎÐÒ
ŖȈǫƢºǨƫơȁ ƨºȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǼƥ DZȂǸnjŭơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
.ǺǨLjdzơ ƽȂǫȁ ƪȇǃȁ ƨǠnjŭơ ƽơȂŭơ řưƬLjƫ ƢǸǯ .ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
ƨºƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJȁ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzơȁ ǩǂǘdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÎÐÓ
ǁơǂºǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǬƥƢLJ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǞƦƬƫ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ
ǮǰLjºdzƢƥȁ ƨȇŐdzơ ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǻ DZȐƻ ƨŦƢǼdzơ
ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ ƢǿƽƢǸƬǟơ Ļȁ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJȁ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ
ǎǼƫ Ȇǿȁ .ƨǴƯƢŲ ƢƆƴĔ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ Ƣƥȁǁȁȋ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ
DzǬǼdzơ ƨǯǂnjdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ DzǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ǺǷƢǔƬdzƢƥ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ
ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ò ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ .(ÏÐÒ)ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȏơ ǒǠƥ ǞǷ
ǾƦƦLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƪǫȁ DzǫƢǼdzơ ǹȂǰȇ"
ȁƗ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ ȁƗ ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǴǬǻ DZȐƻ Ƨǂǘƻ ǞƟƢǔƥ ƨȇƗ
Ƶơȁǁȋơ Ŀ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ȆǘǤȇȁ ."ƨȈǴƻơƽ ƨƷȐǷ ƨǼȈǨLjƥ
ƧǁƢLjŬơȁ Ƣđ ǁơǂǓȍơ ȁƗ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ǹơƾǬǧ ȁƗ ȆǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ
ŚƥơƾºƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢºǰƫȁ ƭȂºǴƬdzơ ƤƦLjƥ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ śǬƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ
džȇǁƢºƥ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ƢȀǴǸnjºƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƽơȂŭơ ȆǘǤƫ ȏȁ .ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ
ǁơǂºǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǠdz
.(ÏÐÓ)("ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ" ƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ) ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
DZȐƻ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǪƦǘǼƫȁ -ÎÐÔ
ǺǨºLJȁ ƨºȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥȁ ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǻ
ǥǂºǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶȈǴǫƜƥ ǪƸǴȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ
__________
.Ó ƧǂǬǨdzơ Î ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÐÐ)
.ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÐÑ)
.Õ-Ò ƽơȂŭơ (ÏÐÒ)
ȆǷƢǜǻ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdzȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ ÎÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǥĈǂǠƫ (ÏÐÓ)
.ǽƢǻƽƗ ǂǜǻƗ džȇǁƢƥȁ ƢǼȈȈǧ ŖȈǫƢǨƫơ
ȁƗ řºǗȁ ǵƢǜǻ ȅƗ DzǛ Ŀ" ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƾŹ ǹƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢŭ
ƩƢºƦdzƢǘŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƾūơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ DzưǷ ǪƦǘǼǷ Ņȁƽ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǸǔƬƫ ȏȁ .(ÏÏÖ)"ƨdzċƾǠŭơ ƢȀƬǤȈǐƥ ÎÖÔÓ ǵƢǠdz ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ
.ňƢưdzơ ȃȂƬLjŭơ ǺǷ ȆǔȇȂǠƫ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ȅƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǺǨLjdzơ ƽȂǫȁ ƪȇǃ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ȆǘǤƫ DzƯƢŲ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀȁ -ÎÐÏ
Ƨǂºǘƻ ƽơȂºŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ
ƧǂǘŬơ ƽơȂŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ" ƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ) ÎÖÖÓ ǵƢǠdz ƧǁƢǓȁ
ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢºǟ DZȂºǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟ ƪăǠǓȁ Ŗdzơȁ ("ƧǁƢǔdzơȁ
ǶƟơȂǫ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjƫ ƽơȂǷ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ŖȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ
ƢēƾºǸƬǟơ Ŗºdzơ ƩƢǻȁƾŭơȁ ǭȂǰǐdzơ ǦǴƬű Ŀ ƨdzȂǸnjŭơ ƽơȂŭƢƥ
ƨǴƟƢLjdzơ ƽơȂŭơȁ (ÏÐÍ)ƩȂȇDŽdzơ DzǸnjƫ ȆȀǧ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ƨǴċȈLjŭơ ƩơǃƢǤdzơȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ȁƗ ƧǁƢǓ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƪƊǧǂǟ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ
žƨºȇȂƠǷ ƨºƳǁƽ ÓÍ ƢđƢȀƬdzơ ƨǘǬǻ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƨǴƟƢLjdzơ ƽơȂŭơȁ
žƩƢºǨǴǤǷ DzǰNj Ŀ DzǸƸĄƫ Ŗdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơȁ ƨȇƿƚŭơȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ƽơȂŭơȁ
ǁƢºǘƻƗ ȄºǴǟ ȅȂºƬŢ ƢĔƘƥ ǥċǂǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƨƦƟƢLjdzơ ƨƦǴǐdzơ ƽơȂŭơȁ
ƽơȂǸǴdz ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƨǼƸnjdzơ ǺǷ ƨȈǬƦƬŭơ ƩƢǨǴƼŭơ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǯ
(ÏÐÎ)
. ǦǴǤǷ DzǰNj Ŀ DzƊǬǼĄƫ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫ ǥȐş ƧǁƢǔdzơȁ ƧǂǘŬơ
ƨȈǟȂºǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǸǴdz ƢƆǷƢǜǻ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƞnjǼƫȁ -ÎÐÐ
ƢŠ ǶȈǴǫȎdz DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢŭ DzǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ǺǷƢǔƬdzƢƥ
ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǬǘǼŭơȁ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơȁ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǂƸƦdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ǥȐºş ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ƢŮƽƢǠȇ ƢǷ ȁƗ ƨǐdzƢŬơ
Ǯºdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǶȈǴǫȍơ ƱǁƢƻ ǾƦċƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƮȇȂǴƬƥ DzǏƢūơ
ǺǸǔºƬȇ ȂºȀǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .ƨdzȁƽ ȅȋ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǂƸƦdzơ
ƭȂºǴƬdzơ Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ DzǸnjƫ ƢĔƗ ƢǸǯ .(ÏÐÏ)ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơ
__________
ǞǓȂƫȁ .ÎÖÖÓ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ DzȇƾǠƫ Ļ (ÏÏÖ)
ƨȈǐºƼnjdzơ ƨƥƢºǏȍơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ Ŀ ƧǁƢLjŬƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ƽȁƾƷ
ǢºǴƦǷ ƾǼǟ ƽȁƾūơ ƪǠǓȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠȁ .ƩƢǰǴƬǸǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥȁ
ƩƢºƦdzƢǘŭƢƥ ƨºǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjºdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ÐÐÍ ÍÍÍ
ńƛ ƨǧƢºǓȍƢƥ ǺǗ ÒÍÍ ƢȀƬdzȂŧ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ ǺǨLjǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ
ƩƢºƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥȁ .ƨdzȂǸƸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƱǁƾƬǷ DžƢȈǬǷ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjȇ ǢǴƦǷ
ǩȂºǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ÎÓÔ ÍÍÍ Ȃǿ ƾūơ ǹƜǧ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ǢdzƢƦǷ Ǻǟ ȐƆ ǔǧ ǺǗ ÒÍÍ ƢȀƬdzȂŧ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ ǺǨLjǴdz ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ
ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ Ǟǧǁ ƾǫȁ .ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǶƴŞ ƢƆǼǿǁ ƢƆǸƴƷ Őǯȋơ ǺǨLjǴdz ƨȈǧƢǓƛ
ƢȀºƬdzȂŧ ǃȁƢºƴƬƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ ǺǨLjǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ńȁȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƾūơ ÎÖÖÓ
.ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ňȂȈǴǷ ńƛ ǺǗ Ï ÍÍÍ ƨȈǴǰdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƽȁƾƷ ƢǷƗ .ƢƆǸƴƷ Őǯȋơ ǺǨLjǴdz ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ ǢdzƢƦŭơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƪǠǧǁ ƾǫȁ
Ï ÍÍÍ ƨȈǴǰdzơ ƢȀƬdzȂŧ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ ǺǨLjdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƧŚƻȌdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
Ʃƾºȇǃ ƾǫȁ .ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ ǢǴƦƬǧ ǺǗ
.ƢƆǸƴƷ Őǯȋơ ǺǨLjǴdz ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ ǢdzƢƦŭơ ƢƆǔȇƗ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz DZƾǠŭơ ÎÖÔÕ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǂǜǻƗ (ÏÐÍ)
.ňƢưdzơȁ DZȁȋơ ǹƢǬǧǂŭơ (DZȂƥǁƢǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ) ÎÖÔÐ ǵƢǠdz ǺǨLjdzơ ǺǷ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǞǼŭ
.Ò ƧǂǬǨdzơ Î ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÐÎ)
.Õȁ Ô ǹƢƫƽƢŭơ (ÏÐÏ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƢƆǔȇƗ DzďǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰƫȁ .(ÏÑÐ)řȈǷƘƫ ȁƗ ĿǂǐǷ ǹƢǸǔƥ ȁƗ
ƨƴȈƬǻ ƭƾƷ" ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ Ȃdz ƢǸȈǧ ƧƽȁƾŰ Śǣ
ƤǰĄƫǁơ ƾǫ DzǠǨdzơ ǹȂǯȁ Ǿƥ ǶǬȇ Ń ȁƗ ǾLjǨǻ DzďǤnjŭơ Ǿƥ ǵƢǫ DzǠǨdz
ƨºƴȈƬǻ ƭƾƸȈºLJ ơƆǁǂºǓ ǭƢºǼǿ ǹƘºƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ ǶǴǠdzơ ǞǷ ơƆƾǸǟ
.(ÏÑÑ)"ƭȂǴƬǴdz
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƪǻƢǯ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǷƗȁ -ÎÑÎ
ǵƢºǠdz džȇǁƢºƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ) ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ DZƢů Ŀ ƮdzƢưdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ
Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƽơȂŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ DZȁƗ (ÎÖÓÍ
Ŀ ƨºȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ǹȁƢºǠƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ƨdzƢǯȁ ǁƢǗƛ
ǥƢǯ ǒȇȂǠƫ" ŚǧȂƫ ǹƢǸǓ ńƛ ȄǠLjƫ Ȇǿȁ .ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ
ƭƽơȂºƷ ƤƦLjƥ ǁǂǔǴdz ǹȂǓǂǠƬȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȌdz ǦǐǼǷȁ
ƱƢƬǻƛȁ ǂȇȂǘƫ ƨǫƢǟƛ ǵƾǟ ƨdzƢǨǰdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƩơȂǘŬơ ƿƢţơ ǞǷ ƨȇȁȂǻ
ƞnjǼƫȁ .(ÏÑÒ)"Ǯdzǀƥ ƨȈǸǴLjdzơ ǑơǂǣȌdz ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơȁ
ǹȂºǰȇȁ .(ÏÑÓ)ƧƽȁƾºƄơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵƢǜǻ
ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ Ŀ ƧǁƢLjŬơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ DzďǤnjǷ
ǪºƸǴƫ Ŗºdzơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ǍƢƼNjȋƢƥ ǪƸǴȇ ȅǀdzơ
(ƣ) ȁƗ ƧƘnjºǼŭơ Dzƻơƽ (Ɨ) ȅȁȂǼdzơ ƭƽƢūơ ƤƦLjƥ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ
.ƢȀǼǷ ȁƗ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ńƛ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƽơȂŭơ DzǬǻ ƔƢǼƯƗ
ƧƽȁƾºŰ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ƭƽƢūƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ DzďǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷȁ -ÎÑÏ
ƾŞ ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÒ ǢǴƦŠ
ǩȂºǬƷ ƩơƾºƷȁ ǺºǷ ƧƾƷȁ śȇȐǷ Ò ǢǴƦȇ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ŇƽƗ
ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǦȈǨǗ ǂǘƻ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƭƽơȂƸǴdz ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ
ơƆƾƷ ƞnjǼƫ ǹƗ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǃȂŸ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ .ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƽơȂŭơ DzǬǻȁ ƩƖnjǼǸǴdz
Ǻǟ ƩȁƢǨƬdzơ DzǬȇ ȏ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ) řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ŇƽƗ ȁƗ ŐǯƗ
.(ÏÑÔ)(ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ Ò ǢǴƦǷ
ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÐÎ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏ DZƾºǠŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ǎǼȇȁ -ÎÑÐ
Ŀ ƮdzƢưdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ ƨǬƸǴŭơ ÎÖÓÐ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ
ÏÕ ƹǁƚǷ ĿƢǓƛ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ƢŮƾǟ ƢǸǯ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ DZƢů
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ" ƥ ƾºǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ) ÎÖÓÑ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
ÐÍÍ ǽƾºƷ ǢǴƦȇ ĿƢǓƛ ǒȇȂǠƫ ȄǴǟ ("ÎÖÕÏ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ
śºƥ ǺǷȁ .ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ
ƩơƾºƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ śȇȐǷ Ò ǵċƾǬĄƫ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ơǀǿ
ǂºƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǓ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ƢǿǂǧȂȇ ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ
ƩơƾºƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÔÍ ǢǴƦǷ Ǟǧƾȇ ǹƢƯ ĆȃȂƬLjǸǯȁ
Ŗdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ǺǷ ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ
ǥơǂǗȋơ Ǟǧƾƫ ƮdzƢƯ ĆȃȂƬLjǸǯȁ .ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƢȀȈǧ ƾƳȂƫ
__________
.Õȁ Ó ǹƢƫƽƢŭơ (ÏÑÐ)
.Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ó ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÑÑ)
.ƨƳƢƦȇƾdzơ (ÏÑÒ)
.Ð ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÑÓ)
.Ô ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÑÔ)
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ŚƥơƾºƬdzơ ȄºǴǟȁ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ƪǠǫȁ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǾƦƦLjƫ ȅǀdzơȁ
.ǽǁƢƯƕ DzȈǴǬƫ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ɣǁƾdz Ʃǀţơ ƢǸǼȇƗ ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ
ƧȁȐǟȁ .ȅǁƢƦƳȍơ śǷƘƬǴdz ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÎÐÕ
ƩƢºƦdzƢǘŭơ ǺºǷ ǾƫơƽȂƳȂǷ ƨȇƢŧ DzǬǼdzơ ƾȀǠƬŭ ǃȂŸ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ
ǝơƾȇƛ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƢǷƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƽȁƾū ƢƆǫȁƾǼǏ ƞnjǼĄȇ ǹƘƥ Ǯdzƿȁ
Ȅǐºǫȋơ ƾūơ ǺċȈǠĄȇȁ .(ÏÐÔ)řȈǷƘƫ ȁƗ ĿǂǐǷ ǹƢǸǔƥ ȁƗ DZơȂǷƗ
ǮǰLjºdzƢƥ ȁƗ ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǬǼdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ DzǬǼdzơ ƾȀǠƬǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭ
ƤƸLjºdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÕ ǢǴƦŠ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ
ǪºƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔºdzơȁ Ƶơȁǁȋơ Ŀ ƧǁƢLjŬơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ƨǏƢŬơ
ƩơƾºƷȁ ǺºǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÏ ǢǴƦǷ ƽďƾƷĄ ƢǸǯ ǍƢƼNjȋƢƥ
ǪºƦǘǼƫȁ .ȃǂºƻȋơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ƾƸǯ ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ
ƨºȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨºƷȐŭơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǼdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ŇƽƗ ƽȁƾƷ
Ôȁ ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ Õ Ȇǿȁ
ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơȁ Ƶơȁǁȋơ Ŀ ƧǁƢLjŬơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ
.(ÏÐÕ)ŅơȂƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơȁ ǍƢƼNjȋƢƥ
ƭȂºǴƬdzơ ǁơǂºǓƗ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȄǜŢȁ -ÎÐÖ
ǝƢºǬdz ƨºȈǻƾǠŭơ ƽơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ ǥƢnjǰƬLJơ Ǻǟ ƲƫƢǼdzơ ȆǘǨǼdzơ
ǝƢºǬdz ƨºȈǻƾǠŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ" ƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ) ǁƢƸƦdzơ
DZȁƾǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ŐǯƗ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƽȁƾŰ ȆǸȈǴǫƛ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǩƢǘǼƥ ("ǁƢƸƦdzơ
ÐÓ ǑǂǠdzơ ǖƻȁ ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ǂŞȁ DZƢǸnjdzơ ǂŞ ȄǴǟ ƽȁƾƷ ƢŮ Ŗdzơ
ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ DZȁƢǼƬƫ Ȇǿȁ ȆLjǴǗȋơ ǖȈƄơ DZƢſ Ŀ ƨƳǁƽ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ DzưǷ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢȀǴưǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿȁ .ƧǁȂǸǤŭơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƢƆǷƢǜǻ ƞnjǼƫ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ
ǥǂŪơ ƩƖnjǼǷ DzǤnjǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǑǂǨƫ ȆȀǧ .(ÏÐÖ)ƧƽȁƾƄơ
ǾºǻƘƥ ǁǂǔºdzơ ǥĈǂºǠȇȁ .(ÏÑÍ)ƭƾŢ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ȅǁƢǬdzơ
ƭȂºǴƫ ǾƦƦLjȇȁ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƱǁƢƻ ǹƢƯƾŹ ǹơǀǴdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjŬơ"
.(ÏÑÎ)"ƧƘnjǼŭơ ǺǷ ǖǨǼdzơ Ǧȇǂǐƫ ȁƗ ƩȐǧƛ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǻ
ƩơƾºƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÑÍ ǢǴƦŠ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƽƾŢȁ -ÎÑÍ
ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǃȂŸ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ
ǁǂǔºdzƢƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƧƽȁƾŰ Śǣ ȁƗ ȄǴǟƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǁƢƬţ ǹƗ
ƢǸȈǧ DZƢūơ ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟȁ ȅǁƢƦƳƛ śǷƘƬdzơȁ .(ÏÑÏ)ƢȀǸȈǴǫȍ DzǏƢūơ
DzºǬǻ DZȐƻ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ
ǺǨºLJ ȁƗ ƨºȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ ȁƗ ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ
ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǺǷ ǾƫơƽȂƳȂǷ ȆǸŹ ǹƗ DzďǤnjǸǴdz ǃȂŸ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ
ǝơƾºȇȍơ ǪºȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƢǷƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƽȁƾŞ ƢƆǫȁƾǼǏ ƞnjǼȇ ǹƘƥ
__________
.ÎÐȁ ÎÎ ǹƢƫƽƢŭơ (ÏÐÔ)
.Ö ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÐÕ)
.Ð ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÐÖ)
.Ð ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÑÍ)
.Ó ƧǂǬǨdzơ Î ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÑÎ)
.ÎÒ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÑÏ)
143 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢºǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ DZƾǠŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ƽƢǸƬǟƢƥ ƽȂȀŪơ ǽǀǿ
ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ" ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ) ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁ ("ÎÖÖÔ
.(ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ)
ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǦȇǂǠƫ DzǸnjȇȁ -ÎÑÕ
ǪƸǴȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǧ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ ǹȉơ ÎÖÖÔ
ńƛȁ ƩƢºǰǴƬǸŭơ ƤȈǐȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjŬơȁ ǍƢƼNjȋƢƥ
ƧǁƢLjºŬơ (Ɨ) :ȆºǴȇ ƢǷ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǽǁǂǬȇ ȅǀdzơ ƾūơ
Ƣđ DZȐƻȍơ ȃǂƳ Ŗdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨdzƢƷ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ (ƣ) žƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ
žDZƢºƥ ȅƿ Śºǣ DZȐºƻȍơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƢǷ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ
ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǠǨǼŭơ ǺǷ ƧƾǸƬLjŭơ ƩơƽơǂȇȍƢƥ ǪƸǴƫ Ŗdzơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ (Ʊ)
ƨºƴȈƬǻ ƧƾºċƦǰƬŭơȁ ǾƳȁ ȅƘƥ Ƣđ ǞƬǸƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ƔơǂƳ
ƨºȇƗȁ ƨºȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ŚƥơƾºƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ (ƽ) žƨƠȈƦdzơ ǮǴƬƥ ŚƦǯ DZȐƻȍ
ƧǁƢLjºƻ ȅƗ (ǿ)ȁ žŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǮǴƫ ƢȀƬƦƦLJ ȃǂƻƗ ǁơǂǓƗ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjƻ
Ǯdzǀƥ ƶũ ơƿƛ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ DZȐƻȍơ ƢȀƦƦLJ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫ ǥȐş ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫơ
.(ÏÒÍ)ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ǵƢǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
Ȅǐºǫȋơ ƾºūơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ʃƽơǃȁ -ÎÑÖ
ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÐÍÍ ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz
ȏƗ ǃȂŸ ƾǫ (Ɨ) :Ƨƾȇƾǟ ƩȏƢǸƬƷơ ǭƢǼǿȁ .ƨƯƽƢƷ Dzǰdz ƨǏƢŬơ
ƢºȀȈǧ Ŗºdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ DzďǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǑȁǂǨŭơ Ȅǐǫȋơ ƾūơ DzǬȇ
ƤƸLjºdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÐÍÍ Ǻǟ ƧƘnjǼŭơ
ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÒÍ ǺǷ DzǫƘƥ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƽƾŢ ȏ ƾǫ (ƣ) žƨǏƢŬơ
ƨºdzƢūơ ǮǴƫ Ŀȁ ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ
ÐÍÍ Ǻǟ DzǬȇ ȏ ƢǷ ŕƷȁ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ƾȇDŽȇ Ƣŭ ƨǷƢǠdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ƵƢƬĄƫ
ƤºǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ơƆƾƷ Ǟǔƫ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǃȂŸȁ (Ʊ) žƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ
ǢǴƦŠ ƿƢǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ Ŀ DZȂƻƾdzơ ƾǠƥ ƢƆǷƢǟ ǂnjǟ ƨLjŨ ƢǿƢǐǫƗ Ƨƾŭ
ǩȂºǬƷ ƩơƾºƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÍÍ Ǻǟ DzǬȇ ȏ ƪǫƚǷ
ǺǷ ƨǷƢǠdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ƵƢƬĄƫ ǹƗ Ǖǂnjƥ DzǫƗ ǢǴƦŠ ȁƗ ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ
Dzǫȋơ ǢǴƦŭơ śƥ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ƤǻƢƳ
žƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÍÍ ǢǴƦǷȁ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz DzǫƗ ƢƆǤǴƦǷ ƽƾŢ ǹƗ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ƣđ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǃȂŸ (ƽ) ȁƗ
ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ Ò Ǻǟ DzǬȇ ȏ ƮȈŞ
.(ÏÒÎ)ǩǂǨdzơ ƨȈǘǤƬdz ƵƢƬĄƬLJ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǢdzƢƦŭơ ǹƗ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƨǏƢŬơ
ƶȈºǬǼƫ ƔơǂºƳƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǖďLjƦƫȁ -ÎÒÍ
ȄºǴǟ ǪºƦǘǼƫ ƮȈŞ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ĿơǂǤŪơ ǩƢǘǼdzơ ǞďLJȂƫȁ ƽȁƾūơ
.ƢŮ ǑǂǠƬdzơ ȃǂƳ ƢǸưȈƷ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
ƢƆǸƟƢǫ ƢƆǰǏ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ŐƬǠƫĄȁ -ÎÒÎ
.ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǾƥƢnjȇ ǁǂǔǴdz ƢȀǨȇǂǠƬǧ .Ǿƫơǀƥ
__________
.Ï ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÒÍ)
.Ô ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÒÎ)
ǾȈǴǟ ƧƽƢȇǃȁ ƾūơ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ ĿƢǓƛ ǒȇȂǠƫ ȅƗ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ
ƤƸLjºdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÏÒ ǢǴƦǷ ŕƷ)
.(ÏÑÕ)ŅǃƢǼƫ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ (ƨǏƢŬơ
ǩƢºǘǼƥ ǶLjƬƫ ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƪǻƢǯ ǺƠdzȁ -ÎÑÑ
ȆŭƢǟ ǾƳȂƬƥ ǶLjƬƫ ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǹƜǧ ƽȁƾŰ ȆǸȈǴǫƛ
ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢºǟ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢºǟ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǖƦƫǂƫȁ .ǂưǯƗ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢºǼȈȈǧ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǪºȈƦǘƬƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǭǂƬnjŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzƢƥ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
ȄǠLjºȇ ȅǀdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ DZƢů Ŀ ƮdzƢưdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ
Ŀ ƨºǼȈƦŭơ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƧDŽȈǷ ǩƢǘǻ ǞȈLJȂƫ ńƛ DZƽƢƦƬǷ Dzǰnjƥ
ǺǷơDŽƬŭơ ǪȈƦǘƬǴdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƘnjǼȇ ƾǫ ƣǁƢǔƫ ȅƗ ƤǼšȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Dzǯ
ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢºǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ŐƬǠƫȁ .ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǝȂǫȁ ƾǼǟ śƬȈǫƢǨƫȐdz
Ƣēơƿ Ȇǿ ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ ƨȇƢǟǁ ƪŢ ƩăƾǸĄƬǟơ Ŗdzơ
ǹƗ ȄºǴǟ ǎǼºƫ ȆºȀǧ .ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ DzưǷ ŚƦǯ ƾƷ ńƛ
.(ÏÑÖ)ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơ ǂǧȂƫ ƢĔƗ ȏƛ ."ƨǬǴǘǷ" ǹȂǰƫ DzďǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
DzǤď njŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭ ơƆƾƷ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƢȀȈǧ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ǟǔƫ ƾǫȁ -ÎÑÒ
ǎǼºƫ ȏȁ .ƨºƯƽƢƷ Dzǰdz ȆǰȇǂǷƗ ǁȏȁƽ śȇȐǷ Ò Ǻǟ DzǬȇ ȏ
.ƨǷƢǠdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ǺǷ ĿƢǓƛ ǒȇȂǠƫ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢºǠdz ƢºǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ƽȂǼƥ ƤLjŞȁ -ÎÑÓ
ǪºƸǴȇ ȅǀºdzơ ǁǂǔdzơȁ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǧ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ DzǸnjȇ
ǁǂºǓ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƩƢǰǴƬǸǸǴdz ƧǁƢLjƻ ȅƗ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ǍƢƼNjȋƢƥ
ǺºǷ ƲȇDŽǷ ȁƗ ƨǠnjŭơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ ǺǷ ǶƴǼȇ ȁƗ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ Ƣđ ǪƸǴȇ
ǺºǷ ƢǿŚǣ ȁƗ ƧǂƴǨƬŭơ ȁƗ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ǎƟƢǐŬơȁ ƨǠnjŭơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ
ƨǠnjºŭơ ƩƢºƴƬǼǸǴdz ȁƗ ȅȁȂºǼdzơ ƽȂºǫȂǴdz ƧǂǘŬơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ
ƨȈƫƘƬŭơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƽơȂŭơ ȁƗ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ȁƗ
.ƢºȀȈdzƛ ƪǴºLJǁƌƗ ȁƗ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƩƘnjǻ Ŗdzơ ȁƗ ƢȀǼǷ
ƘnjºǼȇ ƾºǫ ǁǂǓ ȁƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǁƢLjƻ ȅƗ (Ɨ) ƢƆǔȇƗ Ǯdzƿ DzǸnjȇȁ
Ǻºǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢǫ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ǎǻ ơƿƛ ǶƴǼȇ ȁƗ
ǍƢƼºNjȋƢƥ ǪƸǴȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ Ŀ ƧǁƢLjŬơ (ƣ)
ǶƴǼºȇ ȁƗ ǺǷ ƘnjǼȇ Ƣđ ǪƸǴȇ ǁǂǓ ȁƗ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭ ƧǁƢLjƻ ȅƗ ȁƗ
Dzƻơƽ ǝƢǠNjȎdz ǂƻƕ ǁƾǐǷ ȅƗ ǺǷ ƮǠƦǻơ ǂƻƕ ǺďȇƚǷ ǝƢǠNjƛ Ǻǟ
.Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƨdzȁƽ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ
Ʃƽơƽǃơ ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǟ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ DzƥȂǻŚnjƫ ƨƯǁƢǯ ƣƢǬǟƗ Ŀȁ -ÎÑÔ
ǁǂǔdzơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ƶȈǬǼƬƥ ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ Dzƻơƽ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ
ƪƳȂƫȁ .ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǢǴƦǷ ƧƽƢȇǃȁ
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ŅƢºŦȍơ ȆǷȂǬdzơ ƲƫƢǼdzơ śƥ ƨƦLjǼdzơ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ȅƗ Ð ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÑÕ)
ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǞȈǸŪ ŅƢŦȍơ ȆǷȂǬdzơ ƲƫƢǼdzơ ǝȂǸůȁ ƾǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ Dzǰdz
ǺǷ ǥǂǗ Dzǰdz ǶȈǴǫȍơ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ƩȐǟƢǨǸǴdz ƨȇǁơǂūơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ śƥ ƨƦLjǼdzơȁ
ǶȈdzƢºǫƗ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ƩȐǟƢǨǸǴdz ƨȇǁơǂūơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ DZƢŦƛȁ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ
.ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ Dzǯ
.(ƣ)ȁ (Ɨ)Ð ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÑÖ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ÔÍÍ ǢǴƦƬdz DzďǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ʃƾȇǃ ƾǫȁ .(ÏÒÓ)ǞLJȁƗ ƢƆȈǧơǂǤƳ ƢƆǫƢǘǻȁ
Ǻºǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz Ňƽȋơ ƾūơ ƾȇǃ ƢǸǯ ƨƯƽƢƷ Dzǯ Ǻǟ ȁǁȂȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ
_________________________________________
ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫơ ƨƸǴǐǷ ǺǷ ƧƾƟƢǠdzơ Ʃơƽơǂȇȍơ Ŀ ƧǁƢLjŬơ -Ò"
ŚƦºǯ DZȐƻȍ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƢǿƾƦǰƫ ȅǂŸ Ƣđ ǞƬǸƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨƠȈƦdzơ DZƢǸǠƬLJơ ǺǷ
žÏ ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƽǂƫ Ń ƪǷơƽ ƢǷȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǮǴƬƥ
Ŗdzơ ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjŬơȁ ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ -Ó"
ȅǀdzơ ǁƾǬdzƢƥȁ ÒÒ ńƛ Î ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ žŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǮǴƫ ƢȀƬƦƦLJ
ǺȇƚºǷ ǝƢǠºNjƛ ǺºǷ ƨšƢǻ ȁƗ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǻ ǁơǂǓȋơ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǾȈǧ ǹȂǰƫ
ƽȂǫȁ ǺǷ ƮǠƦǼǷ ȁƗ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƧƘnjǼǷ Dzƻơƽ ǝƢǠNjȎdz ǁƾǐǷ ȅƗ ǺǷ ƮǠƦǼǷ
ƽơȂºǷ ǺǷ ȁƗ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƧƘnjǼǷ Dzƻơƽ ƨȈǟƢǠNjƛ ƩƢȇƢǨǻ ȁƗ ƩƢƴƬǼǷ ȁƗ ȅȁȂǻ
ƩƘnjºǻ ƔơȂLJ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƨǴLJǂǷ ȁƗ ƢȀȈǧ ƨƠNjƢǻ ȁƗ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƧƘnjǼǷ ǺǷ ƨȈƫƕ ƨȇȁȂǻ
ƨǠnjŭơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ǖȈǴƻ ǺǷ ȁƗ ƧƽƢŭơ ǮǴƬdz ƨǠnjŭơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ ǺǷ
.ƧƽƢŭơ ǮǴƬdz ȃǂƻƗ Ƨǂǘƻ ȁƗ ƧǂƴǨƬǷ ȁƗ ƧǁƢǓ ǎƟƢǐƻ ǞǷ
Śƥơƾºƫ ȅƗ ‘ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ƨdzƢūơ ƧƽƢǟƛ Śƥơƾƫ‘ řǠƫȁ ‘Õ‘"
ȆǷǂƫȁ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ƢȀȈǧ Ʃǀĉţơ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ƢēǂǫƗ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ
Ŗdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ƵȐǏƛ ȁƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǝƢǓȁƗ ƧƽƢǟƛ ńƛ
ǮǴƫ DZƽƢǠȇ ƢǷ DZƢƻƽƛ ƆȏȂǬǠǷ Ǯdzƿ ǹƢǯ ƢǸưȈƷ ȁƗ ƩǂǷĄƽ ȁƗ ƩŚǓƗ
ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƭƾƷ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ǟȇǂnjƫ ƽƾŹȁ .ƨƠȈƦdzơ Ŀ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ
.ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǮǴƫ ƿƢţơ ƨdzȂƼŭơ ƨȀŪơ
ȅƗ ƢǿǀºƼƬȇ ƨºdzȂǬǠǷ Śƥơƾƫ ȅƗ ‘ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ‘ řǠƫȁ ‘Ö‘"
ơƆŚºǘƻ ơƆƾºȇƾē ƤƦLjȇ ƭƽƢƷ ȁƗ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǝȂǫȁ ƤǬǟ ǎƼNj
ńƛ Î ‘Ô‘(Ɨ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ɣǁƽ ƨȈǤƥ ƆƢǰȈNjȁ ȁƗ
ƨǐºƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǺǷ ƨǬǧơȂǷ ȅƘƥ ƢƆǼǿǁ Ňƽȋơ ƾūơ ńƛ ǾǴȈǴǬƫ ȁƗ Ò
.ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ƢȀȈǧ Ʃǀţơ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƢȀƦǴǘƬȇ
ƨºǸƟȐǷ ƢºĔƗ śƦƬȇ Ŗdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ‘ƨdzȂǬǠŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ‘ řǠƫȁ ‘ÎÍ‘"
ǞºȈǸŪ ǁƢºƦƬǟȏơ ƔȐȇƛ ǞǷ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨƦLJƢǼƬǷȁ
:Ȑ
Ɔ ưǷ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷȁ ǥȁǂǜdzơ
ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ȁƗ ƨƯƽƢūơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ȃƾǷȁ ƨǠȈƦǗ -Î"
žǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬŭơ ǂǘŬơ ȃƾǷȁ ƨǠȈƦǗ ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ
ȁ ǾȈǧ ǀƼƬƫ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǮǴƫ ƨȈdzƢǠǧ DZƢǸƬƷơ ȃƾǷ -Ï"
."ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ ƨȈǼǬƬdzơȁ ƨȈǸǴǠdzơ ƧŐŬơ -Ð"
:Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÏÒÓ)
ƢºŮ ǑǂǠƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǪƦǘǼƫ (Ɨ)"
Ŀ ƧƽȂºƳȂŭơ ơƾǟ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƪƠnjǻƌƗ ƨȇǂŞ ǪǗƢǼǷ ȅƗ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǫƛ
ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ‘Ñ‘ ńƛ ‘Ï‘ ƽȂǼƦdzơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƧǁȂǯǀǷ Śǣȁ ƧƾǫƢǠƬǷ Śǣ ƨdzȁƽ ǶȈǴǫƛ
:DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƨǴƴLjǷ ƧǂƟƢǗ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLJ ŔǷ ȄǴǟȁ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
žƾǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ ‘Α"
Ŀ ơƆƾǫƢǠƬǷ ƢƆǧǂǗ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ǹȂǰƫ ƧƾǫƢǠƬǷ ƨdzȁƽ ‘Ï‘"
ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂºǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ơƆǀºǧƢǻ ǹȂºǰȇ ƢŮ DzȇƾǠƫ ȅƗȁ ÎÖÓÐ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÏÎ ƨƻǁƚŭơ
DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ Ŀ ǥǂǘdzơ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƬdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
ÏÎ ƨƻǁƚŭơ džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǪȈƦǘƬƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǭǂƬnjŭơ
Ŀ ƾºǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂºǘdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ Ǖǂnjƥ ÎÖÕÕ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ
ƢȀǴǤnjºǷ ƾǠȇ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ǾǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƾƳȂƫ ȅǀdzơ džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
žǭǂƬnjŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ Ŀ ơƆƾǫƢǠƬǷ ƢƆǧǂǗ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
144
ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÐÍÍ ǢǴƦǷ ǂǧơȂƫ (Ɨ) ǹƢǸǔdz ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ȄǠLjƫȁ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ŐǯƗ ǢǴƦǷ ȁƗ ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ
DzºǬȇ ȏ ƪǫƚǷ ǢǴƦǷ (ƣ) ȁƗ žƨƯƽƢƷ Dzǯ Ǻǟ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ
ƨºǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÒÍ Ǻǟ
.ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ȄǴǟ ǞȈǫȂƬdzơ ƣƢƥ ƶƬǧ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ ǂnjǟ Ƨƾŭ
DZơȂºǷȋơ ǺºǷ ƨȈǧƢºǓƛ ǢdzƢºƦǷ ƨƷƢƫƜƥ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǵȂǬƫȁ
ǁơƾºǬǷȁ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ Ƣēǁƾǫ ńƛ ǭơǂƬNjȏơ ǢǴƦǷ ƾǼƬLjȇȁ .(ÏÒÏ)ƨǷƢǠdzơ
DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƤƊǴǘĄȇ Ǻdzȁ .ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǻơDŽȈǷ Ŀ ƢȀǯơǂƬNjơ
ƢȀȈǧ ƾƳȂȇ ȏ Ŗdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ Ŀ ǭơǂƬNjơ DZƾǠǷ ŇƽƗ ƨƦƷƢǏ
.(ÏÒÐ)ƩƢǯơǂƬNjơ ȅƗ Ǟǧƽ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƩȐǟƢǨĄǷ
Ŀ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ "ƢǼȈȈǧ ǵƢǜǻ" ȄǴǟ ƩƗǂǗ Ŗdzơ ƩơŚȈǤƬdzơ ƩǂƯƗ ƾǫȁ -ÎÒÏ
ńƛ ƨƳƢūơ ƢȀƬǔƬǫơ Ŗdzơȁ "džȇǁƢƥ ǵƢǜǻ" ȄǴǟ ƩƗǂǗ Ŗdzơ ƩơŚȈǤƬdzơ
ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǹƜǧ Ľ ǺǷȁ .śǷƢǜǼdzơ śƥ ƨǷƔơȂŭơ ǹƢǸǓ
ǵƢǠdz DzLjǯȁǂƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ" ƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ) ƢŮ ƨǴǸǰŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁ
śdzȂºǯȂƫȁǂƥ ƽƢǸƬǟƢƥ ƱďȂƫĄ ƶȈǬǼƫ ǞǓȂǷ ơƆǂƻƚǷ ƢƬƸƦǏƗ ("ÎÖÓÐ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ" ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ) śƬȈǫƢǨƫȏơ DzȇƾǠƬdz ÏÍÍÑ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÎÏ Ŀ
ǵƢºǠdz ƨºȈǴȈǸǰƬdzơ DzLjºǯȁǂƥ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ"ȁ "ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢºǠdz džȇǁƢƥ
ǩƢºǘǻ ǝƢLjƫƢƥ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǶLjƬƫȁ .(ÏÒÑ)("ÏÍÍÑ
(ÏÒÒ)
ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂºǓȌdz ƢƆǠºLJơȁ ƢƆºǨȇǂǠƫ ǺǸǔƬƫ ȆȀǧ .ƢȀǬȈƦǘƫ
__________
.ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÒÏ)
.ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÒÐ)
DZƢů Ŀ ƮdzƢưdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ DZƾǠŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ (ÏÒÑ)
DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzƢƥ ƨdzƾǠŭơ ǾƬǤȈǐƥ ÎÖÓÍ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÏÖ ƹǁƚŭơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ
ÎÓ ƹǁƚºŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzƢƥȁ ÎÖÓÑ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÕ ƹǁƚŭơ ĿƢǓȍơ
DZȂºǯȂƫȁŐdzơȁ (ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ) ÎÖÕÏ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏ ƨǴǸǰŭơ ÎÖÓÐ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÐÎ ƨƻǁƚŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz DZƾǠŭơ
Ŀ ƮdzƢưdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ÎÖÓÍ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÏÖ ƨƻǁƚŭơ džȇǁƢƥ
ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÕ ƹǁƚŭơ ĿƢǓȍơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzƢƥ ƨdzƾǠŭơ ǾƬǤȈǐƥ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ DZƢů
ÎÖÕÏ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÓ ƹǁƚŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzƢƥȁ ÎÖÓÑ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ
.(ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz DzLjǯȁǂƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ)
:Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (Ɨ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÏÒÒ)
:‘ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ‘ řǠȇ ‘Ô‘"
žǍƢƼNjȋƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǧ -Î"
žƢđ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ƧǁƢLjƻ -Ï"
.ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǽǁǂǬȇ ȅǀdzơ ƾūơ ńƛȁ ȆǴȇ ƢǷ Dzǯȁ
ǁƢnjŭơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjŬơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ -Ð"
śƫǂǬǨdzơ śƫƢǿ Ŀ ơƽǂƫ Ń ƢǸưȈƷ ǽȐǟƗ Ï ȁƗ Î ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƢǸȀȈdzƛ
ǮºǴƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ Ǿdz ǎƼNj ƢŷƾƦǰƫ ơƿƛ śƬȈǟǂǨdzơ
žǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjŬơ
DzºƦǫ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨdzƢƷ ƧƽƢǟƛ Śƥơƾƫ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ -Ñ"
ǮǴƫ ƿƢţơ ȅǂŸ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ DZƢƥ ȅƿ Śǣ Ƣđ DZȐƻȍơ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƢǷ Ƣđ DZȐƻȍơ
žÏ ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƢȀǴǸnjƫ Ń ƪǷơƽ ƢǷ ƢǿƿƢţơ ǶƬȈLJ ȁƗ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ
145 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƽơǃ ƾǬǧ Ľ ǺǷȁ .ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƢǿƾǏǂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ
ǁƢºȈǴǷ Î,Ò ńƛ ȅƗ ƆƢƦȇǂǬƫ ǾdzƢưǷƗ ƨǠƥǁƗ ǢǴƦȈdz ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǝȂǸů
.(ÏÒÕ)ǭǂƬnjŭơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ȁǁȂȇ
__________
:Ð ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ (ÏÒÕ)
ǥơǂºǗȋơ ƾºȀǠƬƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƢȀƬǠǓȁ Ŗdzơ ǕȁǂnjǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ (Ɨ)"
ŕƷ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ŚǧȂƬƥ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ
.ơƆǁǂǰǷ ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ǪȈƦǘƬƥ ƢƆǼǿǁ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ Dzǰdz ȁǁȂȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÒÍÍ ǢǴƦǷ
:ŅƢƬdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ŚǧȂƫ ǶƬȇȁ (ƣ)"
Ŗºdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ǺǷ ȁǁȂȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÔÍÍ Ǻǟ DzǬȇ ȏ ǢǴƦǷ ŕƷ ‘Α"
ƨǷƢǠdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ǺǷ ȁƗ ǂƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǓ ȅƗ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ƢǿǂǧȂȇ
ǁǂºǬȇȁ .džȇǁƢºƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ (Ʊ)ÎÍ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ƨǷƾǬŭơ
ǾǸȈǴǫƜƥ ƾƳȂƫ ȅǀdzơ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǞȇǂnjƬdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǢǴƦŭơ Ǯdzƿ
ńƛ ǁơƾºǬŭơ ǝċǃȂȇȁ DZȁƚLjŭơ DzǤnjŭơ ƢȀȈǧ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ
ždžȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ƢƆǬǧȁ ȁǁȂȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÔÍÍ ǾƬǸȈǫ ƢǷ
ǢǴƦǷȁ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ‘Α(ƣ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǢǴƦŭơ śƥ ‘Ï‘"
ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƵƢƬĄƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ǺǷ ȁǁȂȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÏÍÍ
ƾƳȂȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ǾǸȈǴǫƜƥ ƾƳȂƫ ȅǀdzơ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ
žDZȁƚLjŭơ DzǤnjŭơ ƢȀȈǧ
ǺºǷ ȁǁȂȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ Î ÒÍÍȁ ȁǁȂȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ Î ÏÍÍ ǢǴƦǷ śƥ ‘Б"
ƨǤȈǐºdz ƢƆºǨǫȁ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƢȀƸȈƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ
ǢǴƦǷ Dzǯ ƧƽƢȇDŽƥ ƢƆǼǿǁ ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ƩƢǯơǂƬNjȏơ
.ơƆǁǂǰǷ ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ƨȈdzȊdz ƢƆǬǧȁ
:ǹƗ ƢǷƛ ƾǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ Dzǯ ǹƜǧ ǑǂǤdzơ ơǀŮȁ (Ʊ)"
ǺºǷ DzǫƗ ǹȂǰƫ Ǻdz DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƗ Ǟȇǂnjƫ ƤƳȂŠ ǁǂǬȇ ‘Α"
ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ǹƗȁ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ (Ɨ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǢǴƦŭơ
ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ DZơȂǷȋơ ǞȈŦ ǺǷ ȄƐǘǤĄƫ ǥȂLJ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǮǴƫ ǹƗ
ȁƗ žƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ (ƣ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ
ȄǴǟ ȅȁƢLjȇ ǢǴƦŠ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǾƫƢǠȇǂnjƫ ƤƳȂŠ ǁǂǬȇ ǹƗ ‘Ï‘"
ǺǷ ȁƗ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ‘Α(ƣ) ƧǂǬǨǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǁǂǬŭơ ǢǴƦŭơ Dzǫȋơ
ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ǹƗȁ džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ (ƣ)Ô ƧƽƢŭơ
ǺºǷ (Ɨ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǢǴƦŭơ ŕƷȁ ǢǴƦŭơ Ǯdzƿ ǃȁƢš
ƩơǂºǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƢºȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ƵƢƬƬLJ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ
ǥȐºş ȃǂƻƗ ƨǴȈLJȂƥ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ‘Бȁ ‘Ï‘ȁ ‘Α(ƣ)
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǂƯƘƬƫ ȏ ǹƗ ƨǘȇǂNj DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǘǤƫ
.ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƪǠǓȁ Ŗdzơȁ Dzǰnjdzơȁ ǹȂǸǔŭƢƥ
DZơȂºǷȋơ ǺǷ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ȁƗ ƧƾƟƢǧȁ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǤnjŭơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ (ƽ)"
ǹȂºǰȇ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ (Ʊ)ȁ ‘Бȁ ‘Ï‘(ƣ) ƩơǂǬǨdzƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ
.DzǠǨdzƢƥ DZơȂǷȋơ ǽǀǿ ǾȈǧ ƵƢƬƫ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ DzǤnjŭơ ƾǓ ǀȈǨǼƬǴdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ
ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ ǾºȈǴǟ ǍȂǐºǼŭơ ǁƢºȈŬơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƪǷƾƼƬLJơ ơƿƛ (ǿ)"
Ŀ ơƆƾºǫƢǠƬǷ ƢƆǧǂǗ ƶƦǐƫ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ ȏ ǾǻƜǧ džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ (Ʊ)ÏÎ ƧƽƢŭơ
ǢºǴƦŭơ śºƥ ǩǂǨdzơ ƨȈǘǤƬdz ƵƢƬƬLJ DZơȂǷȋơ ǹƗ ƪǼǸǓ ơƿƛ ȏƛ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ
.ȁǁȂȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÔÍÍ ǢǴƦǷȁ ǾǼǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ DzǤnjŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ȅǀdzơ
ȏ ǹƘºƥ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀŮ ƢǿǀȈǨǼƫ Ŀ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƾȀǠƬƫ (ȁ)"
ǪºȈƦǘƬdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ (ƣ) ÎÒ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ Ǫūơ ǵƾƼƬLjƫ
Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ǮǴƫ Śǣ ƨǏƢƻ ǕȁǂNj
.ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ (Ɨ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ DZơȂǷȋơ ǺǷ ǝȂǧƾŭơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
ȁǁȂºȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÔÍ ƶƦǐȈdz DzǬǼdzơ ƨǘnjǻƗȁ ƩƖnjǼǸǴdz ǒǨƼǼŭơ ǂǘŬơ
.(ÏÒÔ)ŅơȂƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ȁǁȂȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÕÍȁ
Ǟǧǂƫ Ƣǿǁȁƾƥ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǴȈǸǰƬdzơ DzLjǯȁǂƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ -ÎÒÐ
ƭȐºƯ ǺºǷ ǹȂºǰŭơ ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ ǵƢǜǻ Ŀ ǢdzƢƦŭơ ǮǴƫ ǁơƾǬǷ
Ňƽȋơ ƾºūơ ǢºǴƦȇ DZȁȋơ ȃȂƬLjºǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƦǧ .ƩƢȇȂƬLjǷ
ÔÍÍ DzďǤnjºǸǴdz ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ǺǷ ǞǘǬƬLjƬLJ Ŗdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz
Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǵȂǬƫ ǢǴƦŭơ Ǯdzƿ DzďǤnjŭơ ƽƾLjȇ Ń ơƿƛȁ .ȁǁȂȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ
ňƢưdzơ ȃȂƬLjŭơ ƢǷƗ .ƨǷƢǠdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ǺǷ ǢǴƦŭơ ƽơƾLjƥ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƢȀȈǧ
ǺċǷƚȈǧ ȁǁȂȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÒÍÍ ǽǁơƾǬǷ ǢǴƦȇ ȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ
ǺċǷƚȇȁ .ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƢȀȈǧ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƵƢƬĄƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ǺǷ
ǺºǷ ȁǁȂºȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÐÍÍ ǢǴƦȇ ȅǀdzơ ƮdzƢưdzơ ȃȂƬLjŭơ ǢǴƦǷ
_________________________________________
(ǞƥƢƫ (ÏÒÓ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
ȅƗ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƾǼǟ ƢȀȈǧ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƧƾǫƢǠƬǷ Śǣ ƨdzȁƽ ‘Б"
ƾºǫ ǹȂºǰƫ ƨȇǂŞ ƨǬǘǼǷ ƨȇƗ Ŀ ȁƗ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƧƘnjǼǷ
ȁƗ žŅȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƢēƘnjǻƗ
ǝȂǫȁ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ƢȀȇƾdz ơƆǀǧƢǻ ǹȂǰȇ ȃǂƻƗ ƧƾǫƢǠƬǷ Śǣ ƨdzȁƽ ȅƗ ‘Ñ‘"
ƢºȇơDŽǷ ƶȈƬȇȁ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ Ǟȇǂnjƫ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ƭƽƢūơ
Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂºdzơ ǮǴƬdz ƨǬƥƢǘǷ ƝƽƢƦǷ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjȇȁ ƨƠǧƢǰǷ ƨȈdzƽƢƦƫ
ŚǐǬƫ ǹȁƽ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǁȂǷƗ ƨǴŦ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ
Ǿdz ǎǻ ȁƗ DzǤnjŭƢƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ DZȁƚLjŭơ DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ
ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ ȁƗ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz ƨǏƢƻ ƨȈƷȐǏ ȁƗ ǂƯȋơ džǨǻ
ǵƢºǰƷȋƢƥ ǁơǂǫȍơȁ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ƭƽƢūơ ƢȇƢƸǓ ǞȈǸŪ ƨȇȁƢLjƬŭơ
.ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơȁ ƾƟơȂǨdzơȁ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ DzȇȂŢ ƨȇǂƷȁ ƢǿǀȈǨǼƫȁ
ƾºǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǵƢȈǫ ǹȁƽ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƔȆNj ȅƗ DZȂŹ ȏȁ (ƣ)"
ǩƢºǘǻ ŚǧȂºƫ ǹȁƽ DZȁƚLjŭơ DzǤnjŭơ ƢȀȈǧ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƾƳȂƫ ȅǀdzơ
."ǾƫƢǠȇǂnjƫ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǪȈƦǘƬdz ǞLJȁƗ
:Ô ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÏÒÔ)
DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǾƫƢǠȇǂnjƫ Ŀ ƾǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ Dzǯ ǎǼȇ (Ɨ)"
DzǫƗ ǹȂǰƫ Ǻdz ƧƾƷơȁ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ȅƗ ƢȀƬƦƦLJ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
.ȁǁȂȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÔÍÍ ǺǷ
(Ʊ)(ÏÎ) ƧƽƢŭơȁ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ (Ɨ) ƧǂǬǨdzƢƥ ƽǁȁ ƢǸǟ ƢƆǸǣǁ (ƣ)"
ƾǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ ȅȋ ǃȂŸ
ƨºǴǸƬƄơ ƤºǫơȂǠdzơȁ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǞǷ ‘Α"
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǸǴdz DzºǫƗ ƢƆǤǴƦǷ ƽƾŹ ǹƗ ƢȀǼǷ ƨƠNjƢǻ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢū
ơǀºŮ ƽƾƄơ ǢǴƦŭơ Ǯdzƿ DzǬȇ ȏƗ Ǖǂnjƥ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ǮǴƬdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
ȁ žȁǁȂȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÔÍ Ǻǟ DZƢƷ ȅƘƥ ȂƸǼdzơ
ǝȂºǫȂdz ƨǴǸƬƄơ ƤǫơȂǠdzơȁ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƽơȂŭơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǞǷȁ ‘Ï‘"
ǥǂºǘdzơ Ǯºdzƿ ƽƾŹ ǹƗ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ƞNjƢǻ ȅȁȂǻ ƭƽƢƷ
DzºǬȇ ȏ ǹƗ Ǖǂnjƥ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƽơȂŭơ DzǬǻ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz DzǫƗ ƢƆǤǴƦǷ
.ȁǁȂȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÕÍ Ǻǟ DZƢƷ ȅƘƥ ȂƸǼdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƽƾƄơ ǢǴƦŭơ
DzƟƢLJȂdz ƪƯƾƷ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ǹȂǰȇ ȏ (Ʊ)"
ȄºǴǟ ǂºƯƗ ȅƗ ƭƽƢƷ ǝȂǫȁ ƪǫȁ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƽơȂŭơ DzǸŢ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ DzǬǼdzơ
ǢºǴƦǷ ŕƷ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ DzǤnjǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DzȈǴǬƫ
Ǟȇǂnjºƫ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼǷ ŐǯƗ ǢǴƦǷ ȅƗ ȁƗ ȁǁȂȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÕÍ Ǻǟ DzǬȇ ȏ
."ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǥċǂºǠƫȁ .(ÏÓÎ)ƶǴLjºŭơ ǹƢȈǐºǠdzơ ȁƗ DZƢƬǬdzơ DZƢǸǟƗȁ ƣǂūơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǧ :ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
ȁƗ Ǻºǟ ƘnjǼƫ Ŗdzơȁ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ǪƸǴƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjŬơȁ
ƧǁƢǓȁ ƨǠnjǷ ǎƟƢǐƻ ǺǷ ǖȈǴƻ ȁƗ ƨǠnjǷ ǎƟƢǐƻ ǺǷ ƲƬǼƫ
ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ȁƗ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ƽȂǫȂǴdz ȃǂƻƗ Ƨǂǘƻ ǎƟƢǐƻ ȁƗ ƧǂƴǨƬǷȁ
.ƨǠnjŭơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ȁƗ
Ƥǿƿ Ǯǻǂǧ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÒÍÍ ǢǴƦŠ DzďǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƽƾŢȁ -ÎÒÓ
ŚǐǬƫ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƪǠǫȁ ƢŠǁ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǹƗ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨƯƽƢƷ Dzǰdz
ǚǨƬºŹ ǹƗ DzǤnjŭơ ǺǷ ǂǷȋơ ȆǔƬǬȇȁ .ǾǼǷ ƚǗơȂƫ ȁƗ DzďǤnjŭơ ǺǷ
ǢºǴƦǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǢǴƦǷ ǃȁƢš ơƿƛȁ .ǂƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǓ ȁƗ śǷƘƬƥ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǢºǴƦǷ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ Ń Ǻǰdzȁ DzǤnjŭơ ǽƾǏǁ ȅǀdzơ śǷƘƬdzơ
Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ǂǷȋơ ȆǔƬǬȇ Ƥǿƿ Ǯǻǂǧ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÒÍÍ ƥ ǁƾǬŭơ
.(ÏÓÏ)ǩǂǨdzơ Ǟǧƾƫ ǹƘƥ ǎȈƻǂƬdzơ ƩǁƾǏƗ
ǂưǯƗ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ƕǜǻ ƪǰǨǻơ ƢǷȁ -ÎÒÔ
ƶǸLjƫ ǶǜǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȈǧ .ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƢȀǼǷ ƢƆǟȂǼƫ
ŚºǘŬơ ǞƥƢǘdzƢƥ ǩǂǨdzơ ơǀǿ ŚLjǨƫ ǺǰŻȁ DZȁƾdzơ ƨdzƔƢLjǷ ƧƽƢȇDŽƥ
ǞºLJơȁ ǩƢºǘǻ ȄǴǟ ǽǁƢnjƬǻơ DZƢǸƬƷơȁ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǕƢnjǼǴdz ƨȇƢǤǴdz
Śnjºȇ ƽƾǐºdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .(ÏÓÐ)ǾǼǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ƾǷƗ DZȂǗȁ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ńƛ ǃƢŸƜƥ Birnie and Boyle
ơƆǁƾǐºǷ ǽǁƢºƦƬǟƢƥ DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DŽǯǂƫ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǹƗ ǞǷ
ƲȀǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƘƥ ƵȂǓȂƥ ǂǬƫ ƨȈǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǹƜǧ ... ƭȂǴƬdzơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔǴdz
Ƨǁƾºǫ ǃȁƢºƴƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƧŚƦǰdzơ ǂƟƢLjŬƢƥ ƔƢǧȂdzơ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ ǭǂnjȇȁ ǥƢǯ Śǣ
ǹƘƥ DZȂǬdzơ ǺǰŻ ȏȁ .śǷƘƬdzơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ǢǴƦŭơ ƨȈǘǤƫ ȁƗ ƽơƾLjdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǤnjŭơ
ǂºǬƫ ȁƗ "Ǟǧƾºȇ ƭȂºǴŭơ" ƗƾƦǷ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ǀǨǼƫ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƢƆȇƗ
ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ƭƽơȂūơ ǞǬƫ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾǴdz ƨǗȁǂnjŭơ Śǣȁ ƧƽȁƾƄơ Śǣ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
ơƆǁơǂºǫƛ Ǯºdzƿ Ǻǰȇ ǹƛȁ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǮǴƫ Ǿƥ ǂǬƫ ȅǀdzƢǧ :ƢǿƽȁƾƷ Dzƻơƽ
ȄǴǟȁ ƨǨǐǼǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƢȀǴǸŢ ƤŸ ƨǴǸƬƄơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǁơƾǬǷ ǹƗ Ȃǿ ƆƢǏȂǬǼǷ
.(ÏÓÑ)Ņȁƾdzơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ DzƦǬƫ ƾȇǁƌƗ ơƿƛ ǞLJơȁ ǩƢǘǻ
DZȁƾdzơ ȄǘǠĄƫ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÎÒÕ
ơƆƽȁƾºƷ ƨºȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƢȀǼȈǻơȂǫ Ŀ ƾǸƬǠƫ Ȇǰdz ƨȇǂȇƾǬƫ ƨǘǴLJ ƢƆǔȇƗ
ǦȇǁƢºǠƫȁ śǷƘºƬdzơ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƫȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǁơƾǬŭ ƨǨǴƬű ȃȂǐǫ
ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ śdzȁƚLjǷ śǴǤnjŭơ ǁƢƦƬǟơ DzǏơȂƬdz ȁƗ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
__________
.ƨǼǷƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÓÎ)
.Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÓÏ)
Jenks, “Liability for ultra-hazardous activities in ǂºǜǻơ (ÏÓÐ)
Smith, State Responsibility and the Marine ȁ žinternational law”, p. 105
Handl, “Liability ȁ žEnvironment: the Rules of Decision, pp. 112–115
as an obligation established by a primary rule of international law:
žsome basic reflections on the International Law Commission’s work”
Goldie, “Concepts of strict and absolute liability and the ranking of ȁ
.liability in terms of relative exposure to risk”
.ÑÕÎ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Birnie and Boyle (ÏÓÑ)
146
Ǒǂºǧ DZȂƷ ǹơǁȁƾȇ ƢǼȈȈǧȁ džȇǁƢƥ ƢǷƢǜǻ ǹƢǯ ǹȋȁ -ÎÒÑ
ƢȀǼǷ ƽơȂŭơ DzǬǻ ȃǂƳ ƧƘnjǼŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ DzďǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨdzƘLjǷ Ȇǿ ǂƸƦdzơ Ǫȇǂǘƥ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƽơȂŭơ DzǬǻ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǹƜǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ȁƗ
DzưǷ ƤǼƴƬdzȁ .ȅǂƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫơ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƢȀǸǜǼƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ
ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǹƜǧ DzǸƬƄơ ƣǁƢǔƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ
ƧƽƢȈLjdzơ ǹƗ ƵȂǓȂƥ śƦƫ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƽơȂǸǴdz ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ DZƢů Ŀ
DzºǬȇ ȏ řºǗȁ ǹȂǻƢǫ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƢǼȈȈǧȁ džȇǁƢƥ ŖȈǫƢǨƫȏ ǹȂǰƬLJ
.(ÏÒÖ)Ǯdzǀdz ƆȐȈǔǨƫ ƢǸȀǼǟ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǹƜǧ ƢǼȈȈǧȁ džȇǁƢƥ ȆǷƢǜǻ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ -ÎÒÒ
ǺǨLjºdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ" ƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ) ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ȆǴǤnjǷ
ƨºȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ȃǂƳ Ŗdzơȁ ("ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ ǞǷ ǹȁƢǠƬdzƢƥ (Comité Maritime International) ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǼȈǨLjºdzơ DzďǤnjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǁǂǬƫ ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ƪƦƯ ŕǷ ƨȇȁȂǻ ǁơǂǓƗ ȅƗ Ǻǟ (ÏÓÍ)"ƨǬǴǘǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ"
ǺǷ ƢƆȇȁȂǻ ơƆƽȂǫȁ DzǸnjƫ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƢȀƬƦċƦLJ ƾǫ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǮǴƫ ǹƗ
ǺºǷȁ .ƢȀȈǧ ƪƴƬǻ ƩƢȇƢǨǻ ȁƗ ƨǠnjǷ ƩƢƴƬǼǷ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮǴƫ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ƩơƔƢǼưƬºLJȏơ ǒǠƥ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƢĔƜǧ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ
DZƢºǸǟƗ ǺºǷ DzºǸǟ ńƛ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȃDŽǠĄȇ ȅǀdzơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ƭƽƢūƢƥ
_________________________________________
(ǞƥƢƫ (ÏÒÕ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
ǺºǷ (Ƶ)Ô ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơȁ ƧƾƟƢǨdzơ ǹȂǰƫ (ǃ)"
(ƣ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǢdzƢƦŭơ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ ƽơƾLjdzơ ƨƦƳơȁ džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ Ǿƥ Ƕǰūơ ǶƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢǿƾƦǰƫ ǶƬȇȁ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǢdzƢƦŭơ ǺǷ ƽơƾLjdzơ ƤƳơȂdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ
žDZȁƚLjŭơ DzǤnjŭơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ‘Α(ƣ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ ‘Α"
ƾºǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ‘Ï‘(ƣ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ ‘Ï‘"
ǁƾǬƥ ƆȏȁƚLjǷ ƢȀǴǤnjǷ ƾǠĄȇ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ǾǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƾƳȂƫ ȅǀdzơ
žDZơȂǷȋơ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǾȈǧ ƶȈƬȇ ƢǷ
ǥơǂºǗȋơ ƤºǻƢƳ ǺºǷ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ‘Б(ƣ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ ‘Б"
.ƢƆǠȈŦ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ
ƨºȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨºǴǸǠdzơ ńƛ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ǢdzƢƦŭơ DZȂŢ (Ƶ)"
ƺȇǁƢºƬdzơ Ŀ ƨǴǸǠdzơ ƨǸȈǬdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ǾǸǯƢƄ ǹȂǰƫ ȅǀdzơ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘǴdz
ǩƢǨƫƢƥ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨƯƽƢū ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǂƻƕ ƺȇǁƢƫ ƽċƾŹ Ń ƢǷ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǾȈǧ ƪǠǫȁ ȅǀdzơ
."ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ śƥ
:ȆǴȇ ȄǴǟ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÏÒÖ)
ƨºȇȁȂǻ ƨºƯƽƢƷ ƢȀƬƦƦLJ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ Ɣơǂƥȍơ ǶƬȇ"
ǹȂǻƢǫ ȁƗ ƨǬƦǘǼǷ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǎƼNj ȅȋ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
:ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ DZƢů Ŀ ǪƦǘǼǷ Ņȁƽ
ǁơǂºǓȋơ ǮǴƫ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ DzǤnjǷ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ (Ɨ)"
ȁƗ ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȁƗ džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƢǷƛ ƤƳȂŠ
ǁơǂºǓȋơ ǮǴƫ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ DzǤnjǷ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ (ƣ)"
ǹƗ ƨǘȇǂNj ǁơǂǓȋơ ǮǴƫ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǶǜǼȇ ȅǀdzơ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ
ǹȂǓǂǠƬȇ ƾǫ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȌdz ǾƳȁȋơ ƨǧƢǯ ǺǷ ƢƆȈƫơȂǷ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǹȂǰȇ
."ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȁƗ džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ DzưǷ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ǾǴưǷ ǁơǂǓȌdz
.Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÓÍ)
147 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
DZƢºưƬǷȏơ ǵƾºǠdz ŚǐºǬƬdzơ ńƛ ƧƾǼƬLjǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƾƳȂƫȁ
ƨǸLjƬŭơȁ ƧƽȂǐǬŭơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ DZƢǠǧȌdz ȁƗ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ƧǀŏǨǼŭơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz
.DZƢǠǧȋơ ǒǠƦƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ǵƾǠdz ȁƗ DZƢŷȍơ ȁƗ ǁȂȀƬdzƢƥ
.ǹƢºȇǁƢƦƳƛ ȃǂºƻȋơ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơȁ śǷƘƬdzơ ŐƬǠȇȁ -ÎÓÎ
ǁƢºǘƻȍơ DzLJǂŭ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƽȁƾƷ ȆǴƄơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ śǠȇȁ
DZȂºǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ .ƩƢȇƢǨǼǴdz ǥĈǂǐŭơȁ ƽǁȂƬLjŭơȁ ǁĈƾǐŭơȁ
ơǀºǿ ǪºƦǘǼȇ ȏȁ .(ÏÔÎ)ƢºȈǻƽ ơƆƽȁƾƷ Ǟǔȇ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ
.ŚǐǬƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǼƦŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ơƆƽȁƾƷ ǑǂǨȇ ȅǀdzơ ƲǷƢǻŐdzơ
Śƥơƾƫ ƿƢţơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ȄƻȂƬȇȁ -ÎÓÏ
Ŀȁ ǥƢºǯ ǒȇȂºǠƫ ƽƢŸƛ ǹƢǸǓ ńƛ ȆǷǂƫ ƨȈǴȈǸǰƫȁ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ
Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƬǧ .(ÏÔÏ)ƨȈdzƢūơ ƩƢȈdzȉơ ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ ƤLJƢǼŭơ ƪǫȂdzơ
ƩƢºȇƢǨǼdzơ ƨǯǂƷ ƨƦǫơǂŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ DZǃƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÎÑ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ
ƾºǠƥ ƢºǸȈǧ ƢºȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ) ƽȁƾūơ Őǟ ƢȀǼǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơȁ ƧǂǘŬơ
ƔƢnjºǻƛ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǞȈŦ ȄǴǟ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ("DZǃƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ" ƥ
ƩȏƢºūơ Ŀ ƪǫƚǷ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ ʼnƾǬƬdz ǶƟơƽ ǩȁƾǼǏ
.ƭƽơȂūơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǺǷ ƾƸǴdz ƨƟǁƢǘdzơ
ǒºǠƥ ƨºƦȇǂǫ ƧǂƬǧ ǀǼǷ ǾǴȈǏƢǨƫ ƪǠǓȁ ǂƻƕ ǮǏ ƨťȁ -ÎÓÐ
ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ Ȃǿȁ ȆǸȈǴǫƛ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƔȆnjdzơ
ȄºǴǟ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƭƽơȂūơ ǁƢƯƕ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ
ƨºȇƢǸŞ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢºǟ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩơŚƸƦºdzơȁ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢĐơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơȁ
ƧǂƥƢºǠdzơ ƨȈǟƢǼǐºdzơ ƭƽơȂūơ ǁƢƯƖƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ
_________________________________________
Ƣǿǂǯƿ ƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Î ƧǂǬǨdzƢƥ DZȐƻƛ ǹȁƽȁ -Ï"
Ƣºđ ǁƢºǘƻȍơ Ļ Ŗdzơȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (ƣ)Î ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ
ǺºǷ Ð ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƧƽǁȂƬLjŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ Ƨǂǘƻ ƩƢȇƢǨǻ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ
ǹȂºǰƫ Ƨǁƾǐºŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ Ƣđ ǁƢǘƻȍơ ǶƬȇ Ń Ǻǰdzȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ǮºǴƫ ǞºǓȂƥ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǥďǂǐĄǷ ǵƢȈǫ śƷ ńƛ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƧƽǁȂƬLjŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
Ń ȁƗ ƧǂºǘƼŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ȇǿ ƧƽǁȂƬLjŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ǾƫǃȂƷ Ŀ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ
.ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǥĈǂǐĄǷ ƶƦǐȇ ǀƟƾǠƥȁ .ǁƢǘƻƛ ǭƢǼǿ Ǻǰȇ
..."
ǁƢnjºǷ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ȄǴǟ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀŮ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȅƗ DzĈǸŢ ȏ -Ò"
:ǹƢǯ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Ïȁ Î śƫǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ
DZƢºƬǬdzơ DZƢºǸǟƗȁ ƶǴLjºŭơ ǝơǂǐdzơ DZƢǠǧƗ ǺǷ DzǠǧ ƨƴȈƬǻ (Ɨ)"
žƶǴLjŭơ ǹƢȈǐǠdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǴǿȋơ ƣǂūơ ȁƗ
ƨºǠǫȂƬǷ Śǣȁ ƢȀǼǷ ǂǨǷ ȏ ƨȈƟƢǼưƬLJơ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƧǂǿƢǛ ƨƴȈƬǻ (ƣ)"
žƆȐȈƦLJ ƢȀƟǁƾdz DzǠŸ ȏ ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿȁ
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjǴdz ƨȇǁƢƦƳȍơ ŚƥơƾƬǴdz DZƢưƬǷȐdz ƨƴȈƬǻ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ǹƢǯ (Ʊ)"
ȁƗ žǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƭƾƷ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ
ǥǂºǗ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƽȂǐǬǷ ǁƢǓ ǮǴLjŭ ƨƴȈƬǻ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ǹƢǯ (ƽ)"
."ǁǂǔdzơ ǾƥƢǏƗ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ǺŠ ƮdzƢƯ
.ƔƢƥ Ǫǧǂŭơȁ ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÔÎ)
.ÎÒ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÔÏ)
ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ ǒǠƥ ƪǜǨƬƷơ ƾǫȁ .(ÏÓÒ)ƧŚǘŬơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƭǁơȂǰdzơ
ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƾǓ ǝȂǧƾdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ƽƢǠƦƬLJơ Ŀ ǪūƢƥ
.(ÏÓÓ)ƨǬǴǘǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DzǠš ơǀƥȁ ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ǭȂǰºǏ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǀƻȋơ ȃǂƳȁ -ÎÒÖ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ȆǨǧ .ȃǂƻƗ ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȃǂƻƗ
ƧǂºǘŬơ ƩƢºȇƢǨǼdzơ ƨºǯǂƷ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ
ǎǼȇ (ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ) ƽȁƾūơ Őǟ ƢȀǼǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơȁ
ǒȇȂºǠƫ ǂȇƾǬƬƥȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz DzǷƢNj ǵƢǜǻ" ȄǴǟ
ƨǯǂƷ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ (ÏÓÔ)"ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƤLJƢǼŭơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀȁ ǥƢǯ
Dzǯ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ ƽȁƾūơ Őǟ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ
ƩƢǸLjºdzơȁ .ŚǐºǬƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ
ƩƢºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ƣºđ ǶLjƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫ ǾƥƢnjƫ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐǴdz ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ
ƨȈǟȂºǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ǑǂǨȇ Ȃǿȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ȃǂƻȋơ
ƨǴǐºƬŭơ ǁơǂºǓȋơ ȆǘǤȇȁ .ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơ ǞǷ DzǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ǺǷƢǔƬǴdz
ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjŬơȁ žǍƢƼNjȋƢƥ ƨǬƷȐdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǨƥ
ƢºȀǰǴŻ Ŗºdzơ ƩƢºǰǴƬǸŭơ ơƾǟ) ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ƨǬƷȐdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
ƨdzƢƷ ƧƽƢǟƛ Śƥơƾƫȁ Ʃơƽơǂȇȍơ Ŀ ƧǁƢLjŬơȁ ž(DZȁƚLjŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ
ǦȈdzƢºǰƫȁ ǾºȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ Ƣđ DZȐƻȍơ ȃǂƳ Ŗdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ
.(ÏÓÕ) ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ
ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǪƦǘǼȇ ȏ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ -ÎÓÍ
ƨºǯǂƷ ƔƢºǼƯƗ ƪºǠǫȁ ƨƯƽƢƷ ńƛ ȃDŽǠĄƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ȄǴǟ ȏƛ
Ǯºdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .(ÏÓÖ)ƢȀǼǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơȁ ƽȁƾūơ Őǟ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ
ǁƢƦƬǟȏ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ǭƢǼǿ ƾƷơȁ DzǤnjŭ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƾȇƾŢ Ǻǟ ƢƆǓȂǠǧ
ǎǴƼƬºdzơȁ ƢǿƽơŚƬLJơȁ Ƣǿǂȇƾǐƫȁ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ƾȈdzȂƬƥ ǹȂǷȂǬȇ ǺǷ
.(ÏÔÍ)ƽȁƾūơ Őǟ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ DzǬǼdz ƨǨǴƬű DzƷơǂǷ Ŀ śdzȁƚLjǷ ƢȀǼǷ
__________
ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢºǠdz ƢºǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ (ƣ)Ð ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÓÒ)
.ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ö ƧƽƢŭơȁ
ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢºǠdz džȇǁƢºƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ĿƢǓȍơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÓÓ)
Birnie and Boyle ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻƗ .DZȁȋơ ǾǬǧǂǷ Ŀ ƩƢǜǨŢ ǺǸǔƬȇ ȅǀdzơȁ
.Ö DzǐǨdzơ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ
.Î ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÓÔ)
.Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (Ʊ)Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ (ÏÓÕ)
.Ð ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÓÖ)
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÏÔÍ)
Ó ƧƽƢºǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǁƢǘƻȍƢƥ ǵȂǬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ŐƬǠȇ -Î"
ǞǓȂƥ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǥĈǂǐǷ ǵƢȈǫ śƷ ńƛ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ
ƶƦǐºȇ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥȁ .ǾƫǃȂƷ Ŀ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ
ƧǂǘƼŭơ Ȇǿ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǥďǂǐǷ
Ǻǟ DZȁƚLjŭơ Ȃǿ ǁƾǐŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǁƢǘƻȍơ ǶƬȇ Ń ơƿƛ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ
ƢǿŚǣȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǞǓȂƥ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǥďǂǐĄǷ ǵƢȈǫ śƷ ńƛ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (ƣ)Ó ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ǾƫǃȂƷ Ŀ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǺǷ
ŚȈǤƫ ǞǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ó ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ò ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǪƦǘǼƫ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ǺǷ Ð
.ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǥĈǂǐĄǷ ƶƦǐȇ ǀƟƾǠƥȁ .ǵDŽǴȇ ƢǷ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƧǂºǘŬơ ƨǘnjºǻȋơ ǺǷ ƩƢƠǧ ƭȐƯ ńƛ ƽȁƾūơ ƾǼƬLjƫȁ .ƧƽȁƾŰ
ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƽȁƾūơ ǪƦǘǼƫ ȏȁ .(ÏÔÓ)DzǸƬƄơ ǂǘŬơ ƤLjƷ ƨǸLjǬǷ
.(ÏÔÔ)ŚǐǬƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǼƦŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƞnjǼƫȁ -ÎÓÔ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ" ƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ) (ÏÔÕ)ƨƠȈƦdzơ ȄǴǟ Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǸǴdz ƢƆºǷƢǜǻ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ džǴů DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƧƾǸƬǠŭơ ("ȂǻƢǣȂdz
Dzǰnjƫ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǮǴƫ ǹȋ "ƧǂǘŬơ" ƨǘnjǻȌdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
."ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ȁƗ ƨƠȈƦdzơȁ ǹƢLjǻȎdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ơƆŚƦǯ ơƆǂǘƻ"
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǥƾºǿ ȂǻƢºǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Î ƧƽƢŭơ śƦƫȁ -ÎÓÕ
:ŅƢƬdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǓǂǣȁ
Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǥƢǯ ǒȇȂǠƫ ŚǧȂƫ ǹƢǸǓ ńƛ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ȆǷǂƫ
ƨdzƢūơ ƧƽƢǟȍȁ ƨȇƢǫȂǴdz DzƦLJ ƽƢŸƛ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƢǸǯ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ȄǴǟ Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ
.ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ
ȅǀdzơ ƾȈƷȂdzơ ȆǬǧȋơ Ǯǐdzơ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǹȂǰƫ Ǯdzǀƥȁ -ÎÓÖ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƞnjǼƫȁ .ƨǷƢǟ ƢƆȈƠȈƥ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ DZȁƢǼƬȇ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ DzǤnjºǷ ȅƗ ȄǴǟ DzǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ǺǷƢǔƬdzƢƥ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ
ƨǨǐºƥ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǞǓȂdz ǞǫȂŭ DzǤnjǷ ȅƗ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼdzƢƥ
ȁƗ ǕƢnjºǼǴdz ƨºƴȈƬǻ DzºǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǾȈǧ ƨǸƟơƽ
ƭƽơȂƸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ DzďǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǰƫ Ǯdzǀƥȁ .ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ
DzǤnjºǷ ȄºǴǟ ȁƗ ǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ƨƦǫơǂŭ ǾƬLJǁƢŲ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǶƴǼƫ Ŗdzơ
.(ÏÔÖ)ƨǸƟơƽ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǾȈǧ ǞǓȂƫ ȅǀdzơ ǞǫȂŭơ
ƨǘnjºǻȋơ ǥċǂºǠĄƫ ȂǻƢºǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀȁ -ÎÔÍ
ƧǂºǘŬơ ƨǘnjºǻȋƢǧ .ƢƆǠLJơȁ ƢƆǨȇǂǠƫ "ƧǂǘŬơ" ƽơȂŭơȁ "ƧǂǘŬơ"
ƩƢºǼƟƢǰdzơȁ ƢƆºȈƯơǁȁ ƧǁȂºƄơ ƩƢǼƟƢǰdzơȁ žƧǂǘŬơ ƽơȂŭơ DzǸnjƫ
ȁƗ ƢȀƬŪƢǠǷ ȁƗ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǩǂū ǞǫȂǷ ȁƗ ƧƘnjǼǷ DzȈǤnjƫȁ žƨȇǂȀĐơ
ƔƢºǬdzȍ ǞºǫȂǷ DzȈǤnjºƫ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ Ƣǿǂȇȁƾƫ ƧƽƢǟƛ ȁƗ ƢŮȁơƾƫ
śºƥ ƨȈƦƦLjºdzơ ƨǘƥơǂdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .(ÏÕÍ)ƨǸƟơƽ ƨǨǐƥ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ
ŅȂƫ" ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÎÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǹƜǧ ǕƢnjǼdzơȁ ǁǂǔdzơ
Ŀ ƧƽƢºȇǃ ǺǷ ǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǵǃȐȇ Ƣŭ ƤƳơȂdzơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ƨǸǰƄơ
."ǁǂǔdzơ ơǀǿ DzưǷ Ŀ ƤƦLjƫ ǂǘƻ
__________
.Î ƔDŽŪơ ňƢưdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơȁ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÔÓ)
.Ö ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÔÔ)
ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǪƦǘǼƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȏơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ƽƾŢ (ÏÔÕ)
ƨƠNjƢǻ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƽơȂǷ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǪƦǘǼƫ ȏ Ľ ǺǷȁ .ƢȀȈǴǟ
ĿƢºǓȍơ ƢŮȂǯȂƫȁǂƥȁ ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ Ǟǔţ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǺǷ
ơƿƛ ƨºȇȁȂǻ ƽơȂǷ ƢȀƦƦLjƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ȄǴǟ ȏȁ žÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȁƗ
ǮºǴƫ ƪºǻƢǯȁ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz Ǟǔţ ǁǂǔdzơ ơǀǿ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƪǻƢǯ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ DzưǷ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢȀǴưǷ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǁƾǬdzơ džǨǼƥ ƨȈƫơȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƾºǟơȂǫ ǞǷ ƢȀǫƢǨƫơ ǵƾǟ ǁƾǬƥ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǪƦǘǼƫ ȏȁ .ȂǻƢǣȂdz
.ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ƲǷơǂƥ ȁƗ śǴǷƢǠdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǪƦǘǼŭơ
.Ôȁ Ó ǹƢƫƽƢŭơ (ÏÔÖ)
.Ï ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÕÍ)
148
ǾºȈdzƛ ǁƢnjºŭơ) Ƣƥȁǁȁȋ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǾƫƾǸƬǟơ ƾǫȁ ƽȁƾƸǴdz
ƨƳƢūơ ƩƘnjǻ ƾǫȁ .("ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ" ƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ
ƢººȈǻƢǷȁǁ Ŀ Baia Mare ƾLJ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƣƢǬǟƗ Ŀ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ńƛ
ƩƢºȇƢǨǼdzơ ǽƢºȈǷ ǺǷ ǺǗ ÎÍÍ ÍÍÍ ǪǴǗƗ ƢǸǼȈƷ ÏÍÍÍ ǵƢǟ
ȅǂºĔ ǽƢȈŭ ơƆŚƦǯ ƢƆƯȂǴƫ ƤƦLJ ƢŲ ȆƟƢŭơ ȃǂĐơ Ŀ ǁǂǔdzơ Ƨƾȇƾnjdzơ
ƩƢǟƢǼǐºdzơȁ DZȁƾºdzơ ƨǯǁƢnjǷ ƪǻƢǯȁ .(Tisza) ơDŽȈƫȁ ƣȂǻơƾdzơ
Śºǣ ƩƢºǸǜǼŭơȁ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǷȂǰūơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơȁ śǷƘƬdzơ ǝƢǘǫȁ
.(ÏÔÐ)Ƨƾȇǂǧ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ƨȈǷȂǰūơ
ǵƢºǜǻ ŚǧȂºƫ ńƛ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ȄǠLjȇȁ -ÎÓÑ
Ǻºǟ ƤLJƢǼŭơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ĿƢǰdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz DzǷƢNj
ȄǴǟ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƭƽơȂƸǴdz ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ ƢȀƦƦLjƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
ƨȈǼǷƢǔºƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǸǴdz ƢƆºǷƢǜǻ ƞnjǼȇ ȂȀǧ .ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ
ȄºǴǟ ƨºȈǼƦŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjȇ ƨȈǴǧƢǰƬdzơȁ
ƭƾŢ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ƥƫǂȇ Ȃǿȁ .ŚǐǬƬdzơ
Ǻºǟ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ƥƫǂȇ ƢǸǯ .ȆǟƢǼǏ ƭƽƢū ƨƴȈƬǻ
ƨǸLjƬŭơ ƧƽȂǐǬŭơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ǾdzƢǠǧƗ ƤƦLjƥ ǎƼNj ƢȀƦƦLjȇ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
ǾºǷƢȈǫ ǵƾǠdz ȁƗ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǮǴƫ DzưǷ Ŀ ǾǯơǂƬNjơ ȁƗ DZƢŷȍơ ȁƗ ǁȂȀƬdzƢƥ
ǪºƦǘǼŭơ ȆǴƄơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƾǟơȂǬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ DZƢǠǧƘƥ
.ƔȐǯȂdzơȁ ǵƾŬơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ śǻơȂǬdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ
ƭƽơȂºūơ Ǻºǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷȁ -ÎÓÒ
ǞºǷ ƨºȈǴǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ȇǿ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ
Ǻǟ ƱǁƢƻ ǁȂǘƬdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǞǬƫȁ .(ÏÔÑ)ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơ
DzºǬǻ ƔƢǼƯƗ ȁƗ ƧƘnjǼǷ Ŀ ǂǘƻ ǕƢnjǼƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ǩƢǘǻ
ƢǷ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǦȇǂǠƫ DzǸnjȇȁ .ǞǫȂŭơ ǺǷ ȁƗ ǞǫȂǷ Ŀ ǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ
žǍƢƼºNjȋƢƥ ǪƸǴȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǧ (Ɨ) :ȆǴȇ
ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ơƾǟ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ǪƸǴƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjŬơ (ƣ)
Ʃơƽơǂºȇȍơ Ŀ ƧǁƢLjºŬơ (Ʊ) žDZȁƚLjºŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ƧǃȂŞ Ŗdzơ
ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ȅƗ ƤƦLjƥ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨȇƢǸŞ ǞƬǸƬƫ ƨƸǴǐŠ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨǘƦƫǂŭơ
ƨƴȈƬǻ ƢǿƾƦǰƫ ȃǂƳȁ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǑơǂǣȌdz ƽȁƾūơ ƧǂƥƢǟ ǽƢȈǸǴdz
ǽƢºȈŭơ ƧƽƢǟƛ Śƥơƾƫ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ (ƽ) žƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ǽƢȈŭƢƥ ǁơǂǓȌdz
ƢȀȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƢȀƬdzƢƷ ńƛ Ƣǿǁǂǔƫ ȃǂƳ Ŗdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ
Ɔ ºǠǧ Ʃǀºţơ Ŗdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿ ǂǐƬǬȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ
Ȑ
.ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏơ Śƥơƾƫ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ (ǿ)ȁ ƢǿƿƢţơ ǶƬȈLJ Ŗdzơ ȁƗ
Ǟǔºȇȁ .ǹƢȇǁƢƦƳƛ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơȁ śǷƘƬdzơ ǹƛ -ÎÓÓ
ƨºȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔºǴdz ƢȈǻƽ ơƆƽȁƾƷ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǂǘŬơ DZƢǸƬƷȏ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨǨǴƬű ƩƢƠǧ ƭȐƯ ńƛ ƨăǸLjǬǷ
DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ƤƳȂŠ DzǤď njŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƾǠƫȁ .(ÏÔÒ)ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ
__________
Dascalopoulou-Livada, “The Protocol on Civil ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÔÐ)
Liability and Compensation for Damage caused by the Transboundary
.Effects of Industrial Accidents on Transboundary Waters”
.Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÔÑ)
.Ï ƔDŽŪơ ňƢưdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơȁ ÎÎ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÔÒ)
149 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǾºȇƗǁ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ǹƢŭŐdzơ ƵǂǗȁ .ÏÍÍÏ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj Ŀ ĺȁǁȁȋơ
džºǴĐơ ǀºţơ ƢǸǼȈƥ ÏÍÍÐ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÎÑ Ŀ ńȁȋơ ƧƔơǂǬdzơ Ŀ
ÎÕ Ŀ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ǾȈƳȂƫ ƽƢǸƬǟơ ǑǂǤƥ ƢƆǯǂƬnjǷ ƢƆǨǫȂǷ
ƩƾǸƬǟơ ÏÍÍÐ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÎÖ Ŀȁ .ÏÍÍÐ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ
ÎÔ Ŀȁ .ǭǂƬnjºŭơ ǦǫȂŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƢȀȇƗǁ Ǻǟ ǂďƦǠȇ ƢƆǣȐƥ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ
ƧƔơǂºǫ ƾǠƥ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ǹƢŭŐdzơ ǵƢǫ ÏÍÍÐ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
ÏÓ Ŀȁ .džºǴƴǸǴdz ǭǂƬnjºŭơ ǦǫȂǸǴdz ǕƢǬǻ ǞƥǁƗ DzȇƾǠƬƥ ƨȈǻƢƯ
ƩȐȇƾǠƫ ǹƘnjƥ ǾȇƗǁ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ ƩƾǸƬǟơ ÏÍÍÑ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
.(ÏÕÒ)ĺȁǁȁȋơ ǹƢŭŐdzơ
ƩƢƷǂƬǬǷ DZȂƦǫ ǺǷ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ džǴů ǺǰŤ ǵƾǟ ƔȂǓ Ŀȁ -ÎÔÐ
.ǹƢŭŐdzơȁ džǴĐơ śƥ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭơ ƾǬĄǟ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ǹƢŭŐdzơ
ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǬǧơȁ ǭǂƬnjǷ ǎǻ Ŀ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƪƳȂĄƫȁ
ǎǼºdzơ džºǴĐơȁ ǹƢŭŐdzơ ƾǸƬǟơȁ .ÏÍÍÑ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÏÔ Ŀ
ǾºȈƳȂƬdzơ ǾǨºǏȂƥ .ÏÍÍÑ DzºȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjºȈǻ ÏÎ Ŀ ǭǂƬnjŭơ
ȆºƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ɣǁƾƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ 2004/35/CE
ǹƢǸºǓ ȄºǴǟ DzǸǠƫ ǹƗ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟȁ .(ÏÕÓ)ǾƬŪƢǠǷȁ
ǾºȈƳȂƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȁ ƢȀƸƟơȂdzȁ ƢȀǼȈǻơȂǫ DZƢưƬǷơ
.(ÏÕÔ)ÏÍÍÔ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÐÍ ŕƷ
ƝƽƢƦǷ ńƛ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƨLJƢȈLJ ƾǼƬLjƫȁ -ÎÔÑ
Ǟºǫȁ ƢǸưȈƷ ǾǻƜǧ ƨǏƢƻ ƨǨǐƥȁ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷȁ ƨȇǃơǂƬƷơ
ǁƾǐºŭơ ƾǼǟ ƨȇȂdzȁȋơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǾƷȐǏƛ śǠƬȇ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ȅǀdzơ ǭǂƬnjŭơ ǎǼdzơ ƤƳȂŠȁ .Ǟǧƾȇ ǹƗ ƭȂǴŭơ ȄǴǟ śǠƬȇ ƢǸǯ
ƭȂºǴŭơ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ǹƢǸǓ ńƛ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ȄǠLjȇ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǾƫǂǫƗ
Ǒǂǣ DzưǸƬȇ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠȁ .ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƆȏȁƚLjǷ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ
ǁơǂǓȋơ Ɣǁƽȁ "Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ" ƗƾƦǷ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjȇ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ǁƢǗƛ ǞǓȁ
.ƢȀƷȐǏƛȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ
ǞǫȂŭơ ƭȂǴƫ ǎƻȋơ ȄǴǟȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ȆǘǤȇȁ -ÎÔÒ
ƨƸǐºǴdz ƨȇƾȈǴǬƬdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơȁ ȆƳȂdzȂȈƦdzơ ǝȂǼƬdzƢƥ Dzţ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơȁ
Ŗºdzơ ƨºȈƠȈƦdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǥďǂǠƫȁ .ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơȁ
:ŅƢƬdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǝȂǼƬdzơȁ ǽƢȈŭơȁ ȆǓơǁȋơ DzǸnjƫ
DzºƟơȂŭơȁ ƨȈǸƄơ ƩƢǫȂǴƼŭơ ǝơȂǻƘƥ ǪƸǴƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ (Ɨ)
DŽºǯǂǷ ǡȂǴƥ ȄǴǟ ƧŚƦǯ ƨȈƫơȂǷ Śǣ ǁƢƯƕ Ǿdz ǹȂǰȇ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ Ȃǿȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ
.ǝơȂºǻȋơ ǮºǴƫ ȁƗ DzƟơȂŭơ ǮǴƬdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǾȈǴǟ ƨǜǧƢƄơ ȁƗ DzǔǨŭơ ǚǨūơ
ƧƢºǟơǂǷ ǞǷȁ DžƢLJȋơ ǖƻ ƨdzƢƷ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzƢƥ ǁƢƯȉơ ǮǴƫ ȃƾǷ ǁƾǬȇ ǹƗȁ
žDZȁȋơ Ǫǧǂŭơ Ŀ ƨǼȈƦŭơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ
__________
.[COM (2004) 55 final] (ÏÕÒ)
Official Journal of the European Union, No. L 143, vol. (ÏÕÓ)
.47 (30 April 2004)
.ÎÖ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÕÔ)
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ DzǤnjǸǴdz ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ǟǔţȁ -ÎÔÎ
.ƧƽȁƾŰ Śǣ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢǧ .(ÏÕÎ)ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȏ ȂǻƢǣȂdz
ƤLjºƷ" ǺǸǔƫ ǥȂLJ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ ǹƗ ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ȄƻȂƬƫȁ
ǦºǼƬǰƫ Ŗºdzơ ǁƢǘƻȌdz ƤƳơȂdzơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ƔȐȇƛ ǞǷȁ ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ
Ŀ ǂºǘƻ ǕƢnjºǼƥ ǹȂǷȂǬȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǹȂǴǤnjŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǕƢnjǼdzơ
ƨºȈǘǤƫ DzºƳƗ ǺǷ ǂƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǓ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdz śǴǷƢƷ "ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ
ǝơȂǻƗȁ ƽȁƾƷ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƽƾŹȁ .ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƞnjǼƫ ȏȁ .ǂƻȉơ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƽȂǼƥȁ
.(ÏÕÏ)ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ƢƆǫȁƾǼǏ
ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢºŢȏơ ƢŮǀºƦȇ Ŗdzơ ƽȂȀŪơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǁƾšȁ -ÎÔÏ
ǂºȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦºNj Ö Ŀȁ .Ǯdzǀºǯ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ǵƢǜǻ ƔƢnjǻȍ
ŃƢǠǷ ƽƾŢ (ÏÕÐ)ƔƢǔȈƥ ƨǫǁȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ ƩƾǸƬǟơ ÏÍÍÍ
ƾºǫȁ .ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƾȈǠǏ ȄǴǟ ƾƷȂŭơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵƢǜǻ
ǵƢǟ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ ƢēƾǟƗ (ÏÕÑ)Ɣơǂǔƻ ƨǫǁȁ ƔƢǔȈƦdzơ ƨǫǁȂdzơ ƽơƾǟƛ ǪƦLJ
Ľ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ǹƢŭŐdzơȁ ƨȈǓȂǨǸǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ǝƢǸƬLJơ ƨLjǴƳȁ ÎÖÖÐ
ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǺǷ ȅƗǂdzơȁ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ DžƢǸƬdzȏ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǁơǂǫ ƿƢţơ
ƨȈºǓȂǨŭơ Ʃǀţơ ÎÖÖÔ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ŀȁ .ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ
Ŀ ƔƢǔȈƦdzơ ƨǫǁȂdzơ ǮǴƫ ǂnjǻ ǂƯƛ ȄǴǟȁ .ƔƢǔȈƥ ƨǫǁȁ ǁơƾǏƜƥ ơƆǁơǂǫ
ƩƢºǬȈǴǠƬdz ƢƆǟȂǓȂǷ ƨǫǁȂdzơ ǮǴƫ ƪƸǓƗ ÏÍÍÍ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj
ƨǼŪȁ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƢēƾƥƗ Ŗdzơ Ɣơǁȉơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ
.ǵƢºǠdzơ ǁȁƢnjƬǴdz ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨǫǁȂdzơ ƪƷǂƌǗȁ .ĺȁǁȁȋơ ǹƢŭŐdzơ Ŀ ƨƠȈƦdzơ
ÏÐ Ŀ ƨȈºǓȂǨŭơ ǾƫƾǸƬǟơ ȆǠȇǂnjƫ ƵơǂƬǫƢƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ƪƳȂĄƫȁ
ǹƢºŭŐdzơȁ ƢºƥȁǁȁƗ džºǴů ńƛ ǵƾƌǫȁ ÏÍÍÏ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
__________
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ Õ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÏÕÎ)
Ŗºdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ DzǤnjŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ"
:ƢĔƗ ƪƦưȇ
DZƢºǸǟƗ ȁƗ ƣǂūơ DZƢǸǟƗ ǺǷ DzǸǟ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƪƯƾƷ (Ɨ)"
Ʃơƿ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƧǂǿƢǛ ȁƗ ƶǴLjŭơ ǹƢȈǐǠdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǴǿȋơ ƣǂūơ ȁƗ DZƢƬǬdzơ
žǾƟǁƽ ńƛ DzȈƦLJ ȏȁ ǾǼǟ ƾȈŰ ȏ ȆƟƢǼưƬLJơ ǞƥƢǗ
ơƆƾºǸǟ ƮºdzƢƯ ǥǂºǗ Ǿƥ ǵƢǫ DzǠǧ ƤƦLjƥ ƪƯƾƷ (ƣ)"
ǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǝȂǼdz ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ ƨǷȐLjdzơ Śƥơƾƫ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ǁǂǔdzơ ƭƾƸȈdz
žƮƸƦdzơ ǞǓȂǷ
ƽƾºŰ ǂºǷȋ DZƢưƬǷȏơ ƔơǂƳ ǺǷ ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ ƪƴƬǻ (Ʊ)"
žƨǷƢǟ ƨǘǴLJ ǺǷ ǁƽƢǏ ȅǁƢƦƳƛ Śƥƾƫ ȁƗ
ƔȂºǓ Ŀ Ƣđ ƵȂǸLjǷ ƩƢȇȂƬLjǷ ǺǷ ƭȂǴƫ ƢȀƦƦLJ (ƽ)"
ȁƗ žƨȈǴƄơ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ǥȁǂǜdzơ
ƨºȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƧǁȂǐºƥ Ǿºƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ Ļ ǂǘƻ ǕƢnjǻ ƢȀƦƦLJ (ǿ)"
DZȂºǬǠŭơ ǺºǷ ǹƢºǯ ƮȈƷ ǁơǂǓȌdz ǑǂǠƫ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ƨƸǴǐŭ
."ǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ǂǗƢƼǸǴdz ǑǂǠƬȇ ǹƗ ǎƼnjdzơ ơǀŮ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ ńƛ Śnjȇ ÏÕ-ÏÔ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Churchill (ÏÕÏ)
.ƿƢǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ DZȂƻƽ ǵƾǠdz ơƆǂǜǻ ƩƾďǸƳĄ ƾǫȁ Ǯdzǀƥ ǵƢȈǬǴdz ƨǘƻ
Commission of the European Communities, “White Paper (ÏÕÐ)
.on Environmental Liability” (COM(2000) 66 final).
.[COM (93) 47 final] (ÏÕÑ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
DzLjºǯȁǂƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǠdz
.ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ƽơȂºǸǴdz ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ǭǂƬnjŭơ DZȂǯȂƫŐdzơȁ
ǺºǷ ƾºūơ Ŀ DzǤnjŭơ ǪŞ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ Dzź ȏ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƾūơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ǀŏǨǼŭơ řǗȂdzơ ǞȇǂnjƬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǾƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ
DzȇƾǠƫ ȅƗ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ÎÖÔÓ ǵƢǠdz ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ǺǷ ƾūƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǡǁȂƦLJơǂƬLJ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ȁƗ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ
ƩơƽƢǠƦƬºLJȏơ ǽǀǿ ǪƦǘǼƫȁ .ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ DZƢů Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
.ǭȂǰǐdzơ ǽǀŮ ƨǴƦǬŭơ ƩȐȇƾǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǺǸǔºƬȇ ȏ Ȃǿȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ơƆƽȁƾƷ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ƞnjǼȇ ȏȁ -ÎÔÕ
ȄºǴǟ ơƆDŽºǯǂǷ ȆǨǔƫ ǾǼǷ ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơȁ .ȅǁƢƦƳȍơ śǷƘƬǴdz ƢƆǷƢǜǻ
ǹƗ DzǸƬƸĄȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ȁƗ ǺȇǁǂǔƬŭơ śȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ȁƗ śȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ
ƨƸǴǐºǷ ǶŮ ǹȂǰƫ Ǻȇǀdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ƔơǂƳ ǺǷ ơȁǁǂǔƬȇ
ǹȂǟƾȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ȁƗ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ƿƢţơ Ŀ ƨȈǧƢǯ
ƨºȇǁơƽȍơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ȄǔƬǫơ ơƿƛ ǩȂǬūơ ǺǷ ǪŞ DZȐƻȍơ
ƽƾŹ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƢǯ ǺƠdzȁ .ǪƦLjŭơ Ǖǂnjdzơ ơǀǿ Ȃǔǟ ƨdzȁƾdz
ńƛ Ȃǟƾƫ ƨȈǷȂǰƷ Śǣ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȅƗ ƨƸǴǐǷ ǹƜǧ ƨȈǧƢǰdzơ ƨƸǴǐŭơ
ƨȈǧƢǯ ŐƬǠĄƫ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƩƢƦǴǘƬǷ ȅƘƥ ȆǨƫȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ
.DŽǯǂŭơ Ǯdzƿ ǁơǂǫƛ ǑǂǤdz
ƢºǸȈǧ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǸǴdz ǵƢǜǻ ŚǧȂƬdz ƢƆǔȇƗ ƽȂȀƳ ƪdzǀĄƥ ƾǫȁ -ÎÔÖ
ǶȈºǜǼƫ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Õ ƧƽƢŭơ ƽȂǼƥ ƤƳȂǸƦǧ .ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ
DzǤnjºŭơ ƾºǠĄȇ ƢºǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻȋ ƨȈǻƾǠŭơ ƽǁơȂŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ
ƨƠȈƦdz DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ (Ɨ) :ȆǴȇ ƢǸǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ
žƢđ ǖƦƫǂƫ ȁƗ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƾǸƬǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ ǶǜǼǴdz ȁƗ ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ
ƢŮ ƪƥƢƯ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ȅƘƥ ǹƢǬƸǴȇ ǹơǀǴdzơ DZȐƻȍơ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjŬơ (ƣ)
ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjŬơ (Ʊ) žƢđ ǖƦƫǂƫ ȁƗ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƾǸƬǠƫ ƨȈƳȂdzȂǰȇƛ ǶǜǼdz ȁƗ
Ŀ ƧǁƢLjºŬơ ȁƗ ƮºdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŠ ǹƢǬƸǴȇ ǹơǀǴdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƮºdzƢƯ ǥǂºǘƥ ǶǴƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǧ
ƽǁ (ƽ) žƢºǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ ƨƠȈƦdz DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨŦƢǼdzơȁ
ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏơ ƔơǂƳƜƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǿƾƦǰƫ ǺǷ Dzǰdz ƨdzȂǬǠŭơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ
ƔơǂƳȍơȁ ƨdzơǃȍơȁ ǦȈǜǼƬdzơȁ ƨȇƢǫȂdzơ Śƥơƾƫ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨǷǃȐdzơ
.(ÏÖÎ)ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ƨdzƢūơ ƧƽƢǟȍ ǀƼƬŭơ
ǾƦċƦºLJ ȅǀºdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǰȇ Ń ơƿƛ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ -ÎÕÍ
ƢǸȈǧ ƢēƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƔơƽƘƥ ƨȈǟơǂdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǵƢȈǫ ǵƾǟ ȏȂdz ƭƾƸȈdz DzǤnjŭơ
ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơ ƨǘnjǻƗ ǶȈǜǼƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǹƜǧ ƢŮ ǞƥƢƬdzơ DzǤnjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ
__________
:Õ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ (ÏÖÎ)
ƭƾºƷ ƾºǫ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ƪƦƯ ơƿƛ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ DzǤnjŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ"
:ȆǴȇ Ƣŭ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ Ǿƥ ƭƾƷ ȅǀdzơ ƾūơ ńƛȁ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ
ƢºǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ Ŀ ƧƾƟƢLjdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ Ŀ DzŏǰnjĄȇ ƭƾƷ (Ɨ)"
ȁƗ žƆȏȂǬǠǷ ǽǁȂǐƫ ǺǰŻ Ń ȆƟƢǼưƬLJơ ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƨƯǁƢǯ
ƧƾºǿƢǠǷ ǺºǷ ǶǣǂdzƢºƥ Ƙnjǻ ƶǴLjǷ ǝơǂǐdz ƨƴȈƬǻ (ƣ)"
Ǻºǰȇ Ńȁ DzǤnjºŭơ ƨǘnjǻƗ ƾǓ ǾƳȂǷ ĺƢǿǁƛ DzǸǟ ȁƗ ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ
."ƨdzƢǠǧ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ Ǿdz ȅƾǐƬǴdz ǀƼƬƫ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƨȇǃơǂƬƷơ Śƥơƾƫ ȅƗ ǞLJȂƥ
150
ǁƢƯȉơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ DzƟơȂŭơȁ ƨȈǸƄơ ǝơȂǻȋƢƥ ǪƸǴƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ DzǸnjƫ ȏ
Ǿºdz ǹȁƿƘºŭơ DzǤnjŭơ Ǿƥ ǵȂǬȇ DzǠǧ Ǻǟ ǶƴǼƫ Ŗdzơȁ ƢȀǨȇǂǠƫ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ƨȈƫơȂŭơ Śǣ
(Ð)Ó ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƧǀŏǨǼŭơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƨŹǂǏ ƧǁȂǐƥ
ǾºȈƳȂƬdzơ ǺºǷ Ö ƧƽƢºŭơ ȁƗ 92/43/EEC ǾºȈƳȂƬdzơ ǺǷ ÎÓ ƧƽƢŭơ ȁƗ (Ñ)ȁ
ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƢȀǴǸnjȇ Ń Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫ ǝơȂǻȋơȁ DzƟơȂŭơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ȁƗ 79/409/EEC
.ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ǚǨūơ ǹƘnjƥ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƢŮ ƨƠǧƢǰŭơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz ƢƆǬƦǗ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
ƧǁȂǐºƥ ǂƯƚȇ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ řǠƫȁ ǽƢȈŭƢƥ ǪƸǴƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ (ƣ)
ƨȈǻƢǰǷȍơ ȁƗ/ȁ ȆƟƢȈǸȈǰdzơ ȆƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ DŽǯǂŭơ ȄǴǟ ŚƦǯ Dzǰnjƥ ƨȈƫơȂǷ Śǣ
ǽƢȈŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ 2000/60/EC ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ Ŀ ǾǨȇǂǠƫ ȃǂƳ ƢǷ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ
Ǯºdzƿ ǺǷ (Ô)Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ƢĔƘnjƥ ǪƦǘǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƫơȂŭơ Śǣ ǁƢƯȉơ ƔƢǼưƬLJƢƥ ƨȈǼǠŭơ
žǾȈƳȂƬdzơ
ȆǓơǁȌdz ƭȂǴƫ ȅƗ řǠƫȁ ȆǓơǁȋƢƥ ǪƸǴƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ (Ʊ)
ƨƸºǏ ƨȈƫơȂǷ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǾƟơǂƳ ǺǷ ǂƯƘƬƫ ơƆŚƦǯ ơƆǂǘƻ ƾƳȂȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ
ƨȇǂȀů ƩƢǼƟƢǯ ȁƗ ƨȇȂǔǟ ƩƢǼƟƢǯ ȁƗ ƩơŚǔŢ ȁƗ ƽơȂǷ DZƢƻƽƛ ƨƴȈƬǻ ǂnjƦdzơ
.ƢȀƬŢ ȁƗ ƢȀȈǴǟ ȁƗ ȆǓơǁȋơ Ŀ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ȁƗ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ
ƨǘnjǻȋơ ƢȀƦƦLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǼȇ ȂȀǧ ŅƢƬdzƢƥ -ÎÔÓ
Ǯºdzƿ ǺǷ ǮȈNjȁ ƾȇƾē ȅƗȁ ǽƢȈŭơȁ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ Ƨǁơƽƛ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ƨȈǼȀŭơ
Ŀ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǮǴƫ ƽǂƫȁ .ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ȅƗ ƤƦLjƥ ƭƾŹ ǁǂǔdzơ
DzĈǤnjºǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵƢǜǻ ǖƦƫǂȇȁ .ƮdzƢưdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ
ǝơȂǻȌdz ƭƾŢ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǪƦǘǼȇ ƢǸǯ .ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǮǴƬƥ
ǮǴƫ ǥȐş ƨȈǼȀŭơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǮǴƫ ƔơǂƳ ǺǷ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ DzƟơȂŭơȁ ƨȈǸƄơ
ǁơǂǓȋơ ǮǴƫ ƭȁƾŞ ǮȈNjȁ ƾȇƾē ȅƗȁ ƮdzƢưdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ
ǺǷ DZƢŷƛ ȁƗ ŚǐǬƫ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƢǯ ƢǸưȈƷ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ȅƗ ƤƦLjƥ
ŚǐºǬƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǼƦŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǖƦƫǂƫ ơǀǰǿȁ .(ÏÕÕ)DzǤnjŭơ ƤǻƢƳ
ǁơǂǓȋơ ȄǴǟ ȏƛ ǪƦǘǼƫ ȏ Ȇǿȁ .ȆƳȂdzȂȈƦdzơ ǝȂǼƬǴdz ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ
śƥ ƨǴǐdzơ ƽƢŸƛ ǺǰŻ ƮȈƷ ǁƢnjƬǻȏơ ǞƥƢǗ Ǿdz ƭȂǴƫ ƤƦLjƥ ƨƯƽƢūơ
ƩȏƢƷ ȄǴǟ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ǪƦǘǼȇ ȏȁ .(ÏÕÖ)ƽǂǨdzơ DzǤnjŭơ ƨǘnjǻƗȁ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƩƢºǰǴƬǸŭơ ƤȈǐºƫ Ŗºdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ȄǴǟ ȏȁ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
DzưŠ ǪǴǠƬƫ ǩȂǬƷ ȅƗ džŻ ȏ ƢǸǯ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫơ ƧǁƢLjƻ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƨǏƢŬơ
.ǁơǂǓȋơ ǺǷ ǝơȂǻȋơ ǮǴƫ
ȂȀǧ .(ÏÖÍ)ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơȁ ƩơƽƢǠƦƬLJơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ǺǸǔƬȇȁ -ÎÔÔ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƱǁƾºǼƫ ƨƯƽƢƷ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǼȇ ȏ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƢŮ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ DzȇƾºǠƬdz ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢºǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥȁ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ƧǁƢǔdzơȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ƽơȂŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ǺǨLjdzơ ƽȂǫȁ ƪȇǃ
ƨºȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ ȁƗ ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǻ DZȐƻ
ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁƢǘƻȋơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǪƦǘǼƫ ȏȁ .ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJ ȁƗ
džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ ƱǁƾǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǁƢǘƻȋơ ȁƗ
__________
.Ð ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÕÕ)
.Ò ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÕÖ)
.Óȁ Ñ ǹƢƫƽƢŭơ (ÏÖÍ)
151 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ơƆǁǂǓ ƤƦLjƫȁ śȈƟƢǔǧ śǸLjŪ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǝȂǫȁ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ -ÎÕÐ
Ɣơǃƛ ǹƢƬdzȁƚLjǷ ƢŷƢƬǴǯ ǩȐǗȍơ ƢƬdzȁƽ ƾǠĄƫ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǂdz ȁƗ ƨưdzƢƯ ƨdzȁƾdz
.(ÏÖÔ)ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ƢǸǼȈƷ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƨLjǷƢŬơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ -ÎÕÑ
ǹȂǰƫ ȆƟƢǔǧ ǶLjƳ ǩȐǗƛ Ŀ ǭơǂƬNjȏƢƥ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ǹƢƬdzȁƽ ǵȂǬƫ
Ǯdzƿ ǾƯƾŹ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ Ǻǟ DzǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ǺǷƢǔƬdzƢƥ ǹƢƬdzȁƚLjǷ ƢŷƢƬǴǯ
.(ÏÖÕ)ȆƟƢǔǨdzơ ǶLjŪơ
ȆƟƢǔºǧ ǶLjƳ ǩȐǗƜƥ ǵȂǬƫ ƨdzȁƽ Ȇǿ ǩȐǗȍơ ƨdzȁƽȁ -ÎÕÒ
ƢȀȈǧ ƧƘnjǼǷ ȁƗ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ ǺǷ ǪǴǘĄȇ ƨdzȁƽ ȁƗ ǩȐǗȍơ Ǯdzƿ ǝƢƬƦƫ ȁƗ
__________
:ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÏÖÔ)
ǥȐºş ǂƻƕ ǹƢǰǷ ȅƗ Ŀ ǁǂǓ ƭȁƾƷ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ -Î"
ȁƗ ǍƢƼºNjȋ ȁƗ ǩȐºǗƛ ƨdzȁƾdz ǞƥƢƫ ȆƟƢǔǧ ǶLjŪ Ǒǁȋơ ƶǘLJ
ǞƥƢƫ ȆƟƢǔǧ ǶLjƳ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ȆƟƢǔǨdzơ ǶLjŪơ Ǯdzƿ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǰǴƬŲ
ǍƢƼºNjȋ ȁƗ ƨưdzƢƯ ƨdzȁƾdz ǁơǂǓƗ ƪǴǐƷ ơǀƥȁ ȃǂƻƗ ǩȐǗƛ ƨdzȁƾdz
ǹƢƬdzȁƚLjºǷ ǹƢȈdzȁȋơ ǹƢƬdzȁƾdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ƢŮ śǠƥƢƫ śȈǻȂǻƢǫ ȁƗ śȈǠȈƦǗ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ƾūơ ńƛ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ɣơǃƛ DzǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ǺǷƢǔƬdzƢƥ
ȁƗ Ǒǁȋơ ƶǘLJ ȄǴǟ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǁǂǔdzơ DzǐƷ ơƿƛ (Ɨ)"
žƨǬǴǘǷ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǽƢš ƢǸȀƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰƫ ƢȀȈǬǴŢ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƧǂƟƢǘdz
ȁƗ ƨưdzƢƯ ƨdzȁƾdz ǞƥƢƫ ȆƟƢǔǧ ǶLjŪ ǁǂǔdzơ DzǐƷ ơƿƛ (ƣ)"
ǂƻƕ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ȆƟƢǔǨdzơ ǶLjŪơ Ǯdzƿ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǰǴƬŲ ȁƗ ǍƢƼNjȋ
ȄǴǟ ƨȈǼƦǷ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǽƢš ƢǸȀƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰƫ Ǒǁȋơ ƶǘLJ ǥȐş
ƢǸȀǼǷ Dzǯ ǹȂǰƫ ǍƢƼNjƗ ŚǐǬƫ ȁƗ śȈdzȁȋơ śƬdzȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ȅƗ ŚǐǬƫ
.ǾǼǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ
ƨºȈǴǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƩȏƢƷ ǞȈŦ Ŀȁ -Ï"
Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƔƤǟ ǶLjǬĄȇ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ
Ń ơƿƛȁ žƢǸȀºǼǷ Dzǯ ŚǐǬƫ ȃƾŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ śȈdzȁȋơ śƬdzȁƾdzơ śƥ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƔƤºǟ ǶċLjºǬĄȇ śƬdzȁƾºdzơ śƫƢǿ ǺǷ ȅƗ ŚǐǬƫ ȃƾǷ ƾȇƾŢ ǺǰŻ
Ŀ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǪŞ ǶȈLjǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Dzź ȏȁ .ȅȁƢLjƬdzƢƥ ƢǸȀȈǴǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ǺºǷ ȅƗ ǺǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǮǴƫ ƤƳȂŠ ƤƳơȂdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ DzǷƢǰƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ
."DzǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ǺǷƢǔƬdzƢƥ śƬdzȁƚLjŭơ ǩȐǗȍơ Ŗdzȁƽ
:ƨLjǷƢŬơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÏÖÕ)
ǶLjºƳ ǩȐºǗƛ Ŀ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ǹƢƬdzȁƽ ƪǯǂƬNjơ ơƿƛ -Î"
.ƭƾŹ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ Ǻǟ DzǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ǺǷƢǔƬdzƢƥ ǹƢƬdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƢǻȂǰƫ ȆƟƢǔǧ
Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƾƥ ƪǷƢǫ Ŗdzơ ǩȐǗȍơ ƨdzȁƾdz ǹȂǰȇ -Ï"
ȃǂƻȋơ ǥơǂǗȌdz ǒȇȂǠƫ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǵŐºƫ ǹƗ ǩȐǗȍơ Ŀ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ǥơǂǗȌdz ǃȂŸȁ .ǩȐǗȍơ Ŀ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ
ǥơǂǗȋơ ǮǴƫ ǹȂǰƫ ȅǀdzơȁ ƢȀǼȈƥ ƢǸȈǧ ŅƢŭơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǶȈLjǬƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢƆǫƢǨƫơ
ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǮǴƫ Dzţ ȏȁ .Ǿdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈǴǧƢǰƫȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ
ǪƸƬLjºŭơ DzǷƢǰdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ Ŀ ǁǂǔǴdz ƪǓǂǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǪŞ
ƢƆºǠȈŦ ƢȀºǼǷ ȁƗ ǩȐǗȍơ DZȁƽ ǺǷ ƨdzȁƽ ȅƗ ǺǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ
.DzǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ǺǷƢǔƬdzƢƥ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơȁ
ǾºȈǧ ǪǧǂǷ ǺǷ ȁƗ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ ǺǷ ǪǴǗƌƗ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƾǠĄƫ -Ð"
."ǭǂƬnjŭơ ǩȐǗȍơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƨǯǁƢnjǷ ȆƟƢǔǧ ǶLjƳ
ƨºȈǟơǂdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƞnjǼƫ ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ Ŀ ƨȈǻƾǠŭơ
Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǮǴƫ ǂǐƬǬƫȁ .ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǮǴƬƥ ǶǬƫ Ń ơƿƛ
.(ÏÖÏ)DzǤnjŭơ Ǿƥ Ǧȇ Ń ȅǀdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƔDŽŪơ
ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ǍƢŬơ ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ Ǟǔȇȁ -ÎÕÎ
ƨºȈƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ ǶǜǼºdzơȁ ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ ƨƠȈƥ ƨȇƢǸū Ȑ
Ɔ ǷƢNj ƢƆǷƢǜǻ Ǟǔȇ
ƨǘnjǻƗ ȅƗ ǂǜŹȁ ƨǷƢǟ ƨȇǂnjƦdzơ ƨƸǴǐŭ Ƣđ ƨǘƦƫǂŭơȁ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƧƾǸƬǠŭơ
ƢȀºǼǷ DzǐºƬȇ ƢǷ ǥȐş ƨȈǻƾǠŭơ ƽǁơȂŭƢƥ DzǐƬƫ ǂǓƢūơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ
ǶȈǜǼƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ DzŰ DZƢǠǧ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ DzŹȁ .ȆǸǴǠdzơ ƮƸƦdzƢƥ
ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ȅǂŸȁ .ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ Ŀ ƨȈǻƾǠŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơ ƨǘnjǻƗ
Ŀ ƭƾŢ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ DzǐƬƫ ƨȈǴȈǐǨƫ
.(ÏÖÐ)DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ Ŀ ƨȈƫơȂŭơ ǥơƾǿȋơ ǞǷ ǪǨƬƫ Ȇǿȁ ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ
ǝȂºǓȂǷ DZȁƢºǼƬƫ Ŗºdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǺǷ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨƠǨdzơȁ -ÎÕÏ
.ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ʃơƿ DZȁƾdzơ ŐƬǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ Ȇǿ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǽǀǿ ƪŢ ƢƆǷƢŤ ƱǁƾǼƫ ƧƾƷơȁ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǂǓƢūơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǭƢǼǿȁ
ƢȀƯƾºŢ Ŗºdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ȇǿȁ ƨƠǨdzơ
ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ .(ÏÖÑ)ƨȈƟƢǔǨdzơ ǵƢLjƳȋơ
ȅƗ Ǟºǧƽ Ǻºǟ ƨǬǴǘǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰƫ ǩȐǗȍơ ƨdzȁƽ
Ǒǁȋơ ƶǘLJ ȄǴǟ ȆƟƢǔǨdzơ ǶLjŪơ ƢȀƯƾŹ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȌdz ǒȇȂǠƫ
Ŀ ŚǐǬƬdzơ ƩƢƦƯƛ ǵDŽǴȇ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .(ÏÖÒ)ƨǬǴŰ ƧǂƟƢǘdz ȁƗ
ȁƗ Ǒǁȋơ ƶǘºLJ Śºǣ ȃǂƻƗ ǺǯƢǷƗ Ŀ ǁơǂǓƗ ƭȁƾƷ ƨdzƢƷ
.(ÏÖÓ)ȆƟƢǔǧ ǶLjƳ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǰǴƬŲ ȁƗ ǍƢƼNjȋ
__________
.Õ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÖÏ)
řºǠŭơ DzºǷƢǠdzơ ǪȇǂǨǴdz ȅǁƢnjƬLJơ ǝƢǸƬƳơ ǵƘƬdzơ .ÎÓ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÖÐ)
.ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz DzċǐǨǷ ǵƢǜǻ ǞǓȂdz ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ ƧƾǿƢǠŭ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
ǹơƾºȈǷ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÖÑ)
ǵơǂºƳȋơȁ ǂºǸǬdzơ Ǯºdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ȆƳǁƢŬơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ ǥƢnjǰƬLJơ
ƨǘnjºǻƗ ǶǜǼºƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǹȐǟƛ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȇȁƢǸLjdzơ
ǁơǂºǫ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂºdzơ ȆƳǁƢŬơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ ǥƢnjǰƬLJơ DZƢů Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ
žÎÖÓÐ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÐ ƹǁƚŭơ (ÏÕ-ƽ)ÎÖÓÏ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ
ÎÖÖÏ ŐǸLjºȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÑ ƹǁƚŭơ ÓÕ/ÑÔ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ǁơǂǫȁ
.ȆƳǁƢŬơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǁƽƢǐǷ ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǹƘnjƥ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƔơǂƥȍƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÏÖÒ)
Ɣơǂƥȍơ ƶǼǸĄȇ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǵƢǰƷƘƥ ƢƆǼǿǁ -Î"
ƪƦưƫ ǹƗ ǩȐǗȍơ ƨdzȁƽ ǾȈǧ ǞȈǘƬLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁƾǬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǘŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ
ƨƴȈƬǻ ȁƗ ǶȈLjƳ DZƢŷƛ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ ȁƗ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ƢǷƛ Ƙnjǻ ƾǫ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǁơǂǓƗ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ DzǠǨdzơ Ǯdzƿ DZƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ DzǠǧ
žǶȀǴưŤ ǺȇǀǴdzơ śȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ȁƗ śȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ȁƗ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƨƦƷƢǏ
Ŗºdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ ƢƆƫƢƬƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ Ɣơǂƥȍơ ƶǼǸĄȇ ȏ -Ï"
ǩȐǗȍơ ƨdzȁƽ DzƦǫ ǺǷ Ƣđ ǵƢȈǬdzơ Ļ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ Ƙnjǻ ƾǫ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ
ǾºƳȁ ȄºǴǟ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǞǷ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǽǀǿ ǪǨƬƫ Ń ơƿƛ
ƨǘnjºǻȋ ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǩƢưȈǷ ǍȂǐŬơ
Ǯºdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ȆƳǁƢŬơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ ǥƢnjǰƬLJơ ǹơƾȈǷ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ
."ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȇȁƢǸLjdzơ ǵơǂƳȋơȁ ǂǸǬdzơ
.ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÖÓ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǺºǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƾdz ŚƦǯ ǁǂǓ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ƭƾƷ ơƿƛ -Ï
Ǯºdzƿ DzưǷ ƭȁƾū ƢȀǷơƾƼƬLJơ ȃƽƗ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǀƼƬƫ ȆƟƢŭơ ȃǂĐơ DZȁƽ
ŚƥơƾºƬdzơ ƨǧƢǯ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ Ǯdzƿ DzưǷ ǹƘnjƥ ǩƢǨƫơ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ ƾǼǟ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǞºǷ ǁȁƢnjƬdzƢƥ Óȁ Ò śƫƽƢŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋ ƤƳơȂdzơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ƔȐȇƛ ǞǷ ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ
ƨdzƘLjºǷ ƨnjǫƢǼŭȁ ǾǼǷ ǦȈǨƼƬdzơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ DzưǷ ƨdzơǃȍ ƧǁǂǔƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
.ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ ƾǼǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ƽǂºƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ DzǸnjƫ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǺǷ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƨƠǨdzơȁ -ÎÕÕ
ǵƢºǰƷȌdz ǂºƻƕ ƵƢǔºȇƛ ȅƗ ǹȁƽ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjƛ ƢȀȈǧ
ǽǀºǿ ƪºǻƢǯ ǺƠdzȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơ ȁƗ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
ǪºȈƦǘƬƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƗƾºƦŭ ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ ƨǴǐdzƢƥ ǥǂƬǠƫ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ
ƽȂƳȁ ȄǴǟ DZȂǠƫ ƢĔƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ .ƨǴǰnjŭơ DzŢ ȏ ƢĔƗ ȏƛ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ
DzưǷ ǞǓȁ ǞǫȂƬƫ ȁƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ǵƢǰƷƗ
.ƨƠǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ńƛ ȆǸƬǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ƨťȁ .ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǮǴƫ
ƨºȇƢŧ DZƢů Ŀ ǹȁƢǠƬǴdz ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƪȇȂǰdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ DZƢưǷ
Ŀ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƩơƔơǂƳƛȁ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ
ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ȏ ƢȀǼǰdzȁ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƭȂǴƫ ǺǷ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ
ȄºǴǟ Ǿºƫơƿ ǂǷȋơ ơǀǿ ǪƦǘǼȇȁ .(ÐÍÐ)ƩơƔơǂƳȍơȁ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǮǴƫ
ǒȈºƥȋơ ǂƸƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ :DzưǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈǸȈǴǫƛ ƨȇǂŞ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫơ
ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ƨºȈǸǼƫȁ ƨȇƢŧ Ŀ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ žƭȂǴƬdzơ ǺǷ ǖLJȂƬŭơ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơȁ žƢºȈǬȇǂǧƗ ǖºLJȁȁ ƣǂǣ ƨǬǘǼŭ ƨȈǴƷƢLjdzơȁ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ
ǖȈºƄơ ȆǫǂºNj ƣȂǼŪ ƨȈǴƷƢLjdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơȁ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ
ƲȈǴƻȁ ǂŧȋơ ǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƥ ǚǨū ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁ ž(ÐÍÑ)ƝƽƢŮơ
ƨǬǘǼŭ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈǸǼƫȁ ƨȇƢǸŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁ ž(ÐÍÒ)ǹƾǟ
ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈǸǼƫȁ Ƨǁơƽƛȁ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ž(ÐÍÓ)ȃŐǰdzơ œȇǁƢǰdzơ ǂƸƦdzơ
ƽǁơȂŭơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ž(ÐÍÔ)ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ ǩǂNj ƨǬǘǼŭ ƨȈǴƷƢLjdzơȁ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ
DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥȁ ž(ÐÍÕ)ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơ ƣȂǼƳ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ƨƠȈƦdzơȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ž(ÐÍÖ)ƨȇǂƥ ǁƽƢǐǷ ǺǷ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ž(ÐÎÍ)ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ǂŞ ƨǬǘǼŭ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ žȆLjǴǗȋơ ǖȈƸǸǴdz Ȇǫǂnjdzơ DZƢǸnjǴdz ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ
.(ÐÎÎ)ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǺǷ ƽȂLJȋơ ǂƸƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ
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.ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÍÐ)
.ÎÎ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÐÍÑ)
.Ƨǂnjǟ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÐÍÒ)
.ÎÑ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÐÍÓ)
.ÎÒ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÐÍÔ)
.ÏÍ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÐÍÕ)
.Ƨǂnjǟ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÐÍÖ)
ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ƨºȇƢŧ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ÎÖÔÑ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƢƆÅǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÎÍ)
.ÎÔ ƧƽƢŭơ ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ǂŞ ƨǬǘǼŭ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ
.Ƨǂnjǟ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÐÎÎ)
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ǁǂǔdzơȁ Ƶơȁǁȋơ Ŀ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǁǂǔdzơ DzǸnjȇȁ .(ÏÖÖ)ȆƟƢǔǧ ǶLjƳ
ȅƗ ȁƗ žƨƸǐºdzƢƥ ǂºƻƕ ǁơǂǓƛ ȅƗ ȁƗ ǍƢƼNjȋƢƥ ǪƸǴȇ ȅǀdzơ
śȈºǠȈƦǗ ǍƢƼNjƗ ȁƗ DZȁƽ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŠ ǪƸǴȇ ǁǂǓ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjƻ
.(ÐÍÍ)ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨȈǷȂǰƷȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǸǜǼǷ ƩƢǰǴƬŲ ȁƗ śȈǻȂǻƢǫ ȁƗ
ƽċƾƸĄƫ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƽ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ǩȐǗȍơ ƨdzȁƽ ǹȂǰƫȁ -ÎÕÓ
Ǯºdzƿ ȄǠLjȇȁ .ǥƢǐǻȍơȁ ƨdzơƾǠdzơ ƝƽƢƦǷȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȁƗ ȅǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ȁƗ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ǎƼnjǴdz ƾȈǠȇ ǹƗ" ńƛ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢūơ ńƛ ƢȀǼǟ ƨƥƢȈǻ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƪǷďƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ȁƗ
.(ÐÍÎ)"ƭƾŹ Ń ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ Ȃdz ƨǸƟƢǫ ƪǻƢǯ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ǪȈƦǘƫ ȄƻȂƬƫ ƢĔƗ ȁƾƦȇ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǭƢǼǿȁ -ÎÕÔ
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢĐơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǹȂǻƢǬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ȇǿȁ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ Ô ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ .(ÐÍÏ)ƨȈƷȐŭơ Śǣ Ǒơǂǣȋơ Ŀ
ȆƟƢºŭơ ȃǂƴǸǴdz ƢȀǷơƾƼƬLJơ Ŀ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢĐơ DZȁƽ ǀƼƬƫ -Î
ǁǂºǓ ƭȁƾƷ ǹȁƽ ƨdzȂǴȈƸǴdz ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǞȈŦ ƢȀȈǓơǁƘƥ ǁƢŭơ Ņȁƾdzơ
.ȃǂƻȋơ ȆƟƢŭơ ȃǂĐơ DZȁƾdz ŚƦǯ
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ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ Ǻºǟ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .(Ʊ) ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÏÖÖ)
.ƨưdzƢƯ ƨdzȁƾdz ƭƾŹ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǘŭơ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƝƽƢºƦŭơ ǺǷ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .(Ɨ) ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÐÍÍ)
ƨȈǠǸŪơ ƢēƾǸƬǟơ Ŗdzơȁ ȆƳǁƢŬơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǁƽƢǐǷ ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ
:ÎÖÖÏ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÑ ƹǁƚŭơ ÓÕ/ÑÔ Ƣǿǁơǂǫ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ
ƨǘnjºǻȋ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ ƨǠƥƢLjdzơ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ -Î"
Ǯºdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ȆƳǁƢŬơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơȁ ǥƢnjǰƬLJơ ǹơƾȈǷ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǰƷƗȁ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȇȁƢǸLjdzơ ǵơǂƳȋơȁ ǂǸǬdzơ
ǪºǴǘƫ ƨºdzȁƽ Dzǯ ǹȂǰƫ ƨȈƟƢǔǨdzơ ǵƢLjƳȋơ ƢȀƯƾŢ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ
ƢȀǬǧǂǷ ȁƗ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ ǺǷ ǪǴǘĄȇ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯȁ ǾǫȐǗƛ ǝƢƬƦƫ ȁƗ ƢƆȈƟƢǔǧ ƢƆǸLjƳ
ǵƢLjºƳȋơ ǽǀǿ ǾƦƦLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ȆƟƢǔǧ ǶLjƳ
ȆƟƢǔǨdzơ ǶLjŪơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƢƆǷƢŤ ơǀǿ ǪƦǘǼȇȁ .ƨǻȂǰŭơ ƢǿƙơDŽƳƗ ȁƗ ƨȈƟƢǔǨdzơ
ȁƗ ǹƢƬdzȁƽ ƪǯǂƬNjơ ơƿƛȁ .ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ơƆǁƾǐǷ ǾǼƬǷ ȄǴǟ DzǸŹ ȅǀdzơ
ǹƢƬdzȁƚLjºǷ ǹƢƬdzȁƾºdzơ ǹƢºƫƢǿ ǹȂǰƫ ȆƟƢǔǧ ǶLjƳ ǩȐǗƛ Ŀ ǂưǯƗ
ƨLjºǷƢŬơ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ Ǯdzƿȁ ƘnjǼƫ ǁơǂǓƗ ȅƗ Ǻǟ DzǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ǺǷƢǔƬdzƢƥ
.ǽȐǟƗ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ
Ǻǟ ǹƢƬdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƢƬdzȁƾdzơ ǹƢƫƢǿ ǹȂǰƫ ȅǀdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƽƾŹ -Ï"
Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ƔƢǬdz ǂǯǀdzơ ƨǨdzƢLjdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠ ǾǠǧƽ
ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ŐƳ ǺǷ ȆǨǰȇ ƢǷ ŚǧȂƫ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ǥƢǐǻȍơȁ DZƾǠdzơ ƝƽƢƦǷȁ
ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ ȁƗ ƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơ ǵƗ ǹƢǯ ƢƆȈǠȈƦǗ ǎƼnjdzơ ƧƽƢǟȍ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ
Ŗºdzơ ƨdzƢūơ ńƛ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƢȀũƢƥ ǵƾǬĄƫ Ŗdzơ ȁƗ ǾũƢƥ ǵċƾǬĄƫ ȅǀdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
.ǁǂǔdzơ ơǀǿ ǞǬȇ Ń Ȃdz ƢǿƽȂƳȁ ǑǂƬǨĄȇ ǹƢǯ
ƩƢǧȁǂǐŭơ ƽǁ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ DzǸnjȇ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀǿ Ǒơǂǣȋ -Ð"
ƮºƸƦdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ƧƾƦǰƬŭơȁ ƤƳơȂdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩơƾǼƬLjŭƢƥ ƨƬƦưŭơ
ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƧƾǟƢLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǧȁǂǐŭơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ŚȀǘƬdzơȁ ƽơƽǂƬLJȏơȁ
."ƨưdzƢƯ ǥơǂǗƗ ǺǷ
ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÐÍÎ)
.ƨȈƟƢǔǨdzơ ǵƢLjƳȋơ ƢȀƯƾŢ Ŗdzơ
.ÎÒ ƧƽƢŭơ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÍÏ)
153 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƢȀǼǷ Śưǯ ȆǜƷ ƾǬǧ .DZȁƾdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǞLJȁƗ DZȂƦǬƥ ȄǜŢ ǹƗ
DŽºȈƷ ƾǠƥ ȃǂƻƗ ǭȂǰǏ Dzƻƾƫ Ń ƢǸǼȈƥ DzǫƗ Ǫȇƾǐƫ ƩȏƢŞ
ǹƗ Ŀ ƢȀǔºǠƦdz ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ DzȈƠǓ DzǷƗ ȃȂLJ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdzȁ ƿƢǨǼdzơ
.ƧǂŭƢºƥ ƿƢºǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ ńƛ ƢŮȂƻƽ ȄƳǂĄȇ ȏ ȁƗ ƿƢǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ Dzƻƾƫ
Ȃºǿ ǩȁƾǼǐºdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ/ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ
ǹƘºƥ ǥǂǘdzơ ǁơǂǫ DZơDŽȇ ȏȁ .ƢƆȈǴǸǟ ƢƆƷƢų ǥƽƢǏ ȅǀdzơ ǽƾƷȁ
Ƨǁƾºǫ ǺǷ ǞƦǼȇȁ ƆƢȇƽƢȈLJ ơƆǁơǂǫ ǭȂǰǐdzơ ƾƷƗ Ŀ ơƆȂǔǟ ƶƦǐȇ
ǹƗ ƢºȀȈǴǟ Ǯdzǀƥ ƢȀǷƢȈǬƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơȁ .ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǵơǂƥƛ ȄǴǟ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
Ǻºǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔºǧ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơȁ ƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơ ƢēơƔơǂƳƛ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ǀƻƘƫ
ǵDŽǴȇ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀȁ .ƢȀȈǧ ƨƸǴǐŭơ ƣƢƸǏƗ ǦǴƬű ŁƢǐǷ
ȃǂºƻƗ ƩȏƢºƷ Ŀ ȆǨǰȇ ƢǸǼȈƥ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǞLJȁƗ ƩơǁȁƢnjǷ ƔơǂƳƛ
ƨǴǷƢNj ƨȈƟƢǐǬƬLJơ ƨLJơǁƽ ƔơǂƳƛ ǵƾǠdzȁ .ƧƽȁƾŰ ƩȏƢǐƫơ ƔơǂƳƛ
ƧƾºǯƚǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ DZȂǬdzơ ǺǰŻ ȏ ƢȀǨǫơȂǷ ƾȇƾƸƬdz ƨȈǼǠŭơ DZȁƾǴdz
ƨºǷǃȐdzơ ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ ƧȂǘŬơ ƿƢţơ Ǻǟ ǶƴŢ DZȁƾdzơ ƪƷǂƥ ƢǷ ơƿƢŭ
ƪºǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨǸǜǻƗ ǦǴƬƼŭ ƢŮȂƦǫ ȄǴǟ DzȈdzƾƬǴdz
ƢƆūƢǏ ơƆǁƢȈƻ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǾȈǧ ǁȂǐƬƫ DZơDŽƫ ȏ ȅǀdzơ
ǺºǷ ǁƾºǬƥ ǂºǷȋơ Ŀ ǝȁǂnjdzơ ǞǷȁ Ǖǂnjdzơ ơǀđȁ .ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz
śƥȁ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƣƢƦLJȋơ śƥ ƵȁơǂƬƫ ƾǫ ƣƢƦLJȋơ ǹƜǧ ƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơ
ǮȈǿƢǻ ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ ƩƢȈǏȂƬdzơ ʼnƾǬƬdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƧŐŬơ ńƛ ǁƢǬƬǧȏơ ƽǂů
ǒǠƥ Ŀȁ .ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ƨǴǐdzơ ǪȈƯȁ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ śǠǷ ǮǏ ƨLJơǁƽ Ǻǟ
DzǸƬƸĄȇȁ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţơ Ŀ ƭƽơȂūơ ǒǠƥ ǝȂǫȁ ƤƦLjƫ ǹƢȈƷȋơ
ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀȁ .Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ǂƬǧ ƾǫ ǵƢǸƬǿȏơ ǹƗ
ǹȋ ơƆǂºǜǻ DzºǷƢǰdzƢƥ ǪǬƸƬƫ Ń ƨȈdzȁȋơ ƩƢǠǫȂƬdzơ ǹƗ Ȃǿ ǂǷȋơ
ǦǨű ǮǏ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ ńƛ ǂǷȋơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ȅƽƚƫ ǖLJȂdzơ DZȂǴūơ
.ƢƆȈǴƻơƽ ŁƢǐŭơ ǦǴƬű DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ȆǓǂȇ ȏ ǾǻƗ ƨƳǁƽ ńƛ ƾȈǬǷ ȁƗ
:Henkin ǚƷȐȇ śǻơȂǬdzơ ǞǓȁ ƩƢLJƢȈLjƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÎÖÑ
ǞºȈŦ ƨǯǁƢnjŠ śǠǷ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ȅǂŸ ƨƠNjƢǻ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ȅƗ ǹƛ
ƢºǸȈǧ ǶȀūƢǐǷ ƢĔƗ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǯǂƬnjŭơ ǽǁȂǐƬȇ ƢǷ džǰǠƬLJ ƆƢƦȇǂǬƫ DZȁƾdzơ
ƾºȇơDŽƫ ǞºǷ Ǻºǰdzȁ .ƨǷƢǟ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀȁ ǂǜǼdzơ ǞǓȂǷ ƨdzƘLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ
ǭƢƦƫǁȏơ DzǸnjȇ ƾǬǠƬƫȁ ƢȀūƢǐǷ ǺȇƢƦƬƫ ƢǷ ơƆŚưǯ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǷȂǰūơ ƨǯǁƢnjǷ
ƤǠǐȇȁ Dzƥ ƤLjƸǧ Ǿƥ ƚƦǼƬdzơ DzȈƸƬLjȇ ȏ ơƆǂǷƗ ƢƆƦdzƢǣ ƨƴȈƬǼdzơ ǹȂǰƫȁ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ
ƨƴȈƬǼdzơȁ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǺǷ Ȑ
Ɔ ǯ ǁȂǐƫ ǶȀǨdzơ ȄǴǟ ƾǟƢLjȇ ƾǫȁ .ǂȀǜȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǾƷǂNj
Ƕƴūơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ǹƢƬǨǴƬű ǹƢƫȂǫ ǞǧƾĄƫ ƢǷƾǼǠǧ :ǾȈƦnjƬdzơ ȁƗ DžƢȈǬdzơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ
.śǼºȈǠǷ ǽƢšơȁ ƧȂǫ Ǿdz ǾƴƬǷ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ƲƬǼȇ ƢǷ ƨǘǬǻ ȄǴǟ ŚƯƘƬǴdz ǽƢšȏơȁ
ǂǷȋƢƥ ǾǿƢšơ ȁƗ ǾǸƴƷ džȈdzȁ ǾLJƢȈǫ ǺǰŻ ȏ ȆLJƢȈLjdzơ ƿȂǨǼdzơ ǹƗ ƾǯƚŭơȁ
ƩơƔơǂƳƛȁ ƨǷȁƢLjŭơ ƨdzƢƷ DzưǷ ȃǂƻƗ DzǷơȂǠdz ƤȈƴƬLjȇ ƢŷȐǯȁ žƪƥƢưdzơ
ƾºȈǫ ȃǂƻȋơ DzƟƢLjŭơȁ ǾȈǧ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƩƢȈǐƼnjdzơȁ ǾƬȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJơȁ ǂŤƚŭơ
.(ÐÎÑ)ǝȂǓȂŭơȁ ǂŤƚŭơ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ DzǷơȂǟȁ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ŁƢǐŭơȁ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ
Ƕºǜǻ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ ȄǴǟ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ƩƢȈǷƢǼȇƾdzơ ǂǘȈLjƫȁ -ÎÖÒ
DzºǠƳ Ŀ ƨǼȇƢƦƬǷ ŁƢǐǷ ǭǂƬnjƬǧ .ǁƾǬdzơ džǨǼƥ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
.śºǠǷ ǮǏ Ŀ ƢƆǧǂǗ ƶƦǐȈLJ ǹƢǯ ǹƛ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǁǂǬȇ ǥǂǘdzơ
ƨºȈƠȈƥȁ ƨȇƽƢǐºƬǫơȁ ƨȇǂǰLjǟȁ ƨȈLJƢȈLJ ƨLjǧƢǼƬǷ ŁƢǐǷ ǭƢǼǿȁ
__________
.Henkin, "The politics of law-making", pp. 21-22 (ÐÎÑ)
ȅǂºƸƦdzơ ƭȂºǴƬdzơ ǞǼǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ȃǂƻƗ ƩƢƦǴǘƬǷ ƽǂƫȁ -ÎÕÖ
ȂǯƢǷƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ž(ÐÎÏ)ȃǂƻƗ ƽơȂǷȁ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǩơǂǣƛ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ
ƢȀƬǯǂƷ ƨƦǫơǂǷȁ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ ńƛ ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ƽơŚƬLJơ ǂǜŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ǁƢºƯȉƢƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁ žƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ Dzƻơƽ Ƣēǁơƽƛȁ ƽȁƾūơ Őǟ
ǵơƾƼƬºLJơȁ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ žƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƭƽơȂƸǴdz ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ
ǝȂǼƬdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ žƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩơŚƸƦdzơȁ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢĐơ
ǪºǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈƳȂdzȂȈƦdzơ ƨǷȐLjǴdz ƢǼȈƻƢƫǁƢǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥȁ žȆƳȂdzȂȈƦdzơ
ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ƽơŚƬLJơ ǂǜƷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ žȆƳȂdzȂȈƦdzơ ǝȂǼƬdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ
ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ƨǯǂƷ ƨƦǫơǂǷȁ ƨȇǁDŽŪơ ȃƾƬǼŭơ ǹơƾǴƥ ńƛ ƨǠnjŭơȁ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ žƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơ ƣȂǼƳ ƨǬǘǼǷ Dzƻơƽ Ƣēǁơƽƛȁ ƽȁƾūơ Őǟ
.ǢƦƬdzơ ƨƸǧƢǰǷ ǹƘnjƥ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz ƨȇǁƢǗȍơ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ
Ŀ ƨºȈǻƾǠŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơ ƨǘnjǻƗ ǶȈǜǼƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ DzǠšȁ -ÎÖÍ
ǾºǼǷ ƾƥ ȏ ƢƆǬƦLjǷ ƢƆǗǂNj ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ǺǷ ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ
Ŀ ƨºȈǻƾǠŭơ ƽǁơȂºŭơ DZȐǤƬºLJơȁ ǥƢnjºǰƬLJơ ƨºLJǁƢŲ DzƦǫ
ƧƾºǿƢǠǷ DZȂºǯȂƫȁǂƥ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ȄƻȂƬǷ ơǀǿȁ .(ÐÎÐ)ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ
.ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ǍƢŬơ ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ
ǒºǠƥ Ŀ ƨºȇƢǤdzơ ǽǀǿ ƣȂǏ ƵƢƴǼdzơ ǒǠƥ ǪǬŢ ƾǫȁ -ÎÖÎ
Ȃǿȁ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ Ǯdzƿ ƨǴưǷƗ ǺǷȁ .ƩȏƢūơ
ƧǂƥƢºǠdzơ ƨºȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢºĐơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơȁ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
ƧǂƥƢºǠdzơ ǁƢºƯȉƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩơŚƸƦdzơȁ ƽȁƾƸǴdz
DZǃƢºƥ DZȂºǯȂƫȁǂƥ Ǻºǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƭƽơȂƸǴdz ƽȁƾƸǴdz
.DZǃƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ Ȃǿȁ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz
ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơȁ ƨǠȈƦǘdzơ ǚǨū ƨȈǬȇǂǧȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÎÖÏ
ƣǂǫƗ Ŀ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǵȂǬƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ ǺȇǂnjǠdzơȁ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩơƔơǂƳƛȁ ƾǟơȂǫ ƽƢǸƬǟƢƥ ǺǰŲ ƪǫȁ
ȄǠLjºƫȁ .ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƢȀǴǸnjºƫ Ŗdzơ ƽơȂŭƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ
ǚǨūơ Ƕǟƽȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ DŽȇDŽǠƫ ńƛ ǁȂǷƗ ƨǴŦ Ŀ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǪȈLjǼƫȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂǸǴdz ǵơƾƬLjŭơ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơȁ
ƧƾȈºNjǁ ǹȂºǰƫ ƨȈƟƢŶƛ ƲǷơǂƥȁ ƩƢLJƢȈLJ ǪȈǬŢ ǑǂǤƥ ƩȏƢĐơ
ƢȀǷƢǰƷƗ DzǸnjƫȁ .ƢƆȈǟƢǸƬƳơ ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁ ƢƆȇƽƢǐƬǫơ ƨǸȈǴLJȁ ƢƆȈƳȂdzȂǰȇƛ
ǝơȂǻȋơȁ ļƢƦǼdzơ ƔƢǘǤdzơȁ ǽƢȈŭơȁ ƨƥǂƬdzơȁ ȆǓơǁȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ DzƟƢLjǷ
ƩƢƴƬǼǷȁ ƩƢǼȈǟ Ŀ ǁƢšȏơȁ ƨȈǸƄơ ǝơȂǻȋơȁ ƩƢǼȈŪơ ǝȂǼƫȁ
ƨºƠȈƦdzơ Ŀ ǂƯƚƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơȁ DŽȈȀƴƬdzơȁ ǚǨūơ ƩȏƢůȁ ƢȀǼǷ
ơƆǂºǜǻȁ .ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơȁ ƨǷơƾƬLjŭơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơȁ
ȃȂºLJ ȄǬƦȇ ȏ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƢȀǴǸnjƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ƨǨƟƢǗ ǝƢLjƫȏ
.ǽƙƢnjǻƛ ǶƬȇ ǥȂLJ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨǸǜǻƗ ǺǷ ǝȂǻ ȅƗ ƨǧǂǠǷ
ǵơǂƥƛ Ŀ ǂǿƢǜdzơ ƵƢƴǼdzơ ǺǷ ŚƦǯ Dzǰnjƥ ǦǠǔȇ ȅǀdzơȁ -ÎÖÐ
ǮºǴƫ ǞºǓȁ ȄƻȂƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǭȂǰǏȁ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫơ
Ǻǟ ƨǴȈǴǫ ƩȏƢƷ ƔƢǼưƬLJƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǭȂǰǏ DŽƴǟ Ȃǿ ƨǸǜǻȋơ
__________
.ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÐÎÏ)
.Ô ƧǂǬǨdzơ Õ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÐÎÐ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƾȇDŽǷ ƤǴƳ ƨȈǤƥ" ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƨǴǸǰƬdz DzǸǠdzơ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ƩȏƢů ǺǷ] ƾȇƾŪơ DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ ńƛ ƨǫƾdzơȁ ƵȂǓȂdzơ ǺǷ
ǹƢºǯȁ .(ÐÎÖ)"ǂǷȋƢƥ ƨȈǼǠŭơ Ȇǿ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǰƫ ƮȈƷ [ȆƠȈƦdzơ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ǦưǰǷ ljƢǬǻ ǞǓȂǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ǵȂȀǨǷ
ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǪƦǘǼƫ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ .ȃǂƻƗ ǭȂǰǐƥ
(contamination) "ƮȇȂǴƬdzơ" Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz
ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂŤƚŭơ ńƛ ǵƾƌǫ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǺǷ ǥǀĄƷ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ƶǴǘǐǷ Ȃǿȁ
ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢºǟ ȅǂƸƦdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ řǠŭơ Ņȁƾdzơ
ǾƫŐƬǟơ Ŗdzơ ƨǓǁƢǠŭơ ǒǠƥ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ǂŤƚŭơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƽƾš ǾǼǰdzȁ
ƩȏƢºƷ Ŀ ƢȇƢƸǔºdzơ ǑȂºǠĄȇ ȏ ƮºȈƷ ... ȆǫȐƻƗ Śǣ"
ƨšƢǻ ǹȂǰƫȁ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǨƥ ƤƦLjƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǪƟơǂūơ ȁƗ ƩơǁƢƴǨǻȏơ
ƩơǁƢºƦǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ȆǬƥƌƗ ƾǫȁ .(ÐÏÍ)"ǖǨǼdzơ Ǧȇǂǐƫ ȁƗ ƣǂLjƫ Ǻǟ
ƮºȇȂǴƬdzƢƥ (pollution) ƭȂºǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǖƥǂƫ Ŗdzơ
ƧƾºȇơDŽƬǷ ƧǁȂǐƥȁ .ƩƾǸƬǟơ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ (contamination)
ȅȁȂºǼdzơ ƭȂºǴƬdzơ ƨºǸǜǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƪǴƻƽƌƗ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƸȈǬǼƬdzơ ƩƽƗ
"ȅȁȂºǼdzơ ǁǂǔºǴdz" ǞLJȁƗ ǦȇǁƢǠƫ ƽƢŸƛ ńƛ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơȁ
DzǣơȂºNj ǭƢǼǿ DZơDŽƫ ȏ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ."ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ"ȁ
ƢǿǁƾǬȇ ƮȈŞ ƨȇƢǨǰdzơ ǾȈǧ ƢŠ ƨǬȈǫƽ ǦȇǁƢǠƬdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢŠ ǪǴǠƬƫ
ǺºǷ ƨºdzƢǠǧ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǪƦǘǼƫ ƮȈŞȁ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ƢĔȂǸȀǨȇȁ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ
ƪȇǃ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ DzưǷ ơƆƾȀǟ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƭƾƷƗ ŕƷȁ .ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƮȈƷ
ƪǻƢǯ ǺƠǴǧ .(ÐÏÎ)ƩơƽƢǬƬǻȏơ ǮǴƫ DzưǷ ǺǷ ƪǴǨƫ Ń ǺǨLjdzơ ƽȂǫȁ
DzǔºǨƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǹƜǧ DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƥ ƔƢǓǁƛ ȄǴǟ ƢƆưǟƢƥ
Ƣǿǁȁƾºƥ ƾƴƬºLJ ǁǂǔǴdz ŐǯƗ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƢƆȇƾȈȈǬƫȁ ƢƆȇƾȈǴǬƫ ƢƆǨȇǂǠƫ
.ǭȂǰǐdzơ ǮǴƫ ȄǴǟ ǪȇƾǐƬǴdz ƩơȂǘƻ ƿƢţơ Ŀ ƨƥȂǠǏ
řºǠŭơ Ǯǐºdzơ Ŀ ňƢºǰŭơ DŽȈūơ ǩƢǘǻ ǹƢǯ ƆƢưdzƢƯȁ -ÎÖÕ
ơƆǁƾǐºǷ ƩơƔƢǼưƬºLJȐdz ƨƠnjǼŭơ ǾƫơǂǬǧȁ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǾǏƢǐƬƻơȁ
ƨºȈǼǠŭơ ƨºǸƟơƾdzơ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ DZƢºǸǟƗ ȆǨǧ .ƨǨǴƬű ǂǜǻ ƩƢȀƳȂdz
DZȁƾdzơ ǵƢƴƷƛ ǹƢǯ ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƶȈǬǼƫ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐƥ
"Ņȁƾºdzơ ȃȂƬLjºŭơ" Ŀ ǵƢȀLJȍơ Ǻǟ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨƴƬǼŭơ Śǣ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǹƗ ǁȂǐƫ ǁƾǬƥȁ .ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ĿơǂǤŪơ ǩƢǘǼdzƢƥ ƢƆǘƦƫǂǷ
ǹƜºǧ ǥơǂºǗƗ DZȁƽ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ǿdz ǑǂǠƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǼƫ
DŽǧƢºƷ ƢȀȇƾºdz Ǻǰȇ Ń ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz Ƨǁƾǫ ǮǴŤ Ń Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ
ƢƆºȈdzƢǷ ƢƆºƠƦǟ ƤǴŸ ǾǻƘǯȁ ơƾƥ ȅǀdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ńƛ ǵƢǸǔǻȐdz ĿƢǓƛ
ǹȂºǿǂǷ ǾºǻƗ DZȁƾºdzơ ǮǴƫ ƩǁȂǐƫ DZƢǸƬƷơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƢƆȈǧƢǓƛ
ƢƆǔȇƗ Ȃǿ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƖnjǼŭơ ƔƢǼưƬLJơ ǹƢǯȁ .(ÐÏÏ)ƨǧƾǐdzƢƥ
ƨǴƯƢŲ ƧǁȂǐƥȁ .(ÐÏÐ)ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǼƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨnjǫƢǼǷ ƨǘǬǻ
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.ǽȐǟƗ ÐÎÓ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÎÖ)
ǺºǷ ƽǁơȂdzơ DžƢƦƬǫȏơ ÑÔ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Wu Chao (ÐÏÍ)
.ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ ƾǧȂdzơ
La Fayette, “International Maritime Organization (IMO)”, (ÐÏÎ)
.p. 701
.ÏÍÒ-ÏÍÑ Ǎ (ÎÖÖÒ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Lefeber ǂǜǻơ (ÐÏÏ)
.ÎÓÑ Ǎ (ÎÖÖÔ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÏÐ)
154
ƨºȈdzƢǠǧȁ ŁƢǐºǷ ǭƢºǼǿ ƢºǷ ǁƾǬƥȁ .ȃǂƻƗ ƨǷƢǟȁ ƨȈǟƢǼǏȁ
ȄǔƬǬŠ ƢēƢǷơDŽƬdzȏ DZƢưƬǷȏơ ńƛ DZȁƾdzơ ǝȁDŽǻ Ŀ ǂƯƚƫ (ÐÎÒ)ƾǟơȂǫȁ
ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ǁƾǬdzơ džǨǼƥ ǪƦǘǼƫ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ǮǴƫ ǹƜǧ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ
ǺǷȁ .śǠǷ Ǯǐƥ ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥ ƨƦǣǂdzơ ǀȈǨǼƬdz ǁơǂǫ ƿƢţơ ńƛ ȅƽƚƫ Ŗdzơ
Ǯdzǀºƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ǪƥơȂLjdzơȁ ƢǷ Ǯǐdz ȆǓȁƢǨƬdzơ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ǹƜǧ Ľ
DZȁƾºdzơ ƢȀǼǟ ƪƥǂǟƗ ƾǫ ǹȂǰƫ DzǣơȂNj Ǻǟ Ǧnjǰƫ ƾǫ Ǯǐdzơ
.ƨǼȈǠǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǽƢš ƨdzȁƽ ǥǂǐƫ ȄǴǟ ƔȂǔdzơ ȆǬǴƫ ƾǫȁ ƨǓȁƢǨƬŭơ
DzºƷơǂǷ ǦºǴƬű Ŀ ƩŚƯƌƗ DzƟƢLjǷ ȃǂƻȋơ ǞȈǓơȂŭơ śƥ ǺǷȁ
Ǯºdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ƕǜǻ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǩƢǘǻ DZȂƷ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǞºȇǃȂƬƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƤǻơȂƳ Ʃǃǂƥ ƾǫȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ ǦȇǂǠƫ
.ŅƢºŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƽȁƾƷȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǁƢȈǠǷȁ
Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ȃǂƻƗ Ƕǜǻȁ śǠǷ ǵƢǜǻ śƥ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ Ʃǃǂƥ ƢǸǯ
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨnjǫƢǼŭơ ǂǧȂƫȁ .Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ
ƢºŮ ǹƢǯ ƢŠǁȁ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƩŚƯƌƗ Ŗdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǒǠƦdz ƨǼȈǟ
ƢȀȈǴǟ śǠƬȇ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ǹƘnjƥ DZȁƾdzơ Ƣēǀţơ Ŗdzơ ǦǫơȂŭơ ȄǴǟ ǂƯƗ
.śǠǷ ǮǏ Ŀ ƢƆǧơǂǗƗ ƶƦǐƫ ǹƗ
ǩƢǘǼƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ DzȈǐǨƬdzƢƥ Ƨƾȇƾǟ ƤǻơȂƳ DZȁƢǼƫ ǺǰŻȁ -ÎÖÓ
ǒºǠƥ Ŀ Ǯǐdzơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǩƢǘǻ ǹƢǯ DZȁȋơ ǵƢǬŭơ ȆǨǧ .ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ
ǩƢºǘǻ ńƛ ƾºǬǼdzơ ǾºƳĄȁ ƾǫȁ .ƨȇƢǤǴdz ƢƆǓƢǨǔǧ ŐƬǠĄȇ ǹƢȈƷȋơ
ƨȇƢǤǴdz ƢƆȈǷȂǸǟ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ȆǟȂǓȂŭơ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ
ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ƨǴǏƢūơ ƨdzƢūơ ǃȁƢƴƬȇȁ
ƧǂºǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǵȂȀǨǷ ǹƜǧ ƨǏƢƻ ƨǨǐƥȁ .(ÐÎÓ)Ǿƫơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ
ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ǦȇǁƢǠƬdzơ ǹƗȁ ƨȇƢǤǴdz ƢƆǓƢǨǔǧ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ǽǁȂǐƫ ȃǂƳ
ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǷ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ƨǸȀƦǷ ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ
ǭǂŶơƾdzơȁ ƢȈǻƢŭƗȁ ơƾǼdzǂȇƕ ƪƸǓȁƗ ƾǫȁ .(ÐÎÔ)ȆƳȂdzȂȈƦdzơ ǝȂǼƬdzƢƥ
ǦǴƬź ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƲĔ ǹƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ
.(ÐÎÕ)ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƢȀǼȈǻơȂǫ ƲĔ Ǻǟ
ǺǷ ǒȈǬǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ǁȂǐƬĄȇ Ƶǂƥ ƢǷ ǭȂǰǐdzơ ǩƢǘǻ ǹƛ ƆƢȈǻƢƯ -ÎÖÔ
ȂǻƢºǣȂdz ƨºȈǫƢǨƫƢǧ .ǽȂƳȂdzơ ǒǠƥ ǺǷ ƢƆǬȈǓ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ Ǯdzƿ
Śƥơƾƫ ȁƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ƨdzƢūơ ƧƽƢǟƛ Śƥơƾƫ ƽƢǸƬǟơ ƤǴǘƬƫ ȏ
ƢǷ ńƛ ƨdzƢūơ ƧƽƢǟȍ ŚȇƢǠǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǺǸǔƬƫ ȏ ƢĔƗ ƢǸǯ .ƢŮ ƨƠǧƢǰǷ
ǺǷȁ .ȆƳȂdzȂȈƦdzơ ǝȂǼƬǴdz ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǶȈȈǬƫ ƔơǂƳȍ ȁƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ
DzǐǨǼǷ ǵƢǜǻ ǞǓȁ ǁƢȈƻ ƱƢȀƬǻơ DzȈǔǨƬdz ȃǂƻȋơ ƣƢƦLJȋơ śƥ
ǵƢǸǔºǻȏơ Ǻǟ ƢƆǓȂǟ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ Dzƻơƽ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz
ǺºǷ ǵDŽǴƬLjȇ ǵƢǸǔǻȏơ Ǯdzƿ DzưǷ ǹƗ ǚƷȂdz ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ńƛ
__________
Chayes and DZƢºưƬǷȏơ ƨºȇǂǜǼƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÎÒ)
Chayes, The New Sovereignty Compliance with International
.Regulatory Agreements, pp. 1-28
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÏÕÐ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) COM(2000) 66 final, para. 5.1 (ÐÎÓ)
Lefeber, “International/civil liability and compensation” (ÐÎÔ)
.(2000), p. 151
.ÏÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Churchill (ÐÎÕ)
155 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ȄºǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǺǰŻ Ńȁ .ǦōưǰǷ ljƢǬǼdz ƢƆȈLjȈƟǁ ơƆǁƾǐǷ DZȁƚLjŭơ
ǵƢºǜǻ ƽƢŸƛ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ƾǠƥ ȏƛ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ǹƘnjƥ ǖLJȁ DzƷ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ DzĈǸŹ ȅǀdzơ ƲȀǼdzơ ǹƢǯ ǺƠdzȁ .(ÐÏÓ)ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz
ǾǻƢǷǂū ǾȈǧ ǺǠǗ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơȁ ƾȈƷȂƬdzơ ǪǬŹ ƽǂǨǷ ǹƢȈǯ ȄǴǟ
ƾºǫȁ .śǴǸƬƄơ ǶȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾċ ŭơ ǺǷ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǞLJȁƗ ƨǨƟƢǗ ǺǷ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ
ǑǂºǨĄƫ ǹƗ DZƾǠdzơ ǺǷ džȈdz ǾǻƘƥ ƨƸǴǐŭơ ƣƢƸǏƗ ǦǴƬű ƲƬƷơ
ǺǨLjºdzơ ƽȂºǫȁ ƪȇǃ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǞǘǬƫȁ .ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȅƗ ǶȀȈǴǟ
ƮºȈŞ ƨǼȈǨLjºdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ƾȇƾƸƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǥȁƢƼŭơ ƨƟƾē Ŀ ƢƆǗȂNj
ǂȇƾŭơȁ ǶǫƢǗ ǹȁƽ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǂƳƘƬLjǷȁ DzƴLjŭơ ǮdzƢŭơ Ǯdzƿ DzǸnjȇ
ƨȈŷƗ ǹȂdzȂȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǥȁƢű ƽƾƦƫ ȏ ƢĔƜǧ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .DzǤnjŭơȁ
ƩơǁƢºƦƬǟȐdz ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ ƨǟƢǼǏ Ŀ ƚƦǼƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƾǬdzơȁ ƾǯƘƬǴdz
.ǩȂLjºdzơ Ŀ ƨȇǁȁǂºǓ Śǣ ƩȏȐƬƻơ ńƛ ȅƽƚȇ ǂƯƗ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ
ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǝǃȂȇȁ
ǺǷ ƢȀǬǴǫ Ǻǟ ơƾǼǯȁ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ DzưǷ ǹơƾǴƥ ƪƥǂǟƗ ƾǫȁ .ƾƷơȁ ǹƢȈǯ
ǺºǷ ȏƆ ƾºƥ ǁƢºǘƻȍơ DzLJǂǷ/ǁďƾǐǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǞȇǃȂƫ ǹƗ
ƩƢºȇƢǨǼdzơ ƲƬºǼǷ ǎƻȋơ ȄǴǟȁ DzȈǤnjƬdzơ Ƥǫơǂȇ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ
ƨdzƢƷƛ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ȂƴƬǼǷ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ ƢŠǁȁ .Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ džǰǠȇ ȏ
ƨƦǫơǂŭ DŽǧƢƷ ȅƗ ǶǿƾǼǟ ƶƦǐȇ ȏȁ Ǻȇǁƾǐŭơ ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƔƤǟ
.(ÐÏÔ)ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ŚȇƢǠǷ
śƦȈƴƬLjŭơ Ǻǟ ƨǻƢǐūơ ƨdzơǃƛ ńƛ ǂǜǻ ƾǬǧ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ -ÏÍÎ
Ŀ ǾºǼǷ ǦȈǨƼƬdzơȁ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǹȁƽ ƨdzȂǴȈƸǴdz Śƥơƾƫ ǹȁǀƼƬȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ
ƨºȇƢǸū ƨºȈƥƢŸƛ ƧȂºǘƻ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ǺǨLjdzơ ƽȂǫȁ ƪȇǃ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ǽǁƢºƦƬǟƢƥ ǾȈdzƛ ǂǜǻ ƮȈƷ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ ƾǬƬǻơ ƢǸǼȈƥ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ
ƩƢǟƢǸŪơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǾȈdzƛ Ʃǂǜǻȁ .ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǺǷ ƮdzƢƯ ȃ Ć ȂƬLjŭ Ȑ Ɔ ȇƾƥ
ƾǫ ƨǻƢǐūơ ǮǴƫ ƔƢǤdzƛ ǹȋ ơƆǂǜǻ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸŞ Ȑ
Ɔ ű ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ
(ÐÏÕ)
. ŐǯƗ ȆƠȈƥ ǁǂǓ ńƛ ȅƽƚȇ
ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ŐƬǠĄƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǁƢȈǠŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÏÍÏ
DžƢºLJƘǯ DzǔºǨŭơ ǁƢºȈƬƻȏơ ǽȐºǟƗ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ƾǫ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƗ ơǀǿ řǠȇ ȏȁ .ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ƕǜǻ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz
ơȂǷƾǫ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȁƾǠǸǧ .ƢƆǷƢŤ ƪȇȂĄLJ
ǁƢºȈƬƻȏơ śǯǁƢºƫ Ņȁƾdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂŤƚŭơ ńƛ śǐǻ ȆǟȁǂnjǷ
ǵƢȇȋơ DzƦǫ ƢǷ ȏƛ ǩƢǨƫơ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ ǶƬȇ Ńȁ .ƩƢǓȁƢǨǸǴdz ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ
ȄºǴǟ ƢȀǓơǂƬǟơ ƽȂǧȂdzơ ǒǠƥ ƪƦƸLJ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ǂŤƚŭơ ǺǷ ƧŚƻȋơ
ȃȂǐǫ ƽȁƾƷ Ǒǂǧ ǶƬȈLJ ǾǻƗ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǞǫơȂdzơȁ .(ÐÏÖ)ƨȈǴȈǸǰƫ DzȇȂŤ ƨȈdzƕ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰƬLJ ǾǻƘƥȁ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǺċǷƚǷ
ƾăǠƦƬLjĄƫ ѝƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƩǂƳ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ DzƷơǂǷ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ǾǻƗ
ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƨƷƢƫƜƥ ǵƢǸƬǿȏơ Ǟǧơƾƥȁ .ŚǐǬƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǼƦŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǵƢǜǻ ȄǴǟ DZǃƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǎǼƫ ƨȈƸǔǴdz ƨƦLJƢǼǷ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨȈƸȈƸǐƫ
__________
.ÒÑ-ÒÍ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Wu Chao (ÐÏÓ)
.ÑÐÓ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Birnie and Boyle (ÐÏÔ)
.ÔÍÎ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ La Fayette (ÐÏÕ)
.ÒÖ-ÒÍ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Wu Chao (ÐÏÖ)
ļƢȈǧȂLjºdzơ ƽƢŢȐdz ƪǻƢǯ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǨǧ
ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǩƢƦǘǻơ ƤƦLjƥ ƢǸȀǴǣơȂNj ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ǪƥƢLjdzơ
.ƨȈƥǂūơ ǺǨLjdzơ
ƧƢƫơȂǷ DzǫƗ ŐƬǠĄȇ ǶǜǼdzơ ǦǴƬű ǪȈƦǘƫ ǩƢǘǻ ǹƢǯ ƆƢǠƥơǁȁ -ÎÖÖ
DZȁƾºdzơ ǒǠƥ ǹƗ ńƛ ŚNjƌƗ ƾǫȁ .ȆǴƄơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǩƢǘǻ ǺǷ
ǵƢºǠdz ƢºǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȄǴǟ ǪȇƾǐƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ơƆƾǸǟ ƩǂƯƕ ƾǫ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
DzǐŹ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǷ ǹȋ ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȁƗ ÎÖÓÐ
ǹƜǧ Ľ ǺǷȁ .řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ DzǔǧƗ ƭȂǣ ȄǴǟ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ
DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ơƆƽƾǟ DzǸnjƫ ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ǥơǂǗȋơ Śǣ DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƥ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơȁ ơƾǼǯȁ ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ DzưǷ ƨǸȀŭơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
ÎÖÕÑ ǵƢǟ ƩȏȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .(ÐÏÑ)ǹƢƥƢȈdzơȁ
ơƆƾºƥƗ Dzƻƾƫ Ń ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ/ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ DzȇƾǠƬdz
ǵƾºǟ Ʃǁǂºǫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǹȋ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ Ǯdzƿȁ ƿƢǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ
ȅǀºdzơ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ŐĄƬǟơ ƾǫȁ .ǵƢǜǼdzơ ńƛ ǵƢǸǔǻȏơ
Ŀ ƧƽȁƾŰ Śǣ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǂǧȂȇȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƢȈǴǟ ơƆƽȁƾƷ ǑǂǨȇ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ ǽǂǧȂȇ ƢŲ ƩȏƢūơ ǺǷ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǞLJȁƗ ƨǨƟƢǗ
ƾºǠƥ ǾǻƗ ǞǫơȂdzơȁ .DzǔǧƗ ƢƆƯȂǣ ǂǧȂȇ ǾǻƘƥ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ/ƨȈǻƾŭơ
ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţơ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ Dzǔǧ Amoco Cadiz ƨƯƽƢƷ
ƢƆǬȈºǓ ǂºưǯȋơ ȆǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǶǿƾȈȈǬƫ Ǻǟ ƢƆǓȂǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ
ƨºȇǁơƽȍơȁ ƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơ DzǯƢnjŭƢƥ ƨȈǼǠǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƪǻƢǯ
Ƨǁƾºǫ ǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈƦǼƳƗ ǶǯƢƄ ǝȂǔŬƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƧŚƦºǯ ǁƢºƯƕ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ ƢƆǧơǂǗƗ ƶƦǐƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ DZȁƾdzơ
ǹƗ DzNjǂnjºƫ ƾºǯƚȇȁ .ƿƢǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ DZȂƻƾƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ǾºǻƘǯȁ ȁƾƦȇ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ǪȇƾǐƬdzơ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ƨƦǣǁ ǵƾǟ"
ƣƢƦLJȋ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ ǑǂƬǨĄȇȁ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǞȈǫȂƬdzơ Ǻǟ ȃǂƻƗ ȏƆ ȁƽ ƾǐȇ
ƨȇȁƢLjºƬǷ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƔƤǠdzơ ǶLJƢǬƫ DZƢǸƬƷơȁ ǺǷƢǔƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ
ǶºǜǠǷ ƽȂºƳȁ ǹȁƽ Ƣđ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȁ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ǪȇƾǐƬǴdz ƨƴȈƬǻ
.(ÐÏÒ)"ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ƨǴǟƢǨdzơ ƩƢȀŪơ
ƧDŽȈǸŭơ ƩƢǸLjdzơ śƥ ǺǷ ǹƜǧ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǞȇǃȂƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÏÍÍ
ǺºǷ ƢǷƗȁ .ƽǂǨǷ ǹƢȈǰdz ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DzȈǸŢ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨǸǜǻȋ
ƢƆºǸƟơƽ Ǯºdzƿ Ǻºǰȇ ǶǴǧ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǮǴƫ ǶȀȈǴǟ ǝċǃȂƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǹƘnjºƥ ȆLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ǂŤƚŭơ Ŀȁ .ǾǻƘnjƥ ǩƢǨƫȏơ DzȀLjȇ ƢŲ
ǺƷƢnjºdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƪǻƢǯ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Ȃºǿ ƨǼȈǨLjºdzơ ƤƷƢºǏ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ DzǤnjǷ ȁƗ ƨǼƸnjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ȁƗ
__________
.ÎÍ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Churchill (ÐÏÑ)
ȄǴǟ Ƣǿƽǁ ǑǂǠǷ Ŀ ơƾǼǴǼǧ ƩǁƢNjƗ .ÐÏ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÏÒ)
DzºǬǻ DZȐºƻ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǹƘnjƥ ǹƢȈƦƬLJơ
ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJ ȁƗ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ ȁƗ ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ
ƤƦLjºƥ džȈdz ƩƢǼȈǠLjƬdzơ ǞǴǘǷ Ŀ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ȄǴǟ ǩƾǐƫ ȁƗ ǞǫȂƫ Ń ƢĔƗ ńƛ
DZȁƽ ǺǷ ƾȈȇƘƬƥ ȄǜŹ ǹƗ ǞǘƬLjȇ Ń Ǯǐdzơ ǹȋ ƢŶƛȁ ƢȀȈǧ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ DzǣơȂNj
ǞƟƢǔºƦdzơ DzºǬǼƥ řǠŭơ DzǷƢǠdzơ ǪȇǂǨdzơ Ƣƥȁǁȁȋ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ) ȃǂƻƗ
.((TRANS/WP.15/2001/17/Add.4) ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ ǺǷ ƧǂǯǀǷ ƧǂǘŬơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
.(ÐÐÑ)ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƩƢȇȂƬLjǷ ǞǷ ǪǨƬƫ ƨȈdzƢǷ ƩƢǻƢǸǓ ƔƢnjǻƜƥ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ
ǂǗƢºƼŭơ ƾºǓ śǷƘƬdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƢȀǴưŤ Ŗdzơ ƨǴǰnjŭƢƥ ơǀǿ ǹǂƬǬȇȁ
ƨºȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .(ÐÐÒ)ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ ƨǟƢǼǐƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǏƢƻȁ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǝƢǫ ƽȁƾƷ ȐƆ ưǷ ƩŐĄƬǟơ ƾǬǧ ȃǂƻƗ
(ÐÐÓ)
ƢºǸȈǧ ƨǴƯƢŲ DzǣơȂNj Ǻǟ ƣǂǟƌƗȁ . ƨǔǨƼǼǷ ƨȈǻƾǠŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ
Ʃƾȇǃ ƾǬǧ Ľ ǺǷȁ .ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǟƢǼǐdzơȁ ǖǨǼdzơ ƨǟƢǼǏ ǵƢǜǼƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ
ƢƆǠǫȂƫ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨƯƽƢū ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƢƆȈŸǁƾƫ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƽȁƾūơ
.ƨǴǸƬŰ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǁƢƯȉ
ƨǟƢǼǐdzơ ƨȇƢǸū ƨǔǨƼǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƽȁƾƷ ƩǃǂƥƌƗ ƾǫȁ -ÏÍÒ
ƨƴƬǼŭơ Śǣ ǥơǂǗȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzƢǷ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ Ǒǂǧȁ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
.(ÐÐÔ)ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǼƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz
.ƲȇǁƾƬdzƢƥ ƢǼȈȈǧȁ džȇǁƢƥ ȆǷƢǜǻ ǺǷ Dzǯ Ŀ ǢdzƢƦŭơ Ʃƾȇǃ ƾǫȁ
ǥȐƻ ƨǘǬǻ DZơȂǷȋơ ǂǧȂƫ ǵƾǟ ǹƢǯ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀȁ -ÏÍÓ
DZǃƢºƥ DZȂºǯȂƫȁŐƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ȆǨǧ .ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ Ŀ
Ŗºdzơ ƨƦǠǐdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ȃƾƷƛ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƽȁƾūơ ƪǴǛ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz
__________
ƩŐºƬǟơ .ÎÕÖ Ǎ (ÏÍÍÎ) ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Lefeber (ÐÐÑ)
ƨºǠǨƫǂǷ ǁƢƦƳƛ ǺǷ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǴǸƬNjơ ƢŠ ƨǟȂǨnjǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƽȁƾƷ ǹƗ ơƾǼdzȂǿ
ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ƨǷƾŬơ ǂǧȂȇ ƮȈŞ ƢƆǠȈǗ džȈdz śǷƘƬdzơ ǩȂLJ ǹƗȁ ƆơƾƳ
ƢƆǔºȇƗ ƢºȈǻơȂƬȈdz ƩŐƬǟơȁ .ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǬǼdzơȁ ǺǨLjdzơȁ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐǸǴdz
Ŀ ƽǁơȂºdzơ ĿƢºǓȍơ ǪȇƾǐƬdzơ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƩŐƬǟơ ƢĔƗ ƢǸǯ .ƨǠǨƫǂǷ ƽȁƾūơ
.ǺǨLjdzơ ƤƸLJ ƩƢǯǂNj ƩƢǬǨǻ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽȇ ǹƗ ƶƳǂŭơ ǺǷ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ÎÑ ƧƽƢŭơ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǹƢȈƦƬLJȏơ ȄǴǟ Ƣǿƽǁ Ŀ ơǂLjȇȂLJ ƩǁƢNjƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ
ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǻ DZȐƻ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
śǷƘƬdzơ ƽȂǬǟ ǶǜǠǷ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJ ȁƗ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ ȁƗ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƨȇǂLjȇȂLjdzơ ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƤƸLjdzơ ƩƢǯǂNj ƢȀƬǷǂƥƗ Ŗdzơ
ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƪƸŏǬǻĄ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ ƵǂĄƬǫơ ơǀdzȁ .ƧƽȁƾŰ Śǣ
ƨºȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjºdzƢƥ ȁƗ ǩǂºǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǻ DZȐƻ ƨŦƢǼdzơ
ŇƽƗ ƾºƷ ƾºȇƾŢ DZƢºǸƬƷȏ ǁƢºƦƬǟơ ńȂĄȇ ǹƗ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJ ȁƗ
ǥơǂºǗȌdz ǹȂǰȇ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ .ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǢdzƢƦŭ ǹȂǸǔǷ
Ŀ ǒȇȂºǠƬǴdz ƧƽȁƾºŰ Śºǣ ȁƗ ȄǴǟƗ ƩƢȇȂƬLjǷ ƾȇƾƸƬdz ǁƢȈŬơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ
ǺºǷ ƾºƸǴdz ǎºǻ ȅƗ Ȇºǟơǂȇ ǹƗ ƢLjºǸǼdzơ ƪƷǂƬǫơȁ .ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƢȀǼȈǻơȂǫ
.DzǷƢǰdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ơȂǴǐŹ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ǹƘƥ ǵƢǠdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƪǜƷȏȁ .(Add.7ȁ Add.4ȁ Add.2ȁ TRANS/WP.15/2001/17/Add.1)
DZƢů Ŀ śǴǤnjŭơ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫơ DzǣơȂNj ǭƢǼǿ ƪǻƢǯ ǾǻƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƢLjǸǼdzơ
ǺºǷ ƽƾƄơ ȆǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ǁƢǗȍơ Ǯdzǀdz ƨǴƳƢǟ ƨƳƢƷ ǭƢǼǿ Ǻǰƫ Ń ǾǻƗȁ DzǬǼdzơ
.(Add.7) śǴǸƬƄơ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ŁƢǐdz DzǸǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƠȈŮơ ƤǻƢƳ
Cleton, “The CRTD Convention on Civil Liability and (ÐÐÒ)
ƨºȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǹƗ ơǂLjȇȂLJ ƪǜƷȏȁ .ÏÎÕ Ǎ Compensation”
ǮǰLjºdzƢƥ ȁƗ ǩǂºǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǻ DZȐƻ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ
ǝƢºǘǫ ǺºǷ ǖǴƬű DZƢƦǬƬLJƢƥ ƪȈǜƷ ƾǫ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJ ȁƗ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ
ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ ǝƢǘǫ ǹƜǧ ƢŮ ơƆǀƦŰ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzơ ǝƢǘǫ ǹƢǯ ǺƠǴǧ .DzǬǼdzơ
.(TRANS/WP.15/2001/17/Add.1) Ǿƫơǀƥ ơƆƽǂǨǼǷ ƢƆǰǏ DzǔǨȇ ǹƢǯ
.ÏÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Churchill (ÐÐÓ)
.ÎÓÑ Ǎ (ÎÖÖÔ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Lefeber (ÐÐÔ)
156
ȄǴǟ ŚǐǬƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǼƦŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ Dzǰdz
ǞºȇǃȂƫ śºƥ ȅƾºȈǴǬƬdzơ ǹǃơȂƬdzƢƥ DzƼĄȇ" ƲȀǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ .ƔơȂLJ ƾƷ
DzȀLjȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ȁƗ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǺºǷ ơǀºǿ ǂǗƢƼŭơ ƨȈǘǤƬdz ƢƆȈdzƢǷ ƢƆǻƢǸǓ ơȁƘnjǻƗ Ǻȇǀdzơȁ ǶǿƾȇƾŢ
ƨºȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ ƧƽȁƾŰ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷȁ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ǒǂǧȁ ƨȈƷƢǻ
ǺǷ ǦǨź ƲȀǼdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ ǺǷ ǪǴǬdzơ Ǻǟ ƣǂǟƌƗ ƾǫȁ .(ÐÐÍ)"ȃǂƻƗ
ȃǂƳ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƢƆǯȂǰNj ǪǴźȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǞȇǃȂƫ
ƨȇǁȁǂºǓ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ŚǐǬƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǼƦŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ ǂȇŐƫ
:Ņȁƾdzơ ǥǂǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƤdzƢǘƫ Ȇǯ ƨdzȁƾǴdz
ȄºǴǟ ƨºȈǼƦŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵƢǜǻ śƥ ƱDŽŭơ Ŀ ƤƦLjdzơ ǶȀǨdz ƧƾƷơȁ ƨǬȇǂǗ ƨť
ƲƬǻƗ ƾǫ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵƢǜǻ ǹƢǯ ơƿƜǧ .ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ŚǐǬƬdzơ
ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǼǰǸŭơ ƶȈƸǐƬdzơ DzƦLJ ǞȈŦ ƽƢǨǼƬLJơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ǽǁƢƯƕ Dzǯ
ńƛ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƘƴǴƫ ǹƗ DZƢǸƬƷơ ȄǬƦȇ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȌdz ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨȈǴƄơ ǶǯƢƄơ
.(ÐÐÎ)ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȀƳơȂǷ Ŀ ĿǂǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ
DzǣơȂNj ƢȀȇƾdz DZơDŽƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƥ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫȁ -ÏÍÐ
ƤºȈƫǂƬdz ǁƢºȈǠǸǯ ƨȈǟȂºǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨǷƔȐǷ ȃƾǷ ǹƘnjƥ
ơǀǿ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǻ ƨǴƠLJƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƩŚƯƌƗ ƾǫȁ .Ņȁƽ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǽȐºǟƗ ǾȈdzƛ ŚNjƌƗ ƢǸǯȁ .ƩƢƦƯȍơ ƔƤǟȁ ƨȈƦƦLjdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ǂǷȋơ
ƨȈƦƦLjdzơ ƾȇƾƸƬdz ƨǨǴƬű ƾǟơȂǫ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ƩƢȀƳ ǪƦǘƫ
ǁƢȈŬơ Ȇǿ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ ŕƷ
DZƢūơ Ȃǿ ƢǸǯ ƨȈƦƦLJ ƨǘƥơǁ ǽƢš ƩơǂNjƚǷ ŚǧȂƫ ƾǠĄȇȁ .DzǔǨŭơ
ǦȈǨƼƬdzơ ńƛ ȄǠLjƫ Ŗdzơ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÎÍ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
ƢƆºȈǬȈǬƷ ƢƆǓơǂƬǧơ" ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ ƽƾŢ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ƨȈƦƦLjdzơ DzǯƢnjǷ ǺǷ
.(ÐÐÏ)"ƨȈƦƦLJ ƨǘƥơǁ ƽȂƳȂƥ
Ǯºdzƿ ǂºȇŐƫ ȃǂƳ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƾūƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÏÍÑ
ǵƢºǜǻ Ǒǂǧ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƨȈLJƢǬdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ ƨdzƽƢǠŭ ƢƆȇǁȁǂǓ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ
ƤƳơȂdzơ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƽȁƾūơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƪȀšơ ƾǬdzȁ .ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz
Ŀ ǥȐƻ ƨǘǬǻ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ńƛ ƽȁƾūơ ǮǴƫ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟȁ ƢȀǓǂǧ
ƢǿċƾǏ ƾǫ DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƥ ǹƘƥ ƩƢǼȀǰƫ ǭƢǼǿ ƪǻƢǯȁ .ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ
ƢºǸȈǧȁ .(ÐÐÐ)ȂǻƢºǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ƧƽȁƾŰ Śǣ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƗ
DzºǬǻ DZȐƻ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ
ǺǨºLJ ȁƗ ƨºȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ ȁƗ ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ
ƿƢǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ ƢŮȂƻƾdz ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ƨƦǬǠdzơ ǹƗ ǚƷȂdz ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ
ƤºǻƢƳ ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǸǴdz ƧƾȇƾŪơȁ ƨǠǨƫǂŭơ ƩƢȇȂƬLjŭơ Ŀ DzưǸƬƫ
__________
.ÎÕÑ Ǎ (ÎÖÖÖ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Lefeber (ÐÐÍ)
Silva Soares and Vieira Vargas, “The Basel Liability (ÐÐÎ)
Protocol on liability and compensation for damage resulting from
.transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal”, p. 95
Council of Europe, “Convention on Civil Liability for (ÐÐÏ)
Damage Resulting from Activities Dangerous to the Environment:
.explanatory report”, para. 63
.ÏÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Churchill (ÐÐÐ)
157 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǦºǴƬű Ŀ ƧƽƢǠdzơ Ŀ ƢƆȇǁƢƦƳƛ śǷƘƬdzơ ǹƢǯ ǺƠdzȁ .(ÐÑÏ)ƢȀLJƢȈǫȁ
ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ƩƢȀŪ ǝƽơǂǯ DzǸǠȇ ƾǫ Ǖǂnjdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƜǧ ƨǸǜǻȋơ
ǞºǓȁ ǹƘºƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǞǷȁ .(ÐÑÐ)ƨǴċǐǨǷ śǷƘƫ ƲǷơǂƥ ƨƦȈǣ Ŀ
ƽǁơȂºŭơ ƤȈǐºƫ Ŗºdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ȃȂǐǫ ƽȁƾƷ
ƆȏƢºǠǧ ƢƆǬȈƦǘƫ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǺǷ ǦǠǔȇ ƾǫ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ
śǷƘƬdzơ ǩȂLJ ǂȇȂǘƫ Ǎǂǧ śLjŢ ńƛ ȅƽƚȇ ǹƗ ƶƳǂȇ Ǯdzƿ ǹƜǧ
.(ÐÑÑ)DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ơƆǂǰƦǷ
ȃǂƻƗ Ƕǜǻȁ śǠǷ ǵƢǜǻ śƥ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƩŚƯƌƗ ƾǫȁ -ÏÍÖ
ƧǁȂǐƥ Ǯdzƿ ǹƢǯȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁ
ƾǫȁ .(ÐÑÒ)ƢȀǼȈƥ ƢǸȈǧ DzƻơƾƬdzơ ƤǼšȁ ǩƢLjƫȏơ ǹƢǸǔdz ƨȈLjȈƟǁ
Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƽƢǸƬǟơ ǂƯƗ
ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÖÓ ǵƢǟ Ƨǂǘƻȁ ƧǁƢǓ ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ
ƾūơ ńƛ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǹƘnjƥ ȅǂš ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ
.(ÐÑÓ)ƆȐƻơƾºƬǷ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǸȀǼǷ Dzǯ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǩƢǘǻ ǾȈǧ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ
__________
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÏÕÐ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) COM(2000) 66 final, para. 4.9 (ÐÑÏ)
ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ńƛ ǵƢǸǔǻȏơ ǞȈǘƬLjƫ ȏ ƢĔƗ ńƛ ǹƢƬLJDŽȈǣŚǫ ƩǁƢNjƗ (ÐÑÐ)
ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǻ DZȐƻ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƽƢºǸƬǟơ ǺǷ ǺǰǸƬƫ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJ ȁƗ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ ȁƗ
ƩƢºƦǯǂŭơ ƣƢƸǏȋ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ȆǷơDŽdzƛ śǷƘƫ ƲǷƢǻŐdz ǹȂǻƢǫ
.(TRANS/WP.15/2001/17/Add.1)
Ŀ ƨȈǰȈnjºƬdzơ ƨºȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƩǁƢNjƗ .ǽȐǟƗ ÐÑÏ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÑÑ)
ƨºŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǹƘnjƥ ǹƢȈƦƬLJơ ȄǴǟ Ƣǿƽǁ ǑǂǠǷ
ƨƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJ ȁƗ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ ȁƗ ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǻ DZȐƻ
śǷƘƬdzơ ǺǰŻ ȏ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǮǴƫ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǪƦǘǼƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǒǠƥ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ
ƨǴºǏƢūơ ǁơǂºǓȋơ ǹƘnjƥ DZƢūơ Ȃǿ ơǀǿ ǹƗȁ .ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ Dzƻơƽ ƢȀȈǴǟ
ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨǯǁƢnjǸǴdz ƢǿƽơƾǠƬLJơ Ǻǟ śǷƘƬdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ƩƢǯǂNj ƣǂǠƫ ǹƗ ńƛȁ .ƨƠȈƦǴdz
śǷƘºƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ DZȂƦǫ Ŀ Ƥǣǂƫ Ǻdz ƢĔƜǧ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ Ŀ śǷƘƬdzơ ǺǷ ǝȂǼdzơ
.(TRANS/WP.15/2001/17/Add.2) ƨȈǰȈnjƫ ƩƢǯǂNj ǺǷ
ƩƢȇȂdzȁƗ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ ƨȈǷȂǸǟ ǂưǯƗ ȃ Ć ȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ (ÐÑÒ)
ȄǴǟ Ƣŷƽǁ ǑǂǠǷ Ŀ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȁ ƨȈǰȈnjƬdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƩǁƢNjƗ ƾǬǧ .ȃǂƻƗ
DzºǬǻ DZȐºƻ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨƥƢƴƬLJơ
ńƛ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJ ȁƗ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzơȁ ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ
Dzǯ ƨȇȂdzȁƗ ǹƗȁ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ńƛ ǵƢǸǔǻȐdz ƢŷƽȂȀƳ Dzǰƥ ǹƢȈǠLjƫ ƢǸĔƗ
ơƆǂǜǻȁ .ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ śǻơȂǫ ǞǷ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǸȀǸǜǻ ǪȈLjǼƫ Ŀ DzưǸƬƫ ƢǸȀǼǷ
ǹƜºǧ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǼƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƨǸǜǻƗ ƾǠȇ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǹȋ
ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ǥǂǘǯ ƢǸȀǼǷ Dzǯ ǵƢǸǔǻơ DZƢǸƬƷơ
ƨºȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjºdzƢƥ ȁƗ ǩǂºǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǻ DZȐƻ ƨŦƢǼdzơ
ƨºȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ǺǰǸƬºƫ ǹƗ ńƛ ƢºȀȈǧ ǂǜǼdzơ ƘƳŚLJ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJ ȁƗ
ƩǁƢºNjƗȁ .ǪȈLjºǼƬdzơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƨǸǜǻƗ ƽƢǸƬǟơ ǺǷ ƨȈǰȈnjƬdzơ
ƢƆȇƽƢǐºƬǫơ ƢƆǘǤǓ ƤǴš ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJ
.(ŅơȂººƬdzơ ȄººǴǟ Add.6ȁ TRANS/WP.15/2001/17/Add.2) ƢƆȈǧƢººǓƛ
ƨdzƘLjºŭơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƢLjǸǼdzơ ƩǁƢNjƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǪȇƾǐƬdzơ ƨdzƘLjŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ
ǁȁƽ ƔȂǓ Ŀ Dzƥ ƤLjƸǧ śǷƘƬdzơ ƩƢLjLJƚǷ ǂǜǻ ƨȀƳȁ ǺǷ NJƊǫƢǼĄƫ ȏƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ
.(Add.7) ƨȈǗơǂǫȁŚƥ DzǫƗ ǵƢǜǼdzơ DzǠƳ ƧǁȁǂǓȁ DZƢưƬǷȏơ ƾǏǁ
.ÖÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Silva Soares and Vieira Vargas (ÐÑÓ)
DZȁƾºdzơ ǺǷ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ƧŚưǯ ƽȂǧȁ ƪƥǂǟƗȁ .(ÐÐÕ)ƢȀǴƷ śǠƬȇ
ŚǧȂºƫ Ŀ ǾǴnjǨdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢȀǬǴǫ Ǻǟ ƨȈǬȇǂǧȋơ
ƾºǬǧ ƨºȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .(ÐÐÖ)ǶƟơƽȁ ǥƢǯ ȆǔȇȂǠƫ ǩȁƾǼǏ
ȅƽƢǐºƬǫȏơ ǹơƾºȈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǹơƾǴƥ ƩǀċƦƷ
Śƥơƾºƫ ƿƢºţƢƥ ƶǸLjȇȁ ƧƾNj DzǫƗ ǾƬǣƢȈǏ ǹȂǰƫ ƢƆȈǼȈǰŤ ƢƆǸǰƷ
ȅǁȂºǧȁ ǥƢǯ ǒȇȂǠƫ ʼnƾǬƫ ƨdzƢǨǯ ńƛ ȆǷǂƫ ƨȈǴȈǸǰƫȁ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ
ƢºȀȈǧ ȆºǘǤȇ ȏ Ŗºdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƩƢȈdzȉơ ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ
ǥȁƢºű Ǻºǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƣǂǟƌƗȁ .(ÐÑÍ)ǁǂǔdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
ȂºǴƻ ǹƢǯȁ .ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƽȁƾūơ ǂȇǂǬƫ Ŀ ȆǴƄơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁȁƾƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ
ƢƆƦƦLJ ŐƬǠĄȇ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƧƾƷȂǷ ȃȂǐǫ ƽȁƾƷ ȅƗ ǺǷ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
ǂŏǧȂºȇ ǵƢºǜǻ ƔƢnjǻƛ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǒǠƥ ƪǓǁƢǟȁ .ƢƆǔȇƗ DzǯƢnjǸǴdz
.ǹƢǼǗȋƢƥ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ƨǼƸNj ƨdzȂŧ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjƫ ƢȈǻƽ ơƆƽȁƾƷ
ʼnƾǬƫ ǃȂŸ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ƪǻƢǯ ȃǂƻƗ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀȁ -ÏÍÔ
ƭȐưdzơ ƧǂƬǧ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǃȂƴȈǧ .ǥȐƻ ǞǓȂǷ ƢǿƔƢǼƯƗ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ
ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ ƨºȈǧƢǯ Śǣ ƢǿƔƢǼƯƗ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ʼnƾǬƫ śǠƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƩơȂǼLJ
ƧŚưǯ ƩơȂǼLJ ǁȁǂǷ ǂǷȋơ ȆǔƬǬȇ ƾǫ ƮȈƷ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ǁơǂǓȌdz
ǮǴƫ ŚȈǤƫ ȅǂŸȁ .ǂǘƼǴdz ǑǂǠƬdzơ ƾǠƥ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨȈǴƳ ƶǔƬƫ ŕƷ
ƨºdzƢǗƛ ǹƜǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ ƩơǂƬǨdzơ
ƨȈƦƦLjdzơ ƾȇƾƸƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨƥȂǠǏ ǂǷȋơ ƾȇDŽƫ ƾǫ ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ ƩơǂƬǨdzơ
.ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢƦƯȍơ ƩƢƦǴǘƬǷ ƨȈƦǴƫȁ
Ŗºdzơ DzƟƢLjºŭơ ǺǷ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơȁ śǷƘƬdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƾǠĄƫȁ -ÏÍÕ
ƨȇȂdzȁȋƢƥ ȄǜŢ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǹƗ ǞǷȁ .ƢƆǸƟơƽ ƢĔƘnjƥ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ƤǠǐȇ
ǂƯƚƫ ƮȈŞ ƨǠǻƢǷ śǷƘƬdzơ ƨǨǴǰƫ ǹȂǰƫ ȏ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǸǧ
ǹȁƽ ƮºƸƦdzơ ǞǓȂǷ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢǟƢǼǐdzơȁ śǷƘƬdzơ ƨǟƢǼǏ ȄǴǟ
ƨȇƽƢǐºƬǫȏơ ƤǫơȂǠdzơ ǞȇǃȂƫ ȄǴǟ DzǸǠȇ śǷƘƬdzơ ǹƢǯ ǺƠdzȁ .ǝơƽ
ƾºūơ ńƛ ǽơȁƾŝ Dzǐȇ ƢŲ ƧŚưǯ ǥơǂǗƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȇƽǂǨdzơ ƭơƾƷȌdz
DzǣơȂnjºdzơ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ DzǷơȂǠƥ ǂƯƘƬƫ ǾƫƢȈǻƢǰǷƛ ǹƜǧ Ȅǐǫȋơ
DzǯƢnjºŭơ ǦȈǨţ ƧǁȁǂǓȁ ƢǿƾǓ ǺċǷƚŭơ ǁƢǘƻȋơ ǦǼƬǰƫ Ŗdzơ
ƨºȈdzƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ǂŎǧȂƫȁ śǷƘƬdzơ ƩƢƥƢLjƷ Ŀ ǺǬȈƬdzơ ǵƾǠƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ǹƘnjƥ DZơƚLjdzơ DzǜȈLJȁ .(ÐÑÎ)ǽƾǓ ǺċǷƚŭơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǻ Ǻǟ Ȑ ƌ ǔǧ
ǺºǷ ƢƆºȈǟȂǗ ȁƗ ƢƆºȇǁƢƦƳƛ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ śǷƘƬdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ǦȈdzƢºǰƫ ǺǷ ǺǬȈƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ƔȂǓ Ŀ ƆƢǸƟơƽ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏơ
ƩơƽƢǐƬǫȏơ śƥ ǩǁơȂǨdzơȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ǝȂǼƫȁ ȆƠȈƦdzơ
ƾºǫȁ .ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơȁ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ śƥ ǩǁơȂǨdzơ Ǻǟ ǮȈǿƢǻ
ƨºȈǟȂǻ ŚȇƢºǠǷ ȄǴǟ ƾǸƬǠȇ ȆǷơDŽdzȍơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ ŚNjƌƗ
ƨºȈƠȈƦdzơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ Ƣđ ǩȂƯȂǷ ƨȈǸǯȁ ƨǼċLjƸĄǷ
__________
ǁȂǯǀººŭơ ǞººƳǂŭơ Silva Soares and Vieira Vargas (ÐÐÕ)
.ÎÍÏ Ǎ
.ÑÐÓ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Birnie and Boyle (ÐÐÖ)
.ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÒ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÐÑÍ)
Richardson, “Mandating environmental ƢƆºǷȂǸǟ ǂºǜǻ (ÐÑÎ)
.liability insurance”
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭ ǵƢǜǻ ƔƢnjǻƛ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǒǠƥ ƪǴǔǧ
ƨǧƢǓƛȁ .(ÐÒÎ)ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷȁ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ śƥ ǞǸŸ ǵƢǜǻ
ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢºǠdz DZǃƢºƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ ƔƢǼƯƘǧ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ƨŪƢǠǷ ȄǴǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ǎǼȇ ǹƗ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ƪǴċǔǧ
ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢǷƗ .ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ DzǬǻ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ
ƢȀūƢǐǷ ȄǴǟ ƨǜǧƢƄơ Ȃǿ ƢȀǴǤnjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢǰǧ ƨǷƾǬƬŭơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz
.(ÐÒÏ)ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǝȂǓȂŭ ƢŮȁƢǼƫ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
ƧƽȂºƳȂŭơ ƲǷơŐdzơ ǂƯȋ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ ȃǂƻƗ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀȁ -ÏÎÐ
ǪȇƾǐƬdzơ Ŀ ǝȁǂnjdzơ ȄǴǟ ŚƯƘƫ ƨǬƷȐdzơ ƩơǁȂǘƬdzơ ȁƗ ȃǂƻȋơ
ƨºȈǻƾǠŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǨǧ Ľ ǺǷȁ .śǠǷ ǵƢǜǻ ȄǴǟ
ǝȁǂnjŭơ Ȃǿȁ ȆǴƷƢLjdzơ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǩƢǨƫơȁ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǝƢǬdz
ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .(ÐÒÐ)ƆȐȇƾƥ ƆƢǟȁǂnjǷ ǂǧȁ ǾǻƜǧ ƨǟƢǼǐdzơ ǾƬǷƾǫ ȅǀdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭ ƪǫƚŭơ ǪƸǴŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ƾǬǠdzơ ƾȈƷȂƫ ƆƢȈƟDŽƳ Ļ ȃǂƻƗ
ƩȐǫƢºǼdzơ ȆǰdzƢºǷ ǩƢºǨƫơȁ ȆºǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƩȐǫƢǼdzơ
ǞȈƴnjºƬdz ȆºǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ȅǁƢȈƬƻȏơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ DzȇƾǠƬdz ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ȄǴǟ ǪȇƾǐƬdzơ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ DZȂƻƽ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ƨȈǻƾŭơ
DzȈƠºǓ ĆȃDŽǤǷ ȃȂLJ Ǿdz ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ƾǫ ƿƢǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ
DzºǸǠƫ ƨºȈǻƾǷ ǺǨLJ ǭƢǼǿ ƾǠƫ Ń ƮȈƷ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ
ǭƢǼǿ ƪǻƢǯ ǺǨLjdzơ ǽǀǿ DzǸǠƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷƾǼǟȁ .ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzƢƥ
.(ÐÒÑ)ƢēƢȈǴǸǟ ǶǜǼƫ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƫ
ƢƆǗȁǂºNj ǺǸǔºƬƫ ƨǗƢLjƦƥ ƢĔƘƥ ǭȂǰǐdzơ ǒǠƥ ǶLjƬƫȁ -ÏÎÑ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ DzȇƾǠƬdz ÎÖÕÑ ǵƢǟ ƩȏȂǯȂƫȁŐǧ .ƨǬǿǂǷ
Ǖȁǂnjdzơ ƤƦLjƥ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ Ǯdzƿȁ ƿƢǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ ƢƆǬǴǘǷ Dzƻƾƫ Ń ƨȈǻƾŭơ
ȄǴǟ ƨǬǿǂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƪǻƢǯȁ .(ÐÒÒ)ƿƢǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ ƢŮȂƻƾdz ƨǬǿǂŭơ
ǺºLJ DzºƳƗ ǺºǷ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨƴƬǼŭơ Śǣ ǥơǂǗȋơ DZȁƾdzơ
ƔƢºǼƯƗ ǥȐºƻ ƨǘǬǻ ƨdzƢǠǧ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ DzǠŪ ƧƾǬǠǷ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƫ
ƔƢºǼƯƗȁ .(ÐÒÓ)ƢºǼȈȈǧ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢºǜǻ ƶȈǬǼƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ
ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ
ƔƤºǠdzơ ƽȂǧȂdzơ ǒǠƥ ǃǂƥƗ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ȁƗ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǻ Ǻǟ
ȆǔǨȇ ǍƢƻ ǵƢǜǻ ȄǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ƨƴȈƬǻ ǑǂǨĄȈLJ ȅǀdzơ ȅǁơƽȍơ
.(ÐÒÔ)ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƽƢǸƬǟơ ńƛ
__________
.ÎÖÎ Ǎ (ÏÍÍÎ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Lefeber (ÐÒÎ)
ǁȂǯǀººŭơ ǞººƳǂŭơ Silva Soares and Vieira Vargas (ÐÒÏ)
.ÎÍÍ Ǎ
.ÏÑ-ÏÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Churchill (ÐÒÐ)
.ÎÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÒÑ)
.ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÒÒ)
. ÎÓÑ Ǎ (ÎÖÖÔ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Lefeber (ÐÒÓ)
.ÎÓÐ Ǎ (ÎÖÖÕ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÒÔ)
158
ȁƗ ȆƟƢºǼưdzơ ǮǐºǴdz ƨȇȂdzȁƗ ȆǘǠƫ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ǺǷ ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭƢǧ
Ŀ ƆƢǔºȇƗ ǭȂǰnjdzơ ƩǁƢƯ ƾǫȁ .ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ȁƗ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƽƾǠƬŭơ
Ǯǐºdzơ Ǯºdzƿ ǹƢºǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ DzȀƬLjǷ
.ƆȐƯƢºŲ ƆȏƢů ȆǘǤƫ Ŗdzơȁ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ ƔȂǓ Ŀ ƆƢȇǁȁǂǓ
ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁȋơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ ƔƢǼƯƗȁ
ƔȂǓ Ŀ Ǯǐdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƣơȂǐƬLJơ ȃƾǷ ǹƘnjƥ ǭȂǰNj Ǻǟ ƣǂǟƌƗ
ǁơǂºǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ DzưǷ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ
ǮǰLjºdzƢƥ ȁƗ ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǻ DZȐƻ ƨŦƢǼdzơ
ƾºǫȁ .(ÐÑÔ)ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJ ȁƗ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ
ƢºǸȈǧ ǚƷȂdz ƾǫȁ .ƨǴƦǬŭơ ǶǜǼdzơ Ŀ DzƻơƾƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ DzưǷ ƭƾŹ
Ŀ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ Ʃƾƥ ǹƛȁ ǾǻƗ ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ
ƾȇƾŪơ Ǯǐdzơ śƥ DzƻơƾƬdz ǂǘƻ ȅƗ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǠƥ ƨǠǼƬǬǷ ƨȇơƾƦdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ǝȁǂnjǷȁ
ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨdzƢƷ ƧƽƢǟƛȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ǁƢǘƻȋơ ǺǷ ƨȇƢǫȂdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ
ƢǸȀºǼǷ Dzǯ ƲĔ ǥȐƬƻơ ǺǷ ơƾƥ Ƣŭ Ɔơǂǜǻ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ
ƾºǫ ƢŠǁ ǾǻƗȁ ȆǬȈǬƷ ǂǘŬơ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ ƪǼȈƦƫ ǹƗ ƪưƦdz ƢǷ ƢĔƜǧ
ǺǸǔºƬȇ ƾºǼƥ ȅƗ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ǕƢƦƫǁȏơ ƨdzơǃȍ ƾǼƥ ƨǧƢǓƛ ǵDŽǴȇ
ǺǷ ÏÍ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ƾǼƦdzơ ǥȐş] ǾǴǸǯƘƥ DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
.(ÐÑÕ)ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǥȁƢű ƾȇƾƦƬdz [ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
ȏ ƨºȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂºdzơ ƽȁƾūơȁ ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ ƽȂȈǬǴdz ơƆǂǜǻȁ -ÏÎÍ
ȏƛ ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ ÏÍ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ DzǏƢǨdzơ ƾǼƦdzơ ǪƦǘǼȇ
.(ÐÑÖ)DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ǺǷ ÎÕȁ ÎÒȁ ÎÐ ƽơȂŭơ ȄǴǟ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ƩǂƳ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ -ÏÎÎ
Ŀ ƔƢǔºǟƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ Ƕǿ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ džǴů ƔƢǔǟƗ ǹƗ ńƛ ȂǻƢǣȂdz
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ǻºǟ ǪȇƾǐºƬdzơ Ǻºǟ ǶēƾǏ ƢŠǁ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ
ƽƢºŢȏơ ƢŮǀºƦȇ Ŗºdzơ ȆǟƢLjŭơ (Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ǂǓƢūơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ)
ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǪȈLjǼƬdz ĺȁǁȁȋơ
DzºƦǫ ȆǟƢLjŭơ ǮǴƫ ǾǼǟ ǂǨLjƫ ƢǷ ǹȁǂǜƬǼȇ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ǮƠdzȁƗ ǹƗȁ
.(ÐÒÍ)ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ȄǴǟ ǪȇƾǐƬdzƢƥ ǁơǂǫ ƿƢţơ
ǎǼºdzơ ǺǷ ǭǂƫ ƢǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀȁ -ÏÎÏ
DZȁƾºdzơ ƪnjǫƢǻ ƾǫȁ .ǭȂǰǐdzơ ƾƷƗ DzƦǬƫ ȄǴǟ ŚƯƘƫ Ǿdz ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ
DZȁƾdzơ ƪǓǁƢǟȁ .ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ǒǠƥ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǪȈƦǘƫ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ ƢLjǻǂǧ DzưǷ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
Ŗºdzơ ƩƢnjºǫƢǼŭơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩȐȇƾǠƫ DZƢƻƽƛ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƶȈǬǼƬdz ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨǸƟơƾdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ Ʃǁơƽ
ƨºȈdzȁȋơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ ƔƢǼƯƘǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ
ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢºǠdz ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǵƢǜǻ ƔƢnjǻƛ DZƢǸƬƷƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
__________
.ÎÑÑ-ÎÑÐ Ǎ (ÏÍÍÍ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Lefber (ÐÑÔ)
.ÎÐÒ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Dascalpoulou-Livada ǂǜǻơ (ÐÑÕ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÑÖ)
.ÏÖ-ÏÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Churchill (ÐÒÍ)
159 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǁƢǔdzơ DzǠǨǴdz ƢƆǠǼǷ ƩƢǷȂǰūơ ǵƢȈǫ ǵƾǟ ƩƢƦƯƛ ǹƢƦǴǘƬȇ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
Ŀ ƧƽƢºǟ ƩƢºǷȂǰūơ ǮǴƫ ƢȀǷƾƼƬLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƢǼǠdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ
.(ÐÒÖ)ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƢĔȁƚNj
ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ "ƤƳơȂdzơ Ǎǂūơ" ńƛ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƩǁƢNjƗȁ -ÏÎÕ
ƾºǫ Ŗdzơ ǂǗƢƼŭơ ǞǷ ǵƢƫ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ƽǂǘȇ ƤLJƢǼƬƥ" ƘnjǼȇ ƤƳơȁ
ƽƢºȈūơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzƢƥ ƔƢǧȂdzơ ǵƾǠdz ƨƴȈƬǻ śǧǂǘdzơ ǺǷ ȅƗ ƢŮ ǑǂǠƬȇ
ƨdzơƽ ƤƳơȂdzơ Ǎǂūơ ǹȂǰȇ Ǯdzǀƥȁ .(ÐÓÍ)"ƢǸȀǼǷ Dzǯ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ
.řǠŭơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǥȁǂǛ DzƟȏƽ ǺǷ
DzǫƗ ƨƳǁƾƥ ƪȈǼǟ DZȁƾǴdz ƨǬƷȐdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ -ÏÎÖ
Ǎǂºūơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ǵƾǟ Ǻǟ ǦǴƼƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ
ǺǷ ƩƢƠǨdzơ ǽǀǿ DzǸnjƫȁ .ƤǻƢƳȋơ ƨȇƢŧ DZƢů Ŀ ȏƛ ƤƳơȂdzơ
ƨºȇƢŧ ŚǧȂºƫȁ ƨȈƦǼƳȋơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ƧǁƽƢǐǷȁ ǶȈǷƘƫ ƤdzƢǘŭơ
ƧƾǠƦƬLjǷ ǁȂǷƗ Ȇǿȁ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƢǷȁ ƤǻƢƳȌdz ƨǷȐLjdzơȁ ƨǗǂnjdzơ
.ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ
ǪƥƢLjdzơ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀƟƢǟƽơ Ŀ ơƾǼǯ ƩǁƢNjƗȁ -ÏÏÍ
DžȂǷǃȂǯ" ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ȆǟƢǼǘǏȏơ ǞƥƢƬdzơ ǕȂǬLJ ǾƦƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔǴdz
ńƛ ÎÖÔÕ ǂȇƢºǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ŀ ȅƾǼǰdzơ ǶȈǴǫȍơ ȄǴǟ "ÖÒÑ
Ǻǟ ƲƫƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ "ƨǬǴǘŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ" ƗƾƦǷ ǵƢǠdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ
.(ÐÓÎ)ǂǘŬơ ǺǷ ƧŚƦǯ ƨƳǁƽ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ ƨǘnjǻƗ
ǂȀǐǷ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ Ʃơǁơǂǫ Ŀ ƽǂȇ DzưŭƢƥ -ÏÏÎ
(Trail Smelter) Dzȇǂƫ
ǺºǷ ƤºǴǘȇ ƢȈƦǷȂdzȂǯ ǂĔ ȅƽơȁ Ŀ ƧƾƟƢLJ ƨȈdzƢūơ ǝƢǓȁȋơ ƪǷơƽ ƢǷ
ƨȇȏȁ Ŀ Ƨǂşȋơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǻ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǝƢǼƬǷȏơ Dzȇǂƫ ǂȀǐǷ
__________
:ǾǻƗ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƪǜƷȏ (ÐÒÖ)
ǞºǼǷ DzȈƦLJ Ŀ ǦǴţ‘ ƽȂƳȁ ȄǴǟ DzȈdzƾƬdzơ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ"
ƨȇƢǼǠdzƢǯ ƨȇƢǼǟ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ Ǻǟ ǾǠǼǷ ńƛ ȆǠLjdzƢƥ ƨǷDŽǴǷ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪǻƢǯ DzǠǧ
ǞºǫȂƬdzơ ǺºǰŻȁ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƢĔȁƚNj Ŀ ƧƽƢǟ ƩƢǷȂǰūơ ƢȀǷƾƼƬLjƫ Ŗdzơ
."‘śȈdzȁƽ ǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǵƢǸƬǿơ DzŰ ǹȂǰƫ DzƟƢLjǷ Ŀ ƢŮǀƦƫ ǹƗ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƣƢƦLJȋ
.(ÓÎÍ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
.ÓÒÑ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÓÍ)
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ńƛ ơƾǼǯ ƪƦǿƿ (ÐÓÎ)
ƨȈƟƢǔºǨdzơ ƨǘnjºǻȋơ Ǻºǟ ƨǬǴǘŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǁƢȈǠǷ ǹƗ ŐƬǠȇ"
ƶƦºǏƗ ƾǫ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǺǸǔƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ƢȀǼǷ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ
ǺǷ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ŚƦǯ ƽƾǟ ǀƻƗ ƾǫȁ .Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƝƽƢƦǷ ǺǷ ƢƆǷƢǟ ƗƆƾƦǷ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƽǁȁ ƢǸǯ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀđ ơƾǼǯȁ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƢȀǼȈƥ
ǪƦǘǼȇȁ .ÎÖÔÏ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈƟƢǔǨdzơ ǵƢLjƳȋơ ƢȀƯƾŢ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ƨƳǁƽ ȄǴǟ ƢȀƟơȂǘǻơ Ŀ ǭǂƬnjƫ ǕƢnjǻ ǺȇƽƢȈǷ ȄǴǟ ƨǬǴǘŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƗƾƦǷ
Ƨƾºȇƾǟ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀǿ ƽȁǁȁ ǁǂǰƫ ƾǫȁ .ǂǘŬơ ǺǷ ƧŚƦǯ
ƨºǻƾǸƬŭơ ǶºǷȋơ ƢºēǂǫƗ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƝƽƢƦǷ ǺǷ ƾƷơȁ ǾǻƗ ƢǸǯ
ơǀǿ ƶƦǏƗ ơǀǰǿȁ .(ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰƄ ȆLJƢLJȋơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǺǷ ÐÕ ƧƽƢŭơ)
."Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƝƽƢƦǷ ǺǷ ǵƢǟ ƗƾƦǸǯ ȏƆ ȂƦǬǷ ƗƾƦŭơ
.(ILM, vol. 18 (1979), p. 907, para. 22)
DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ (ƣ)
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ ƱǁƢƻ
ǕƢnjǻ ǾƦƦLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵȂȀǨǷ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇ -ÏÎÒ
ȄºǴǟ Ƙnjǻ ƾǫ ƢēǂǘȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǴǟƢǨdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ƱǁƢƻ
ǒºǠƥ ńƛ ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ƽȁƾŰ ǩƢǘǻ
ƩơǁƢƦǠƥ ǵȂȀǨŭơ ńƛ Śnjƫ ǁƽƢǐǷ ǭƢǼǿȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ ƨǴǸƬƄơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ
ƩơǁȂǘƫ ǺǷ DzǐŹ Ƣŭ ǾǬȈƦǘƫ ƩơƔơǂƳƛȁ ǾǻȂǸǔǷ ƨǯǁƢƫ ƨǷƢǟ
ǵȂȀǨŭơ DZȁƢǼƬƫ ȏ ȃǂƻȋơ ǁƽƢǐŭơ ǒǠƥ ǹƗ śƷ Ŀ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ
.ƧƽƾŰ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ȏƛ
ƧƾºȈdzȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǁƢºƦƬǟơ ȄǴǟ ǂǷȋơ Ʊǁƽ ȆǓƢŭơ Ŀȁ -ÏÎÓ
ǹƢºǯȁ "ƤƳơȂdzơ Ǎǂūơ" ȁƗ "ƨƦƳơȂdzơ ƨȇƢǼǠdzơ" ƨLJǁƢŲ Ǻǟ ǦǴƼƬdzơ
Ȃǿ ƤƳơȂdzơ Ǎǂūơ ƨLJǁƢŲ Ŀ ǦǴţ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ǂȇǂǬƫ ǮŰ
ǂºȇǂǬƫ Ŀ ǵƾƼƬLjŭơ ǁƢȈǠŭƢƥ ǾȈƦNj ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀǿȁ ŁƢǐŭơ ƨǻǃơȂǷ ǮŰ
Ŀ ƢºǿǁƢƯƕ ǶȈȈǬƫ ǀƻƗ ƾǠƥ ƧǁƢǓ ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ǃơȂƳȁ ǁǂǓ ƽȂƳȁ
Ŀ ƤºƳơȂdzơ Ǎǂºūơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ǵƾǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƪƠnjǻƗ ƾǫȁ .ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ
Ǯdzƿ ȆǨǧ .ƢǷƢƥȏƗ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ Ǯdzƿȁ ÎÕÔÏ ǵƢǟ ńƛ ǞƳǂȇ ǂǰƦǷ ƾȀǟ
ƔƢǧȁ ǵƾǟ ƔƢǟƽơ ǹƘnjƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ śƥ ǝơŗdzơ
ƨºȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƨȈǴǿȋơ ƣǂūơ DZȐƻ ƢǿƽƢȈƷ ƤƳơȂƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ
ƪºƦǿƿȁ "ƤƳơȂdzơ Ǎǂūơ" ǾǠƦƬƬLjȇ ƢǷ ƨǣƢȈǏ śǧǂǘdzơ Ȑǯ DZȁƢƷ
ǶºƊǜǟĉ ǞºǷ ƤºLJƢǼƬȇ ƤƳơȂdzơ Ǎǂūơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
.(ÐÒÕ)ǾƬLJǁƢŲ ƢŮ ǁƾǬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƧȂǫȁ ƨǷơǂǯȁ ǝȂǓȂŭơ
DzȈdzƾƬdzơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪƦǿƿ Ǯdzǀdz ƢƆǧȐƻȁ -ÏÎÔ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨƴƷ ńƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏơȁ ƤƳơȂdzơ Ǎǂūơ ńƛ ǁƢǬƬǧȏơ ȄǴǟ
__________
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ńƛ ƢǿơȂǟƽ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƪƦǿƿ (ÐÒÕ)
DZƢǸǠƬLJƢƥ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǺȇƾȇƢƄơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǹƛ"
ȃǂƫ ȏ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ .ƨǼȈǠǷ DZƢǠǧƘƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ǞǼŭ ƤƳơȂdzơ Ǎǂūơ
Ŗºdzơ ƩƢºǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǵơǂºƬƷơ ǺǷ ȂŴ ȅƗ ȄǴǟ ŚǤƫ ƩƢǸǴǰdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ‘ ǹƗ ȃȂǟƾdzơ Ŀ ƽǁȁȁ .Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀǓǂǨȇ
- ƤƳơȂdzơ Ǎǂūơ Ȃǿ ǺǘǼNjơȁ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǾƦǴǘƬƫ ȅǀdzơ Ǎǂūơ ǹƗ ǶȀǨƫ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ƧȂǫȁ ƨǷơǂǯȁ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ǶƊǜǟĉ ǞǷ ƤLJƢǼƬȇ ȅǀdzơ Ǎǂūơ ȅƗ
ƨºǜǬȈdzơ DZƢǸǠƬLJƢƥ DZȂŹ ȅǀdzơ Ǎǂūơ Ȃǿȁ žǾLJǁƢŤ ǹƗ Ƣđ ƽȂǐǬŭơ
ȃǂºƻȋơ DzƟƢLJȂdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇƢƄơ ƾǴƦdzơ ǁȁƾǬǷ Ŀ Ȃǿ ƢǷ ǞȈŦȁ ƨdzƢǠǨdzơ
ǾºǻƗ ƢºǸǯ žǾºƥơǂƫ ƨǷǂƷ ǭƢȀƬǻơ ǹȁƽ DzǷƢǠƬdzơ DzƷơǂǷ ǞȈŦ DZȐƻ
ƣƢǰƫǁơ Ǻǟ śǓǂǤŭơ ǝƽǁ ńƛ ǾLjǨǻ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ȅƽƚȇ ȅǀdzơ Ǎǂūơ
ƾǫ Ǯdzǀƥȁ Ǿƫƽơǁƛ Ƕǣǂƥ ƾȇƢƄơ ƣơǂƫ ȄǴǟ ƣǂūơ DZƢǸǟƗ ǺǷ DZƢǸǟƗ
ȄºǴǟ ƾȇƢƄơ DzǸŹ ȅǀdzơ Ǎǂūơ Ȃǿȁ žƢȀƦǼš ǾǼǰŻ ƣǂƷ ńƛ ǽǂŸ
ƧǁȂºǜƄơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ƣƢǰƫǁȏ ƾǐǫ ȅƗ ǥƢnjƬǯȏ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ȃȂǫƗ ƿƢţơ
ńƛ Dzǐºƫ śºƷ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǾȈǴǟ ǑǂǨƫȁ ƾȇƢƸǸǯ ǾƬȈǻ ǺLjƷ ǶǰŞ
ǽǁȁƾºǬǷ Ŀ ƢǷ ǞȈŦ ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǮǴƫ ƣƢǰƫǁơ Ŀ ƨȈǼdzơ ǾǸǴǟ
‘ƢƆƦƳơȁ‘ ƢƆǏǂƷ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ơǀǿ ǹȁƽ ǍǂƷ ȅƗȁ .ƢȀǠǼŭ DzƟƢLJȂdzơ ǺǷ
."DZƢŷȍơ ƲƟƢƬǻ ǶƊǜǟĉ ǞǷ ȁƗ ƨƟǁƢǘdzơ ƨdzƢūơ ǞǷ ƤLJƢǼƬȇ ƢƆǏǂƷ ȅƗ
(Moore, History and Digest of the International Arbitrations to which
.the United States has been a Party, pp. 572–573)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
śǨǛȂǷ ȁƗ ƢƆǨǛȂǷ ȆǬƦƫ ǹƗ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ǹƗ Ð Ƕǫǁ DZơƚLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀƬƥƢƳƛȁ
ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƽȂƳȁ Ƕǣǂƥ ǁǂǓ Ǟǫȁ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢŲ ǪǬƸƬǴdz DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ
ǃȁƢºƴƬȇ ȏ ƢºŠ ƩƢȇǂƸƬdzơ ǮǴƬdz ƨdzȂǬǠŭơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ Ǟǧƽ śǠƬȇ ƢǼǿ ǁǂǬŭơ
ńƛ ƧƾºƷơȁ ƨǼºLJ ƨºȇƗ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ʃơǁȏȁƽ ǺǷ Ô ÒÍÍ ǢǴƦǷ
Ʃǁǂºǫ ơƿƛ ȏƛ ǶƬºȇ ȏ ƢºȀǠǧƽ Ǻǰdzȁ ǒȇȂǠƫ ƨǨǐƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ƨǼLjºdzơ Ŀ ǁǂǓ ǝȂǫȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨȇƽƢūơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ǹƢƬǷȂǰūơ
Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ ƩƢƦǴǗ Ŀ DzǐǨdzơ" ƥ ƢƬǷƢǫȁ ǂȀǐŭơ DzǸǟ ńƛ ǞƳǂȇ ƨȈǼǠŭơ
ǽƙơƽƗ ƤƳȂƬȇ ƢǷ ƾȇDŽȇ ǹƗ ƩȏƢūơ ǺǷ ƨdzƢƷ ƨȇƗ Ŀ ǃȂŸ ȏ Ǻǰdzȁ ž"ǁǂǔdzơ
ƢƆǔȇƗ ǵȂȀǨŭơȁ žǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǢǴƦǷ ȄǴǟ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ
ƤƳȂƬȇ ƢƆǔȇȂǠƫ ǾǨǏȂƥ ȏƛ Ǟǧƾdzơ ơǀǿ ǂǷƗ Ŀ ơǀđ DŽǟȂƫ ȏ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ǹƗ
Ð Ƕºǫǁ DZơƚLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀƬƥƢƳƛȁ Ï Ƕǫǁ DZơƚLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀƬƥƢƳƛ ȄǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥ ǾǠǧƽ
ǺǷ ƔDŽƳ ȅƗ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ džȈdzȁ (Ñ Ƕǫǁ DZơƚLjdzơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼǷ Ȃǿ Ƣŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ)
ƤƳȂŠ śƬǷȂǰūơ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ǽƾȇƾŢȁ ǾǼǷ ǪǬƸƬdzơ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƔơDŽƳƗ
.(ÐÓÑ)"ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨȇƽƢūơ ƧƽƢŭơ
ƧƢǼǫ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ÎÖÑÖ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ Ö ƹǁƚŭơ Ƕǰūơ Ŀȁ -ÏÏÑ
ƾºǠƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƪǐǴƻ (Corfu Channel) ȂǧǁȂǯ
ǽƢȈŭơ Ŀ ǁƢƴǨǻȏơ ƪƦƦLJ Ŗdzơ ǵƢǤdzȋơ Ʈƥ ǹƗ ńƛ ǞƟƢǫȂǴdz ƢȀǴȈǴŢ
ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz śƦƫȁ .ƨȈǻƢƦdzȋơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǶǴǟ ǹȁƽ ǶƬȈdz Ǻǰȇ Ń ƨȈǻƢƦdzȋơ
ǵƢºǤdzȋƢƥ ǶºǴǠƫ ǹƗ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƤŸ ǹƢǯ ȁƗ ǶǴǠƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƢȈǻƢƦdzƗ ǹƗ
DZȁƾºdzơ ǂȇǀºƸƬdz ȆǨǰȇ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢȀǿƢȈǷ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
:ƩƘƫǁơȁ DzƯƢŭơ ǂǘŬơ ǹƘnjƥ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǁȁ ȃǂƻȋơ
ǝȂºǫȁ ǞǼŭ ƆƢƠȈNj DzǠǨƫ ǹƗ ǞǫơȂdzơ Ŀ DZȁƢŢ Ń ƨȈǻƢƦdzȋơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǹƗ
ƨºȈdzȁƽ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ƤȈƫǂƫ ǞƦƬƬLjƫ ǽǀǿ ƧŚǘŬơ DZƢǨǣȍơ ƩȏƢƷ ǹƗȁ .ƨƯǁƢǰdzơ
.ƢȈǻƢƦdzƗ ȄǴǟ
ƤºƳȂŠ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƢȈǻƢƦdzƗ ǹƗ ƢǿơƽƚǷ ƨƴȈƬǻ ńƛ ǎǴţ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹƜǧ ơǀŮȁ
ÎÖÑÓ ǂƥȂºƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÏ Ŀ ƪǠǫȁ Ŗdzơ ƩơǁƢƴǨǻȏơ Ǻǟ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȄºǴǟ ǹƗȁ ƨȇǂnjƦdzơ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǧȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ƢȀǼǟ ƲƬǻ ƢǸǟȁ ƨȈǻƢƦdzȋơ ǽƢȈŭơ Ŀ
.(ÐÓÒ)"ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ńƛ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƽ ƤƳơȁ ƢȈǻƢƦdzƗ
ȅȂǘǼŭơ ǞǓȂdzƢƥ ƢȈǻƢƦdzƗ ƨǧǂǠǷ ƩƢƦƯƛ ƨƥȂǠǏ ńƛ ǂǜǼdzƢƥȁ -ÏÏÒ
ȄºǴǟ ǶƟƢǬdzơ DzȈdzƾdzơ ǞƥƢǘƥ ƩƢƦƯȍơ Ǯdzƿ ǵƢLjƫơ ńƛȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ȄǴǟ
ȄǴǟ ƪȈǼƥ ƾǫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƶǓơȂdzơ ǺǷ džȈǴǧ ƨǼȇǂǬdzơ
ǂƟƢLJ ǂȇǀƸƬƥ ǎƬź ƢǸȈǧ ƨƦƳơȂdzơ ƨȇƢǼǠdzơ ƤƳơȂƥ DZȐƻȍơ DžƢLJƗ
"ƨȈǟȂºǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ" ǁƢȈǠŠ ǀƻȋơ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ śȈdzȁƾdzơ śǴǟƢǨdzơ
.ƨƦƳơȂdzơ ƨȇƢǼǠdzơ ǵȂȀǨŭ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ƢŶȁƽ
ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƩƽǁȁƗ ǾLjǨǻ Ƕǰūơ Ŀȁ -ÏÏÓ
ƨǴǐºdzơ ƨǬȈƯȁȁ ƧŚƦǯ ƨȈŷƘƥ ǶLjƬƫ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǷƢǟ
ȏƗ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ ȄǴǟ ǵơDŽdz" ǾǻƗ ǞǗƢǬŭơ ƾƷƗ Ŀ Ʃǂǯǀǧ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
ǩȂǬū ƨȈǧƢǼǷ DZƢǠǧƘƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ Ŀ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ ǶǴǟ Ǻǟ ƶǸLjƫ
ǞǘǬŭơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹƗ ǂǯǀdzƢƥ ǂȇƾƳȁ .(ÐÓÓ)"ȃǂƻȋơ DZȁƾdzơ
__________
.ÎÖÕÎ-ÎÖÕÍ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÓÑ)
Corfu Channel, Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1949, (ÐÓÒ)
.p. 23
.ÏÏ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÓÓ)
160
ƤƳȂƬLjºȇ ƢºŲ ǾǫƢǘǻȁ ǁơǂǬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ȃǿȁ žǺǘǼNjơȁ
śƥ ƘnjǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǶǯƢŰ ƩơǁơǂǬdz ƆƢǬǧȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
.(ÐÓÏ)ǍƢŬơ ǝƢǘǬdzơ ƽơǂǧƗ
Ŀ ǂǸƬLjºƫ ǹƘƥ ǂȀǐdzơ ƨǯǂnjdz ƶũ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ -ÏÏÏ
ƪºǨƬǯơ Dzºƥ ǂȀǐŭơ ƨǘnjǻƗ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ǂǜŢ Ńȁ ƢȀƬǘnjǻƗ
ȅƗǁ Ŀ ƨưǠƦǼŭơ Ƨǂşȋơ ǾǠǷ ƾǠƫ Ń ȃȂƬLjǷ ńƛ ǾƬǘnjǻƗ ǎȈǴǬƬƥ
.(ÐÓÐ)ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ŁƢǐŠ ƧǁƢǓ ƨƠȈŮơ
ŁƢǐºǷ ǒȇȂºǠƬƥ ȆǔǬȇ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ƢƆǷƢǜǻ ƨƠȈŮơ ƩƘnjǻƗȁ -ÏÏÐ
Ŀ ŕƷ Ƨǂşȋơ ƩƢƯƢǠƦǻơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
Ȃºǿ ƢºǸǯ ǶƟơƾdzơ ǵƢǜǼǴdz ƢƆǷƢƫ ȏƆ ƢưƬǷơ ǂȀǐdzơ ƨǘnjǻƗ DZƢưƬǷơ DZƢƷ
:ǁơǂǬdzơ Ŀ ǥǂǠǷ
ƨºdzơǃƛ ńƛ ǁǂºǬŭơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ȅƽƚȇ ǹƗ ƶƳǂŭơ ǹƗ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ȃǂƫ
ǞºǼǷ ńƛ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ǂǯƿ ƢǸǯ ȅƽƚȇ ǹƗ ƶƳǂȇ ƢǸǯ ŅƢūơ ǥȐŬơ ƣƢƦLJƗ
.DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ǺǘǼNjơȁ ƨȇȏȁ Ŀ ȅǂǿȂƳ ǞƥƢǗ ȅƿ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ ƭȁƾƷ
ƨºǠǫȂƬŭơȁ ƧȂƳǂŭơ ƨƴȈƬǼdzơ DZȂǐƷ ǵƾǟ DZƢǸƬƷơ ńƛ ǂǜǼdzƢƥ Ǻǰdzȁ
ƢȀȈǴǟ ƨǜǧƢƄơ ȁƗ ƢǿƽƢǸƬǟơ ǂȀǐŭơ ǺǷ ƣȂǴǘŭơ ƨƦǫơǂŭơ ƨƳǁƽ ȁƗ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǺǷ
ǂȀǐºŭơ ǺºǷ ƪƦǴǗ Ï Ƕǫǁ DZơƚLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀƬƥƢƳƛ Ŀ ƨƠȈŮơ ǹƗ ńƛ ǂǜǼdzƢƥȁ
ǾºƳȂdzơ ȄǴǟ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ǺǘǼNjơȁ ƨȇȏȁ Ŀ ǁǂǓ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǝƢǼƬǷȏơ
Ñ Ƕºǫǁ DZơƚLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƤȈš ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ǹƜǧ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ƨƥƢƳȍơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ
DZơƚLjºdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀƬƥƢƳƛ Ŀ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ǺǷ ƨƠȈŮơ Ǿƫǀţơ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥ ǾǻƗ ǁǂǬƫȁ
śƦŭơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ǢdzƢƦǷ Ǟǧƽ ǶƬȇ ǾǻƜǧ Ð Ƕǫǁ DZơƚLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀƬƥƢƳƛȁ Ï Ƕǫǁ
Î ǀǼǷ Ï DZơƚLjdzơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƽƾƄơ ǁǂǔdzƢǯ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ ƭƾƷ ơƿƛ (Ɨ) :ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ
DzƦǬƬLjºŭơ Ŀ ǁǂǔdzơ ơǀǿ DzưǷ ƭƾƷ ơƿƛ ȁƗ ÎÖÑÍ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ
Ƕǣǂºƥ ȁƗ ƢºǼǿ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƨǸǜǻȌdz ǂȀǐŭơ DZƢưƬǷơ ǵƾǟ ƤƦLjƥ ƔơȂLJ
ǾºǠǧƽ Ǻºǰdzȁ ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƽ śǠƬȇ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ǙƢǨūơ
ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ ƩƢºƦǴǗ Ŀ DzǐǨǴdz ƩƢƦȈƫǂƫ ǹƢƬǷȂǰūơ Ʃǀţơ ơƿƛ ȏƛ ȅǂŸ ȏ
ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƩƾƳȁ ơƿƛ (ƣ) žƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨȇƽƢūơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƤƳȂŠ
Ï Ƕºǫǁ DZơƚLjºdzơ ȄºǴǟ ƢȀƬƥƢƳƛ Ŀ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ǁơǂǬdz ƨƴȈƬǼǯ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
__________
ƪǻƢǯȁ .UNRIAA, vol. III (Sales No. 1949.V.2), p. 1966 (ÐÓÏ)
ŚºNjƗ ƢºǷ ơƆŚưǯ ȅǀdzơ ƱƢƬǼƬLJȏơ ńƛ Ǯdzƿ DzƦǫ ƪǴǏȂƫ ƾǫ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ
:ǾǻƗ ǽƽƢǨǷȁ ǾȈdzƛ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭ [ƢƆǬǧȁ]"
ƢȀȈºǓơǁƗ ǵơƾƼƬºLJƢƥ ƶǸLjƫ ȁƗ ǵƾƼƬLjƫ ǹƗ ƨdzȁƾdz ǪŹ ȏ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ȆǓơǁƗ Ŀ Ƨǂşȋơ ǺǷ ơƆǁǂǓ ƤƦLjƫ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ
ǍƢƼºNjȋ ȁƗ ƩƢºǰǴƬǸŭ ȁƗ ȃǂºƻȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ȆǓơǁƗ ńƛ ȁƗ
ƨºdzƢūơ ǮǴƬdz ǹȂǰƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ȆǓơǁƗ Ŀ ǹȂnjȈǠȇ
."ƨǠǼǬǷȁ ƨƸǓơȁ ƨdzƽƘƥ Ȑ Ɔ ǏƢƷ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹȂǰȇȁ ƧŚǘƻ ƤǫơȂǟ
.(ÎÖÓÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ǾǻƗ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƪǜƷȏ ƾǫȁ .ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÓÐ)
Ŀ ƭƾºŹ ƾºǫ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ȃǂƫ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ǹȋ [ơƆǂǜǻ]"
ƨºƦǫơǂŭơ ǺºǷ ǁƾǬdz Dzȇǂƫ ǂȀǐǷ Ŀ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ Ǟǔţ Ń ƢǷ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ
ǁƾǫ ȁƗ ǵƢǜǻ ǪȈƦǘƫ ƣȂƳȁ ǹȉơ ƨƠȈŮơ ǁǂǬƫ ǁǂǔdzơ ƭȁƾƷ ƤǼƴƬǴǧ
."ǂȀǐŭơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ȄǴǟ ƨƦǫơǂŭơ ǺǷ
.(ÎÖÓÓ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
161 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ

DZƢºƻƽƛ ƾȇƚȇ ȏȁ žƆƢǷȂǸǟ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǩƢǘǼdzơ ƱǁƢƻ ƨǴǏƢūơ
ǶLjǬǯ ǂǷȋơ ƗƾƦǷ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
.(ÐÔÎ)"ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵƢLjǫƗ ǺǷ ǵƢǟ
ƞºƫǁơ ȂǧǁȂǯ ƧƢǼǫ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǁơǂǬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ -ÏÏÕ
ơƿƛ ȆǟȂºǓȂŭơ ǂǘŬơ ƩƢȇǂǜǻ ǺǷ ƨȇǂǜǻ" ǂǬȇ ȏ ǾǻƗ ǶȀǔǠƥ
Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƢƆȈƟƢǬǴƫ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹƗ Ǯdzǀƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƢǯ
ǾǻƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƞƫǁơȁ .(ÐÔÏ)"ǥȁǂǜdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ƢƆȇƗ ƢȀǴǠǧ ƲƟƢƬǻ Dzǯ Ǻǟ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ƧǁƢºƯƛ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ȄǬƦƫ" Ƕǰūơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥ
ƧȁȐºǟȁ .(ÐÔÐ)"ƨdzȂǬǠŭơ ƨȇƢǼǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ǶƟƢǬdzơ ǞǧƾǴdz ƢȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ
DzƷơȂLjdzơ DžǂƷ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ŚǐǬƫ ƽȂƳȁ ƨdzƘLjǷ" ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ
.(ÐÔÑ)"ƨǬǴǘŭơ ǥȐŬơ ƨǘǬǻ Ǻǰƫ Ń ňƢƦdzȋơ
ǹƗ ńƛ ǒǠƦºdzơ Ƥǿƿ ȅƗǂdzơ ơǀŮ ƨǓǁƢǠŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ -ÏÏÖ
ƽȂºƳȁ ƩƢºƦƯƛ ǹȁƽ śƬȈǔºǬdzơ ǮºǴƫ Ŀ ƪǓǂƌǧ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƧǂºǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǾǼǟ ƣǂǟƌƗ ȅǀdzơ ȅƗǂdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǷƗ .(ÐÔÒ)DZƢŷƛ
ńƛ ǽƢºƦƬǻȏơ ȆǟǂƬLJơ ƾǬǧ ȂǧǁȂǯ ƧƢǼǫ ƨȈǔǫ ǹƘnjƥ ǽȐǟƗ ÏÏÓ
(ÐÔÓ)
Winiarski ǹƢºǨdzƢƼŭơ ǹƢȈǓƢǬdzơ ƢȀǼǴǟƗ Ŗdzơ ƨǨdzƢƼŭơ Ɣơǁȉơ
ƤƳơȁ ȅƘƥ Dzţ Ń ƢȈǻƢƦdzƗ ǹƗ ńƛ ƢȀȈǧ ƢƦǿƿȁ (ÐÔÔ)Badawi Pashaȁ
ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ŚȇƢǠŭ ƪǴưƬǷơ ƢĔƗȁ ƨȇƢǼǠdzơ ƩƢƦƳơȁ ǺǷ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǹƗ ǚƷȂºdzȁ .ȄǴǟƗ ƨǟƾƬƦǷ ŚȇƢǠǷ ǑǂǨƫ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹƗȁ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ DZƢŷƛ ĺƢŸƛ Dzǰnjƥ ƪƦưƫ" Ń Dzȇǂƫ ǂȀǐǷ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƨȈǟƾŭơ
.(ÐÔÕ)"DzǠǨdzơ Ǻǟ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ƢȀǟƢǼƬǷơ ȁƗ ƢȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ
ƨºƠȈǿ Ʃǂºǯƿ (Lake Lanoux) Ȃǻȏ ƧŚŞ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀȁ -ÏÐÍ
ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ǞȇǁƢnjŭơ ǹƗ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ƔƢǟƽơ ȄǴǟ ƽǂdzơ ǑǂǠǷ Ŀ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ
ǾǻƗ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ŁƢǐŭơ ȄǴǟ ǥȂdzƘǷ Śǣ ǂǘƻ ƾȈdzȂƫ ǞƦƬƬLjƫ ǥȂLJ
ǞƦƬƬLjȇ ǹƢǯ Ƣŭ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ƪǰȀĄƬǻơ ƾǫ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȋơ ǩȂǬūơ ƪǻƢǯ Ȃdz
ȅǁȁǂǓ Ȃǿ ƢǷ Dzǯ ƿƢţơ DZƢǨǣƛ Śǣ ƢLjǻǂǧ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǝȂǫȁ
__________
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ
.Hardy, “International protection ...”, p. 751 (ÐÔÏ)
ȄǴǟ ǁȂǐǬǷ Śǣ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥ ƢƆǷƢǟ ƢƆǻƢȈƥ ǁƾǐƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƢŶƛ
ơƆǁơǂǫ ǁƾǐƫ śƷ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ .Ƣđ ƽȁƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨȈǔǫ
ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƢŮ ǃȂŸ ȆLJƢLJȋơ ƢȀǷƢǜǻ ǺǷ ÐÕ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ
ǮºǴƫ śƥ ǺǷ Ȃǿ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǞǘǬŭơȁ .ǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥ ƨǷƢǟ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǁƾǐƫ
ǹƢºǯ ǹƛȁ ƨºǸǰƄơ ǁơǂǫ ǹƗ ńƛ ǍȂǴŬơ ǺǰŻ ơǀŮȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ
ƧƢºǼǫ ƨȈǔºǬƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǹƢǧǂǘdzơ ƢȀnjǫƢǻ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ DZȁƢǼƬȇ
ƢƆºǷƢǟ ƢƆºǻƢȈƥ ǹƢǯȁ ǶǟƗ ƨdzƘLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƽƾNj ǾǻƜǧ ȂǧǁȂǯ
ǃȁƢºƴƬƫ ơƆǁơǂǓƗ ƤƦLjȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȇƗ ǭȂǴLJ ǹƘnjƥ ƢƆȇǂȇǂǬƫ
ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ƨȈǟȁǂnjǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ȃȂƬǨdzơ ȆǨǧ .ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƽȁƾūơ
ƧǂǰǨdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩƾǯƗ ƢȀǷơƾƼƬLJƢƥ ƾȇƾȀƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ
ƢƆƠȈºNj ƪLjȈdz ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƾȇƾnjƬdzơ ǑǂǠǷ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǺŠ ǂnjƦdzơ ƨƸǏȁ ƧƢȈūơ ƨȈǟȂǻȁ Ȇūơ DŽȈūơ DzưŤ Ȇǿ Dzƥ Ɔơƽǂů
:ƾǠƥ ƾdzȂƫ Ń Ŗdzơ DZƢȈƳȋơ ǶȀȈǧ
DžǁƢºŤ Ŗºdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǺǸǔƫ ǹƘƥ DZȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ǵƢǟ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ƽȂƳȁ [ǹƛ]
ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ǪǗƢǼǷ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ȃǂƻȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨƠȈƦdz ƢēǂǘȈLJ ƪŢȁ ƢȀƬȇȏȁ ǺǸǓ
.(ÐÓÔ)ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơȂǫ ǹȉơ Dzǰnjȇ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƢēǂǘȈLJ
ǂȀǐºŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ǹƗ ǶȀǔǠƥ ȃƗǁȁ -ÏÏÔ
ƽȂºƳȁ ƾȇƚƫ ȏ ȂǧǁȂǯ ƧƢǼǫ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ Ƕǰūơ ȁƗ Dzȇǂƫ
ơǀºǿ ƤLjƷȁ .(ÐÓÕ)Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ƨºƠȈŮ ƆƢºǷǃȏ Ǻǰȇ Ń Dzȇǂƫ ǂȀǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǾǻƜǧ ȅƗǂdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ śƥ ƢǸȈǧ ȁƗ/ƢǷƛ ƨǬȇǂǗ ȄǴǟ ƪƦƫ ǹƗ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƣȂǴǘŭơ ƨȇƢǼǠdzơ ǁƢȈǠǷ ǾǨǏȂƥ DZƢŷȍơȁ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
DzºǠǨdzƢƥ ǞǫȂƬƫ ƨȇȂLjƬdzơ ǹƗ ńƛ Ǯdzǀǯ ŚNjƗ ƾǫȁ .(ÐÓÖ)Ņȁƾdzơ
Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǵDŽǴƬLjƫȁ ơƾǼǯ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƤȈƫǂƫ
ŚLjºǠdzơ ǺǷ DzǠŸ ƢŲ ƔơȂLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ
ǂȀǐǷ ǹƘƥ ƨƠȈŮơ ǁơǂǬdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơ DžƢLJȋơ ƾȇƾŢ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ÅƔƢǼƥ
.(ÐÔÍ)"ƨºȈdzȁƽ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨǬƥƢLjǯ ƧƽȁƾŰ ƨȈŷƗ ȁƿ ŐƬǠȇ" Dzȇǂƫ
ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJơ ȅƘƥ ǾƬǷǂƥ ǁơǂǬdzơ ƶǸLjȇ ȏ" Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ
ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȇǂǜǼƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ džƦǴdzơ ƢȀǨǼƬǰȇ
(ÐÔÎ)
__________

.Ibid., “Nuclear liability ...”, p. 229 (ÐÔÐ)
.Handl, “Balancing of interests ...”, p. 167 (ÐÔÑ)
.Goldie, “Liability for damage …”, pp. 1230–1231 (ÐÔÒ)
ÒÏ-ÑÖ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÐÓÒ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1949 (ÐÔÓ)
.ÒÓ-ÒÒȁ
ȆǓƢǬdzơ ǹƘƥ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷ ǚăƷȐĄȇȁ .ÓÓ-ÓÑ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÔÔ)
:ǹƗ ƾǯƗ (ÓÒ Ǎ) ƢNjƢƥ ȅȁƾƥ
ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬºLJơ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǥǂƬǠȇ ȏ"
ǹƗ ǞǫơȂdzơȁ .ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ǒǠƥ Ƣđ ƩǀƻƗ Ŗdzơ ǁƢǘƻȋơ Ƨǂǰǧ
ǹȁƢºǠƬdzơ Ƨǂºǰǧ ƢēǃǂƷƗ Ŗdzơ ǁȂǘƬdzơ ƨƳǁƽȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁȂǘƫ
ȁƗ ƢºȀǣȂǴƥ Ļ ƾºǫ ƨºǴƷǂŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ŐƬǠǻ ǹƘƥ ƢǼdz ƶǸLjƫ ȏ Ņȁƾdzơ
."ƢȀǣȂǴƥ ǶƬȇ ǹƗ ƪǰNjȁƗ
.Goldie, “Liability for damage …”, p. 1230 (ÐÔÕ)
.(ǽȐǟƗ Ñ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1996, pp. 241-242 (ÐÓÔ)
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ Weeramantry ȆºǓƢǬǴdz ǦdzƢºƼŭơ ȅƗǂdzơ ƢƆÉǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ
ƨƸǴºLJȌdz ƨºdzȁƽ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ƨȈǟȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǾȇƗǁȁ ÒÒÒ-ÑÏÖ Ǎ
Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear :ƶǴLjºŭơ ǝơǂǐdzơ Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
.Weapons in Armed Conflict, Advisory Opinion, ibid., pp. 139–143
Handl, “Balancing of interests and international ǂºǜǻơ (ÐÓÕ)
liability for the pollution of international watercourses: customary
ǵơƾƼƬºLJơ ǺºǷ ǁǀŹ ȅǀdzơ principles of law revisited”, pp. 162–165
ƶǴǘǐºǷ ǵơƾƼƬºLJơ ƵǂƬǬȇȁ "Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ"
."ǁƢǘƻȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ"
Hardy, “International protection against nuclear risks”, p. (ÐÓÖ)
Nuclear liability: the general principles of law and ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .751
.further proposals”, p. 229
.Handl, “Balancing of interests ...”, p.168 (ÐÔÍ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƣƢƦLJƘƥ DZƢǬƬǻơ Dzǯ" ǹƗ ƢǿƽƢǨǷ Ŗdzơ ǂǜǼdzơ ƨȀƳȂƥ ǀƻƘƫ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ
ƨºdzȁƽ ǶȈºǴǫƛ ńƛ ƨdzȁƽ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƧƽƢǷ ȁƗ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǯ ƧƽƢŭ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ
ƢƆƦƦLJ ƢƆȈƟƢǬǴƫ ƞnjǼȇ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢǿǂŞ ȁƗ ȅȂŪơ ƢŮƢů ȁƗ ȃǂƻƗ
ƩƢºƦƯƛ ńƛ ƨƳƢūơ ǹȁƽ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţȏ ƢƆȈǻȂǻƢǫ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ƩƾǯƗ (ÐÕÐ)"ǂƻƕ ƔȆNj ȅƗ
ƨºdzȁƽ ƤºǻƢƳ ǺǷ ȆǠȈƦǗȁ ȅƽƢǟ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƤLJǂƫ ƭƾƷ ƢǸưȈƷ
Ń ƢǷ ƧŚƻȋơ ȃȂǰnjdz ƤƦLJ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƢȀǸȈǴǫȍ
ƨdzȁƽ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǹƛȁ .ǦȈǨŬơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ȃƿȋơ ƽǂů ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ Ȃǿ Ƣŭ ǑǂǠƬƫ
ƢƆºȇƽƢǟ ƢƆǷơƾƼƬºLJơ ƾǠĄȇ ȏ ȂŪơ Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƣǁƢš ƔơǂƳƛ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƢȀǸȈǴǫȍ
ǶƳƢǼdzơ Ǟnjŭơ ƤȈLJǂƬdzơ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨȈdzơǂƬLJȋơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ȃǂƫȁ .ƢȀǸȈǴǫȍ ƢƆȈǠȈƦǗȁ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ȁƗ ȃƿȋơ ƽǂºů ǺºǷ ǂưǯƗ Ȃǿ ƢǷ ƤƦLjȇ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ Ǻǟ
.ƢȈdzơǂƬLJȋ ǦȈǨǘdzơ
...
ƢƆǯƢȀºƬǻơ DzưŻ ƨȈǨȈǯ ƨȇƘƥ œǼƳƗ ǶȈǴǫƛ ǵƢƸƬǫơ ǹƗ Ŀ ȆLJƢLJȋơ ƗƾƦŭơ DzưǸƬȇȁ
Ŗºdzơ ƨºLJǁƢǸŭơ ǹƗ ǂǰǼƫ ȏ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǹƗ ǂǯǀdzơ Ǻǟ řǣȁ .ƧƽƢȈLjǴdz
ǖƥơǂºƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀǿ ǪȈƦǘƫ DzȇƾǠƫ ńƛ ƩƽƗ ƾǫ DZȁƾdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƪƥƗƽ
ƽȁƾºƷ Őǟ ǥǂƴǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢƻƾdzơ ƨƯƽƢƷ ńƛ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ƩǁƢNjƗ ƾǫȁ .ǶȈdzƢǫȋơ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ĿƢŸ ƢǷ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ƾǫ ǾǻƘƥ DzƦǬƫ ƾǫ Ȇǿȁ .ƨȈǼǗȁ
ƾºȈƥ .ǁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ƨǏƢƻ ƢƆǟơȂǻƗ ƭƾŢ Ń ơƿƛ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰdzơ Ƨǂşȋơ ǝơȂǻƗ ǒǠƦƥ
ƨºLJǁƢŲ ȂƸǼdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƢēǃƢƳƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǟȁǂnjŭơ ǮǴƫ ǹƗ Ȃǿ ǽƾǯƚƫ ƢǷ ǹƗ
ǮºǴƫ ƲƬǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǒǠƥ DzǸnjȈdz ƾƬǷơ ȅǀdzơ DzǿƢLjƬdzơ ƨǴǐŰ Ȇǿ DZȁƽ
ǶȈºǴǫȍơ Ŀ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơ ƨƥƢưŠ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ŐƬǠĄƫ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ȇǿȁ ƩƢƯƢǠƦǻȏơ
ǒºǠƥ ńƛ ȅƽƚƫ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƛȁ ƢĔȋ ƢĔƘnjƥ DzǿƢLjƬdzơ ǶƬȇȁ Ʈȇƾūơ ǞǸƬĐơ Ŀ
.(ÐÕÑ)"ǞǸƬĐơ ȄǴǟ ƽȂǠƫ ƧƾƟƢǧ ƢŮ ǹƜǧ ƱƢǟǃȍơ
ƪºǫƚŭơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǂǷȋ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƿƢţơ ƾǼǟȁ -ÏÐÒ
ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ÎÖÔÐ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÏ ƹǁƚŭơ
:ƢǿƽƢǨǷ Ŗdzơȁ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ǥȁƢƼŠ ƢƆǸǴǟ ƪǗƢƷƗ ƢĔƜǧ
ƪƦƦLjƫ ƾǫ ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơ Ŀ ƢLjǻǂǧ ƢēǂƳƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂŪơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩơŚƴǨƬdzơ ǹƗ
ǺºǷ ǽŚǣȁ ŅơǂƬLJȋơ ǶȈǴǫȍơ ȄǴǟ ǁƢnjƬǻȏơ ƨǠLJơȁ ƨǠnjǷ ƨǗƢǬLJ ƤLJǂƫ Ŀ
ƨLJȂLjºŰ ƩơDŽȈǯǂƫ Ʃƾdzȁ ƢĔƗȁ ĺȂǼŪơ ƨȈǓǁȋơ Ƨǂǰdzơ Ǧǐǻ Ŀ ƨǼǰǷȋơ
ǍƢƼNjȋơ ƾŠ ƪȀƬǻơȁ ǹƢLjǻȍơ Ŀȁ ƨȈƟơǀǤdzơ ƽơȂŭơ Ŀ ƨǠnjŭơ ƩơƾȇȂǼdzơ ǺǷ
ǺǷ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƩƢǟǂŝ ǍƢƻ ǾƳȂƥ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ Ŀȁ ǭơƿ Ƨǂǰdzơ Ǧǐǻ Ŀ śnjƟƢǠdzơ
ǹȂǰƬºLJ ŅơǂƬºLJȋơ ǶȈǴǫȍơ ȄǴǟ ƤLJǂƬƫ ƨǠnjǷ ƽơȂǷ ȅƗ ǹƗȁ žǝƢǠNjȍơ
ǹȂǰȈºLJ ǾƦƦLjƫ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ ǹƗȁ ƢȀƦǠNjȁ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ȄǴǟ DzǸƬŰ ǂǘƻ ǁƾǐǷ
ƾdzȂƫ ȂŪơ Ŀ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ ƔơǂƳƛ ǹƗȁ žƱȐǠǴdz DzƥƢǫ Śǣ ơƊÅǁǂǓ
ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ ǮǴƫ ƢȀƯƾŢ ǁƢƯƕ ȅƗ ǹƗȁ žŅơǂƬLJȋơ ƤǠnjdzơ ȃƾdz ǥȂƼƬdzơȁ ǪǴǬdzơ
ƨºȇƗ Ǟǧƾºƥ ƢºǿŐƳ ȏȁ ơƆƾƥƗ ƢȀƬdzơǃƛ ǺǰŻ ȏ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨdzƢƷȁ ǂƸƦdzơ ƽǁơȂǷ Ŀ
Ŀ ƢȀƦǠºNjȁ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ǩȂǬŞ ƢLjǻǂǧ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZȐƻƛ ȅƗ ǹƗȁ žƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ
.(ÐÕÒ)"ǾƬdzơǃƛ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǂǷƗ ȅȂǴǠdzơ ȅȂŪơ DZƢĐơ Ŀ DzǬǼƬdzơ ƨȇǂƷ
__________
.I.C.J. Pleadings, Nuclear Tests, Vol. I, p. 524 (ÐÕÐ)
.ÒÏÓ-ÒÏÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÕÑ)
Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Interim Protection, (ÐÕÒ)
Ŀ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪƦƫ Ńȁ .Order of 22 June 1973, I.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 104
.ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ
162
ǺºǷ ƢƆƥȂǴǘǷ ǹƢǯ ǺƠdzȁ .(ÐÔÖ)ƨǷȐLjdzƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƩƢǗƢȈƬƷȏơ ǺǷ
ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ǁƢǘƻȋơ ǺǷ ǦȈǨƼƬǴdz ƢƆǔǠƥ ƢȀǔǠƥ ǞǷ ǹȁƢǠƬƫ ǹƗ DZȁƾdzơ
ǹȉơ ŕƷ ƽƚȇ Ń ǁƢǔdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǂǘƻ ǹƜǧ" ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ
ǹƿȍ DzºȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ DzƟƢLJȁ ǭȐƬǷơ ǝƢǔƻƛ ńƛ
.(ÐÕÍ)"ƾȇƾȀƬǴdz ǑǂǠƬƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬƸĄȇ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ
Dzºǯ ƪºǷơƽ ƢºǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƘnjǼƫ Ǻdz ȃǂƻƗ ƧǁƢƦǠƥȁ -ÏÐÎ
ǞǷȁ .ǁƢǔdzơ ƭƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ Ɣǁƾdz Ʃǀţơ ƾǫ ƨǼǰǸŭơ ƩƢǗƢȈƬƷȏơ
ǪºǧơȂƫ ǂǷƗ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƨǘǴLJ ơǂǐǫ śǧǂǘdzơ ǹƗ
ǹƜºǧ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ȃƾƷƛ ǞǷ DZȁǁƢǯ ǂĔ ȄǴǟ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ
. (ÐÕÎ)ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ńƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƪƄƗ ƨƠȈŮơ
ǽȐºǟƗ ÐÔÖ ƨȈNjƢūơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ǞǘǬŭơ ǂċLjǨĄȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ -ÏÐÏ
ńƛ ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǹƗ ƢȀȇƗǁ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ǹƗ řǠȇ ǾǻƘƥ
Śºǣ ƨǴǰnjºǷ Ȇǿȁ ƨǏƢƻ ƨǴǰnjǷ DzưŤ ƾǫ ǥȂdzƘǷ Śǣ ƾƷ
ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ǹƗ ƪƬƦƯƗ ƾǫ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ƪǻƢǯ Ȃdz ǾǻƗȁ ƨǓǁƢǟ
ǃƢŪ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƜƥ ǁơǂǓȍơ ǂǘƻ ǺǷ ǥȂdzƘǷ Śǣ ơƆƾƷ ǞƦƬƬLjȈLJ ǞǷDŽƌŭơ
.ƢƆǨǴƬű ƨƠȈŮơ ǁơǂǫ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ
DzǸƸƬƬLJ ƪǻƢǯ ƢLjǻǂǧ ǹƗ ǚƷȂdz ƾǬǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ -ÏÐÐ
ƨȈǟȂǻȁ ƢȈǻƢƦLJȍ ƨǬƸƬLjŭơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǶƴƷ DzȈǴǬƫ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƤLjƸǧ
ƨºƠȈǿ ƩƘºƫǁơȁ .ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ǁƢǓ DzǠǨdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƔơȂLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ǽƢȈŭơ ǮǴƫ
ǞºȈŦ ƪºǷơƽ ƢºǷ ƘnjǼȈdz Ǻǰȇ Ń ǽƢȈŭơ ǶƴƷ ǎǬǻ ǹƗ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ
.(ÐÕÏ)ƩǀƼĄƫơ ƾǫ ƭƾūơ Ǯdzƿ ǝȂǫȁ ƾǓ ƨǼǰǸŭơ ƩƢǗƢȈƬƷȏơ
ƣǁƢºƴƬdzơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƨȇȂǨnjdzơ ǝƢǸƬLJȏơ ƩƢLjǴƳ ƔƢǼƯƗȁ -ÏÐÑ
ƨǸǰƄơ džȈƟǂdz DZơƚLJ ȄǴǟ ơƆƽǁȁ (ƢLjǻǂǧ ƾǓ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ) ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸǟ (Sir Humphrey Waldock) ǭȁƾdzơȁ ȅǂǨŷ ŚLjdzơ
__________
ILR, vol. (ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ƾǓ ƢLjǻǂǧ) Ȃǻȏ ƧŚŞ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ (ÐÔÖ)
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ Ʃǂǯƿ 24 (1957), pp. 123–124, para. 6
ƨºȈƥơȂŪơ Ƨǂǯǀºŭơ Ŀ ƨºǨȈǨƻ ƧǁƢNjƛ Śǣ ƨdzƘLjŭơ DzǼƫ Ń"
ƨƸǧƢǰŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍ ‘ƧƽƢǠǴdz ǩǁƢŬơ ƾȈǬǠƬdzơ‘ ƩǃǂƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ
ƩƢºƥơȂƥ Ƨǁơƽƛ Ŀ DZƢŷȍơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ǂǘƻ‘ȁ ‘ơƆƾƳ ƵƽƢǨdzơ‘ ƢȀǠƥƢǗȁ
ǹƘºƥ ƔƢºǟƽơ ȅƗ ǖǫ ƽǂȇ Ń ǾǻƗ Śǣ .‘ǪǨǼdzơ Ŀ DzȈǫơǂǟ ƔȂnjǻȁ ǽƢȈŭơ
ȃǂƻƗ ǁƢǘƻƗ ƨȇƗ ǞƦƬƬLjƫ ȁƗ ǂƻƕ ǞƥƢǗ ȅƘƥ ǶLjƬƬLJ ƨǠǷDŽŭơ ƩƖnjǼŭơ
ƾƳȂƫ ǝȂǼdzơ džǨǻ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƩƖnjǼǷ ƨȇƗ ǾǠƦƬƬLjƫ ȁƗ Ǿƥ ǶLjƬƫ ƢǷ Śǣ
ƩƖnjºǼŭơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƵȂǓȂƥ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ ǶƬȇ Ńȁ .ŃƢǠdzơ ƔƢŴƗ Dzǯ Ŀ ǵȂȈdzơ
ȁƗ ǁơȂŪơ ƩƢǫȐǟ ȄǴǟ ǥȂdzƘǷ Śǣ ǂǘƻ ƔȂnjǻ ǞƦƬƬLJ ƢȀƬǷƢǫƛ ǞǷDŽŭơ
ƧƽƢǟȍ ƨȈǼǬƬdzơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơ ǹƜǧ ǽȐǟƗ ƢǼȇƗǁ ƢǸǯȁ .ǽƢȈŭơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ȄǴǟ
ƪºǓǂǠƫ Ȃºdzȁ .ǹƢǰǷȍơ ǁƾǫ ƨȈǓǂǷ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨdzƢƷ
ǺºǷ ǀºţơ ƢǷ Dzǯ Ƕǣǂƥ ƨƯƽƢū ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨdzƢƷ ƧƽƢǟƛ
Ȑǯ ȃǂȇ ƨǓǁƢǟ ƨƯƽƢƷ Śǣ ǹȂǰƫ Ǻdz ƨƯƽƢūơ ǮǴƫ ǹƜǧ ƩƢǗƢȈƬƷơ
."Ö ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǯƢȀƬǻơ Dzǰnjƫ Ǻdz ƢĔƗ śǧǂǘdzơ
.ÎÏÓ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÕÍ)
.ǽȐǟƗ ÐÔÖ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÕÎ)
.Handl, “Balancing of interests …”, pp.169–170 (ÐÕÏ)
163 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƢƆºǬǧȁ ƨºdzƢūơ ƨLJơǁƾdz ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǵƾƌǫ ȅǀdzơ ƤǴǘdzơ Ŀȁ -ÏÐÖ
/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÏÍ ƹǁƚºŭơ ƨºǸǰƄơ ǶǰƷ ǺǷ ÓÐ ƧǂǬǨǴdz
ƾºǓ ơƾºǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ) ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ÎÖÔÑ ŐǸLjȇƽ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǾȇƗǁ Ŀ ƢǷȁǁȂǯ ȆǓƢǬdzơ ǚƷȏ (ƢLjǻǂǧ
ǂºǏƢǠŭơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƤƳơȁ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬƸĄȇ
ńƛ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǾƦǼš ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǷ Śǘƻ ȁƗ ǢdzƢƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ǵƾǠƥ
.(ÐÖÍ)Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂǷ ƣǂLjƬƥ ƵƢǸLjdzơ ǵƾǟ Ŀ DzưǸƬŭơ ƤƳơȂdzơ ƤǻƢƳ
ȃȂǟƾdzơ džLJƗ Ŀ ƪƦƫ Ń ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ -ÏÑÍ
."ƨȈǼǬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƣƢƦLJȋ" ƨȈǔǬdzơ Ŀ
DžȁǁƢǸȈǣƢǻ - ȂǧȂǰnjȈƬƥƢǣ ǝȁǂnjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǔǬdzơ DZȁƢǼƬƫȁ -ÏÑÎ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭƢƥ ǪºǴǠƬƫ ƨǴƠLJƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ (ÐÖÎ)(Gabþíkovo-Nagymaros)
ǂǷȋơ DZȁƗ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ǾƬǷƾǫ ȅǀdzơ ƤǴǘdzơ ǹƢǯ ǺƠdzȁ .ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧȁ
DzǬĄǏ ƾǫ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ "ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ" DZȁƢǼƬƫ ƩơǁƢƦǟ Ŀ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ ǢȈǏ ƾǫ
ƩơƾºǿƢǠŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ ǩƢȈLjdzơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ǞǓȁȁ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ
ƧƾºǿƢǠŠ ƨȈǔǬdzơ Ŀ ǝơDŽºǼdzơ ǪǴǠƬȇȁ .DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ
- ȂǧȂǰnjºȈƬƥƢǣ ƾºLJ ǵƢºǜǻ ƾȈȈnjºƫ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ Ŗdzơ ÎÖÔÔ
ƢºȇǁƢǤǼǿ ƪǬǧơȁ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠȁ ǾǴȈǤnjƫȁ DžȁǁƢǸȈǣƢǻ
ƨǰƦNj "ǭǂƬnjǷ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ" Dzǰnjƥ ǶȈǬƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƫȁ
ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjºƫȁ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ Ŀ Dunakiliti ǂĔ ȄǴǟƗ Ŀ ƩƢǻơDŽƻ
ƨȈǟǂǧ ƧƢǼǫȁ ȅǁƢǤǼŮơ ƤǻƢŪơ ȄǴǟ Dunaliliti Ŀ ƾLJ ǵƢǬĄȇ ƮȈŞ
ȅǀºdzơ ƣȂǻơƾdzơ ǂĔ ȃǂů ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ DZȂƸƬdz ȆǰȈnjƬdzơ ƤǻƢŪơ ȄǴǟ
ƨºȈƟƢǷǂȀǰdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ǹƢƬǘŰȁ ƨLJȂǿȋơ ǺǷ ƨǰƦNj ǾȈǴǟ ƾȈnjĄƬLJ
Ŀ ȃǂºƻƗȁ ȆǰȈnjºƬdzơ ƤºǻƢŪơ ȄǴǟ Gabþíkovo Ŀ ƧƾƷơȁ
.ǂȀǼdzơ ǝƢǫ ǪȈǸǠƫ Ǻǟ ȐƆ ǔǧ ȅǁƢǤǼŮơ ƤǻƢŪơ ȄǴǟ Nagymaros
ȆǷƢºǟ śƥ ƢȀǴǸǟ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ƩơƾdzȂǷ ƗƾƦƫ ǹƗ ǑȁǂǨŭơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯȁ
.ÎÖÖÍȁ ÎÖÕÓ
ÎÖÖÑ ǵƢºǟ ŕƷ ǽƾȇƾŤ ȃǂƳ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ƾǟȂŭơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ -ÏÑÏ
ȃƾƷƛ ǦȈǴǰƬƥ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ Ȃǿȁ śǧǂǘdzơ ƾƷƗ ǵƢǫ Ǿƫơƿ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀȁ
ƩơǁƢºƦƬǟȐdz ƨºȇȂdzȁȋơ ƔȐȇƛ ǞǷ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ǶȈȈǬƫ ƧƽƢǟƜƥ ƩƢȀŪơ
Ŀ Ǯºdzƿ ƾºǠƥȁ .ƨȇƽƢǐºƬǫȏơ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ɣơǃƛ ƨȈƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ
ǺºǷ ƢºŮ ǞƥƢºƬdzơ ƤǻƢŪơ Ŀ ƾȈȈnjƬdzơ ǪȈǴǠƬƥ ƪǷƢǫ ÎÖÕÖ ǵƢǟ
ƩȏƢǐºƫȏơ Dznjºǧ ȃƽƗȁ DžȁǁƢǸȈǣƢǻ - ȂǧȂǰnjȈƬƥƢǣ ǝȁǂnjǷ
ƨºǷȂǰƷ ǵƢºȈǫ ńƛ śƦǻƢºŪơ śºƥ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơȁ
__________
Request for an Examination of the Situation in (ÐÖÍ)
Accordance with Paragraph 63 of the Court’s Judgment of 20
December 1974 in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) Case,
ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .Order of 22 September 1995, I.C.J. Reports 1995, pp. 378
Sir Geoffrey Palmerȁ Weeramantry śȈººǓƢǬǴdz ǦdzƢººƼŭơ ȅƗǂººdzơ
.ÑÏÎ-ÑÍÓȁ ÐÑÔ-ÐÑÒ Ǎ
Gabþíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia), (ÐÖÎ)
.Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1997, p. 7
ƩƾºƥƗ ƨƬǫƚŭơ ƨȇƢǸūơ Śƥơƾƫ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǑǂǠǷ Ŀȁ -ÏÐÓ
ƾǠƦƬLjºƫ Ń ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơ ǮǴƫ ǹƘƥ ƢȀǟƢǼƬǫơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ
ƤºLJǂƫ ǾƦċƦLJ ƾǫ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJȋ ǁǂǔdzơ ƭȁƾƷ ǹƗ śƦƬȇ ǹƗ DZƢǸƬƷơ
ǾǻƗȁ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ ǮǴƫ Ǻǟ ƲƫƢǻ ŅơǂƬLJȋơ ǶȈǴǫȍơ ȄǴǟ ƨǠnjǷ ƨǗƢǬLJ
ȅƗǂºƥ ƢƆºǻƢȈƥ Ignacio-Pinto ȆǓƢǬdzơ ǁƾǏƗȁ .ƱȐǠǴdz DzƥƢǫ Śǣ
ńƛ ǂǬƬǨƫ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹƘƥ ƨǴƟƢǬdzơ ǽǂǜǻ ƨȀƳȁ Ǻǟ ǾȈǧ ƣǂǟƗ ǦdzƢű
:ǂǯƿ ǾǻƗ Śǣ ƨȈǔǬdzơ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ǍƢǐƬƻơ
Ƨǂǰǧ Dzƻƾƫ ǹƗ ƪǰNjȁȋ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ƤǴǗ ǾȈǟƾȇ ƢŠ ƩǀƻƗ Ȃdz ƨǸǰƄơ ǹƗ
ȅƘºƥ ǞǴǘǔƫ ǹƗ ƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ DZȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ǂǜŹ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƨǟƾƬƦǷ
ƨdzȁƽ ȅƗ ƶǼǷ ǽƢǼǠǷ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǰdzȁ žƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢēƽƢȈLJ ƨǬǘǼǷ Dzƻơƽ ǕƢnjǻ
.(ÐÕÓ)ȃǂƻȋơ DZȁƾǴdz ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ǹȁƚnjdzơ Ŀ ȆƟƢǫȂdzơ DzƻƾƬdzơ ǪƷ
Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƨǼǿơǂdzơ ƨdzƢūơ Ŀ" Ǿǻƛ ƆȐƟƢǫ ǥƢǓƗȁ -ÏÐÔ
ƩƢǟƢǠNjȍơ ǂǘƻ‘ ȏȁ ‘ǪǴǬdzơ‘ ȏȁ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ‘ǥȂţ‘ ȆǨǰȇ ȏ
ǺǷ ƾūơȁ DZȁƾdzơ ǞȈŦ ȄǴǟ ȄǴǟƗ ǹȂǻƢǫ Ǒǂǧ ǂȇŐƬdz ‘ȅǁǀdzơ
ȃƗǁȁ .(ÐÕÔ)ƨºȇȂŪơ ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢēƽƢȈLJ
Ɔơƽơȁǁ ǹȂºǴưŻ ƽƢǔºŭơ ȅƗǂdzƢƥ ǹȁǀƻƘȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǹƢǯ ƢŠǁ ǾǻƗ
džȈdz ǾǻƗ Śǣ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ȆŸǁƾƬdzơ ǂȇȂǘƬǴdz ǵƢǜǻ ǞƟȐǗ ȁƗ
ƨǼǿơǂdzơ ƨdzƢūơ ŚȈǤƬdz ƆƢȈƻȂƫ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ǶēƢƦǣǁ ǀƻƗ DŽƟƢŪơ ǺǷ
.(ÐÕÕ)"ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ȑ
Ɔ ƯƢŲ ơƆǂǷƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƩǁƾǏƗȁ -ÏÐÕ
ÏÏ Ŀ ƹǁƚºŭơ ƪºǫƚŭơ ƨºȇƢǸūơ ǂǷƗ Ŀ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ DzǣơȂnjƥ
:ŅƢƬdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÔÐ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ
ƨǗƢǬLjdzơ ńƛ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǴLjǴLJ ǺǷ ƧƾƷơȁ Dzǯ ƪǧƢǓƗ ƾǬdz
ǺºǷ DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨǬƦǘŭơ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǹƛȁ žơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƨǠnjŭơ
ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ƾǫ ǝƢǠNjȎdz ǑǂǠƫ ȅƗ ǹƗ Ŀ DzưǸƬƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ƤǻƢƳ
ǝƢǠNjȍ ĿƢǓƛ ǑǂǠƫ ȅƗ ǹƛȁ ƆƢȈǼȈƳȁ ƢƆȈǻƾƥ ƧǁƢǓȁ ƱȐǠǴdz ƨǴƥƢǫ Śǣ ǁƢƯƕ
ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǹƛȁ žƢȇơDŽǷ ǺǷ ǾǼǟ ǶƴǼȇ ƢŠ ȏƛ ǽǂȇŐƫ ǺǰŻ ȏ ȆǟƢǼǘǏơ
ƨǠnjŭơ ƨǗƢǬLjdzơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǞǷ ƢēȐLJơǂǷ Ŀ ơƆÅǁơǂǷ ƩǁƢNjƗ ƾǫ
ƤLjºŞ ƧǁƢºǓ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬǴdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ńƛ Dzǐƫ Ŗdzơ
Dzưŭ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ǒȇǂǠƫ ǁŐƫ ƨȈǔȇȂǠƫ ƧDŽȈǷ ƾƳȂƫ ȏ ǾǻƗȁ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƢȀƬǠȈƦǗ
ƭȂºǴƬdzơ ǑǂǠȇ Ŗdzơ Ƨƾǯƚŭơ Śǣ ƨȈǼȈŪơȁ ƨȈǻƾƦdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ ǹƗȁ žǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ
ƧǁȂǐºƥ ȏƆ ƢǤnjºǻơȁ ƢƆǬǴǫȁ ƢƆǧȂƻ ƤǠnjdzơ ơǀŮ ƤƦLjƫ ƢŮ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ƤǠNj
ǺǷ ƪǐǬƬǻơ Ŗdzơ ǩȂǬūơ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ƽƢǠƬLjĄƫ ǹƘƥ DZƢǸƬƷơ ƾƳȂȇ ȏ ǾǻƗȁ ƧƽƢƷ
Ŀ ơƾºǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ŁƢǐdz ǶǰƷ ǁȁƾǏ DZƢƷ Ŀ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭơ ƔơǂƳƛ ƔơǂƳ
.(ÐÕÖ)"ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǮǴƫ
__________
.ÎÐÏ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÕÓ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÕÔ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÕÕ)
Ibid. (New Zealand v. France), Interim Protection, Order (ÐÕÖ)
ƨǸǰƄơ ǁƾǐƫ Ńȁ .of 22 June 1973, I.C.J. Reports 1973, pp. 140–141
Ignacio- ȆǓƢǬǴdz ǦdzƢƼŭơ ȅƗǂdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .ǝȂǓȂŭơ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǸǰƷ
.ÎÓÑ-ÎÓÐ Ǎ Pinto
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ÎÖÔÔ ǵƢǟ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơȁ" ÎÖÖÐ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÕ Ŀ
ȃǂºƻȋơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƝƽƢƦǷȁ ƾǟơȂǫȁ
(ÐÖÔ)
ƪƦƫ ǹƘƥ  "ǩƢƦǘǻȐdz ƢȀƬȈǴƥƢǫ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz śƦƬȇ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ Ŗdzơ
ƢºȇǁƢǤǼŮ ǪŹ ǹƢǯ ǹƛ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ Ŀ
ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ ǾƬǴǠǧ ƢǷ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǽǂƴǿ Ľ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ǪȈǴǠƫ
ǝȁǂnjºǷȁ ÎÖÕÖ ǵƢǟ DžȁǁƢǸȈǣƢǻ ǝȁǂnjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ DZƢǤNjȌdz
ǹƢºǯ ơƿƛ ƢºǷȁ ƢȀƬȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ƪºŢ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ȂǧȂǰȈnjƬƥƢǣ
Ŀ Ǫūơ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƨȈǯƢǧȂǴLjdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơȁ ƨȈǰȈnjƬdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸƴǴdz
ǽǀºȈǨǼƬdz ƨƠǗȂƫ ÎÖÖÎ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ŀ "ƪǫƚǷ DzƷ"
.ÎÖÖÏ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǺǷ ơƆǁƢƦƬǟơ
ƢºȀǷƢǸƬǿơ ƢºȇǁƢǤǼǿ ƪºdzċȂƷ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ŚLJ ƔƢǼƯƗȁ -ÏÑÓ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ śǻơȂǫ Ŀ ƽǂƫ džLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƩƾǸƬǟơȁ
DžƢºLJƗ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzǀƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ǁŐƫȁ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǂǐƬǬƫ Ń ǹƛȁ DZȁƾdzơ
ƭƾƸȈºLJ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ƨȈǟƾǷ (ÐÖÕ)"ƨȈƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ Ƨǁȁǂǔdzơ ƨdzƢƷ"
ǑơǂǬǻơȁ ǽƢȈŭƢƥ Śǘƻ DZȐƻƛȁ ȆǸǘǴdz ƤȈLJǂƫȁ ǽƢȈǸǴdz ƽȂǯǁ
ǑǂǠƬƬLJ ƢǸǯ ǂȀǼdzơ ǝƢǫ DzǯƖƫȁ ƨȇǂȀǼdzơ ƩƢƫƢƦǼdzơȁ ƩƢǻơȂȈƸǴdz
DžƢLJƗ ƽȂƳȁ ƢȀƦǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJ ƪǨǻȁ .ƾȇƾȀƬǴdz ƨȈƟƢŭơ DzƟơȂŭơ
ȃƾºƷƛ Ŀ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ǀȈǨǼƫ ǂƴǿ ȁƗ ǪȈǴǠƬdz ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƱǁƢƻ
ƢȀȈǟƾƫ Ŗdzơ Ƨǁȁǂǔdzơ ƨdzƢƷ ǹƘƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƪċƴƬƷơȁ .(ÐÖÖ)ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ
ǹȂǻƢºǫ ƢºǿǂǬȇ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ Ŀ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ǪȈǴǠƬdz ƢƆƦƦLJ Dzǰnjƫ Ń ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ
Ƨǁȁǂǔºdzơ" ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸȈǧ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƢȀǰǰnjƫ ƩƾƥƗȁ .ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ
ǹȂǻƢºǬƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ "ȆƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ ǂǘŬơ" ȁƗ "ƨȈƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ
Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢºǼdzơ ǁǂǔºdzơ ƽƢǠƦƬLJȏ ƢƆǧǂǛ Dzōǰnjȇ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
Ŀ ƧǁȁǂǓ ƨdzƢƷ ƽȂƳȁ ƪǨǻ ƢĔƜǧ DZƢƷ ƨȇƗ ȄǴǟȁ .(ÑÍÍ)"DzǠǨdzơ
.(ÑÍÎ)Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ȁƗ ÎÖÕÖ ǵƢǟ ƔơȂLJ ƨȈǔǬdzơ
ƔDŽŪ ƢȀǔǧǁ ǑǂǠǷ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƪǜƷȏȁ -ÏÑÔ
ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƢŮ Ƣǿǂƴǿ Ľ DZƢǤNjȌdz ƢȀǬȈǴǠƬƥ ƢĔƘƥ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ƔƢǟƽơ ǺǷ
ƱƢƴƬƷȏƢƥ ǾǻƘƥ ƢȀǔǧǁ ȁƗ ÎÖÔÔ ǵƢǟ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǪȈǴǠƬƥ ǶǬƫ Ń
ǀºǼǷ ƢȀLjºǨǻ ƪǠǓȁ ƾǫ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ǹȂǰƫ Ƨǁȁǂǔdzơ ƨdzƢƷ ƗƾƦŠ
ƨºdzƢƷ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ơǀǿ řǠȇȁ .DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ ƨȇơƾƦdzơ
.(ÑÍÏ)ňȂǻƢǫ Śǣ ƢȀǰǴLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǥǂǜdzơ Ǯdzƿ DzưǷ ǂǧȂƫ ǵƾǟ
ǂǧȂƬƫ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸȈǧ ǂǜǼƬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƪǔǷȁ -ÏÑÕ
ƔȂǓ Ŀ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǶȈȈǬƬƥ ƪǷƢǫȁ .ǞƟƢǫȂdzơ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ Ƨǁȁǂǔdzơ ƨdzƢƷ
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƢȀƬǠǓȁ Ŗdzơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ
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.ÎÎ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÐÖÎ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1997 (ÐÖÔ)
ÑÎ śƫǂǬǨdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .ÑÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÐÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÖÕ)
.ÑÏȁ
.ÑÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÐÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÖÖ)
.ÑÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÍÍ)
.ÑÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÍÎ)
.ÑÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÐÖ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÍÏ)
164
ǞƦƬƬºLJơ ȅǀºdzơ (ÐÖÏ)"ƪǫƚǷ DzƷ" ƨǴǏơȂŠ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƫ
ńƛ ƣȂǻơƾºdzơ ǂºĔ DzȇȂŢȁ ƾȈȈnjƬdzơ DZƢǸǟƗ ǺǷ ƾūơ ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ
ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ .ƨȇƽƢƷƗ ƨȈǴǸǟ DzȇȂƸƬdzơ ǹƢǯȁ .ƨȈǯƢǧȂǴLjdzơ ȆǓơǁȋơ
/ǁƢºȇƗ ÎÖ Ŀ ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƩƢºǟƢǸŪơ ƨǼŪ ƢȀƬdzǀƥ Ŗdzơ ƽȂȀŪơ
ÎÖÔÔ ǵƢǟ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ƔƢĔƜƥ ơƆǁƢǘƻƛ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ƪǷƾǫ ÎÖÖÏ ȂȇƢǷ
.ÎÖÖÏ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÏÒ ǺǷ ơƆǁƢƦƬǟơ ƾƷơȁ ǥǂǗ ǺǷ
ƨȇȂLjƫ DznjǨdz ƨƴȈƬǻȁ ÎÖÖÏ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ŀȁ -ÏÑÐ
ƨȈǰȈnjºƬdzơ ƨºȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƾºǓ ƢƆƦǴǗ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ƪǷƾǫ ǝơDŽºǼdzơ
ƾºǫ ƢĔƗ ƪǟƽơȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ńƛ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƨȈǯƢǧȂǴLjdzơȁ
ǁȂǷƗ ƨǴŦ Ŀ DzƦǬƫ ǹƗ ƢŮ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ Ǿǻȋ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ƔƢĔƛ ńƛ ƪǠĉǧƽĄ
Ǿºdz ǖȈǘƼƬdzơ ȃǂƳ ƽȁƾLJ ǵƢǜǻ DzȈǤnjƫ ƤǫơȂǠdz ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǹƢǰLJ ǑǂǠƬȇ ǹƗ
ƤȈǐºȇ ǽǁƢLjºǷ ƤǴǫ ǺǰŻ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗȁ ƨǷƢǟȁ ƨȈǼǧ ƨƥƢǫǁ ǹȁƽ
ƣǂnjºdzơ ǽƢºȈǷ ƢȀºLJƗǁ ȄºǴǟȁ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơȁ ƨȈƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ ƽǁơȂŭơ
Ŀȁ ǁȂǿƾºƬdzơ ǹƗȁ ǹƢǰLjdzơ śȇȐŭ ƨǴǸƬƄơȁ ƆƢȈdzƢƷ ƧǂǧơȂƬŭơ ƢēƢȈǗƢȈƬƷơȁ
ơƆǁǂºǓ ǹƗȁ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƩƢǻơȂȈƷȁ ƩƢƫƢƦǻ ǹơƽƾȀȇ ǑơǂǬǻȏơ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ
ƤƦLjƥ ǹƢǰLjdzơ ƽƾē ƨǰȈNjȁ ƨƯǁƢǯ ǹƗȁ ƾȇǂǨdzơ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ǂǜǼŭơ ƽƾȀȇ ơƆŚǘƻ
ǾºƳȁȋ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƨȈǧƢǯ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƢŷǁơǂǬƬLJơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ DŽƳơȂūơȁ ƽȁƾLjdzơ
.(ÐÖÐ)ǖȈǘƼƬdzơȁ ƮƸƦdzơ ŅƢů Ŀ ǁȂǐǬdzơ
ƤƦLjȈLJ ƪǫƚŭơ Dzūơ ƾȈȈnjƫ ǹƗ Ǯdzǀǯ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ƪǟċƽơȁ -ÏÑÑ
ƔơǂºƳ ǺǷ" ƭƾŹ ƾǫ ƢǸǴưǷ "ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ ơƆƾȇƾNj ơƆǂǘƻ"
Dzºūơ ǹƗȁ "ȂǧȂǰnjȈƬƥƢǣ Ŀ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ƨǘƄ ƨȈǴǏȋơ ǖǘŬơ ǀȈǨǼƫ
ƨǷȐLjºdzơ ǮȀƬǼȇ ƣȂǻơƾdzơ ǂȀǼdz ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ȃǂĐơ DzȇȂƸƬdz ƪǫƚŭơ
Ŗdzơ ĿǂǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƝƽƢƦǷȁ ƾǟơȂǫȁ (ÐÖÑ)ƢȇǁƢǤǼŮ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ
ǞǼǷ ƗƾƦǷ" Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ (ÐÖÒ)ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǶǜǼƫ
ƢºǷ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ "ƧǁȁƢů ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ǂƯƚȇ ȅǀdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƧƢǼǫ ƨȈǔǫȁ Dzȇǂƫ ǂȀǐǷ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ Ŀ ǁȂǷƗ ƨǴŦ Ŀ ƽǂȇ
.(ÐÖÓ)ŃȂȀǯȂƬLJ ǹȐǟƛ ǺǷ ÏÎ ƧƽƢŭơȁ ȂǧǁȂǯ
ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴºLJ ƪƸƦǏƗ ÎÖÖÐ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Î Ŀȁ -ÏÑÒ
ǺºǷ ǹƢºǧǂǘdzơ ƤǴǗ ÎÖÖÐ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ Ï Ŀȁ .ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ƨdzȁƽ
ƿƢºǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ Dzƻƽ ǍƢƻ ǩƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ
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"Ʊ ŚǤƬºŭơ" ǶLJƢƥ ǥȁǂǠŭơ DzȇƾƦdzơ .ÎÎ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÖÏ)
ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƫ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƣȂǻơƾdzơ ǂȀǼdz ƾƷơȁ ǥǂǗ ǺǷ DzȇȂƸƬdzơ ǞƦƬƬLJơ
ƾǫȁ .Dunakiliti ǂĔ ȄǴǟƗ Ŀ ƩơǂƬǷȂǴȈǯ Ƨǂnjǟ ȂŴ ƨǧƢLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ
ǦȇǂǐºƬdz ýunovo ƾºǼǟ ƾLJ ƾȈȈnjƫ ƨȈƟƢȀǼdzơ ǾƬǴƷǂǷ Ŀ "Ʊ ŚǤƬŭơ" Dzſ
ǞƳǂŭơ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧƢǼǬǴdz ƨȈƥȂǼŪơ ƨǨǔdzƢƥ ƾLjdzơ ǖƥǂȇ DŽƳƢƷȁ ǽƢȈŭơ ǺǷ ǒƟƢǨdzơ
.(ÏÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ
.ILM, vol. XXXII (1993), p. 1261 (ÐÖÐ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÖÑ)
.ÎÏÕÓ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÖÒ)
Ń ǾºǻƘƥ ƩǂǫƗ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ .ÎÏÕÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÖÓ)
Ŀ ǂºǜǼǴdz ƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǾȈǴǟ ǶȈǬƫ DžƢLJƗ ǭƢǼǿ ƾƳȂȇ
.ƤǴǘdzơ
165 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ȃƾdz ƪǻƢǯ ǾǻƗ ȃǂƫ ȆȀǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ
.(ÑÍÔ)ƨdzƢƸǴdz ƨƥƢƴƬLJȐdz ȃǂƻƗ DzƟƢLJȁ
ƪºǜƷȏ ȂǧȂǰȈnjºƬƥƢǣ ǝƢǘǬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǨǧ ƆƢȈǻƢƯȁ -ÏÒÏ
Dunakiliti ǹơDŽƻ Ŀ ƨȈƸǘLjdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨȈǟȂǻ ȅƗ) ǂǘŬơ ǹƗ ƨǸǰƄơ
Ǻºǟ ȐƆ ǔǧ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨȈǟȂǻ ȄǴǟ ǁƢƯƕ ǺǷ ƢŮ ƢŠ
(ƣȂǻơƾºdzơ ǂȀǼdz řȇǂǤdzơ DzȀLjdzơ ƩƢƫƢƦǻȁ ƩƢǻơȂȈƷ ȄǴǟ ƢǿǁƢƯƕ
Ǯºdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .ƧƾǯƚǷ Śǣ DZơDŽƫ ȏȁ DzƳȋơ ƨǴȇȂǗ ƪǻƢǯ
ȃǂºƻƗ DzƟƢºLJȁ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ȃƾdz ǹƢǯȁ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨȈǟȂǻ ƪǼLjŢ ƾǬǧ
.(ÑÍÕ)ƢǿƢnjţ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ǁƢǘƻȌdz ƨƥƢƴƬLJȐdz
ǹƗ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾºǠdzơ ƨǸǰƄ śƦƫ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ DzȈǴƸƬdzơ Ŀȁ -ÏÒÐ
ƧǁȂǐƥ ƪƦưƫ Ń ƨǴǸƬƄơ ƢēǁȂǘş DZȐƻƛ ǹȁƽȁ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ǁƢǘƻȋơ
ȄºǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .(ÑÍÖ)"ƨǰȈNjȁ" ƪǻƢǯ ȏȁ ÎÖÕÖ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƨȈǧƢǯ
ȃǂºƻƗ DzƟƢLJȁ ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ȃƾdz ƢƆƷƢƬǷ ǹƢǯ Ǯdzƿ
ƨǸǰƄơ ǂƫ Ń ǾȈǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥȁ .(ÑÎÍ)ƧǁȂǐƬŭơ ǁƢǘƻȋơ ǮǴƬdz ƨƥƢƴƬLJȐdz
ƢȀǷơƾǫƜƥ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƨŪƢǠǷ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ǹƗ
ƧŚǘƻ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƩǂǓƗ ƾǫ" ÎÖÕÖ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǷƾǫƗ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ
Ŀ ƽǁơȂºdzơ ŘǠŭơ ǺǸǓ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƬdz (ÑÎÎ)"ƨȈLJƢLJƗ ƨƸǴǐŠ
ǹƗ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz śƦƫ ƾǬǧ ǾȈǴǟȁ .ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƢēƾǟƗ Ŗdzơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ
DžȁǁƢºǸȈǣƢǻ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ DZƢǤNjȋơ ǪȈǴǠƫ ƢŮ ǪŹ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ
ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ DZƢǤNjȋơ ǮǴƫ ǂƴǿȁ ȂǧȂǰȈnjƬƥƢǣ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǺǷ ƔDŽƳȁ
ÎÖÔÔ ǵƢºǟ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ƩƘnjǻƗ ȅǀdzơ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Ȃǿȁ ÎÖÕÖ ǵƢǟ
.ǾǻƘnjƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ƣđ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơȁ
ƨȈǰȈnjºƬdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨdzƘLjŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÏÒÑ
Ŀ ǝȁǂnjºdzơ ÎÖÖÎ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƢŮ ǪŹ ǹƢǯ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƨȈǯƢǧȂǴLjdzơȁ
Ǯºdzƿ ƾºǠƥȁ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƫ ƩƾǯƗ ƾǫȁ (ÑÎÏ)"ƪǫƚǷ DzƷ"
ǀºȈǨǼƬdzơ ǞºǓȂǷ ǾǠǓȁȁ Dzūơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ǝȁǂnjdzơ ǹƗ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJ
Ǯºdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢºǓȍƢƥȁ .ƢƆºȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjǷ Śǣ ȏƆ ƢǠǧƗ Dzǰnjȇ Ń
DzºƷ Ȃǿȁ (ÑÎÐ)"œȇǂǬƬdzơ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ƗƾƦǷ" ńƛ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJ ƩƾǼƬLJơ
ƲĄƬƷơ DzȇƾƦdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ȆǴǏȋơ ǝȁǂnjǸǴdz ǹȂǰȇ ƢǷ ƣǂǫƗ
ơƆŚƥƾºƫ ǹƢºǯ ǾǻƘƥ ǽǂȇŐƫ ǺǰŻ ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ǞǓȂǷ Dzūơ ǞǓȁ ǹƘƥ
ƢƆǯƢȀºƬǻơ ƾǠĄȇ ƪǫƚŭơ Dzūơ ǹƗ Ƣǿǁȁƾƥ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ƪǟƽơȁ .ơƆƽƢǔǷ
Ƨƽǁơȁ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏ ƢƆǫǂƻȁ ÎÖÔÔ ǵƢǟ ƧƾǿƢǠŭ ƨȈǧƢǯ ƨƳǁƾƥ ƢƆǸȀǷ
.ǵƢǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀȁ ȃǂƻƗ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ
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.ÒÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÑÐ-ÑÏ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÍÔ)
.ÒÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÑÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÍÕ)
.ÒÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÑÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÍÖ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÎÍ)
.ÒÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÑÓ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÎÎ)
.ÓÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÎÏ)
.ÓÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÒÎ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÎÐ)
ȏ ǾǻƗ Ʃǁǂǫȁ .ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ
ƨǫƾƥ ƧƽƾŰ ƩȏƢƷ DzǛ Ŀ ȏƛ Ƨǁȁǂǔdzơ ƨdzƢŞ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǺǰŻ
džǰǠƫ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƧŚnjǷ ƨȈǠȈǸš ƧǁȂǐƥ ƢȀȈǧ ǂǜǼȇȁ
:ĿǂǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
DzǠǨdzƢƥ ƪǷƢǫ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz "ƨȈLJƢLJƗ ƨƸǴǐǷ" Ǯdzƿ ƤƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ
ƾǫ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ ƨƸǴǐŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗȁ žƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƢēƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƾƷƗ ǞǷ ǑǁƢǠƬȇ ȅǀdzơ
ǹƢǯ ǺǠǘǴdz ǑǂǠƬȇ ȅǀdzơ DzǠǨdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗȁ ž"ǮȈNjȁȁ ƾȇƾNj ǂǘƻ" dz ƪǓǂǠƫ
Ƨƾnjƥ DzƻƗ" ƾǫ DzǠǨdzơ ơǀǿ ǹȂǰȇ ȏƗȁ ƨƸǴǐŭơ ǮǴƫ ƨȇƢǸū "ƧƾȈƷȂdzơ ƨǴȈLJȂdzơ"
Ŗºdzơ ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ȏƗȁ žƢȀǿƢš ǵơDŽƬdzơ ƾƳȂȇ Ŗdzơ "ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨȈLJƢLJƗ ƨƸǴǐŠ
.(ÑÍÐ)"Ƨǁȁǂǔdzơ ƨdzƢƷ ƭȁƾƷ Ŀ ƪǸȀLJƗ ƾǫ" DzǠǨdzơ Ǯdzǀƥ ƪǷƢǫ
Ǖȁǂnjºdzơ ǮǴƬƥ ƪǧȁƗ ƾǫ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢŲ ƾǯƘƬǴdzȁ -ÏÑÖ
ȅƗ" ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƾš Ń ǽǂƴǿ ȁƗ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ǪȈǴǠƫ ƪǫȁ
ƢºȇǁƢǤǼǿ ƢȀºǼǟ ƪƥǂǟƗ Ŗdzơ DzǣơȂnjdzơ ǹƘƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ Ŀ ƨƥȂǠǏ
ǝȁǂnjºǷ ƔơǂºƳ ǺǷ ƧǁǂǔƬŭơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƢȀƬƠȈƥ ǹƘnjƥ
ǮºǴƬdz ƨȈºLJƢLJƗ ƨƸǴǐǷ" ƥ DzǐƬƫ DžȁǁƢǸȈǣƢǻ - ȂǧȂǰnjȈƬƥƢǣ
ƢēƾºǟƗ Ŗºdzơ ƽơȂºŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ŘǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ "ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ƢºȀȈdzȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƧŚƦǰdzơ ƨȈŷȋơ ȃƾǷ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩƾǯƗȁ .(ÑÍÑ)"ƨǼƴǴdzơ
.ƨǧƢǯ ƨȇǂnjƦǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ Dzƥ ƤLjƸǧ DZȁƾǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ȏ ƨƠȈƦǴdz
ȄǴǟȁ ƨdzƢūơ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƪǯǁƽƗ ǺƠdzȁ -ÏÒÍ
Ƨǁȁǂǔdzơ" ƗƾƦǷ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǵȂǬȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ǞƟƢǫȁ ƽȂƳȁ DZƢǸƬƷơ ǎƻȋơ
ǂºǘŬơ ǹƘºƥ DZȂƦǬdzơ Ŀ ƨƥȂǠǏ ƩƾƳȁ ƢĔƗ ȏƛ "ƨȈƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ
ǵƢǜǼdz ȆƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ ǂƯȋơ ǦǼƬǰƫ Ŗdzơ (ÑÍÒ)"ǭȂǰnjdzơ" ȅƗ) ǵȂǟDŽŭơ
ǂºǘŬơ Ǯºdzƿ ǹƢǯ ơǀdzȁ ƨȇƢǨǰdzơ ǾȈǧ ƢŠ ơƆƾǯƚǷ ǹƢǯ (ƽȁƾLjdzơ
ǀºƦǻȁ ǪȈǴǠƬdzƢºƥ ǁƢǘƻȍơ DzLJǁƌƗ ƢǷƾǼǟ ÎÖÕÖ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƢƆǰȈNjȁ
ƾǠƦƬLjƫ Ń Śǘƻ Ȃǿ ƢǷ ǦȇǂǠƫ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǑǂǠǷ Ŀȁ .ǝȁǂnjŭơ
ƾºǫ DzȇȂǘdzơ ȃƾŭơ Ŀ ǂȀǜȈLJ ȅǀdzơ ‘ǂǘŬơ‘ ǹƗ DZƢǸƬƷơ" ƨǸǰƄơ
ǪºǬŢ ǹƛȁ ƤºLJƢǼŭơ ƪºǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǾºƫƢƦƯƛ ƽǂĐ ƢƆǰȈNjȁ ǹȂǰȇ
ơƆƾºȈǯƘƫ DzǫƗ ƤƦLjdzơ ơǀŮ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ƆơƾȈǠƥ ơƾƥ ƢǸȀǷ ǂǘŬơ Ǯdzƿ
.(ÑÍÓ)"ƨȈǸƬƷ ȁƗ
ƩǁƢºNjƗ DžȁǁƢºǸȈǣƢǻ Ŀ ƨdzƢūƢƥ ƆȏȁƗ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÏÒÎ
ȄǴǟƗ ǹơDŽƻ ńƛ ƨƥȂLjǼŭơ ǁƢǘƻȋơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ
DZơDŽºƫ ȏȁ ƢȀǸǜǠǷ Ŀ DzƳȋơ ƨǴȇȂǗ ƨǠȈƦǗ Ʃơƿ ƪǻƢǯ ǂȀǼdzơ
ƾºǬǧ ǾǴǨLJƗ Ŀ ǂȀǼdzơ ǝƢǫ ǑƢǨŵƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ƧƾǯƚǷ Śǣ
ǹƢǯ ƮȈƷ ƆƢƷƢūƛȁ ƧƾNj ǂưǯƗ ǂǘŬơ ơƾƥ ǺƠdzȁ ǾǻƗ ńƛ ƩǁƢNjƗ
DzƦǫ ǾǬȈǸǠƫ Ļ ǂȀǼdzơ ǝƢǫ ǹƜǧ ƣǂnjdzơ ǽƢȈǷ ƩơƽơƾǷƛ Ŀ ǂƯƚȈLJ
ǝȁǂnjŭơ ǺǷ ƆƢǠƥƢǻ Ɔơǂǘƻ DzưǸȈdz Ǻǰȇ ǶǴǧ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ .ÎÖÕÍ ǵƢǟ
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.ÒÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÑÎ-ÑÍ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÍÐ)
.ÒÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÑÎ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÍÑ)
.ÒÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÑÏ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÍÒ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÍÓ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƮƷ Ȃǿ ƢȀǓǂǣ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ :Ȇǿȁ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ȃǂƻȋơ
ƤºƳȂŠ ƢºēƢǷơDŽƬdzȏ DZƢưƬǷȏơ ȄǴǟ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǠǨǴdz ƨƦǰƫǂŭơ
ǁƢLjºǷ ƤºǴǫ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥ ƤŸ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷȁ žŅȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
Ŀ ǾºƳȂŭơ DZơƚLjºdzơ ȄǴǟ Ƣǿƽǁ ǑǂǠǷ Ŀȁ .(ÑÎÕ)ŚƥƾƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ
ǹƗ Ǯºdzƿ ȄºǴǟ ƔÅ ƢºǼƥ ƨºǸǰƸǸǴdz śƦºƫ ǍƢºŬơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ
ŐǸǧȂºǻ/ňƢºưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ŀ ǝȁǂnjdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƬdz
Ŀ ǭơǀºǻƕ ơƆǁȂǐºŰ ǹƢºǯ ƢºǷ ǁƾǬƥ ƪǫƚǷ DzƷ Ŀ ÎÖÖÎ
śǠƬºȇ ȅǀdzơ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ ƢƆǬƦLjǷ ƽƾŢ Ń DZƢǸǟƘƥ ǝȐǘǓȏơ
Ŀ Ǫūơ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƬdz džȈǴǧ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .ǽƿƢţơ ƢȀȈǴǟ
/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ǺºǷ ơƆǁƢƦƬǟơ ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ǞǓȂǷ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ ǞǓȁ
.(ÑÎÖ)ÎÖÖÏ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ
ȅǀºdzơ ǶºǰƸǴdz ƨȇŚLjǨƬdzơ ƤǻơȂŪơ ǺǷ ƔƢȀƬǻȏơ ƾǠƥȁ -ÏÓÍ
ǒºǠƥ ƾȇƾŢ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƪǟǂNj ǾƫǁƾǏƗ
ƨºȈƟơǂƳȍơ ȆƷơȂǼdzơ ǹȂǰƫ śǧǂǘǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁ ǩȂǬūơ
ơǂǜǼȇ ǹƗ śǧǂǘdzơ ǺǷ ƪƦǴǗ ƾǫȁ .ƢǸȀǫƢǨƫơ ǝȂǓȂǷ Ƣđ ƨǴǐƬŭơ
DzȈǤnjºƫ ƔơǂºƳ ǺǷ ƨƠȈƦǴdz ƭƾŢ Ŗdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ ńƛ ƾȇƾƳ ǺǷ ƢƆȇȂLJ
ńƛ ǍȂǐŬơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ȐǏȂƬȇ ǹƗȁ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ȂǧȂǰȈnjƬƥƢǣ ƨǘŰ
ǂȀºǼdz ʼnƾºǬdzơ ǑȂºūơ Ŀ ƢȀǫȐǗƛ śǠƬȇ Ŗdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ Ƕƴū DzƷ
Ʃǂºǯƿȁ .ǂȀºǼdzơ ŖǨǓ ƢƬǴǰdz śȈƦǻƢŪơ śǟơǁǀdzơ Ŀȁ ƣȂǻơƾdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ Ǿƥ ƪǷƢǫ ȅǀdzơ ƢǿƾȇƾŢ ǑǂǠǷ Ŀ ƨǸǰƄơ
ǞƥƢǗ ƤƦLjƥ ƨȇƢǫȂdzơȁ ƨǜǬȈdzơ Ƨǁȁǂǔdz ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ DZƢů Ŀ ƢȀǼǷ ƢƆǯơǁƽƛ ǾǻƗ
Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ƽȂȈǬdzơȁ ƢƆƦdzƢǣ ǽǁƢLjǷ ƤǴǫ ǺǰŻ ȏȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƤȈǐȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
.ǁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿ Ǻǟ Ƣēơƿ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨȈdzƕ
ȃǂƻƗ ƣƢƦLJƗȁ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫơ ƣƢƦLJȋȁ ǁȂǐǠdzơ ȃƾǷ ȄǴǟ ǂnjƦdzơ ǹƜǧ
ƢƆƦdzƢǣ ȆǓƢŭơ Ŀ ƭƾŹ ơǀǿ ǹƢǯȁ .ǁơǂǸƬLJƢƥ ƨǠȈƦǘdzơ Ŀ DzƻƾƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ơȂƥƗƽ
ƨºǬǸǠƬŭơ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƨȈǸǴǠdzơ ƧǂǜǼdzơ ƤƦLjƥȁ .ƨƠȈƦdzơ ȄǴǟ ǁƢƯȊdz ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǹȁƽ
ƨºȈdzƢūơ ƢŮƢȈƳƘƥ - ƨȇǂnjƦdzơ ƤȈǐƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ǁƢǘƻȋƢƥ ȆǟȂdzơ ƽƢȇƽǃơȁ
ǹȁƽȁ ƨºLJȁǁƾǷ Śǣ ƩơȂǘş ƩȐƻƾƬdzơ ǮǴƫ ƨǴǏơȂǷ ƔơǂƳ ǺǷ - ƨǴƦǬŭơȁ
ǭȂǰǐºdzơ ǺºǷ ŚƦǯ ƽƾǟ Ŀ Ʃƽǁȁ ƧƾȇƾƳ ŚȇƢǠǷȁ ƝƽƢƦǷ ƩƘnjǻ ƽȂȈǫ
ȄǘǠĄȇ ǹƗȁ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǮǴƫ ǞǓȁ śǠƬȇȁ .śǬƥƢLjdzơ ǺȇƾǬǠdzơ DZȐƻ
ƨǘnjºǻƗ DZȁƾdzơ ȄƻȂƬƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǖǬǧ džȈdz ƧƾȇƾŪơ ŚȇƢǠǸǴdz ƶȈƸǐdzơ ǹǃȂdzơ
ȃǂºƳ ƾºǫȁ .ǪƥƢLjºdzơ Ŀ ƢēƗƾƥ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ DzǏơȂƫ ƢǷƾǼǟȁ Dzƥ ƧƾȇƾƳ
Ŀ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧȁ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ śƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ƧǁȁǂǓ Ǻǟ ƨǟơŐƥ ƣơǂǟȍơ
.(ÑÏÍ)ƨǷơƾƬLjŭơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ ǵȂȀǨǷ
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.ÕÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÒÔ-ÒÓ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÎÕ)
ƨºǸǰƄơ ńƛ ƤǴƌǗ ƾǫȁ .ÕÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÒÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÎÖ)
ƔƢĔƜƥ ÎÖÖÏ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÎÖ ƹǁƚŭơ ǁƢǘƻȎdz ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ ƽƾŢ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ
.(ÎÎÒ-ÕÖ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǂǜǻơ) .ÎÖÔÔ ǵƢǟ ƧƾǿƢǠŭ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ
.ÎÑÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÔÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÏÍ)
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ǦºǴƬź ƪǫƚŭơ Dzūơ ǹƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ Ʃǁǂǫȁ -ÏÒÒ
ǵƢºǟ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ Ǻǟ Ƨƾnjƥ
ƨǰƦNj Dzǰnjȇ ƢƆǯǂƬnjǷ ơƆǁƢǸưƬLJơ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ƨǷƢǫȍ ÎÖÔÔ
Dzºūơ ȃƽƗ ƾºǫȁ .ǾºƬƟDŽš ǺǰŻ ȏȁ DZƢǤNjȌdz ƨȇǀȈǨǼƫ ƧƾȈǨǷ
ÕÍ śƥ ƢǷ ǎȈǐƼƬƥ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƫ ǵƢȈǫ ńƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ
DzƦǫ ƢȀƬǠǨǼǷȁ ƢȀǷơƾƼƬLJȏ ƣȂǻơƾdzơ ǂĔ ǽƢȈǷ ǺǷ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÖÍȁ
ǞǓȂƥ ǾǻƜǧ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ .ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǂȀǼdzơ ǑȂƷ ńƛ ǽƢȈŭơ ǮǴƫ ƧƽƢǟƛ
ǪºƦǘƫ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjºƫ Ǻºǰƫ Ń ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ǞǓȂǷ ƪǫƚŭơ Dzūơ
ƢºȀǷƢǰƷƗ ǒǠƥ ƪǰȀƬǻơ ƾǫ ƢƆǔȇƗ Ȇǿȁ .ÎÖÔÔ ǵƢǟ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ
.(ÑÎÑ)ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǡǧ ƪƦǰƫǁơ ǹȂǰƫ Ľ ǺǷȁ ƨŹǂǐdzơ
Śºǣ DzǠǧ ƣƢǰƫǁơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰƄ śƦƫ ǹƗ ƾǠƥȁ -ÏÒÓ
ȃȂºǟƽ ƪºǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸȈǧ ǂǜǼdzơ Ŀ ƪǟǂNj ƾǬǧ ƆƢȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjǷ
ȃǂƻƗ ƧǂǷ ƩƘŪ ƾǫȁ .ƢȀƬǿƢƳȁ ƢŮ ƧƽƢǔǷ Śƥơƾƫ ƿƢţƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ
.Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǾƫƾǟƗ ȅǀdzơ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ƽơȂǷ ńƛ
ǹƗ Ȃdzȁ ǾǻƗ DZȁȋơ ǵƢǬŭơ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰƄ śƦƫȁ -ÏÒÔ
ƾǬǧ ƆơƽƢǔǷ ơƆŚƥƾƫ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƨȈLjȈƟǁ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǵƾǬȇ Ń ƪǫƚŭơ Dzūơ
DZƢǤºNjȌdz ƢºȇǁƢǤǼǿ ǪºȈǴǠƫ ȄǴǟ ơƆƽǁ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ȆǴŪơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ
ƢȀºǴǠǧ ȄºǴǟ ơƆƽǁ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ƾǓ ǾƳȂǷ ǾǻƗȁ ǝȁǂnjǸǴdz Ƣǿǂƴǿȁ
.(ÑÎÒ)ǽǂƴǿȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ǪȈǴǠƫ Ȃǿȁ ƆƢȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ ǪƥƢLjdzơ
ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƫ ǹƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰƄ śƦƫ ƆƢȈǻƢƯȁ -ÏÒÕ
ǀȈǨǼƫ ǥƢǼƠƬLJơ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ńƛ ƢȀƦǴǘƥ ƢĔƜǧ ƧǁȁǂǔǷ ƨdzȁƽ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƪǟƽ ƾǫ ǹȂǰƫ ƧŚưǯ ƩơǂǷ Ŀ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ƢȀǷơDŽƬdzơ
ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ ƢȀǰǴLjǷ Ǻǟ Ǧǰdzơ ńƛ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ DzǠǨdz ƨƦǰƫǂŭơ
.(ÑÎÓ)Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ
ƪºǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢºǸȈǧ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ Ʃǂǜǻ ƆƢưdzƢƯ -ÏÒÖ
ƾºǼǟ ƢºŮ śƦƫȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǷ ƤLJƢǼƬƫ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƫ ƨƥƢƴƬLJơ
Ļ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǷ ƘǧƢǰƬƫ ƽƢǔŭơ ŚƥƾƬdzơ ǁƢƯƕ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƾȇƾŢ
ƧǂǘȈLjºdzơ ŅȂƬƥ ƧƽǂǨǼǷ ƢȀǷƢȈǬƥ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƫ ǹƗ Ǿdz ǑǂǠƬdzơ
Ŀ ƢºȀǬƷ ǺǷ Ǯdzǀƥ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ǵǂƸƬdz ǶLJƢǬƬǴdz Ǟǔź ƽǁȂǷ ȄǴǟ
ǞǷȁ - ƣȂǻơƾdzơ ǂȀǼdz ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽơȂŭơ ǺǷ DZȂǬǠǷȁ ǦǐǼǷ ƤȈǐǻ
ƨºȈƳȂdzȂǰȇƛ ȄǴǟ ǽƢȈŭơ ǮǴƫ DzȇȂŢ ȄǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ǁƢƯȉơ ǁơǂǸƬLJơ
Ǯdzǀºƥ ǝơǂºƫ Ń Ǯdzǀºƥ ƢĔƜǧ - Szigetköz ǂĔ ŖǨǓ ƨǬǘǼǷ
ǹƗ ƨºǸǰƄơ ŐºƬǠƫ Ńȁ .Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǾȈǔƬǬȇ ȅǀdzơ ƤLJƢǼƬdzơ
ȆǴǏȋơ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƣȂǻơƾdzơ ǂĔ DzȇȂŢ ȄǴǟ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ƨǬǧơȂǷ
DzȇȂŢ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ƧƽǂǨǼǷ ǝȁǂnjdzƢƥ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƬdz" DzȇȂţ ƨƥƢưŠ
ơƆŚƥƾƫ ǹƢǯ DzȇȂƸƬdzơ ǹƗȁ .(ÑÎÔ)"ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ƨǬǧơȂǷ ǹȁƽ Ƕƴūơ ơǀđ
ƨdzƘLjºŭơ DZȁƢǼƫ Ǻǟ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǠǼƬǷơ ƾǬǧ ơǀdzȁ .ňȂǻƢǫ Śǣ ơƆƽƢǔǷ
__________
.ÔÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÒÑ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÎÑ)
.ÕÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÒÓ-ÒÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÎÒ)
.ÕÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÒÓ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÎÓ)
.ÕÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÎÔ)
167 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ňƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ
ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ȅǀdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ
ȏƆ Ƣºů Ƨǂūơ ǩȂLjdzơ ƿƢţơ DzǠš ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ DzƟƢLjǷ ǺǷ
ƨȈǼǬƫ Śƥơƾƫ ǺǷ ǾǬȈƦǘƫ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ȆǔƬǬƫ ƢǷ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ DzȇȁƾƬdz
ƧƔƢǨǰdzơ ǵơƾǠǻơ ǽȂƳȁ ǺǷ ƢđȂnjȇ ƢŠ ƨȈǷȂǰūơ ƩƢǻƢǟȍơ ǺǷ DzǔǧƗ
.(ÑÏÏ)džǧƢǼƬdzơ ǁƢǸǔǷ Ŀ ƩƢȀȇȂnjƫ ǺǷ ǾƦƦLjƫ ƢǷȁ
ƗƆƾƦǷ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ǞǓȂȇ Ńȁ -ÏÓÑ
ƨǸǜǼǷ ƩƾǸǟ ÎÖÔÑ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ȅƗ śǷƢǠƥ ǾǠǓȁ ƾǠƥȁ .ƢƆȈǻȂǻƢǫ
Ǻºǟ ƧǂǯǀºǷ ǂnjǻ ńƛ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ
ÏÏÐ(ÔÑ)ǶȈºƳ ƨȈºǏȂƬdzơ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ƩƾǸƬǟơȁ .ǽǀȈǨǼƫ
.(ÑÏÐ)ÎÖÔÑ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÑ Ŀ
Ŀ ƨºȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ƨȈǏȂƬdzơ ǽǀǿȁ -ÏÓÒ
ƾȇƾƳ ǺǷ ƾǯƚƫ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ǀȈǨǼƫ ǹƘnjƥ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ
ǺºǷ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƔơDŽƳȋơ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ƗƾƦǸǴdz ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ DžƢLJȋơ
:ƨȈǏȂƬdzơ
ƔƢǔºǟȋơ DZȁƾºdzơ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ DzǰnjĄȇ -Î
ȆǔƬǬƫ Ŗdzơ ǾƬƸǧƢǰǷȁ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǞǼǷ Śƥơƾƫ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ǎȈǐƼƬdz ȆLJƢLJȋơ ƗƾƦŭơ
žƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ Ŀ ƢȀǬȈƦǘƫ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǾƐǧǂǠƫ ƢǸǯ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷȁ -Ï
Ŀ ǀºƻƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǮǴƫ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƤǻơȂŪƢƥ
ƨºȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƘnjǼƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ Ŗdzơ ƨǏƢŬơ DzǯƢnjŭơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ
ƧǂºǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƧƽƾƄơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǀȈǨǼƫ ǦȇǁƢǐǷ DzǸƸƬȇ ǹƗ ƭȂǴŭơ ȄǴǟ ǹƗ ǽƢǼǠǷ
ǹƗ ƤŸ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǁƢƦǠƥȁ .ƨdzȂƦǬǷ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƘƥ DzǨǰƬǴdz ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ
ƤƦLjºƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǷƾŬơȁ ǞǴLjdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ Ŀ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ǂƯƗ ǂȀǜȇ
.(ÑÏÑ)ǭȐȀƬLJȏơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƱƢƬǻȍơ Ŀ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
ǪºȈƦǘƬƥ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǵƢȈǫ ǹƗ śƦƬǧ ƨȈǏȂƬdzơ ȆǔŤȁ -ÏÓÓ
ǾºǼǟ Řºǣ ȏ ǂǷƗ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƢēƢLJƢȈLJ Ŀ ơƆƾƷȂǷ ƢƆǬȈƦǘƫ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀǿ
ȅƗ ƨºƷƢƫƛ Ǻǟ Ǧǰdzơ ńƛ DZȁƾdzơ Ȃǟƾƫ Ȇǿȁ .ǽǀȈǨǼƫ Ŀ ƵƢƴǼǴdz
Ŀ ƔơȂLJ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƤƦLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƢēƢǟƢǼǐdz ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ ǺǷ ǦȈǨţ
ǑǂǤdzơȁ .ƨȈƦȇǂǔdzơ ƢȀƟƢƦǟƗ ǺǷ ǦȈǨţ DzǰNj Ŀ ȁƗ ƩƢǻƢǟƛ DzǰNj
ƭȂºǴƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬƥ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ DzǨǰƬdzơ ǪȈǬŢ Ȃǿ ƢȀǼǷ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ
ńƛ ǩƢȈLjdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ Śnjȇ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzƢƥ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ DzǨǰƬdzơȁ .ȆƠȈƦdzơ
Ǟƴnjȇ ƨǴȈǴǫ ƩȏƢƷ ƔƢǼưƬLJƢƥ Ȃǿȁ .ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƤƦLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǟƢǼǐdzơ
.ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ǮǴƫ Ǟǧƽ Ŀ ƨºǟƢǼǐdzơ ƧƾǟƢLjǷ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ Ǧǯ ȄǴǟ
__________
Gaines, “The polluter-pays principle: from economic (ÑÏÏ)
.equity to environmental ethos”, p. 470
“The implementation of the polluter-pays principle (ÑÏÐ)
(ǽȐǟƗ ÑÏÎ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) OECD and the Environment Ŀ ƨƼLjǼƬLjǷ
.ÏÓ Ǎ
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÏÑ)
DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƮŞ ȃƾdz ǁƢnjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ -ÏÓÎ
ƨǸǜǼǷ ǾǣƢǏ ǺǷ DZȁƗ ǹƢǯ ƗƾƦǷ Ȃǿȁ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ńƛ
ơǀǿȁ .ÎÖÔÏ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ
Śưǯ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƗƾƦǷ Ǻǟ ǦǴƬź ƗƾƦŭơ
ƨºȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ
ǾºƬǨȈǛȁ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǃŐƫ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀđ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƲȀǼdzơ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ Ƕǜǻ Ŀ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƧƽȂƳȂǷ ƨǨȈǛȁ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈƷȐǏȍơ
ƨǷƢǟ Ƨǂǜǻ ǺǸǔƬȇ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǺǷ ǶLjǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƜǧ ơǀdzȁ .ƨȈǻƾŭơ
ǹȂǰȇ ȅǀdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƮƸƦȇ Ľ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ȄǴǟ
.Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƆȏȁƚLjǷ
Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ -ǦdzƗ
ȆźǁƢƬdzơ ǁȂǘƬdzơ -Î
ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ džǴů ǺǴǟƗ -ÏÓÏ
ƧƾºǸƬǠŭơ ǶȈƳ ƢȀƬȈǏȂƫ Ŀȁ .ÎÖÔÏ ǵƢǟ Ŀ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ
“Environment and economics: :ÎÖÔÏ ȂȇƢºǷ/ǁƢºȇƗ ÏÓ Ŀ
guiding principles concerning international economic aspects of
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ) environmental policies” (C(72)128)
ǽǀºǿ ƪǏȁƗ :(ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƤǻơȂŪƢƥ
:ȆǴȇ ƢŠ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǞǼǷ Śƥơƾƫ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ǎȈǐţ Ŀ ǾǷơƾƼƬLJơ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ ǹƛ
Ŀ ǾȇȂnjƬdzơ ƤǼšȁ ƧǁƽƢǼdzơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƽǁơȂǸǴdz ƾȈNjǂdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǞȈƴnjƬdz ǾƬƸǧƢǰǷȁ
ơǀºǿȁ ."Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ" ȄǸLjŭơ ƗƾƦŭơ Ȃǿ śȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ DZƢů
ǽȐºǟƗ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǀȈǨǼƫ ǦȇǁƢǐǷ DzǸƸƬȇ ǹƗ ƭȂǴŭơ ȄǴǟ ǹƗ ǽƢǼǠǷ ƗƾƦŭơ
ƧǁƢºƦǠƥȁ .ƨºdzȂƦǬǷ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƘƥ DzǨǰƬǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ Ƣēǁǂǫ Ŗdzơ
ƩƢǷƾºŬơȁ ǞǴLjdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ Ŀ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ǂƯƗ ǂȀǜȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ȃǂƻƗ
ŚƥơƾºƬdzơ ǮǴƫ ǹǂƬǬƫ ȏƗ ƤŸȁ .ǭȐȀƬLJȏơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƱƢƬǻȍơ Ŀ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƤƦLjƫ Ŗdzơ
.(ÑÏÎ)śȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ Ŀ ƢƆLJȂLjŰ ƢƆȀȇȂnjƫ ƾdzȂƫ ƩƢǻƢǟƜƥ
ƢƆºȈƠȈƥ ơƆǁǂǓ ƭƾŹ ȅǀdzơ ƭȂǴŭơ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ŐƬǠȇȁ -ÏÓÐ
ơǀǿȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ŐƳ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ Ǟǧƽȁ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƽ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ
ƗƾƦǸǯ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǾƬǠǓȁ ƗƾƦŭơ
ǞºǼǷ ŚƥơƾºƬdz ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ǎȈǐƼƬdz ƨǴȈLJȁ ǞųƗ ǾǨǏȂƥȁ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ
ƨºȈƠȈƦdzơ ƽǁơȂǸǴdz ƾȈNjǂdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǞȈƴnjƬdzȁ ǾƬƸǧƢǰǷȁ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
.śȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ DZƢů Ŀ ƩƢȀȇȂnjƬdzơ ƤǼšȁ ƧǁƽƢǼdzơ
ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƗ ǂȇǂǬƫ" Ȃǿ ƗƾƦŭơ ǾȈǴǟ ǵƢǫ ȅǀdzơ DžƢLJȋơ ǹƢǯȁ
__________
OECD and the Environment (Paris, OECD, 1986), annex, (ÑÏÎ)
.p. 24, para. 4
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ȄǴǟ DzǸnjȇ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƾǬƬǻơ ǑƢǨǔǧ ǦȇǂǠƫ ơǀǿȁ .(ÑÏÕ)"ǁǂǔdzơ
ǞǻƢǐŭơ ƣƢƸǏƗȁ śǟǁơDŽŭơȁ ƩơǁƢȈLjdzơ ȆǬƟƢLJ DZƢǸƬƷȏơ ǾƳȁ
ǵƾǟ DZƢƷ Ŀȁ .(ÑÏÖ)ƩȐǔǨdzơ ƨŪƢǠŭ ƨȈǴƄơ ƩƢǠǸƬĐơ ƩƖnjǼǷȁ
ơƆƾºȇƾŢ ƩƢºƠǨdzơ ǺºǷ ƨƠǨǯ śdzȁƚLjŭơ śƯȂǴŭơ ƾȇƾŢ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ
ǦȈdzƢºǰƬdzơ ƨºǷȂǰūơ ǎǐţ ǹƘƥ ȄǏȁƗ džǴĐơ ǹƜǧ ƢƆƸǓơȁ
.(ÑÐÍ)ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƧƔƢǨǰdzơ Ǻǟ Ȑ
Ɔ ǔǧ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƧƔƢǨǰdzơ ƨdzƢǨǯ ǥƾđ
ǹƗ śƦºƫ ơƿƛ ǾºǻƗ ȄºǴǟ ƨȈǏȂƬdzơ ǺǷ Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÏÔÍ
ǹƢǯȁ ƨƥȂǠǐdzơ ƾȇƾNj ȁƗ DzȈƸƬLjǷ ǂǷƗ ƭȂǴŭơ ȄǴǟ DZȏƾƬLJȏơ
Ƨƾºǟ Ǻǟ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǶƴǼȇ ƮȈƷ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ƢƆȈǨLjǠƫ ŅƢƬdzƢƥ
ƣƢƦLJƗ Ƨƾǟ Ǻǟ ȁƗ ȆǸǯơǂƫ ƭȂǴƫ DzǰNj ǀƼƬȈǧ ƨǼǷơDŽƬǷ ƣƢƦLJƗ
ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƨƸǧƢǰǷ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ǹƜǧ ƭȂǴƫ ƨǴLjǴLJ DzǰNj ǀƼƬȈǧ ƨƦǫƢǠƬǷ
ƨºȈǴǸǟ ǺǷ ȁƗ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƨǴLjǴLJ ǺǷ ƨǘǬǼdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƢȀǴǸŢ ƤŸ
Ŗºdzơ ƨȇǁơƽȍơȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ DzƟƢLJȂdzƢƥȁ ƶȈƬƫ Ŗdzơ ȆǸǯơǂƬdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
ǵƾǬƫȁ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ǂǜǼdzơ ŖȀƳȁ ǺǷ DzƷ DzǔǧƗ DzǨǰƫ
ƨºdzƢƷ Ŀ ƤºŸ ơǀǰǿȁ .ƨƠȈƦdzơ śLjŢ DzȈƦLJ Ŀ ƨŷƢLjǷ ǞųƗ
ƽƾºǟ ǹȂºǰȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǘǬǼdzơ Ŀ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ Ǒǂǧ ƭȂǴƬdzơ DzLJȐLJ
ƢºǷ DzȀºLJƗ ƨƸǧƢǰŭơȁ ǺǰŻ ƢǷ DzǫƗ ƢȀȈǧ śȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ śǴǤnjŭơ
śLjŢ DzȈƦLJ Ŀ ƨŷƢLjǷ ǞųƗ ƢȀȈǧ ǵƾǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǘǬǼdzơ Ŀ ȁƗ ǹȂǰƫ
.ƨLjǧƢǼŭƢƥ ƩƢȀȇȂnjƫ ǩƢūƛ ƤǼš ƢȀȈǧ ǶƬȇȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơ
ǹȂƯȂǴŭơ ƢǿƾƦǰƬȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ Ŗdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǷƗ -ÏÔÎ
:ƢȀǼǷ Ò ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ džǴĐơ ƨȈǏȂƫ ǎǼƫ
:DzǸŢ śƯȂǴŭơ ȄǴǟ
ƩƖnjºǼǷ Ŀ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ) ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƨƸǧƢǰǷ Śƥơƾƫ ƩƢǬǨǻ (Ɨ)
DzȈǤnjºƫ ǦȈdzƢºǰƫȁ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ DZƢƻƽƛȁ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƨƸǧƢǰǷ ƩơƾǠǷȁ
ƢǷ ńƛ ǽǀǿ ƪǔǷ Ȃdz ŕƷ Ǯdzƿȁ (Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƢǷȁ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƨƸǧƢǰǷ ƩƖnjǼǷ
žƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ƢȀƬǠǓȁ Ŗdzơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ƽȁƾƷ ǺǷ ƾǠƥƗ Ȃǿ
:ƨǓȁǂǨŭơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ (ƣ)
ƗƾºƦǷ ƤºƳȂŠ) ƭȂǴŭơ ƢȀǴǸƸƬȇ Ŗdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ DzǸnjƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ
ƢŠ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈǟȂǼƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǥƾǿ ǪȈǬƸƬdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƩƢǬǨǼdzơ ǞȈŦ ("Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ"
.ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƨƸǧƢǰǷ Śƥơƾƫ ǀȈǨǼƬƥ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨǘƦƫǂŭơ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ
ƾȈȈnjºƫ ƢºȀǨǴǰȇ ƢǷ Ȇǿ DzǸƸƬƫ ǹƗ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjǴdz ǃȂŸ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ
.(ÑÐÎ)ƩƢǬǨǻ ǺǷ ǾƬƦǫơǂǷȁ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƾǏǁ ƩƖnjǼǷ DzȈǤnjƫȁ ƔơǂNjȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzƢƥ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƔƢǔǟƗ ƾȀǠƫ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƽǁȁ ƾǫȁ -ÏÔÏ
DZƾºǟ ȅǀºdzơ ƾȈƷȂdzơ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ
__________
74/436/Euratom, ECSC, EEC: Council recommendation (ÑÏÕ)
of 3 March 1975 regarding cost allocation and action by public
authorities on environmental matters, Official Journal of the European
.Communities, vol. 18, No. L 194 (25 July 1975), annex, para. 3
.ÑÔÏ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Gaines ǂǜǻơ (ÑÏÖ)
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÑÏÕ ƨȈNjƢūơ) 74/436/Euratom ǂǜǻơ (ÑÐÍ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÐÎ)
168
ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƨƸǧƢǰǷ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ǹƜǧ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨȇǂǜǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ƤLjŞȁ
.ƨǟƢǼǐdzơ ǮǴƫ ƢȀƴƬǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǷƾŬơȁ ǞǴLjdzơ ȂǴǸǠƬLjǷ ƢȀǴǸƸƬȈLJ
ǹȁƢºǠƬdzơ ƨºǸǜǼǷ ƩǁƾǏƗ ÎÖÕÖ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ Ô Ŀȁ -ÏÓÔ
(ƨȈƟƢȀǼdzơ) ÕÕ(ÕÖ) ǶȈƳ ƢȀƬȈǏȂƫ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ
ƭȂºǴƬdzơ ǃȁƢºƴƬȇ ƢǷ ńƛ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ǩƢǘǻ ƪǠLJȁ Ŗdzơ
ǑǁƢǠdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ DzǸnjȇ Ȇǰdz ƨȇǁƢŪơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǾƦƦLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ǺǷDŽŭơ
Ŗºdzơ ƨȈǏȂƬdzơ DzȈȇǀƫ ǎǼȇȁ .(ÑÏÒ)ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƖnjǼŭơ ǺǷ ƨǏƢşȁ
Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǑǁƢǠdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ DZȁƢǼƬƫ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǾǼǷ
Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ řǠȇ ǑǁƢǠdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǁƢǘƻƘƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ DzƟƢLjŭơ Ŀ
Śƥơƾºƫ ƨºȇƗ ƿƢţơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ DzǸƸƬȇ ǹƗ ƧǂǘŬơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ DzǤnjǷ ȄǴǟ ǹƗ ƢƆǼǸǓ
Ŀ ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƨƸǧƢǰǷȁ ǞǼŭ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ
ǪƦLjºȇ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ śǻơȂǬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƢȀǬȈƦǘƫ Ʃǁǂǫ ƾǫ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ
.(ÑÏÓ)ƨƠȈƦdzơ ȁƗ ƨȇǂnjƦdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨȇƢŧ DzǨǰƬdz ƨƯƽƢƷ ƨȇƗ ǝȂǫȁ
ȄºǴǟ ǹƗ ǑǁƢǠdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÏÓÕ
.ƨȇŚLjºȈƫ ƣƢƦLJȋ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ DzǸƸƬȇ ǹƗ ƢǿǂȇƾǷ ȁƗ ƧƘnjǼŭơ DzǤnjǷ
ǹƜºǧ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ƨƯƽƢūơ Ǻǟ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ Ó ƧǂǬǨǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁȁ
ǺºǷ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƾǠƥ ǀƼƬȇ ƢǷ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ DzǤnjǸǴdz ƽǂȇ ǥǂǘdzơ ơǀǿ
ȄºǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨȈǏȂƬdzơ ǎǼƫȁ .ǑǁƢǠdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƨƸǧƢǰŭ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ Śƥơƾƫ
ƨºǴǠdz ǺǰŻ ȏ ƭƽƢƷ ǑǁƢǠdzơ ƭȂǴƬǴdz ƾȈƷȂdzơ ƤƦLjdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ
Ǯºdzƿȁ řǗȂºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ǾǼǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ DzǤnjŭơ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ƨǼĈȈƥ
ǾºƳȁ ȄºǴǟ DzǤnjǸǴdz ǺǰŻ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ƧŚǘƻ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƨƯǁƢǯ ǝȂǫȂǯ
ȏƗ Ǟǧƾºȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ǞǷ ǪǨƬȇ ƢŲ ǾǻƜǧ ƢȀǟȂǫȁ ǞǫȂƬȇ ǹƗ DZȂǬǠŭơ
.ƨƸǧƢǰŭơ Śƥơƾƫ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ DzǤnjŭơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ DzǸƸĄƫ
Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ô Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƩƢǟƢǸŪơ džǴů ƾǸƬǟơȁ -ÏÓÖ
ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ǾƬȈǏȂƫ ÎÖÔÑ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ
ǮºǴƫ ƪǧǂ˺ǟ 74/436/Euratom džǴĐơ ƨȈǏȂƫ Ŀȁ .(ÑÏÔ)Ǟǧƾȇ
ƧǂNjƢƦǷ Śǣ ȁƗ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǪƸǴȇ ǺǷ" ǾǻƘƥ "ƭȂǴŭơ" ƨȈǏȂƬdzơ
Ǯºdzƿ ǩƢºūƛ ńƛ ȅƽƚºƫ ƢƆǟƢºǓȁƗ ƾºƳȂȇ ȁƗ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ơƆǁǂǓ
__________
Ŀ ƨƼLjǼƬLjǷ (ÑÏÒ)
European Yearbook, vol. XXXVII, 1991, p.
“Certain financial aspects of action by public authorities ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .35
ÏÕ Ŀ Ƨƾº ºǸƬǠŭơ to prevent and control oil spills (C(81)32(Final))
OECD and the Environment Ŀ ƨƼLjºǼƬLjŭơȁ ÎÖÕÏ DzºȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ
“Concluding statement of the OECD ȁ žÎÒÖ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÑÏÎ ƨȈNjƢūơ)
ǂŤƚººŭơ Conference on Accidents Involving Hazardous Substances
(C(88)83) (OECD ÎÖÕÕ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÎÍ ńƛ Ö ǺǷ džȇǁƢƥ Ŀ ƽȂǬǠŭơ
.Environment Monographs No. 24 (Paris, May 1989), p. 9)
.ÐÔ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÑÏÒ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) European Yearbook (ÑÏÓ)
DzǸǟ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ DZȁƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .ILM, vol. 14 (1975), p. 138 (ÑÏÔ)
Official Journal of ÎÖÔÐ ǵƢǟ ǁƾǏ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƩƢǟƢǸƴǴdz
the European Communities, vol. 16, No. C 112, (20 December 1973),
ǦȈdzƢºǰƫ DzǸƸƬȇ ǹƗ ƗƾƦŭơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƭȂǴŭơ ȄǴǟ" ǹƗ ńƛ Śnjȇ Ȃǿȁ p. 6
."ǾƦƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ȃƿȋơ ƨdzơǃƛȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǼǷ
169 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǦȈdzƢºǰƬdzơ ƣƢǠȈƬLJơ ǞȈƴnjƫ ńƛ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ȄǠLjƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ
ǹƗ Ŀ DzưǸƬŭơ ƲȀǼdzơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ƨǠǓơȁ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ
ǁƢºƦƬǟȏơ ƔȐȇƛ ǞǷ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƨǨǴǰƫ DzǸƸƬȇ ǹƗ ƗƾƦŭơ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƭȂǴŭơ
. (ÑÐÒ)śȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzƢƥ DZȐƻƛ ǹȁƽȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨƸǴǐǸǴdz ƤƳơȂdzơ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ DZƢºưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƢNjƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǭƢǼǿȁ -ÏÔÔ
ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ DzǐƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơȁ ƣȁƢƴƬdzơȁ ƤǿƘƬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
DZƢǸnjºǴdz ƨºȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ žÎÖÖÍ ǵƢǠdz ȆǘǨǼdzơ
ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ž(ÑÐÓ)(OSPAR ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ) ȆLjǴǗȋơ ǖȈƸǸǴdz Ȇǫǂnjdzơ
ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ žǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ǂŞ ƨǬǘǼŭ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸū ÎÖÖÏ
ƨȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢĐơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơȁ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ žƭȂǴƬdzơ ǺǷ ƽȂLJȋơ ǂƸƦdzơ
ǁƢºƯȉƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁ žƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩơŚƸƦdzơȁ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ
.(ÑÐÔ)ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ žƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƭƽơȂƸǴdz ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ
ńƛ ǾƬƳƢƦȇƽ Ŀ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ Śnjȇȁ -ÏÔÕ
ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƝƽƢƦǷ ǺǷ ƢƆǷƢǟ ƗƆƾƦǷ" ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ
ǵơƾƼƬLJơȁ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ "ǥơǂǗȋơ ǺǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ DZȂƦǬǷȁ Ņȁƾdzơ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩơŚƸƦdzơȁ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢĐơ
.ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƭƽơȂƸǴdz ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁƢƯȉƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƨºƠȈƦdzơ džºǴů ǽǀţơ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ƔơǂƳȍơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀȁ -ÏÔÖ
Indian Council for Enviro-) Ǻȇǂºƻƕȁ ƾǼŮơ ƽƢŢơ ƾǓ ȅƾǼŮơ
ƨǸǰƄơ ƩƘƫǁơ (ÑÐÕ)(Legal Action v. Union of India and others
ǽƢºǧǁ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀȁ .ǶȈǴLJ ƗƾƦǷ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗ ƾǼŮơ Ŀ ƢȈǴǠdzơ
Vellore Citizens ) Ǻȇǂºƻƕȁ ƾºǼŮơ ƽƢŢơ ƾǓ Vellore řǗơȂǷ
ƨºǸǰƄơ ƩƾǯƗ (Welfare Forum v. Union of India and others
ƔDŽƴǯ ƢǸŮȂƦǫ ȃǂƳ ƾǫ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷȁ ȅǃơǂƬƷȏơ ƗƾƦŭơ ǹƗ"
Ŗºdzơ ƨȇǁȂƬºLJƾdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ DzȈǴŢ ƾǠƥȁ .(ÑÐÖ)"ƽȐƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ
ȃǂƻȋơ ǵƢǰƷȋơȁ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ƨȇǂūơ ƨȇƢŧȁ ƧƢȈūơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǺǸǔƫ
ƢǷ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƫ ǺǷ Śưǰdzơ" Ǻǟ ȐƆ ǔǧ ƨƠȈƦdzơ śLjŢȁ ƨȇƢǸŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
Ŀ ƽƽǂºƬƫ ȏ" ƨǸǰƄơ ǹƜǧ "ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ DZȐǬƬLJȏơ ƾǠƥ
ǺºǷ ƔDŽºƳ Ƣŷ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷȁ ȅǃơǂƬƷȏơ ƗƾƦŭơ ǹƘƥ DZȂǬdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƾǯƚƬdz ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǔǷȁ ."ƾǴƦǴdz ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
__________
.ǽȐǟƗ ÏÍÓ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÑÐÒ)
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫ (ÑÐÓ)
ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǪƦǘƫ"
..."
ǦȈdzƢºǰƫ ƭȂºǴŭơ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾƦƳȂŠȁ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ (ƣ)"
."ǾǼǷ ƾūơȁ ǾƬƸǧƢǰǷȁ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨȇƢǫȂdzơ Śƥơƾƫ
ƧƢºǟơǂǷ ǞºǷ" :ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǁȂǷƗ ƨǴŦ Ŀ ƨƳƢƦȇƾdzơ ǎǼƫ (ÑÐÔ)
Ŀ ǀºƻȋơ ǞǷȁ DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǎǼdzơ ƣơȂǐƬLJơ
."‘Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ‘ ƥ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ
All India Reporter 1996, vol. 83, Supreme Court section, (ÑÐÕ)
.p. 1446
.ÏÔÏÎ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÐÖ)
ƧǂǷ DZȁȋ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƶǼǷ ƾǫȁ .ƢǷȁǁ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ
Śnjºȇ Ȃºǿȁ .ƨǸǜǻȌdz ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǹȁƚNj ǝƢǔƻƛ Ŀ ƨŹǂǏ ƨǘǴLJ
ƨºǸǜǻȋơ ǮǴƫ ǶǰŹ ƗƆƾƦǷ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ńƛ ơƆƾȇƾŢ
ƢǿǀºƼƬƫ Ŗºdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ƾǼƬLjƫ" :(130r ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ)
ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ƿƢţơ ƣȂƳȁ ńƛ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
Ȇºǿȁ ƨºȇȂdzȁȋơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǁƾǐŭơ Ŀ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƵȐǏƛȁ
."Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ǹƗ ƤƳȂƫ
Ï ƧǂºǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨƠnjǼŭơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÐÔÐ
:(ÑÐÏ)ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ÎÔÑ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ
ƨºȇƢǸūơ ǺǷ ȃȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟƗ ńƛ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƨLJƢȈLJ ǥƾē
ƾăǼƬLjȈLJȁ .ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ǦǴƬű Ŀ ƩȏƢūơ ǝȂǼƫ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ Ƨǀƻƕ
ƧǁȁǂºǓȁ ƨȇƢǫȂdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƝƽƢƦŭơȁ ǕȂƸƬdzơ ƗƾƦǷ ńƛ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ
.Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ǹƗȁ ǁƾǐŭơ ƾǼǟ ƨȇȂdzȁȋơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƵȐǏƛ
Ŗºdzơ ǪȈLjºǼƬdzơ Śƥơƾƫ DzǸnjƫ ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ ƾǼǟ ǾǻƜǧ ǁƢǗȍơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ
DZȁƾǴdz ƶǸLjȇ ƨǷȐLjdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǹƢǸǓ ǕǂNj ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƩƢƦǴǘƬŭ ƤȈƴƬLjƫ
ƩơƔơǂºƳȍ Ǟǔţ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫơ Śǣ ƨȈƠȈƥ ƣƢƦLJȋ ƨƬǫƚǷ Śƥơƾƫ ƿƢţƢƥ ƔƢǔǟȋơ
.ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƢǿǀǨǼƫ Ŗdzơ NJȈƬǨƬdzơ
ȄºǴǟ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ǪƦǘȇ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǀƻƗ ƾǫȁ -ÏÔÑ
ǁơƾºǏƛ ȄǴǟ Ǫǧơȁ ƽƢŢȏơ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ DZƢưǷ .ƭȂǴƬǴdz ȃǂƻƗ ǁƽƢǐǷ
ƽȁƾºūơ Őǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǺƸNj ȄǴǟ ǥơǂNjȍơ ǹƘnjƥ ǾȈƳȂƫ
DZȁƾºdzơ ńƛ ƨƷơǂºǏ DŽǟȁƗȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Dzƻơƽ ƢȀƬƦǫơǂǷȁ
ƾdzȂǷ ȁƗ śǬƥƢLjdzơ ƢȀȇDŽƟƢƷ ȁƗ/ȁ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ DŽƟƢƷ DzȈǸŢ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ
.(ÑÐÐ)Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ƨƸǧƢǰǷ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ
ǾºȈƳȂƬdzơ ƤºƳȂǸƦǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ -ÏÔÒ
2004/35/CE
ƨºȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǹƘnjºƥ ÏÍÍÑ DzºȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÎ ƹǁƚŭơ
ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ǪƦǘȇ ǾƷȐǏƛȁ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ƨȇƢǫȂdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
.(ÑÐÑ)ƢƆȈƠȈƥ ơƆǁǂǓ ƤƦLjȇ ȅǀdzơ DzďǤnjǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ Ǟǧƾȇ
ǭȂǰǐºdzơ ǺºǷ ƽƾǟ Ŀ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ńƛ ǁƢnjȇȁ -ÏÔÓ
Ȃȇǁ ǹȐǟƛ ǺǷ ÎÓ ƗƾƦŭơ Ŀ ƨǷƢǟ ƩơǁƢƦǟ Ŀ ǃŐȇ ȂȀǧ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
:ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǹƘnjƥ
__________
.ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨºǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨƠnjºǼŭơ ƧƾǿƢǠǸǴdz ƧƾƷȂŭơ ƨǤȈǐdzơ (ÑÐÏ)
ƨȇƢŧ (ƪƻǂƬLJƢǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ) ÎÖÖÐ ǵƢǠdz ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ƪǴƻƽƗȁ
ƧƾºǿƢǠǷ ǁơƾºǏƛ ǞǷȁ .Ï ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǥơƾǿƗ ƾƷƘǯ ƨƠȈƦdzơ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ǵƢºǰƷȋơ ƪǴǛ ƾǫȁ .ƽơȂŭơ ǶȈǫǂƫ ƾȈǟƌƗ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz ǵơƽǂƬLjǷƗ
.ÏÍÍÎ ǵƢǠdz džȈǻ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ Ŀ ȅǂǿȂƳ ŚȈǤƫ ǹȁƽ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸŞ
ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ó ƹǁƚŭơ 84/631/EEC džǴĐơ ǾȈƳȂƫ (ÑÐÐ)
Dzºƻơƽ ƽȁƾºūơ Őǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǺƸNj ǖƦǓȁ ƨƦǫơǂǷ ǹƘnjƥ ÎÖÕÑ
Official Journal of the European Communities, No. ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
ǪƦǘǼȈdz ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǟ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ DZďƾǟ ƾǫȁ .L 326 (13 December 1984), p. 31
ǞºƳǂŭơ 86/279/EEC ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ) ƽƢŢȐdz ƧǁƽƢǤŭơ ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ DzǬǻ ȄǴǟ
.(No. L 181, p. 13 ǾLjǨǻ
.ÒÓ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÏÕÓ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) .2004/35/CE ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ (ÑÐÑ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǺºǷ ƨºǨƟƢǗ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ƨƠȈƦǴdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǂŤƚǷ Ŀ Ƣđ ƾȀǠăƬŭơ
ƝƽƢƦǷ ƾȈLjƴƬdz ŚưǰdzƢƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ śǠƬȇ DZơDŽȇ ȏ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ
.(ÑÑÑ)ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ Ŀȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƾǗȁƗ Dzǰnjƥ Ȃȇǁ
ǾǫƢǘǻ ȃƾǷ ȁƗ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ DzȈǏƢǨƫ ǞȈŦ ƪLjȈdzȁ -ÏÕÐ
ǦºǴƬű Ŀ ƨºǨǴƬű ƩơŚLjǨƬƥ ǂȀǜȇ Ȃǿȁ .ǪȈǫƽ Dzǰnjƥ ƨȈǴƳ
Ŀ" Ǟǧƾºȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ƩǂƳȁ .(ÑÑÒ)ƩƢǫƢȈLjdzơ
ǺǷ ƨȇƢǫȂdzơ Śƥơƾƫ‘ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ȄǴǟ ǖǬǧ ǪĈƦǘĄȇ ǹƢǯ ƨȈǴǏȋơ ǾƬǤȈǏ
DzǸnjƫȁ ."‘ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ƢǿǁǂǬƫ Ŗdzơ ... ǾƬƸǧƢǰǷȁ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
žǪǧơǂŭơ ȃƽơǂƌǧ Ŀ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƨƸǧƢǰǷ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ (Ɨ) :ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ǮǴƫ
žśƯȂºǴŭơ ǺºǷ ƨǟȂǸů ǶLJƢƥ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ (ƣ)
ƨȈǴºǏȋơ ǾƬǤȈǏ Ŀȁ .(ÑÑÓ)ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ (Ʊ)
ƨºȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .ƨǏƢƻ ȁƗ ƨȈƟƢǼưƬLJơ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƫ ǞǫȂƬȇ ƗƾƦŭơ ǹƢǯ ƢƆǔȇƗ
ƨºȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ Ŀ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ơǂǐǼǟ ȆǘǤȇ ȃǂƻƗ
Ƣŷȁ ÎÖÕÖ ǵƢǠdz ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ
Śƥơƾºƫ ƿƢţơ" ǦȈdzƢǰƫ (Ɨ) :ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǑǁƢǠdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ǹȐǐƬȇ
ŐƳȁ ƨƸǧƢǰǷ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ (ƣ)ȁ "ǑǁƢǠdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ... ǞǼŭ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ
Ŀ ǹȁƢºǠƬdzơȁ ƨºȈǸǼƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ" ǹƜǧ ơǀđȁ .(ÑÑÔ)ǑǁƢǠdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
__________
/ǹơǂººȇDŽƷ ÏÕ ƹǁƚº ºŭơ S-19/2 ƨººǷƢǠdzơ ƨººȈǠǸŪơ ǁơǂº ºǫ (ÑÑÑ)
.ÎÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ ÎÖÖÔ ǾȈǻȂȇ
Nash, "Too much market? Conflict between tradable (ÑÑÒ)
Ȃºǿȁ .pollution allowances and the 'polluter pays' principle", p. 472
:ǢȈǏ Ñ Ǯdzǀdz ƽƾŹ ȅǀdzơ Bugge (p.473) ǺǷ džƦƬǬȇ
ǺºǷ ƗƆƾƦǷ ȅƗ žƆƢȇƽƢǐƬǫơ ƗƆƾƦǷ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ (Ɨ)
žƧƔƢǨǰdzơ DzƳƗ
(‘DZƽƢºǠdzơ‘) ǞºȇǃȂƬǴdz ƗƾºƦǷ ȅƗ žƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƗƆƾƦǷ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ (ƣ)
žǦȈdzƢǰƬǴdz
žƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ ǪȈLjǼƬǴdz ƗƆƾƦǷ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ (Ʊ)
.DZȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ǞȇǃȂƬdz ƗƆƾƦǷ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ (ƽ)
(“The principles of ‘polluter-pays’ in economics and law”)
.ÑÔÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Gaines (ÑÑÓ)
ǦȈdzƢºǰƬdzơ ǒºǠƥ ǹƗ Gaines śƦȇ .ÑÕÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÑÔ)
Ŀ ȆƟƢºǫȁ ǽƢšơ Ʃơƿ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ ǑǁƢǠdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƨƸǧƢǰǷ ǑǂǠǷ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ
ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ƨǴưǷƗ ǺǷȁ .ȅȂǫ ȅŐƳ ǽƢšơ Ʃơƿ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ ǂƻȉơ ƢȀǔǠƥ ǹƗ śƷ
ƨºǸǜǼǷ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ǑǁƢǠdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ Ŀ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ
ƨȈºNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) European Yearbook) ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ
.ƨºƯȂǴŭơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƵȐǏƛ ƢȀƦǴǘƬȇ Ŗdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ǝȂǻ ǺǷ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ((ǽȐǟƗ ÑÏÒ
ńƛ Ǟǧƾºȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦŠ ȆǔŤ ƵȐǏȍơ Ǯdzƿ ǝơȂǻƗȁ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ƵȐǏȍơ ǁƢȈƬƻơȁ
ȄºǴǟ ƤƳȂƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǶƟƢǫ ǵȂȀǨŠ ǀƻȋơ DzȈƦLJ Ŀ ƢƆǟȂǻ ƾȈǠƥ ƾƷ
ǑǁƢºǠdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǁƾǐǷ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƆȐưǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ȆǨǧ .ǾǠǧƽ ƭȂǴŭơ
ǮºǴƫ ǾƬȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ǹƜǧ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƢȀƬdzƢƷ ńƛ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ
ǺºǷ ƨºȇƢǸūơ ȁƗ ƨȇƢǫȂǴdz ơƆŚƥƾƫ ȏ DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ơƆŚƥƾƫ ŐƬǠĄƫ
ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǶLjǬdzơ Ŀ DzƯƢŲ ƲȀǼƥ ǀƻȋơ ȄǴƴƬȇȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ
ƨºdzơǃƛ ȄǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ŐŪơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǑǂǨȇ ȅǀdzơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
Ŀ ƩƗǁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơ ƨǸǰŰ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ DZƢưǷ .ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ
ńƛ ƨºdzƢūơ ƧƽƢºǟƛ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ǹƗ Ohio v. Department of the Interior ƨȈǔǫ
880 F2d 432, District of ) ǒȇȂºǠƬǴdz DzǔºǨŭơ ŚƥƾƬdzơ Ȃǿ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ
.(Columbia Circuit (1989), p. 444
170
DZȂºƦǫ ȃǂºƳ ŕǷ ǾǻƜǧ ȂƸǼdzơ ơǀǿ Śǣ ȄǴǟ ǂǷȋơ ǹƢǯ Ȃdz ŕƷ
Ŀ ƨƥȂǠºǏ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰƫ Ǻdz Ņȁƾdzơ ĿǂǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ƔDŽƴǯ ǺȇƗƾƦŭơ Ǻȇǀǿ
.(ÑÑÍ)ȆǴƄơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ƔDŽƴǯ ƢǸŮȂƦǫ
ǪºȈƦǘƫ ǹƘnjƥ ơƾǼdzȂǿȁ ƢLjǻǂǧ śƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀȁ -ÏÕÍ
DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơȁ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰdzơ ƽơȂŭƢƥ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǺǷ Ǻȇơǂdzơ ǂĔ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ Ŀ ǂǜǼƫ ǹƗ ǶȈǰŢ ƨƠȈǿ ńƛ ƤǴƌǗ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ĿƢǓȍơ
ǾºȈdzƛ ƧǁƢºNjȍơ ǵƾǟ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ƢǿŚLjǨƫ ƾǼǟ Ǟǧƾȇ
ÎÏ ƹǁƚºŭơ ƢȀǸǰƷ Ŀ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƪǐǴƻȁ .ƢȀȈǧ ƨƷơǂǏ
ǹȂǻƢºǫ Ŀ ƗƾºƦŭơ ƨȈŷƗ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ǾǻƗ ńƛ ÏÍÍÑ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ
ȂºȀǧ ơǀºdzȁ ǵƢǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ džȈdz ǾǻƜǧ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ
.(ÑÑÎ)ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ƢǿŚLjǨƬƥ DzǐƬȇ ȏ
ƽƢŢơ ƾǓ ȅƾǼŮơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ džǴĐ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ƔơǂƳȍơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀȁ -ÏÕÎ
ƘnjǼȇ ƗƾƦǷ ȅƗ" ǹƗ ńƛ ƾǼȀǴdz ƢȈǴǠdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩǁƢNjƗ Ǻȇǂƻƕȁ ƾǼŮơ
ƢƆºȈǴǸǟȁ ƢƆǘȈLjºƥ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǺǷ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ
.(ÑÑÏ)"ƾǴƦdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƧƾƟƢLjdzơ DZơȂƷȌdz ƢƆƦLJƢǼǷȁ
.Ȑ
Ɔ ǷƢǯ ơƆǀȈǨǼƫ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ǀōǨǼĄȇ Ń ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷȁ -ÏÕÏ
ǵƢǟ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǾƫƾǟƗ ǂȇǂǬƫ ǁƢNjƗȁ
ǞºLJơȁ ǩƢºǘǻ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǻƢǟȍơ ǵƾƼƬLjƫ ƩƢǷȂǰūơ ǹƗ ńƛ ÎÖÕÖ
ƾǬǧ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .ƭȂǴŭơ ȄǴǟ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƔƤǠdzơ ǦȈǨƼƬdz
ƨºǸƟơȂǷ ƢĔƗ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǻƢǟȍơ ƲǷơǂƥ ǁŐƫ" ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǂLjƌǧ
ǀºȈǨǼƫ Ǻºǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǾƫƾǟƗ ȅǀdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ Ŀȁ .(ÑÑÐ)"ƗƾƦǸǴdz
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ńƛ ƩǁƢNjƗ ǺȇǂnjǠdzơȁ ȅƽƢūơ ǹǂǬdzơ DZƢǸǟƗ DZȁƾƳ
ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǹƘnjƥ Ȃȇǁ ǹȐǟƛ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ƱƢǷƽƛ Ŀ ǵƾǬƫ ǃǂƷƌƗ ƾǬdz
ǭȂǰǐºdzơ ǺºǷ ƨǨƟƢǗ Ŀ ... Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ... Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ
ƩƢºǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǀºȈǨǼƫ Ŀ ǵƾǬƬdzơ ǒǠƥ ǃǂƷƌƗ ǺƠdzȁ .ƨȈǼǗȂdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
__________
.ÏÔÏÏ-ÏÔÏÎ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÑÍ)
ƢLjºǻǂǧȁ ơƾºǼdzȂǿ śºƥ ƩƢƥƢLjūơ ǪȈǫƾƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǔǬdzơ (ÑÑÎ)
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏ ĿƢǓȍơ ÎÖÖÎ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÒ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǪȈƦǘƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ǹȂǻƢºǯ Ð ƨºƻǁƚŭơ ƨºȈƟƢȈǸȈǰdzơ ƽơȂŭƢºƥ ƭȂºǴƬdzơ ǺǷ Ǻȇơǂdzơ ǂĔ ƨȇƢŧ
ƪºǻƢǯȁ .ÏÍÍÑ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÎÏ ƹǁƚŭơ ǁơǂǬdzơ :ÎÖÔÓ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ
(ƢƆLjºȈƟǁ) Krysztof Skubiszewski ƧƽƢLjºdzơ ǺºǷ ǦdzƘƬƫ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ
Ŀ Ʃǂǯƿȁ (ơƾǼdzȂǿ) Peter Kooijmansȁ (ƢLjǻǂǧ) Gilbert Guillaumeȁ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ƨǴǐdzơ ǪȈƯȁ ƔDŽƳ
ƢȀºǼǷ ƢƆȈǠºLJ ơƾǼdzȂǿ ǹƗ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ǚƷȐƫ ... -ÎÍÏ"
.‘Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ‘ ƗƾƦǷ ńƛ ƩǁƢNjƗ ƾǫ ƢȀƦǴǗ DŽȇDŽǠƬdz
ǭȂǰºǏ Ƨƾºǟ Ŀ ǃŐȇ ƗƾƦŭơ ǹƗ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ǚƷȐƫ -ÎÍÐ"
ƩƢȇȂƬLjǷ Ƨƾǟ ǺǸǓ ƽǂȇȁ ƔơȂLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơȁ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ƨȈdzȁƽ
ƧƾºǿƢǠŭơ ǹȂǻƢºǫ Ŀ ǾºƬȈŷȋ ǁƢǰǻƛ ǹȁƽȁ .ƢȀƬȈdzƢǠǧ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƩȁƢǨƬƫ
."ǵƢǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ Dzǰnjȇ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ȃǂƫ ȏ
(UNRIAA, vol. XXV ÏÍÍÑ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÎÏ ƹǁƚŭơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ǶǰƷ)
.(Salrs No. E/F.05.V.5), p. 267
(ǽȐºǟƗ ÑÐÕ ƨȈºNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) All India Reporter 1996 (ÑÑÏ)
.ÎÑÓÒ Ǎ
.ÑÔÖ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Gaines (ÑÑÐ)
171 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƧǂŭƢƥ ƽƢǨƬLJơ ơƿƛ ơǀǿ ǂǯǀĄƫ ȏ œǼƳȋơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƧƽƢǨƬLJơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ
Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ǵDŽǴǷ ǁƾǐŭơ Ǯdzƿ ǹƜǧ ơǀdzȁ .ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǁƾǐǷ ǺǷ
ǞºǷ ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ǦȈǨƼƬdzơȁ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ơƆǃȁƢƴƬǷ ƭƾŹ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƾºƳȂȇ ǁǂǔƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ Ƣđ ǶȈǬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧ .ƾƷơȁ ǶȀǷ ƔƢǼưƬLJơ
ǕƢnjºǼdzơ Ǯdzǀºdz ƶǸLjȇ ƮȈŞ ǁƢǔdzơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǼǷ ȆƠȈƥ ǁƢȈǠǷ ƢȀȈǧ
DzºǫƗ ƨȇƢŧ ǂǧȂƫ džLJƗ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ džLJȋơ džǨǻ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƭȁƾūƢƥ
DZȂǐºƷ ǵƾǟ ȆǴŤ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ƝƽƢƦǷ ǹƜǧ ǁƾǐŭơ ƾǴƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǽǂǧȂȇ ƢŲ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ŚȇƢǠǷ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǁǂǔƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ
ȆºǴŻ [Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ] ƗƾƦŭ DzǷƢǰdzơ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ǹƜǧ Ɔơƽƾnjƫ ǂưǯƗ ǁǂǔǴdz ƨȈǬǴƬŭơ
Ȃºdz ƢŮ DzưƬŻ ǹƗ ǾȈǴǟ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ džǨǼƥ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǁƾǐŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƘƥ
.(ÑÒÏ)ƨȈǬǴƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ DzǸǠȇ ǹƢǯ
Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦŭ ƨǻȂǰŭơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ -Ï
ƧơȁƢLjŭơ ǵƾǫ ȄǴǟ ƨǻƢǠƬLJȏơ Ŀ Ǫūơ (Ɨ)
ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍƢƥ
ŐŪơ DzƟƢLJȂƥ ƨǻƢǠƬLJȐdz ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷ ƩƢȈǻƢǰǷƛ ŚǧȂƫ ŐĄƬǟơ -ÏÕÔ
ƩƾºȇƗ ƾǫȁ .Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ǀȈǨǼƫ ǩǂǗ ȃƾƷƛ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ
ǽǀǿ ŐŪơ ƨǴȈLJȁ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ
Ƕºǿ Ǻŭ ƘnjǼŭơ ƾǴƥ Ŀ ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷ ƨǴǷƢǠǷ ƨƷƢƫƛ ńƛ ƾǐǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǶƳƢºǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȇƢƸǓ ǺǷ ǽƽȁƾƷ Őǟ Ƕǿ Ǻŭȁ ƾǴƦdzơ Dzƻơƽ
ǺºǷ ǑǂǤdzơȁ .ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǯdzǀƥ ǶǿǂƯƘƫ DzǸƬƄơ ȁƗ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ
ƩơƔơǂƳȍƢºƥ ƨǻƢǠƬºLJȐdz ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷ ƩƢȈǻƢǰǷƛ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƨƷƢƫƛ
ȄºǴǟ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ƩơƔƢǟƽȏơ ȆǷƾǬŭ ǍǂǨdzơ ŚǧȂƫ Ȃǿ ƨƷƢƬŭơ
Ŀ ŚƯƘºƬdzơ ǑǂǤƥ śȈǴƄơ ƩơƔƢǟƽȏơ ȆǷƾǬǷ ǞǷ ƧơȁƢLjŭơ ǵƾǫ
ƽȁƾºƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢºǟ ǁƢƯƕ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ Ɣƾƥ ƨȈǴǸǟ
ǮǴƬƥ ǹƿȍơ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀȁ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ƨºȇƢĔ Ŀ ȆºǓƢǬƬdzơ ƨǴƷǂǷ Ŀ Ǯdzǀǯȁ Ƣēǁơƽƛ Ŀȁ ƨǘnjǻȋơ
ƨǻƢǠƬLJȏơ ƩƢȈǻƢǰǷƛ Ŀ Ǫūơ ȅȁƢLjƫ DzǸnjȇ ǹƗ ǃȂŸȁ .ǥƢǘŭơ
ńƛ DZȂºǏȂdzơ ƨºȈǻƢǰǷƛ (Ɨ) :ȆºǴȇ ƢǷ ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍƢƥ
ƨºȇǁơƽȍơ ǝƢǸƬLJȏơ ƩƢLjǴƳ Ŀ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ (ƣ) žƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
Ŀ ƪƦǴdz ƨȇDŽȈȈŤ Śǣ ŚȇƢǠǷ ǪȈƦǘƫ (Ʊ) žƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơȁ
.ǽƽȁƾƷ Őǟȁ ƾǴƦdzơ Dzƻơƽ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǵơƾǠǻơ
ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ‘Α
ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǹƘnjƥ Ȃȇǁ ǹȐǟƛ ǺǷ ÎÓ ƗƾƦŭơ ǎǼȇ -ÏÕÕ
DzǐƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ƿƢţơ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀ śǼǗơȂŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjǷ ȄǴǟ
ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ DzƟƢLjŭƢƥ
ǶēƢºǠǸƬů Ŀ ƧǂºǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơȁ ƽơȂŭƢƥ ƆȐưǷ ǪǴǠƬƫ Ŗdzơ
ƨºȈǻƢǰǷƛ ȄºǴǟ ȃǂºƻƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ǭȂǰǏ ǎǼƫȁ .(ÑÒÐ)ƨȈǴƄơ
ƨºǻȁƾǷ ǭȂǰǐºdzơ ǮǴƫ śƥ ǺǷȁ .ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ
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.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÒÏ)
.ǽȐǟƗ ÏÍÓ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÑÒÐ)
ƗƾºƦǷ ƽǂºů ǺǷ ... ƗƾƦŭƢƥ ƪǷƾǬƫ ƾǫ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ
.(ÑÑÕ)"ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋ ƨǔŰ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ńƛ ǒŰ ȅǃơǂƬƷơ
ǞºȈŦ ȆǘǤȇ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇ ȏ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ
ǥơǂºǗƗ ǺǷ ƢȀǼǟ ǒȇȂǠƫ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
ƝƽƢºƦŭơ" ǹƗ Ǯºdzƿ ǺºǷ .ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ƕǜǻ Ŀ ƨǏƢƻ
Ǻºǟ ƨƯƽƢūơ ƢȇƢƸǓ ǒȇȂǠƫ Śƥơƾƫ‘ ƆȐưǷ ƾǠƦƬLjƫ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ
ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǮǴƫ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ŕƷ ‘ƨƯƽƢūơ ǮǴƬdz ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ
.(ÑÑÖ)"ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǞǓȁ ǺǷ
ǹƘnjºƥ 2004/35/CE ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢºŢȏơ ǾȈƳȂƫ ǀōǨǼĄȈLJȁ -ÏÕÑ
ǺºǷ" ǾƷȐǏƛȁ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǼŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Ŀ ǾºȈdzƛ ǁƢnjºŭơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ‘Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ‘ ƗƾƦǷ DŽȇDŽǠƫ DZȐƻ
Ľ ǺºǷȁ .(ÑÒÍ)"ƨǷơƾƬLjºŭơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ ƗƾƦǷ ǞǷ ǪǨƬȇ ƢŠȁ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ
ȆºƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔºdzơ ǞºǼŭ ǭǂƬnjǷ ǁƢǗƛ ǞǓȁ ńƛ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ȄǠLjȇ
Ŀ ȅǂǿȂŪơ ǽƗƾƦǷ DzưǸƬȈLJȁ .ǞǸƬƴǸǴdz ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƨǨǴǰƬƥ ǾƷȐǏƛȁ
ȁƗ ȆºƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ (Ɨ) Ǻǟ ƢƆȈdzƢǷ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǕƢnjǻ ȅƗ DzďǤnjĄǷ DzǠƳ
DzǤnjŭơ Ǯdzƿ Ʈū ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƭȁƾŞ ǮȈNjȂdzơ ƾȇƾȀƬdzơ (ƣ)
ǁƢºǘƻƗ ǺºǷ DzȈǴǬƬǴdz ƩƢLJǁƢŲ ƭơƾƸƬLJơȁ Śƥơƾƫ ƽƢǸƬǟơ ȄǴǟ
ƾºǫȁ .ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz DzďǤnjŭơ ǑǂǠƫ Ǯdzǀƥ DzǬȈdz ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ȅǀdzơ DzǤnjŭơ ǹƜǧ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƾȇƾnjƬdzơ ȃǂƳ
ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƭȁƾŞ ƢƆǰȈNjȁ ơƆƾȇƾē ǪǴź ȁƗ ƢƆȈƠȈƥ ơƆǁǂǓ ƤƦLjȇ
ǞǼǸǴdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ DzǸƸƬȇ ǹƗ ƗƾƦŭơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ȆǤƦǼȇ
ƢȀȈǧ ǥǂǐƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ ȆǨǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .ƵȐǏȍơȁ
ǺǸǔƫ ǹƗ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ǞǷ ȁƗ ƢȀLjǨǼƥ ƢǷƛ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ
ƢºǷ śºƥ ǺǸǧ DzưŭƢƥȁ .DzǤnjŭơ ǺǷ ƧƾƦǰƬŭơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ƽơƽǂƬLJơ
ǹƗ ǂºǷȋơ ƨºȇƢĔ Ŀ ȆǤƦǼȇ DzǤnjŭơ ǹƗ ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ ǁȂǷȋơ ǺǷ ŐƬǠĄȇ
ǮȈºNjȂdzơ ƾȇƾȀƬdzơ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǶȈȈǬƫ ƨǨǴǰƫ DzǸƸƬȇ
.ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ DzưǷ ƭȁƾŞ
Ŀ ƨºƦǣǂdzơ ƽȂºƳȁ śƦƫ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƲȀǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ -ÏÕÒ
."ƨȈǔȇȂǠƫȁ ƨȈƷȐǏƛ ƨǨȈǛȁ" Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ƔƢǘǟƛ
ƭȂºǴŭơ ƗƾºƦǷ" ǵƾƼƬLjĄȇ ǹƗ ǞȈƴnjƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƮǠƦȇ ƢŲȁ -ÏÕÓ
DzǸƸƬȇ ƭȂǴŭơ" ƗƾƦǷ Ȃǿ ňȂǻƢǫ ƗƾƦǷ ǞǓȂdz DzǷƢǰdzơ ǽƢǼǠŠ "Ǟǧƾȇ
ǺƠºdzȁ .(ÑÒÎ)"Ƣđ ǵȂǬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ƢȀƦƦLjƫ Ŗdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ǞȈŦ
ȆǴƄơ ȃȂƬLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǽǁŐȇ ƢǷ Ǿdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ Ǻǟ ƽƢǠƬƥȏơ ǹƢǯ
Ŀ ǂȇŐƫ ȅƗ ʼnƾǬƫ ŚLjǠdzơ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȈLJ ǾǻƘƥ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƲĄƬƷơ ƾǬǧ
:ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǟ ǁǂǓ ƢȀȈǧ ƭƾŹ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ
ǁơǂǬdzơ ƿƢţơ Ŀ ǶǿƢLJ ƾǫ ǁǂǔƬŭơ œǼƳȋơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƶƳǂŭơ Śǣ ǺǷ
ǺǸǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .ƢǿƽƢǸƬǟơ śǠƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǹƘnjƥ
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.ÑÕÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Gaines (ÑÑÕ)
.ÑÕÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÑÖ)
.ǽȐǟƗ ÏÕÓ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÑÒÍ)
.ÑÖÏ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Gaines (ÑÒÎ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƆƢºǨȇǂǠƫ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ǺǸǔƬȇȁ .ǂǷȋơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ƨƠȈƦdzơ śLjŢ ńƛȁ
.(ÑÓÐ)ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǸǴdz ƆƢǠLJơȁ
ǚºǨū ƨȈǬȇǂǧȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǎǼƫ ȆǬȇǂǧȋơ ǩƢȈLjdzơ Ŀȁ -ÏÖÍ
Ƨǂnjºǟ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơȁ ƨǠȈƦǘdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ
ƨºǷǃȐdzơ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơȁ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƾǸƬǠƫ -Î
:ƨǸƟȐŭơ ƧǁȂǐdzƢƥȁ ƤLJƢǼŭơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǹƢǸǔdz
žƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǂnjǻ (Ɨ)
žƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ǁȂȀǸŪơ DZȂǐƷ (ƣ)
ǹƗ DzºǸƬƸĄȇ Ŗºdzơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ƿƢţơ Ŀ ǁȂȀǸŪơ ƨǯǁƢnjǷ (Ʊ)
.ǶȀǷ ȆƠȈƥ ǂƯƗ ƢŮ ǹȂǰȇ
ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ DzǠƳ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ ȅȂǘǼȇȁ -ÏÖÎ
ƤǴǘƬȇȁ .śǴǸƬƄơ śǷƾƼƬLjŭơȁ śǷƾƼƬLjǸǴdz DZƢūơ Ŀ ƨƷƢƬǷ
ǮȈLjºǰŭơȁ ơƾºǼǯ śƥ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬǴdz ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ ǩƢǨƫơ
ƆơƾºȀƳ DZǀƦȇ ǹƗ ǥǂǗ Dzǯ ǺǷ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ
ƾºǟơȂǬdzơȁ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơȁ ƨǸǜǻȋơȁ śǻơȂǬdzơ ǂnjǻ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƆƢȈǟơȁ
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:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫ (ÑÓÐ)
ƨºȈƟǂǷ ȁƗ ƨƥȂƬǰǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ȅƗ ‘ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ‘ ƥ ƾǐǬĄȇ"
:ȆǴȇ ƢŠ ǪǴǠƬƫ ǂƻƕ ȅƽƢǷ DzǰNj ȅƘƥ ȁƗ ƨȈǻȁǂƬǰdzƛ ȁƗ ƨȇȂǨNj ȁƗ
ƨƥǂƬdzơȁ ǽƢȈŭơȁ ȂŪơȁ ƔơȂŮơ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ƨdzƢƷ (Ɨ)"
ȆºǓơǁȋơ Ǯºdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǞǫơȂŭơȁ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ǞǬǐdzơȁ Ǒǁȋơȁ
ǾƫƢǻȂǰǷȁ ȆƳȂdzȂȈƦdzơ ǝȂǼƬdzơȁ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơȁ ƨȈǴƷƢLjdzơ ǪǗƢǼŭơȁ ƨƦǗǂdzơ
žǂǏƢǼǠdzơ ǮǴƫ śƥ DzǟƢǨƬdzơȁ ƆƢȈǼȈƳ ƧǁȂƄơ ƩƢǼƟƢǰdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ
ƔƢǓȂǔºdzơȁ ƨºǫƢǘdzơȁ ƽơȂºŭơ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ DzǷơȂǠdzơ (ƣ)"
ƩƢºƯƢǠƦǻȏơȁ ƨǠnjŭơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ȁƗ ǝƢǠNjȍơȁ
ǹƗ DzǸƬƸĄȇ ȁƗ ǂƯƚƫ Ŗdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ Ŀ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢǫȐǗȍơȁ ƩƢǨȇǂǐƬdzơȁ
ž(Ɨ) Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǂǏƢǼǟ Ŀ ǂƯƚƫ
DzºȈƦǫ ǺºǷ (ƨºȇǁơƽȍơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ) ŚƥơƾƬdzơ (Ʊ)"
ƩƢºǫƢǨƫȏơȁ ƲǷơŐdzơȁ ǖǘŬơȁ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ
DzǷơȂǠdzơȁ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ Ŀ ǂƯƚƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬƸĄȇ ȁƗ ǂƯƚƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ
ńƛ ƨºȈǷơǂdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ȁƗ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ (ƣ)ȁ (Ɨ) Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ
žǂǏƢǼǠdzơ ǮǴƫ ƨȇƢŧ
žƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ǀȈǨǼƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǂȇǁƢǬƬdzơ (ƽ)"
ƩƢºǓơǂƬǧȏơȁ ƩȐȈǴƸƬdzơȁ ƧƾƟƢǨdzƢƥ ƨǨǴǰdzơ ƨǻǁƢǬǷ (ǿ)"
ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ƨǘnjǻȋơȁ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ
ȁ ž(Ʊ ) Ŀ
ƭȂºǴƫ Ǯºdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǾƬǷȐLJȁ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨƸǏ ƨdzƢƷ (ȁ)"
ƧƢȈūơ ǥȁǂǛȁ ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ƨǴǏ Ǯdzǀdz ǹƢǯ ƢǸưȈƷ ƨȈƟơǀǤdzơ ƨǴLjǴLjdzơ
DZƢºǸƬƷơ ȁƗ ƢǿǂƯƘƫ ǁƾǬƥ ƨǷƢǬƌŭơ DzǯƢȈŮơȁ ƨȈǧƢǬưdzơ ǞǫơȂŭơȁ ƨȇǂnjƦdzơ
ǮºǴƫ ǪºȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ȁƗ (Ɨ) Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ƨdzƢŞ ƢǿǂƯƘƫ
."(Ʊ)ȁ (ƣ) Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǺǷ ȅƘƥ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ
172
ƧǂƥƢºǟ ƨºȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǽƢȈǸǴdz ǑǁƢǠdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǭȂǴLjdzơ
Őºǟ ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ ȆºƠȈƦdzơ ǂƯȋơ ǶȈȈǬƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ž(ÑÒÑ)ƽȁƾūơ
Ȇǫǂnjdzơ DZƢǸnjǴdz ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ž(ÑÒÒ)ƽȁƾūơ
ƨºȇƢŧ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ž(OSPAR ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ) ȆLjǴǗȋơ ǖȈƸǸǴdz
ƩơŚƸƦºdzơȁ ƽȁƾºƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢºǠdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢĐơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơȁ
ƭƽơȂºƸǴdz ƽȁƾºƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ž(ÑÒÓ)ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ŚºǤƫ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȇǁƢǗȍơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ž(ÑÒÔ)ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ
ƨºȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢºĐơ ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁ ž(ÑÒÕ)ƹƢǼŭơ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁ ž(ÑÒÖ)ƨȈƷȐŭơ Śǣ Ǒơǂǣȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ǁơǂºǬdzơ ǞǼǏ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzƢƥ
ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ) ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ Ŀ ƨdzơƾǠdzơ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛȁ
.(ÑÓÍ)"(Aarhus) DžȂǿǁƕ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ" ƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ
ǹƢŭŐdzơ ƾǸƬǟơ ÏÍÍÐ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÕ Ŀȁ -ÏÕÖ
ǪºƷ ǹƘnjºƥ 2003/4/EC ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ džǴůȁ ĺȁǁȁȋơ
ǺǷ ƆơǁƢƦƬǟơȁ .(ÑÓÎ)ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ Ŀ ǁȂȀǸŪơ
ƆƢǬƥƢLJ ƆƢȀȈƳȂƫ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ơǀǿ DzǘƦȇ ÏÍÍÒ ǂȇơŐǧ /ǕƢƦNj ÎÑ
DZȂǏȂdzơ ƨȇǂƷ ǹƘnjƥ 90/313/EEC ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ Ȃǿ džǴĐơ ǽǁƾǏƗ
ǾºȈƳȂƬdzơ ơǀºǿ ǹƢǯȁ .(ÑÓÏ)ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǞǷ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǩƢLjƫơ ǹƢǸǔdz ƆƢȇǁȁǂǓ
ÏÒ Ŀ ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƢȀƬǠǫȁ Ŗdzơ (Aarhus) DžȂǿǁƕ
DZȂǐºƷ ƧƽƢºȇǃ ǹƘƥ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ǂǬȇȁ .ÎÖÖÕ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ
ǶȀLjȇ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǮǴƫ ǂnjǻȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ǁȂȀǸŪơ
ƧƽƢȇǃȁ Ɣơǁȉơ DZƽƢƦƫ ƨȇǂƷȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ DzƟƢLjŭƢƥ ȆǟȂdzơ ƧƽƢȇǃ Ŀ
ƨºȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩơǁơǂºǬdzơ ƿƢºţơ Ŀ ǁȂºȀǸŪơ ƨǯǁƢnjǷ ƨȈdzƢǠǧ
__________
.E.90.II.E.28 ǞȈƦŭơ Ƕǫǁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩơǁȂnjǼǷ (ÑÒÑ)
.Õ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ð ƧƽƢŭơ (ÑÒÒ)
.ÎÓ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÑÒÓ)
.Ö ƧƽƢŭơ (ÑÒÔ)
.Ó ƧƽƢŭơ (ÑÒÕ)
.ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÑÒÖ)
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ Ð ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ö ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫ (ÑÓÍ)
ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǩƢǘǻ ǺǸǓ ǁȂȀǸƴǴdz ǹȂǰȇ"
Ŀ ƨǯǁƢnjºŭơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
DŽºȈȈŤ ǹȁƽ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ Ŀ ƨdzơƾǠdzơ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơȁ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ƿƢţơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ ƨǷƢǫȍơ DzŰ ȁƗ ƨȈLjǼŪơ ȁƗ ƨȇȂǟǂdzơ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ
ƨȈǐºƼnjdzơ ǮºǴƫ DzȈƴLjƫ ǹƢǰŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ DŽȈȈŤ ǹȁƽ ƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơ
."ƢȀƬǘnjǻȋ ȆǴǠǨdzơ DŽǯǂŭơ ȁƗ ƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơ
Official Journal of the European Communities, No. L 41, (ÑÓÎ)
.vol. 46 (14 February 2003), p. 26
.Ibid., No. L 158 (23 June 1990), p. 56 (ÑÓÏ)
173 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƩƢºǷơDŽƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨǴǐǨǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ 2003/4/EC ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ
_________________________________________
žǵƢǠdzơ ǺǷȋơ ȁƗ řǗȂdzơ ǝƢǧƾdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ (ƣ)"
ȄºǴǟ DzǐºŹ ǹƗ ǎƼnjdzơ ƨǟƢǘƬLJơȁ ƨdzơƾǠdzơ ŚLJ (Ʊ)"
ǞƥƢºǗ Ǿºdz ǪȈǬŢ ƔơǂƳƛ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƨǟƢǘƬLJơ ȁƗ ƨdzƽƢǟ ƨǸǯƢŰ
žœȇƽƘƫ ȁƗ ȆƟƢǼƳ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơȁ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨȇǂLJ (ƽ)"
ƨȇƽƢǐºƬǫơ ƨƸǴǐºǷ ƨȇƢŧ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƨȇǂLjdzơ ǮǴƫ DzưǷ ȆǸŹ řǗȂdzơ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơ Ǻºǟ ǦnjºǰĄȇ ǁƢǗȍơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .ƨǟȁǂnjǷ
žƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸŞ DzǐƬƫ Ŗdzơȁ ƩƢƯƢǠƦǻȏƢƥ
žƨȇǂǰǨdzơ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ǩȂǬƷ (ǿ)"
ǎƼnjƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǨǴŭơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ƨȇǂLJ (ȁ)"
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơ Ǻºǟ Ǧnjǰdzơ ȄǴǟ ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǪǧơȂȇ Ń ơƿƛ ȆǠȈƦǗ
žƨȇǂLjdzơ ǮǴƫ DzưǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁ ǁȂȀǸƴǴdz
Ńȁ ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ŚǧȂƬƥ ǵƢǫ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ŁƢǐǷ (ǃ)"
ƪºŢ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǾǼǰŻ ȏ ȁƗ ňȂǻƢǫ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ƪŢ ǥǂǘdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǰȇ
ȄºǴǟ ƢƆǬǧơȂǷ ǥǂǘdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǰȇ Ń ơƿƛ ơǀđ ǵȂǬȇ ǹƘƥ ňȂǻƢǫ ǵơDŽƬdzơ
ȁƗ žƧƽƢŭơ Ǻǟ Ǧnjǰdzơ
ƨºȈƥǂƫ ǞºǫơȂǷ DzưǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Ƣđ ǪǴǠƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ (Ƶ)"
.ƧǁƽƢǼdzơ ǝơȂǻȋơ
ǞºǷ ƧƾºȈǬǷ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǂǯǀdzơ ƨǨǻȉơ ǒǧǂdzơ ƩƢǣďȂLjǷ ǂLjǨĄƫ"
ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Ǻǟ Ǧnjǰdzơ ƢǿƾȈǨȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨƸǴǐŭơ ƧƢǟơǂǷ
ǪºǴǠƬƫ ƨºƥȂǴǘŭơ ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơ ǮºǴƫ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƛ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ǀƻƚȇ
.ƨƠȈƦdzơ Ŀ ƭƾŢ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƯƢǠƦǻȏƢƥ
ƨºȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ȃƾdz Ǻǰƫ Ń ơƿƛ -Ò"
ǁƢǘƻƜƥ ǝƢǘƬLjŭơ ǁƾǬƥ ǁȂǨdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǽǀǿ ǵȂǬƫ ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ
ƤºǴǘƥ ǵƾǬƬdzơ ǾǻƢǰǷƜƥ ǹƗ ƾǬƬǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzƢƥ ƤǴǘdzơ ǵƾǬǷ
ǵƾǬǷ ǂǘƼĄƫȁ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǮǴƫ ńƛ ƤǴǘdzơ DzȈƸĄƫ ǹƗ ȁƗ ƢȀǼǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ
.Ǯdzǀƥ ƤǴǘdzơ
ǒºǠƥ Dzǐºǧ ǺºǰǷƗ ơƿƛ ǾºǻƗ ǥǂǗ Dzǯ DzǨǰȇ -Ó"
Ñȁ (Ʊ)Ð śƫǂºǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƢȀǼǟ Ǧnjǰdzơ ǺǷ ƧƢǼưƬLjŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
ƩƢǘǴLjºdzơ ƶȈƬƫ ǹƗ ƧƢǼưƬLjŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨȇǂLjƥ DZȐƻƛ ǹȁƽ ǽȐǟƗ
.ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨȈǬƥ ƨǷƢǠdzơ
ƾǫ ǵƾǬŭơ ƤǴǘdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢƆȈǘƻ ƤǴǘdzơ ǒǧǁ ǹȂǰȇ -Ô"
ǒǧǂºdzơ Ŀ ǂǯǀºĄȇȁ .Ǯºdzƿ ƤǴǘdzơ ǵƾǬǷ ƤǴǗ ơƿƛ ȁƗ ƢƆȈǘƻ ǵďƾǫƌ
ńƛ DZȂºǏȂdzơ ƨȈǨȈǯ Ǻǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǵċƾǬĄƫ ƢǸǯ ǾȈdzƛ ƨȈǟơƾdzơ ƣƢƦLJȋơ
Ŀ ǒǧǂºdzơ ǶƬȇȁ .Ö ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ǑơǂǠƬLJȏơ ƔơǂƳƛ
Ń ƢºǷ ǂȇƾǬƫ ǂưǯƗ ȄǴǟ ƾƷơȁ ǂȀNj ǹȂǔǣ Ŀȁ ǺǰŲ ƪǫȁ ƣǂǫƗ
ʼnƾºǬƫ ƾºǠƥ ǺȇǂȀNj ńƛ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ƾȇƾŤ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƾȈǬǠƫ ǡȂď LjĄȇ
.Ǿdz ƨȈǟơƾdzơ ƣƢƦLJȋơȁ ƾȇƾŤ ȅƘƥ ƤǴǘdzơ ǵƾǬǷ ǂƊǘƼĄȇȁ .ƤǴǘdzơ
ǾºȈǧ ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjǴdz ƶǸLjȇ ǹƗ ǥǂǗ Dzǰdz ǃȂŸ -Õ"
ǃȁƢºƴƬƫ ȏ ǹƗ ƤŸ ǾǻƗ Śǣ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ŚǧȂƫ ȄǴǟ ǵȂLJǁ ȆǓƢǬƬƥ
Ǒǂǧ ǵDŽƬǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǵȂǬƫȁ .ȏƆ ȂǬǠǷ ƢƆǤǴƦǷ ǵȂLJǂdzơ ǮǴƫ
ǵȂLJǂdzƢƥ ƩƢƦǴǘdzơ ȆǷƾǬŭ DZȁƾƳ ƨƷƢƫƜƥ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ŚǧȂƫ ȄǴǟ ǵȂLJǁ
ǮǴƫ ƢȀȈǧ Ǒǂǧ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ńƛ Śnjƫȁ ƢȀǓǂǨƫ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ Ŗdzơ
Ǟǧƾƥ ƢƆǗȁǂnjǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ŚǧȂƫ ǹȂǰȇ ŕǷȁ ƢȀǼǟ DZǃƢǼƬdzơ ȁƗ ǵȂLJǂdzơ
."ƢƆǷƾǬǷ ǵȂLJǂdzơ ǮǴƫ
Ǻºǟ ƆƢǷƾǬǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǂnjǻ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǩƢǨƫȏƢƥ ƨǴǏ ƢŮ Ŗdzơ
ƆƢǸǰƷ ƆƢǔȇƗ DžȂǿǁƕ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǸǔƬƫȁ .(ÑÓÑ)ǀƼƬĄƬLJ Ŗdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ
ƆȐǯ ȆǘǤƫ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƆƢȈǴȈǐǨƫ
ǞǼǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǃȂŸ Ŗdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǝȂǓȂŭơȁ Dzǰnjdzơ ǺǷ
ǾȈƳȂƫ ǺǸǔƬȇȁ .(ÑÓÒ)ƢȀǼǟ Ǧnjǰdzơ ȁƗ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ
__________
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÑÓÑ)
ǾƬǸǜǻƗȁ ǾǼȈǻơȂǫ ǂnjǻ ơƆǁȂǧ DzǨǰȇ ǹƗ ǥǂǗ Dzǯ ȄǴǟ -Î"
DzƟƢLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǵƢǠdzơ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ǽƾǟơȂǫȁ ǾƫơƔơǂƳƛȁ
ǺºŏǰŤ ƨºǬȇǂǘƥ ǂƻƕ Dzǰnjƥ ƢȀƬƷƢƫƛ ȁƗ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ơǀǿ ƢȀǴǸnjȇ Ŗdzơ
.ƢȀȈǴǟ ǝȐǗȏơ ǺǷ ǂǷȋƢƥ śǸƬȀŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơȁ ǍƢƼNjȋơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǝƢǘƬLjŭơ ǁƾǫ DzǸǠȇ ǹƗ ǥǂǗ Dzǯ ȄǴǟ -Ï"
ȁ žǽƽƢǸƬǟơ ƵǂƬǬȇ Śƥƾƫ ȅƗ ƢƆǷƾǬǷ ǂnjǼȇ ǹƗ (Ɨ)"
ǂǷȋƢºƥ śǸƬºȀŭơ ǥơǂºǗȋơȁ ǍƢƼNjȌdz ǂǧȂȇ ǹƗ (ƣ)"
."ƨƷǂƬǬŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǮǴƫ ȄǴǟ ǪȈǴǠƬǴdz ƨǏǂǨdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÑÓÒ)
ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƩơǂǬǨdzƢƥ ƢƆǼǿǁ ǥǂǗ Dzǯ DzǨǰȇ -Î"
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠǷ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ ƤǴǘdz ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏƢƥ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǵȂǬƫ ǹƗ
řǗȂdzơ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ǁȂȀǸƴǴdz ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǮǴƫ ƨƷƢƫƜƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨȈƠȈƥ
ǮºǴƫ DzǸnjƫ ȁƗ ǺǸǔƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ǺǷ ƺLjǻ ŚǧȂƫ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ
:ǽƢǻƽƗ (ƣ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzƢƥ ƢƆǼǿǁȁ ƢȀƦǴǗ ƾǼǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
žǵƢǸƬǿȏơ ƤƦLJ Ɣơƾƥƛ ńƛ ƨƳƢƷ ǹȁƽ (Ɨ)"
:ȏƛ Ǿƥ ƪƦǴƌǗ ȅǀdzơ Dzǰnjdzơ Ŀȁ (ƣ)"
ƢȀƸȈƬƫ ǹƗ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ DZȂǬǠŭơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ‘Α"
ƨȈǟơƾdzơ ƣƢƦLJȋơ ǂǯǀĄƫ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ ǂƻƕ Dzǰnjƥ
ȁƗ žDzǰnjdzơ ơǀđ ƢȀƬƷƢƫƛ ńƛ
Ŀ DzºǠǨdzƢƥ ǁȂºȀǸƴǴdz ƨƷƢƬǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ‘Ï‘"
.ǂƻƕ DzǰNj
ǽȐǟƗ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƵƢƬĄƫ -Ï"
ʼnƾºǬƫ ǺǷ ǂȇƾǬƫ ǂưǯƗ ȄǴǟ ǂȀNj ǹȂǔǣ Ŀȁ ǺǰŲ ƪǫȁ ƣǂǫƗ Ŀ
ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ƾȇƾŤ ǁŐĄȇ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƾȈǬǠƫȁ ǶƴƷ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ȏƛ ƤǴǘdzơ
ƾºȇƾŤ ȅƘºƥ ƤǴǘdzơ ǵƾǬĄǷ ǂǘƼĄȇȁ .ƤǴǘdzơ ʼnƾǬƫ ǺǷ ǺȇǂȀNj ńƛ
.Ǿdz ƨǣďȂLjŭơ ƣƢƦLJȋƢƥȁ
:ơƿƛ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ʼnƾǬƫ ƤǴǗ ǒǧǁ ǃȂŸ -Ð"
ƢȀȇƾdz džȈdz ƤǴǘdzơ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǵďƾǫƌ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƪǻƢǯ (Ɨ)"
žƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǢȈǏ ȁƗ ȆǴƳ Dzǰnjƥ DZȂǬǠǷ Śǣ ƤǴǘdzơ ǹƢǯ (ƣ)"
žƆơƾƳ ƨȈǷȂǸǟ
ȁƗ DZƢǸƬǯȏơ ńƛ ƢȀǴȈƦLJ Ŀ ƧƽƢŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƤǴǘdzơ ǹƢǯ (Ʊ)"
ȁƗ ǵƢºǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǎǼȇ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjǴdz ƨȈǴƻơƽ ƩȏƢǐƫƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ
ƨƸǴǐºŭƢƥ ǁƢºƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ǀƻȋơ ǞǷ ƢȀƟƢǼưƬLJơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǧǂǠdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ
.ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Ǻǟ Ǧnjǰdzơ ƢȀǷƾź Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ
Ǧnjǰdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƤǴǗ ǒǧǁ ǃȂŸ -Ñ"
:ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈƫơȂǷ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǂƯƚȈLJ ƢȀǼǟ
ơƿƛ ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ƢǿǀƼƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ƨȇǂLJ (Ɨ)"
žƨȇǂLjdzơ ǮǴƫ DzưǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƢǯ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
_________________________________________
ǪºƷ DzºǠƳ ǺǸǔºƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬdzơ ƾȇƾŢ (Ʊ)"
:Ǯdzƿ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷȁ ǾdzƢċǠǧ ƧǁȂǐƥ DžǁƢǸĄȇ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ
žƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ȆǨǛȂǷ śȈǠƫ •
žƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨLJơǁƾdz ǪǧơǂǷ ƨǻƢȈǏȁ ƔƢnjǻƛ •
ƧǃȂŞ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǶƟơȂǫ ȁƗ ƩȐƴLJ ƔƢnjǻƛ •
ǞºǷ ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơ ǂǧơȂºƫ ǕƢǬǻ ȁƗ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ
ȄǴǟ ǾȈǧ ǁȂưǠdzơ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢǰŭơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǴƳ ƩơǂNjƚǷ
.ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǮǴƫ
ǁƢºǘƻƜƥ ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjºdzơ ǵƢȈǫ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǸǔƫȁ
ǹƗȁ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ơǀŮ ƨƴȈƬǻ Ƣđ ǞƬǸƬȇ Ŗdzơ ǩȂǬūƢƥ ƨȈǧƢǯ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǁȂȀǸŪơ
ƢƆǬȈǬŢ ƧǁȂnjŭơȁ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ŚǧȂƬƥ ƤLJƢǼŭơ ȃƾŭơ ńƛ ǵȂǬƫ
."ƨȇƢǤdzơ ǽǀŮ
:Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơ"
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠǷ ŚǧȂƫ ƤǴǗ ǒǧǁ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾǴdz ǃȂŸ -Î"
:ơƿƛ ƨȈƠȈƥ
ǵƾƌǫ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƧǃȂŞ ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Ǻǰƫ Ń (Ɨ)"
ǹƘƥ ǶǴǟ ȄǴǟ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǮǴƫ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ .ƤǴǘdzơ ƢŮ
ƣǂǫƗ Ŀ ǵȂǬƫ ƢȀLjǨǼdz Ƣđ ǚǨƬŢ ȁƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƨǷƢǟ ƨǘǴLJ ƧǃȂŞ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
ǵƾǬǷ ǂǘţȁ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǮǴƫ ńƛ ƤǴǘdzơ ƨdzƢƷƜƥ ǺǰŲ ƪǫȁ
ǾǼǰŻ ǾǻƗ ƾǬƬǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzƢƥ ƤǴǘdzơ ǵƾǬǷ ǂǘţ ȁƗ Ǯdzǀƥ ƤǴǘdzơ
žƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz ƢȀȈdzƛ ƤǴǘdzơ ʼnƾǬƫ
žƨȈǴƳ ƧǁȂǐƥ DZȂǬǠǷ Śǣ ƤǴǘdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ (ƣ)"
ǞºǷ ƨºȇƢǤǴdz ƨǷƢǟ ƩơǁƢƦǠƥ ǢȈǏ ƾǫ ƤǴǘdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ (Ʊ)"
ž(Ð)Ð ƧƽƢŭơ ƧƢǟơǂǷ
ȁƗ DZƢºǸƬǯȏơ ǁȂºǗ Ŀ ƧƽƢŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƤǴǘdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ (ƽ)"
žƾǠƥ DzǸƬǰƫ Ń ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ȁƗ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǀºƻƗ ǞǷ ƨȈǴƻơƽ ƩȐLJơǂŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƤǴǘdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ (ǿ)"
.ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Ǻǟ Ǧnjǰdzơ Ŀ ǁƢƦƬǟȏƢƥ ǁȂȀǸŪơ ƨƸǴǐǷ
ǁȂºǗ Ŀ ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǹƗ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƤǴǗ ǒǧǂȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ
ƽơƾºǟƜƥ ǵȂǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǮǴƫ ǶLJơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǂǯǀƫ DZƢǸƬǯȏơ
.ƧƽƢŭơ ǮǴƫ ǃƢųȍ ǵǃȐdzơ ǁƾǬŭơ ƪǫȂdzơȁ ƧƽƢŭơ
DZȂǐºƸǴdz ǵƾǬŭơ ƤǴǘdzơ ǒǧǁ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾǴdz ǃȂŸ -Ï"
ǂƯƚȈºLJ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǮǴƫ Ǻǟ Ǧnjǰdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨȈƠȈƥ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ȄǴǟ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƫơȂǷ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǎǻ ơƿƛ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƨȇǂLJ (Ɨ)"
žƨȇǂLjdzơ ǮǴƫ ȄǴǟ
žřǗȂdzơ ǝƢǧƾdzơ ȁƗ ǵƢǠdzơ ǺǷȋơ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ (ƣ)"
ȄºǴǟ DZȂǐūơ ȄǴǟ ǎƼNj ȅƗ Ƨǁƾǫȁ ƨdzơƾǠdzơ ŚLJ (Ʊ)"
ǞƥƢºǗ ȅƿ ǪȈǬŢ ƔơǂƳƛ ȄǴǟ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ Ƨǁƾǫ ȁƗ ƨdzƽƢǟ ƨǸǯƢŰ
žœȇƽƘƫ ȁƗ ȆƟƢǼƳ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ȁƗ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨȇǂLJ (ƽ)"
ƨƸǴǐºǷ ƨºȇƢǸū ƨȇǂLjdzơ ǮǴƫ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ȁƗ řǗȂdzơ
ƨȇǂLJ ȄǴǟ ƨǜǧƢƸǸǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨƸǴǐŭơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨǟȁǂnjǷ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫơ
žƤƟơǂǔdzơ ƨȇǂLJȁ ƩơƔƢǐƷȍơ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
174
ƨǨǴǰƬƥ ȁƗ ÅƆƢǻƢů ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ ǹƢǸǔdz ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ
ǃȂŸ Ŗdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ Ǻǟ ƆȐǔǧ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǮǴƫ ǂnjǻȁ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ
ǾºȈƳȂƬdzơ ȄǠLjºȇȁ .(ÑÓÓ)ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ ǒǧǁ ƢȀȈǧ
__________
:Ð ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ǺǷ Õȁ Ôȁ Òȁ Ñȁ Ð ƽơȂŭơ (ÑÓÓ)
ƢȀƦǴǗ ƾǼǟ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ"
ƩƢǘǴLjºdzơ ǺǷ ȆǔƬǬȇ ǹƗ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǸǔƫ -Î"
Ŗºdzơ ƨºȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨƷƢƫƛ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǵƢǰƷȋ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ
ǾºŻƾǬƫ ƾǼǟ Ǯdzƿ ƤǴǘȇ ǺǷ Dzǰdz ƢȀLjǨǼdz Ƣđ ǚǨƬŢ Ŗdzơ ȁƗ ƢēǃȂŞ
.Ǯdzǀƥ ǾǷƢǸƬǿơ ƤƦLJ ǂǯƿ ǾǼǷ ȆǔƬǬȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ƤǴǗ
ǽƽƾºŹ řǷǃ DZȁƾƳ ȅƗ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǞǷȁ Ñ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƢƆǼǿǁȁ -Ï"
:ŅƢƬdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƤǴǘdzơ ǵƾǬŭ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƵƢƬĄƫ ƤǴǘdzơ ǵƾǬǷ
ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ǂȇƾǬƫ ƾǠƥƗ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ǺǰŲ ƪǫȁ ǝǂLJƗ Ŀ (Ɨ)"
ƤºǴǘǴdz Î ƧǂºǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǵȐƬLJơ ǺǷ ǂȀNj
ȁƗ žƤǴǘdzơ ǵƾǬǷ ǺǷ ǵƾǬŭơ
ƤǴǘǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǵȐƬLJơ ǺǷ ǺȇǂȀNj ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ (ƣ)"
ƨºȈǻƢǰǷȍ ȏƆ Ƣºů ǝƾȇ ȏ ǁƾǬƥ ƢǿƾȈǬǠƫȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǶƴƷ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ
ơǀǿ ǺǷ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀȁ .(Ɨ) Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǂȀnjdzơ ƧǂƬǨdz DZƢưƬǷȏơ
ȅƗ Ŀȁ ǺºǰŲ ƪºǫȁ ǝǂºLJƗ Ŀ ƤǴǘdzơ ǵƾǬǷ ǁƢǘƻƛ ǶƬȇ DzȈƦǬdzơ
ơǀºǿ ǺǷ ƾȇƾŤ ȅƘƥ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǂȀnjdzơ ƧǂƬǧ ƔƢǔǬǻơ DzƦǫ DZơȂƷȋơ
.ǾȈdzƛ ƨȈǟơƾdzơ ƣƢƦLJȋƢƥȁ DzȈƦǬdzơ
ƨºȇƢǤǴdz ƨºǷƢǟ ƩơǁƢƦǠƥ ǢȈǏ ƾǫ ǵƾǬŭơ ƤǴǘdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ -Ð"
ǁƢǗȍơ ǺǸǓ ǂȇƾǬƫ ƾǠƥƗ ȄǴǟȁ ǺǰŲ ƪǫȁ ǝǂLJƘƥ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƤǴǘƫ
ǵȂºǬƫȁ ǾºƦǴǗ ƽƾŹ ǹƗ ƤǴǘdzơ ǵƾǬǷ ǺǷ (Ɨ)Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ řǷDŽdzơ
ǹƘnjºƥ ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơ ǂǧȂºƫ ȅƗ Ǯdzǀƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ Ŀ ƤǴǘdzơ ǵƾǬǷ ƧƾǟƢLjŠ
ƨǘǴLjǴdz ǃȂŸȁ .(Ʊ)Ò ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩȐƴLjdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ
.(Ʊ)(Î)Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ƤǴǘdzơ ǒǧǂƫ ǹƗ ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ ƾǼǟ ƨǷƢǠdzơ
ƨºƷƢƫƛ ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǺǷ ƤǴǘdzơ ǵƾǬǷ ƤǴǗ ơƿƛ -Ñ"
(ƺLjǻ DzǰNj Ŀ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ) ƽƾŰ DzǰNj ȁƗ ǖŶ Ŀ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
:Ǻǰƫ Ń ƢǷ ȂƸǼdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƢǿŚǧȂƬƥ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǵȂǬƫ
ƨǏƢƻȁ ǂƻƕ DzǰNj ȁƗ ǖǸǼƥ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ǁȂȀǸƴǴdz ƨƷƢƬǷ (Ɨ)"
ȁƗ žƢȀȈǴǟ ƩƢƦǴǘdzơ ȆǷƾǬǷ DZȂǐƷ ǂLjȈƬȇȁ Ô ƧƽƢŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ
ǖǸǼƥ ƢȀƬƷƢƫƛ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ȏƆ ȂǬǠǷ ǹƢǯ ǹƛ (ƣ)"
ƢȀºƬƷƢƫƛ ńƛ ƨȈǟơƾdzơ ƣƢƦLJȋơ ǖLjƦĄƫ ƨdzƢūơ ǮǴƫ Ŀȁ ǂƻƕ DzǰNj ȁƗ
.Dzǰnjdzơ ȁƗ ǖǸǼdzơ ơǀđ
Dzºǯ DZǀƦƥ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǵȂǬƬLJ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǽǀǿ Ǒơǂǣȋȁ
ƢȀǴƳƗ ǺǷ ȁƗ ƢȀȇƾdz ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǹȂǐdz ƨdzȂǬǠŭơ ƽȂȀŪơ
DZȂǐºūơ ǺǰŻȁ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ƹƢLjǼƬLJȐdz ƨǴƥƢǫ ǹȂǰƫ DZƢǰNjƗ ȁƗ ǕƢŶƘƥ
.ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈǻȁǂƬǰdzƛ DzƟƢLJȂƥ ȁƗ ƨȈƥȂLJƢūơ ƩȏƢǐƫȏơ ƨǘLJơȂƥ ƢȀȈǴǟ
ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ƤǴǘdzơ ǵƾǬǷ ńƛ ǵċƾǬĄƫȁ
ȁƗ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨƷƢƫƛ ǒǧǂdz ƨȈǟơƾdzơ ƣƢƦLJȋơ (Ɨ)Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ
.ƣȂǴǘŭơ Dzǰnjdzơ ȁƗ ǖǸǼdzƢƥ ƆƢȈƟDŽƳ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǸǔƫ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ Ǒơǂǣȋȁ -Ò"
ƤºǴǗ Ŀ ǁȂºȀǸŪơ Ƕǟƽ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ńƛ ƤƊǴǘĄȇ ǹƗ (Ɨ)"
žƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ
ȁ žƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǶƟơȂǬdz ǁȂȀǸŪơ DZȂǏȁ ŚLjȈƫ (ƣ)"
175 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨºȈŷƗ ƾºǯƚƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǒǠƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǭƢǼǿȁ -ÏÖÏ
ƾǓ ǹȁǂƻƕȁ Van Huyssteen ƨȈǔǫ ȆǨǧ .ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ
ǵƢºǟ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ ƣȂǼƳ Ŀ ǹȁǂƻƕȁ ƨƷƢȈLjdzơȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ǹȁƚnjdzơ ǂȇǃȁ
Ǻǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƤǴǗ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƩƢƦǴǘdzơ ȂǷƾǬǷ ƶǼǷ (ÑÓÔ)ÎÖÖÓ
ȏƆ DŽºǼǷ ƢȀȈǧ ơȂƠnjǼȇ ǹƗ ơȁƽơǁƗ ƨǬǘǼǷ ƨƠȈƥ Ƣđ ǁǂǔƬƬLJ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǨȈǰdzơ
Ŀȁ .ȆƟƢºŶȍơ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Ǯdzƿ ƾȈȈnjƫ ƔơǂƳ ǺǷ ƩȐǘǠdzơ ƔƢǔǬdz
ƨǯǂºNjȁ ǵƢǠdzơ Ȇǟƾŭơ ƾǓ ƧƽȁƾƄơ Greenwatch Ltd. (u) ƨºȈǔǫ
(Greenwatch Ltd (u) v. ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȇƾǼǣȁȋơ ƔƢƥǂȀǰdzơ DzǬǻ ǕȂǘƻ
Attorney General and Uganda Elecricity Transmission Company
Ŀ Ǫºūơ ǺǗơȂºǷ Dzǰdz ǹƗ ơƾǼǣȁƗ Ŀ ƢȈǴǠdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩƗǁ Ltd.)
.(ÑÓÕ)ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƧǃȂƷ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ
ƤºƳȂŠ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǥȐŬơ Ŀȁ -ÏÖÐ
ǖȈƸǸǴdz Ȇǫǂnjdzơ DZƢǸnjǴdz ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ
ƢȈǻƢǘȇŐdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ ơƾǼdzǂȇƕ śƥ (OSPAR ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ) ȆLjǴǗȋơ
ǶȈºǰŢ ƨºƠȈŮ ƪƸǼLJ ƢȀȈǧȁ (ÑÓÖ)ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ơƾǼdzǂȇƕȁ ȄǸǜǠdzơ
DzƟƢLjǷ Ŀ DzǐǨǴdz ƨǏǂǨdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÐÏ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ƪƠnjǻƌƗ
ƧƾºǿƢǠŭơ ŚLjǨƫ ǾƳȁƗ DZȁƢǼƬƫȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ
ȄǴǟ ƨǧǂǐƬǷ ơƾǼdzǂȇƕ ƪƦǴǗȁ .ƨȇǂLjdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨǴǷƢǠŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
Ȇǫǂnjºdzơ DZƢǸnjǴdz ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ DžƢLJƗ
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ (OSPAR ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ) ȆLjǴǗȋơ ǖȈƸǸǴdz
ƨǬǧơȂŭơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǺǷ ƔDŽƴǯ ƩƾǟƗƌ ǂȇǁƢǬƫ ǺǷ ƨǐǴƼƬLjŭơȁ ƨƸǬǼŭơ
ƨǰǴǸŭơ Ŀ ("Mox DzǸǠǷ") ƨǘǴƬƼŭơ ƾȈLJƢǯȌdz DzǸǠǷ DŽȈȀš ȄǴǟ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƢȀƦǴǗ ǺǸǔƫȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ǩƢȈºLJ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƢǸēƾǟƗ ǺȇǂȇǂǬƫ Ǻǟ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ Ǧnjǰdzơ
ƾȈLjǯƗ ƽȂǫȁ ƱƢƬǻȍ Sellafield Ŀ ƾȇƾƳ ǪǧǂǷ ƔƢnjǻƜƥ ǾƫǁƾǏƗ ȅǀdzơ ǹƿȍơ
Ŗºdzơ ǁƢºƯȉơ Ŀ DzǔǧƗ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǂǜǼdzơ ǺǷ ǺǰǸƬƫ Ȇǰdz ... (Mox) ǖǴƬű
ƨºȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢȀǼǟ ǂǨLjȇ ƾǫ ȁƗ Mox DzǸǠǷ DzȈǤnjƫ ƢȀǼǟ ǂǨLjĄȈLJ
ƤºƳȂŠ ƢēƢǷơDŽƬdzȏ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ DZƢưƬǷơ ȃƾǷ ǶȈȈǬƫ ǺǷ ǺǰǸƬƬdz [ȁ] ...
ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ) ȆLjǴǗȋơ ǖȈƸǸǴdz Ȇǫǂnjdzơ DZƢǸnjǴdz ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ...
ǵƢǰƷȋơȁ ... ÎÖÕÏ ǵƢǠdz ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ (OSPAR
džǴĐơ ǾȈƳȂƫ ƨǏƢƻ ƨǨǐƥ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ
.(ÑÔÍ)96/29 Euratom
ǹƗ ǶȈºǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ǺǷ ơƾǼdzǂȇƕ ƪƦǴǗ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ -ÏÖÑ
ƢºēƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƪǰȀºƬǻơ ƾǫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǹƗ ǁȂǷƗ ƨǴŦ Ŀ ǺǴǠƫ
Ŗdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨƷƢƫƛ ƢȀǔǧǂƥ OSPAR ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ
ǹƾǼdz Ŀ ȅǁƢnjƬLJȏơ PA Ǫȇǂǧ ƢŷƾǟƗ ǺȇǀǴdzơ ǺȇǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ǺǷ ƪǧǀĄƷ
__________
.The South African Law Reports (1996), vol. 1, p. 283 (ÑÓÔ)
Kurukulasuriya, “The role ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .[2002] UGHC 28 (ÑÓÕ)
of the judiciary in promoting environmental governance and the rule of
.law”
ÏÍÍÐ ǾºȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂºŤ Ï ƹǁƚºŭơ ǁơǂǬdzơ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Ƕǰūơ (ÑÓÖ)
.UNRIAA, vol. XXIII (Sales No. E/F.04.V.15), p. 59
.ÑÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÕÍ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÔÍ)
ƔƢǼƯƗ ƢŮ ǑǂǠƬdzơ ȃǂƳ Ŗdzơ DzǯƢnjŭơ ǒǠƦdz ȅƾǐƬdzơ ńƛ ÅƆƢLJƢLJƗ
Ŗºdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǝȂǻ ƾȇƾŢ DzưǷ 90/313/EEC ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ǀȈǨǼƫ
ǹƢǸǔºdz ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬdzơȁ žǺǷ ƨǘLJơȂƥȁ ƢȀǼǟ Ǧnjǰdzơ ƽơǂĄȇ
ƽǂºdzơ ƤƳơȁȁ žƨǬƦǘǼŭơ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȏơȁ žƆȐǠǧ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨƷƢƫƛ
žǒǧǂºdzơ ƣƢƦºLJƗȁ Ǯdzǀdz ƨȈƟƢȀǼdzơ ƾȈǟơȂŭơȁ ƩƢƦǴǘdzơ ȄǴǟ
ńƛ ƨƳƢūơȁ žƨǬƦǘǼŭơ ǵȂLJǂdzơȁ žƩƢƦǴǘdzơ ǑơǂǠƬLJơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛȁ
.ƩƢǷȂǴǠǸǴdz ǂǸƬLjŭơ ǪǧƾƬdzơ
_________________________________________
(ǞƥƢƫ (ÑÓÓ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
žƨȇǂǰǨdzơ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ǩȂǬƷ (ǿ)"
ǎºţ Ŗºdzơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ƩƢǨǴŭơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ƨȇǂLJ (ȁ)"
Ǻºǟ Ǧnjºǰdzơ ȄǴǟ ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǪǧơȂȇ Ń ơƿƛ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ
ǎǼȇ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ȁƗ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ǁȂȀǸƴǴdz ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
žƨȇǂLjdzơ ǮǴƫ ȄǴǟ
ǽǀºǿ ǂºōǧȁ ƾºǫ ǹȂǰȇ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ƨȇƢŧȁ ŁƢǐǷ (ǃ)"
ǵơDŽºƬdzơ ȅƗ ƪºŢ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ȆǟȂǗ Dzǰnjƥ ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
Ń ƢºǷ Ǯdzǀºƥ ǵƢȈǬǴdz ňȂǻƢǫ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȅƗ ƪŢ ǾǴǠƳ ǺǰŻ ȁƗ ňȂǻƢǫ
žƨȈǼǠŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭƢƥ ƵȂƦdzơ ȄǴǟ ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǪǧơȂȇ
DzºȈƦǫ ǺǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǮǴƫ Ƣđ ǪǴǠƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ (Ƶ)"
.ƧǁƽƢǼdzơ ǝơȂǻȋơ ǺǯƢǷƗ Ǯdzƿ
ơƆŚLjºǨƫ Ïȁ Î śƫǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ǒǧǂdzơ ƣƢƦLJƗ ǂċLjǨƫȁ
Ŗºdzơ ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƨƸǴǐŭơ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨdzƢūơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ȄǟơǂĄƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƆơƾȈǬǷ
ƨƸǴǐŭơ ǹǃȂƫ ƨǏƢƻ ƨdzƢƷ Dzǯ Ŀȁ .ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Ǻǟ Ǧnjǰdzơ ƢȀǷƾź
ƢȀǷƾź Ŗdzơ ƨƸǴǐŭơ DzƥƢǬǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Ǻǟ Ǧnjǰdzơ ƢȀǷƾź Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ
ǒǧǂºƫ ǹƗ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾǴdz ǃȂŸ ȏȁ .ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǮǴƫ ʼnƾǬƫ ǒǧǁ
DZȂǐºƸǴdz ƤǴǗ ȅƗ (Ƶ)ȁ (ǃ)ȁ (ȁ)ȁ (ƽ)ȁ (Ɨ)Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ
ƩƢƯƢǠƦǻƢƥ ŘǠĄƫ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƤǴǘdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ȄǴǟ
.ƨƠȈƦdzơ Ŀ
ǽǀºǿ ǪȈƦǘƫ Ǒơǂǣȋȁ (ȁ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀȁ
95/46/EC ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ƩƢƦǴǘƬŭ DZƢưƬǷȏơ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǸǔƫ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÏÑ Ŀ ƢºƥȁǁȁƗ džºǴůȁ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ǹƢºŭŐdzơ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ
ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ DŽȈȀƴƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƽơǂǧȋơ ƨȇƢŧ ǹƘnjƥ ÎÖÖÒ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ
.ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ǮǴƫ DZƢǬƬǻơ ƨȇǂŞȁ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ
ƩơƔƢǼưƬºLJơ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ȃƾƷƛ ƪǐǻ ơƿƛ -Ð"
ƨǘǴLjºǴdz ǃȂŸ Ŗdzơ ŚȇƢǠŭƢƥ ǁȂȀǸƴǴdz ƨƷƢƬǷ ƨǸƟƢǫ Ǟǔƫ ǹƗ ƢŮ ǃȂŸ
.ƩƢƦǴǘdzơ ƨŪƢǠǷ ƨȈǨȈǯ ƢȀLJƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ǁǂǬƫ ǹƗ ƨȈǼǠŭơ
ƨǷƢǟ ƩƢǘǴLJ ƧǃȂŞ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ ƵƢƬĄƫ -Ñ"
ȅƗ Dzǐºǧ ǺºǰǷƗ ơƿƛ ƢºȀȈǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz ƤǴǘƥ ǵƾǬƬdzơ ȃǂƳ Ŗdzơȁ
ƨºȈǬƥ Ǻǟ Ï ȁƗ (ǿ)ȁ (ƽ)Î śƫǂǬǨdzơ ǩƢǘǻ ǺǸǓ ƱǁƾǼƫ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ
.ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
ƨºȈǻȁǂƬǰdzƛ ƧǁȂǐºƥ ȁƗ ƢƆȈǘƻ ƤǴǘdzơ ǵƾǬǷ ǂǘƼĄȇ -Ò"
ǵƾºƌǫ ƾǫ ƤǴǘdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢȀǼǷ ƔDŽƳ ȁƗ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Dzǯ ƨƷƢƫƛ ǒǧǂƥ
ǁƢnjºŭơ ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ǺǸǓ Ǯdzƿ ƤǴǘdzơ ǵƾǬǷ ƤǴǗ ơƿƛ ȁƗ ƢƆȈǘƻ
Ŀ ǂǯǀĄȇȁ .(ƣ) DZƢūơ ȄǔƬǬǷ ƤLjƷ ȁƗ (Ɨ) (Ï)Ð ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ
Ǻºǟ ƩƢºǷȂǴǠǷ ǺǸǔºƬȇ ƢǸǯ ǒǧǂǴdz ƨȈǟơƾdzơ ƣƢƦLJȋơ ǒǧǂdzơ
."Ó ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƤǴǘdzơ ǑơǂǠƬLJơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƢȀǸȀǧ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨƷƢƫƛ ƢȀǔǧǂƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ
.(ƽ)Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƩƢƦǴǘƬŭ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺºǷ Ö ƧƽƢºŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÏÖÔ
:OSPAR
ƨºƷƢƫƛ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƢēƢǘǴLJ ǺǷ ƤǴǘĄȇ ǹƗ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǺǸǔƫ
ȁƗ ǹƢǯ ƢƆȈǠȈƦǗ ǎƼNj ȅȋ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
ǎƼnjºdzơ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ DZȂǬǠǷ ƤǴǗ ȅȋ ƨƥƢƴƬLJơ ƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơ
Ŀȁ ƨºdzȂǬǠǷ Śǣ ǵȂLJǁ ȅƗ ȆǓƢǬƫ ǹȁƽȁ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƨƸǴǐǷ Ǿdz ǹƗ ƩƢƦƯƛ
.ǺȇǂȀNj ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ǂȇƾǬƫ ƾǠƥƗ ȄǴǟȁ ǺǰŲ ƪǫȁ ƣǂǫƗ
ǹƗ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƨºǰǴǸŭơ ƨºƴū ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǶȀŭơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯȁ -ÏÖÕ
ƩƢǘǴLjºdzơ ǺºǷ ƤǴǘĄȇ ǹƗ ǹƢǸǔƥ" ƢȀǷƢȈǬƥ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ
Ń DZơƚLjdzơ ǞǓȂǷ ƧƽƢŭơ ǹƗ (ÑÔÐ)"ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨƷƢƫƛ ƢȀȈǧ ƨǐƬƼŭơ
ƘnjǼƫ ȏ ƨǨdzƢƼŭơ ǹƗȁ .ƨǼȈǠǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ʼnƾǬƬƥ ơƆǂNjƢƦǷ ƢƆǷơDŽƬdzơ ƞnjǼƫ
Ǻºǟ Ǧnjºǰdzơ ƨŪƢǠŭ ȆǴŰ ȆǸȈǜǼƫ ǁƢǗƛ ƨƠȈē ǺǰŻ Ń ơƿƛ ȏƛ
ƨǴǐdzơ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǹƘƥ ƢȀƦǻƢƳ ǺǷ ơƾǼdzǂȇƕ ƪƴƬƷơȁ .ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
ǁƢǗƛ ƨƠȈȀƬƥ ƢƆǷơDŽƬdzơ džȈdzȁ (ÑÔÑ)"ƨƴȈƬǼdzƢƥ ƢƆǷơDŽƬdzơ" Dzǰnjƫ ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ
.ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Ǻǟ Ǧnjǰdzơ ŀƢǠȇ ȆǴŰ ȆǸȈǜǼƫ
ǹƗ ǁơǂºǬdzơ ńƛ ǶȀǴǏȂƫ Ŀ ƨƠȈŮơ ƔƢǔǟƗ ƨȈƦǴǣƗ ǚƷȏȁ -ÏÖÖ
ǽǀºƻƗ ƤŸ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǶǰƷ Ȇǿ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ
ǥơƾºǿȋơ ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƾǏƢǬǷ ƶǓȂȇ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ
ƨºƠȈŮơ ƩǂLjºǧȁ .ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ȃǂƻȋơ ƨǏƢŬơ ǵƢǰƷȋơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ
ƨǏƢŬơ ǾǟȂǓȂǷ ƧƽƢǷ Ŀ ǀȈǨǼƬǴdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ ƢƆǷơDŽƬdzơ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ
ǾǷƢǰƷƗ ǀƻƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ" .ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ ȃǂƻȋơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟ
ǂºƯƗ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ ƢĔƘƥ ƧƽƾƄơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Ǻǟ ǦnjǰdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
śǻơȂǬǴdz ƨƷȂǸǗ ǥơƾǿƗ Ǻǟ ơƆŚƦǠƫ ƢĔȂǯ ƽǂů ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ƽȂǐǬǷ
.(ÑÔÒ)"ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȌdz ƨȈǴƄơ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǑǂǤdzơ ǹƗ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƨȈƦǴǣȋ śƦƫȁ -ÐÍÍ
ȅǂºƸƦdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǔǬdzơȁ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ Ȃǿ OSPAR
ƢȀºƬǷǂƥ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƧƔơǂǫ ƾǼǟȁ .ȆLjǴǗȋơ ǖȈƄơ ǩǂNj DZƢſ Ŀ
Ǻǟ ǶǼȇ ǾǴǸǯƘƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǎǻ ǹƗ ƶǔƬȇ (ƢēƢǬǧǂǷ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ)
ǪºȈǬŢ DzºƳƗ ǺºǷ ƨǟơŐƥ ǢȈǏ ƾȀǠƫ ȁƗ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȐdz DzLjǴLjƫ
ǹƗ ȄǴǟ DZƾƫ ǺƟơǂǬdzơ ǹƗ ƨƠȈȀǴdz śƦƫȁ .ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ƨǼȇƢƦƬŭơ ǥơƾǿȋơ
ȅƾǠǷ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƧƽȂǐǬǷ ƨƦǣǁ džǰǠȇ "ǺǸǔƫ" ƧǁƢƦǟ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ
Ŀ ƨºǫƾdzơ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǵƾǟ ȏ ƨǼȇƢƦƬǷ ƩơǁƢƦǟ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ Ŀ ƨǣƢȈǐdzơ
ȄºǴǟ ƢƆǷơDŽƬdzơ Ǟǔƫ ƢĔƘƥ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ǂLjǨƫ ƢĔƜǧ ơǀdzȁ .ǙƢǨdzȋơ ǁƢȈƬƻơ
Ȃºǿȁ ƆƢƠȈNj ǺǸǔƫ ǹƘƥ "ơƆƾǫƢǠƬǷ ƢƆǧǂǗ" ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ
Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂºdzơ ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨƷƢƫƛ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƢēƢǘǴLJ ǺǷ ƤǴǘĄȇ ǹƗ"
ȅȋ ƨƥƢƴƬºLJơ ȅǁƢƦƬǟơ ȁƗ ȆǠȈƦǗ ǎƼNj ȅȋ ... Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ
__________
.ÎÎÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÖÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÔÐ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÔÑ)
.ÎÏÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÖÓ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÔÒ)
176
Ŗdzơ Arthur D. Little (ADL)ȁ (PA Consulting Group of London)
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƨºǰǴǸŭơ ƪǔǧǁ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ơƆƽǁȁ .(ÑÔÎ)ơƾǼdzǂȇƕ ƢȀƬƦǴǗ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǹƘƥ ƨƴƬŰ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ǺȇǂȇǂǬƬdzơ Ǻǟ Ǧnjǰdzơ
ƢºĔȋ ơƆǂǜǻ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂǴdz ơƆǂNjƢƦǷ ƢƆǬƷ ƞnjǼƫ Ń OSPAR
ƢƆºȈǴŰ ơƆǁƢºǗƛ ƤLjºƸǧ ƞnjǼƫ ǹƗ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǺǷ ƤǴǘƫ
.Ǯºdzƿ ƪºǴǠǧ ƾǫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǹƗȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Ǻǟ ǦnjǰǴdz
ƣȂǴǘŭơ ǹƘƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ƪƴƬƷơ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ
DZơƚLjdzơ ǞǓȂǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǹƗ śƦƫ ǹƗ Ȃǿ DZƢƷ ƨȇƗ ȄǴǟ ơƾǼdzǂȇƕ ǺǷ
ǾǻƘƥ Ǯdzǀǯ ƪƴƬƷơȁ .Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǩƢǘǻ ǺǸǓ ƱǁƾǼƫ
ƧƾºǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȌdz ǪŹ Ƣēơƿ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (ƽ)Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƽȂǼƦƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ
ǒǧǂƫ ǹƗ ƨǬƦǘǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǻȋơȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀǸǜǼdz ƢƆǬǧȁ
ƾºǬǧ ơǀºdzȁ .ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨȇǂLjdzơ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ʼnƾǬƫ ƤǴǗ
ǵơƾǠǻȏ ƩơƔƢǟƽȏơ ǒǧǁ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ǺǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ƪƦǴǗ
.(ÑÔÏ)ƨȈdzȂƦǬŭơ ǵƾǟȁ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ
ǮºǴƫ ȄºǴǟ ƨƥƢƳƛ ƾš ǹƗ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ȄǴǟ ǹƢǯȁ -ÏÖÒ
:śƬȈǔǬdzơ Ŀ ƪƦdzơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƨǴƠLJȋơ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƛ ȏƆ ȁƗ (Ɨ)
ƽƾºŢ ȁƗ "ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ" Ǻǟ Ǧnjǰdzơ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǺǷ ȆǔƬǬƫ
Ï ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǾȈǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ ȅǀdzơ ŘǠŭơ ǺǸǓ ƢȀǼǟ ǦnjǰǴdz ƔÅ ơǂƳƛ
žƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ
ƪºǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ Ǯdzǀǯ ǂǷȋơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁ ƆƢȈǻƢƯ (ƣ)
"ƩƢºǷȂǴǠǷ" Dzǰnjºƫ ƢȀǼǟ Ǧnjǰdzơ ơƾǼdzǂȇƕ ƪƦǴǗ Ŗdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ
žƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǑơǂǣƗ ƤLjƷ
ƪºǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ Ǯdzǀǯ ǂǷȋơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁ ƆƢưdzƢƯȁ (Ʊ)
ƨȈǿƢǷȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ȅƗ ƤƴƷȁ ƶȈǬǼƬƥ ƪǷƢǫ ƾǫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ
ƨºǨdzƢű ƾºǠĄȇ ƢŠ ơƾǼdzǂȇƕ ƢȀƬƦǴǗ ƾǫ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǮǴƫ
.(ƽ)Ð ƧǂǬǨǴdz
ƤºǴǗ ǒºǧǁ ȄǴǟ Ƣǿǁơǂǫ Ŀ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƪǠŦƗȁ -ÏÖÓ
ǺǷȁ .ƨȈdzȂƦǬŭơ ǵƾǟȁ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ŖdzƘLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ
ǺǷ ǵƾǬŭơ ƤǴǘdzơ ƢȀƟƢǔǟƗ ƨȈƦǴǣƘƥ ƨƠȈŮơ ƪǔǧǁ ƾǬǧ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ
ǀºȈǨǼƫ ǹƘºƥ DZȁȋơ DZơƚLjdzơ Ŀ ƧDŽƳȂŭơ ǾƬǤȈǐƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ
ǾºƳȁ ȄºǴǟ ǕȂǼǷ OSPAR ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ǶȈǰŢ ƨƠȈŮ džȈdzȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ Ŀ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzƢƥ ǂǐūơ
ƾºǬǧ ňƢưdzơ DZơƚLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ơƆƽǁȁ .OSPAR ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ƧƘnjǼǷ
ơƾºǼdzǂȇƕ ƨºƦdzƢǘǷ ǹƘºƥ Ƕºǰūơ ńƛ ƢȀƟƢǔǟƗ ƨȈƦǴǣƘƥ ƪǐǴƻ
ȄǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥȁ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƱǁƾǼƫ ȏ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭƢƥ
ƮdzƢưdzơ DZơƚLjdzơ Ŀ ǂǜǼǴdz ƧǁȁǂǓ ƨǸǰƄơ ƔƢǔǟƗ ƨȈƦǴǣƗ ǂƫ Ń Ǯdzƿ
ƤƳȂŠ ƢēƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƪǨdzƢƻ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǹƘƥ ơƾǼdzǂȇƕ ƔƢǟƽơ Ȃǿȁ
__________
.ÑÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÔÎ)
.ÑÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÔÏ)
177 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƶǓơȂdzơ ƢǿƢǼǠŠ "ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƢēƢǘǴLJ ǺǷ ƤǴǘĄȇ ǹƗ ǺǸǔƫ ǹƗ" ƧǁƢƦǟ
ǺǷ ƧƽƾŰ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ȆǴƄơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǷƔơȂŠ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ Dzǰnjƫ ȏ
ƩǂǧȂºƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLjLJƚŭơ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ DzƦLJ ǒǠƥ ȄǴǟ ǎǼdzơ DZȐƻ
:Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ƧƽƾŰ ŚȇƢǠǷ ƢĔƘnjƥ
ŚǧȂºƬdz Ņȁƾºdzơ ƾȈǠǐºdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǷơDŽƬdzơ ƞnjǼƫ ƩơǁƢƦǠƥ ƢȀǼǟ ŚƦǠƬdzơ ǶƬȇ Ń
ƨºƠȈǿ ǍƢǐƬƻȏ Ǟǔţ ƧƽƾŰ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ơǀǿ ǀȈǨǼƬƥȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
.(ÑÕÑ)ÐÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ
śƥ ǞǸšȁ ƨȇȂLJ Śǣ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǹƗ ńƛ ǁƢNjƗȁ -ÐÍÑ
ǵƢºȈǫ ǺǸǔƫ ǹƗ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǺǷ ƪƦǴǗ ƢǷ ơƿƛ ƩƢǔǫƢǼƬǷ
ƨºȈǨȈǯ ƽƾŢȁ ƔȆNj DzǠǨƥ ƢŮ ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ
ƨºƠȈŮ ƧƽƾŰ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ǁȁƾƥ ƾȀǠƫ Ľ ƔȆnjdzơ ơǀǿ DzǠǧ
ǞºǷ ǪLjºƬȇ ǽŚLjºǨƫ ǹƗ ńƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǁƢNjƗȁ .(ÑÕÒ)ƨȈdzȁƽ ǶȈǰŢ
ǺºǷ Î ƧǂºǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƢȀǼǟ ƣơǂǟȍơ ȃǂƳ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ǥơƾǿȋơ
ƢƆºǧȐƻ ƢȀǬȈǬŢ ǺǰŻ ȏ Ŗdzơȁ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏơ ƾȈǟơȂǷ ǹƘnjƥ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ
ƨȇȂLjºƫ ƨȈdzƕ ƤƳȂŠ ƧƢƻȂƬŭơ ƨǬǿǂŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ƨǘLJơȂƥ Ǯdzǀdz
.(ÑÕÓ)ÐÏ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ
DzȈǴƸƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ƨȈƦǴǣƗ ǞǷ ǾǫƢǨƫơ ǵƾǟ Ǻǟ ƣǂǟƗȁ -ÐÍÒ
Ȇǿ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ŐƬǠĄƫ ǎǼdzơ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǸǧ .ǶǰƸǴdz ȆźǁƢƬdzơȁ ȆǐǼdzơ
ǺǷȁ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƬdz ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈdzƕ ńƛ ǁƢNjƗ ȅǀdzơ ƾȈƷȂdzơ Ƕǰūơ
ǺǷ Ƨƾȇǂǧ ŐƬǠĄƫ OSPAR ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǹƜǧ ƨȈźǁƢƬdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ
ȅǂºƸƦdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǞǼǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ƣŷȁ śǬƥƢLjdzơ śǰǐdzơ ǹƛ ƮȈƷ
ƩơǂƟƢºǘdzơȁ ǺǨLjdzơ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƽơȂǷȁ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ƔƢǬdzƛ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ
ƢƆǸǰƷ ƢǼǸǔƬƫ Ń ƨȇǂƥ ǁƽƢǐǷ ǺǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǞǼǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ
.(ÑÕÔ)Ƕǰūơ ơǀđ ǹăǁƢǬĄȇ
ƾǫ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨǴdz ƨȇŚǔƸƬdzơ DZƢǸǟȋơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ -ÐÍÓ
ǺºǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƢƸƦǏƗ ǺȇǀǴdzơ śǸǰūơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƩǁƢNjƗ
ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǾȈƳȂƫ ǞǷ ƢǸȀǫƢLjƫơ DzǨǰȇ ƢŠ ȏƾǟ ƾǫ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ
śǸǰūơ Ȑǯ ǹƛ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƾȈǨǷ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ śƦƫ ƾǬǧ 90/313/EEC
.(ÑÕÕ)ǂǐūơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǴŰ ǥƢǐƬǻơ DzƦLjƥ ǹƢǘƦƫǂȇ
ŚLjºǨƬdzơ ǹƗ ǾȈdzƛ ǎǴƻ ƢǸȈǧ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ džȈƟǁ ǂǯƿȁ -ÐÍÔ
ǵDŽºǴĄƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǸǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǞǷ ǪLjƬȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ǹƢǯ
ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿ ǞȈǘƬLjƫ ƢǷ ǁƾǬƥ ƢĔƗȁ ȆǴƄơ ƢĔȂǻƢǫ ǶƟơȂƫ ǹƘƥ DZȁƾdzơ
ǹƗȁ .ƧƾºǿƢǠǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƢēƢǷơDŽƬdzƢƥ ƪǧȁƗ ƾǫ ǹȂǰƫ ǶƟȐŭơ ȂƸǼdzơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹƗ Ŀ DzưǸƬȇ DZȂƦǬdzƢƥ ȄǜŹ ȅǀdzơ ƾȈƷȂdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ƔƢǟƽȏơ
ǮºǴƫ ǶȈºǜǼƫ ȁƗ ƨºȈǴƄơ ƢȀǼȈǻơȂǫ ǞǓȁ DzǨǰƫ Ń ƢȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ
__________
.Ó ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÎÑ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÕÑ)
.Ô ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÕÒ)
.Õ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÕÓ)
.Ö ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÎÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÕÔ)
.ÎÎȁ ÎÍ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÕÕ)
ȆºǷơDŽdzȍơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƾǼǟ" ǶƟƢǫ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ơǀǿȁ .(ÑÔÓ)"DZȂǬǠǷ ƤǴǗ
ȆºǴŰ ǵƢǜǻ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ ƨƷƢƫƛ ƽǂů Ǻǟ ƢƆǓȂǟ (ÑÔÔ)"DžƢȈǬǸǴdz
.ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ƨƴȈƬǼdzơ ǪȈǬƸƬdz ǾƳȂǷ
ƧƽƾƄơ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ Ʃǂǜǻȁ -ÐÍÎ
ǹƗ ƤºŸ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǹƗ Ŀ DzưǸƬƫ Ŗdzơȁ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ
žȅǁƢººƦƬǟơ ȁƗ ȆººǠȈƦǗ ǎƼººNj ȅȋ (Ɨ) ƨººƷƢƬǷ ǹȂººǰƫ
ǺºǷ ǂǷȋơ ǵDŽǴƬLjȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ (Ʊ) žDZȂǬǠǷ ƤǴǘdz ƨƥƢƴƬLJơ (ƣ)
ȆǓƢǬƫ ǹȁƾƥȁ (ƽ) žǮdzƿ Ŀ ƨƸǴǐǷ Ǿdz ǹƗ ƩƢƦƯƛ ƤǴǘdzơ ǵƾǬǷ
ƾǠƥƗ ȄǴǟ Ǻǰdzȁ ǺǰŲ ƪǫȁ ƣǂǫƗ Ŀ (ǿ)ȁ žƨdzȂǬǠǷ Śǣ ǵȂLJǁ
ǹƗ řǠȇ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿ ƨƠȈŮơ ƩǂLjǧȁ ǺȇǂȀNj ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ǂȇƾǬƫ
Ǿºƫơƿ Ȃºǿ ƶƦǐȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǮǴƬdz ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ DZȁƾdzơ DZƢưƬǷơ
.(ÑÔÕ)ÐÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ȆǟƾƬLjƫ ƨǴǐǨǼǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ
Ŀ ǎǼºǴdz ƢȀºǴȈǴŢ ƾºȇƚȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨƠȈŮơ Ʃǂưǟȁ -ÐÍÏ
ƽƢŢȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ƨǴǐdzơ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ
ƽƢºǸƬǟơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨºƠȈŮơ ƩǁƢNjƗ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .(ÑÔÖ)ĺȁǁȁȋơ
ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǍȂǐǼdzơ Ŀ ǪƥƢǘǷ ȁƗ ǾƥƢnjǷ ƶǴǘǐǷ ȁƗ ǦȇǂǠƫ
ƔÅ ƢǼƥȁ .śǰǐdzơ Ȑǯ ȄǴǟ Ǿƫơƿ ȅǁƢȈǠŭơ DŽǯǂŭơ ƔƢǨǓƛ ƾǐǬƥ ǽDŽȈȈŤ
Ƣŷ 90/313/EEC ǾȈƳȂƬdzơȁ OSPAR ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǹƗ ƢŮ śƦƫ ƾǬǧ ǾȈǴǟ
ƢƆºȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƢƆǷƢǜǻ ƞnjǼȇ" ƢǸȀǼǷ Dzǯȁ śǴǬƬLjǷ śȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǺȇǁƾǐǷ
ǺƠºǴǧ .(ÑÕÍ)"ƨºǨǴƬű ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǥƢǐƬǻơ DzƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇȁ ơƆDŽȈǸƬǷ
ƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţơ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ 90/313/EEC ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ǺǷ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ƪǻƢǯ
ȅȂºǘǼƫ OSPAR ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ" ǹƜǧ ƨǨdzƢƼŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƾǓ ƢƆȈǴŰ ňȂǻƢǫ
Ŗºdzơ ÐÏ ƧƽƢºŭơ Ŀ ƩƢºǟǃƢǼŭơ Dzū ƨȈƫơƿȁ ƨǏƢƻ ƨȈdzƕ ȄǴǟ
:ǹƗ ȃǂƫ ȆȀǧ .(ÑÕÎ)ƢŮ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨƠȈŮơ ǽǀǿ ǥǂǐƬƫ
ǹƗ Ǻºǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔºǧ śȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ śǰǐdzơ Ȑǯ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ƨđƢnjƬŭơ ƨǣƢȈǐdzơ
Dzǰdz ȅǀȈǨǼƫ ǮǏ Ƣŷ [ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ Ŀ ƩƾǟƌƗ Ŗdzơ] ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ ƨǸǜǻƗ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǁƢȈƬƻơ ǂǐǬƫ ȏ Ȇǿȁ OSPAR ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ 90/313 ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ǺǷ
ȆLjºȈƟǂdzơ ǑǂǤdzơȁ ... śƷƢƬŭơ śǼƯȏơ ǺǷ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ȄǴǟ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ŐǼǸǴdz
Ŀ ƨǬLjºƬǷȁ ƧƾƷȂǷ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ŚȇƢǠǷ ǞǓȁ Ȃǿ ƨđƢnjǷ ƨǣƢȈǏ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǺǷ
DzƦºLJ ǺºǷ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨǟȂǸĐ ƨȈǬƦLJƗ ǪǴƻ džȈdzȁ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ DZƢů
.(ÑÕÏ)ȃǂƻƗ ƨǟȂǸů ȄǴǟ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ
DzǐºǨǼǷ ǹȐǟƛ Ŀ ǦdzƢƻ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ džȈƟǁ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ -ÐÍÐ
ǹƗ ǾºȇƗǁ ȆǨǧ .(ÑÕÐ)ƨȈƦǴǣȋơ ǮǴƫ ŚLjǨƫ ǹƘnjƥ ƨƠȈŮơ ƔƢǔǟƗ ƨȈƦǴǣƗ
__________
.ÎÐÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÖÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÔÓ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÔÔ)
.ÎÐÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÔÕ)
.ÎÐÖ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÖÖ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÔÖ)
.ÎÑÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÍÍ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÕÍ)
.ÎÑÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÕÎ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÕÏ)
W. Michael ƾȈLjºdzơ ǹȐºǟƛ ÎÎÐ Ǎ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÕÐ)
.Reisman
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǮǴƫ ǹȂǸǔǷȁ ƨƸǬǼŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƩƢƠǧ śƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƔƢǔǟƗ
ǩƢºǘǻ Ŀ ƱǁƾºǼƫ ńȁȋơ ǹƗ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ǮƠdzȁƗ ȃƘƫǁơȁ ƩƢƠǨdzơ
.(ÑÖÐ)Ð ƧǂǬǨǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƢǸȀǼǷ ƧŚƻȋơ ƾȇƾŢ śǠƬȇ ƢǸǼȈƥ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǩƢǘǻ ǹƗ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƪǜƷȏȁ -ÐÎÏ
ǹȂǸǔºǷ ǞǷ ǪǨƬȇ ǾǼǰdz ƨǷƢǟ ƨǨǐƥ ƆƢȈƠȈƥ ŐƬǠĄȇ ȏ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzƢƥ
ȅƗǂdz ƢƆǬƦǗȁ ."ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƨdzƢƷ" ǎź ƢǸȈǧ OSPAR ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ƩƢºƠǨdzơ ǺǷ ȅƗ ǦǏȁ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƔƢǔǟƗ ƨȈƦǴǣƗ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ơƾǼdzǂȇƕ ƢȀƬǷƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ Ŀ Ʃƽǁȁ Ŗdzơ ÎÑ dzơ
.(ÑÖÑ)"ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƨdzƢƷ ǹƘnjƥ ... ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ" ƢĔƗ ȄǴǟ
ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸȈǧ ǂǜǼdzơ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƪǟǂNjȁ -ÐÎÐ
ǖȈºƸǸǴdz Ȇǫǂnjºdzơ DZƢǸnjǴdz ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȁƾǠǷ
ƨȇŚLjǨƬdzơ ƨǴǷƢnjdzơ ƨȈƦƦLjdzơ ƨȇǂǜǻ ơȁƾǸƬǟơ ƾǫ (OSPAR) ȆLjǴǗȋơ
ǺºǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ "ơƆƾǠƦƬLjǷ ǹƢǯ ƢǸȀǷ ƔȆNj ȅƗ" ƾǠȇ ƢǿƽȂǼƥ ƤƳȂŠȁ
ƩǁƢºNjƗȁ .(ÑÖÒ)"ǕƢnjǼdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǀȈǨǼƫ DzȀLjȇ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ǕƢnjǻ"
ȅƗ" Ȇºǿȁ ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơ ǺǷ ƩƢƠǧ ƭȐưƥ ŘǠƫ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǹƗ ńƛ
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠǷ ȅƗ"ȁ ž"ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƨdzƢƷ" Ǻǟ "ƨƷƢƬǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ
ǂƯƚºƫ ǹƗ DzºǸƬŹ ȁƗ ǂƯƚƫ Ŗdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨǘnjǻȋơ" Ǻǟ "ƨƷƢƬǷ
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠǷ ȅƗ"ȁ ž"ƨºȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ... ƨȈƫơȂǷ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ
ƢƆǺǬǧȁ ƪºǴƻƽƗ Ŗºdzơ ŚƥơƾºƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨǘnjºǻȋơ" Ǻºǟ "ƨƷƢƬǷ
ƢȀƬǷƾǫ Ŗdzơ Ʃơǂǯǀŭơ Ŀ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƩDŽǯǁ ƾǫȁ .(ÑÖÓ)"ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz
ȁƗ ƨǘnjºǻȋơ Ǻºǟ ƨƷƢƬǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ȅƗ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨƠǨdzơ ȄǴǟ
ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ƨȈƫơȂǷ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǂƯƚƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ ȁƗ ǂƯƚƫ Ŗdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ
"ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨǘnjǻȋơ" ǥǂăǠƫ Ń OSPAR ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǹƗ ǞǷȁ .ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ
ƔơDŽºƳȋơ ǺºǷ ƶǔƬȇ ǾǻƗ ƨȈƦǴǣȋơ Ʃǁǂǫ ƾǬǧ ƢȀǼǷ Î ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ
ńƛ ƨºǷƢǟ ƧǁȂǐƥ Śnjƫ "Śƥơƾƫ" ƧǁƢƦǟ ǹƗ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ȃǂƻȋơ
ȆǷȂºǰūơ ǃƢºȀŪơ ǺǷ ƔDŽƳ ȅƗ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƫ ƩơǁƽƢƦǷ
Ŀ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƢȀǴǸnjƫ Ŗdzơ DzƟƢLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȌdz
ǺºǷ ƨºǠƥƢǻ ƪǻƢǯ ƔơȂLJ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ńƛ "ƨǘnjǻȋơ" Śnjƫ śƷ
ǮºǴƫ ƢºȀǠǫȂƬƫ ƪǻƢǯ ȁƗ ƨȈǷȂǰūơ Śǣȁ ƨȈǷȂǰūơ ƩƢǻƢȈǰdzơ
ƨºƠȈǿ ƩǂºǫƗȁ .(ÑÖÔ)"ŚƥơƾƬdzơ" ǮǴƬdz ƢƆǧƾǿ ȁƾǤƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǻƢȈǰdzơ
90/313 ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ǺǷ (Ɨ)Ï ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƨǣƢȈǐdzơ ǪƥƢǘƬƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ
ǡŐǼǴǰǷ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǾƫǁƾǏƗ ȅǀdzơ Ƕǰūơȁ
ƤLjƸǧ ƾȈǨƫ "Śƥơƾƫ" ƧǁƢƦǟ ǹƗ ńƛ ǾȈǧ ƩǁƢNjƗȁ (Mecklenburg)
ǝơȂºǻƗ ǞºȈŦ DzǸnjƫ ǾȈƳȂƬǴdz Ǟǔţ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǹƗ ƶȈǓȂƬdz
ƨǘnjºǻȋơȁ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǺǷ Dzǯ Ʊơǁƽƛ ǹƢǯ ǺƠdzȁ .ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ
ƨºƠǨdzơ DzǸnjƫ ǹƗ ơȁƽơǁƗ ƨǣƢȈǐdzơ ȅƾǠǷ ǹƗ ńƛ Śnjȇ ƔơȂLjdzơ ȄǴǟ
__________
.ÎÍÓȁ ÎÍÒ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÖÐ)
.ÎÓÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÍÓ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÖÑ)
.ÎÓÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÖÒ)
.ÎÓÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÍÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÖÓ)
.ÎÔÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÍÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÖÔ)
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ǮºǴƫ ƢēƽƾºƷ Ŗdzơ ǥơƾǿȋơ ǪȈǬŢ ńƛ ȅƽƚƫ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ śǻơȂǬdzơ
Ö ƧƽƢºŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǹƜǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǁƢƦǠƥȁ .(ÑÕÖ)ƨǼȈǠŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
:ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ŚȇƢǠǸǴdz Ǟǔţ DZơDŽƫ ȏ
"ǂȇƾǬƬdzơ ǺǷ NJǷƢǿ" ȁƗ ǂǐƦƬdzơ ǺǷ ǁƾǬƥ ƶǸLjȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ Ƕǰūơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ǞǷ
ȄºǴǟ ƤºŸ ǾºǻƗ ńƛ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǽǀȈǨǼƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
Dzţ Ǻǰƫ Ń ơƿƛ Ƕǰūơ Ŀ Ƨƽǁơȁ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ŚȇƢǠǷ ȅƗ ƨȈƦǴƫ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬdzơ
.(ÑÖÍ)ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏƢƥ
Ȇǿ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǮǴƬdz ƨǷȂǟDŽŭơ ƩƢǯƢȀƬǻȏƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǴƠLJȋơȁ -ÐÍÕ
.ÐÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨdzȂƦǬǷ ŐƬǠĄƫ Ŗdzơ ƢǿƾƷȁ
ǶȈºǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈŮ śƦƫ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÐÍÖ
ƧƽƢŭơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ Ȇǿȁ ơƾǼdzǂȇƕ ƢēǁƢƯƗ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƗ ǝƢŦȍƢƥ
ǞǷ ǪǨƬȇ ƢŠ "ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ" Dzǰnjƫ ƢȀǼǟ Ǧnjǰdzơ ơƾǼdzǂȇƕ ƪƦǴǗ Ŗdzơ
ǂưǯƗ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ȇǿ OSPAR ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǑơǂǣƗ
ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȂƦǬŭơ ƨdzƘLjŠ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢĔȂǯ ǺǷ
:Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ƨºƷƢƬǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ȅƗ Ȇǿ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƨdzƢƷ Ǻǟ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƧƾǟƢǬǯ ȁƗ ȅȂǨNj ȁƗ ȆƟǂǷ ȁƗ Ȇǘƻ Dzǰnjƥ
ƧǁȂǐƥ ƢȀȈǧ ǂƯƚƫ ǹƗ DzăǸƬƸĄȇ ȁƗ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ǂƯƚƫ Ŗdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨǘnjǻȋơȁ
.ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƩǀƼČƫơ Ŗdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǹƘnjƥȁ ƨȈƫơȂǷ Śǣ
ƨdzƘLjºŭơ ǽǀºǿ DZȁƢǼƫ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƨȈƦǴǣƗ ƪƦǼš ƾǫȁ -ÐÎÍ
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơ ƩƢƠǧ ǩƢȈºLJ Ŀ ƢŮȁƢǼƫ ƪǴǔǧȁ ƽǂºĐơ ƢȀǴǰnjƥ
ƧǁƾǬƥ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǮǴƫ ǪǴǠƬƫȁ .ǺȇǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ǺǷ ƪƸŏǬǻĄ Ŗdzơ ÎÑ dzơ
ǮǴƫ ǡȂǴƦdz ǵǃȐdzơ ƪǫȂdzơȁ žMOX Ǫǧǂŭ ƧǁƾǬŭơ ƨȇȂǼLjdzơ ƱƢƬǻȍơ
ƩƢºǠȈƦǷ ǵƢƴƷƗ ǪȈǬŢ ƩȏƢǸƬƷơȁ žƩƢǠȈƦŭơ ǶƴƷȁ žƧǁƾǬdzơ
ƽȂºǫȂdzơ ǂȇȁƾƫ ƧƽƢǟȍ ƽȂǬǟ ǵơǂƥƛ ǺǷ ǺǰǸƬdzơ DZƢǸƬƷơȁ žȄǴǟƗ
ƨƦLjºǻȁ žƩƢǠȈƦŭơ ȄǴǟ ǁƾǬŭơ ƤǴǘdzơȁ ž(ÑÖÎ)"ƨǷƢǿ ƩƢȈǸǯ" ƥ
ƱƢƬǻȍơ ǵƢǫǁƗȁ žǞǫȂŭơ Ŀ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ǵȂȈǻȂƫȂǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
ƽȂºǫȂdzơ ǂǠLJȁ žśǨǛȂŭơ ƽƾǟȁ žMOX ǪǧǂǷ ǂǸǟȁ žȃȂǐǬdzơ
Ɣơǂnjdz ƨȈƟƢĔ ƽȂǬǟ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷȁ žMOX ǪǧǂǷ ǾƴƬǼȇ ȅǀdzơ
DzºǬǻ ƩƢºƦȈƫǂƫȁ žƾºƷ ȅƗ ńƛȁ Sellafield ǺǷ MOX ƽȂǫȁ
DzǸƬƄơ ƽƾǠdzơȁ žSellafield ǺǷȁ ǾǼǷȁ MOX ǪǧǂǷ ńƛ ǵȂȈǻȂƫȂǴƦdzơ
.ǽǀǿ DzǬǼdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdz
Ȃºǿ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ǵƢǷƗ Ƶȁǂǘŭơ ƽƾƄơ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ǹƢǯȁ -ÐÎÎ
śƬǟȂºǸĐơ ȅǂºȇǂǬƫ ǺºǷ ƨºƸǬǼŭơ ƔơDŽºƳȋơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ
"ƩƢºǷȂǴǠǷ" Dzǰnjƫ ƩƢƠǧ ƨƥƢưŠ ŐƬǠĄƫ ADLȁ PA śƬȇǁƢnjƬLJȏơ
ƨȈƦdzƢǣ ƩDŽȈǷȁ .Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǺǷ (ÑÖÏ)ƽơǂŭơ ŘǠŭơ ǺǸǓ
__________
.ÎÑ-ÎÏ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ÎÎÓ-ÎÎÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÕÖ)
.ÎÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÎÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÖÍ)
.ÎÓÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÍÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÖÎ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÖÏ)
179 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǂƯƚƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬƸĄȇ ȁƗ ǂƯƚƫ Ŗdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨǘnjǻȋơ" ǹƘnjƥ "ƨƷƢƬǷ
ƢºǿƢǼƦǷ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ "ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ȄǴǟ ... ƨȈƫơȂǷ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ
ȄºǴǟ ǂǐºƬǬƫ ǹƗ ƢȀºǼǰŻ ȏ džƦǴdzơ DzǸƬŹ ȏ ȅǀdzơ Ŀǂǐdzơ
ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ŐƬǟơȁ .(ÒÍÏ)"ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƨdzƢƷ Ǻǟ ... ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ""
ǦºȇǂǠƬdz ǖċLjƦŭơ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ" ȄǴǟ ƢǿǁƢǐƬǫƢƥ ƩƘǘƻƗ ƾǫ ƨȈƦǴǣȋơ
(ÒÍÐ)
"ǑơǂǠƬLJȏơ ƾȈǫ ǦȇǂǠƫ Ȃǿȁ ƨƸǬǼŭơ ƽȂǼƦǴdz ÎÑ dzơ ǥơƾǿȋơ
ƪǻƢǯȁ .ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ DZȂſȁ ǩƢǘǼƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ǞLJȁƗ ƨdzƘLjŭ ǑǂǠƬƫ Ńȁ
DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ǹƢƳǁƾǼȇ ǹơǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ǹƢǯ ǹƛ ǂǜǼƫ ǹƗ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƨǸȀǷ
:(ÒÍÑ)ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ǩƢǘǻ ǺǸǓ ƗƾƦŭơ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ
ƱǁƾºǼƫ ƗƾƦŭơ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ Ȇǿ ǂȇǂǬƫ Dzǯ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǹƗ ǁǂǬƫ [ŕǷȁ]
ƧƽƢºŭơ ƽȂǼƦdz ƢƆǬǧȁ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ǺȇǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ƨƷƢƫƛ śǠƬȇ ǹƢǯ (Ï)Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ
ȁƾƦȇ ȏȁ .(Ð)Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ǞǫȂƬǷ Ȃǿ ƢǸǯ ƨȈǸƄơ ƔơDŽƳȋơ ƔƢǼưƬLJƢƥ (Î)Ö
ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƪŤ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǴǸǠǴdz ƨƠǨǧ ƨƠǧ ƩƢƸȈǬǼƬǴdz DzȈǴƸƬdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭ ȏƆÅ Ƣů ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ
.(ÒÍÒ)Dzƴǟ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DzƳ Ƣđ ƢȀŪƢǟ Ŗdzơ ƨǬȇǂǘdzƢƥ (Ï)Ö ƧƽƢǸǴdz
ǪºǴǠƬȇ Ƙǘƻ ńƛ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǾȇƗǁ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ȆǓƢǬdzơ ǁƢNjƗȁ -ÐÎÔ
ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨƠǨdzơ ȄǴǟ DŽȈǯǂƬdzơ Ŀ DzưǸƬŭơ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ƨȈƦǴǣƗ ŚǰǨƫ ƲȀǼŠ
Ŀ ǾºƳȂƬdzơ ƩƔƢºLJƗ ƾǫ ƨȈƦǴǣȋơ ǹƗ ŐƬǟơ ƾǬǧ .ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǺǷ
Śºǣ ǂºƯƗ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƨũƢƷ ƨƴȈƬǻ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ
PA ŖǟȂºǸů ȅǂȇǂǬƫ ǹƘƥ ƲƬŹ Ń śǧǂǘdzơ ǺǷ ȅƗ ǹȋ ƩơȂǷ
ǪǴǠƬƫ Śƥơƾƫ ȁƗ ƨǘnjǻƗ ƢǸēơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ƢǻƢǯ śƬȇǁƢnjƬLJȏơ ADLȁ
ơƿƛ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ƨǘǬǼdzơ DzưǸƬƫȁ .(ÒÍÓ)MOX DzǸǠǷ DzȈǤnjƫȁ ƔƾƦƥ
ƱǁƾºǼƫ Śƥơƾƫ ȁƗ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǹƢǼǸǔƬȇ ǹơǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ǹƢǯ
ǶȀǴǏȂƬƥ ƨƠȈŮơ ƔƢǔǟƗ ƨȈƦǴǣƗ ǹƛȁ .Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǺǸǓ
ǹƗ DzºǠǨdzƢƥ ơȁǁǂºǫ ƾºǫ ǹȂǻȂǰȇ ƢȀȈdzƛ ơȂǴǏȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨƴȈƬǼdzơ ńƛ
DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ȅƾǼdzǂȇȉơ ǂƸƦdzơ Ŀ ƤǐǼƬLJ Ŗdzơ ƨǠnjŭơ ƩƢǨȇǂǐƬdzơ
Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ǂƯƚȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬƸĄȇ ƢƆǗƢnjǻ Dzǰnjƫ Ǻdz
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǾȇƗǁ Ŀ DZƢǫȁ .ƨȈƫơȂǷ
ȅǂºȇǂǬƫ Ŀ ƪǷďƾǫƌȁ ƪǠǸĄƳ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ƾǬdz
ƨºȈǴǸǠdzơ ǺºǷ ƢƆȇǁȁǂǓȁ ƗDŽƴƬȇ ȏ ơƆƔDŽƳ śƬȇǁƢnjƬLJȏơ ADLȁ PA ŖǟȂǸů
ƤºƳȂŠ ƢƆǟȁǂnjǷ ƶƦǐȈLJ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƭȂǴƫ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƾȇƾƸƬdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ
ȃȂƬLjºŭơ ȄǴǟ) ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ȂǠǻƢǏ Ƣǿǂnjǻ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ǽǀǿȁ .ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǶǜǼdzơ
.DzǸǠǴdz MOX DzǸǠǷ ƽơƾǟȍ ǂȇŐƫ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀ (ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƔơǁǃȂdz ȅǀȈǨǼƬdzơ
ƩȐȈºǴƸƬdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ DZƢǸƬƷơ ǂȇŐƬdzơ ǁƢƦƬƻƢƥ ǹǂƬǬȇ ƢŲ ǾǻƜǧ ...
Ŀ ƭƾƸȈºLJ ȅǀdzơ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨũƢƷ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ
Ŀ ǂƯƚȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬƸĄȇ ȅǀdzơ ǕƢnjǼdzƢƥ ǹƿȍơ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ ƢƆǟȁǂnjǷ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ
.(ÒÍÔ)ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ
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.ÐÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÏÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÍÏ)
.ÑÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÏÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÍÐ)
.ÑÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÍÑ)
.ÑÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÏÖ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÍÒ)
.ÔÎ-ÓÒ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ÎÐÑ-ÎÐÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÍÓ)
.ÎÎÍȁ ÎÍÖ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ ÎÑÑ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÍÔ)
ȄºǴǟ ƨºƠȈŮơ ƩƽƾNj ƾǬǧ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǺǷ ƨǠLJơȁ ƨǨƟƢǗ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ
.(ÑÖÕ)ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƨdzƢŞ ƨǬǴǠƬǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƣȂƳȁ
Śnjºƫ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨƠǨdzơ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛ ƨƠȈŮơ ƪǜƷȏȁ -ÐÎÑ
ƨǘnjºǻƗ DzǸnjºƫ Ŗdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǺǷ śǟȂǻ ńƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ
śȇǂƻȋơ śƬƠǨǴdz ƢƆǧȐƻȁ .ƨȇǁƢŪơ ǮǴƫ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ƨǠǫȂƬǷ Śƥơƾƫȁ
"DzǸƬŹ"ȁ "ƨȈƫơȂǷ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ" Ƣŷ śǨǏȂƥ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨƠǨdzơ ƩƾȈǫ
Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǩƢǘǻ ǺǷ ƾǠƦƬLjƫ ƨȈƦǴǣȋơ ȃƗǁ ƤLjƷ ơǀƥȁ
ǂƯƚƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ ȁƗ ƩǂƯƗ Ŗdzơ ƨǼǿơǂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨǘnjǻȋơ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ
ƨºȈƫơȂǷ Śºǣ ƧǁȂǐºƥ ƢȀȈǧ ǂƯƚƫ Ń Ǻǰdzȁ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ
ƨºǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ǂƯƚºƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƨǠǫȂƬŭơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ Ǯdzǀǯȁ
Ŀ ǶȈºǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƪǔǧǁȁ .(ÑÖÖ)ƨȈƫơȂǷ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ
ȅƗ Ö ƧƽƢºŭơ ńƛ ȁDŽºǠƫ ǹƗ ȅƾȈȈǬƫ ŚLjǨƬdz ƢǿƽƢǸƬǟơ ǑǂǠǷ
.(ÒÍÍ)"ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ" ǹƘnjƥ ƢƆǸǰƷ ȁƾǤƫ ǹȋ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ
ƨǠƥǁȋơ ƩƢƠǨdzơ ǹƗ śƦƫ ǹƗ Ŀ ƪǴnjǧ ơƾǼdzǂȇƕ ǹƗ ƢŮ śƦƫ Ľ ǺǷȁ
Śƥơƾƫ ȁƗ ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ "ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ" ƪǻƢǯ ƨƸǬǼŭơ ƽȂǼƦǴdz Ƨǂnjǟ
ȁƗ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ƨȈƫơȂǷ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǂƯƚƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ ȁƗ ǂƯƚƫ
ǺǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ Dzǰnjƫ ƽȂǼƦǴdz Ƨǂnjǟ ƨǠƥǁȋơ ƩƢƠǨdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƛ ŕƷ
ǞǓȂǷ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǂƯƚƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ Śǣ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ǹƛ ȁƗ DzȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ
.(ÒÍÎ)ƨȈƫơȂǷ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ƮƸƦdzơ
Ŀ ƨǰǴŭơ džǴů Ȃºǔǟ Gavan Griffith ȆǓƢǬdzơ ƾǬƬǻơȁ -ÐÎÒ
ƔƢǔºǟƗ ƨȈƦǴǣƗ ǾƫǁƢƬƻơ Ŗdzơ ƽƾnjŭơ ƪǫƚŭơ ƲȀǼdzơ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǾȇƗǁ
ǭȂǰǐºdzơ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ƨȇǁƢȈǠŭơ ƨǸȈǬǴdz ǶȀǔǧǁȁ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ
ƣǂǟƗȁ .Aarhus ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ DzưǷ ơƾǼdzǂȇƕ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƩƾǼƬLJơ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ
2003/4/EC džǴĐơ ǾȈƳȂƫ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ǀƻƘƫ Ń ƨƠȈŮơ ǹȋ ǾǨLJƗ Ǻǟ
DzºŰ DzŹ ȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ ǁȂȀǸŪơ DZȂǏȁ ǹƘnjƥ
OSPAR ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǂǏƗȁ .90/313/EEC ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ
Ŀ ǀăƻƚƫ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ȏƆ ȁDŽǠǷ ƢƆȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƢƆǷƢǜǻ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ǂċLjǨĄƫ ȏƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ
ƽȂƳȂdzơ DŽȈƷ ńƛ ƪƳǂƻ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ
.ǁȂȀǜdzơ ńƛ ƢȀǬȇǂǗ Ŀ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ơƆǂƻƚǷ
ƣȂƳȁ ȄǴǟ ǾƬǬǧơȂǷ ǵƾǟ ȃƾƥƗ ƾǬǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ -ÐÎÓ
ńƛ ƧǁƢºNjȍơ ƾºǼǟ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǺǷ ƨưdzƢưdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ śƬƠǨdzơ ǁƢǐƬǫơ
ƨºƠǨdzơ ǹƗ DZƢºūơ Ǟǫơȁȁ ."ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƨdzƢƷ" Ǻǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
Ŗdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨǘnjǻȋơ" ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƪǧǂĄǟ ƾǫ ƨưdzƢưdzơ
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠǷ ȅƗ" ƧǁƢºƦǟ ǹƗ ǾȇƗǁ Ŀȁ ."ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƪǴƻƽƌƗ
__________
ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ žÎÔÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÍÖ-ÎÍÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÖÕ)
Wilhelm Mecklenburg v. Kreis Pinneberg—Der Landrat, case C–
321/96, European Court of Justice, Reports of Cases before the Court of
.Justice and the Court of First Instance, 1998–6, p. 3809
ÎÍÖ Ǎ (ǽȐºǟƗ ÑÓÖ ƨȈººNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) UNRIAA (ÑÖÖ)
.ÎÔÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
.ÎÔÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÎÍ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÍÍ)
.ÎÔÖ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÍÎ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
śºǠǷ ƭȂǴƫ ǕƢnjǼdz ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǂƯȋơ Ŀ ǂǜǼǴdz Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǝƢǸƬLJȏơ
ǺºǷ ǾºȈǧ ǺºǠǘdzơ ǹȁƽȂȇ ƢŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţơ ǶĔƢǰǷƛ Ŀ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ
ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ȁƗ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǵƢǷƗ DŽȈȈǸƬdz ǑǂǠƬdzơ ǹȁƽ ƨȈƠȈƥ Ʃơǁơǂǫ
ƨºȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƩơƔơǂºƳƛ ƿƢºţơ ǶĔƢǰǷƛ Ŀ ǹƛ Ľ .ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǾȈǧ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ƾǴƦǴdz
.(ÒÎÐ)ǾƟƢĔƛ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƫ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz
DzƟƢLJȂƥ ƨǻƢǠƬLJȏơ ƩƢȈǻƢǰǷƛ ȅȁƢLjƫ ƗƾƦǷ ǀȈǨǼƫ ƤǴǘƬȇȁ -ÐÏÎ
ƨȈƟƢǔºǬdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ DŽƳơȂƷ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ DZȁƾdzơ DzȇDŽƫ ǹƗ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ŐŪơ
ǺǷ ǽŚǤƥȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǾƳȁ Ŀ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ
ǶǯƢŰ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ DZƢưǷ .(ÒÎÑ)ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ŐŪơ DzƟƢLJȁ
ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹȂǰȇ Ŗdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ Ǻǟ ǞǼƬŤ DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƥ
.œǼƳƗ ƾǴƥ Ŀ Ǟǫȁ ǥǂǐƫ ȁƗ ƧƽȂƳȂǷ ƧƘnjǼǷ ǾȈdzƛ ƩƽƗ ƾǫ ƢȀȈǧ
ʼnƾºǫ ƾȈǴǬƬƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩƢƥȂǠǏ ƾƳȂƫ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ -ÐÏÏ
Ŀ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ǶǯƢƄơ ǍƢǐƬƻơ ǵƾǠƥ ȆǔǬȇ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ƾȀǠdzơ
ǁƢºƯƕ ǺǷ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƽȁƾūơ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ƢŠ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ
ǂǐºǫ Ǻºǟ ƨƠºNjƢǻ ȃǂƻƗ ƨƥȂǠǏ ǭƢǼǿȁ .ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ
ǞºǷȁ .ǁǂǔºdzơ ǾȈǧ Ǟǫȁ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢǰŭơ ǶǯƢŰ ȄǴǟ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ
ƽȂºƳȂƥ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǥơǂƬǟơ
.ƗƾƦŭơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ƩƾȇƗȁ ƪǸǟƽ ƢĔƜǧ ƩƢƥȂǠǐdzơ ǽǀǿ
Ŀ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƗƾƦŠ ǂǬƫ Ŗdzơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ǭƢǼǿȁ -ÐÏÐ
Ó ƧƽƢŭƢǧ .ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơȁ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ǝƢǸƬLJȏơ ƩƢLjǴƳ
ǺǷ Ö ƧƽƢŭơȁ (ÒÎÒ)ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƘƥ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ǩƢǨƫơ ǺǷ
__________
OECD, Environment Directorate, “Equal right of access (ÒÎÐ)
in relation to transfrontier pollutionʊrecommendation of the OECD
Council and report by the Environment Committee”: note by the
.secretariat (Paris, OECD, 1976)
Boyle, “Making the polluter pay? Alternatives to State (ÒÎÑ)
responsibility in the allocation of transboundary environmental costs”,
.p. 370
ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƘƥ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ǩƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ó ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÒÎÒ)
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ
ƨǏƢŬơ ŐŪơ DzƟƢLJȁ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ"
śǸƬºȀŭơ ǍƢƼºNjȋơ ǵƢȈǫ ǃơȂƳ ǥǂǗ Dzǯ DzǨǰȇ -Î"
ƩƢǯƢȀƬǻơ Ŀ ǪȈǬƸƬdzƢƥ ǥǂǘǴdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǵƢȈǫ ƤǴǘƥ
Ǯºdzƿ ŅȂºȇ ǹƗȁ ǥǂºǘdzơ Ǯdzǀdz ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨǸǜǻȋơȁ śǻơȂǬǴdz ƨǷȂǟDŽǷ
.ǾȈǧ ȅǁƢLjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƩƢƦǴǘdzơ ǮǴƬdz ƤƳơȂdzơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ǥǂǘdzơ
ȅȁƿ ǍƢƼºNjȌdz ǹȂºǰȇ ǹƗ ǥǂºǗ Dzǯ DzǨǰȇ -Ï"
Ŀ ǾºȈǧ ȅǁƢLjºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫ Ƕđ ǥǂƬǠŭơ ƨƸǴǐŭơ
ƩơƔơǂºƳȍơ ńƛ ƨºǸƟȐǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ DZȂǏȂdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƨǏƢƻ ƨdzƘLjǷ
ƨǸǜǻȋơȁ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƿƢǨǻƛ ƨȈǤƥ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǾƦNjȁ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ
.ǥǂǘdzơ Ǯdzǀdz ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ
ŐƳ DzƟƢLJȁ ńƛ ƨǏƢŬơ ƩƢǻƢȈǰdzơ DZȂǏȁ ǪƷ DzǸnjȇ -Ð"
:DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ǥǂǘdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǞǷ ǪǨƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǩȂǬūơ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
180
ƾºǫ ƨƠȈŮơ ƔƢǔǟƗ ƨȈƦǴǣƗ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ Griffith ƾȈLjdzơ ƾǯƗȁ -ÐÎÕ
Ȇǯ ơƾǼdzǂȇƕ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ǞǬȇ ƩƢƦƯȍơ ƔƤǟ ǹƗ ǶȀǓơǂƬǧƢƥ ơȁƘǘƻƗ
ƧǁȂǐºƥ ǂƯƚȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬƸĄȇ ǕƢnjǻ Ȃǿ MOX ƽȂǫȁ ƱƢƬǻƛ ǹƗ ƪƦưƫ
ƔƢǔºǟȋơ ƨºȈƦǴǣƗ ǹƛȁ .ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƨdzƢƷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƫơȂǷ Śǣ
Śºǣ ǂƯȋơ (ÒÍÕ)"śƦƫ Ń" ơƾǼdzǂȇƕ ǹƗ ƢǿƽƢǨǷ ƨƴȈƬǻ ńƛ ǶȀǴǏȂƬƥ
ƽǁơȂdzơ ȅǃơǂƬƷȏơ ƗƾƦŭơ ǦdzƢţ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƪǧǂǐƫ ƾǫ ǹȂǰƫ ļơȂŭơ
ƧȁȐºǟȁ .(ÒÍÖ)OSPAR ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (Ɨ)Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ
ǦǏȂdz ƨȈƦǴǣȋơ ŚLjǨƫ ȄǴǟ ǾƬǬǧơȂǷ ǵƾǟ ǂȀǛƗ ƾǬǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ
ƨȈƦǴǣƗ ǾƦLjǼȇ ƢŲ ǂưǯƘƥ Ňƽȋơ ƾūơ ǾȇƗǁ Ŀ Ǟǧǂȇ ȅǀdzơ "DzǸƬƸĄȇ"
.(ÒÎÍ)ǦǏȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƔƢǔǟȋơ
ơƿƛ ƢºǸȈǧ ǂǜǼdzơ ǵƾǠƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ƨȈƦǴǣƗ ƩƘǘƻƗ ƾǫȁ -ÐÎÖ
ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƨƠǨdzơ ǺǸǓ ƱǁƾǼƫ ǺȇǂȇǂǬƬdzơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƪǻƢǯ
ƤºǴǘƬƫ Ń ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƨƠǨdzơ ǹƗ Griffith ƾȈLjdzơ ȃǂȇȁ .ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǺǷ
ǮǴƫ ǹƘnjƥ ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơȁ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ śƥ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨǫȐǟ
:(ÒÎÎ)ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨǘnjǻȋơ
ƨǘnjºǻƗ ȁƗ ŚƥƾºƬƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǹƢǼǸǔƬȇ ǺȇǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ǹƗ ƩƢƦƯƛ ȆǨǰȇȁ
ȅǂȇǂǬƫ ǹƗ ȆǴŪơ ǺǷȁ ... OSPAR ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƪǴƻƽƌƗ ŃƢǠŭơ ƨƸǓơȁ
ǹƿȍơ ǹƘnjºƥ ƨºũƢƷ ǁƢºƯƕ ƢǸŮ ǹƢǯ śƬȇǁƢnjƬLJȏơ ADLȁ PA ŖǟȂǸů
ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ǦȇǂǐƬdzƢƥ
ǁơǂǬdzơ ƽơƾǟƛ Ŀ ... ǹơǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ƢȀȈdzƛ DzǏȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ ǾȈǧ ƪǷƾƼĄƬLJơ ȅǀdzơ
.(ÒÎÏ)MOX ƽȂǫȁ ǞǼǐƥ
ƩơƔơǂºƳȍơȁ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ǝƢǸƬLJȏơ ƩƢLjǴƳ Ŀ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ‘Ï‘
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
Ŀ ƨºȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ƨȈǏȂƬdzơ ǚƷȐƫ -ÐÏÍ
ǝƢǸƬºLJȏơ ƩƢLjǴƳ Ŀ ƨǯǁƢnjŭƢƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ
ǂƥƢǠdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ DzǯƢnjǷ DzƷ ŚLjȈƫ Ȃǿ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơȁ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ
:ŅƢƬdzơ ǾƳȂdzơ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ǑǂǤdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǥǂ˺Ǡƫȁ .ƽȁƾƸǴdz
ƩơƔơǂƳȍƢºƥ ƧơȁƢLjŭơ ǵƾǫ ȄǴǟ ƨǻƢǠƬLJȏơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƗƾƦŠ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƛ
ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ƭȂǴƬǴdz śǴǸƬƄơ ȁƗ śȈǴǠǨdzơ "ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ" dz ǂǧȂƬƫ ǹƗ Ȃǿ ƨƷƢƬŭơ
ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ džǨǻ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǾȈǧ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ƾǴƦdzơ Śǣ ƾǴƥ Ŀ ǺȇƽȂƳȂŭơ
Ŀ DzºƯƢŲ ƭȂǴƬdz ǹȂǴǸƬƄơ ȁƗ ǹȂȈǴǠǨdzơ "ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ" Ƣđ ǞƬǸƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ȁƗ
ńƛ ǍƢƻ ǾƳȂƥ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀǿ ǪȈƦǘƫ ȅƽƚȇȁ .ƭȂǴƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǾȈǧ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ƾǴƦdzơ
ȄºǴǟ ǺȇƽȂºƳȂǷ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ džǨǼdz "śƬȈƸǓ" dz ƢȀȈǧ ǂǧȂƬƫ ƨdzƢƷ
ǝƢǧƾºdzơ ȁƗ ƢǸȀƟơǁƕ Ɣơƾƥȍ ƨǏǂǨdzơ džǨǻ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ƽȁƾƷ ǺǷ śǴƥƢǬƬǷ śƦǻƢƳ
ƨºǴƷǂŭơ Ŀ ȁƗ ƭȂºǴƬdzơ ƭȁƾƷ DzƦǫ ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ƨǴƷǂŭơ Ŀ ƔơȂLJ ƢǸȀūƢǐǷ Ǻǟ
"ƢȇƢƸǔºdzơ" ǹƢºǰǷƛ Ŀ ǹȂǰȇ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ .ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ƨƥƢǏȍơ ƾǠƥ ƨȈƷȐǏȍơ
ƩƢLjºǴƳ ȁƗ ƩƢºȇǂƸƬdzơ Ŀ ƧơȁƢLjŭơ ǵƾǫ ȄǴǟ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƤǻƢƳȋơȁ śȈǼǗȂdzơ
__________
.ÔÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÐÓ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÍÕ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÍÖ)
.ÕÏ-ÔÖ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ÎÐÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÎÍ)
.ÎÏÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÑÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÎÎ)
.ÎÐÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÒÍ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÎÏ)
181 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨdzơƾǠdzơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ȄǴǟ ÅƆƢǔȇƗ
ǚǨū ƨȈǬȇǂǧȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǎǼƫȁ .(ÒÎÔ)ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ
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ƢƆºǬǧȁ ǪūƢƥ ȏƆ Ȑƻƛ ȁƗ ƨȈǧƢǯ ƨƸǴǐǷ Dzǰnjȇ ƢǷ ƾȇƾŢ ǶƬȇ"
ǁȂȀǸŪơ ƔƢǘǟƛ ǺǷ ǥƾŮơ ǞǷ ǪLjƬȇ ƢŠȁ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩƢƦǴǘƬŭ
ǽǀºǿ ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ ƨºdzơƾǠǴdz ǞLJơȁ ǩƢǘǻ ȄǴǟ DZȂǏȂdzơ ǪƷ řǠŭơ
ƨȈǷȂǰƷ Śǣ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȅƗ ƨƸǴǐǷ ƾǠĄƫ ƨȇƢǤdzơ ǽǀŮ ƢƆǬȈǬŢȁ .ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ƨºȈǧƢǯ Ï ƧƽƢºŭơ ǺºǷ Ò ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ƩƢƦǴǘƬŭƢƥ ȆǨƫ
Ʃơƿ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǮǴƫ ŐƬǠĄƫȁ .ǽȐǟƗ (Ɨ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋ
.ǽȐǟƗ (ƣ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋ Ƣđ DZȐƻȍơ ǺǰŻ ǩȂǬƷ
ǑơǂǠƬLJơ ƔơǂƳƛ DZƢǸƬƷơ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƾǠƦƬLjƫ ȏ"
ƩơƔơǂºƳƛ ƽƢǨǼƬLJơ ǕǂNj Ŀ ǂƯƚƫ Ǻdzȁ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǵƢǷƗ ŅȁƗ
ǑơǂǠƬºLJȏơ ƩơƔơǂºƳƛ ńƛ ƔȂºƴǴdzơ DzƦǫ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ǑơǂǠƬLJȏơ
.řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ Ǖǂnjdzơ ơǀǿ ƾƳȁ ơƿƛ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ
ƩơƔơǂƳƜºƥ DZȐºƻƛ ǹȁƽȁ Ǯºdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛȁ -Ð"
Dzºǯ DzºǨǰȇ ǽȐǟƗ Ïȁ Î śƫǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǑơǂǠƬLJȏơ
ƨºdzƢƷ Ŀ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ơȂǧȂƬLJơ ŕǷ ǁȂȀǸŪơ ƽơǂǧȋ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǥǂǗ
ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ Ƨƽǁơȁ ŚȇƢǠǷ ȅƗ ƽȂƳȁ
ƩƢºǻƢȈǰdzơ DZƢºǠǧƗ Ŀ ǺºǠǘǴdz ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ȁƗ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǵƢºǰƷƗ ǦdzƢºź ƢŠ ƢǿŚǐǬƫ ȁƗ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ȁƗ ƨǏƢŬơ
.ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǥǂǘdzơ Ǯdzǀdz řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǽȐºǟƗ Î ƧǂǬǨdzƢƥ DZȐƻƛ ǹȁƽȁ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛȁ -Ñ"
DzƟƢLJȁ ǽȐǟƗ Ðȁ Ïȁ Î ƩơǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǂŏǧȂƫ
ƤLjºƷ ȅǂºƳDŽdzơ ǥƢǐºƬǻȏơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨdzƢǠǧȁ ƨȈǧƢǯ ŐƳ
ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀȁ ƨǨǐǼǷȁ ƨdzƽƢǟ ŐŪơ DzƟƢLJȁ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟȁ ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ
ǹȁƽ DZȂºŹ Dzǰnjºƥ ƨºǨǴǰƬdzơ ƨǜǿƢƥ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǹȁƽȁ ƤLJƢǼŭơ
DzċƴLjºĄƫ ȁƗ ƧƽƢºŭơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ǁƾǐƫȁ .ƢȀǷơƾƼƬLJơ
ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ ǶǯƢƄơ Ƣǿǁƾǐƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ǹȂǰƫȁ .ƆƢȈǘƻ
.ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁȂȀǸŪơ DZȂǏȂdz ƨƷƢƬǷ ǹƢǰǷȍơ ǁƾǫ
ǥǂǗ Dzǯ DzǨǰȇ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƨȈdzƢǠǧ ƧƽƢȇDŽdzȁ -Ò"
ƩơƔơǂºƳƛ ńƛ DZȂºǏȂdzơ ǹƘnjºƥ ǁȂºȀǸƴǴdz ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ŚǧȂƫ
ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ ƩƢȈdzƕ ƨǷƢǫƛ Ŀ ǂǜǼȇ ǹƗȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơȁ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ǑơǂǠƬLJȏơ
Ŗdzơ DŽƳơȂūơ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣȁ ƨȈdzƢŭơ DŽƳơȂūơ DzȈǴǬƫ ȁƗ ƨdzơǃƛ ƨȈǤƥ ƨǸƟȐŭơ
."ƨdzơƾǠdzơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ ǩȂǠƫ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǾȈƳȂƫ ǺǷ Ó ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÒÎÔ)
ƨdzơƾǠdzơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ"
ƤºǴǗ ǵƾǬǷ ȅƗ DZȂǏȁ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ DzǨǰƫ -Î"
Śºǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǒǧĄǁ ȁƗ ǾǴǿƢš Ļ ƾǫ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǸǴdz ǾƦǴǗ ǹƗ ȃǂȇ
Śºǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǾȈǴǟ ƤȈƳƌƗ ȁƗ (ƆƢȈƟDŽƳ ȁƗ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ƔơȂLJ) ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ
Òȁ Ñȁ Ð ƽơȂŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋ ƆƢǬǧȁ Ǯdzǀdz ƆƢǧȐƻ DzǷƢǠĄȇ Ń ȁƗ ƨȈǧƢǯ
ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ DZƢǠǧƗ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǾƬǘLJơȂƥ ǺǰŻ ƔơǂƳƛ ńƛ
ƢǿŚǣ ƨǘǴLJ ȁƗ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǮǴƫ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ŚǐǬƫ ȁƗ ƨȈǼǠŭơ
ƨȀȇDŽǻȁ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƨƠȈǿ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƆƢȇǁơƽƛ ƤǴǘdzơ ǑơǂǠƬLJơ ȁƗ
ǹȂºǰȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ DzȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƔơǂƳƛ ȅƗȁ .ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǁǂǬȇ
.ƨǨǴǰƬdzơ ǚǿƢƥ Śǣ ȁƗ ƆƢǻƢůȁ ƆƢǠȇǂLJ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
ȄºǴǟ ǎǼdzơ ƾǼǟ DzȈǐǨƫ ȄǴǟ ǹƢȇȂǘǼƫ (ÒÎÓ)Aarhus ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
2003/4/EC ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǾȈƳȂƫ ǎǼȇȁ . ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
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(ǞƥƢƫ (ÒÎÒ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
ǍƢǐºƬƻơ ƤºƳȂŠ ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj ƧƢǓƢǬǷ Ŀ Ǫūơ (Ɨ)"
žǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǥǂǘdzơ Ǯdzƿ
DzºȈƦǫ ǺǷ ŐŪơ DzƟƢLJȁ ȁƗ ƩơƔơDŽƳ ǞȈǫȂƫ DžƢǸƬdzơ (ƣ)"
ƲƟƢºƬǻ ǺǷ ǦȈǨƼƬǴdz ǂǷơȁƗ ȁƗ ƝǁƢǘdzơ ǩȐǣȍơ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơ
žƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ǾƬǸǜǻƗȁ ǾǼȈǻơȂǫ ƩƢǯƢȀƬǻơ
ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ƿƢţƢƥ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴLjǴdz ƤǴǘdzơ (Ʊ)"
ȁƗ ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ƨºȇƢŧ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ǥǂǘǴdz ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨǸǜǻȋơȁ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƿƢǨǻȍ
ȁƗ žȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƤǼš
ǑǂºǠƫ ơƿƛ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ǞǼŠ ǂǷơȁƗ ǁơƾǐƬLJȏ ȆǠLjdzơ (ƽ)"
ȁƗ ǁǂǔºdzơ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjƼǴdz ǑǂǠƬȇ ǹƘƥ DZƢǸƬƷơ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƢǯ ȁƗ ǎƼNj
Ǯºdzƿ ǍƢǐƬƻơ ƪŢ ƾƳȂȇ ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj ǥǂǐƬdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ȃƿȋơ
ǺǷ ȁƗ ǥǂǘdzơ Ǯdzǀdz ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨǸǜǻȋơȁ śǻơȂǬdzơ ǦdzƢź ƢŠ ǥǂǘdzơ
."ǁƢǔdzơ ǭȂǴLjdzơ Ǯdzƿ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ Aarhus ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÒÎÓ)
ƨdzơƾǠdzơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ"
ǹƘºƥ ƨºȈǼǗȂdzơ ǾƫƢǠȇǂnjƫ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ǥǂǗ Dzǯ DzǨǰȇ -Î"
ƤƳȂŠ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz ǾƦǴǗ ǹƗ ȃǂȇ ǎƼNj Dzǰdz ǹȂǰȇ
ȁƗ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ ƔơȂLJ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ Ǿǔǧǁ ȁƗ ǾǴǿƢš Ļ ƾǫ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ
Ń ǂºƻƕ Dzǰnjƥ ȁƗ ƨȈǧơȁ Śǣ ǾȈǴǟ ƨƥƢƳȍơ ƪǻƢǯ ȁƗ DzǷƢǯ Dzǰnjƥ
ǵƢºǷƗ ǑơǂǠƬºLJơ ƔơǂƳƛ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǮǴƫ ǵƢǰƷȋ ƢƆǬǧȁ DzăǷƢǠĄȇ
.ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǁǂǬȇ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀȇDŽǻȁ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ƨƠȈǿ ȁƗ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƨǸǰŰ
ǑơǂǠƬLJȏơ Ǯdzƿ ŚǧȂƬƥ ǥǂǘdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ǵȂǬȇ Ŗdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ Ŀȁ"
ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzǀdz ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DzǨǰȇ ǹƗ ǾȈǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƨǸǰŰ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ
Ǯdzƿ ǹȂǰȇȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǽǁǂǬȇ ǞȇǂLJ ƔơǂƳƛ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƢƆǔȇƗ
ƧƽƢºǟƜƥ ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǵƢȈǫ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƨǜǿƢƥ Śǣ ƨǨǴǰƬƥ ȁƗ ƢƆǻƢů
Śºǣ ƨȀȇDŽǻȁ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ƨƠȈǿ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǾǓơǂǠƬLJơ ȁƗ ƤǴǘdzơ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ
.ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǸǰŰ
ƨºǷDŽǴǷ Î ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǽǀºǿ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈƟƢȀǼdzơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ǹȂǰƫ"
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƣƢƦLJȋơ ƢƆȈǘƻ ǂǯǀĄƫ .ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƢēǃȂŞ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjǴdz
.ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ ǒǧǂƥ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ
ǹƗ ƨºȈǼǗȂdzơ ǾƫƢǠȇǂnjƫ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ǥǂǗ Dzǯ DzǨǰȇ -Ï"
śȈǼǠŭơ ǁȂȀǸŪơ ƽơǂǧƗ ǹȂǰȇ
ƨȈǧƢǯ ƨƸǴǐǷ ǶȀȇƾdz (Ɨ)"
Ǯdzǀdz DzȇƾƦǯ ȁƗ
ȆƟơǂƳȍơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ǶȀǬŞ DZȐƻȍơ ǹȁƾǯƚȇ (ƣ)"
ǪƦLjŭơ Ǖǂnjdzơ ơǀǿ ƤǴǘƬƥ ǥǂǘdzơ Ǯdzǀdz ȅǁơƽȍơ
ǵƢºǷƗ ǑơǂǠƬºLJȐdz ƔơǂƳƛ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǶŮ ǹȂǰȇ"
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƢǿǁǂǬȇ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀȇDŽǻȁ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ƨƠȈǿ ȁƗ/ȁ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƨǸǰŰ
DzºǠǧ ȁƗ ǁơǂºǫ ȅȋ ƨºȈƟơǂƳȍơȁ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ǺǠǘǴdz
ȄǴǟ ǎǼdzơ ȃǂƳ ƢǸưȈƷȁ Ó ƧƽƢŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋ ǝȂǔŬơ ǞǷ ŚǐǬƫ ȁƗ
ǽƢºǻƽƗ Ð ƧǂǬǨdzƢºƥ DZȐºƻƛ ǹȁƽȁ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ Ǯdzƿ
.ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ȁƗ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƨdzƘLjǷ ȄǴǟ ǂǐƬǬƫ ȏ ƢȀǼǰdzȁ ƩơƔơǂƳȍƢƥ ƨǻƢǠƬLJȏơ ƩƢȈǻƢǰǷƛ Ŀ
ƮdzƢưdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ƢǷƗ .ƢǿƾƷȁ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
(ÒÎÖ)ơǂLjȇȂLJȁ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ śƥ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ DZƢů Ŀ
.ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȄǴǟ ȏƛ ǪƦǘǼȇ Ȑǧ
ǹƘnjºƥ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢºǠdz ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǾȈƳȂƫ ǞǫȂƬȇȁ -ÐÏÓ
ƢƆǬǧȁ DŽǯǂŠ ǹȂǠƬǸƬȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȌdz ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨƠȈǿ ȁƗ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƨǸǰŰ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ ǪƷ ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨǴdz
ƢǿǀƼƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ǑơǂǠƬLJƢƥ ƨǐƬű ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀȇDŽǻȁ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ
DzºƼĄƫ ȏȁ .ǾºȈƳȂƬdzơ ǀȈǨǼƬdz řǗȂdzơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǼȈǠŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ
DZȂºǏȂdzơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷƘƥ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǵƢǰƷƗ
ǑơǂǠƬºLJȏơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƽƢǨǼƬLJơ ƤǴǘƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫ ȏȁ ƨdzơƾǠdzơ ńƛ
ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .(ÒÏÍ)ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ DzƦǫ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ
ƾºȇƚƫ ǁƢºƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇ ƢƆǔȇƗ Ǯdzƿ
Ŀ ƧơȁƢLjºŭơ ǵƾºǫ ȄǴǟ ƩơƔơǂƳȍƢƥ ƨǻƢǠƬLJȏơ ƩƢȈǔƬǬǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ
:ŅƢƬdzƢǯ ƢȀǐǻȁ ÏÐÒ ƢēƽƢǷ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ǺǷ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀǸǜǼdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƔƢǔǬdzơ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ ƨƷƢƫƛ DZȁƾdzơ DzǨǰƫ
ƢºǸȈǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈǓǂƫ ƨȇƗ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ǥƢǯ ǒȇȂǠƫ ȄǴǟ ǞȇǂLjdzơ DZȂǐūơ DzƳƗ
śȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ƾȇ ȄǴǟ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƭȂǴƫ ǾƦƦLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ
.ƢȀƬȇȏȂdz śǠǓƢŬơ śȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ȁƗ
DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ƗƾƦǷ ‘Б
ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǹƜǧ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ƗƾƦŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢºǷƗȁ -ÐÏÔ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǂǯǀƫ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ
ƨºƠȈƦǴdz DzǨǰƫ ǹƗ ƨȈLjȈƟǁ ƧǁȂǐƥ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƜǧ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ƗƾƦǷ ƢǷƗ
ƢŮ DzǨǰĄƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ džǨǻ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ Ȃǿ ƢŠ ƽȁƾūơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǁƢƯƕ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ
Ŀ Ǯºdzƿȁ ǽƚnjǼǷ ǾȈǧ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƾǴƦdzơ Dzƻơƽ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƭƾŹ śƷ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ
ǹƗ Ȇºǿ ƗƾºƦŭơ ơǀǿ ǪȈƦǘƬdz ƧƽƾƄơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ ǺǷȁ .ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ǂƟƢLJ ȅȁƢLjƫ DZƢƷ
ǺºǷ ƧƾNj DzǫƗ ƽȂȈǬdz ƢƆǠǓƢƻ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ƢǷ ƾǴƥ ƽȁƾƷ ǺǷ ƣǂǬdzƢƥ ƽȂƳȂŭơ ƭȂǴŭơ
Ȑºǯ ƢºȀȈǧ ƾdzȂȇ ƨdzƢƷ ƨȇƗ Ŀ ƾǴƦdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ƽȂƳȂǷ ƭȂǴǷ
ƗƾºƦŭơ ǹƗ ǞǫơȂdzơȁ .ƾǴƦdzơ ƱǁƢƻ Ŀ ȁƗ ƾǴƦdzơ Ŀ ƢǷƛ ƨƠȈƦdzơ Ŀ ƨǴƯƢǸƬǷ ơƆǁƢƯƕ śƯȂǴŭơ
ǪǗƢºǼǷ Ŀ ǵơȁƾºdzơ ȄǴǟ ơƆƽƾnjƫ DzǫƗ ǹȂǰƫ Ǻdz ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǹƗ ƢƆǼǸǓ řǠȇ
ǁơǂºǓȋơ Ŀ ƧơȁƢLjºŭơ ǵƾºǫ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨdzȁƾdzơ DzǸŹ Ǿǻȋ Ǯdzƿȁ ƽȁƾūơ
.ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȈƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ ǁơǂǓȋơȁ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Ǻǟ ƨƳǁƢŬơ ƨȈƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ
ƢȇƢƸºǓ DZȂǐºƷ ƨdzƢǨǯ Ȃǿ ƗƾƦŭơ ǾȈdzƛ ȆǷǂȇ ǹƢƯ ǥƾǿ ǭƢǼǿȁ
Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ džǨǻ ȄǴǟ œǼƳƗ ƾǴƥ Ŀ ǺȇƽȂƳȂŭơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
ǁƾǐºǷ ƾºƳȂȇ ȅǀdzơ ƾǴƦdzơ Ŀ ǺȇƽȂƳȂŭơ ǾLjǨǻ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƢȇƢƸǔdz ƶǼŤ Ŗdzơ
ƢȇƢƸǓ ȆǬǴƫ ńƛ ƲȀǼdzơ ơǀǿ ȅƽƚȇ DžȂǸǴŭơ ǞǫơȂdzơ ƾȈǠǏ ȄǴǟȁ ǾȈǧ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
ƨȈƸǔºdz ȄºǘǠȇ ȅǀdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ džǨǻ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
.(ÒÏÎ)řǗȂdzơ ǶȈǴǫȍơ Dzƻơƽ ǥȁǂǜdzơ džǨǻ Ŀ ǁǂǔdzơ džǨǻ ƢȀǬū
__________
.United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1554, No. 27004, p. 169 (ÒÎÖ)
.ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÒÏÍ)
.ǽȐǟƗ ÒÎÐ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÒÏÎ)
182
Ƨǂnjǟ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơȁ ƨǠȈƦǘdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ
ŚƥơƾºƬdzơ ǀºƼƬƫȁ ƩƢǠȇǂnjºƬdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǞȈŦ ƾǸƬǠƫ -Î
:ƨǸƟȐŭơ ƧǁȂǐdzƢƥȁ ƤLJƢǼŭơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǹƢǸǔdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơ
...
ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ƨºȇƢǸŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ DzƟƢLjŭơ Ŀ ƨdzơƾǠdzơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ (ƽ)
.ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơȁ
ǹƘºƥ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǟ ȆƠȈƥ ǁǂǓ ǾǼǷ Ƙnjǻ ǥǂǗ Dzǯ DzǨǰȇ -Ï
DZȂºǏȂdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǾǬū ǂƻƕ ǥǂǗ ȃƾdz ǎƼNj Dzǰdz ǹȂǰȇ
ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ DZƢūơ Ȃǿ ƢǸǯ ƧơȁƢLjŭơ ǵƾǫ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơȁ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ńƛ
Ŀ ǥǂǘdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ śǸȈǬǸǴdz ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ǾǼǷ Ƙnjǻ ȅǀdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ řǗơȂŭ
.ȆǴƄơ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȇƢǔǫ
ǎǼºƫ Ŗdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨǴưǷȋơ DzǸnjƫȁ -ÐÏÑ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ Ð ƧƽƢŭơ
ȅǀºdzơ ȃƿȋơ ƔơǂƳ ǺǷ ǁǂǔƬȇ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ ȁƗ ǁǂǔƬȇ ǎƼNj ȅƗ
ǹƗ Ŀ Ǫºūơ Ǿdz ǹȂǰȇ ȃǂƻƗ ƧƾǫƢǠƬǷ ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ƆƢȈƠȈƥ ƧǁƢǓ ƨǘnjǻƗ ǾƦƦLjƫ
ƢǸǟ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƨǸƟȐŭơ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ȁƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ǵƢǷƗ DZơƚLjƥ ǵƾǬƬȇ
ǞºǼǷ Śƥơƾºƫ Ǻºǟ DZơƚLjdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƧDŽƟƢƳ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǮǴƫ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ
ƾūơ ńƛ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ȁƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ǁơǂǫ ǦǻƘƬLjȇ ǹƗ Ŀ Ǫūơ Ǿdzȁ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƨǘnjºǻȋơ ǮǴƫ ƢȀȈǧ ǀƐǨǼĄƫ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ȅǁƢƦƬǟơ ǹƢȈǰdz ǾȈǧ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ
.Ǖȁǂnjdzơ džǨǼƥȁ ǾȈdzƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ
ƾƷȂŭơ DZƽƢƦƬŭơ DZȂǏȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ŐƬǠĄȇ ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ Ŀȁ -ÐÏÒ
ƽȁƾºƷ DzºȇDŽȇ ǶȈǴLjºdzơ ǞȇǂnjºƬǴdz ƢƆƳƿȂŶ ƽȁƾūơ Őǟ ȅǁƢLjdzơ
ƾǫȁ .ƽȁƾūơ ǂƥƢǟ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ȄǴǟ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ
ƭȁƢLJȁ ƽǁơȁƽƛ džǻǂƥ ƧǂȇDŽƳȁ ǹȂǤȇǁĄȁƗȁ ȂȇǁƢƬǻȁƌƗ ƩƢȇȏȁ Ŀ ǪďƦǗƌ
ƢºǻƢƬǻȂǷȁ ǹƢǤnjºȈǷȁ ƢƥȂƬȈǻƢǷȁ ƪȈǰƬȈǻȂǯȁ ȁƽơǁȂdzȂǯȁ ƢƫȂǯơƽ
ƧƽƢºŭơ ǎǼƫ DzưŭƢƥȁ .ǺLjǻȂǰLjȇȁȁ ȆLJŚƳȂȈǻȁ ƢȈNjȂǰLJƢǧȂǻȁ
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ȄǸǜǠdzơ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ śƥ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǺǷ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ
Ǫºūơ ȅȁƢLjƫ ȄǴǟ (ÒÎÕ)ơƾǼǯȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ śƥ ƽȁƾūơ ǽƢȈŠ
_________________________________________
(ǞƥƢƫ (ÒÎÔ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
Ŀ ǾºȈdzƛ ǁƢnjºŭơ ǑơǂǠƬLJȏơ ƔơǂƳƛ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ -Ï"
ƔơǂºƳƛ ńƛ ƤǴǘdzơ ǵƾǬǷ DZȂǏȁ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ DzǨǰƫ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ƢǿǁǂǬȇ ƨȀȇDŽǻȁ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƨƠȈǿ ȁƗ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƨǸǰŰ ǵƢǷƗ ǑơǂǠƬLJơ
ȁƗ ƨºȈǼǠŭơ ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjºdzơ DZƢǠǧƗ ǑơǂǠƬLJơ ƢȀȈǧ ǺǰŻȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾǴdz ǃȂŸȁ .ƨȈƟƢĔ Ƣēơǁơǂǫ ǹȂǰƫȁ ƢǿŚǐǬƫ
DZȂǏȂdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Ǻǟ Ǧnjǰdzơ ƢȀǷǂŸ ƨưdzƢƯ ǥơǂǗȋ ƶȈƬƫ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ
.ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ DzƦLJ ńƛ
Ï ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ƤºƳȂŠ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ƨȈƟƢȀǼdzơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ǹȂǰƫ -Ð"
ƆƢºȈǘƻ ƣƢƦLJȋơ ǂǯǀĄƫȁ .ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƢēǃȂŞ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjǴdz ƨǷDŽǴǷ
."ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ ǒǧǂȇĄ ƢǷƾǼǟ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ
ÎÖÍÖ ǂȇƢºǼȇ/ňƢºưdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÎÎ Ŀ ǺǘǼNjơȁ Ŀ ƪĈǠǫȁ (ÒÎÕ)
(Statutes at Large of the United States of America, vol. XXXVI, part 2,
.p. 2448)
183 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧƾȈŪơ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǺǷȁ .ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸū ƢȀǠƦƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ
ȄǴǟ ƭȂǴƬdzơ DzǯƢnjǷ ȄǴǟ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀǿ ǪȈƦǘƫ ƢǷƗ .ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
.ƨdzȂȀLjdzơ ǽǀđ ȁƗ ƢƆȈǴǸǟ ơƆǂǷƗ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ƾǬǧ ƧƾȈǠƥ ƩƢǧƢLjǷ
ƩƢȈǻƢǰǷƛ Ŀ ȅȁƢLjƬdzơ ǹƗ ƆƢǔȇƗ śǨdzƚŭơ ǒǠƥ ǂǯƿ ƾǫ -ÐÐÏ
Ŗºdzơ ƨºdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ǶȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ƧƢǓƢǬǷ ȄǴǟ Ǟƴnjȇ ƨǻƢǠƬLJȏơ
ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫȁ .ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔǴdz ƤƦLjŭơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ȃǂƳ
DzǫƗȁ ǶȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ǞǷ ƆƢǨǗƢǠƫ ǂưǯƗ ǶȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ƨdzȁƽ ǶǯƢŰ
ǹȂºǰƫ ȃǂºƻƗ ƧǁƢƦǠƥȁ .ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǩƢǘǼƥ ƆƢǸǴǟ
DzǷƢǰdzơ ǂƯȋơ ǶȈȈǬƬdz DzǔǧƗ ƨǏǂǧ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƭƾƷ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz
Ŗºdzơ ǝƢǸƬºLJȏơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍ ƆƢǻƢǟƿƛ ǂưǯƗ ǹȂǰƫ ƢǸǯ ǁǂǔǴdz
ǵƢºǜǻ ǺºǷ ƾºȇǁƗ ƾºǬǧ ơǀdzȁ .(ÒÏÏ)ǺȇƽƾǠƬǷ śǟƾǷ DzǸnjƫ
ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ƘnjǼŭơ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ
Ŗdzơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǶǯƢŰ Ŀ ƔơǂƳƛ ƨǠƥƢƬǷ ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǃȂŸ ȅǀdzơȁ
ơǀºǿ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ .ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ǮǴƬƥ ȆǨȇ ǹƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƭƾƷ
ƩơǂǯǀºǷ ǢºȈǴƦƬƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ DzǯƢnjŭơ ǺǷ ǦǨź ȏ ǁƢȈƬƻȏơ
ȄºǴǟ ƧǁƾǬdzơ ǵƾǟ ȁƗ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǶȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ńƛ ƔƢǟƾƬLJȏơ
ǥơǂƬǟȏƢºƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢƥȂǠǐdzơȁ ȅǂƳDŽdzơ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ ƨdzƢǨǯ
ȃǂƻƗ DzǯƢnjǷ ǭƢǼǿȁ .ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǮǴƫ ƿƢǨǻƛ ȁƗ ǶǯƢƄơ ǵƢǰƷƘƥ
ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨȇƽƢȈLjdzơ ƨǻƢǐūƢƥ ǝǁǀƬdzơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƜƥ ǖƦƫǂƫ
ƱȁƽDŽºŭơ ǡȂLjºŭơ ƧƾºǟƢǫ ǪºȈƦǘƫȁ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾǰǴŤ ƆƢǟȁǂnjǷ
.ǍƢƻ ǩƢǨƫơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǽǀǿ Dzǯ DZȁƢǼƫ ƤŸȁ .ƧƢǓƢǬǸǴdz
DzǐƷ ȅǀdzơ ƾǴƦdzơ Ŀ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ Ŀ ǝȁǂnjdzơ ǹȂǰȇ Ǯdzƿ ŚǤƥȁ
.DZƢǠǧ Śǣȁ ƆƢǘƦưǷ ǁǂǔdzơ ǾȈǧ
Ŀ ƔƢǔǬdzơ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ȆǔƬǬƫ ƢǷƾǼǟȁ -ÐÐÐ
ƨȇȁƢLjºƬǷ ƩƢºȈǻƢǰǷƛ Ŀ Ǫºūơ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ƨǸǰŰ
ƨȇƢŧ ƣƢLjƷ ȄǴǟ ƭȂǴǸǴdz ƢƆȈƫơȂǷ ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍƢƥ ƨǻƢǠƬLJȐdz
ƨºȈǸǼƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆƦĈǐǼǷ ƨȈǼǠŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǵƢǸƬǿơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǏƢƻȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơ
ǁƢºȈƬƻơ Ȇǟƾºŭơ ȄºǴǟ ǑǂǠĄȇ ǹƗ ƵǂĄƬǫơ ƾǬǧ ơǀŮȁ .ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ
ƾǓ Handelskwerkerij G. J. Bier BV ƨȈǔǫ Ŀȁ .ȆǓƢǬƬdzơ ǹƢǰǷ
DZƾºǠdzơ ƨºǸǰŰ ƩǂċLjǧ (ÒÏÐ)Mines de Potasse d' Alsace S.A.
ǾºȈǧ ƪºǠǫȁ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢǰŭơ ƨǸǰŰ" ƧǁƢƦǟ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƩƢǟƢǸƴǴdz
ǹƘnjºȇ DzLjºǯȁǂƥ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺºǷ Ò ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ "ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƭƽơȂūơ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơȁ ƨȈǻƾŭơ DzƟƢLjŭơ Ŀ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǀȈǨǼƫȁ ȆƟƢǔǬdzơ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ƢºȀȈǧ ƭƾƷ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǰŰ śƥ ǁƢȈƬƻȏơ řǠƫ ƢĔƘƥ
ǹƢºǰǷ ǁƢȈƬƻơ ǹƗȁ žǁƢǔdzơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ Ƣđ ƾƳȂȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǰŰȁ
Ŀȁ .ǾºƬȇƢŧ ńƛ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ȄǠLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ȆǟƾǸǴdz ǭȁǂƬǷ ȆǓƢǬƬdzơ
Ɣƾºƥ ǺºǷ ǺǰŤ ƨȇƾǼdzȂǿ ƨǯǂNj Ȃǿȁ Ȇǟƾŭơ ǹƜǧ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǮǴƫ
Ŀ ǶƳƢǼǷ ǂȇƾƫ ƨȈLjǻǂǧ ƨǯǂNj ƾǓ ƨȇƾǼdzȂǿ ǶǯƢŰ Ŀ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
__________
.ÐÔÎ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Boyle (ÒÏÏ)
Case 21/76, Court of Justice of the European (ÒÏÐ)
Communities, Reports of Cases before the Court, 1976, No. 8
.(Luxembourg), p. 1735
Ŗºdzơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǪȈLjǼƫ ńƛ ȆǷǂȇ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƛ -ÐÏÕ
ȆǷǂȇ Ȃǿȁ .ǾƳǁƢƻ ȁƗ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Dzƻơƽ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸū ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƢȀƴȀƬǼƫ
ƨºǴǷƢǠŭơ džǨǻ ǁǂǔdzơ ǶȀǬū Ǻȇǀdzơ ƤǻƢƳȌdz DzǨǰȇ ǹƗ ńƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ƢȀȈǧ Ƙnjǻ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƧǂǧȂƬŭơ
DZȁƾºdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠǷ ƢǷ ƾƷ ńƛ ơǀǿ ǾƦnjȇȁ .Ȇǿ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
ơǀºǿ Ŀ ƧǁƢºNjȍơ ǁƾšȁ .DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǻƢǫ Ŀ ƤǻƢƳȌdz
Ŀ ƤºǻƢƳȋơ ƨǴǷƢǠŠ DzǐƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǂǜǻ ŖȀƳȁ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƘƥ ƽƾǐdzơ
ńƛ ȆǷǂƫ ǂǜǻ ƨȀƳȁ :Ƣŷȁ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢǗƛ
ƨǨȈǔºŭơ ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƢȀƸǼŻ Ŗdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ džǨǻ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ƶǼǷ
ǁƢºȈǠǷ ƽƢǸƬǟƢƥ ǀƻƘƫ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ǂǜǼdzơ ƨȀƳȁȁ Ȇǿ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǂdz
Ȃǿ ƨǨȈǔŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǾƸǼŻ ƢǷ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭ ŇƽƗ
ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ .Ņȁƾdzơ Ňƽȋơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ǹȁƽ
ǂƯƚºȇ ȏ ǾºǻƜǧ ƩơƔƢǟƽȍơ ȆǷƾǬŭ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ǩȂǬūơ DZȁƢǼƬȇ
ƨºǸǜǼŭ ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƔƢǟƽȍơ ǝȂǓȂǷ Ŀ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ
Ŀ Ǫūơ ȅȁƢLjƫ ǹƗ ȃǂƫ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ
ƣƢƸºǏȋ ƶȈºƬȇ ƾºǫ ƨƷƢƬŭơ DzƟƢLJȂdzƢƥ ƨǻƢǠƬLJȏơ ƩƢȈǻƢǰǷƛ
ńƛȁ ƩƢºǷȂǰūơ ńƛ ƩƢºLJƢǸƬdzơ ʼnƾºǬƬdz ƩơȂǼǫ ƩơƔƢǟƽȍơ
ŚȈºǤƫ ƨȈǤƥ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀȈǧ Ƙnjǻ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ Ŀ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ
ȄºǴǟ Ƕǿ ǶēƢǷȂǰƷ ǞȈƴnjƫ ƨȈǤƥ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƢȀǼȈǻơȂǫ
.ƭȂǴŭơ ƨdzȁƽ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǞǷ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ
Ŀ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ƗƾƦǷ ǪȈƦǘƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǴǸƬƄơ ƨǴǰnjŭơȁ -ÐÏÖ
ƨȇǁǀƳ ƩƢǧȐƬƻơ ǺǷ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ƾƳȂȇ ƢǷ Ȇǿ ƨƠȈƦdzơ DZƢů
ǹȋȁ .ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǦǴƬű Ŀ ƧǂǧȂƬŭơ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ŐŪơ DzƟƢLJȁ śƥ ƢǸȈǧ
ƾǬǧ ƧǁȁƢƴƬǷ ǹơƾǴƥ śƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǪƦǘȇ ǹƗ ǹƢǯ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀđ ƽȂǐǬŭơ
śǻơȂǬdzơ śƥ ƢǸȈǧ ŕƷ ƣǁƢǬƬdzơ ǺǷ ƔȆNj ƨť ǹȂǰȈLJ ǾǻƗ ǑǂĄƬǧơ
ȄǴǟ DZȁƢƸƬLJ DZȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ǹƗ ȁƗ ƨȈǼǠŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǦǴƬƼŭ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
ƨȇƢŧ DZƢů Ŀ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƢȀǼȈǻơȂǫ śƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǵƢƴLjǻȏơ ǪȈǬŢ Dzǫȋơ
DzǯƢnjºǷ DzǸnjºȇ ƮȈŞ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀǿ ǪȈƦǘƫ Ŀ ǞLJȂƬdzơ ƢǷƗ .ƨƠȈƦdzơ
ƩƢºLJƢȈLJ Ʃơƿ ƧǁȁƢƴƬǷ DZȁƽ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ƨǧƢLjŭơ ƾȈǠƦdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
.ƧŚƦǯ DzǯƢnjǷ ǪǴƻ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǹƜǧ ǝȂǼƬdzơ ƧŚưǯ ƨȈƠȈƥ śǻơȂǫȁ
ńƛ ȄǠLjȇ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬǴdz ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ ǩƢǨƫơ ǹƗ ǞǷȁ -ÐÐÍ
DžƢºLJƗ ȄºǴǟ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƩȏƢǯȂdzơȁ ǶǯƢƄơ Ņƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ ŚǧȂƫ
.DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ơƆƾǼƥ ǺǸǔƬȇ ȏ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ DzưŭƢƥ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ
ƩơƔơǂƳȍƢƥ ƨǻƢǠƬLJȏơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƽȁƾƷ ‘Ñ‘
ǹƗ ȅƽƢǐºƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǭǁƾƫ -ÐÐÎ
ǺºǷ ȆƟơǂƳƛ ƗƾƦǷ Ȃǿ ƨǻƢǠƬLJȏơ ƩƢȈǻƢǰǷƛ Ŀ Ǫūơ ȅȁƢLjƫ ƗƾƦǷ
ƨŪƢǠǷ ńƛ ȅƽƚƬLJ Ŗdzơ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ Ŀ ǂƯƚȇ ǾǻƗ ńƛ ơƆǂǜǻ DžƢLJȋơ ƮȈƷ
ńȁȋơ ƨºƳǁƾdzƢƥ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀđ ƾǐǫ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈƸǔdzơ ƩơƔƢǟƽƛ ǝȂǓȂǷ
ƣǂǬdzƢºǧ .ƧǁȁƢƴƬǷ ǹơƾǴƥ śƥ ƭƾŢ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ DzǯƢnjŭơ ƨŪƢǠǷ
ǶƌǜǼĄºdzơ śºƥ ǾƦnjdzơȁ ƣǁƢǬƬdzơ ǺǷ ƔȆNj ƽȂƳȁ ǑǂƬǨȇ ĿơǂǤŪơ
śºƥ ǾƦnjºdzơ ǽȂƳȁ ǒǠƥȁ ƧǁȁƢƴƬǷ DZȁƽ Ŀ ƨºǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǚƷȂdz ƾǫȁ -ÐÐÕ
ƨǨǴǰƫ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ DzǠš ǹƗ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǞȈǘƬLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ȃƾŭơ Ǻēǂȇ
ȄºǴǟ ƨºǸƟƢǫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧ .DzǷơȂǠdzơ ǺǷ ƨǨƟƢǘƥ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǶƬȇ Ǻdzȁ Dzƥ ƤLjƸǧ Ǯdzƿ ƩƢƦƯƛ ƤŸ Ȑǧ DZƢŷȍơ
Ǟºǧơƽ ȁƗ ƨȈƸǔdzơ DzǸƸƬȇȁ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǾƦǼš ȁƗ ǾǠǫȂƫ ǺǰŻ Ń ȅǀdzơ
DzǔǧƗ ƤȇǂǬƫ Ȇǿ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢǧ .ƭȂǴŭơ džȈdzȁ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƤƟơǂǔdzơ
ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƧƽȁƾŰ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ Ǯdzǀǯ ǹȂǰƫ ȏ ƢȀǼǰdzȁ "Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ" ƗƾƦŭ
ƩȐǫƢºǻ ȆǘǤƫ Ŗdzơȁ ƆƢȈdzȁƽ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǪǨƬŭơ ƲǷơŐdzơ Ŀ DZƢūơ Ȃǿ ƢǸǯ ǢǴƦŭơ
.(ÒÏÓ)ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƖnjǼŭơ ȁƗ ǖǨǼdzơ
ǪȈǓ ǦȇǂǠƫ ƽȂƳȁ DZƢǸƬƷơ ȃǂƻȋơ DzǣơȂnjdzơ DzǸnjƫȁ -ÐÐÖ
ƢŮ ȆǸǯ ǂȇƾǬƫ ƽƢŸƛ ǺǰŻ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ǂƟƢLjŬơ ƾǠƦƬLjȇ ǁǂǔǴdz
ƧǁȂǐºƥ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ Śnjȇ ȏȁ žƆƢȇƾǬǻ
ȄǴǟ ȁƾƦȇ DŽȈǯǂƬdzơ ǹȋ Ɔơǂǜǻ ƭȂǴŭơ Ȃǿ ǺǷ ńƛ ƆƢǸƟơƽ ǞLJȁƗ
ǺºǷ ǦºȈǨƼƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǶºLJƢǬƫ Ƣºđ ǶƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ
Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƲĔ ƽƢǸƬǟơ ȅƽƚȇ ȅȁȂǼdzơ DZƢĐơ Ŀȁ .(ÒÏÔ)ƔƤǠdzơ
ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ .DzȈǬƯ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ƔƤǟ ǪǴƻ ńƛ Ɔơƽƾnjƫ ǂưǯƗ ƧǁȂǐƥ
ǞºǷ ƨǨǐǼǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǂǗƢƼŭơ ǶLJƢǬƫ Ŀ DzưǸƬȇ ƤdzƢǤdzơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ
.ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨǯǁƢnjǷ ǺǷ ǁƾǫ
DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ -ƔƢƥ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵȂȀǨǷ ƩƾǸƬǟơ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ śǻơȂǬdzơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ -ÐÑÍ
.DzºǏƢūơ ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǕƢnjǼdzơ DzǤnjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
ǺǰŻ ǾǻƗ Ǯdzƿ DZƢưǷ .ǕƢnjǼdzơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ƤLjŞ ŚǤƬȇ DzǤnjŭơ ǦȇǂǠƫȁ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ (OPA) ȆºǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ
:ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭƢƥ ȆºǴȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ǶĔƢȈƥ ƽǁơȂdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǵơDŽdzƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƨǼȈǨLjºdzơ DzǤnjºǷ ȁƗ ǮdzƢǷ DZƢưǷƗ ǺǷ ǹȂdzȁƚLjŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ (Ɨ)
Ŀ ƤȈƥƢǻȋơ ǖƻȁ Ƙǧǂŭơȁ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơȁ ƨȇŐdzơ ƨȈǴƷƢLjdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơȁ
ǥǂºǘdzơ ǥȐºƻ ǎƼNj" ȅƗ "ǺǷƢǔdzơ" (ƣ) žƨǬȈǸǠdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ
ǥơǂºǗƗ (Ʊ) ž"DZȁƚLjǷ ǥǂǘdz ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƾȀnjȇ DZȁƚLjŭơ
śȈºdzȁȋơ śƬºƠǨdzơ Ŀ ǺȇǁȂǯǀŭơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ Śǣ ǍƢƼNjƗ) ƨưdzƢƯ
ǹȂǰȇ ǶȀǠǷ śǴǬƬLjŭơ ǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ȁƗ ǶȀȈǷƾƼƬLjǷ ȁƗ ǶȀƟȐǯȁ ȁƗ
.(ǁǂǔǴdz ƾȈƷȂdzơ ƤƦLjdzơ ǶȀǧǂǐƫ
ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DzǷƢnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ -ÐÑÎ
ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǑǂǨȇ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz (CERCLA) ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ
ȆƸǴǘǐǷ ǥǂĈǠȇ Ȃǿȁ .(ÒÏÕ)ƩƖnjǼŭơȁ ǺǨLjdzơ ȆǴǤnjǷȁ ȆǰdzƢǷ
:ŅƢƬdzơ ǾƳȂdzơ ȄǴǟ "DzǤnjŭơ"ȁ "ǮdzƢŭơ"
__________
.ÖÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Birnie and Boyle (ÒÏÓ)
.ÖÑ-ÖÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÏÔ)
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÎÒÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) Sect. 9607(a) (ÒÏÕ)
184
Ǧȇǂǐºƫ ńƛ Ƣºđ ǵȂǬƫ Ŗdzơ ǞȇǁƢnjŭơ ƩƽƗ ƾǫȁ ƢLjǻǂǨƥ DžơDŽdzȋơ
ǂȀǼdzơ ȃǂů DzǨLJƗ Ŀ ơƆǁơǂǓƗ ƨƆ ƦƦLjĄǷ Ǻȇơǂdzơ ǂĔ Ŀ ƵȐǷȋơ ƩƢȇƢǨǻ
ǹƗ Ȇǟƾºŭơ ǞLJȂƥ ǹƢǯȁ .Ȇǟƾŭơ ƢȀǰǴŻ Ŗdzơ DzȈǏƢƸǸǴdz ơƾǼdzȂđ
ƨȈLjºǻǂǨdzơ ǶǯƢºƄơ Ŀ ǶȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ƾǓ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ Ŀ ǝǂnjȇ
.ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ƨǷƢǫƛ DzŰ ƾƳȂȇ ƮȈƷ ȁƗ ǶƴǼŭơ ƾƳȂȇ ƮȈƷ
ȆǟƾºǸǴdz ƢƆǔºȇƗ ňƢŭȋơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ȆǘǠȇȁ -ÐÐÑ
ǺǨLjºdzơ ȆǴǤnjºǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ DzǠǨƫȁ .ȆǓƢǬƬdzơ ǹƢǰǷ ǁƢȈƬƻơ ƨȇǂƷ
ȆºǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂºǴƬdzơ ǁơǂǓƗ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
ǁƢºƸƦdzơ ǝƢǬdz ƨȈǻƾǠŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ ǥƢnjǰƬLJơ Ǻǟ ƲƫƢǼdzơ
.Ǿƫơƿ ƔȆnjdzơ (ÒÏÑ)ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢºǼȈȈǧ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏ DZƾǠŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ DZȁƢǼƬȇȁ -ÐÐÒ
ƢȀǓǂǨȇ Ŗdzơ DzǯƢnjŭơ ǒǠƥ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƶǸLjȇ ƿƛ ƧơȁƢLjŭơ ǵƾǫ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǔǬdzơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ
ǺºǷ ȁƗ ƢºȀȈǼǗơȂǷ Ǻǟ ƨƥƢȈǻ ƨȈƦǼƳƗ ƨǸǰŰ Ŀ ȃȂǟƾdzơ Ǟǧǂƫ ǹƗ
.(ÒÏÒ)ƢȀȈǧ ǶȀǼǰLJ DzŰ ƾƳȂȇ ǺǷ ȁƗ ƢȀȈǧ ƨǷƢǫȍơ ǪŞ ǹȂǠƬǸƬȇ
ȄǴǟ ƔƢǔǬǴdz ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨǜƷȐŭƢƥ ǂȇƾƳȁ -ÐÐÓ
ȏ ƢºǸǯ .ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸū ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƢƆǫȂǬƷ DzǨǰȇ ȏ ƧơȁƢLjŭơ ǵƾǫ
DzǠǨdzƢƥ ƨƷƢƬŭơ ǮǴƫ ƤǻƢƳ ńƛ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƨȈƟơǂƳƛ ƩƢǻƢǸǓ ȅƗ ǂǧȂȇ
ŖdzƘLjǷ DzƷ ńƛ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ȅƽƚȇ ȏ ǾǻƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .ƢƆȈǴƻơƽ
śƬdzƘLjºǷ śƫƢºǿ ǹƗ ȆǴŪơ ǺǷȁ .ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢȈƬƻơȁ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ
ǂƥƢºǟ ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ ƨºǏƢƻȁ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śƬũƢƷ
ƩȏƢºǸƬƷơ ƾºƳȂƫ ƢǸǯ .DzċǔǨǷ ǞǓȁ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdzȁ .ƽȁƾƸǴdz
ǾºȈǧ ƾƳȂȇ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢǰŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǪȈƦǘƫ (Ɨ) :ǽǀǿ DzǸnjƫȁ .Ƨƾȇƾǟ
ǾºȈǧ ƭƾºƷ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢǰŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǪȈƦǘƫ (ƣ) žǁƢǔdzơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ
DzŰ ȁƗ ƨǷƢǫȍơ DzŰ ǹȂǻƢǫ DzưǷ ǂƻƕ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǪȈƦǘƫ (Ʊ) žǁǂǔdzơ
ǂºưǯƗ ǹȂǰȇ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǪȈƦǘƫ (ƽ) ȁƗ žǾȈǴǟ ȄǟƾǸǴdz ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ DzǸǠdzơ
.ȆǟƾǸǴdz ƧƆ ƢƫơȂǷ
ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ (ƣ)
ƤȈdzƢºLJƗ ǺǷ ǂƻƕ ƢƆƥȂǴLJƗ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǶǜĄǻ ƩŐĄƬǟơ -ÐÐÔ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǶǜǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ƪǴǸǠĄƬLJơ ƾǫȁ .Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ǀȈǨǼƫ
ǮǴƫ DzưǷ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ȆǘǨǼdzơȁ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ƨƳƢƦȇƽ Śnjƫ Ȑ Ɔ ưǸǧ .ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ Ŗdzơ
ƨȈǟȂºǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ȄǴǟ ǎǼdzơ ƾȇǂƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǹƗ ńƛ ȂǻƢǣȂdz
ƾºǬǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ƨǠǓơȁ
ǀǨǼĄƫ ȏ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǹƗ ńƛ ǶȀǔǠƥ Ƥǿƿ
ƩƢŷƢLjºŭơȁ DZȁƾºdzơ ǹȋ Ǯdzƿȁ ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ ƗƾƦǷ
.ƭȂǴŭơ Ǻǟ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ Ǟǧƾƫ ȃǂƻƗ ǁƽƢǐǷ ǺǷ ƨȈƫȉơ ƨȇǁƢȈƬƻȏơ
__________
.ÎÖ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÒÏÑ)
.ǦdzƗ - Ƨǂnjǟ ƨȇƽƢūơ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÒÏÒ)
185 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨºȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ DZƾǠŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ǎǼȇȁ .(ÒÐÏ)ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
.ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢŭ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ǵƢǜǻ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ǺǷ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƬǧ
__________
ƣƢǯǂdzơ DzǬǼdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ȐưǷ ǂǜǻơ (ÒÐÏ)
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ) ÎÖÓÎ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÏÒ ƨƻǁƚŭơ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ ƨǠƬǷȋơȁ
ƧƢºǧȁ Ŀ ƤƦLjºƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ǪǴǠƬƫ Ȇǿȁ (ƨǬƸǴŭơ
ƢȀǼǷ ƔDŽƳ Ŀ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ .Ƕđ ǁǂǔdzơ ǩƢūƛȁ ƣƢǯǂdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ
Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ƨǰLjdzơ ǹȂǰƫ -Î"
ȁƗ ňƢǸLjºƳ ȃƿƗ ȅƘºƥ ȁƗ ȆǐƼNj ǁǂǔƥ ǾƬƥƢǏƛ ȁƗ Ƥǯơǁ ƧƢǧȁ
ƪǠǫȁ ơƿƛ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ƨǰLjdzơ DzȈǤnjƫ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǻ ƨƯƽƢū ƨƴȈƬǻ ǂƻƕ ȆLjǨǻ
.ǾǼǷ DZŗȇ ȁƗ ǾƦǯǂȇ Ȃǿȁ ȁƗ ǁƢǘǬdzơ Dzƻơƽ Ƥǯơǂdzơ ƢǸǼȈƥ
..."
ƨºȇƾȇƾūơ ƨǰLjºdzơ‘ ǹȂºǰƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ǒơǂǣȋ -Ó"
ǍȂǐǼŭơ ǕȂǘŬơ ƨǸƟƢǫ ǺǷ DZƾƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ƨǰLjdzơ Ȇǿ ‘ƨdzȁƚLjŭơ
ȅǀdzơ ǖŬơ DzȈǤnjƬƥ ǵȂǬƫ ƢĔƗ ‘ƨǬƸǴŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ‘ ǺǷ ÒÖ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ
Ŀ ǭǂƬnjºƫ ǖŬơ ǹƗ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ǺǷ śƦƫ ơƿƛȁ .ƨƯƽƢūơ ǾȈǧ ƪǠǫȁ
."ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƢǸȀǼǷ Dzǯ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƢƬȇƾȇƾƷ ǹƢƬǰLJ ǾǴȈǤnjƫ
ȁƗ ƨºǏƢƻ ƩƢºǻƢȈǯ ƨºȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzơ ȂǴǤnjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫȁ
ƮȈƷ ǺǷ śǴǤnjŭơ śƥ DŽȈŤ ȏ ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǹƗ Śǣ ƨȈǷȂǰƷ ƩȏƢǯȁ
.ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ ƢȀƦƦLjƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǎǼƫ DzưŭƢƥȁ
ƤƦLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ DzǤnjǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȄǴǟ Ǒǁȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨưdzƢƯ ǥơǂǗȋ ƨȈƦǼƳȋơ
:ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƽơȂŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .Ǒǁȋơ ȄǴǟ ǎƼnjdz ơƆǁǂǓ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƝƽƢƦǷ"
Î ƧƽƢŭơ"
DZȂǐºūơ ƶǘLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ǁǂǓ ǾǬƸǴȇ ǎƼNj ȅȋ ǪŹ -Î"
ȃƾºdz ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀºǿ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼǷ Ȃǿ Ƣŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ ǒȇȂǠƫ ȄǴǟ
ƔȆNj ȁƗ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ǾƦƦLJ ȁƗ ƨǬǴŰ ƧǂƟƢǗ ǾƬƦƦLJ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ǖǬǧ ǾƫƢƦƯƛ
.ƢȀǼǷ ǖǬLJ
Ï ƧƽƢŭơ"
..."
"DzǤnjŭơ" ƶǴǘǐǷ řǠȇ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ǒơǂǣȋ (Ɨ) -Ï"
ǹƗ ȏƛ ǁǂǔdzơ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ƪǫȁ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ
DZƢǸǠƬºLJơ ǪƷ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ Śǣ ȁƗ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǾǼǷ ƾǸƬLjŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ
.ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ ƨƷȐǷ Ŀ ǶǰƸƬdzơ ȄǬƦƬLJơ ơƿƛ DzǤnjŭơ Ȃǿ ŐƬǠȇ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ
ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjºȇ ǹƢǯ ŕǷ ƧǂƟƢǘǴdz Ȑ Ɔ ǸǠƬLjǷ ǎƼnjdzơ ŐƬǠȇ (ƣ)"
ǶȀǨȈǛȂƫ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƢĔȂǴǸǠƬLjȇ ǽƙȐǯȁ ȁƗ ǾǷƾƻ ǹƢǯ ŕǷ ȁƗ ƢƆȈǐƼNj Ȃǿ
.ǶȀƬǘǴLJ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ Ǻǰȇ Ń ȁƗ Ǯdzƿ ǹƢǯ ƔơȂLJ
ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇȁ DzǤnjŭơ Ȃǿ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ǹƗ ǑǂƬǨȇ -Ð""
ǹƗ ǾƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƾȇƾƸƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǠǧơǂŭơ Ŀ ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛ ȏƛ ǽǀǿ ǾƬǨǐƥ
Ƣºđ ƶǸLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƽȁƾūơ Ŀ ǀţơȁ DzǤnjŭơ Ȃǿ ǹƢǯ ǂƻƕ ƢǷ ƢƆǐƼNj
ƢƆǧǂǗ ǂƻȉơ ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ DzǠŪ ƨƦLJƢǼǷ Śƥơƾƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
.ƩƢǠǧơǂŭơ Ŀ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
ǂƳƘƬLjȇ ȁƗ DzǤnjȇ ȁƗ ǮǴŻ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ‘Α
žƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǽǀǿ DzưǷ
ȅƗ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ȁƗ ƨȇŐdzơ ƨȈǴƷƢLjdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ‘Ï‘
.(ÒÏÖ)ƧƘnjǼǷ DzǤnjȇ ȁƗ ǮǴŻ ǎƼNj
:ǂLjºĈȈŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ 9607 (a) (3) ƾǼƦdzơ ǎǼȇȁ -ÐÑÏ
Ǯºdzƿ Śºǣ ȁƗ ǩƢǨƫơ ȁƗ ƾǬǟ ƤƳȂŠ ǵȂǬȇ ǎƼNj ȅƗ Ȃǿȁ
ǎƼnjºdzơ Ǯdzǀdz ƨǯȂǴǸŭơ ƧǂǘŬơ ƽơȂŭơ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ƤȈƫǂƬƥ
DzǬǼdzơ ƾȀǠƬǷ ǞǷ ǂǷȋơ Ƥƫǂȇ ȁƗ ƢȀƬŪƢǠǷ ȁƗ ǾƫǃȂŞ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ȁƗ
ȁƗ ƢȀǰǴŻ ǩơǂƷƛ ƨǼȈǨLJ ȁƗ ǪǧǂǷ ȅƗ Ņƛ ƽơȂŭơ ǮǴƫ DzǬǻ DzƳƗ ǺǷ
ƽơȂºǷ ȄºǴǟ ȅȂƬŢ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǂƻƕ ǹƢȈǯ ȁƗ ǥǂǗ ƢȀǴȈǤnjƬƥ ǵȂǬȇ
.ǂƻƕ ǹƢȈǯ ȁƗ ǥǂǗ ȅƗ ƾȇ ȄǴǟ ǽǀȀǯ Ƨǂǘƻ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ"ȁ "ȆºǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ" DŽȈŸȁ -ÐÑÐ
ŅƢºŭơ ǺǷƢǔºdzơ ȄºǴǟ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȃȂǟƽ ƨǷƢǫƛ ƢŷȐǯ "DzǷƢnjdzơ
.DZȁƚLjŭơ ǎƼnjǴdz
ǑǂºǨƥ (ELA) ňƢºŭȋơ "ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ" ȆǔǬȇȁ -ÐÑÑ
.(ÒÐÍ)ǁǂǔdzơ ƪƦƦLJ Ŗdzơ "ƩƖnjǼŭơ" "ǮdzƢǷ" ȄǴǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ȅǂLjȇȂLjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ǟǔȇȁ -ÐÑÒ
ƨƥǂƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƤƳȂŠȁ ."ƧƘnjǼŭơ"ȁ "ƨLjLJƚŭơ" "ǮdzƢǷ" ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ
ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤLjƷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǞǬƫ (ÒÐÎ)ȆǯǂŶơƾdzơ ƨƯȂǴŭơ
:ŅƢƬdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ǥĈǂǠȇ ȅǀdzơ "ƭȂǴŭơ"
ȁƗ ƨȇǁƢš Ǒơǂǣȋ ƨLjLJƚŭơ DzǤnjȇ ǹƢǯ ȁƗ DzǤnjȇ ǥǂǗ ȅƗ -Î
.ƮºȇȂǴƬdzơ ǾȈǧ Ƙnjǻ ȅǀdzơ ǞǼǐŭơ ǵƾƼƬLjȇ ǹƢǯ ȁƗ ǵƾƼƬLjȇȁ ƨǷƢǟ Ǒơǂǣȋ
.ǽǀǿ DzȈǤnjƬdzơ ƨȈǴǸǟ DZȐƻ ǾǼǷ ƔDŽƳ ȁƗ ǾǴǷƢǰƥ ƮǠƦǻơ ƾǫ ƮȇȂǴƬdzơ ǹȂǰȇȁ
ǮǴLjºǷ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿ ȃȂǘǻơ ơƿƛ ƮȇȂǴƬdzơ ƤƦLJ ǂƻƕ ǥǂǗ ȅƗ -Ï
.ȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƫ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƾǟơȂǬdz Ǟǔź ǮǴLjǷ ȁƗ ƧȏƢƦǷȐdzơ
ơƾǟ ƢǸȈǧ ǹȂǰdzƢŭơȁ ǹȂǴǤnjŭơ ǵăDŽǴĄȇ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀȁ -ÐÑÓ
ǾƦƦLjºƫ ȅǀºdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƆơƾƳ ƨǴȈǴǫ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơ
Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ Ŀ ǍƢƻ Dzǰnjƥ ơǀǿ ȄǴƴƬȇȁ .ǶȀƬǘnjǻƗ
.ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ -Î
ǃȁƢºƴƬȇ ơƆǁǂºǓ ƤƦLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ DzǤnjǷ ǵơDŽdzƛ ǺǰŻ -ÐÑÔ
.ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǀǨǼŭơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ǺǷƚŭơ ȁƗ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƽȁƾūơ
ƨǘnjºǻȋƢƥ ƢƆºLJƢLJƗ ŘºǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ ƨȇǁƢƳ ƨLJǁƢŲ ǽǀǿȁ
__________
.Sect. 9601(20) (A) (ibid.) (ÒÏÖ)
ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Hoffman :Ŀ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǂǜǻơ (ÒÐÍ)
.ÐÏ Ǎ
.ǽȐǟƗ ÎÖÎ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÒÐÎ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƧƽƢºŭơ ǺºǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ŚƦǯ ƾƷ ńƛ ǾƦnjȇ Ƕǰūơ ơǀǿȁ -ÐÑÕ
DzǸnjºȇȁ .(ÒÐÐ)ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨưdzƢưdzơ
ǍƢƼNjȋơ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjǴdz ǮdzƢǸǯ DzƴLjŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǮdzƢŭơ ƶǴǘǐǷ
ƨǯȂǴŲ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ .ƨǼȈǨLjǴdz śǰdzƢǸǯ śǴƴLjŭơ
ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƨǴƴLjǷ ƨǯǂNj ƢȀǴȈǤnjƬƥ ǵȂǬƫȁ ƨdzȁƾǴdz
.(ÒÐÑ)ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǮǴƫ řǠȇ "ǮdzƢǷ" ƶǴǘǐǷ ǹƜǧ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ DzǤnjǷ
ȅǀºdzơ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢºǟ ǂŤƚǷ Ŀ ƣǂǟƗ ƾǫ ǾǻƗ ǂǯǀȇ ƢŲȁ -ÐÑÖ
ǹƢºǯ ơƿƛ ƢºŠ ǪǴǠƬƫ DzǣơȂNj Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƾǸƬǟơ
ƢºǸȀȈǴǯ ƢǸȀȈǴǟ ȁƗ ƨǼƸnjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƤƳȂƬȇ
ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ ǺǰǷƗ ƾǫȁ .(ÒÐÒ)ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ DzǸŢ
ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ǵơDŽdzƜƥ ȆǓƢǬdzơ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ
ƨºdzƢǨǰƥ (Ɨ) :ȆǔǬƫ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƽƢǸƬǟơ ȄǴǟ ƨǬǧơȂŭơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ
Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƔƤǟ ǞȇǃȂƬƥȁ (ƣ) žǁǂǔdzơ ƨȈƸǔdz ĿƢǰdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ơǀǿ ȃƽƗȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƔDŽƳ Ǻǟ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ȆǰdzƢǷ ǒȇȂǠƫ ǪȇǂǗ
ƨƳƢƦȇƽ ǎǼƫȁ .ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƽƢǸƬǟơ ńƛ ƤȈƫǂƬdzơ
:ǽȐǟƗ ǺȇǁȂǯǀŭơ śȈLjȈƟǂdzơ śǧƾŮơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ƢƆǔºȇȂǠƫ ǂǧȂȇ ȏ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ǀƻƘȇ ƿƛȁ
ǾǻƗ śƷ Ŀ ƩȏƢūơ ǞȈŦ Ŀ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȇƢƸǔdz ƢƆǷƢƫ
.ǺǨLjdzơ ȆǰdzƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȈǧƢǓƛ ƢƆȈdzƢǷ ƢƠƦǟ ǑǂǨȇ
ǶƳƢºǼdzơ ǁǂǔǴdz ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǁƢƯȉơ ǹƗ Ǯdzǀǯ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ǀƻƘȇ ƿƛȁ
DzǰNj Ŀ ǺǨLjdzơ ǾǴǬǼƫ ǖǨǻ ƣƢǰLjǻơ ȁƗ ƩȐǧȍ ƨƴȈƬǻ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ
ƤŸ Dzƥ ơƆǂǐƷ ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ ǝƢǘǫ ƢȀǴǸƸƬȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȏ ǂƸƦdzơ Ŀ ƤƟƢLJ
.ǖǨǼdzơ ǺƸNj ŁƢǐǷ ǾǼǷ ƔDŽƳ Ŀ ǾǴǸƸƬƫ ǹƗ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏƢƥ ǪƸǴǷ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬǴdz ǵƢǜǻ ǡȂǏ ńƛ ƨƳƢūƢƥ ǾǼǷ ƢƆǟƢǼƬǫơȁ
ȆºǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂºǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ƨºǻƢǟƛȁ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƭƽơȂƷ ƢȇƢƸǔdz ǵƢƬdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǂǧȂƫ ƨdzƢǨǯ ǥƾđ
ƢȀºǓǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ ƔƢƦǟȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǾLjǨǻ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǺǨLjdzơ ȆǰdzƢǷ
.ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǶȀȈǴǟ
Ņȁƽ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƔƢnjǻȍ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ǯdzƿ ƾȈǯƘƫ ƾȈǠƫȁ -ÐÒÍ
:ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz
ƭȂºǴƬdzơ ƔơǂºƳ ǺǷ ǁǂǔǴdz ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ ǹƘƥ ƢȀǼǷ ƢƆǟƢǼƬǫơȁ
ǹƗ ȆºǤƦǼȇ ǺǨLjdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥ ơƆǂŞ ƤƟƢLjdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ƽȂǫȁ ƪȇǃ DzǬǻ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ
.ǖǨǼdzơ DzǬǼƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ŁƢǐŭơȁ ǺƸnjdzơ ƨǟƢǼǏ ǾũƢǬƬƫ Dzǜƫ
__________
:ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÒÐÐ)
ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Ðȁ Ï śƫǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼǷ Ȃǿ ƢǷ ơƾǟ ƢǸȈǧ"
ơƿƛ ȁƗ ƆȏȁƚLjºǷ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƧƽƢŭơ
DZȁƗ ǝȂǫȁ ƪǫȁ ȆǨǧ ƭơƾƷȋơ ǺǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ ǺǷ ǦdzƘƬƫ ƨƯƽƢūơ ƪǻƢǯ
ǖǨǼºdzơ ƣǂLjƫ ǾƦƦLjȇ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǁơǂǓƗ ǺǷ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ƢȀǼǷ ƭƾƷ
."ƨƯƽƢƸǴdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǺǷ ǾƥƢǰLjǻơ ȁƗ
.Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÒÐÑ)
Abecassis Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ LEG/CONF/C.2/SR.2-13 :ǂǜǻơ (ÒÐÒ)
.Î ƨȈNjƢūơ ÏÒÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Jarashowȁ
186
ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Ðȁ Ï śƫǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼǷ Ȃǿ ƢǷ ơƾǟ ƢǸȈǧ
ƪºǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ȁƗ ƆȏȁƚLjºǷ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ǹȂǰȇ
ƭƾºƷ DZȁƗ ǝȂºǫȁ ƪǫȁ ȆǨǧ ƭƽơȂūơ ǺǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ ǺǷ ǦdzƘƬƫ ƨƯƽƢūơ
.ƨƯƽƢƸǴdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǾƬƦĈƦLJ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǁơǂǓƗ ǺǷ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ƢȀǼǷ
_________________________________________
(ǞƥƢƫ (ÒÐÏ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
Ð ƧƽƢŭơ"
Ŀ ƤƦLjºƬdzơ ƪǫȁ DzǤnjŭơ Ȃǿ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjǴdz Ǻǰȇ Ń ơƿƛ"
ƢƆºǷȂȇ ǂnjǟ ƨǠƥǁƗ Ǻǟ ƾȇDŽƫ ƧǂƬǨdz ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ DZƢǸǠƬLJơ Ŀ ǎdzƢŬơ Ǫūơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǾǼǷ ƾǸƬLjŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǹƜǧ DZƢǸǠƬLJȏơ ǪƷ ƢȀȈǧ Ɨƾƥ Ŗdzơ ƨǜƸǴdzơ ǺǷ ơƆǁƢƦƬǟơ
ƢǸȀǼǷ Dzǯ ǹȂǰȇȁ DzǤnjŭơ ǞǷ DzǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ǺǷƢǔƬdzƢƥ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ Ǫūơ ơǀǿ
.ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǺǷ ǾȈǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƢǷ ƽȁƾƷ Ŀȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǵƢǰƷƗ ȄǔƬǬŠ ƢƆǷDŽǴǷ
Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ"
Ǿºdz ǪŹ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ƨǬǧơȂǷ ǹȁƽ ƧǂƟƢǗ ǎƼNj DzǸǠƬLJơ ơƿƛ"
Ǎǂºūơ DžǁƢºǷ ǾǻƗ ƪƦưȇ Ń ƢǷ Śƻȋơ ơǀǿ ǹƢǯ ƢȀƬƷȐǷ Ŀ ǶǰƸƬdzơ
ȅǀºdzơ ǞǷ DzǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ǺǷƢǔƬdzƢƥ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ DZƢǸǠƬLJȏơ ơǀǿ DzưǷ ǞǼŭ ƤƳơȂdzơ
ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ Ŀ ǪƷ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼȇ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ ȏƆ ƢǸǠƬLJơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLJơ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǵƢǰƷƗ ȄǔƬǬŠ ƢƆǷDŽǴǷ ƢǸȀǼǷ Dzǯ ǹȂǰȇȁ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ
."ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǺǷ ǾȈǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƢǷ ƽȁƾƷ Ŀȁ
ƤƳȂŠȁ .ƢƆȈǷȂǰƷ ȁƗ ƢƆǏƢƻ ƢƆǻƢȈǯ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ DzǤnjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǃȂŸȁ
ǞƬǸƬȇ ȏ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .ƧƽȁƾŰ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ DzǤnjǷ ǞƬǸƬȇ ÎÎ ƧƽƢŭơ
.ǾdzƢŷƛ ńƛ ƢƆǠƳơǁ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ DzǤnjǷ
:ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ
ƤƦºLJ ǹƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ǾȈǴǟ Ǟǫȁ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛ -Î"
ǾǷƾƻ ȁƗ DzǤnjŭơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǺȇƾǸǠƬǷ DzǠǧ Ǻǟ ǝƢǼƬǷơ ȁƗ DzǠǧ ǾǟȂǫȁ
DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƪǻƢǯ ǁǂǓ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ Ƥǰƫǁơ ǾƟȐǯȁ ȁƗ
ȁƗ ǵƽƢŬơ ƣƢǰƫǁơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƪƦưȇ ǹƗ ƨǘȇǂNj Ǯdzƿȁ žƧƽȁƾŰ Śǣ
ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ǥǂǐƬȇ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ DzǠǨdzơ Ǻǟ ǝƢǼƬǷȏơ ȁƗ DzǠǨdzơ ơǀǿ DzȈǯȂdzơ
.ǾƬǘǴLJ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀȁ ǾƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨǟȁǂnjǷ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLJơȁ ƧǂƟƢǗ ǎƼNj ǀƻƗ ơƿƛ -Ï"
Śºǣ ǾƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƪǻƢǯ ƢŮƢǸǠƬLJơ Ǿdz ǪŹ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ƨǬǧơȂǷ ǹȁƽ
.ƧƽȁƾŰ
.ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ǺǷƚŭơ ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƤLjǼƫ ƾǫ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ǒǠƥ Ŀȁ
:ÎÓ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ǍȂǐǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ
ǁǂǔdzơ ǾǬū ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjǴdz ǪƷ ȅƘƥ DZȐƻȍơ ǵƾǟ ǞǷ -Ò"
śǷƘºƬdzơ ƽȂºǬǠdz ǶǜǼŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ǿdz ǾǴǨǰȇ ƾǫ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȃȂǟƽ Ǟǧǁ Ŀ
ǺǷƚŭơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȃȂǟƽ Ǟǧǁ ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzǀdz ǃȂŸ ȏ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ
:śƬȈdzƢƬdzơ śƬdzƢūơ Ŀ ȏƛ ǺǷƢǔdzơ ȁƗ
ǵƢºǰƷƗ ƤƳȂŠ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ǹƢȇǂLJ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǬƥȍơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ (Ɨ)"
žƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ (ƣ)ȁ (Ɨ)Î śƫƽƢŭơ
.DzǤnjŭơ DžȐǧƛ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ (ƣ)"
ƧƽƢºŭơ ǽǀºǿ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƽƾƄơ Ǟǧƾdzơ ƔƢǼưƬLJƢƥȁ -Ó"
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ǹƢǸǔdz ǵƾǬǷ ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj ȅȋ ȏȁ ǺǷƚǸǴdz ǃȂŸ ȏ
ƽƢǼƬLJȏƢƥ ǁǂǔdzơ ǾǬū ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ƢȀǠǧǂȇ Ŗdzơ ƧǂNjƢƦŭơ ȃȁƢǟƾdzƢƥ
ǹȐǘƦºdzơ ƲƴƷ ǺǷ ƨƴƷ ƨȇƘƥ śǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǪȈƦǘƫ ńƛ
.ȆǠƳǁ ǂƯƘƥ ƔƢǤdzȍơ Ŀ ǪƷ ȅƘƥ ȁƗ
ǺǷƚºǸǴdz ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨdzƘLjŠ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǵƢǰƷƗ Dzţ ȏ -Ô"
."ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ƾǓ ƔƢǔǬdzơ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ ǪƷ ǺǷƢǔdzơ ȁƗ
187 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
DzȈǤnjƬƥ ǎȈƻǂƬdzơ Ǿdz ƩǁƾǏƗ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǺǷ Ǿdz ǹȁƿƘŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ
Ŗºdzơ Ȇǿ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȁƗ žƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ
.(ÒÑÍ)ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ DzȈǤnjƬƥ ǵȂǬƫ
ƨºŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÐÒÔ
ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥȁ ƨȇŐdzơ ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǻ DZȐƻ
ǂǐǼǟ ƽǂȇȁ (ÒÑÎ)ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ DzǫƢǼdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJȁ
_________________________________________
Ǯdzǀºdz ƢƆǧȐƻ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǾȈǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƢǷ ơƾǟ ƢǸȈǧ -Ï"
."ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ DzǤnjŭơ Śǣ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ
Szasz, “The ǂǜǻơ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀºǿ ǹƘnjƥ ƤƬƌǯ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdz
Cigoj, ȁ Convention on the Liability of Operators of Nuclear Ships”;
.“International regulation of civil liability for nuclear risk”
ȁƗ ƽǂºǧ ȅƗ ‘ǎƼºNj‘ ƨǸǴǯ řǠƫ" :Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ (ÒÑÍ)
Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ȏ ǵƗ ƨǯǂNj ƪǻƢǯ ƔơȂLJ ƨǏƢƻ ȁƗ ƨǷƢǟ ƨƠȈǿ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƨǯơǂNj
."ƢŮ ƨǻȂǰŭơ ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ǵƢLjǫȋơ ǺǷ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ȅȂŪơ DzǬǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƾȈƷȂƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǑǂǨƫ (ÒÑÎ)
ǁǂǔºdzơ ȁƗ ňƾƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƧƢǧȂdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ DzǫƢǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ Ņȁƾdzơ
:ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƽơȂŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ŚƻƘƬdzơ ȁƗ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ ȁƗ ƨǠƬǷȋƢƥ ǪƸǴȇ ȅǀdzơ
ƨǠƬǷȌdz DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ - Ƕđ ǪƸǴȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƣƢǯǂdzơ ƧƢǧȁ -ÎÔ ƧƽƢŭơ"
ƨºdzƢƷ Ŀ DzºǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ DzǫƢǼdzơ ǹȂǰȇ -Î"
Ŗºdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǮǴƫ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ Ǖǂnjƥ ƤǯơǂǴdz ňƾƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƧƢǧȂdzơ
ǺǷ ȅƗ ƔƢǼƯƗ ȁƗ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ ƪƯƾƷ ƾǫ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƧƢǧȂdzơ ƪƯƾƷƗ
.ƢȀǼǷ DZȁŗdzơ ȁƗ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ ŔǷ ńƛ ƽȂǠǐdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ
ƨºdzƢƷ Ŀ DzºǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ DzǫƢǼdzơ ǹȂǰȇ -Ï"
ǹƗ Ǖǂnjƥ ǾƫƾȀǟ Ŀ Ŗdzơ ƨǠƬǷȌdz DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ǹơƾǬǨdzơ ȁƗ ǦǴƬdzơ
ȄǴǟ ƪƯƾƷ ƾǫ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ǹơƾǬǨdzơ ȁƗ ǦǴƬdzơ ƪƦƦLJ Ŗdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǹȂǰƫ
ƢȀǐƸǧ Ļ Ŗdzơ ƨǠƬǷȋơ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰƫ ƧǂƬǧ ȅƗ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ȁƗ ƧǂƟƢǘdzơ ŔǷ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ DzǫƢǼdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ .DzǫƢǼdzơ ƧƾȀǟ Ŀ
ǁƾǬdzƢƥȁ ƢȀȈǧ ƨƦƟƢnjdz ȁƗ ƢȀƬȈǟȂǻ Ŀ ȁƗ ƨǠƬǷȋơ Ŀ ǺǷƢǯ ƤȈǠdz ƨƴȈƬǻ
ƧǃȂºƷ Ŀ ȄǬƦƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǠƬǷȋơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ Ǯdzƿ ǾƯƾŹ ȅǀdzơ
Ǻºǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjºǷ DzǫƢǼdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ƽȂǼƦdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ Ƥǯơǂdzơ
.ǾƟȐǯȁ ȁƗ ǾǷƾƻ ŚǐǬƫ ȁƗ ǽŚǐǬƬdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ơƿƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƾȀǟ Ŀ Ŗdzơ ƨǠƬǷȋơ ǹơƾǬǨƥ DzǫƢǼdzơ ǥǂƬǟơ ơƿƛ -Ð"
ǹƢºǯ ȅǀdzơ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ǺǷ ƢƆǷȂȇ ÏÎ ƔƢǔǬǻơ ƾǼǟ ƨǠƬǷȋơ ǮǴƫ Dzǐƫ Ń
ǺǷ ƧƾǸƬLjŭơ ǩȂǬūơ DZƢǸǟƛ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƤǯơǂǴdz ǹȂǰȇ ƢŮȂǏȂdz ơƆǁǂǬǷ
.DzǫƢǼdzơ ƾǓ DzǬǼdzơ ƾǬǟ
‘ƨºǠƬǷƗ‘ ƶǴǘǐǷ řǠȇ Ǯdzƿ ǥȐş ƾȇƾŢ ƽǂȇ Ń ƢǷ -Ñ"
ƧǃȂºŞ ȄǬƦƫ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫȁ DzǫƢǼdzơ ƧƾȀǟ Ŀ Ŗdzơ ƨǠƬǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ
.ƔơȂLjdzơ ȄǴǟ Ƥǯơǂdzơ
ǞƟƢǔƦǴdz DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ -ÎÕ ƧƽƢŭơ"
ƨºdzƢƷ Ŀ DzºǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ DzǫƢǼdzơ ǹȂǰȇ -Î"
ƨƯƽƢūơ ǮǴƫ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ Ǖǂnjƥ ƨǟƢǔƦǴdz ǁǂǓ ȁƗ ǹơƾǬǧ ȁƗ ǦǴƫ ƭȁƾƷ
.ȅȂŪơ DzǬǼdzơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƪƯƾƷ ƾǫ ȂƸǼdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ǁǂǔdzơ ƪƦƦLJ Ŗdzơ
ƨǟƢǔƦdzơ ǦǴƫ ǹƗ ƪƦƯ ơƿƛ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ DzǫƢǼdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ -Ï"
:ȆǴȇ ƢŲ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ƾƷơȁ Ǻǟ Ƕų ƾǫ Ƣđ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƢĔơƾǬǧ ȁƗ
ǮǴƫ ƣȂnjƫ Ŗdzơ ƨƦƟƢnjdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǟȂǼdzơ ȁƗ ǺǷƢǰdzơ ƤȈǠdzơ (Ɨ)"
žƨǟƢǔƦdzơ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
ǮdzƢǷ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǨLjdzơ ƽȂǫȁ ƪȇǃ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ǟǔƫȁ -ÐÒÎ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ Ð ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǎǼƫ ȆȀǧ .ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ
ǮºdzƢǷ ǹȂºǰȇ Ñȁ Ð śƫǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼǷ Ȃǿ ƢǷ ơƾǟ ƢǸȈǧ
ȅǀºdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǺǷ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ
ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ ƢƆƠNjƢǻ ǹȂǰȇ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ ƽȂƳȂŭơ ǺǨLjdzơ ƽȂǫȁ ƪȇǃ ǾƦƦLjȇ
ǞǓȂƫ ƾƷơȁ ƢǿǁƾǐǷ ƭƽơȂūơ ǺǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ ǺǷ ǦdzƘƬƫ ƨƯƽƢūơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ
.ƢȀǼǷ ƭƾƷ DZȁƗ ǝȂǫȁ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǮdzƢǷ DzǸnjȇ ȂȀǧ .ǞLJơȁ ǦȇǂǠƫ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ǦȇǂǠƫȁ -ÐÒÏ
ǂȇƾºǷȁ ƢºȀǸǫƢǗ ǹȁƾƥ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǂƳƘƬLjǷȁ DzƴLjŭơ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ
.(ÒÐÓ)ƢȀǴǤnjǷȁ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ô ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÐÒÐ
ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ȄǴǟ Ƨǂǘƻȁ ƧǁƢǓ ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ
ǦȇǂǠƫȁ .Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂǷ DzǸŢ Ŗdzơ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ
ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢºǟ DZȂºǯȂƫȁǂƥ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ Ǿƫơƿ Ȃǿ ǮdzƢŭơ
.ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ
džȇǁƢºƥ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǎǼºƫ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÐÒÑ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȄǴǟ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz ƨƸǬǼŭơ džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǠdz
Śnjºȇȁ .ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ DzǤnjŭ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƧƽȁƾŰ Ǻǰƫ ǹƛȁ ƨǬǴǘǷ
ƢǸȀǼǷ ǑǂǤdzơ ǾǻơŐƬǠȇ ƢǷ ńƛ ƢǸȀǼǷ Dzǯ ƨƳƢƦȇƽ Ŀ śǰǐdzơ Ȑǯ
ǹơƾºƷȂȇȁ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȇƢƸǔdz ĿƢǰdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ŚǧȂƫ Ȃǿȁ
Śnjºȇȁ .ǥơǂºǗȋơ DZȁƾdzơ Ŀ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ śǻơȂǬdzơ
ǾǼȈǠƫ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ńƛ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ DzďǤnjŭơ ƶǴǘǐǷ
.(ÒÐÔ)ƧƘnjǼǸǴdz Ȑ
Ɔ ǤnjǷ ǾǨǏȂƥ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ
ǵȂȀǨǷ ńƛ ƨƷơǂǏ ƨđƢnjŭơ ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Śnjƫȁ -ÐÒÒ
DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰƫ" :ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƮȈƷ ƨǬǴǘŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
."ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀºǿ ƤºƳȂŠ *ƨǬǴǘǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ
ǵƢºǠdz džȇǁƢºƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ Ǿƫơƿ Ȃǿ DzǤnjǷ ƶǴǘǐǷ ǦȇǂǠƫȁ
ȁƗ ơƆƽǂǧ DzǸnjȇ ƾǫ ǎƼNj ǾǻƘƥ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛ ǾǧďǂǠĄƫ ƢǸǯ .ÎÖÓÍ
ǺǷ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƨƆ dzȁƽ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƨǷƢǟ ȁƗ ƨƆ ǏƢƻ ƨƆ ƠȈǿ ȁƗ ƨƆ ǯơǂNj
ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢºǠdz ƢºǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǸǔƬƫȁ .ƢŮ ƨǻȂǰŭơ ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ǵƢLjǫȋơ
.(ÒÐÕ"ǎƼnjdzơ"ȁ "DzďǤnjŭơ" ƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǴƯƢŲ ǦȇǁƢǠƫ
ȄºǴǟ ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ǺǨLjºdzơ ȆǴǤnjǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǎǼƫ Ǯdzǀǯ -ÐÒÓ
DzǤnjºŭƢƥ ƽơǂºȇȁ .(ÒÐÖ)ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ DzǤnjŭ ƨǬǴǘŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
__________
.Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ Î ƧƽƢŭơ (ÒÐÓ)
.‘Ó‘(Ɨ)Î ƧƽƢŭơ (ÒÐÔ)
.(Ɨ)ȁ (Ʊ)Î ƧƽƢŭơ (ÒÐÕ)
:ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÒÐÖ)
Ǻǟ ƨǬǴǘǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ DzǤnjǷ ǹȂǰȇ -Î"
ƨǴºǏ ƢºŮ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǾƬƦċƦLJ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ ƪƦƯ ơƿƛ ȅȁȂǻ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ
.ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮǴƫ ƢȀƴƬǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ȁƗ ƨǠnjŭơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ȁƗ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ƽȂǫȂdzƢƥ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
DzºƊǬǼĄƫ Ŗdzơ ƨƦǯǂŭơ DZƢǸǠƬLJơ Ŀ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǝȂǫȁ ƪǫȁ ǶǰƸƬȇ ȅǀdzơ
ǹƗ ǑǂºăƬǨĄȇ" ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠȁ ."ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟ
ƨƦǯǂŭơ ǮdzƢǷ ȁƗ ǵƢǟ DzƴLJ Ŀ ǾũƢƥ ƨƦǯǂŭơ ƨǴƴLjŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ
"ƨƦǯǂŭơ DZƢǸǠƬLJơ Ŀ ǶǰƸƬȇ DzȈƴLjƬdzơ ơǀǿ DzưǷ ƔƢǨƬǻơ DZƢƷ Ŀ
"ƨºƦǯǂŭơ DZƢǸǠƬºLJơ Ŀ ǶǰƸƬȇ ǂƻƕ ƢƆǐƼNj" ǹƗ ƪƦƯ ơƿƛ ȏƛ
ǮǰLjdzƢƥ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǼƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƨȇȂǿ ȄnjǧƗȁ
Ǻȇǀºdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơ Ȃǿ "DzǫƢǼdzơ" ǹƗ ŐƬǠĄȇ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ
.ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ƨǰLjdzơ ǖƻ DzȈǤnjƬƥ ǹȂǷȂǬȇ
ƭȂºǴƬdzơ ǁơǂºǓƗ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ǟǔƫȁ -ÐÒÕ
ǝƢºǬdz ƨȈǻƾǠŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ ǥƢnjǰƬLJơ Ǻǟ ƲƫƢǼdzơ ȆǘǨǼdzơ
ǥǂºŪơ Ŀ ƧƽȂºƳȂŭơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ DzǤnjǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǁƢƸƦdzơ
.ǶǰƸƬºdzơ ǂǐǼǟ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǔȇƗ DzǤnjŭơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ȅȂǘǼȇȁ .ȅǁƢǬdzơ
śºǠŭơ ȏ ǵƗ Ǿdz ƆƢǐƻǂǷ ǹƢǯ ƔơȂLJ ǎƼnjdzơ řǠȇ DzǤnjŭƢǧ
ƨºǸǰƸƬŭơ ƨºdzȁƾdzơ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ǒơǂǣȋ DzǤnjǸǯ
ńȂºƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzƢǧ śȈǠƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ȁƗ
DzǸnjºȇȁ (ÒÑÏ )ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ŀ ǀōǨǼĄƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ Ŀ ǵƢǠdzơ ǶǰƸƬdzơ
ƨǏƢƻ ȁƗ ƨǷƢǟ ƨƠȈǿ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƨǯơǂNj ȁƗ Ɔơƽǂǧ ǎƼnjdzơ ƶǴǘǐǷ
ǺºǷ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƨºdzȁƾdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ȏ ǵƗ ƨǯǂNj ƪǻƢǯ ƔơȂLJ
.ƢŮ ƨǻȂǰŭơ ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƢȀǷƢLjǫƗ
ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢºŢȏơ ǾºȈƳȂƬdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ Ǿƫơƿ ǂǷȋơ ǩƾǐȇȁ -ÐÒÖ
ȄºǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ǟǔƫ Ŗdzơȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz
ȁƗ ȆºǠȈƦǗ ǎƼºNj ȅƗ DzǤnjŭơ ƨǸǴǯ DzǸnjƫȁ .DzǤnjŭơ ǪƫƢǟ
ǶǰƸƬdzơ ȁƗ řȀŭơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ DzȈǤnjƬƥ ǵȂǬȇ ǵƢǟ ȁƗ ǍƢƻ ȅǁƢƦƬǟơ
ǾǻƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ǎǼȇ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀȁ .ǾȈǧ
ƨȇƽƢǐºƬǫơ ƨǘǴºLJ Ǿƥ ƪǘȈǻƌƗ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƢƆǔȇƗ DzǸnjȇ
ǎƼnjºdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǕƢnjǼdzơ Ǯdzǀdz řǬƬdzơ Ɣơƽȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨũƢƷ
ǎƼnjºdzơ ȁƗ ǕƢnjǼdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƨLJǁƢǸŠ DzȇȂţ ȁƗ ǹƿƛ ǾƫǃȂŞ ȅǀdzơ
.(ÒÑÐ)Ǿƥ ǁƢǘƻȍơ ȁƗ ǕƢnjǼdzơ Ǯdzƿ DzȈƴLjƬƥ ǵȂǬȇ ȅǀdzơ
DzǤnjŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÐÓÍ
ǎǼȇ ȏȁ .ƨȈǟƢǼǏ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǝȂǫȁ ǾƦƦLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ
DZȂºǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ȄºǴǟ ǪƦǘǼȇȁ .DzǤnjŭơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ȄǴǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
ƽȁƾºƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢºǠdzơ ǁƢºƯȉƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ
ȆºǠȈƦǗ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ǎƻȋơ ȄǴǟ DzǸnjȇȁ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƭƽơȂƸǴdz
__________
ƨdzȁƾdzơ řǠƫ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀȁ .Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ (ÒÑÏ)
ǥƢnjºǰƬLJơ ǑǂºǤƥ ƨȇƽƢȈLJ ƢƆǫȂǬƷ DžǁƢŤ Ŗdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǰƸƬŭơ
ƢºȀȈǧ ƾƳȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ƨȈƬƸƬdzơ ǾƬƥǂƫȁ ǂƸƦdzơ ǝƢǫ Ŀ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ
ƢºȀȈǧ DžǁƢºŤ ƨǬǘǼǷ ǩȂǧ ƾƬŤ ƧƘnjǼǷ ƽȂƳȁ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ .ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƢȀǫȂǧ ȁƗ
ǮǴƬdz ǃȂŸ ƨȇƽƢȈLjdzơ ǩȂǬūơ ǮǴƫ DzưǷ ǥơǂǗȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ǹƢƬdzȁƽ
.ƨǸǰƸƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƢȀǼǷ ȅƗ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼȈƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǪǨƬƫ ǹƗ DZȁƾdzơ
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÏÕÓ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ó ƧǂǬǨdzơ (ÒÑÐ)
188
ǽǀºǿ ǺǷ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Õ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǥǂǠƫȁ ."DzǫƢǼdzơ" Ŀ "ǶǰƸƬdzơ"
ǎƼnjºdzơ" ǾǻƘƥ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ "DzǫƢǼdzơ" ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
_________________________________________
(ǞƥƢƫ (ÒÑÎ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
ǎƼºNj Ǿƥ ǵƢǫ ȅǀdzơ ƨǟƢǔƦdzơ ǮǴƬdz ƤȈǠŭơ ǦȈǴǤƬdzơ (ƣ)"
žǾƟȐǯȁ ȁƗ ǾǷƾƻ ȁƗ DzǫƢǼdzơ ǥȐş ǂƻƕ
žƶǴLjŭơ ǝơǂǐdzơ ȁƗ ƣǂūơ DZƢǠǧƗ ǺǷ DzǠǧ (Ʊ)"
DZȂƻƾƥ DzǐƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǀŏǨǻĄ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ DZƢǠǧƗ ǺǷ DzǠǧ (ƽ)"
.ƢǿǁȂƦǟ ȁƗ ƢȀƳȁǂƻ ȁƗ ƨǟƢǔƦdzơ
ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨǴdz ƽǁơȂdzơ ŘǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ȅȂŪơ DzǬǼdzơ DzǸnjȇ -Ð"
.DzǫƢǼdzơ ƧƾȀǟ Ŀ ƨǟƢǔƦdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ
ȁƗ ȅǂŞ ȁƗ ȅǂƥ DzǬǻ ȅƗ ȅȂŪơ DzǬǼdzơ ƧǂƬǧ DzǸnjƫ ȏ -Ñ"
ƭƾƷ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ .ǁƢǘŭơ ƱǁƢƻ ǶƬȇ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ǩǂǘdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥ
ȁƗ DzºȈǸƸƬdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋ ȅȂŪơ DzǬǼdzơ ƾǬǠdz ơƆǀȈǨǼƫ DzȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ DzǬǻ
ƢƆºǼǿǁ DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǑăǂƬǨĄȇ ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǺƸnjdzơ ȁƗ ǶȈǴLjƬdzơ
ơƿƛȁ .ȅȂŪơ DzǬǼdzơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƪǠǫȁ ƨƯƽƢū ƨƴȈƬǻ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ džǰǠdzơ ƩƢƦƯƜƥ
ȃǂƻƗ DzǬǻ ƨǴȈLJȂƥ ȅȂŪơ DzǬǼdzơ ǺƷƢnjdzơ ƨǬǧơȂǷ ǹȁƽ DzǫƢǼdzơ DZƾƦƬLJơ
ƨǘºLJơȂƥ ǹȂºǰƫ ǹƗ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǥơǂǗƗ ƾǐǬȇ Ŗdzơ DzǬǼdzơ ƨȈǴǸǟ DzǷƢǰdz
Ļ ȅǀºdzơ DzǬǼdzơ Ǯdzƿ ŐƬǠĄȇ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ƔDŽŪ ȁƗ ȅȂŪơ DzǬǼdzơ
.ȅȂŪơ DzǬǼdzơ ƧǂƬǧ Ŀ Ȑ
ƆÅ ƻơƽ ȃǂƻƗ DzǬǻ ƨǴȈLJȂƥ
ŚƻƘƬdzơ -ÎÖ ƧƽƢŭơ"
DzºǬǼdzơ ŚƻƘºƫ ǾƦƦLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ DzǫƢǼdzơ ǹȂǰȇ"
ǹȂºǰȇ Ǻºdz DzǫƢǼdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ .ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ ȁƗ ƨǠƬǷȋơ ȁƗ ƣƢǯǂǴdz ȅȂŪơ
ǾºǷƾƻȁ Ȃǿ ǵƢǫ ǾǻƗ ƪƦƯ ơƿƛ ŚƻƘƬdzơ ǾƦƦLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ
ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ƤǼƴƬdz ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨǷǃȐdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǞȈŦ ƿƢţƢƥ ǾƟȐǯȁȁ
.ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǮǴƫ ƿƢţƢƥ ǾǷƢȈǫ ƨdzƢƸƬLJơ ƪƦƯ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ Ɣơǂƥȍơ -ÏÍ ƧƽƢŭơ"
ǥǂǐƫ ȁƗ DZƢŷƛ ǾȈǧ ǶȀLJƗ ȁƗ ǾƦƦLJ ƾǫ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ DzǫƢǼdzơ ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛ"
ȁƗ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢºƥ ƤºdzƢǘŭơ ǎƼnjºdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ŚǐǬƫ ȁƗ ǂƻƕ Ƙǘƻ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ Ɣơǂºƥƛ ǶƬȇ ǾǫȂǬƷ ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǾǼǷ ƾǸƬLJơ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ
Ǯdzƿ ǾȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ ȅǀdzơ ƾūơ ńƛ ȆǟƾǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ ȁƗ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ DzǫƢǼdzơ
ƭȁƾºƷ Ŀ ǶȀºLJƗ ȁƗ ƤƦLJ ƾǫ ŚǐǬƬdzơ ȁƗ ƘǘŬơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ȁƗ DZƢŷȍơ
ǥȐºş ǂºƻƕ ǎƼNj ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƤdzƢǘŭơ ǹƢǯ ǹƗ ƭƾƷ ơƿƛȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ
DzǫƢǼdzơ Ɣơǂƥƛ DzưŭƢƥ ǶƬȇ Ǿƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ Ƥǯơǂdzơ ƩȂǷ ƤƦLjƥ Ƥǯơǂdzơ
ƾºǫ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ǾȈǧ ƪƦưĄȇ ȅǀdzơ ƾūơ ńƛ ƆƢȈƟDŽƳ ȁƗ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ
Ǯºdzƿ ƤºǻƢƳ ǺǷ ŚǐǬƫ ȁƗ Ƙǘƻ ǥǂǐƫ ȁƗ DZƢŷƛ ǾȈǧ ǶȀLJƗ ȁƗ ǾƦƦLJ
ǽǀºǿ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǵƢºǰƷƗ ǞȈŦ ȄǴǟ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ȅǂLjƫȁ .Ƥǯơǂdzơ
.ÏÎ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ƣƢǯǂdzƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƧƢǧȂdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ -ÏÎ ƧƽƢŭơ"
ÎÔ ƧƽƢºŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȌdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ -Î"
ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ÎÍÍ ÍÍÍ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ȏ Ŗdzơȁ
.ƢȀǼǷ ƾūơ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƔƢǼưƬLJȏơ DzǫƢǼǴdz ǺǰŻ ȏ Ƥǯơǁ Dzǰdz
ƤºƳȂŠ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ DzǫƢǼdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ -Ï"
ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ ƨºǸȈǫ ǾȈǧ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ȅǀdzơ ƾūơ ńƛ ÎÔ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ÎÍÍ ÍÍÍ Ƥǯơǁ Dzǰdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ DzǫƢǼdzơ ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛ ƨǏƢŬơ
Ƙºǘƻ DzºǠǧ ȁƗ DZƢºŷƛ ńƛ ƢƆǠƳơǁ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ (Ɨ)"
ȁƗ žǾƟȐǯȁ ȁƗ ǾǷƾƻ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ȁƗ ǾƦǻƢƳ ǺǷ ŚǐǬƫ ȁƗ
ǥǂǐºƫ ȁƗ DZƢŷȍ ƨȈǴǯ ǞƳǂȇ ǹƢǯ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ (ƣ)"
."ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ŚǐǬƫ ȁƗ Ƙǘƻ
189 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ȃǂºƻƗ ƩƢºȇƢǨǻ ȁƗ Ƨǂǘƻ ƩƢȇƢǨǻ ǾǗƢnjǻ ƲƬǼȇ ȅǁƢƦƬǟơ ȁƗ
ǾƫǃȂŞ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ƆƢǧȁǂǠǷ ǎƼnjdzơ ơǀǿ Ǻǰȇ Ń ơƿƛȁ
ȁƗ ǁĈƾǐºŭơ ƢºǷƗ .DZȁƚLjŭơ Ȃǿ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ǶǰƸƬȇ ȁƗ/ȁ
ǂȇƾǐºƬdzơ ƨdzȁƽ ǍƢǐƬƻȏ Ǟǔź ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ȂȀǧ ƽǁȂƬLjŭơ
ǂȇƾǐƫ ƤȈƫǂƬƥ ǵȂǬȇ ȅǀdzơȁ DZƢūơ ȄǔƬǬǷ ƤLjƷ ƽơŚƬLJȏơ ȁƗ
ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ Ȃǿ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǥĈǂǐǷȁ žƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǮǴƫ ƽơŚƬLJơ ȁƗ
.(ÒÑÓ)ƢȀǨȇǂǐƫ ǀȈǨǼƬƥ ǵȂǬȇȁ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǮǴƫ ǾȈdzƛ ǺƸnjĄƫ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǘnjºǻȋơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Õ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÐÓÐ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ DzǸƸƬȇ (CRAMRA) ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻȋ ƨȈǻƾǠŭơ ƽǁơȂŭƢƥ
ȃƾdz ƨǴȈLJȁ ȁƗ ƨdzƢǯȁ ȁƗ ǥǂǗ ǾǻƘƥ ǥċǂǠĄȇ ȅǀdzơ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ
ȁƗ ǥǂºǗ ǹȂǻƢºǫ ƤƳȂŠ ǁǂǬƬȇ ȅǁƢƦƬǟơ ǎƼNj ȁƗ ǥǂǗ
ǂǯƌƿ ƢŲ ǖȈǴƻ ȅƗ ǺǷ ǂǐūơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ǦdzƘƬȇ ǭǂƬnjǷ ǝȁǂnjǷ
DzºưƬŤ Ń (Ɨ) :ơƿƛ ƨdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƨȈǟơǂdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Dzǜƫȁ .(ÒÑÔ)ǽȐǟƗ
ǵƢƬdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ʼnƾǬƫ ǺǰŻ Ń (ƣ) ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠ ƢēƢǷơDŽƬdzȏ
.ǂƻƕ ȂŴ ȅƗ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ DZȁƚLjŭơ DzǤnjŭơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ
ƾºǬǠdz ƨºȇǁƢȈǠŭơ ƽȂºǼƦdzơ ǺºǷ Î-ÎÓ ǝǂǨdzƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟȁ -ÐÓÑ
ƩơƾºȈǬǠdzơ Ǻºǟ ǦnjǰdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǸǜǻȋƢƥ Ǫǧǂŭơ ǥƢnjǰƬLJȏơ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƢēƾǸƬǟơ Ŗdzơȁ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ǹƽƢǠǷ Ƨƾǟ ǺǷ ƨǨdzƚŭơ
Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƾȀǠƬŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ÏÍÍÍ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÎÐ Ŀ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǝƢǬdz
ƨºƠȈƦǴdz DzºǏƢūơ ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǁǂǓ ȅȋ ȆǴǠǨdzơ ǁơƾǬŭơ
ǺǷ ȁƗ ǾƦǻƢƳ ǺǷ ŚǐǬƬdzơ ȁƗ ƧǁƢǔdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ ƞNjƢǼdzơȁ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ
ǞºȈŦȁ ǾƟȐǯȁ ȁƗ ǺǗƢƦdzơ ǺǷ ǾǠǷ ǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ȁƗ ǾȈǨǛȂǷ ƤǻƢƳ
.(ÒÑÕ)ǾũƢƥ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ȁƗ DzǸǠǴdz ǶȀǠǷ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ǶƬȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ
ǹƗ ƢƆǔºȇƗ ƩơƾºǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ śƦƫȁ -ÐÓÒ
ƨºȈǴǧƢǰƫȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ȇǿ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǶǜǠǷ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƧǁȂǐºƥ ǁǂǔdzơ Dzǐǧ ƢȀȈǧ ǺǰŻ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ ƢƆƦdzƢǣ Ǯdzƿȁ
ƨºȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂǸƦǧ .ƨdzȂǬǠǷ
__________
.DZǃƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ ÎÖ-ÎÑ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ (ÒÑÓ)
.Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ ÎÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (ÒÑÔ)
:Ǿǐǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ ÎÓ ǝǂǨdzơ Ñ Ǫǧǂŭơ ISBA/6/A/18 (ÒÑÕ)
ǁǂǓ ȅȋ ȆǴǠǨdzơ ǁơƾǬŭơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǹȂǰȇ Î-ÎÓ"
ƧǁƢǔºdzơ ǾdzƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƞNjƢǼdzơȁ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦǴdz DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ
ǞºȈŦ ȁƗ ǾƟȐǯȁ ȁƗ ǾǠǷ ǺǗƢƦdzơ ǺǷ ǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ȁƗ ǾȈǨǛȂǷ DZƢǠǧƗ ȁƗ
Ŀ ǶǿŚǐǬƫ ȁƗ ǾƥƢLjū ǥǂǐƬdzơ ȁƗ DzǸǠdzơ Ŀ śǯǁƢnjŭơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ
ƨdzȂǬǠŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƾǬǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǾƫƢȈǴǸǠƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ
ȅƗ ǁƢºƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ǀƻƚƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ ƾūơ ȁƗ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦǴdz ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǼŭ
.ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ǵƢȀLJȍơ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ŚǐǬƫ ȁƗ DZƢǠǧƗ
ƢºȀȈǨǛȂǷȁ ƨǘǴLjºdzơ ǒȇȂºǠƬƥ ƾºǫƢǠƬŭơ ǵȂǬȇ Ï-ÎÓ"
ƩƢºƦdzƢǘǷ ȅƗ Ɣơǃƛ ƢºȀƟȐǯȁȁ ƢºȀǠǷ ǺǗƢºƦdzơ ǺǷ ǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơȁ
ȁƗ ƧǁƢºǓ DZƢǠǧƗ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǻ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƩƢȈdzȁƚLjǷȁ
ǺǷ ǾǠǷ ǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơȁ ǾƟȐǯȁȁ ǾȈǨǛȂǷȁ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ŚǐǬƫ
ǹȂºǴǸǠȇ Ǻȇǀºdzơ ȁƗ DzǸǠdzơ Ŀ śǯǁƢnjŭơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǞȈŦȁ ǺǗƢƦdzơ
."ƾǬǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǾƫƢȈǴǸǠdz ǶǿǀȈǨǼƫ Ŀ ǾƥƢLjū
ǕƢnjǼdzơ Ǻǟ DZȁƚLjŭơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ȅǁƢƦƬǟơ ȁƗ
.(ÒÑÑ)ǽǀȈǨǼƫ ȁƗ ǽǀȈǨǼƫ ǖȈǘţ ȁƗ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ǥơǂNjȍƢƥ ǵȂǬȇȁ
DzǤnjŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ôȁ Ó śƫƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ -ÐÓÎ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǞǫȂŭơ DzǤnjǷ ȁƗ ǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ȅƗ" ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ó ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ DzǤnjŭơ ǥǂǠĄȇȁ .ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ
"ǎƼNj" ƨǜǨdz ǥċǂǠĄƫȁ ."ǂǘƻ ǕƢnjǻ Ŀ ƢƆǸǰŢ DžǁƢŻ ǎƼNj
ƨƠȈǿ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƨǯơǂNj ȁƗ ƽǂǧ ȅƗ" ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ó ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ
Ŀ ƢŠ ȏ ǵƗ ƨǯǂNj ƪǻƢǯ ƔơȂLJ ǍƢŬơ ȁƗ ǵƢǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀǸǜǼȇ
."ƢŮ ƨǻȂǰŭơ ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƢȀǷƢLjǫƗ ǺǷ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ǯdzƿ
ȄƻȂºƬȇ ƾºƷơȁ DzǤnjŠ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǕƢǼĄƫ ǹƗ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥȁ -ÐÓÏ
ȅƾºdzȂǷ ǁƢºƦƬǟơ Ñ ǾƫƽƢǷ Ŀ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ śdzȁƚLjǷ ǾȈǧǂǐǷȁ ǾȇƽǁȂƬLjǷȁ ǾȇǁƾǐǷȁ ǕƢnjǼdzơ
.(ÒÑÒ)ƽȁƾºūơ Őǟ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ DzǬǼdz ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ DzƷơǂŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ
ȆºǠȈƦǗ ǎƼºNj ȅƗ ǾǻƘƥ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ƾdzȂǷ DZǃƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǥĈǂǠĄƫȁ
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ƽȁƾºƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢºǠdzơ ǁƢƯȉƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ (ǿ)Î ƧƽƢŭơ (ÒÑÑ)
.ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƭƽơȂƸǴdz
:Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÒÑÒ)
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ó ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǂǘƼŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǹȂǰȇ -Î"
ƢºǿŚǣȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǥĈǂǐǷ ǵƢȈǫ śƷ ńƛ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ
ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǥĈǂǐŭơ ƶƦǐȇ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥȁ .ǾƫǃȂƷ Ŀ ƢȀǠǓȂƥ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǺǷ
ƭƾŹ Ń ơƿƛ ȁƗ ǂǘƼŭơ Ȇǿ Ƨǁƾǐŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ
ǥĈǂǐǷ ǵȂǬȇ ǹƗ ńƛ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ DZȁƚLjŭơ Ȃǿ ǁĈƾǐŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ǁƢǘƻƛ
ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ǾƫǃȂƷ Ŀ ƢȀǠǓȂƥ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ
Ò ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǪƦǘǼƫ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ǺǷ Ð ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (ƣ)Ó ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzƢƥ
ǥĈǂǐŭơ ƶƦǐȇ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥȁ .ǵDŽǴȇ ƢǷ ŚȈǤƫ ǞǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ó ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ
.ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ DZȁƚLjŭơ Ȃǿ ƩƢȇƢǨǼǴdz
ƩƢºȇƢǨǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǾǻƜǧ Î ƧǂǬǨdzƢƥ DZȐƻƛ ǹȁƽȁ -Ï"
Ŗºdzơȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (ƣ)Î ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ
Ð ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ƢĔȂǰƥ ǁƢǘƻƛ DZƢLJǁƜƥ ƧƽǁȂƬLjŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƪǷƢǫ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǹȂǰƫ Ǯdzǀƥ ǶǬƫ Ń Ƨǁďƾǐŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹȂǯ ǞǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ
ǾƫǃȂƷ Ŀ ƢȀǠǓȂƥ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǥĈǂǐǷ ǵȂǬȇ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƧƽǁȂƬLjŭơ
.Ǯdzǀƥ ǁƢǘƻȍơ ǶƬȇ Ń ơƿƛ ȁƗ ǂǘƼŭơ Ȇǿ ƧƽǁȂƬLjŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ
.ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ DZȁƚLjŭơ Ȃǿ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǥĈǂǐǷ ƶƦǐȇ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥȁ
..."
ǎƼnjdzơ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǞǓȂƫ ȏ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀŮ ƢƆǬǧȁ -Ò"
ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Ïȁ Î śƫǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ
:ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ
DZƢºǸǟȋơ ƶǴLjŭơ ǝơǂǐdzơ DZƢǠǧƗ ǺǷ DzǠǨdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ǹƢǯ (Ɨ)"
žƽǂǸƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǴǿȋơ ƣǂūơ ƨȈdzƢƬǬdzơ
ƾºȈŰ ȏ ȆƟƢǼưƬLJơ ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿ ȁƗ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƧǂǿƢǛ ƨƴȈƬǻ (ƣ)"
žǾƦǼš ȁƗ ǾǠǫȂƫ ǺǰŻ ȏȁ ǾǼǟ
ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ȆǷơDŽdzƛ ŚƥƾƬdz DZƢưƬǷȏ ƨƴȈƬǻ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ƪǻƢǯ (Ʊ)"
ȁƗ žǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƭƾƷ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ
ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƽȂǐǬǷ ǁƢǓ ǮǴLjǷ ƨƴȈƬǻ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ƪǻƢǯ (ƽ)"
."ǁǂǔdzơ ǾǬū ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ƾºȇƾŢ ǺǰŻ Ń ơƿƛ ƨȈǴǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ȄǴǟ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȅȂƬŢȁ .(ÒÒÐ)ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ
ǺǰŻ ȏ ǁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ƔDŽƳ ȅƗ ǹƗ ƵȂǓȂƥ śƦƫ Ȇǿȁ ǾƥƢnjǷ ǎǻ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǎǼºƫȁ .(ÒÒÑ)ȅȁȂǻ ǁǂǓ Ȃǿ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǾǴǐǧ
Ń ơƿƛ DzºȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǔȇƗ ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ
ƢºǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȅȂƬŢȁ .(ÒÒÒ)ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǁǂǔdzơ Dzǐǧ ǺǰŻ
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:Ð ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÒÒÐ)
..."
ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǹơƾǬǨdzơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ƭȁƾƷ Ŀ ǭǂƬNjơ ơƿƛ (ƣ)"
ǹơƾºǬǨdzơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔºdzơ ǺǷ ƔDŽŪơ Ǯdzƿ ǹƜǧ ƨȇȁȂǻ Śǣ ȃǂƻƗ ƨƯƽƢƷȁ
ǾǴǐºǧ ǺǰŻ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ƾūơ ńƛ ŐƬǠȈLJ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǾƬƦƦLJ ȅǀdzơ
ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǾƬƦƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ǹơƾǬǨdzơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ
ƨºȇȁȂǻ ƨºƯƽƢƷ ƪǯǂƬºNjơ ơƿƛȁ .ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǾƬƦƦLJ ǁǂǓ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ
Ŀ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀºǿ ǾǴǸnjºƫ ȏ ǺȇƚǷ ǝƢǠNjƛ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ ƨƯƽƢƷȁ
ȁƗ ƾŹ ƢǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ džȈǴǧ ǹơƾǬǧ ȁƗ ǁǂǓ ƭȁƾƷ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ
ƭƢºǠƦǻƢƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ŀ ȃǂƻƗ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǂƯƚȇ
."Ǻȇƚŭơ ǝƢǠNjȍơ
:Ð ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÒÒÑ)
..."
ƨƯƽƢƷ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƭȁƾƷ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ Ŀ ǭǂƬNjơ ơƿƛ (ƣ)"
ȅǀºdzơ ǁǂǔºdzơ ǺǷ ƔDŽŪơ Ǯdzƿ ǹƜǧ ƨȇȁȂǻ Śǣ ȃǂƻƗ ƨƯƽƢƷȁ ƨȇȁȂǻ
ǺºǰŻ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ƾūơ ńƛ ŐƬǠȈLJ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ Śǣ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǾƬƦƦLJ
ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǾƬƦƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǾǴǐǧ
ƭơƾºƷƛ Ŀ ǭǂƬNjơ ơƿƛȁ .ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǾƬƦƦLJ ȅȁȂǻ ǁǂǓ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ
ǽǀºǿ ǾǴǸnjºƫ ȏ ǺȇƚǷ ǝƢǠNjȍ ƭƢǠƦǻơȁ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ȅȁȂǻ ǁǂǓ
ȃǂƻƗ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǂƯƚȇ ȁƗ ƾŹ ƢǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǭƢǼǿ džȈǴǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
."Ǻȇƚŭơ ǝƢǠNjȍơ Ǯdzƿ ƭƢǠƦǻƢƥ DzǐƬȇ ƢŠ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ŀ
:ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÒÒÒ)
..."
ǺºǷ ǂºưǯƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Dzſ ơƿƛ (Ɨ) -Ð"
ǾºȈǧ ƤLjǼĄȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ƾūơ ńƛ ǹȂǴǤnjŭơ ŐƬǠȇ ƾƷơȁ DzǤnjǷ
śdzȁƚLjºǷ ƨºdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐºƥ ǁǂǓ ǺǷ ǾƦċƦLJ ƢǷ ǶȀǼǷ ƾƷơȁ Dzǰdz
.ƨȈǴǧƢǰƫȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ƔơȂºLJ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƧƽƢǷ DzǬǻ ƔƢǼƯƗ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ƭƽƢūơ Ǟǫȁ ơƿƛ (ƣ)"
ƔƢǼƯƗ ǑǁƢǠdzơ ǺȇDŽƼƬdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ȁƗ ƧƾƷơȁ DzǬǻ ƨǴȈLJȁ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ ǹƢǯ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ DzǸnjȇ ƢƆȇȁȂǻ ơƆǁǂǓ ƤƦLJȁ Ƣēơƿ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ŀ DzǬǼdzơ
ǢºǴƦǷ ŐǯƗ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ȏ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǝȂǸů ǹƜǧ ƾƷơȁ DzǤnjǷ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ
.ƨLjǷƢŬơ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǹǟ ǶȀǼǷ ȅƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǪƦǘǼǷ
ƢºǸȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ śƬdzƢūơ ǺǷ ȅƗ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ȏ (Ʊ)"
DzǤnjǷ ȅȋ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ (ƣ)ȁ (Ɨ) śƬȈǟǂǨdzơ śƫǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ
.ƨLjǷƢŬơ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǹǟ Ǿƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǪƦǘǼŭơ ǢǴƦŭơ
ƪºǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǵƢǰƷƘƥ ƢƆǼǿǁȁ -Ñ"
ƾºƷơȂdzơ DzǤnjºŭơ džǨǻ ƢȀǴȈǤnjƬƥ ǵȂǬȇ Ƨƾȇƾǟ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƩƖnjǼǷ ǭƢǼǿ
ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ DzǤnjŭơ Ǯdzƿ ǹȂǰȇ ƧƾƷơȂdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǮǴƫ ƢȀǴǸnjƫȁ
ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǪƦǘǼŭơ ǢǴƦŭơ ƽȁƾƷ Ŀ ƨȈǼǠǷ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƧƘnjǼǷ Dzǰƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
."ƨLjǷƢŬơ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ȐƆ Ǹǟ Ǿƥ
190
ǮdzƢŭơ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǴǧƢǰƫȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǞǓȂƫ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz
ƢƆƦƦLjºǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ śƬǼȈǨLJ ǺǷ ǾǨȇǂǐƫ ȃǂƳ ȁƗ ǖǨǼdzơ ƣǂLjƫ ơƿƛ
.(ÒÑÖ)ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǾǴǐǧ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǁǂǓ Ȃǿȁ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ǁǂǔdzơ
Ŗºdzơ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ Ò ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ǾƥƢnjǷ ǶǰƷ ƽǂȇȁ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǖƥǂȇ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ ǾǻƗ ƾȈƥ .ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ DzŰ ƪǴƷ
Ŀȁ .(ÒÒÍ)ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ śƬǼȈǨLJ DzǸnjƫ ƨƯƽƢŞ ƨȈǴǧƢǰƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƬdzơ
ǺºǷ ƔơǂƥȍƢºƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǹƜǧ śƬdzƢūơ ƢƬǴǯ
.ƨȈǴǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǪƦǘǼƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁ (ÒÒÎ)ǺǨLjºdzơ ƽȂǫȁ ƪȇǃ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǸǔƬƫȁ -ÐÓÓ
DzǬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏƢǧ .ƨǴƯƢŲ ƢƆǷƢǰƷƗ ƧǁƢǓȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ
DzºǬǼdzơ Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢºǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
Ŀ Ǫºūơ ǮdzƢǸǴdz ǹƗ ƵȂǓȂƥ śƦƫ ƧǁƢǓȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ
ǵƾºǟ Ǻºǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǼŭơ ƾȇƾƸƬdzơ ńƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏơ
(ÒÒÏ)
. ǂƻƕ ǮdzƢǷ ƾǓ ƨdzơƾǠdzơ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ Ŀ ǾǬŞ DZȐƻȍơ
ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƨȈǴǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǪƦǘǼƫȁ -ÐÓÔ
ǑơǂºƬǧơ ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǁǂǬƬǧ .ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ
__________
:ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÒÑÖ)
ǂºưǯƗ ȁƗ śƬǼȈǨºLJ ǺǷ ǾǨȇǂǐƫ ȃǂƳ ȁƗ ǖǨǼdzơ ƣǂLjƫ ơƿƛ"
Ń ƢǷ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ǺǨLjdzơ ǞȈŦ ȂǰdzƢǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ǁǂǓ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ Ƕųȁ
śdzȁƚLjºǷ ƨºưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢºŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ Ɣơǂƥƛ ǭƢǼǿ Ǻǰȇ
ǾǴǐǧ ǺǰŻ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ Dzǯ Ǻǟ ƨȈǴǧƢǰƫȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
."ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ
:Ò ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÒÒÍ)
Ǯºdzƿ Ǻǟ Ƕųȁ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ śƬǼȈǨLJ DzǸnjƫ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƪǠǫȁ ơƿƛ"
Ɣơǂƥƛ ǭƢǼǿ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƢǷ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ǺǨLjdzơ ǞȈŦ ȂǰdzƢǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ǁǂǓ
ƨȈǼǷƢǔºƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ śdzȁƚLjǷ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ
."ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǾǴǐǧ ǺǰŻ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ Dzǯ Ǻǟ ƨȈǴǧƢǰƫȁ
:Ò ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÒÒÎ)
ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ śƬǼȈǨLJ DzǸnjƫ Ŗdzơ ƭƽơȂūơ"
Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ǶƴǼȇȁ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ śƬǼȈǨLJ DzǸnjƫ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǞǬƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ"
ǭƢºǼǿ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƢǷ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ǺǨLjdzơ ǞȈŦ ȂǰdzƢǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ǁǂǓ
ƨȈǼǷƢǔºƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ śdzȁƚLjǷ Ð ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ Ɣơǂƥƛ
."ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǾǴǐǧ ǺǰŻ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ Dzǯ Ǻǟ ƨȈǴǧƢǰƫȁ
:Õ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÒÒÏ)
ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ śƬǼȈǨLJ DzǸnjƫ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƨƴȈƬǻ ǁǂǓ ƭƾƷ ơƿƛ -Î"
Ń ƢǷ ƢȀǼǷ Dzǯ ȂǰdzƢǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƧǁƢǓ ȁƗ Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂǷ ƢȀǼǷ Dzǯ DzǸŢ
.ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ śdzȁƚLjǷ Ô ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ Ɣơǂƥƛ ǭƢǼǿ Ǻǰȇ
Ǻǟ ƨȈǴǧƢǰƫȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ śdzȁƚLjǷ ǺǨLjdzơ ǞȈŦ ȂǰdzƢǷ ǹȂǰȇȁ
.ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǾǴǐǧ ǺǰŻ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ Dzǯ
ƽȁƾºƷ Ŀ Ǫºūơ śǰdzƢǸǴdz ǹȂǰȇ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ -Ï"
.Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ǶȀǼǷ Dzǯ ȄǴǟ ƨǬƦǘǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ŀ ǪƷ ȅƘƥ Dzź ƢǷ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdz -Ð"
."ǂƻƕ ǮdzƢǷ ȅƗ ƾǓ ƨǼȈǨLJ ȅƗ ǮdzƢŭ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨdzơƾǠdzơ ńƛ
191 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨºŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂºǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǞǫȂƬƫȁ -ÐÓÖ
ȁƗ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ ȁƗ ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǻ DZȐƻ
ƨºȈǴǧƢǰƫȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔºƫ ƨƆ ȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ƢƆǔºȇƗ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJ
ǹƜºǧ ƨºdzƢūơ ǽǀºǿ Ŀȁ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ DzǬǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ƨǰLjºdzơ ǖºƻ DzȈǤnjƬƥ ǹȂǷȂǬȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơ
Ɔ ǫƢºǻ ǶȀºǼǷ Dzǯ ŐƬǠĄȇ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǠǫȁ ȅǀdzơ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ
ơƿƛ Ȑ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ȄƻȂºƬƫȁ .(ÒÒÖ)ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ƨȈǴǸǟ DzȈǤnjƬƥ ǹȂǷȂǬȇ ơȂǻƢǯ
ȁƗ ǞǫơȂŭơ ȆǴǤnjŭ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈǴǧƢǰƫȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ȂǻƢǣȂdz
ǾºǻƗ ƩƢƦƯȍ DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢƦƯȍơ ƔƤǟ ǞǬȇȁ .ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƖnjǼŭơ
.(ÒÓÍ)ǖǬǧ ǁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ƔDŽƳ Ǻǟ DZȁƚLjǷ
ƨȈǴǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ DŽȈǯǂƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƆƢǓȂǟȁ -ÐÔÍ
ƨºȈƟơǂƳȍơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǭȂǰǐdzơ ǒǠƥ ƽƾnjƫ ǮǴƫ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ
.ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ȃȂǟƾdzơ Ǟǧǁ DzƳƗ ǺǷ
ȆǟƾºǸǴdz ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢºǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ƤƳȂǸƦǧ Ľ ǺǷȁ
ƧǂºǘŬơ ƽơȂŭơ ȅƾdzȂǷ ǺǷ DzǷƢǰdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ Ŀ Ǫūơ
ǺǸǔºƬȇȁ .(ÒÓÎ)ƢȀȈǧǂǐºǷ ȁƗ ƢȀȇƽǁȂƬLjºǷ ȁƗ ƢȀȇǁƾǐǷ ȁƗ
.ǹȂǸǔºŭơ džºǨǻ Ǿdz ƆƢǸǰƷ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
__________
:Ò ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÒÒÖ)
..."
ƭơƾºƷȋơ ǺºǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ ǺǷ ǦdzƘƬƫ ƨƯƽƢūơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ -Ï"
ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ DzǫƢǼdzơ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǰƫ ǁƾǐŭơ džǨǻ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ
.ƭƽơȂūơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ƨƯƽƢƷ DZȁƗ ǾȈǧ ƪǠǫȁ ȅǀdzơ
ǶȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ǹƢǐƼNj ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ -Ð"
ƤºƳȂŠ DzǫƢǼdzơ ǶǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ śdzȁƚLjǷ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (ƣ)Õ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ
."DzǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ǺǷƢǔƬdzƢƥ śdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǻȂǰȇ ǶĔƜǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ
:ÎÎ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÒÓÍ)
ǞǫơȂŭơ ȁƗ ƩƖnjǼŭơ ƽƾǠƫ"
ȁƗ ƩƖnjºǼǷ Ƨƾǟ Ŀ ƪǠǫȁ ƭƽơȂƷ ǺǷ ǁǂǔdzơ ƲƬǻ ơƿƛ"
ƨºƴȈƬǻ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƢǯ ȁƗ Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ ƢȀȈǧ ȅǂš ƪǻƢǯ ǞǫơȂǷ
Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǺǷ ƽ ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ śdzȁƚLjºǷ ƨºȈǼǠŭơ ǞǫơȂŭơ ȁƗ ƩƖnjǼŭơ ȂǴǤnjǷ ǹȂǰȇ
DzǤnjǷ ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ .ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ Dzǯ Ǻǟ ƨȈǴǧƢǰƫȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ
ȅǀdzơ ǞǫȂŭơ ȁƗ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ŀ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǾƬƦƦLJ ǁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ǖǬǧ ƆơƔDŽƳ ǹƗ
ǂºǘƻ ǕƢnjºǻ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǾȈǧ DžǁƢŻ
ǹȂºǰȇ ǾǻƜǧ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǺǷ ƽ ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ
."ǖǬǧ ǁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ƔDŽŪơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ƆȏȁƚLjǷ
:Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÒÓÎ)
..."
ǂºưǯƗ ȁƗ śǐºƼNj ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƪǠǓȁ ơƿƛ -Ó"
DzǷƢǰdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ȆǟƾǸǴdz ǹȂǰȇ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ
."ƢƆǠȈŦ ǶȀǼǷ ȁƗ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ȅƗ ǺǷ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ
ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢºƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ (ÒÒÓ)ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz
ƢºǸĔƗ ȄǴǟ .ƨǴƯƢŲ ǵƢǰƷƗ ȄǴǟ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ
ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƨǷƢǠdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ȄǴǟ ƽȁƾƷ ǞǓȁ ǹƢȈƻȂƬȇ
.(ÒÒÔ)ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƢȀȈǧ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ȄºǴǟ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ȆǴǤnjǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÐÓÕ
ǁǂǔºdzơ Dzǐǧ ƢȀȈǧ ǺǰŻ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ ƨȈǴǧƢǰƫȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ
ŚǐǬƬdzơ ƨƦLjǻ ǞǷ ƨƦLJƢǼƬǷ ƨŷƢLjŭơ ƨƦLjǻ ǹȂǰƫȁ .ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ
ǹȂǰƫ Ǯdzƿ ƾȇƾŢ ǺǰŻ Ń ơƿƛ ȁƗ ǂǐǬŭơ ńƛ ǾǟƢƳǁƛ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ
.(ÒÒÕ)ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷ ƨƦLjǼdzơ
__________
:Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÒÒÓ)
..."
DzǤnjºǷ ǺºǷ ǂưǯƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Dzſ ơƿƛ -Ð"
Dzǐºǧ ǾǠǷ ǺǰŻ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ƾūơ ńƛ ǹȂȈǼǠŭơ ǹȂǴǤnjŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ƾƷơȁ
śdzȁƚLjºǷ ƨºdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ DzǤnjǷ Dzǯ ńƛ ȃDŽǠĄȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƾŢ ǹƗ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƢȀȈǧ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǹȂǰȇȁ .ƨȈǴǧƢǰƫȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ǹƛ ǩǂǨdzơ ȄǴǟ ǂǐƬǬƬdz ƨƯƽƢƷ Dzǰdz ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ǢǴƦǷ ǺǷ
ƆȐǸǟ ƧƽƾƄơ ǢdzƢƦŭơȁ ǩǂǨdzơ ơǀđ ƧǁǂǬŭơ ǢdzƢƦŭơ śƥ ǩǂǧ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƢǯ
."ƨLjǷƢŬơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzƢƥ
:Ǫǧǂŭơ ǺǷ Ô ƧƽƢŭơ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÒÒÔ)
DzǤnjºǷ ǺºǷ ǂưǯƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Dzſ ơƿƛ -Î"
Dzǐºǧ ǾȈǧ ǺǰŻ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ƾūơ ńƛ ǹȂȈǼǠŭơ ǹȂǴǤnjŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ƾƷơȁ
ƨºdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐºƥ DzǤnjºǷ Dzºǯ ńƛ ǾƬƦLjǻ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƢºȀȈǧ Ŗºdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǃȂŸȁ .ƨȈǴǧƢǰƫȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ śdzȁƚLjǷ
ƮºȈŞ ƨƯƽƢƷ Dzǰdz ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ǺǷ ǢǴƦǷ ƾȇƾŢ ƧƘnjǼŭơ
ƽƾƄơ ǢǴƦŭơȁ ơǀđ ƧǁǂǬŭơ ǢdzƢƦŭơ śƥ ƾƳȁ ǹƛ ǩǂǨdzơ ȄǴǟ ǂǐƬǬƫ
."Î-Ñ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƆȐǸǟ
:ƨǠƥƢLjdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÒÒÕ)
DzǤnjºǷ ǺºǷ ǂưǯƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Dzſ ơƿƛ -Î"
ńƛ ǾƬƦLjǻ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Dzǐǧ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǺǰŻ Ńȁ ƾƷơȁ
ƨȈǼǷƢǔºƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ śdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂȈǼǠŭơ ǹȂǴǤnjŭơ ǹȂǰȇ DzǤnjǷ Dzǯ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ȏ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨȈǴǧƢǰƫȁ
.ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ƾūơ ǶȀǼǷ ƾƷơȁ DzǤnjǷ ȅƗ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ƮȈƷȁ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǝȂǫȁ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ -Ï"
ƩƢȇƢǨǻ ȁƗ ƩƢƴƬǼǷ ȁƗ ȅȁȂǻ ƽȂǫȁ ǺǷ ƆƢšƢǻ ȁƗ Ǻǟ ƆƢƠNjƢǻ ȅȁȂǼdzơ
ǹȂǰȇ DzǤnjŭơ džǨǼdz ƨǠƥƢƫ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨǼȈǨLJ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǺǷ ƨǠnjǷ
Ŀ ƽǁơȂºdzơ ƾºūơ ńƛ ƨǼȈǨLJ Dzǰƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƆȏȁƚLjǷ DzǤnjŭơ ơǀǿ
.ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ
ƆƢºǼǿǁȁ ƨºȈǴǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ -Ð"
:ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋƢƥ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ Ŀ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ Ŀ Ǫūơ DzǤnjǷ Dzǰdz ǹȂǰȇ (Ɨ)"
žƢǸȀǼǷ Dzǯ ńƛ ƤăLjǼĄȇ ȅǀdzơ ŚǐǬƬdzơ ǞǷ ƤLJƢǼƬȇ ƢŠ ǂƻȉơ ƾǓ
DzǤnjǷ Dzǯ ŚǐǬƫ ƨƳǁƽ ǞȇǃȂƫ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ƶƬƫ Ń ơƿƛ (ƣ)"
."ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷ ƨƦǐǻȋ ƆƢǬǧȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DzǷƢǯ DzǸŢ ǹȂǰȇ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ DzǷƢǠŭơ ƾǼŮơ Ŀ ƢȈǴǠdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩŐƬǟơ Ľ ǺǷȁ -ÐÔÐ
Ǯdzǀºƥ ƶȇǂǐºƫ ǹȁƽ ƢȀǗƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢŲ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰdzơ
ƾºǬǧ .ƨǴƟƢLjdzơ ƩȐǔǨdzơ Ǧȇǂǐƫ ŚȇƢǠŠ ƢǿƾȈǬƫ ǵƾǟ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ
:ƩƢǟƢǼǐdzơ ǮǴƫ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩŐƬǟơ
Ŀ ȃǂºǬǴdz ǾƬƦƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨǬǴǘǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ
ƨºǧƢǯ ƿƢţƢƥ ƨǷDŽǴǷ ǹȂǰƫ ǾȈǴǟȁ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơȁ ƨƥǂƬǴdzȁ ƧǁǂǔƬŭơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ
ƨºƷȁǂǘŭơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢƯȂǴŭơȁ ƨȈǼȈǘdzơ ƤLJơȁǂdzơ ƨdzơǃȍ ƨȇǁȁǂǔdzơ ƩơȂǘŬơ
ǹƗ řºǠȇ ǾºǻƘƥ "Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ" ƗƾƦǷ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩǂLjǧȁ .ƧǁǂǔƬŭơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ Ŀ
ƢȇƢƸºǓ ǒȇȂǠƫ ȏ DzǸnjƬdz ƾƬŤ ƨƠȈƦǴdz DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨǬǴǘŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
DzºƦǫ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǝƢƳǁƛ ƨǨǴǰƫ ȆǘǤƬdzȁ Dzƥ ƤLjƸǧ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
"ƨǷơƾƬLjŭơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ" ƨȈǴǸǟ ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ Ƨǁȁǂǔŭơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƵȐǏƛ ƾǠȇȁ .ƢǿǁȂǿƾƫ
ǺȇǁǂǔºƬŭơ ȃƽơǂǧ ƨǨǴǰƫ Ǟǧƽ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƭȂǴŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ȂƸǼdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ
.(ÒÓÒ)ȆƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǁƢLjǷ ƤǴǫ ƨǨǴǰƫ Ǻǟ ȐƆ ǔǧ
ǾȈǴǟ ƨǬǧơȂŭƢƥ ƢƆǻȁǂǬǷ ǽȐǟƗ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǁơǂǬdzơ ńƛ ŚNjƗ ƾǫȁ -ÐÔÑ
ƩǁƢºNjƗ ƾǬǧ .M.C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath and others ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ
ƤŸ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƭȂǴȇ ǺǷ ǹƗ Ʃǁǂǫ [ƢĔƗ]" ńƛ ƾǼŮơ Ŀ ƢȈǴǠdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ
.(ÒÓÓ)"ǾdzƢǠǧƗ ǾƬƦƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǁƢLjǷ ƤǴǫ ƨǨǴǰƫ Ǟǧƾȇ ǹƗ
ǹȂºǏƢŬơ ǹȂǴǤnjºŭơ ǵƢǫ ȃǂƻƗ ƭƽơȂƷ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ -ÐÔÒ
ǁơǂǓȋơ ǺǷ DzȈǴǬƬǴdz ȅƽơǂǨǻơ ƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţơȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǟǧƾƥ ƨȈǟơȂǗ
.ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǹȁƽ Ǻǰdzȁ ƢȀǠǼŭ ȁƗ Ňƽȋơ ƢǿƾƷ ńƛ
ƔơǂºƳȍơ ƿƢºţȏ ȆºǬȈǬūơ ƤƦLjdzơ ƨǧǂǠǷ ƤǠǐƫ ǾǻƗ ȆǴƳȁ
ơǀºǿ ǹƗ ƨºȈǴǯ ǑơǂƬǧȏơ ǺǰŻ ȏ Ǻǰdzȁ .ȆǟȂǘdzơȁ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ
ƨǻƢȀƬLJȏơ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȏ ƿƛ .ǖǬǧ "ƨȇȂǼǠǷ" ƣƢƦLJƗ ńƛ ǞƳǂȇ ƔơǂƳȍơ
ȁƗ ǵƢºǠdzơ ȅƗǂdzơ ȁƗ ƾǴƦdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǖǤǔdzơ DzǷơȂǠƥ
ǽǀºǿ Dzǯȁ .DZƢǸǟȋơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭ ǂƫȂƬdzơ ǺǷ DZƢƻ ȂƳ ǂǧȂƫ ƧǁȁǂǓ
.ȅȂǼǠŭơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ƽǂů ǺǷ ȃȂǫƗ Ȃǿ ǞǫȂƫ ńƛ ȅƽƚƫ ƾǫ ǕȂǤǔdzơ
ƾºǻȂƥ ƾºdzǁȁȁ ƨºǴǫƢǼdzơ ƪƥǂºLJ ÎÖÔÏ ǵƢºǟ Ŀȁ -ÐÔÓ
ǖǨǼºdzơ ǺǷ ǹȂdzƢǣ ÎÏ ÍÍÍ ƢȇŚƴȈǻ Ŀ ƨǴƴLjŭơ (World Bond)
Atlantic Richfield ƧƢǨǐǷ ƾǼǟ ƢȀƬdzȂŧ ǢȇǂǨƫ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǂƸƦdzơ ńƛ ǵƢŬơ
ǂnjºƬǻơȁ .ǺǘǼºNjơȁ ƨȇȏȂƥ Cherry Point Ŀ Refining Company
Ŀ ƞǗơȂnjºdzơ ǺǷ DZƢȈǷƗ ƨLjŨ ƭȂdz ƮȈƷ ƨȇƾǼǰdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ńƛ ǖǨǼdzơ
ƢƆȈƦLjºǻ ƨºǴȈǴǫ ƪǬȇǁƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǸǰdzơ ƪǻƢǯȁ .ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƢȈƦǷȂdzȂǯ
ƩƢǘǴLjdzơȁ ƧƢǨǐŭơ ƩƾǸǟȁ .ȃŐǯ ƨȈLJƢȈLJ ơƆǁƢƯƕ ƪƯƾƷƗ ƢȀǼǰdzȁ
ǁǂǔdzơ ƔơȂƬƷȏ ǞȇǂLJ ƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţơ ńƛ ƔơȂLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƽȁƾūơ œǻƢƳ Ŀ
ńƛ ƨȇƾǼǰdzơ ƞǗơȂnjdzơȁ ǽƢȈŭƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǒǨƻ ƨȈǤƥ ǾǼǷ ƾūơȁ
Atlantic Richfield Ȃºǿȁ ǍƢºŬơ DzǤnjºŭơ DzǨǰƫȁ .ƾƷ ŇƽƗ
.(ÒÓÔ)ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ Ǟǧƾƥ Refining Corporation
__________
M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath and others, Supreme Court (ÒÓÒ)
.Cases 1997, vol. 1, p. 388
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÓÓ)
de Mestral, “Canadian practice in international law ǂǜǻơ (ÒÓÔ)
during 1972 as reflected in resolutions of the House of Commons and
.in Government statements in the House of Commons”, pp. 333–334
192
ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ Ŀ ǝȁǂnjdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ Ǿdz ȆǟƾŭƢǧ
ǾǻƗ ƩƢƦƯƛ ƔƤǟ DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǞǬȇȁ .śǴǤnjŭơ ǺǷ ƾƷơȁ ȅƗ ƾǓ
.(ÒÓÏ)ǁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ƔDŽƳ Ǻǟ ǖǬǧ DZȁƚLjǷ
ǹƘnjºƥ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢºǠdz ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢºŢȏơ ǾȈƳȂƫ ǂǬȇȁ -ÐÔÎ
ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǞȈŦ ƵȐǏƛ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǾǻƘƥ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǹƗ ƤºŸ ƨºdzƢǠǧ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǰƫ Ȇǰdzȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ
Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .ǶǿƾȇƾŢ ǺǰŻ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ƭȂǴǷ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰȇ
ƽƢŸƛ ƤŸȁ ƆƢȈǸǯ ǽǂȇƾǬƫ ǺǰŻȁ ơƆƽƾŰ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ
ǹƜǧ Ľ ǺǷȁ .ǽƾȇƾŢ ǺǰǷƗ ȅǀdzơ ƭȂǴŭơȁ ǁǂǔdzơ śƥ ƨȈƦƦLJ ƨǫȐǟ
ǶLjºƬȇ ȅǀºdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǞǷ DzǷƢǠƬǴdz ƨƦLJƢǼǷ ƧơƽƗ ƪLjȈdz ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨȈƦǴLjdzơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ ǖƥǁ ǁǀǠƬȇ ƮȈƷȁ ǁƢnjƬǻȏơȁ ǝƢLjƫȏơ ǞƥƢǘƥ
ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ .DZƢǠǧȋơ ƔơƽƗ Ŀ ŚǐǬƬdzƢƥ ȁƗ śǴǟƢǨdzơ ȃƽơǂƌǧ DZƢǠǧƘƥ
Ŀ ǾºǻƜǧ ƨȈǴǧƢǰƫȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ȏ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ǹƗ
Ƨƽǁơȁ ǵƢǰƷƗ ȅƘƥ DZȐƻƛ ǹȁƽ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ǾǼǷ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ
ȆǓƢǬƬdzơ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ǞȇǃȂƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨǸǜǻȋơ Ŀ
śºƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǞȇǃȂƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƽƾǠƬŭơ
.(ÒÓÐ)ǾǷƾƼƬLjǷȁ ƲăƬǼŭơ ƲƬǼĄǷ
ƱǁƢºƻ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ -Ï
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ
ǺǷ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭ ƨƸǓơȁ ƧǁȂǏ ǍȐƼƬLJơ ǺǰŻ ȏ -ÐÔÏ
ǂǯǀƫ ȏ ǁƽƢǐŭơ ǽǀȀǧ .ƨȈũǂdzơ ƩȐLJơǂŭơ ȁƗ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ
Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂºǠƫ Ǟǧƽ Ǻǟ ǽƾƷȁ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƢȀȈǧ DzǤnjŭơ ŐƬǠȇ ƨǴưǷƗ
ȆǨǧ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .ǾƬǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ƨšƢǻ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǟ ǁơǂǓƗ
ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ ƾºǼŮơ Ŀ ƢȈǴǠdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ȆǴŰ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ǾƫǁƾǏƗ ǶǰƷ
ƾºǼŮơ ƽƢºŢơ ƾǓ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ - ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȎdz ȅƾǼŮơ džǴĐơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢŠ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǸǰƷ Ǻȇǂƻƕȁ
ǹȂºǰȇ ǂºǘƻ ȄºǴǟ ȅȂºǘǼȇ ȁƗ ǂǘƻ Ǿƥ ǞǴǘǔŭơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǹƗ ƪƦƯ ơƿƛ
ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǕƢnjǼdzơ Ǯdzƿ DžǁƢŻ ȅǀdzơ *ǎƼnjdzơ
ƢǸǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥ ǕƢnjǻ ǺǷ ǾLJǁƢŻ ƢǷ ƔơǂƳ ƧǁƢLjƻ ǺǷ Ǿdz ǾƦƦLjȇ ƾǫ ƢǸǟ
ȄǴǟ řƦǼȇ Ƕǰūơ ơǀǿȁ .ǾǗƢnjǼƥ ǾǷƢȈǫ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƨdzȂǬǠŭơ ƨȇƢǼǠdzơ DZǀƥ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ
.(ÒÓÑ)Ǿƫơƿ Ǿƥ ǞǴǘǔŭơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ƨǠȈƦǗ
__________
:Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÒÓÏ)
..."
ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ śǐƼNj ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ǞǬƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ -Ñ"
DzǷƢǰdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ȆǟƾǸǴdz ǹȂǰȇ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ
ǹƗ ȄºǴǟ .ƢƆǠȈŦ ǶȀǼǷ ȁƗ śdzȁƚLjŭơ śǴǤnjŭơ ǺǷ ȅƗ ǺǷ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ
ƨºƯƽƢƷ Ǻºǟ Ƕų ƾǫ ǖǬǧ ǁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ ǹƗ ƪƦưȇ ȅǀdzơ DzǤnjŭơ
."ǖǬǧ ǁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ƔDŽŪơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƨȈǟƢǼǏ
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÏÕÓ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) 2004/35/CE ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ (ÒÓÐ)
(ǽȐºǟƗ ÑÐÕ ƨȈºNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) All India Reporter 1996 (ÒÓÑ)
.ÎÑÓÒ Ǎ
193 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƗƾºƦǷ" ǹƗ ȁǁȁƢǻ ƩƘƫǁơȁ ."DZȁƾǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơȁ ƨȈǴǧƢǰƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ"
.Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƨǷƢǟ ƧƾǟƢǫ Ȃǿ "ƨȈǼǷƢǔƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨǴǐǨǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƧǁƢºNjȍơ ƩǂƳ Ŗdzơ ȂǧǁȂǯ ƧƢǼǫ ƨȈǔǫ ȃǂƻȋơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ śƥ ǺǷȁ
.(ÒÔÎ)ȅƗǂdzơ ơǀŮ ƵƢǔȇȍơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ƢȀȈdzƛ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ‘ ƗƾƦǷ ȄǸLjĄȇ ƢǷ" ƽȂƳȁ Ŀ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ƪǼǠǗȁ -ÐÕÍ
Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƨǷƢǟ ƧƾǟƢǫ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ (ÒÔÏ)‘"ƨȈƦǴLjdzơ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƬdzơ
ȏƛ Ǯdzǀºǯ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ǾǻƜǧ ȂƸǼdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ơƆƽȂƳȂǷ ǹƢǯ Ȃdz ǾǻƗȁ
Ņȁƽ ƔƢǟƽơ ƽȂƳȁ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ƪǟƽơ Ľ ǺǷȁ .ǩƢǨƫȏƢƥ
ƨȈǔºǬdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ śƬdzȁƾdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjȇ
ƨǯǂƬnjºŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ƪǴƌưǷă ơƿƛ ȏƛ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ DžǁƢǸĄȇ ȏȁ ƨǓȂǧǂǷ
.ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǵƢǷƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ŀ ƢȀǠȈŦ
ǹƘnjºƥ ƢºȀǸǰƷ Ŀ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾºǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƩǁƢNjƗȁ -ÐÕÎ
ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƩǁƢƯƗ ƾǫ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨȈdzȁȋơ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ
ǺǷ ƧƾƷơȁ ȅƗ ǹȂǰƫ ƮȈŞ "ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫȁ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ" ƭȐưdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ʼnƾºǬƫ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ [ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ȁƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ] ƭȐưdzơ DZȁƾdzơ
ƨºȇǁơƽƛ ƨǘǴLjǯ ƢēƢǷơDŽƬdzȏ ƨǨdzƢű ȅƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔǴdz DzǷƢǰdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ǹƗ ƤºŸ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǽǀǿȁ .ȃǂƻƗ ƨƦLJƢǼƬǷ ƨǐƷ ȁƗ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƮǴƯ ƽǂů džȈdzȁ
.(ÒÔÐ)ǝȂǓȂŭơ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȀȈǧ ƪƦǴdz ƢƆƦǻƢƳ ƨǸǰƄơ ƢȀȈǬƦƫ
ƨdzƘLjºŭơ ǽǀºǿ ǹƗ ƩƘƫǁơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ -ÐÕÏ
.ƢǿƾºƷȁ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ƧƢǓƢǬǷ ǺǰŻ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ǻǟ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ
śƦȇ ƢǷ ƣƢƦLJƗ ǺǷ ǵƾǫ ƢǸȈǧ ƾš Ń ƢĔƗ ńƛ ƪǐǴƻȁ
DZȁƾºdzơ ǺǷ ǖǬǧ ƧƾƷơȁ ƾǓ ƨǟȂǧǂŭơ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨȈdzȂƦǬǷ ǵƾǟ ǹȐǟƛ ƣȂƳȁ
ǶȈºǴǫȍơ Ƨǁơƽƛ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǴƠLJƗ Śưȇ ƔƢǟƽȏơ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ ƽǂĐ ƨȇơƾƦdzơ ǀǼǷ ƭȐưdzơ
ƩƢºǷơDŽƬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ǹƗ ǁƢǰǻƛ ǺǰŻ Ȑǧ .ǹƢȇǂƻƗ ǹƢƬdzȁƽ ƢȀũƢǬƬƫ Ŗdzơ
ƨǘǴLjºdzơ Dzǰnjƫ Ŗdzơ ƭȐưdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ȃƾƷƛ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ƨȇƢǏȂdzơ ǩƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ
ǵƢºȈǫ ǹȁƽ DZȂºŹ ƢǷ ǩƢǨƫȏơ Ǯdzƿ ǞƥƢǗ Ŀ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdzȁ ƧǁơƽȍƢƥ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ
.(ÒÔÑ)ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǮǴƬdz ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ƨǨdzƢƼŠ ƔƢǟƽȏơ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzƢƥ ƨǸǰƄơ
ƢȀȈdzƛ ƪǴǏȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨƴȈƬǼdzơ ǹƘƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƩǂǫƗȁ -ÐÕÐ
ƢºǿȁDŽǠƫ ǹƗ ǺºǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǸǔǷ ȁƗ ƽȂƳȂƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
śȈǻȂǻƢºǬdzơ śǠǓȂǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǁƢƯƕ ƢŮ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ńƛ ȁǁȁƢǻ
Ʃǁǂºǫ ƾǬǧ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ .ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǺǷ Dzǰdz
ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǞǓȂdzơ Ǯdzǀƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨƴȈƬǻ ȅƗ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ ǵDŽǴȇ Ǻdz ǾǻƗ
.ƢȈdzơǂƬºLJƗ ƾǓ ȁǁȁƢǻ ƩơƔƢǟƽơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǸǰƄơ ǁơǂǬdz ƢƆLJƢLJƗ ƢǿƿƢţȏ
.(ÒÔÒ)ƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơ ƨLJǁƢŲ Ǻǟ ǝƢǼƬǷȏơ ƢȀǼǰŻ ȏ ǾȈǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥȁ
__________
I.C.J. Pleadings, Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (ÒÔÎ)
.(Nauru v. Australia), Vol. I, pp. 236–237, para. 622–624 and 628
.ÏÖÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÏÐ Ǎ ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÔÏ)
ÏÒÕ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÒÔÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1992 (ÒÔÐ)
.ÑÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
.ÏÒÖ-ÏÒÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÔÑ)
.ÒÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÓÏ-ÏÓÎ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÔÒ)
ƨºȇǃƢǤdzơ Ƨǂşȋơ ǺǷ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ƔơȂŮơ ƭȂǴƫ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ -ÐÔÔ
Peyton Packing ƨǘnjºǻƗ ƢȀƦƦLjºƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǼƬǼdzơ ƨƸƟơǂdzơ" ƢȀưǠƦǷ Ŗdzơ
ǹƢƬǯǂnjºdzơ ǹƢƫƢǿ Ʃǀţơ (ÒÓÕ)""Casuco Companyȁ Company"
DzưŭƢƥȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ ŐŪ ƢƆȇƽơǂǨǻơ ƔÅ ơǂƳƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ńƛ ǹƢƬȈǸƬǼŭơ
Ȃºǿȁ ȅƾºǼǰdzơ DzǤnjºŭơ ǥǂǐºƫ Dzȇǂƫ ǂȀǐǷ ƨȈǔǫ ȆǨǧ
ƵȐºǏȍ ƢƆȇƽơǂǨǻơ Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company
.ǺǘǼºNjơȁ ƨȇȏȁ Ŀ ǾƯȁƾƷ Ŀ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ǽǀǿ ƪƦƦLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƪǠǷǃƗ ǖǨǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƤȈǬǼƬǴdz ǝȁǂnjǷ ƨdzƢƷ ȆǨǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ
ƣǂǬdzƢºƥ (Beaufort) ƩǁȂǧȂƥ ǂŞ Ŀ ǽǀȈǨǼƫ ƨȇƾǼǯ ƨǏƢƻ ƨǯǂNj
DzºǨǰƬdzƢƥ ƩƾºȀǠƫ ƨºȇƾǼǰdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƗ ƢǰLJȏƗ ƽȁƾƷ ǺǷ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ǾºƯơƾƷƛ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ǺǰŻ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ
.ƨȈǧƢǯ Śǣ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ƢȀƬǷƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơ ǹƗ śƦƫ ơƿƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
(Tisza) ơDŽºȈƫ Ŀ ƪƯƾƷ Ŗdzơ ƾȈǻƢȈLjdzơ ƨƯǁƢǯ ƣƢǬǟƗ Ŀȁ -ÐÔÕ
ǹơDŽƻ ǺǷ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƨȈdzƢǟ ǽƢȈǷ Ǧȇǂǐƫ ƢǿƔƢǼƯƗ Ļ Ŗdzơȁ ÏÍÍÍ ǵƢǟ
ƨǯǂºNj ǾƬȈǰǴǷ Ŀ ǭǂƬnjƫ ƤǿǀǴdz (Aurul) DZȁǁȁƗ ǶƴǼǷ ǞǫȂǷ Ŀ
ƨȈdzơǂƬºLJȋơ ǺȇƾǠƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjȁ ƨȈǻƢǷȁǂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƸǴdz ƨǯȂǴǸŭơ Remin
(Esmeralda Exploration Ltd.) ƧƽȁƾºƄơ ǺNjơǁȂǴƦLjǯƛ ơƾdzơŚǷDŽȇƛ
ƨƯǁƢǰdzơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ džȈƟǁ ƨƦƟƢǻ Loyola de Palacio ƪǨǏȁ
ńƛ ƢēǁƢºNjƛ ǑǂǠǷ Ŀ Ǯdzƿȁ "ƨȈǬȈǬƷ ƨȈƥȁǁȁƗ ƨƯǁƢǯ" ƢĔƗ ȄǴǟ
ƗƾƦǷ ńƛ ƩǁƢNjƗȁ .ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƢȀǷƾǬȇ ƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ
ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ Ŀ ƢƆƸǓơȁ ƗƆƾƦǷ [ǭƢǼǿ]" ǹƗ Ʃǂǯƿȁ Ǟǧƾȇ ƭȂǴŭơ
ǹƗ Ȃdzȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ŐŪ Ǟǧƾȇ ǹƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƭȂǴȇ [ǺǷ] ǹƗ Ŀ ƨǷƢǟ DzưǸƬȇȁ
.(ÒÓÖ)"DzȈƸƬLjǷ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ǁǂǔdzơ ŐƳ
ǒǠƥ ƨȈǔǫ ǹƜǧ ƨȈǴǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÐÔÖ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨdzƘLjŠ ǪǴǠƬƫ (ÒÔÍ)ȁǁȁƢǻ Ŀ ƩƢǨLJȂǨdzơ ȆǓơǁƗ
ƢǿƾºƷȁ DZȁƽ Ƨƾºǟ ǺºǷ ƧƾƷơȁ ƧƢǓƢǬǷ Ŀ ǝǂnjƫ ǹƗ ƢŮ ǃȂŸ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ DZȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƾȇƾŢ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥ
ńƛ ƢƆºƦǴǗ ȁǁȁƢǻ ƪǷƾǫ ÎÖÕÖ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ȆǨǧ .ƨȈǴǧƢǰƫȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ
ƩƢºǨdzƢű Ǻºǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ǹƗ ǾȈǧ ǺǴǠƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ
ǺȇƾºǠƬdz Ƣºđ ǵȂǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢēƢǷơDŽƬdzȏ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƘƥ ƪǟǁǀƫȁ .ȁǁȁƢǻ Ŀ ƩƢǨLJȂǨdzơ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ Ŀ ƧƢǼưƬLjºǷ ȁƗ ƧƽȁƾŰ ȁƗ ƧƾȈǬǷ" ƪLjȈdz ȁǁȁƢǻ ƔƢǟƽƢƥ
Ŀ ơƾºǼǴȇǃȂȈǻȁ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ŖǷȂǰƷ ƨǯǁƢnjǷ ƤƦLjƥ Ņȁƾdzơ
ǀǼǷ ƩƢǨLJȂǨdzơ ƽǁơȂǷ DZȐǤƬLJƢƥ ȁƗ ȁǁȁƢǻ ƧǁơƽƜƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬdzơ
ǑơǂºƬǧơ ȄºǴǟ ƢºǿƔƢǟƽơ ȁǁȁƢºǻ ƪǼƥȁ ."ơƆƾǟƢǐǧ ÎÖÎÖ ǵƢǟ
__________
Whiteman, Digest of International Law, vol. 6, pp. 256– (ÒÓÕ)
Rubin, “Pollution by analogy: the Trail Smelter ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂºǜǻơȁ .259
Handl, “Balancing of interests …”, p. Ŀ ǽǂǯƿ ƽǁȁ arbitration”, p. 277
.172
Schwabach, “The Tisza cyanide disaster and international (ÒÓÖ)
.law”, p. 10510
Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia), (ÒÔÍ)
.Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1992, p. 240
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ -Î
ǹƗ ǥơǂºǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ ƪǴƦǫ -ÐÕÕ
ǩƢºǘǻ Ŀ ǞǬƫ ƨǘnjǻƗ ƨȇƗ ƢȀƦƦLjƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ŐƬǠƫ
ƩƢºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǒǠƥ ǑǂǨƫȁ .ƢēǂǘȈLjdz Ǟǔţ ȁƗ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢȀƬȇȏȁ
ǂưǯȋơ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǏƢŬơ ǹȂǴǤnjŭơ Ƣđ ǞǴǘǔȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ
ƢŮ śǠƥƢƬdzơ śǴǤnjŭơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ DzǨǰƫ Ȇǰdz ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ƢĔƜǧ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǮǴƬƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƔƢǧȁ ǵƾǟ DZƢƷ Ŀȁ .ƨǸǜǻȋơ ǮǴƬƥ
DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟȁ .DzǤnjŭơ ƢȀƦƦLjȇ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ŐƬǠƫ
ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ȆǴǤnjǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǑǂǨƫ
ǾƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȆǘǤȇ ǂƻƕ ƢƆȈdzƢǷ ƢƆǻƢǸǓ ȁƗ ƢƆǼȈǷƘƫ DzǸŹ ǹƗ DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ
ƧȁȐǟȁ .ƨǐƻǂŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƢǿƽƾŢ Ŗdzơ DZƢǰNjȋƢƥ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ
ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƽơƾLJ DzǨǰƫ ǹƗ ƨǐƻǂŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ śǠƬȇ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ
ǪºȇǂǗ Ǻǟ DzǤnjŭơ ƾǓ ƪƦưȇ ȅǀdzơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ
ǺºǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƾūơ ńƛ ƨǷǃȐdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ŚǧȂƫ
ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ƨǴȈǐƷ DŽƴǟ ǁơƾǬŠ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ
ǹƘƥ ƨǷDŽǴǷ ƨǐƻǂŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹƜǧ Ľ ǺǷȁ .ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǮǴƬƥ ƔƢǧȂdzơ Ǻǟ
ƢƆºȈǧơȁ ƢºȀǰdzƢǷ ȁƗ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ DzǤnjǷ śǷƘƫ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DzǨǰƫ
Ƨǂnjǟ ƨLjǷƢŬơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǵDŽǴƫ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƩƢƦǴǘƬŠ
ƨǼȈǨLJ ƨȇƗ ǞǼŭ ƨȇǁȁǂǔdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǞȈŦ ǀƼƬƫ ǹƘƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶǬƫ Ń ơƿƜǧ .ǎȈƻǂƫ Śǣ ǺǷ DzǸǠdzơ ǺǷ ƢȀǸǴǟ Ǟǧǂƫ ƨȇȁȂǻ
ƩŐƬǟơ ǺȇǂƻȉƢƥ ơƆǁǂǓ ƢȀǸǴǟ Ǟǧǂƫ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨǼȈǨLJ ƪǬūƗȁ Ǯdzǀƥ
ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ Ǯdzǀƥ ƶƦǐƫȁ ƨǐƻǂŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ȇǿ ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƽ
.(ÒÕÎ)ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȐdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ
__________
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨLjǷƢŬơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÒÕÎ)
ŚƥơƾºƬdzơ ǞȈŦ ǀƼƬƫ ǹƘƥ ƧƾǫƢǠƬǷ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ ƾȀǠƬƫ -Î"
Śºǣ ǺǷ ƢȀǸǴǟ Ǟǧǂƫ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨǼȈǨLJ DzȈǤnjƫ ǹȁƽ ƨdzȂǴȈƸǴdz ƨȇǁȁǂǔdzơ
.ƢȀǼǷ ƵȂǼŲ ǹƿƛ ȁƗ ǎȈƻǂƫ
ȅȁȂºǼdzơ ƽȂǫȂdzƢƥ ǖƦƫǂȇ ȅȁȂǻ ǁǂǓ ƭȁƾƷ DZƢƷ Ŀ -Ï"
ƧƾºdzȂƬǷ ƩƢºȇƢǨǻ ȁƗ ƨǠnjǷ ƩƢƴƬǼŠ ȁƗ ƧƾǫƢǠƬǷ ƨdzȁƽ ǶǴǟ Ǟǧǂƫ ƨǼȈǨLjdz
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ Ǿƥ ƢƆƷȂǸLjǷ ȁƗ ƢƆǐƻǂǷ ƢȀǴȈǤnjƫ Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ ƢȀȈǧ
ƪºǫȁ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ŐƬǠȇ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƾǼǟ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ
ǑơǂǣƗ ǞȈŦ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ DzǤnjǷ Ȃǿ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ
.Ƕǰdzơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƧƽȁƾŰ ǹȂǰƫ ȏ ǾƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƗ ơƾǟ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ
Ǟºǧǂƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ŐƬǠƫ DZƢūơ ǮǴƫ Ŀȁ -Ð"
ǑơǂǣƗ ǞȈŦ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨǐƻǂŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ȇǿ ƢȀǸǴǟ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ
ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƨǏƢƻ ƨǨǐƥ ǹȂǰƫȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ
ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨǐƻǂŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǨŭơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȐdz ƢƆǬǧȁ
.ƢȀȈǧ ǁǂǬŭơ ƾūơ ńƛȁ
ƢƆºǻƿƛ ȁƗ ƢƆǐȈƻǂƫ ƶǼŤ ȏƘƥ ƧƾǫƢǠƬǷ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ ƾȀǠƬƫ -Ñ"
ǽǀǿ Ŀ džȈdz ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ǶǴǟ Ǟǧǂƫ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨǼȈǨLJ DzȈǤnjƬdz ǂƻƕ
řǗȂºdzơ ƢºĔȂǻƢǫ ƩƢºƦǴǘƬǷ ǀȈǨǼƫ ǺǷ ƧƾǫƢǠƬǷ ƨdzȁƽ ǞǼŻ ƢǷ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
."ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢǿǂŞȁ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƢȀǿƢȈǷ Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨǼȈǨLJ DzȈǤnjƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
194
ȅǀºdzơ ƾºȈǬǠƬdzƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǾȇƗǁ Ŀ Ago ȆǓƢǬdzơ ǂǫƗȁ -ÐÕÑ
ȄǴǟ ǾǻƗ ǂǷȋơ ƨǬȈǬƷ [ǹƗ]" ńƛ ǁƢNjƗȁ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ǾȈǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ
ƢȈdzơǂƬºLJƗ ƾǓ ƩơƔƢǟƽȏơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘnjƥ ǶǰƷ ǁơƾǏƜƥ ƨǫƾdzơ ǾƳȁ
ǞºǓȂdzơ Ŀ ǂƯƚºƫ ǥȂLJ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹƗ ǺǷ ǍƢǼǷ Ȑǧ ƢǿƾƷȁ
.(ÒÔÓ)"ƢǸēƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁ ƢǸȀǫȂǬƷ Ŀ ȅƗ śȇǂƻȋơ śƬdzȁƾǴdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƆƢǔºȇƗ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǾȇƗǁ Ŀ Schwebel ȆǓƢǬdzơ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ -ÐÕÒ
ƧƢǼǫ ƨȈǔǫ ǺǷ ƧƢǬƬLjŭơ ƨƴūơ ǹƘnjƥ ǁȂǷƗ ƨǴŦ Ŀ ǭȂǰnjdzơ ǁƢƯƗ
ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ Ǿǯơǁƽƛ ǺǰŻ ƢǷ ȄǐǫƗ" ǹƗ ǚƷȏȁ ȂǧǁȂǯ
ǭƢǼǿ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ǞƟƢǫȂdzơ ǺǷ ǂȀǜȇȁ ȄǟĈƾĄȇ ƢŲ ƶǔƫơ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ Ȃǿ
ǒǧǂƫ Ǻdz ƨǸǰƄơ ǹƜǧ śǧȁǂǠǷ Śǣ ǁǂǔdzơ DzǠǧ Ŀ ǹȂǯǁƢnjǷ
ǹƗ ȃƘºƫǁơȁ .(ÒÔÔ)"ǥȁǂǠŭơ ǁǂǔdzơ DzǟƢǧ ƾǓ ǵƢǬŭơ ƔƢǟƽȏơ
DzºǠǨdzƢƥ ƽƾŹ DZȁƾdzơ ȃƾƷƛ ƾǓ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǶǰƷ
ƨºǸǰƄơ ǵƢºǷƗ DzºưŤ Ń ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdz ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ
ǮǴƫ ƾǓ Ƕǰūơ ǁơƾǏȍ ǂǜǼdzơ Ŀ ǝȁǂnjdzơ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz ȆǤƦǼȇ ȏȁ
ńƛ ǂǜǼdzƢƥȁ .(ÒÔÕ)ȃǂƻȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
DZȂǐƷ ŕƷȁ ÎÖÎÖ ǵƢǟ ǀǼǷ ǾǻƗ Ŀ ƨǴưǸƬŭơ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƨǬȈǬūơ"
ȄǴǟ ƆƢǸƟơƽ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ƪƥƗƽ ÎÖÓÕ ǵƢǟ DZȐǬƬLJȏơ ȄǴǟ ȁǁȁƢǻ
ǺºǷ ǦdzƘƬƫ ƧǁơƽȍƢƥ ƨǸƟƢǫ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ƨǘǴLJ Ŀ ȂǔǠǯ ǥǂǐƬdzơ
ƢºȀȈƬǴȈǷǃ ǶºLJƢƥ ƆƢºǸƟơƽ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƪƥƗƽȁ DZȁƽ ƭȐƯ
"Ǯdzǀºǯ ƢºȀũƢƥȁ ƧǁơƽȍƢºƥ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ Ŀ ǹơȂǔǠdzơ
ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǸǰƄơ ǽǁƾǐƫ ȅǀdzơ Ƕǰūơ ǹȂǰȈLjǧ
ƨºǰǴǸŭơ "śƬǰȇǂnjdzơ śƬǷȂǰūơ" ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ ǶǰƷ ƨƥƢưŠ
.(ÒÔÖ)ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ȁǁȁƢǻ ȄǴǟ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ƪǓǂǟ ÎÖÖÐ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ Ŀȁ -ÐÕÓ
ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢºƥ ƨºƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨȇȂLjƬdz ŅơǂƬLJƗ ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÍÔ ǢǴƦǷ
ǦºǫȂƥ ƩƾȀǠƫȁ ǢǴƦŭơ ȁǁȁƢǻ ƪǴƦǫȁ .ȆƟƢĔ Dzǰnjƥȁ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ
.(ÒÕÍ)ȃǂƻƗ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ ǵƾǠƥȁ ƨǸǰƄơ Ŀ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ -ǶȈƳ
Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǵDŽǴĄƫ DZȁƾdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ȆǓƢŭơ ƩƢǿƢšơ DZƾƫ -ÐÕÔ
Ŀ ǞǬƫ ƨǘnjǻȋ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǂƥȁ ȃǂƻƗ DZȁƾƥ ǪƸǴƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
Ŗdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ŕƷȁ .ƢēǂǘȈLjdz Ǟǔţ ȁƗ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢȀƬȇȏȁ ǩƢǘǻ
ǺºǷ DZȁƾºdzơ Ǧ ĉ Ǡƫ Ń ƨǘnjǻȋơ ȆLJǁƢŲ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǑǂǨƫ
.ƩȏƢūơ ǞȈŦ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
__________
.ÐÏÕ Ǎ Ago ȆǓƢǬǴdz ǦdzƢƼŭơ ȅƗǂdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÔÓ)
.ÐÐÍ Ǎ Schwebel ȆǓƢǬǴdz ǦdzƢƼŭơ ȅƗǂdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÔÔ)
.ÐÐÎ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÔÕ)
.ÐÑÏ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÔÖ)
.ƮdzƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ (ǽȐǟƗ ÒÔÎ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) I.C.J. Pleadings (ÒÕÍ)
.ILM, vol. XXXII, No. 6 (November 1993), p. 1474 ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ
195 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Ŀ ǁƢºƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdz ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶºǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÐÖÎ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ȇºǧ ǥơǂºǗȋơ DZȁƾdzơ DzǨǰƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ÎÐÖ ƢēƽƢǷ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ƣđ ƪǷƢǫ ƔơȂLJ "ƨǬǘǼŭơ" Ŀ ȃǂš Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ
ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶǬƫ Ń ơƿƛȁ .ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǞºǷ ƨȈnjǸƬǷ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǁ ȁƗ
džºǨǻ ǑǂºǨĄƫȁ .ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰƫ ƢĔƜǧ ƢēƢǷơDŽƬdzƢƥ
Ŀ ȃǂš Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȌdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨºȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ DzǸƸƬƫ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ ."ƨǬǘǼŭơ"
DzǨǰƫ ǹƗ ƤŸȁ .ƨȈǴǧƢǰƫȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƢƆǠǷ ƨǴǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ Ŀ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ
ǮºǴƬdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢƦǴǘƬŭơ ǀȈǨǼƫ "ƨǬǘǼŭơ" Ŀ
.(ÒÕÐ)ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶºǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÏÓÐ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ DzưŭƢƥȁ -ÐÖÏ
ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơȁ DZȁƾdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz
ƭȂƸƦdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƭȂǴƫ ǾƦƦLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ
.ƢȀǼǟ ƨƥƢȈǻ Ƣđ ǞǴǘǔȇ Ŗdzơ ȁƗ Ȇǿ Ƣđ ǞǴǘǔƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǸǴǠdzơ
Ǻºǟ Ǧnjǰdzơȁ ƤȈǬǼƬdzơ ƽơȂǷ ǺǷ ÐÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ ǎǼƫȁ -ÐÖÐ
ȄnjºǸƬƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ (ÒÕÑ)"ƨǬǘǼŭơ" Ŀ ǹƽƢǠǷ Ƨƾǟ ǺǷ ƨǨdzƚŭơ ƩơƾȈǬǠdzơ
ǺºǸǧ Ǯºdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǞǷ ƢȀƬȈdzȁƚLjǷȁ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƨǠƦƫ
ǹƗ ǥƢnjǰƬLJȏơ ƾǬǠdz ƨȇǁƢȈǠŭơ ƽȂǼƦdzơ ǺǷ ÎÓ ǝǂǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ȄƻȂƬŭơ
ƾǫƢǠƬǸǴdz DzǐŹ ǁǂǓ ȅȋ ȆǴǠǨdzơ ǁơƾǬŭơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǹȂǰƫ
ƢȀƬºLJǁƢŲ ƔƢºǼƯƗ ƢȀºƦǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƧǁƢǓ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ Ǻǟ ƢƆƠNjƢǻ ǹȂǰȇȁ
ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ ƭƾŢ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǨdzƢƼŭơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƢȀǷƢȀǷȁ ƢȀƬȈƷȐǐdz
__________
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÎÐÖ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÒÕÐ)
ǹƘƥ DzǨǰƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǥơǂǗȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǰƫ -Î"
DZȁƽ Ƣºđ ƪǷƢǫ ƔơȂLJ ƔDŽŪơ ơǀŮ ƢƆǬǧȁ ‘ƨǬǘǼŭơ‘ Ŀ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ȃǂš
ǹȂȇǁƢƦƬǟơ ȁƗ ǹȂȈǠȈƦǗ ǍƢƼNjƗ ȁƗ ƨȈǷȂǰƷ ƩƢLjLJƚǷ ȁƗ ǥơǂǗƗ
ƧǂǘȈLJ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǂdz ȁƗ ƢŮ ǹȂǰȇ ȁƗ ǥơǂǗȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢȈLjǼƳ ǹȂǴǸŹ
ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ džǨǻ ǪƦǘǼƫȁ .ǶȀȈǴǟ ƨȈǴǠǧ
.‘ƨǬǘǼŭơ‘ Ŀ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ńƛ
Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƾºǟơȂǬƥ DZȐƻȍơ ǵƾǟ ǞǷ -Ï"
ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƤƫǂƬƫ ƮdzƢưdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ ǺǷ ÏÏ ƧƽƢŭƢƥȁ
ơǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ƢēƢȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ ǵƢȈǫ ǵƾǟ Ǻǟ
ƆƢǠǷ ƨǴǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ȁƗ ǥơǂǗȋơ DZȁƾdzơ DzǸƸƬƫȁ žƔDŽŪơ
ǹȂºǰƫ ȏ ǥǂºǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƨȈǴǧƢǰƫȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ƔDŽºŪơ ơǀŮ DZƢưƬǷȏơ Ǻǟ ǦǴţ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ
ǺºǷ (ƣ)Ï ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ǾƬȇƢǟǁ Ȇǿ ƪdzȂƫ ǎƼNj DzƦǫ ǺǷ
ŚƥơƾºƬdzơ ǞºȈŦ Ʃǀţơ ƾǫ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ÎÒÐ ƧƽƢŭơ
ǺºǷ Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ DZƢǠǨdzơ DZƢưƬǷȏơ ǹƢǸǔdz ƨƦLJƢǼŭơȁ ƨǷǃȐdzơ
.ƮdzƢưdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ ǺǷ Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơȁ ÎÒÐ ƧƽƢŭơ
ƩƢǸǜǼǷ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟƗ Ȇǿ Ŗdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǀƼƬƫ -Ð"
ǽǀºđ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǀȈǨǼƫ ǹƢǸǔdz ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƽ
."ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ
.Ǫǧǂŭơ ISBA/6/A/18 (ÒÕÑ)
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵDŽǴƫ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ -ÐÕÖ
ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ Ǟǧƽ DzǨǰƫ ǹƘƥ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƢȀȈǧ Ŗdzơ
ƨǸȈǫ ǾȈǧ ȆǨǰƫ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ǁƾǬdzƢƥ DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƪƦƯ ȅǀdzơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ
ǺǷ (Ʊ)ǭ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ȄƻȂƬƫȁ .ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǮǴƬƥ ƔƢǧȂǴdz ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ
ƾƳȂƫ ȅǀdzơ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ DzǨǰȇ ǹƗ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ƩƢºƦdzƢǘǷ Ǟǧƾƥ DZȁƚLjŭơ DzǤnjŭơ ǵƢȈǫ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ǾǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ
ŚǧȂºƬƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ǽƾǓ ƪƦưȇ ȅǀdzơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ǹƢǸǔºdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ǾȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ǁƾǬdzƢƥ ƨǷǃȐdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ
ƱǁƾºǼƫȁ .ƩƢºƦdzƢǘŭơ ǮǴƬƥ ƔƢǧȂǴdz ƢƆȈǧƢǯ ȁƗ ƢƆƷƢƬǷ ǂƻȉơ ŅƢŭơ
.ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ƣēǁǂǫ Ŗdzơ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƽȁƾūơ ǺǸǓ ǢdzƢƦŭơ
ƪǴƦǫ ƢƆLJƢLJƗ DZȁƾdzơ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÐÖÍ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ȄǔƬǬŠ DZƢūơ Ȇǿ ǽǀǿȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƢȀLjǨǻ Ȇǿ DZȁƾdzơ
.ƨȈƟƢǔºǨdzơ ǵƢLjƳȋơ ƢȀƯƾŢ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ȆƟƢǔºǨdzơ ǶLjƴǴdz ǪĉǴǘƌŭơ ǹƢȈǰdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ƢȀǴǸƸƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ džǨǻ DzǸƸƬƫ ƢĔƜǧ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ
ǶLjƴǴdz ƨǬǴǘŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǮǴƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ǻǟ DZDŽǠŠȁ ƨǬĉǴǘƌŭơ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ ǥơǂºǗƗ Ƕºǿ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƢǿƙƢǔǟƗ ǹȂǰȇ ȆƟƢǔǨdzơ
.(ÒÕÏ)DzǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ǺǷƢǔƬdzƢƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ śdzȁƚLjǷ
_________________________________________
(ǞƥƢƫ (ÒÕÎ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
ǶȈǜǼƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Õ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (Ɨ)Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǹƗ ƢǔȇƗ ǚƷȐȇȁ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻȋ ƨȈǻƾǠŭơ ƽǁơȂŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǹƗ Ȃdz ǂǸƬLjȈdz ȁƗ ƭƾƸȈdz Ǻǰȇ Ń ȅǀdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠ
śǴǤnjºŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠ ƢēƢǷơDŽƬdzƢƥ ƪǧȁƗ ƾǫ ƨȈǟơǂdzơ
ǹȂǰƫȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ *ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǞƦƬƬLjȈLJ ƢđƢLjū śǴǷƢǠdzơ
ǾǧȂƬLjºȇ Ń ȅǀdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƔDŽŪơ Ǯdzǀƥ ƧƽȁƾŰ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǮǴƫ
ǍƢºŬơ ƢºǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǂǜŹȁ .*ǽŚǣ ȁƗ DzǤnjŭơ
ƽǁơȂŭƢºƥ DzǐºƬȇ ǕƢnjºǻ ȅƗ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǁƾǏ ȅǀdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸŞ
."ȆǸǴǠdzơ ƮƸƦdzơ ƨǘnjǻƗ ơƾǟ ƨȈǻƾǠŭơ
ȄºǴǟ ǺȇǂnjǠdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫ (ÒÕÏ)
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨºȈǷȂǰūơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ȃƾƷƛ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ -Ð"
ǮºǴƫ ǹȂºǰƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƤƳȂŠ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ
śdzȁƚLjºǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǥơǂǗȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƢǿƙƢǔǟƗȁ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢŠ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ Ǖǂnjƥ Ǯdzƿȁ žDzǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ǺǷƢǔƬdzƢƥ
ơǀºđ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ƨȇƗ ǵƾǬƫ ǹƗ (Ɨ)"
žȏƆ ȁƗ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ńƛ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjºƫ ǹƗ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǃȂŸ ȏ (ƣ)"
ơƿƛ ȏƛ ǢǴƦŭơ ơǀǿ ƽơƾLjdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ
ȄǴǟ ǪǨƬȇ ǢǴƦǷ ȅƗ Ǟǧƽ Ǻǟ ǂȀNjƗ ƨƬLJ ƧǂƬǧ DZȐƻ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƪǨǴţ
.ǁǂǔdzơ ơǀǿ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǯ Ɣơƽȋơ ǪƸƬLjǷ ǾǻƗ ǁǂǬƬȇ ȁƗ ǾǻƗ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀºǿ ǵƢǰƷƘƥ ƆȐǸǟ ǵƾǬƫ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ƨȇƗ -Ñ"
ƆƢºǻȐǟƛ ƩǁƾǏƗ ƨǸǜǼŭ DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
Ŀ Ȃǔǟ ƨdzȁƽ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ǵƾǬƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨǴdz ƆƢǬǧȁ
."ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƆƢǧǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ ǹȂǰƫ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǩơǂǠdzơ ȁDŽǤdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƢēƢǰȇǂNjȁ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǁȁ ƨưdzƢưdzơ DZȁƾdzơȁ ƪȇȂǰǴdz
."ƢŮ Ȇǟǂnjdzơ Śǣ ǾdzȐƬƷơȁ ƪȇȂǰǴdz
(ÎÖÖÎ)ÓÕÔ ƾºǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǁƾǏ ȅǀdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ Ŀȁ -ÐÖÒ
... ǩơǂºǠdzơ" ǹƗ ÎÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƾȇƾƳ ǺǷ ǺǷȋơ džǴů ƾǯƗ
ȁƗ ƧǂºNjƢƦǷ ƧǁƢLjƻ ȅƗ Ǻǟ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ȄǔƬǬŠ DZȁƚLjǷ
ƽǁơȂŭơ ƽƢǨǼƬLJơȁ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǂNjƢƦǷ ǁǂǓ
ƢºǿƢȇƢǟǁȁ ƨȈƦǼƳȋơ ƩƢǷȂǰūƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ
śǟȁǂnjºŭơ Śºǣ ǾdzȐƬƷơȁ ǩơǂǠdzơ ȁDŽǤdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƢēƢǯǂNjȁ
ǩȁƾǼºǏ ƔƢnjǻƛ ÎÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƆƢǔȇƗ džǴĐơ ǁǂǫȁ ."ƪȇȂǰǴdz
ǹƗȁ ÎÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǺǸǓ ƽǂƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ Ǻǟ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƾdz
.ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ Ƨǁơƽȍ ƨǼŪ ƞnjǼȇ
ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟȁ (ÎÖÖÎ)ÓÖÏ ǽǁơǂǬƥ ǺǷȋơ džǴů ƘnjǻƗȁ -ÐÖÓ
ǶǷȋơ ǩȁƾǼǏ (ÎÖÖÎ)ÓÕÔ ǁơǂǬdzơ ǺǷ ÎÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ȄƻȂƬŭơ
ƩƢǔºȇȂǠƬǴdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨǼŪ Ǻǟ Ȑ
Ɔ ǔǧ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬǴdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ
(ÒÕÔ)
. ǾƬǘǴLJ ƪŢ DzǸǠȇ ƢƆȈǟǂǧ ơƆǃƢȀƳ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ
ƩƢǔºȇȂǠƬǴdz ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨǼŪ Ƨǁơƽƛ džǴů ȄǘǟƗȁ -ÐÖÔ
"ƧǂNjƢƦŭơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ" ŚLjǨƫ ǹƘnjƥ Î ǽǁǂǬǷ Ŀ śǓȂǨǸǴdz ƢƆȀȈƳȂƫ
:ȆǴȇ ƢŲ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǻ ƧǁƢLjƻ Dzǯ řǠƫ ƢĔƘƥ
...
ƔȐǯȂdzơ ȁƗ ǹȂǨǛȂŭơ ȁƗ ǹȂdzȁƚLjŭơ Ƣǿǀţơ Ŗdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ (Ʊ)
ƔƢºǼƯƗ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǂǘȈLjƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǻƢȈǰǴdz ȁƗ ǩơǂǠdzơ ƨǷȂǰū ǹȂǠƥƢƬdzơ
ȁDŽǤdzƢƥ DzǐƬƫȁ ÎÖÖÎ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ Ï ńƛ ÎÖÖÍ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ Ï ǺǷ ƧǂƬǨdzơ
žDZȐƬƷȏơ ȁƗ
ƔƢººǼƯƗ ǩơǂºǠdzơ ȁƗ ƪȇȂºǰdzơ Ŀ ǵƢºǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǁƢȈĔơ (ƽ)
(ÒÕÕ)
. ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ
ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ DZȁƚLjǷ ǩơǂǠdzơ ǹƗ ńƛ ŚNjƌƗ ƾǬǧ Ľ ǺǷȁ -ÐÖÕ
ǮºƠdzȁƗ ǹƢºǯ Ȃdzȁ ŕƷ śȈǫơǂǠdzơ ƽȂǼŪơ DZƢǠǧƗ ǾƬƦƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ
ƤȀǼƥ ƽȂǼŪơ ǵƢȈǫ DzưǷ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ǶȀƬǨǐƥ ǹȂǧǂǐƬȇ ƽȂǼŪơ
ȏ ƨºȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨºȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷȁ .(ÒÕÖ)ǶđƢƸLjǻơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ŚǷƾƫȁ
ƧǁƢLjŬơ śƥ ƧǂNjƢƦŭơ ƨȈƦƦLjdzơ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ƩƢƦƯƛ ȃȂLJ śǟƾŭơ ǺǷ ƤǴǘĄȇ
.(ÒÖÍ)ƧƢǟċƾŭơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƨǸȈǫȁ ǾdzȐƬƷơȁ ƪȇȂǰdzơ ȁDŽǣ śƥȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ
__________
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶºǷȋơ ƨºǼƴǴdz ȆLjºLJƚŭơ ǁƢǗȍơ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdz (ÒÕÔ)
džºǴů ǁơǂºǫ ǺǷ ÎÖ ƧǂǬǨdzƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ǂȇǂǬƫ ǂǜǻơ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬǴdz
Kazazi, ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .DZȁȋơ ǝǂǨdzơ S/22559 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ (ÎÖÖÎ)ÓÕÔ ǺǷȋơ
“Environmental damage in the practice of the UN Compensation
.Commission”
“Criteria for expedited processing of urgent claims” (ÒÕÕ)
S/AC.26/1991/Rev.1 ƢƆǔººȇƗ ǂººǜǻơ .(S/AC.26/1991/1), para. 18
.ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ǂƟƢLjŬơ ǹƘnjƥ ÐÑȁ ÏÎȁ Ó ƩơǂǬǨdzơ
Greenwood, “State responsibility and civil liability for (ÒÕÖ)
.environmental damage caused by military operations”, p. 409
.ÎÏÍ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Kazazi (ÒÖÍ)
196
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǮǴƫ ǀƻƘƫȁ .(ÒÕÒ)ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÎÓÕ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ
Ŀ ǵƢȀºLJȍơ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ Ŗdzơ ŚǐǬƬdzơ ƩȏƢƷ ȁƗ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ
ȁƗ ǾºƟȐǯȁ ȁƗ ǾºȈǨǛȂǷ ȁƗ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǁǂǔdzơ ƭȁƾƷ
ǶȀǠǷ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ǶƬȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǞȈŦȁ ǺǗƢƦdzơ ǺǷ ǾǠǷ ǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơ
ƤºƳȂŠ ƨǘǴLjºdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ǀȈǨǼƫ Ŀ ǾǼǟ ƨƥƢȈǻ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ȁƗ DzǸǠǴdz
ƨưdzƢƯ ǥơǂǗƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢƆÅǔȇƗ ƢƆǔȇȂǠƫ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǵƾǬƫȁ .ƾǬǠdzơ
.(ÒÕÓ)ƾǬǠdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƩƢȈǴǸǠƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ Ǻǟ
Ŀ ǺºǷȋơ džºǴů ǺǴǟƗ ƪȇȂǰǴdz ǩơǂǠdzơ ȁDŽǣ ƤǬǟȁ -ÐÖÑ
ǩƢưȈǷ ǺǷ ǞƥƢLjdzơ DzǐǨdzơ ȄǔƬǬŠ ƢƆǧǂǐƬǷ (ÎÖÖÍ)ÓÔÑ ǽǁơǂǫ
Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƤºƳȂŠ DzǸƸƬƥ ǩơǂǠdzơ ǹƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ ƨºŦƢǻ ǁơǂǓƗ ȁƗ ǁǂǓ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjƻ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ"
__________
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ ƔDŽƳ Ŀ ÎÓÕ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÒÕÒ)
ƨȈdzƢǷ ƨƸǴǐǷ ȅƗ śǨǛȂŭơ ȁƗ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȌdz ǹȂǰƫ ȏ -Ï"
ƢƆǼǿǁȁ ."ƨǬǘǼŭơ" Ŀ DZȐǤƬLJȏơȁ ǥƢnjǰƬLJȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǕƢnjǻ ȅƗ Ŀ
ǶȀǷƢºȀǷ ƔƢȀºƬǻơ ƾǠƥ ŕƷ ǹȂǷȂǬȇ ȏ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǽƢš ǶēƢȈdzȁƚLjŠ
ńƛ DZƢŢȁ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ȁƗ ȆǟƢǼǏ ǂLJ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ǦnjǰdzƢƥ
ƨȇǂLJ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƮdzƢưdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ ǺǷ ÎÑ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨǘǴLjdzơ
.ƨǘǴLjdzơ ȃƾdz ǶȀǼȈȈǠƫ ƤƦLjƥ ǶȀǸǴǟ ńƛ Dzǐƫ ȃǂƻƗ
ƨºǼȈƦŭơ ǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzȏ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ȆǨǛȂǷ ƾƷƗ ǭƢȀƬǻơ ƾǼǟ -Ð"
Ŗdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƤǴǗ ȄǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ȄǴǟ śǠƬȇ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ
ǾºȈǯDŽƫ ȅǀdzơ ȅǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ȁƗ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ȁƗ ǭƢȀƬǻȏơ ơǀđ ǂƯƘƬƫ
ÎÒÐ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (ƣ)Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƢǸǯ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ƧƢǸLjǷ ƨǸǰŰ ńƛ ǦǛȂŭơ ƾǓ ȃȂǟƽ Ǟǧǂƫ ǹƗ ǭƢȀƬǻȏơ ơǀđ ǂƯƘƬȇȁ
Ŀ Ǫºūơ ǂƯƘºƬŭơ ǥǂǘǴdzȁ .ƢēơƔơǂƳƛȁ ƢȀƬǸǜǻƗȁ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ Ŀ
ơƿƛ řǠŭơ ǦǛȂŭơ ƽǂǘƥ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ǵȂǬȇȁ .ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ Ŀ ǭơǂƬNjȏơ
."Ǯdzǀƥ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǏȁƗ
ƾºǬǠdz ƨºȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơ ǵƢºǰƷȋơ ǺǷ ÎÓ ƾǼƦdzơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÒÕÓ)
:(ǽȐǟƗ ÒÑÕ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) ǥƢnjǰƬLJȏơ
...."
ǁơƾºǬŭơ Ǻºǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ǞǬƫ Ð-ÎÓ"
Śºǣ DZƢºǠǧƗ Ǻºǟ ƢƆƠNjƢǻ ǹȂǰȇȁ ƾǫƢǠƬŭƢƥ ǪƸǴȇ ǁǂǓ ȅȋ ȆǴǠǨdzơ
Ǯºdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƢȀǨƟƢǛȁȁ ƢȀƬȈƷȐǐdz ƢȀƬLJǁƢŲ Ŀ ƢȀƬƦǰƫǁơ ƨǟȁǂnjǷ
ǞºǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÎÓÕ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǯƢȀƬǻȏơ
ǽȂºǨǛȂǷȁ ƾºǫƢǠƬŭơ Ǿƥ ǶȀLJƗ ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ ǝƢǼƬǷơ ȁƗ DzǠǧ ȅƗ ƧƢǟơǂǷ
ǾƥƢLjºū ǹȂºǴǸǠȇ ǺǷ ǞȈŦȁ ǺǗƢƦdzơ ǺǷ ǾǠǷ ǹȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơȁ ǽƙȐǸǟȁ
.ƾǬǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ Ƣđ ǞǴǘǔȇ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ Ƨǁơƽƛ Ŀ ǾǼǟ ǹȂƥȂǼȇ ȁƗ
ǺǷ ǾǠǷ ǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơȁ ǾȈǨǛȂǷȁ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǑȂǠƫ Ñ-ÎÓ"
Ƨǁơƽƛ Ŀ ǾºǼǟ ǹȂºƥȂǼȇ ȁƗ ǾƥƢLjū ǹȂǴǸǠȇ ǺǷ ǞȈŦȁ ǾƟȐǯȁȁ ǺǗƢƦdzơ
ȅƗ ǺºǷ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ƨȇƗ Ǻǟ ƾǬǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ Ƣđ ǞǴǘǔȇ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ
Śǣ ǝƢǼƬǷơ ȁƗ DzǠǧ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǻ ǹȂǰƫ ǾǴƦǫ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƨȇƗ ȁƗ ǂƻƕ ǥǂǗ
Ŀ ƢºŠ ƢºȀǨƟƢǛȁȁ ƢēƢȈƷȐǐdz ƢȀƬLJǁƢŲ Ŀ ǾƬƦǰƫǁơ ƾǫ ǹȂǰƫ ǝȁǂnjǷ
.ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÎÓÕ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǯƢȀƬǻȏơ Ǯdzƿ
ƩƢǯǂNj ǞǷ ƨƦLJƢǼǷ śǷƘƫ ǪƟƢƯȂƥ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǚǨƬŹ Ò-ÎÓ"
."ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ƨdzȂƦǬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ Ƣđ ǥǂƬǠǷ
197 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǝȁǂnjºŭơ Ŀ ƪƯƾƷƌƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǼǬƬdzơ ƩơŚȈǤƬdzơ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ǾǻƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
DzºǸƬŹ ȅǀºdzơ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǵƢǠdzơ Ǫȇǂǘdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ ǹƜǧ ƢȀƦǴǗ ȄǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥ
ƨºȈǧƢǯ ƩƢǻƢǸǓ ƶȈƬȇ ȏ ǹƢǔȈǨdzơ ǥȁǂǛ ǒǠƥ DzǛ Ŀ ǽǁƢȈĔơ
ƢĔƗȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ƨǷȐLJ ƨdzƢǨǰdz
.Ǫºȇǂǘdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǻ ǁǂǓ ƭȁƾƷ DZƢƷ Ŀ ƢȀǫȂǬŞ ǚǨƬŢ
ÏÖ Ŀ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ǂȇǃȁ ńƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ŚǨLJ ǾƳȁȁ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ńƛ ƢȀȈǧ ǎǴƻ ƧǂǯǀǷ ÎÖÒÖ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ
ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƢǷ Dzǰƥ ǙƢǨƬƷȏƢƥ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƫ ȅƾdz ǹƜǧ ǵƾǬƫ ƢǷ ńƛ ǂǜǼdzƢƥ
ǝȂºǫȁ DZƢƷ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ǩȂǬƷ ǺǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ǹȂǰȇ
.(ÒÖÑ)ǵƢǠdzơ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ Ǫȇǂǘdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ǻǟ ƲƫƢǻ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ǁǂǓ
Rose )"ǃȁǁ ǝǁƢºNj ƧƢºǼǫ" ǹƘºnjƥ ƨdzƽƢƦƬŭơ DzƟƢLJǂdzơ Ŀȁ -ÑÍÐ
ǮȈLjǰŭơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǺǷ Dzǯ ƪǜǨƬƷơ (ÒÖÒ)(Street Canal
ƢȀƬǘnjǻƘƥ ƤƦLjƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƔƢLjǷ ńƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏơ Ŀ ƢȀǬŞ
ƾǟƢLjǷ ƢȀȀƳȁ ƨdzƢLJǁ Ŀȁ .ȃǂƻȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ơƆǁǂǓ ƨȈƟƢnjǻȍơ
ƨºȇȏȁ Ŀ Douglas ƨǼȇƾǷ džǴů džȈƟǁ ńƛ Holland ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǾȈdzƛ ƤƬǯ ÎÖÒÒ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÎÏ ƨƻǁƚǷ ƢǻȁDŽȇǁƗ
DžȐºǣȁƽ ƨǼȇƾŭ ȁƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǺǷ ȅȋ ǪŹ ȏ Ǿǻȋ ơƆÅǂǜǻ
ǹȁƽ ǮȈLjºǰŭơ ńƛ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ Ƣǿơǂů ǺǷ ǽƢȈŭơ DzȇȂŢ
Śƻȋơ ƾǴƦdzơ Ǯdzƿ řǗơȂǷ ȄǴǟ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ƽȂǠȇ ƢŠ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƨǬǧơȂǷ
ǮȈLjǰŭơ ńƛ ƨȈƫȉơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǞǼǷ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƢŮ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ǹƗ Ŀ ǮNj ǭƢǼǿ džȈǴǧ
ǺǷ ȆǰȈLjǰŭơ ƤǻƢŪơ ȄǴǟ ƪǫȁ ȅƗ Ŀ ƾLjdz ƢǿƾȈȈnjƬƥ ǃȁǁ ǝǁƢNj ƧƢǼǫ ǺǷ
Dzǯ ǵDŽǴĄȇ ȅǀdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƜǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƽȁƾūơ
ǩȂǧ ƞnjǼƫ ǹƗ Ǻǟ ǞǼƬŤ ǹƗȁ ȃǂƻȋơ DZȁƾǴdz ƨǴǷƢǰdzơ ƧƽƢȈLjdzơ ǵơǂƬƷƢƥ ƨdzȁƽ
ǮºǴƫ DzưǷ ƔƢnjǻƜƥ ǹƿȍơ ȁƗ ǃȁǁ ǝǁƢNj ƧƢǼǫ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ƨdzƢǯȁ ȅƗ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ
ǶƟƢºǫ ƗƾƦǷ Ȃǿ ƢĔƢǰLJ ȁƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƾƥ ơƆǁǂǓ ǪƸǴȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƢŲ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ
.(ÒÖÓ)ȆŭƢǟ ǥơǂƬǟƢƥ ȄǜŹȁ DzȇȂǗ ƾǷƗ ǀǼǷ
ǹƘnjºƥ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ơƾǼǯ śƥ ƨdzƽƢƦƬŭơ DzƟƢLJǂdzơ Ŀȁ -ÑÍÑ
Ŀ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƢēǂƳƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ Cannikin ƣǁƢš
Ŀ ƢȀǫȂǬŞ ơƾǼǯ ƪǜǨƬƷơ ƢǰLJȏƗ Ŀ (Amchitka) ƢǰƬnjǷƗ ƧǂȇDŽƳ
ƪºǜǨƬƷơȁ .ƝƽƢºŮơ ǖȈƄơ Ŀ ǁǂǔdzơ ƭȁƾƷ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ƢLjǻǂǧ ǁƢƦƬǟơ Ŀ ƢǸȀǬŞ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơȁ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ
ǺǷ ƾȇDŽǷ ƔơǂƳƛ ƤƦLjƥ ǁǂǓ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjƻ ȅȋ ǑǂǠƬdzơ Ǻǟ śƬdzȁƚLjǷ
.(ÒÖÔ)ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ƨȇƗ ǵƾǬƫ Ń ǾǻƗ ƾȈƥ .ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ
ƣǁƢºƴƬdzơ ƨǴLjºǴLJ Ǻǟ ƨšƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ƩǃȁƢš ƾǫȁ -ÑÍÒ
Ŀ ÎÖÒÑ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ Î Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƢēǂƳƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
ƢĔƗ Ǯdzƿ :ƨǴȇȂǗ ƨǧƢLjŠ ǂǘŬơ ƨǬǘǼǷ ƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ Eniwetok ƧǂȇDŽƳ
ơƆƔDŽƳ ƪƯȂdzȁ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ŅƢǟƗ Ŀ śȈǻƢƥƢȈdzơ ǺȇƽƢȈǐdzƢƥ ǁǂǔdzơ ƪǬūƗ
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.ÏÓÏ Ǎ Ó ƾǴĐơ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Whiteman (ÒÖÑ)
.ÏÓÒ-ÏÓÏ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÖÒ)
.ÏÓÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÖÓ)
ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǂǜǻơ .ÑÔÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Birnie and Boyle (ÒÖÔ)
.ÓÍÔ-ÒÒÓ Ǎ Ñ ƾǴĐơ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Whiteman
ƱǁƢºƻ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ -Ï
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ
ƩƢºǫȐǠdzơȁ ƨȈũǂdzơ ƩȐLJơǂŭơȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ DZƾƫ -ÐÖÖ
DzºŰ ƨºǼȈǠǷ ǥȁǂǛ Ŀ ŐƬǠĄƫ DZȁƾdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ƢǸȈǧ
ƢȀºƬȇȏȁ ǩƢºǘǻ Ŀ Ƣºđ ǞǴǘǔŭơ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ Ǻǟ ƨdzƔƢLjǷ
ǩƢºǘǻ Ŀ ƢȀLjºǨǻ Ȇºǿ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ Ǻǟȁ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ
DZȁƾdzơ ƪǻƢǯ śƷ ŕƷȁ .ƢǿǃȁƢƴƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ȁƗ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢǿƽȁƾƷ
Ǯºdzƿ ǞǷ ƪǻƢǯ ƢĔƜǧ ňȂǻƢǫ ƗƾƦǸǯ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ DZȂƦǬdzơ ǒǧǂƫ
ǙƢºǨdzȋơ ƪǻƢǯ ƢƆȇƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǮǴƬƥ ƪǴƦǫ ƢĔƗ Ȃdz ƢǸǯ ǥǂǐƬƫ
ƢºȀưƸƦȇ Ŗdzơ ƭƽơȂūơȁ ƩȏƢūơ ǶǜǠǷȁ .ƢȀǨǫȂǷ Ƣđ Ǧǐƫ Ŗdzơ
.DZȁƾdzơ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ǝǂǨdzơ ơǀǿ
Ö Ŀ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǾƫǁƾǏƗ ȅǀdzơ Ƕǰūơ ȆǨǧ -ÑÍÍ
ȄǴǟ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǓǂǧ ȂǧǁȂǯ ƧƢǼǫ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ÎÖÑÖ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ
ƨºdzƢƷ ƽȂºƳȂƥ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ƢǿǁƢǘƻƛ ǵƾǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƢȈǻƢƦdzƗ
Ŗdzơ Ȇǿ Ǻǰƫ Ń ȁƗ ƢȈǻƢƦdzƗ ƪǻƢǯ ƔơȂLJ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢȀǿƢȈǷ Ŀ Ƨǂǘƻ
ƪǻƢǯ ƢȈǻƢƦdzƗ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǐǴƻȁ .ƨdzƢūơ ǮǴƫ ƽȂƳȁ ƪƦƦLJ
Ŀ ǵƢǤdzƗ ƽȂƳȂƥ ǁƢǘƻȍƢƥ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ ŁƢǐdz ƨǷDŽǴǷ
ȅƢºǿȏ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ǿƥ ȆǔǬƫ ƢǷ ǶǰŞ ǖǬǧ džȈdz ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢȀǿƢȈǷ
ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǒǠƥ" ȄǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ Dzƥ ÎÖÍÔ ǵƢǠdz ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
Ŗºdzơ ƨºȈdzȁȋơ ƨȈǻƢLjǻȍơ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏơ :Ȇǿȁ ơƆƾȈƳ Ƣđ ǥǂƬǠŭơ
ƢºǷȁ ... ƣǂūơ Ŀ ƢŲ Śưǰƥ ǂưǯƗ ǶǴLjdzơ Ŀ ƧƢǟơǂŭơ ƤƳȂƬLjƫ
ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ ǶǴǟ Ǻǟ ƵƢǸLjdzơ ǵƾǠƥ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǺǷ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ ȄǴǟ ǞǬȇ
ƪǐǴƻȁ .(ÒÖÎ)"ȃǂƻȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǩȂǬū ƨȈǧƢǼǷ DZƢǸǟƗ Ŀ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ
Ʃǁǂǫ ơǀŮȁ ƨƯǁƢǰdzơ ǞǼŭ ƨdzȁƢŰ ƨȇƘƥ ǶǬƫ Ń ƢȈǻƢƦdzƗ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨǸǰƄơ
... ƩơǁƢƴǨǻȏơ Ǻǟ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ" ƢȈǻƢƦdzƗ ǹƗ
.(ÒÖÏ)"ƨȇǂnjƦdzơ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǧȁ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟȁ
ƩƢºȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƽƢºŢơ ƾǓ ơƾǼǯ ǾƬǷƾǫ ȅǀdzơ ƔƢǟƽȏơ Ŀȁ -ÑÍÎ
ǞƥƢƬdzơ ǕȂǬLJ ƨǧƽƢǐǷ ǂƯƗ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÔÖ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨȈǯơǂƬNjȏơ
ȄǴǟ "ÖÒÑ DžȂǷǃȂǯ" ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzƢƥ DzǷƢǠdzơ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ȆǟƢǼǘǏȏơ
ȄºǴǟ "ƨºǬǴǘŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ" ǑǂǨƥ ơƾǼǯ ƪƦdzƢǗ ƨȇƾǼǰdzơ ȆǓơǁȋơ
ǑǂºǠǷ Ŀȁ .ƨºƯƽƢūơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƤƦLjƥ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ
ȄºǴǟ ơƾºǼǯ ǂǐºƬǬƫ Ń ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȄǴǟ DzȈdzƾƬdzơ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ƢºȀȈǧ ƢºŠ "ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ" ńƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏơ
Dzºƥ ƨȈƟƢǔǨdzơ ǵƢLjƳȋơ ƢȀƯƾŢ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
.(ÒÖÐ)"Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ" ńƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƩƾǼƬLJơ
ŐºǠȇ ǮȈLjǰŭơ Ŀ ȆLjȈƟǁ ǵƢǟ ǪȇǂǗ ƔƢnjǻƜƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÑÍÏ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƩŐƬǟơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Dzƻơƽ ȏƆ Ƣſ ǹƢȇǂŸ śȇƽơȁ
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.ÏÏ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÐÓÒ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1949 (ÒÖÎ)
ơƿƛ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǟȂǼƬǷ Ɣơǁƕ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȎdzȁ .ÐÓ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÖÏ)
ǂǜǻơ DZȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƤȈƫǂƫ ǁǂǬȇ ơǀǿ ƨǸǰƄơ ǶǰƷ ǹƢǯ
.ǽȐǟƗ ÏÏÖ-ÏÏÔ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ
.ǽȐǟƗ ÐÓÎ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÒÖÐ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Ǟºǫȁ ÎÖÓÑ džǘLjºǣƗ/ƣƕ ÏÏ Ŀȁ .(ÓÍÍ)"ǹƢǰLjdzơ Ɣȏƚǿ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƪdzȂƫ ƢƆǻȂǻƢǫ ƶƦǏƘǧ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǹȂLjǻȂƳ džȈƟǂdzơ
ƧǂȇDŽƳ ǹƢǰLJ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǻǟ "ƨǧƗǂdzơ Ǟǧơƾƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ" ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
DZȂǸnjºŭơ ƝƽƢºŮơ ǖȈºƄơ ǁDŽºƳ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ ƣȐȈųȁǁ
ȅȁȂǻ ŚƴǨƬdz ƨƴȈƬǻ Ƕđ Ǫū ȅǀdzơ ǝƢǠNjȎdz ǑǂǠƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȇƢǏȂdzƢƥ
Î Ŀ DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽƳ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ (Bikini) řȈǰȈƥ ƧǂȇDŽƳ Ŀ ȅǁơǂƷ
ǁȏȁƽ ÖÒÍ ÍÍÍ ǢºǴƦǷ Ǟǧƾƥ ƪǻƿƗȁ (ÓÍÎ)ÎÖÒÑ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ
Ƕºđ Ǫºū Ǻȇǀdzơ ƣȐȈųȁǁ ǹƢǰLJ ńƛ ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷ ǢdzƢƦǷ ńƛ ƨǸLjǬǷ
ƪºǻƢǯ ÎÖÕÏ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ǂƻƕ ǂȇǂǬƫ Ŀ ƽǁȁȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ
ńƛ ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂºȈǴǷ ÎÍÍ Ǟǧƾºdz ƧƾǠƬLjºǷ ǹƢǤȇǁ džȈƟǂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ
ƾºǓ ƨºǷƾǬŭơ ƩơƔƢºǟƽȏơ Dzǰdz ƨȇȂLjƬǯ DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽƳ ƨǷȂǰƷ
ǶȀƬƸºǏ Ʃǁǂǔºƫ Ǻȇǀºdzơ ǁDŽŪơ ǹƢǰLJ ǺǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƢºēǂƳƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ƣǁƢš ƤƦLjƥ ǶēƢǰǴƬŲȁ
.(ÓÍÏ)ÎÖÓÐ ńƛ ÎÖÑÓ ǺǷ ƧǂƬǨdzơ Ŀ ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
Eniwetok ǹƢǰºLJ ƨdzƘLjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǔǬdzơ DZȁơƾƫ ȃƾdzȁ -ÑÍÔ
In the matter of the People of Enewetak, et al., :Ǻȇǂºƻƕȁ
ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢºƥ śƦdzƢºǘŭơ śǟƾŭơ Claimants for Compensation
Ŀ DZƢºNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽŪ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ Ŀ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ Ʃǂǜǻ
ƪƥƢºǏƗ Ŗºdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ƨȈǟƢŦ ȃȂǟƽ
ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ȁƗ ǺǷ ƨŦƢǼdzơȁ Ǒǁȋơ
.ÎÖÒÕ ǵƢºǟȁ ÎÖÑÓ ǵƢǟ śƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǾƫǂƳƗ ȅǀdzơ
ǁDŽºŪ ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ Ŀ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ǹȂǻƢǫ ȄǨǓƗ ƾǫȁ
ƤºƳơȁ ƨºƠȈŮơ ȄºǴǟ ƨdzƾǠŭơ ǾƬǤȈǐƥ ÎÖÕÔ ǵƢǠdz DZƢNjǁƢǷ
śǼǗơȂºŭơȁ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǺǷ ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ Ŀ ƪƦdzơ" ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷȁ
ǂƟƢLjºŬơ Ǻºǟ ... ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ǥǂǏȁ DZƢNjǁƢŭơ ǁDŽƳ ƢȇƢǟǁȁ
ǪºƸǴȇ ȅǀºdzơ ǁǂǔºdzơ ȁƗ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ƭƾŢ Ŗdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈdzƢūơ
ƲǷƢºǻǂƥ ǺǷ ƘnjǼƫ ȁƗ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjƫ Ŗdzơȁ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ȁƗ ǍƢƼNjȋơ
.(ÓÍÐ)"ƪǻƢǯ ƨȈǨȈǯ ȅƘƥ Ǿƥ DzǐƬƫ ȁƗ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ
ȅǀdzơȁ ǂūơ ǕƢƦƫǁȏơ ǩƢǨƫơ Ȃǿ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ǽǀǿ ǁƢǗƛ ǹƢǯȁ -ÑÍÕ
ȄºǴǟ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽƳ ǺǷ Dzǯ ƪǐǻ ǽƢǔƬǬŠ
.DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽƳ řǗơȂǷ ǺǷ ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǸǴdz "ƨȈǧƢǯȁ ƨdzƽƢǟ ƨȇȂLjƫ"
ǩƢºǨƫơ ǺǷ ÎÔÔ ƾǼƦdzơ ǀȈǨǼƬdz ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ƨǴǏ ȅƿ ǩƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠȁ
ǁơƾǏȍ" ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ Ŀ ǶȈǰŢ ƨƠȈǿ ƔƢnjǻƛ ǂǷȋơ ǵDŽǴƬLJơ ǂūơ ǕƢƦƫǁȏơ
Ŗdzơ ƨǴƦǬŭơȁ ƨȈdzƢūơȁ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǞȈŦ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈƟƢȀǼdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ
ǁƾǐºƫȁ "DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽƳ ƢȇƢǟǁ ȁƗ ǹȂǼǗơȂŭơ ȁƗ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƢȀǷƾǬƫ
ƨºƴȈƬǻ ǞǧĄƽ ǪƥƢLJ ǒȇȂǠƫ ȅƗȁ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨƸǏ" ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǞǷ ƢƆǷƢǰƷƗ
.(ÓÍÑ)"ƨǸƟȐǷ Ƣǿơǂƫ ȃǂƻƗ DzǷơȂǟ ȅƗȁ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ǮǴƫ
__________
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ
.International Herald Tribune, 15 June 1982, p. 5, col. 2
.ILM, vol. 39, No. 5 (September 2002), p. 1214
.ÎÏÎÒ-ÎÏÎÑ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ
198
ńƛ ŅƢºƬdzƢƥ ƩƽƘǧ ǭƢũȋơ ǺǷ ƨǸƼǓ ƩƢȈǸǯȁ ȂŪơ ǺǷ ơƆŚƦǯ
.ǒȇȂǠƬƥ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ƪƦdzƢǗȁ .ňƢƥƢȈdzơ ǮǸLjdzơ ǩȂLjƥ Śǘƻ DZȐƻƛ
ƢºȀȈǧ ƪƦǼš ÎÖÒÒ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ñ ƨƻǁƚǷ ƧǂǯǀǷ Ŀȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjƛ ȅƗ ƢƆǷƢŤ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ
Ǻºǟ ǹƢºƥƢȈdzơ ńƛ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƽ ȄǴǟ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǽǀǿ ƢȀȈǧ ƪǬǧơȁ
:ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ ǾȈǧ ƪƦƦLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƽơƾǠƬLJơ ȄǴǟ ƢĔƗ ƪƸǓȁƗ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǹƛ
.ƪǠǫȁ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȌdz ƢȀǨLJƗȁ ƢȀǷƢǸƬǿơ Ǻǟ ĿƢǓƛ ŚƦǠƬǯ ȅƾǬǻ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƾdz
DzȈƦºLJ ȄǴǟ ơǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǵƾǬƫȁ ...
ǢǴƦǷ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǹȁƾƥ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ńƛ ƨƦŮơ
ƨƴȈƬǻ ƪǠǫȁ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ȁƗ ƩƢƥƢǏȍơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǑǂǤdz ǁȏȁƽ ňȂȈǴǷ
.ÎÖÒÑ ǵƢǟ Ŀ DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽƳ Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬǴdz
...
ƨǷȂǰƷ ǹƗ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ȃƾdz ǵȂȀǨŭơ ǺǷȁ
DzȈƦºLJ ȄºǴǟ Ǯºdzƿ DzǠǨƫ ƢŶƛ ǵƾǬŭơ ǁȏȁƽ ňȂȈǴŭơ ǢǴƦǷ ƢŮȂƦǬƥ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƾǓ ǵƾǬƫ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ Dzǰdzȁ ȅȋ ƨǷƢƬdzơ ƨȇȂLjƬdzơ
ǺºǷ ȅƗ Ǻºǟ ƨȈƟƢǔºǬdzơ ƢēƢǻƢȈǯ ȁƗ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷ ȁƗ ƢȀƟȐǯȁ ȁƗ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ
ȁƗ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨšƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ȁƗ ǂƟƢLjŬơ ȁƗ ƩƢƥƢǏȍơ
.(ÒÖÕ)ƢȀǴǯ ƢȀǼǟ
ǹƢǰLjºƥ ÎÖÒÑ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƪǬū Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ -ÑÍÓ
ǵȂºǬƫ ƨȇƢºǏȂdzƢƥ ȏƆ ȂǸnjǷ ƢƆǸȈǴǫƛ ǭơǀǻƕ ƪǻƢǯȁ DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽƳ
.ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƾƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƪǴƦǫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǾƫǁơƽƜƥ
džºǴů Ŀ ƨºȇǁDŽŪơȁ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȁƚnjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdz ǂȇǂǬƫ Ŀ ƔƢƳȁ
ǁƢƴǨǻȏơ ƤǬǟ ƵƢȇǂdzơ ǽƢšơ ŚǤƫ ǹƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzƢƥ ƹȂȈnjdzơ
ƣȐȈºųȁǁ ƧǂºȇDŽƳ ǹƢǰºLJ ǑǂǠƫ ńƛ ȃƽƗ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȅȁȂǼdzơ
ƨǠnjºǷ ƨǗƢǬºLJ ńƛ ÕÏ Ƕǿƽƾǟ ǢdzƢƦdzơ ƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ (Rongelap)
ǍƢƼNjȋƢƥ ƪǬū Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ǦǏȁ ǹƗ ƾǠƥȁ .ƨǨȈưǯ
ƨȈƦǗ ƧƾǟƢLjǷ ǺǷ ơƆǁȂǧ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǾƬǷƾǫ ƢǷȁ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơȁ
ǹƘºƥ Ǯºdzƿ ǞºǷ DZȂºǬdzơ ǺǰŻ ȏ" :ǾǻƗ ńƛ ȄȀƬǻơ ƨǨưǰǷ
ǑǂǤdzƢºƥ ƨºȈǧơȁ ǹȉơ ŕºƷ Ʃǀºţơ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ
ÎÖÓÍ ǂºȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj Ŀ ǾǻƗ Ǻǟ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ Ǧnjǯȁ .(ÒÖÖ)"ƢƆǷƢŤ
ǶȈǴǫȎdz ƢȈǴǠdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ńƛ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƾǓ ȃȂǰNj ƪǷƾǫ
Õ ÒÍÍ ÍÍÍ ǢºǴƦǷ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨȇƢǏȂdzƢƥ DZȂǸºnjŭơ
ƲƫƢǼdzơ Ǒǂŭơȁ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ƨǬƷȐdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƢƆǔȇȂǠƫ ǁȏȁƽ
ǹơƾºǬǧȁ ƨºȈǴǬǠdzơȁ ƨºȈǻƾƦdzơ ƧƢǻƢǠŭơȁ ǩȁǂūơȁ ǝƢǠNjȍơ Ǻǟ
ȃȂǟƾºdzơ ƪǔǧǁ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈƦǘdzơ ƩƢǧȁǂǐŭơȁ ƨȈƳȁDŽdzơ ǂǏơȁȋơ
ǹƗ ǺȈĈºƥ ǂºȇǂǬƬdzơ ǹƗ Śºǣ .ȆƟƢǔǬdzơ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ǵƾǟ ƤƦLjƥ
ǑȁǂǠŭơ (ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƽ ǹƘnjƥ) ÎÖÕÕ Ƕǫǁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǝȁǂnjǷ
ǥƢǐǻƛ ǺǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ śǰǸƬdz ǵǃȏ" ƣơȂǼdzơ džǴů ȄǴǟ
(ÓÍÍ)
(ÓÍÎ) __________
(ÓÍÏ) Department of State Bulletin (Washington, D.C.), vol. 32, (ÒÖÕ)
(ÓÍÐ) .No. 812, 17 January 1955, pp. 90-91
(ÓÍÑ) .ÒÓÔ Ǎ Ñ ƾǴĐơ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Whiteman (ÒÖÖ)
199 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨǟơǁDŽdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǁƢNjƗ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǦǫȂŭơ ơǀǿ ƾȈǯƘƫ ȃǂƳ ƾǫȁ -ÑÎÐ
ÎÖÕÓ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÑ Ŀ ƨȇǀǣȋơȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾƟƢǐǷȁ
ǺǷ ƤǴǘȈĄLJ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƢǼǨǫȂŠ ƢǼǜǨƬƷơ ƾǬdz" :ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ńƛ
ƪƬƦƯ ơƿƛ ơǀǿ ǶƬȈLJȁ - ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨȈǯơǂƬNjȏơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƽƢŢơ
džºǴů ńƛ ƨǬƷȏ ƨdzƢLJǁ Ŀȁ .(ÓÍÖ)"ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƾƥ - ƨȈǔǬdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ơƾǼǴƬǰLJơ ǹȁƚnjdz ňƢŭŐdzơ ƧǁơǃȂdzơ DzȈǯȁ ǺǴǟƗ ǵȂǸǠdzơ
ƩƢºȈǫƢǨƫơ ȅƗ Ŀ ƢƆºǧǂǗ džȈdz ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨȈǯơǂƬNjȏơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƽƢŢơ ǹƛ
ǾºǻƜǧ ơǀºdzȁ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈdzȁƽ
ƭƾƷ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ƤƳȂŠ ƽƾŰ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȅȋ Ǟǔź ȏ
.(ÓÎÍ)ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ǽƽȁƾƷ ƱǁƢƻ
DžƢºƦƬdzȏơ ǾºƳȁȋ ƨǯǁƾǷ ƨȇƾȇȂLjdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪǻƢǯȁ -ÑÎÑ
:ǾǻƗ ƪǜƷȏ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ǦǼƬǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǼǬƬdzơȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƽƾǠƬǷ ȁƗ ƢƆȈƟƢǼƯ ǹƢǯ ƔơȂLJ ǶƟƢǫ Ņȁƽ ǩƢǨƫơ ƾƳȂȇ ȏ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƾȇȂLjdzơ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ǁȂǐƫ ǾLJƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ǺǰŻ ǥơǂǗȋơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥ ǂǷȋơ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǷ ǁƾǬƥȁ .ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨȈǯơǂƬNjȏơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƽƢŢơ ǺǷ
ƾǓ ƨȀƳȂŭơ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƾȈȇƘƬdz ƢȀȈdzƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏơ ǺǰŻ ƝƽƢƦǷ ƾƳȂƫ Ņȁƾdzơ ĿǂǠdzơ
ǺǷ ƧƾǬǠǷ ƨȈǼǠŭơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ .ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨȈǯơǂƬNjȏơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƽƢŢơ
Ŀȁ .ǪȈǫƾºdzơ ǂºǜǼdzơ ȆǟƾƬLjºƫȁ ƨȈǼǬƬdzơ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂǜǼdzơ ƨȀƳȁ
ƣƢǬǟƗ Ŀ ȄǘǠĄƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ ƨȇȂdzȁȋơ ǹƗ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƩƘƫǁơ ƾǬǧ ƨǼǿơǂdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ
.(ÓÎÎ)ȃǂƻƗ ƨǠȈƦǗ Ʃơƿ ȆǟƢLjŭ DzȈƥȂǻǂnjƫ ƨƯƽƢƷ
ŐǸƬƦºLJ/DZȂºǴȇƗ ÏÔ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐºdzơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǁơǂǫ ǪǴǠƬȇȁ -ÑÎÒ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŠ ƢƆǔºȇƗ Ȃǿ (Gut Dam) "ƩȂǣ ƾLJ" ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ÎÖÓÕ
ȄºǴǟ ȅƾºǼǯ DžƾºǼȀǷ ƵǂºƬǫơ ÎÕÔÑ ǵƢºǟ ȆǨǧ .ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ƧǂȇDŽƳȁ ƨȇƾǼǰdzơ ȆǓơǁȋơ Ŀ "ǵƽƕ ƧǂȇDŽƳ" śƥ ƾLJ ƾȈȈnjƫ ǾƬǷȂǰƷ
ƪǻƢLJ ǂĔ Ŀ ƨƷȐŭơ śLjŢ ƨȈǤƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ Les Galops
Ǻǟ ȐƆ ǔǧ ǂȇǁƢǬƬdzơ ǺǷ Śưǯ DZƽƢƦƫȁ ƩƢLJơǁƽ ƔơǂƳƛ ƾǠƥȁ .džǻǁȂdz
ǝȁǂnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨǬǧơȂŭƢƥ ǞȇǂnjƬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ DžǂǤǻȂǯ ƽƢǸƬǟơ
ǾºǻƗ Śºǣ .ÎÖÍÐ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƾLjdzơ ƔƢǼƥ Ŀ ƨȇƾǼǰdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƩƗƾƥ
ƧƽȂnjǼŭơ Ǒơǂǣȋơ ǪǬŹ ǹƗ ǺǷ ƘǗȁƗ ƾLjdzơ ǹƗ ƶǔƫơ ƢǷ ǹƢǟǂLJ
ÎÖÍÑ ȆǷƢǟ śƥȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǬǧơȂŠ ǾǟƢǨƫǁơ ơƾǼǯ ƩƽơDŽǧ
ƩǂºƯƗ ǹƢLjºǻȍơ ƾºȇ ȄºǴǟ ƩơŚȈǤƫ Ƨƾǟ ƪȇǂƳƗ ÎÖÒÎȁ
ƪǻƢºLJ ǂºĔ - ȃŐºǰdzơ ƩơŚƸƦdzơ ǑȂƷ Ŀ ǽƢȈŭơ Ǫǧƾƫ Ȇºǧ
ǹƜºǧ ŚȈºǤƫ ȅȋ ǾLjºǨǻ Ȃǿ ǑǂǠƬȇ Ń ƾLjdzơ ǹƗ ǞǷȁ .džǻǁȂdz
.ƧǁȁƢºĐơ ȂȇǁƢºƬǻȁƗ ƧŚºŞ Ŀȁ ǂȀºǼdzơ Ŀ ƽơǃ ǽƢºȈŭơ ƣȂLjǼǷ
__________
ƽȂǷƢºǠdzơ (ÎÖÕÓ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÑ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÍÖ)
.ÕÕÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Sands Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ÎÑÒÒ
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÎÓ) ÕÖÑ ƽȂǷƢºǠdzơ ÎÏÏ ƾǴĐơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÎÍ)
.ÕÕÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Sands Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ (ÎÖÕÔ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ
.ÕÕÕ-ÕÕÔ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Sands Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjǷ (ÓÎÎ)
ƣƢºǬǟƗ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƫ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdzȁ
ƨº
ºȇǁǀdzơ ƨº
ºǫƢǘǴdz ƨººȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨº
ºdzƢǯȂdzơ ƨº
ºǬȈƯȁ ƢƆǔº
ºȇƗ ǂº
ºǜǻơ ƨº
ºƯƽƢūơ
ǞƳǂŭơ Sands ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .Add.2 (1989)ȁ GOV/INF/550/Add.1 (1988)
.ÎÍÒ-ÎÍÏ ȆNjơȂūơȁ ÕÕÖ-ÕÕÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ
ƾǼǟ ǾǻƗ" ȄǴǟ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ƨǴǐdzơ ȁƿ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǎǻȁ -ÑÍÖ
ƩƢºƦdzƢǘŭơ Ŀ ǶȈºǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈŮ ǃȂŸ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ŀ ƔƾƦdzơ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ Ǯºdzƿ Ŀ ƢºŠ DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽƳ śǻơȂǫ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ śǻơȂǫ ńƛ ǞƳǂƫ ǹƗȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơ
.(ÓÍÒ)"Ņȁƽ ȁƗ ȆǴƻơƽ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢƆȈƟƢĔ ơƆǁơǂǫ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ Ŀ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƩǁƾǏƗȁ -ÑÎÍ
Ǯºdzƿ DzǸnjºȇȁ Ɔơǁȏȁƽ ÐÏÑ ÖÑÖ ÐÎÎ ǢºǴƦŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ
ƨǬƥƢLjºdzơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ơƆǁȏȁƽ ÎÖÑ ÎÒÑ ÕÎÎ ǢǴƦŭơ
ǢºǴƦǷ Ȇǟƾŭơ ńƛ ǞƊǧƾĄȇ ƮȈŞ ƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ Eniwetok ƧǂȇDŽŪ ƨǴƦǬŭơȁ
ƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ Eniwetok ǭȂƬȈǼȇƛ ƧǂȇDŽƳ ƧƽƢǟȍ ơƆǁȏȁƽ ÖÎ ÔÎÍ ÍÍÍ
ÐÑ ÍÕÑ ÒÍÍ ǢºǴƦǷȁ ƨºƴƬǼǷȁ ƨǻȂǷƘǷ ƧǂȇDŽƴǯ ƢȀƬdzƢƷ ńƛ
ƧǂºȇDŽƳ Ŀ ǹƢǰLjdzơ ƢȀǼǷ ŇƢǟ Ŗdzơ ƤǟƢǐŭơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ơƆǁȏȁƽ
ǶĔơƾºǬǨƥ ǹǂƬǫơ ȅǀdzơ ǂǷȋơ ǂƻƕ ǹƢǰǷ ńƛ ǶȀǴǬǼdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ǭȂƬȈǼȇƛ
.ƧǂȇDŽŪơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƾǬdzơ
/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÎÍ ƨºƻǁƚǷ ƨºdzƽƢƦƬǷ ƩơǂǯǀǷ Ŀȁ -ÑÎÎ
řȈdzǂƬºLJơ ǾȈǼƳ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÏÍ ǢǴƦǷ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ƪǴƦǫ ÎÖÖÐ ŐǸLjȇƽ
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǞȈŦ ƨȇȂLjƬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǺǷ ƨƦǿ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ
ƨºǰǴǸŭơ Ƣºđ ƪǷƢǫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ
.(ÓÍÓ)ƩƢǼȈƬLjdzơ Ŀȁ ƩƢǼȈLjǸŬơ Ŀ ŅơǂƬLJƗ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ǩƢºǘǼdzơ ǞLJơȁ ƆơǁǂǓ ƪƦƦLJ DzȈƥȂǻǂnjƫ ƨƯǁƢǯ ǹƗ ǞǷȁ -ÑÎÏ
ƩƢºǷȂǰūơ ƪǷƢǫȁ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Ŀ ƨȈNjƢŭơȁ ƨȈǟơǁDŽdzơ ƩƢƴƬǼǸǴdz
ŚƥơƾƬdzơȁ ƩǂďǷĄƽ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ Ǻǟ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷ ǒȇȂǠƫ ǢdzƢƦǷ Ǟǧƾƥ
ǦȈdzƢºǰƫ Ǻºǟ ƆȐǔǧ Ǯdzǀdz ƨƴȈƬǻ Ƣǿȁǀţơ Ŗdzơ ƨȇǃơǂƬƷȏơ
ƽƢºŢơ ƾºǓ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ǵċƾǬĄƫ ǶǴǧ ƧƾƦǰƬŭơ ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ
ǑǂºǠƫ Ń ƢºǸǯ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨȈǯơǂƬNjȏơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ
DzưǷ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǒǠƥ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ .ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ ʼnƾǬƫ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ
ʼnƾºǬƫ Ŀ ƢºȀǬŞ ƪǜǨƬƷơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ ƾȇȂLjdzơȁ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ
ÏÎ Ŀ ǵȂºǸǠdzơ džǴů Ŀ ǵƾƌǫ Ȇǘƻ ƽǁ Ŀȁ .(ÓÍÔ)ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ
ƨºȈƳǁƢŬơ ǹȁƚnjºǴdz ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǁƢNjƗ ÎÖÕÓ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ńƛ ƮdzȂǼǷȂǰdzơ ǹȁƚNjȁ
ƨºƦdzƢǘŭƢƥ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjºdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ȃƾdz ƢƆȈũǁ ƢǼǬŞ ǚǨƬŴ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÎÍ Ŀ
ƨºƴȈƬǻ Ƕºđ ƪǬū Ŗdzơ ǂƟƢLjŬơ Ǻǟ ƢǼȈǼǗơȂǷ Ǻǟ ƨƥƢȈǻȁ ƢǼũƢƥ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ
ǶƬºȇ ǹƗ ńƛ ƢȀŻƾǬƫ Ƣǻǁǂǫ ơƿƛ ƨȈũǂdzơ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ǵċƾǬĄƫ Ǻdzȁ .DzȈƥȂǻǂnjƫ ƨƯƽƢū
.(ÓÍÕ)DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ǾǫƢǘǻȁ Ǿdz ǑǂǠƬdzơ ȃǂƳ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ǶȈȈǬƫ
__________
.ÎÏÎÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÍÒ)
.ÎÖÒ ƨȈNjƢūơ ÑÖÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Birnie and Boyle (ÓÍÓ)
.ÑÔÑ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÍÔ)
House of Commons, Hansard, vol. 102, col. 5 (W) (21 (ÓÍÕ)
Sands, Principles of International Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ Ʃƽǁȁ July 1986)
.Environmental Law, p. 888
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ȁƗ DZƢºŷȍơ ȁƗ ŚǐǬƬdzƢƥ ǾdzȂƦǫ ȁƗ ǥǂǗ ȅƗ ǶȈǴLjƫ
ǾƦǬǟƗ ȅǀdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ȁƗ DZȁȋơ ǁƢƴǨǻȏơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǨȈǯ ƨȇƘƥ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
.(ÓÎÑ)ƢŮ ǾǓǂǠƫ Ȅǟƽơ ȁƗ ǥǂǗ ȅƗ ƢŮ ǑǂǠƫ ǁơǂǓƗ ƨȇƗ ȁƗ
ƨǘnjǻƗ ƤƦLjƥ ƽȁƾūơ Őǟ ƪǠǫȁ ȃǂƻƗ ƭƽơȂƷ ǭƢǼǿȁ -ÑÎÕ
ƨºdzȁƽ Ŀ ơƆǁƢºƯƕ ƪƯƾƷƗȁ ƢȀǸȈdzƢǫƗ Dzƻơƽ ƩƢǷȂǰūơ Ƣđ ƪǷƢǫ
ƪºǻƢǯȁ .ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨȈũǁ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ńƛ ƽƚƫ Ń ƢȀǼǰdzȁ ƧǁȁƢů
.ǑǁƢǟ ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿȁ ƨǨȈǨǗ ƭƽơȂūơ ǽǀǿ
ńƛ ƢƆºȈũǁ ƢƆºƳƢƴƬƷơ ƢLjǸǼdzơ ƪǷƾǫ ÎÖÑÖ ǵƢǟ Ŀȁ -ÑÎÖ
ƽȁƾºƷ ǺǷ ƨƦȇǂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǓơǁƗ Ŀ ǵƢǤdzȋơ ƢȀǟǁDŽdz ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ƨǷȂǰƷ
Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢºƥ ƤdzƢǘƫ Ń ƢȀǼǰdzȁ ƢȀƬdzơǃƜƥ ƪƦdzƢǗȁ ƢLjǸǼdzơ
ǶȈºǴǫȍơ Ŀ ǵƢºǤdzȋơ ǮºǴƫ ǒǠƥ ǁƢƴǨǻơ ƢȀƦƦLJ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
ǁȁǂºŭơ ǞǼŭ ǵƢǤdzȋơ ǮǴƫ ƪǟǁǃ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ǹƗ ǂǿƢǜdzơȁ .ȅȁƢLjǸǼdzơ
DZƢºǸƬƷơ ƪȈnjºƻ ƢĔƜǧ ƢLjǸǼdzơ ƢǷƗ .ƽȁƾūơ Őǟ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ Śǣ
ȅȁƢLjºǸǼdzơ ǶȈºǴǫȍơ ńƛ ǹƢǔȈǧ ǝȂǫȁ DZƢƷ Ŀ ǵƢǤdzȋơ ǥơǂųơ
ńƛ ƽȁƾūơ ǺǷ ƣǂǬdzƢƥ śǸȈǬŭơ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǁ ƵơȁǁƗ ǒȇǂǠƫ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ
ȄǴǟ ƔƢǬƥȍơ ǺǷ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ǞǼŤ Ń ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷȏơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ Śǣ .ǂǘŬơ
ǶȈºǴǫȍơ Ŀ ȅǁƢǤǼǿ ǶǤdz ǂƴǨǻơ ÎÖÓÓ ǵƢǟ Ŀȁ .ƢȀǷƢǤdzƗ DzǬƷ
ƢLjºǸǼdzơ ŚǨºLJ ǵƾºǫȁ .ƧŚưǯ ǁơǂǓƗ Ŀ ƤƦLjƫȁ ȅȁƢLjǸǼdzơ
ƢºȇǁƢǤǼǿ ǾºȈǧ Ƕēơ ƨȇǁƢǤǼŮơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ńƛ ƢƆȇȂǫ ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷơ
ǑǂºǠƫ ȏƗ ƤƳȂƬLjºȇ ǾȈǧ ǝơDŽǻ ȏ Ņȁƽ ňȂǻƢǫ ƗƾƦǷ ǭƢȀƬǻƢƥ
ƨºdzȁƽ śǼǗơȂºǷ ƧƢȈƷ ǂǘƼǴdz ƢǷ ƨdzȁƽ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƧǀƼƬŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ
ƾǠƥ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǝȂǫȁ ǂƯƛ ȄǴǟȁ .ǶēƢǰǴƬŲȁ ǶȀƬƸǏȁ ȃǂƻƗ
Ʃǂǯƿ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ńƛ ǂƻƕ ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷơ ƢLjǸǼdzơ ƪǷƾǫ DzȈǴǬƥ Ǯdzƿ
ǞǼŭ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǞȈŦ ƿƢţƢƥ řǴǠdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ Ǻǟ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ǝƢǼƬǷơ ǹƗ ǾȈǧ
ǩȐǗȍơ ȄǴǟ ǪǨƬȇ ȏ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ DzȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƭƽơȂƷ ǝȂǫȁ
ǞȈŦ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ƪdzơǃƗ ǪƷȏ ƪǫȁ Ŀȁ ."ǁơȂŪơ ǺLjƷ" ƗƾƦǷ ǞǷ
.(ÓÎÒ)ƨȇȁƢLjǸǼdzơ ƽȁƾūơ Ǻǟ ƢēƾǠƥƗ ȁƗ ǵƢǤdzȋơ DZȂǬƷ
ƾºƷƗ DZȐºƻȁ ÎÖÓÕ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ŀȁ -ÑÏÍ
ƨȇǂLjºȇȂLjdzơ ƨȈǠǧƾŭơ ƩơƾƷȁ ȃƾƷƛ ƪǬǴǗƗ ȆǷǂdzơ ǺȇǁƢŤ
ƤǠǐºȇȁ .ǺȇƢƬnjºǼƬƼȈdz ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƪǘǬLJ DzƥƢǼǫ ǞƥǁƗ ƆƘǘƻ
ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƨƯƽƢūơ ǽǀǿ ƪǨǼƬǯơ Ŗdzơ ǞƟƢǫȂdzơ ǺǷ ƾǯƘƬdzơ
ƪºƥǂǟƗ ƧǂǯǀǷ ǺȇƢƬnjǼƬƼȈdz ƨǷȂǰƷ ńƛ ƪǴLJǁƗ ƨȇǂLjȇȂLjdzơ
ƢºĔƗ ƪǼȈƥȁ ƽȂǐǬŭơ Śǣ ơǀǿ ƽȁƾūơ ǩǂŬ ƢȀǨLJƗ Ǻǟ ƢȀȈǧ
__________
ƪºǬǧơȁ ƾǫȁ .ILM, vol. XXII, No. 3 (May 1983), p. 583 (ÓÎÑ)
Ʃơǁȏȁƽ ǺºǷ ǁȏȁƽ ňȂºȈǴǷ ǢǴƦǷ Ǟǧƽ ȄǴǟ (SEDCO) ȂǯƾȈLJ ƨǯǂNj
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƪǓǂǟ Ǯdzƿ DzƥƢǬǷȁ ƨȈƟƢĔȁ ƨǴǷƢǯ ƨȇȂLjƬǯ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ƨǴǷƢǯ ƢȀǫȂǬŞ ǙƢǨƬƷȏơ ǞǷ ǕȁǂNj ǹȁƾƥȁ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ȂǯƾȈLJ Ǻǟ Ʊơǂǧȍơ
Perforaciones Marinas del Golfo ȆǰȈLjºǰŭơ ǂǨūơ DZȁƢǬǷ ƨǯǂNj ƾǓ
ȂǯƾȈLJ ƪǬǧơȁ ÎÖÕÐ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÏÏ Ŀȁ .“Permargo” and “Pemex”
ƢºȀǠǧǁ ȃȁƢºǟƽ ǞºƥǁƗ ƨȇȂLjƬdz ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ Ï,ÎÑ ǢǴƦǷ Ǟǧƽ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ
.ǖǨǼdzơ ƣƢǰLjǻƢƥ ơȁǂƯƘƫ ǺŲ ǹȁǂƻƕȁ ƩƢǠƴƬǼŭơȁ ǹȁƽƢȈǐdzơ
Handl, “Conduct of abnormally dangerous activities ǂǜǻơ (ÓÎÒ)
.in frontier areas: the case of nuclear power plant siting”, pp. 23–24
200
DzºȈưǷ ƢŮ ǪƦLjȇ Ń ƢƊƦLjǻ ǽƢȈŭơ ƪǤǴƥ ÎÖÒÏ-ÎÖÒÎ ȆǷƢǟ Ŀȁ
ƨºȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǂǿơȂǜdzơ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣȁ ǦǏơȂǟ ǺǷ ƭƾƷ ƢǷ ǞǷ ƩǂǨLJƗ
ƞǗơȂnjdzơ Ŀ ơƆǁơǂǓƗ ƪƦƦLJ ǩƢǘǼdzơ ƨǠLJơȁ ƩƢǧơǂųơȁ ƩƢǻƢǔȈǧ Ǻǟ
ÎÖÒÐ ǵƢºǟ Ŀȁ .ƔơȂLjºdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩơŚƸƦǴdz ƨȈƥȂǼŪơȁ ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơ džǻǁȂdz ƪǻƢLJ ǪȇǂǗ ƔƢnjǻƛ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƾLjdzơ ơƾǼǯ ƪǷƾǿ
ǵȂǟDŽŭơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ Ǻǰdzȁ
.(ÓÎÏ)ƩơȂǼLJ Ƨƾǟ ƽȂƳȂdzơ Ŀ ƪȈǬƥ ƾLjdzơ ƽȂƳȁ Ǻǟ ƪƴƬǻ ƢĔƗ
ȃȁƢǟƾºdzơ Ŀ ǶȈºǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ÎÖÓÒ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƪǴǰNjȁ -ÑÎÓ
ǽǀºǿ ƪǸǴºLJ ƾǫȁ žƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ Dzū ȂȇǁƢƬǻȁƗ ƧŚƸƦƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ŚǐºǬƫ ȅƗ ƽȂºƳȁ ńƛ ǎºǴţ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ơƾǼǯ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƨƠȈŮơ
ńƛ DZƢūơ ƨǠȈƦǘƥ ƨƠȈŮơ ƩƾǼƬLJơ ƾǫȁ .ơƾǼǯ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZƢŷƛ ȁƗ
ÎÕ Ŀ ǞºǫȂŭơ Ǯǐºdzơ Ŀ ňƢưdzơ Ǖǂnjdzơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ńƛ ŚƦǯ ƾƷ
ǾȈǧȁ ÎÖÍÑ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÍȁ ÎÖÍÐ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ
ƾLjºdzơ ƔƢnjºǻƛ ȄºǴǟ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzƢƥ ƣǂūơ ǂȇǃȁ Ǫǧơȁ
ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ ơƾǼǯ DZȂƦǫ ńƛ ƩƾǼƬLJơ ƢǸǯ
ǹƢǰºLJ ǽƢš ǖǬǧ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƪLjȈdz ơƾǼǯ ǹƘƥ ƨƠȈŮơ ƪǔǫ Ǯdzƿ
ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƢȀǼǰdzȁ ƾLjdzơ ƢȀƦƦLJ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Les Galops
ǹƘºƥ ƪǔǫ ƢĔƗ ƢǸǯ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ řǗơȂǷ ǞȈŦ ǽƢš ƢƆǔȇƗ
.ƨȈdzȁƗ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ƧǂƬǨƥ ǺǷDŽdzơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƧƽƾŰ ƪLjȈdz ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǮǴƫ
ƢȀƬȇȂLjƫ śǠƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǫƢƦdzơ ƧƾȈƷȂdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨƠȈŮơ ƪǐǴƻȁ
ƪǷƾºǫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ŀ ƤƦLjƫ ƾǫ ƩȂǣ ƾLJ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ Ȇǿ
.(ÓÎÐ)ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǁơƾǬǷȁ ƩơƔƢǟƽȏơ ƢĔƘnjƥ
ƩƘƴƬdzơȁ ƢȀƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƥ ƪǨǻ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀȁ -ÑÎÔ
ǖǨǼºdzơ ǂƠƥ ǁƢƴǨǻơ ƨƯƽƢƷ ȆǨǧ .ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ńƛ ƽƾǐdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ
ǮȈLjǰŭơ ƲȈǴƻ Ŀ IXTOC I ǂƠƥ ǺǷ ǖǨǼdzơ ƣƢǰLjǻơȁ ÎÖÔÖ ǵƢǟ
ƨºȇƢĔ Ŀ DzƻƾȈdz ǂƸƦdzơ Ŀ ǖǨǼdzơ Ǫǧƾƫȁ ǪȇǂƷ ǝȏƾǻơ ńƛ ȃƽƗ ƢŲ
ƞǗơȂºNj ńƛ Dzǐºȇȁ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǥƢǘŭơ
ȅǀºdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȇƗ DZȂƦǫ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ƪǔǧǁ DžƢLjǰƫ
ƩƢºƦdzƢǘŭơ ǪºȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ƪȇȂLJȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ǾƬƦƦLJ
ǁƢºƴǨǻơ Ǻºǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨȇȂLjƬƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ Ŀȁ .ƨȈǻƾŭơ
(SEDCO) ȂǯƾȈºLJ ƨǯǂºNjȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ śƥ ǖǨǼdzơ ǂƠƥ
ǖǨǼºdzơ ƨǯǂnjºdz SEDCO ǂǨūơ ǃƢȀƳ ƩǂƳƗ Ŗdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơ Ȇǿȁ
ƨȇȂLjƫ ȄǴǟ ǪǨƫơ Petroles Mexicanos (Pemex) ƨȈǰȈLjǰŭơ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ
ǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ ǶǿƢǨƬdzơ ńƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ Ǯdzƿ ƾǼƬLJơȁ .ƢǸȀǼȈƥ ƨǬdzƢǠdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ
__________
ǶȈºǰƸƬdzơ ƨºƠȈǿ" ȃƾdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ DzȈǯȁ ǂȇǂǬƫ ǂǜǻơ (ÓÎÏ)
“Canada–United:ǹơȂǼǠƥ ǁƽƢǐdzơ "ȂȇǁƢƬǻȁƗ ƧŚƸƦƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩơƔƢǟƽȏơ Ȇºǧ
States Settlement of Gut Dam Claims (27 September 1968)”, ILM, vol.
.8 (1969), pp. 128–138
Handl, “State liability for accidental transnational ǹǁƢºǫ (ÓÎÐ)
ńƛ Śnjȇ ȅǀdzơ environmental damage by private persons”, pp. 538–540
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǁƢȈǠŠ ȏȁ ơƾǼǯ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ǶǰŢ ǹƗ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ǺǷ ƤǴǘȇ Ń ǾǻƗ
ƢƆȀȇȂnjƫ ƾǠȇ ƢŲ ǾǻƜǧ ơǀdzȁ .ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƤǴǗ Dzƥ
.ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ƶǓȂƫ ƩȂǣ ƾLJ ƨȈǔǫ ǹƘƥ ƔƢŹȍơ DzƟƢLjǸǴdz
201 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ǂǗƢű ǺǷ ǾƦƸǐȇ ƢǷ Dzǰƥ ƩơǂƴǨƬǷ ǞǼǐǷ ƽȂƳȂƥ
.(ÓÏÍ)ƨȈdzȁƽ ƽȁƾū ƨȇƿƢŰ
Dzǰnjȇ ȅǀdzơ (Mura) ơǁȂǷ ǂĔ ƭȂǴƫ ÎÖÒÓ ǵƢǟ Ŀȁ -ÑÏÒ
ǞºLJơȁ ƢƆƯȂǴƫ ƢLjǸǼdzơȁ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ śƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƽȁƾūơ
ƨȈƟƢǷǂȀǯ ƩƖnjǼǷ Ƨƾǟ ƢȀƬǬǴǗƗ Ŗdzơ DZƢƷȁȋơȁ ƤLJơȁǂdzƢƥ ǩƢǘǼdzơ
ȅƽƢǨƫ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ ƢƆǨȇǂǐƫ ƢȀǓơȂƷƗ Ǧȇǂǐƫ ȃƾdz ƨȇȁƢLjŶ
Ǻºǟ ƢȀǔºȇȂǠƬƥ ƢȈǧȐºLJȂǣȂȇ ƪƦdzƢǗȁ .ŚƦǯ ǹƢǔȈǧ ƭȁƾƷ
ǁơǂºǓȋơ Ǻǟȁ ǩǁȂǴdz ǹƢǠǼǐǷ ƢǿƾƦǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǂƟƢLjŬơ
ȄǴǟ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǪǨƫơ ÎÖÒÖ ǵƢǟ Ŀȁ .ǭƢũȋơ ƾƟƢǐŠ ƪǬū Ŗdzơ
ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨȈǸǯ ƪǸǴLJȁ ƢƆȈdzƢǷ ƢƆǔȇȂǠƫ ƢȀƦƳȂŠ ƢLjǸǼdzơ ƪǠǧƽ ƨȇȂLjƫ
ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ ƪŤ ƨȇȂLjƬdzơ ǹƗ ǞǷȁ .(ÓÏÎ)ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ ńƛ ǩǁȂdzơ ǺǷ
(ƢƆȈdzƢƷ ƨȇȁƢLjǸǼdzơ - ƨȈǼȈǧȂǴLjdzơ) ƨȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȈdzơ - ƨȇȁƢLjǸǼdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ
ƧǁǂǔºƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƩƾǼƬLJơ ƨȈǔǫ ǽǀǿ ǹƜǧ ơǁȂǷ ǂȀǼdz ƨǸƟơƾdzơ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƪǴƦǫȁ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ƨƦƷƢǏ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƧǂNjƢƦŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ńƛ
.ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƾƥ ƢǿƢȇƛ ƧǁǂǔƬŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨƦdzƢǘŠ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ƨƦƷƢǏ
ƢºǻƢȈdzȂƳ ƨºȇŚƦȈǴdzơ ǖǨǼdzơ ƨǴǫƢǻ ƪǸǘƫǁơ ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǟ Ŀȁ -ÑÏÓ
ƨºǠǫơȂdzơ (Niigata) ƢƫƢǣƢȈǻ ǺǷ ƣǂǬdzƢƥ ƪǸnjēȁ ǝƢǬdzƢƥ (Juliana)
ƪǧǀǫȁ .(Honshu) ȂnjǻȂǿ ƨȈǻƢƥƢȈdzơ ƧǂȇDŽŪơ ǺǷ ĺǂǤdzơ DzƷƢLjdzơ ȄǴǟ
ƾƟƢǐºŠ ƨºƷƽƢǧ ơƆǁơǂǓƗ ƪǬūƗȁ ƞǗƢnjdzơ ńƛ ƨǴǫƢǼdzơ ǖǨǻ ƱơȂǷȋơ
ǹȂȈǴǷ ÏÍÍ (ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƽ) ƨȇŚƦȈǴdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪǓǂǟȁ .ƨȈǴƄơ ǭƢũȋơ
ǽǀºǿ Ŀȁ .(ÓÏÏ)ƢǿȂǴƦǬǧ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƢƆǔȇȂǠƫ ǺȇƽƢȈǐdzơ ȄǴǟ Ǻȇ
ƢȀȈǧ ƤƦLjƫ ǁơǂǓƗ ǝȂǫȂƥ ƩơƔƢǟƽơ ƨȇŚƦȈǴdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪǴƦǫ ƨȈǔǬdzơ
ƨȇƗ ȆLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǵƾǬƫ Ń ǾǻƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ .ȅƽƢǟ ǎƼNj DzǠǧ
.ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ ƢȇŚƦȈdz ńƛ ƤLjǼƫ ƩơƔƢǟƽơ
ǺǷ ǹȂdzƢǣ ÎÏ ÍÍÍ ƣƢǰLjǻơ ǂƯƛ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÔÏ ǵƢǟ Ŀ -ÑÏÔ
ƪºǼȇȂƥ ȅŚnjºƫ Ŀ ǂƸƦdzơ Ŀ ǑǁƢǟ ƭƽƢƷ ǂƯƛ ǵƢŬơ ǖǨǼdzơ
ǾȈdzƛ ȃƽƗ ƢǷȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ǺǘǼNjơȁ ƨȇȏȂƥ (Cherry Point)
ńƛ ƧǂǯǀǷ ơƾǼǯ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƪȀƳȁ ƨȇƾǼǰdzơ ƞǗơȂnjdzơ ƭȂǴƫ ǺǷ
ǢdzƢºƦdzơ ƢȀǬǴǫ Ǻǟ ƢȀȈǧ ƪƥǂǟƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ Ƨǁơǃȁ
ƨǷȂǰūơ" ǹƗ ńƛ ƩǁƢNjƗȁ "ƔȂLjdzƢƥ ǁǀǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ" ǽǀǿ Ɣơǃƛ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǶȀȈǴǟ ǞǬƫ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǹƘƥ ƨȇȂǫ ƩơƾȈǯƘƫ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ ƽȂƫ
Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǞȈŦ Ǻǟ DzǷƢǰdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹȂǠǧƾȈLJ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǁƢºƯȉơ ǑơǂǠƬLJơ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀȁ .(ÓÏÐ)"ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ
ȅƾǼǰdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǂȇǃȁ DZƢǫ ȅƾǼǰdzơ ǹƢŭŐdzơ ǵƢǷƗ ƨƯƽƢƸǴdz ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǹȁƚnjǴdz
__________
.Guggenheim, “La pratique suisse (1956)”, p. 169 (ÓÏÍ)
The Times ȁ žHandl, “State liability ...”, pp. 545–546 ǂǜǻơ (ÓÏÎ)
.(London), 2 December 1971, p. 8, col. 1
The Times (London), 1 October 1974; and Revue générale (ÓÏÏ)
.de droit international public (Paris), vol. 80, 1975, p. 842
Canadian Yearbook of International Law (Vancouver), (ÓÏÐ)
.vol. XI, 1973, p. 334
ǀƼƬƬLJ ƢĔƗȁ ǁơǂǓƗ ǺǷ Ǯdzƿ ǾƦƦLJ ƢǷ Dzǯ ǒȇȂǠƬdz ƧƾǠƬLjǷ
.(ÓÎÓ)DzȈƦǬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ƭƽơȂƷ ǁǂǰƫ ǞǼŭ ƨǷǃȐdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ Dzǯ
ǹƗ ȄºǴǟ ƨȈũǂdzơ ƩȐLJơǂŭơȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ DZƾƫȁ -ÑÏÎ
Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ ƨǘnjǻȋ ǁƢǔdzơ ǂƯȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DzǸƸƬƥ ƪǴƦǫ DZȁƾdzơ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơ DžƢLJȋơ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ .ƢȀȈǓơǁƗ Ŀ ƨǴǷƢǠdzơ ƨǏƢŬơ ƩƢǻƢȈǰdzơ
Ȃºǿȁ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƧƽƢȈLjdzơ ƗƾƦǷ ǺǷ ƾǸƬLjǷ ǽǀǿ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭ
Ƨǂǰdzơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƔơDŽƳƗ Dzƻơƽ ƨǐdzƢƻ ƢƆǫȂǬƷ DZȁƾdzơ ƶǼŻ ǵȂȀǨǷ
ƧƽƢȈLjºdzơ ƨºǨȈǛȂdz ǵȂºȀǨŭơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ Ļ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈǓǁȋơ
ǮºǴƫ Ŀ ǶºǰƄơ ǂǯǀǧ .(ÓÎÔ)DžƢŭƢƥ ƧǂȇDŽƳ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ
:ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƧƽƢȈLjdzơ ǹƗ ƨȈǔǬdzơ
DZȁƾºdzơ ƨǘnjǻƗ ƽƢǠƦƬLJơ ȅƗ œǴLjdzơ ƢȀƦǻƢƳ ȄǴǟ ƢȀLjǨǻ ǂǐǬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȏ
ǾȈǴǟ ȅǂš ȅǀdzơ DŽȈūơ DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǶLjǬȇ ǹƗ Ȃǿ ƾȈǨŭơ ǂǷȋơȁ žȃǂƻȋơ
Ŗdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǺǷ Ňƽȋơ ƾūơ ǕƢǬǼdzơ ǞȈŦ Ŀ ƢŮ DzǨǰƫ Ȇǰdz ƨȇǂnjƦdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ
.(ÓÎÕ)ƢȀȈǴǟ ƢƆǸȈǫ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ŐƬǠȇ
ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŠ ǶLjƬȇ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿ ǢȈǏ ƾǫȁ -ÑÏÏ
ǶȈǴLjºdzơ DžƢºLJȋơ Ȇǿ ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ƨȇƽƢŭơ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ǹƗ ǽƽƢǨǷ ƨȈǠǫơȂdzơ
ȃȂºƬǨdzơ Ŀ ƔƢƳ ƾǬǧ .ƢȀƬǠƦƫȁ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǾȈǴǟ ǵȂǬƫ ȅǀdzơ
ÎÖÔÎ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÎ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƢēǁƾǏƗ Ŗdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƢȈƦȈǷƢǻ ƨȈǔǫ ǹƘnjƥ
ƨºȈǰǴŭơ Ŀ Ǫºūơ ƨȈǟǂNj ȏȁ ƧƽƢȈLjdzơ ȏ ǶȈǴǫȍơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ǹƛ
Ŀ ǂƯƚºƫ Ŗºdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǾȈǴǟ ǵȂǬƫ ȅǀdzơ DžƢLJȋơ Ȇǿ
.(ÓÎÖ)ȃǂƻƗ DZȁƽ
ǾƦƦLjºȇ ƢǸǟ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Dzǰnjƫ ǁȂǜǼŭơ ơǀǿ ǺǷȁ -ÑÏÐ
ƱǁƢºƻ ǁơǂºǓƗ ǺǷ ƢēǂǘȈLjdz ǹȂǠǓƢŬơ ǹȂȇƽƢǠdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ
ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ƢȀưŞ ȆǤƦǼȇ Ŗdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǺǷ ƨǷƢǿ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ ƽȁƾƷ
ơǀđ ƨǴǐƬŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ ȄǴǟ ƨǴưǷƗ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ
.ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǁƽƢǐǷ ǺǷ ǁƾǐŭơ
ļƢLjȈNjǁƗ Ŀ Ǟǫơȁ ǂƟƢƻƿ ǞǼǐǷ ǂƴǨǻơ ÎÖÑÕ ǵƢǟ Ŀ -ÑÏÑ
ƤƦLjºǧ ƨȇǂLjȇȂLjdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ǺǷ ƣǂǬdzƢƥ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ Ŀ (Arcisate)
ƩƢºǻȂȈǷȂǯ Ƨƾºǟ Ŀ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǺǷ ƨƫȁƢǨƬǷ ƩƢƳǁƽ ǽǁƢƴǨǻơ
ǺºǷ ƩƢǔºȇȂǠƬƥ ƨȇǂLjºȇȂLjdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪƦdzƢǗȁ .ƨȇǂLjȇȂLJ
ńƛ Ǯºdzƿ Ŀ ƩƾǼƬLJơȁ ǁǂǓ ǺǷ Ǟǫȁ ƢǸǟ ƨȈdzƢǘȇȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ
ƪºƸũ ƢºĔȋ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ ǹƘƥ ƨǴƟƢǫ ǁơȂŪơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ
__________
Annuaire suisse de droit international, 1969–1970 (ÓÎÓ)
.(Zürich), vol. 26, p. 158
Netherlands v. United States of America, UNRIAA, vol. (ÓÎÔ)
.II (Sales No. 1949.V.1), p. 829
.ÕÐÖ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÎÕ)
Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence (ÓÎÖ)
of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding
Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J.
.Reports 1971, p. 54, para. 118
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
DZǀºƥ ǑǂǠƬºLJ ƢºĔƗ ńƛ ơǂLjȇȂLJ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƩǁƢNjƗȁ -ÑÐÍ
DzƳƗ ǺǷ DzǸǠdzơ ƪƻȂƫȁ Dzƥ ǁơǂǓȋơ ƨȇȂLjƬdz ƧƾȈǸūơ ƢȀȈǟƢLjǷ"
ƩȏƢºūơ Ŀ ȅƗ) ǥƢǐǻȍơ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƤºƳȂŠ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƽ ƢȀȈǧ ǵDŽǴȇ ȏ Ŗdzơ
ƨǠȇǂLJ" ƨȇȂLjƫ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ơǂLjȇȂLJ ƪǬǧơȁȁ .(ÓÏÕ)("ƽƾnjŭơ
Sandoz ƨǯǂºNj ƪǬǴƫȁ .ƨƯƽƢūơ ƢȀƬƦƦLJ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȌdz "ƨdzƽƢǟȁ
.(ÓÏÖ)ƢȀǠǧƾƥ ƪǷƢǫȁ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǹƘnjƥ ƧŚƦǯ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ
ƢºȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ơǂȇǃȁ ǺǴǟƗ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƣƢǰLjǻȏơ ƾǠƥȁ -ÑÐÎ
Sandoz ƨǯǂºNj ǺºǷ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ȄǴǟ ƢǸȀǷDŽǟ ƢLjǻǂǧȁ
ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǹƗ Ȃǿ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƨǷȂǰƷ ȅƗǁ ǹƢǯȁ .(ÓÐÍ)ơǂLjȇȂLJȁ
ƿƢºţƢƥ ǃȁƾǻƢºLJ ƨǯǂNj ǵơDŽdzƛ DZƢŷƛ Ǻǟ ƪǴǨǣƗ ƾǫ ƨȇǂLjȇȂLjdzơ
ǍǂūƢƥ ȆǴƸƬdzơ ǵƾǠƥ ƩǂǫƗ ơǂLjȇȂLJ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǹƗȁ ƨǷȐLjǴdz Śƥơƾƫ
Ŀ ƢēƢǟƢǼǐdz ĿƢǰdzơ ǶȈǜǼƬdzơ ƿƢţơ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǞǼŭ ƤƳơȂdzơ
ƩƢºƦdzƢǘǷ ǵċƾǬĄƫ Ń ǾǻƗ ƾȈƥ .(ÓÐÎ)ƨȈǻȏƾȈǐdzơ ƩơǂǔƸƬLjŭơ DZƢů
.(ÓÐÏ)ơǂLjȇȂLJ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƾǓ
ǹȂƬǻƢºǰdzơ Ŀ ŚƦºǯ ƭȂºǴƫ ƭƾƷ ÎÖÔÐ ǵƢǟ Ŀȁ -ÑÐÏ
ƱƢºƬǻƛ ƤƦLjºƥ (Bale-Ville) "DzȈǧ - DZƢƥ" ȄǸLjŭơ ȅǂLjȇȂLjdzơ
.ƽȁƾºūơ Őǟ ǞǬȇ ȆLjǻǂǧ ȆƟƢȈǸȈǯ ǞǼǐǷ Ŀ Ʃơǂnjūơ ƩơƾȈƦǷ
Ǯºdzƿ Ŀ ƨºƠȈƦdzơȁ ƨǟơǁDŽdzƢƥ ǁơǂǓƗ ǩƢūƛ ńƛ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ȃƽƗ ƾǫȁ
ȅǂȀnjdzơ ƱƢƬǻȍơ ǺǷ ǂƬȈdz ÎÍ ÍÍÍ ŅơȂƷ ǥȐƫƛ ńƛȁ ǹȂƬǻƢǰdzơ
ǽǀºǿ ǦºǼƬǰƫ Ŗdzơ ǞƟƢǫȂdzơ ǺǷ ƾǯƘƬdzơ ƤǠǐȇȁ (ÓÐÐ)ƤȈǴƸǴdz
ǹƗ ǂǿƢºǜdzơȁ .ƨȈºLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ǺǷ ƢȀƦǬǟƗ ƢǷȁ ƨȈǔǬdzơ
ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǞǷ ƪǓȁƢǨƫȁ ƪǴƻƾƫ ƨȇǂLjȇȂLjdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ
ƽǁ ƢǷƗ .ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƫ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơȁ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǧǫȁ ƨȈǤƥ
ǒǠƥ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ žƶǓơȁ Śǣ ȂȀǧ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ DzǠǧ
.ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ǶǯƢƄơ Ŀ ȃȁƢǟƽ ơȂǷƢǫƗ ǺȇǁǂǔƬŭơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ơƾǼǯ śƥ Ʃǁơƽ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ DZȐƻȁ -ÑÐÐ
ƽȁƾƷ ǺǷ ƣǂǬdzƢƥ ƩǁȂǧȂƥ ǂŞ Ŀ ǖǨǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƤȈǬǼƬǴdz ƨǘƻ ǹƘnjƥ
Ǻºǟ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǟǧƽ ǹƢǸǔƥ ƨȇƾǼǰdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƩƾȀǠƫ ƢǰLJȏƗ
ƨǏƢŬơ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ƨǘnjǻƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ƢȀƦƦLjƫ ƾǫ ǁơǂǓƗ ƨȇƗ
ńȂºƬƫ ǹƗ ǁǂºǬƫ ǾǻƗ ǞǷȁ .ƤȈǬǼƬdzƢƥ ǞǴǘǔƫ ǹƗ ǁǂǬŭơ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ
Ŀ śǴǸƬºƄơ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdz ƨdzƢǨǯ ƾǼLJ ŚǧȂƫ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨǯǂnjdzơ
ȆºǠƦƫ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƪǴƦǫ ƨȇƾǼǰdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƜǧ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
śƦºƫ ơƿƛ ƽȁƾūơ Őǟ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ Ǟǧƽ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
.Ƣđ ƔƢǧȂǴdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ƨdzƢǨǰdzơ ƤȈƫǂƫ ǹƗ
__________
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ
.Schwabach, “The Sandoz spill ...”, p. 453
.ÑÓÖ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ
.ÐÎ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Pisillo-Mazzeschi
.Schwabach, “The Sandoz spill ...”, p. 469
Caflisch, “La pratique suisse en matière de droit ǂºǜǻơ
.international public 1973”, p. 147
202
Ŀ ƾǸƬǟơ ȅǀdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ƨdzƢǨǯ Ȃǿ ǍƢƻ Dzǰnjƥ ƢǼǸȀȇ ƢǷ ǹƛ
ÎÖÐÕ ǵƢºǟ Dzȇǂƫ ǂȀǐǷ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ơƾǼǯ śƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ
ǪºƸǴȇ ȂºŴ ȄǴǟ ǾǸȈǴǫƛ ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ ƶǸLjȇ ǹƗ ƾǴƦdz ǃȂŸ ȏ ǾǻƗ ǾȈǧ ǁǂǬƫȁ
ȅƗ Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƽ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǴƦdzơ ǹƗȁ ǂƻƕ ƾǴƥ ǶȈǴǫƜƥ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǂȀǐǷ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǽǀđ ơƾǼǯ ƪǴƦǫ ƾǫȁ .ȂƸǼdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ǞǬȇ ǁǂǓ
ơǀºǿ ǹƗ ǞǫơȂdzơȁ .ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǪƦǘȈLJ ǾLjǨǻ ƗƾƦŭơ ǹƗ ǞǫȂƬǻ ǹƗ ƢǼdzȁ Dzȇǂƫ
Ŀ ƾºǸƬǠĄȇ ǹƗ DZȂǷƘŭơȁ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ŚƦǯ ƽƾǟ DZȂƦǬƥ ȆǜƷ ǹƗ ǪƦLJ ƗƾƦŭơ
ƧƾǟƢǫ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ [ƨȇǂnjƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ řǠŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǂŤƚǷ] ŃȂȀǯȂƬLJ ǂŤƚǷ
.(ÓÏÑ)Ņȁƾdzơ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǺǷ ƨȈLJƢLJƗ
ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƨǴưǸƬŭơ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ńƛ ƢēǁƢNjƜƥ ơƾǼǯ ƪǟƽơ ƾǫȁ -ÑÏÕ
Ŗºdzơ ǁơǂºǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǹƗ Dzȇǂƫ ǂȀǐǷ
ƢēǂǘȈºLJ ƪºŢ ƪǠǫȁ DZƢǠǧƗ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢǿƽȁƾƷ ƱǁƢƻ ƢȀƬƦƦLJ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƤºǻƢƳ ǺǷ ŚǐǬƫ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ
Ŀ ơƾºǼǯ ǾȈdzƛ ƩƾǼƬLJơ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ Dzƻƾȇ Ńȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹƛ ƿƛ žǝơŗǴdz ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ
ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƽǁ DZơDŽȇ ȏȁ ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ Ǟǧƽ ƪǓǂǟ
.ƵȂǓȂdzơ Ǻǟ ơƆƾȈǠƥ ȅƾǼǰdzơ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ȄǴǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ǹơŚǼdzơ ƪǠdzƾǻơ ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǟ ƪƯƾƷ Ŗdzơ Sandoz ƨƯǁƢǯ Ŀȁ -ÑÏÖ
ơǂLjȇȂLJ Ŀ DZǃƢƥ ƨǼȇƾǷ ƱǁƢƻ Schweizerhalle Ŀ ǞǬȇ ǝƽȂƬLjǷ Ŀ
ǹƢºǯȁ .ƨȈǻȏƾȈǐºdzơ ƩơǂǔƸƬLjǸǴdz Sandoz S.A. ƨǯǂNj ǾǰǴŤȁ
ƩƢºǧƕ ƩơƾºȈƦǷ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǟơǁǃ ƩƢȈƟƢǸȈǯ ȄǴǟ ȅȂƬŹ ǝƽȂƬLjŭơ
ǩȐºǗƛ ńƛ Ǫºȇǂūơ ƽƢŨȍ ǽƢȈŭơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ȃƽƗȁ .ƨȈLjȈƟǁ ƧǁȂǐƥ
ȄºǴǟ ȅȂƬŢ Ŗdzơȁ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ƨƾȇƾnjdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǺǷ ƨƦǠǰŭơ ǁƢƬǷȋơ ǥȏƕ
ǽƢºȈǷ ƱƢƬǻƛȁ ƾȈǐdzơ ǦǫȁƌƗ ǵƢȇƗ Ƨƾǟ Ƨƾŭȁ .Ǻȇơǂdzơ ǂĔ Ŀ ƨȈďǸLJĄ ƽơȂǷ
Ŀ ǂȀºǼdzơ ȃǂºů DzǨLJƗ ǂƬǷȂǴȈǯ Î ÍÍÍ ƾǠƥ ȄǴǟ ŕƷ ƣǂnjdzơ
Ǻȇơǂºdzơ ǂĔ ƨȇƢǸū ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƩƾǬǟ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥȁ .(ÓÏÒ)ơƾǼdzȂǿ
Ǯdzǀºƥ DzǐƬƫ ƩƢǟƢǸƬƳơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ƨƠȈƦdzơ Ɣơǁǃȁ džǴůȁ
Ŀ ơǂLjºȇȂLJ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭ ƧǁƢºNjƛ ȅƗ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ ƾƦȇ Ńȁ .ƣƢǰLjǻȏơ
Ǯºdzƿ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥȁ .ƩƢǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ǽǀđ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ƩƢǣȐƦdzơ
.(ÓÏÓ)Sandoz ƨǯǂnjºdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ǻǟ śƬȀŪơ ƢƬǴǯ ƪǸǴǰƫ
ǾºǼǟ ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ƵȐǏƛ ƧǁȁǂǓ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ʃǁǂǫȁ
Ŀ ǪūƢºƥ ǹȂºǜǨƬŹ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ" ǹƗ Ǻǟ ƣơǂǟȍơ ǁǂǰƫȁ .ƨǟǂLjƥȁ
Ŗdzơ ƧƾȈǸūơ ȆǟƢLjŭơ ǹƗȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ Sandoz ƨǯǂNj ƨƦdzƢǘǷ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭƢƥ ǥơǂºƬǟơ ȅƗ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ ȏ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƩƢǷȂǰūơ ƢŮǀƦƫ
.(ÓÏÔ)"ƩƢǷȂǰƸǴdz ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƽȂƳȂƥ ƾȀǠƫ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ
__________
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÏÑ)
(ÓÏÕ)
Oliveira, “The Sandoz blaze: the damage and the ǂºǜǻơ (ÓÏÒ)
(ÓÏÖ) public and private liabilities”; Pisillo-Mazzeschi, “Forms of
(ÓÐÍ) international responsibility for environmental harm”; and Schwabach,
(ÓÐÎ) “The Sandoz spill: the Failure of international law to protect the Rhine
(ÓÐÏ) .from pollution”
(ÓÐÐ) .ÑÐÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Oliviera (ÓÏÓ)
.ÑÐÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÏÔ)
203 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ Ɣơǂƥȍơ
ǶºǴǟ ơƿƛ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǾƦǴǘƬȇ Ƣŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨƯƽƢūơ Ǻǟ ǡȐƥȍƢƥ -Î
žƢđ ǾǸǴǟ ǁŐƫ ƣƢƦLJƗ ƩƾƳȁ ȁƗ ƨƯƽƢūƢƥ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ
ǹȁƢºǠƬdzơ ǺºǷ DZȁƚLjǷ ǦǛȂǷ ǾƦǴǘȇ ƢǷ Dzǯ ŚǧȂƬƥ ȁƗ -Ï
ȁƗ žƨdzơǃȍơ ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śdzȂǬǠŭơ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơȁ
śƫƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ǁƽƢǏ ǂǷȋ DZƢưƬǷȏƢƥ ǥƢǯ ƤƦLJ ǹȁƾƥ -Ð
Ŀ DzƻƾƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ȁƗ ... ÎÐÏÎ ǝǂǨdzơ ǺǷ (ǿ) ȁƗ (Ʊ) śƬȈǟǂǨdzơ
.ǁƢƸƦdzơ ŅƢǟƗ
ǺºǷ (ƣ)ÏÔÍÐ ǝǂǨdzơ ƤƳȂǸƦǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ -ÑÐÕ
ȄǴǟ ǞǬƫ ȏ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǀºdzơ ǁƾǬdzƢƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƔƢǟƽƛ ƤƷƢǏ ǽƢš ƨǠƦƫ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ
ƽȂǐºǬǷ ǥǂǐƫ ƔȂLJ ȁƗ ǶȈLjƳ DZƢŷƛ ƢȀƦƦLJ ƾǫ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǹȂǰƫ
ǃȂŸ ÏÔÎÍȁ ÏÔÍÖ śǟǂǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠȁ .*Ȇǟƾŭơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ
ǶȈºǬȇ ǹƗ DzºǷƢǰdzơ ǝƢǧƾºdzơ Ǿdz ǂǧȂƬȇ Ń ơƿƛ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘǴdz
ơǀºǿ ǹƢºǯ ǹƛ ǁǂǔdzơ Ŀ ǾƬŷƢLjŭ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ȄǴǟ ȃȂǟƾdzơ
ǹƗ ȁƗ Dzºǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ǾǼǷ ƔDŽƳ Ŀ ƣƢǰLjǻȏơ ƤƦLJ ƾǫ ǥǂǘdzơ
.ǒȇȂǠƫ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz ǾȈǓƢǬȇ
(ȁ)ÎÐÏÎ ǝǂǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨđƢnjǷ ǝȂǧƽ DZƢǸǠƬLJơ ǺǰŻȁ -ÑÐÖ
:DzǸnjƫ Ȇǿȁ .ǽƢȈŭơ ƭȂǴƫ ƨƸǧƢǰŠ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ
ǁƾǬdzơȁ ƔƢǔǬdzơ (ǦdzƗ)
ĺǂƷ DzǸǟ (ƔƢƥ)
ȁƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZƢŷƛ (ǶȈƳ)
ơƿƛ ƢºǸǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ǺǷ DZƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ DzǠǧ (DZơƽ)
Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢºǻ Śǣ ȁƗ ƢƆŦƢǻ ơǀȀǯ DZƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ DzǠǧ ȅƗ ǹƢǯ
.ǵƾǬƫ ƢǸȈǧ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƽȂǼƦdzơ ǺǷ ƲȇDŽǷ ȅƗ ȁƗ DZƢŷƛ
(ƣ)ÖÓÍÔ ǝǂǨdzơ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼǷ ƢȀLjǨǻ ǝȂǧƾdzơȁ -ÑÑÍ
ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơȁ ƨºȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬºLJȏƢƥ ǪºǴǠƬŭơ DzǷƢnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ
ǝƢǘƬLJơ ơƿƛ ȏƛ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ŐƬǠȇ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ
ƾºȇƾȀƬdzơ ȁƗ ƧǂºǘŬơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǩȐǘǻơ ǹƗ ƨƸƳơǂdzơ ƨdzƽȋƢƥ śƦȇ ǹƗ
:ƤLjƸǧ ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǾƦƦLJ ƾǫ ǁǂǓ ǺǷ ƢȀǼǟ Ƕų ƢǷȁ ƢȀǫȐǘǻƢƥ
žǁƾǬdzơȁ ƔƢǔǬdzơ -Î
žĺǂƷ DzǸǟ -Ï
ȃƾdz ƢƆǷƾƼƬLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ǺǷ DZƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ DzǠǧ -Ð
Ŀ ǾºdzƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ ǾºǴǠǧ ƭƾŹ ƢƆǐƼNj ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ȁƗ Ǿdz Ȑ Ɔ Ȉǯȁ ȁƗ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ
ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ǞǷ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ Śǣ ȁƗ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨǸƟƢǫ ƨȇƾǫƢǠƫ ƨǫȐǟ ǑǂǠǷ
:ǾǻƗ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛ
ƨºȈǼǠŭơ ƧǂǘŬơ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨƦƳơȂdzơ ƨȇƢǼǠdzơ DžǁƢǷ (Ɨ)
ǥȁǂºǜdzơȁ ǞƟƢǫȂdzơ Dzǯ ƔȂǓ Ŀ ƧǂǘŬơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǮǴƫ ǎƟƢǐƻ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǞǷ
ȁ žƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ
Ɣơǂºƥȍơ ƣƢƦLJƗ ǒǠƦƥ ǀƻȋơ ńƛ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǪƦLJ -ÑÐÑ
ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ (Ɨ)ÏÔÍÐ ǝǂǨdzơ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ DZƢưǷ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ
"DzǷƢǰdzơ ǝƢǧƾdzơ" ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ
ƨdzƽȋƢƥ ǺĈȈƥ ơƿƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǹƗ ŘǠŠ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƨƸƳơǂdzơ
Ń ƨºdzơǃȍơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ȁƗ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƲƬǼȇ ƢǷȁ ƣƢǰLjǻȏơ ǹƗ
:Śǣ ƢǸȀȈǧ ƤƦLjƬȇ
žǁƾǬdzơȁ ƔƢǔǬdzơ -Î
žĺǂƷ DzǸǟ -Ï
ȃƾdz ƢƆǷƾƼƬLjǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƢǷ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ǺǷ DZƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ DzǠǧ -Ð
ǑǂǠǷ Ŀ ǾdzƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ ǾǴǠǧ ƭƾƸȇĄ ƢƆưdzƢƯ ƢƆǧǂǗ ȁƗ Ǿdz Ȑ
Ɔ Ȉǯȁ ȁƗ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ
ȅƽǂºǨdzơ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ƤȈƫǂƫ Ƙnjǻ ơƿƛ ȏƛ) DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǞǷ ƨȇƾǫƢǠƫ ƨǫȐǟ ƨȇƗ
.(ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ ǭǂƬnjǷ DzǫƢǻ ƨǘLJơȂƥ DzǬǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƨƦLjºǼƥ Ǟǧƾdzơ DZƢǸǠƬLJơ ǺǰŻ ȏ Ǻǰdzȁ -ÑÐÒ
ƨºƸƳơǂdzơ ƨdzƽȋƢƥ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛ ȏƛ "ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ"
:ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ
ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǞǷ řǠŭơ ǖǨǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨƦƳơȂdzơ ƨȇƢǼǠdzơ DžǁƢǷ (ǦdzƗ)
Ʃơƿ ǥȁǂǜdzơȁ ǞƟƢǫȂdzơ ǞȈŦ ƔȂǓ Ŀȁ ǖǨǼdzơ ǎƟƢǐƻ
ȁ žƨǴǐdzơ
ȁƗ DZƢºǠǧƗ ǺºǷ ǾºǠǫȂƫ ǺǰŻ ƢǷ ƾǓ ƩƢǗƢȈƬƷơ ǀţơ (ƔƢƥ)
ǮºǴƬdz ƨǠǫȂƬŭơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơȁ ơǀȀǯ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ȅƗ ƩȏƢǨǣƛ
ȁƗ žƩȏƢǨǣȍơ ȁƗ DZƢǠǧȋơ
.[ǽȐǟƗ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ǁȂǷȋơ] ǺǷ ƲȇDŽǷ ȅƗ -Ñ
(ǦdzƗ)(Î)(ƽ)ÏÔÍÏ ǝǂǨdzơ ǎǼȇ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ -ÑÐÓ
ǹƘnjºƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ
ǥǂǘdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƪƦưȇ ƨdzƢƷ ƨȇƗ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ȁƗ ƨºdzơǃȍơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƲƬǼȇ ƢǷȁ ƣƢǰLjǻȏơ ǹƘƥ DZȁƚLjŭơ
ƮºdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ǺǷ DZƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ DzǠǧ Śǣ ƢǸȀȈǧ ƤƦLjƬȇ Ń ǁơǂǓȋơ
ǹƜºǧ (Ð)(Ɨ)ÏÔÍÐ ƧƽƢºŭơ Ŀ śǧȂǏȂŭơ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ƾƷơȁ
ƾȇƾŢ Ǒơǂǣȋ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ DzǷƢǠȇ ƮdzƢưdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ
ơǀºǿ ƤLjŞ ǥǂǗ ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨƦLjǼƥ Ǟǧƾdzơ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ .ƨǠƦƬdzơ
‘Ï‘-‘Α(ƔƢƥ)(Î)(ƽ)ÏÔÍÏ ǝǂǨdzơ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ .Ȇŷȁ ǂǷƗ ǎǼdzơ
ƔƢºǟƽȍơ ƤƷƢǏ ńƛ ƢƆǔȇȂǠƫ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ Ǟǧƾȇ ǹƘƥ ȆǔǬȇ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƨºǷȂǰƷ ǩȂǬƷ ǞȈŦ DZȐƷƛ ȄǔƬǬŠ Ǿdz ǹȂǰȇȁ
ƽǂƬLjȇ ǹƗ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƢǸȀǴŰ ǾdzȂǴŞ ǾȈdzƛ ƔƢǟƽȍơ ƤƷƢǏȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
.ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨdzơǃȍơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ƮdzƢưdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǺǷ
Ń ơƿƛ ǝȂǧƾdzơ ǽǀǿ ƵƢƬƫ ȏ (Ʊ)ÏÔÍÐ ǝǂǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÑÐÔ
:ȆǴȇ ƢŠ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ǒǧǁ ȁƗ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǶǬȇ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǮºdzƢŭơ ƨǨȈǴƻ ȁƗ ƔȅŐdzơ ǮdzƢŭơ ǝȂǧƽȁ (ÓÐÖ)("ƨǨȈǨǗ ƤLjǼƥ")
ÎÖÖÑ ǵƢºǠdz ȆºƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ Ŀȁ .ƔȅŐdzơ
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǺǷ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ȆǷơDŽdzȍơ ǂǷȋơ ǝȂǧƾdzơ ƪǴſ ǪƥƢLjdzơ
ǾºȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZƢŷȍơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ Ŀ ƾǸǠƬŭơ ǵƢȀLJȍơȁ
ǍƢƼºNjȋƢƥ ǪºƸǴȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ǶȈLjŪơ DZƢŷȍơ)
.(ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǖȈLjƦdzơ DZƢŷȍơȁ
/ňƢºưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÍ ƹǁƚŭơ ȆǰȈƴǴƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ DzǸnjȇȁ -ÑÑÐ
ƨǠǓƢŬơ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ Ŀ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ǹƘnjƥ ÎÖÖÖ ǂȇƢǼȇ
ƨºȈǴǿȋơ ƣǂºūơ ƣǂºūơ :DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ƢƆǟȂǧƽ ƨȈǰȈƴǴƦdzơ ƨȇȏȂǴdz
ǾºƦǼš ǺºǰŻ ȏ ȆƟƢǼưƬLJơ ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƧǂǿƢǛ ȁƗ ƣƢǿǁȍơ
ǥǂºǗ ƤºǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZƢǨǣȍơ ȁƗ ƽȂǐǬŭơ DzǠǨdzơ žǾǠǧƽ ǺǰŻ ȏȁ
ǺǷ ǂƻƕ ǁƢǓ DzǠǧ ȅƗ ȁƗ DZƢŷȍơȁ žǁǂǔdzơ ƭơƾƷƛ ƾǐǬƥ ƮdzƢƯ
.(ÓÑÍ)ƨȈƷȐŭơ ƨȇƽƢNjǁȍơ ƩƢǷȐǠdzơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƨǘǴLJ ƤǻƢƳ
ƧƾºǟƢǫ ǹƗ ȁƾºƦȇ ȅDŽºȈǴǰǻȍơ ǵƢǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÑÑÑ
ǺºǷ ŘưƬLjºƫȁ .ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȏơ ǒǠƦƥ ǥǂƬǠƫ Rylands v. Fletcher
ƨǘǴLjºdzơ ǥơǂºNjƛ ƪŢ ǀōǨǼĄƫ ȁƗ ƾċȈnjĄƫ Ŗdzơ DZƢǤNjȋơ Ŀ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ
ȁƗ ǁƾǬdzơȁ ƔƢǔǬdzơ DZƢǠǧȋ ƨƴȈƬǻ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ǺǷ ŘưƬLjĄƫ ƢǸǯ .ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǩȁƾǼǏ Ŀ ƤǬƯ ǑǂǬƥ ǁƘǧ ǵƢȈǫ ǹƢǯ Ľ ǺǷȁ .ƨưdzƢƯ ǥơǂǗƗ DZƢǠǧƗ
ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ ǁƾºǫȁ ƔƢǔǫ ƨƥƢưŠ Ǯdzƿ ǁƢƦƬǟȏ ƢƆȈǧƢǯ œnjƻ ƣơDŽȈǷ
DzǠǨdzơ ǹƢǰǧ Richards v Lothian ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƢǷƗ Carstairs v Taylor
ǁȂƦǼǏ ƶƬǧȁ DzȈLjǤǴdz ƢƆǓȂƷ ƾLJ ȅǀdzơ śƥǂƼŭơ ƾƷƗ Ǿƥ ǵƢǫ ȅǀdzơ
ơǀºƥȁ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ DZƢǠǧƗ ǺǷ DzǠǧ ƨƥƢưŠ Ǯdzƿ ǁƢƦƬǟȏ ƢƆȈǧƢǯ ǽƢȈŭơ
ƪºƷǂƥ ƢǷȁ .ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ǺǷ Rylands v. Fletcher ƧƾǟƢǫ ƩƾǠƦĄƬLJơ
Ŀ ƢƆȈºLJƢLJƗ ơƆǂǐǼǟ ƣǂLjƬdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷȁ ƾǠƦdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǴƠLJȋơ
ơƿƛ ƢǷȁ (ÓÑÎ)"ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ Śǣ ǵƾƼƬLjŭơ" ƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǴƠLJȋơȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ
ƤºƳȂŠ ƢȀºǼǟ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƽ ǺǰŻ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ƪǻƢǯ
ȄºǴǟ ǂƯƗ ƢŮ ǹȂǰȇ ƢŠǁȁ ǶǰƸǴdz ƨǠǓƢƻ ƢƆǠȈŦ ƢȀǴǯ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ
ƢƆºLJƢLJƗ Dzǰnjºƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ľ ǺǷȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǵƾǟ ȁƗ ǪȈƦǘƫ
.ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨȈǔǫ ǦǼƬǰƫ Ŗdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƔơǂƥȎdz
ƨºȇƢŧ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ ÏÔ ǝǂǨdzơ ǺǷ (ǿ)Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÑÑÒ
ȁƗ ƧǂǿƢºǬdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ Dzǰnjƫ ȏ ÎÖÖÎ ǵƢǠdz DžȂȈnjȇǁȂǷ Ŀ ƨƠȈƦdzơ
(force majeure, la ǽƾƷȁ ƨȈƸǔdzơ Ƙǘƻ ȁƗ ƮdzƢưdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ Ƙǘƻ
ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢƆǟȂǧƽ faute du tiers, et la faute exclusive de la victime)
.(ÓÑÏ)ƩƢƥƢǰLjǻȏƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǹƘnjƥ ƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţƢƥ
__________
,ÐÎ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Clarke (ÓÐÖ)
Cousy and ƆƢºǷȂǸǟ ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .ÓÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÑÍ)
.ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Droshout
ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǦǴƬƼŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩơǁƢNjȍơȁ DzȈǴƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdz (ÓÑÎ)
Transco plc v. Stockport ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ Hoffman ƽǁȂǴdzơ ǶǰƷ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǂǜǻơ
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÎÏÏ ƨȈNjƢūơ) Metropolitan Borough Council
.ÏÔÔ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Sinatambou (ÓÑÏ)
204
DZƢºǠǧƗ ǺºǷ ǾºǠǫȂƫ ǺºǰŻ ƢºǷ ƾǓ ƩƢǗƢȈƬƷơ ǀţơ (ƣ)
DZƢºǠǧȋơ ǮºǴƬdz ƨºǠǫȂƬŭơ ƲƟƢºƬǼdzơȁ ơǀȀǯ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ȅƗ ƩȏƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ
ȁƗ žƩȏƢǨǣȍơ ȁƗ
.(ÓÐÑ)[ǽȐǟƗ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ] ǁȂǷȋơ ǺǷ ƲȇDŽǷ ȅƗ -Ñ
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƣƢƦLJȋơ ȄǴǟ ňƢŭȋơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǎǼȇȁ -ÑÑÎ
ƧǂºǿƢǫ ƧȂººǫ ǾƦƦLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ (Ɨ) :ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƔơǂƥȎdz
ǾºǻȂǯ Ǻºǟ ƾȇDŽȇ ȏ" ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ (ƣ) ž(ÓÐÒ)(höhere Gewalt)
ƔƢǼưƬLJȏơ ơǀǿȁ .(ÓÐÓ)"ƨȈǴƄơ ǝƢǓȁȋơ ƤLjŞ ȏȂǬǠǷ" ȁƗ "ƢƆǨȈǨǗ
ǾºƳȂdzơ ȄºǴǟ ƢȀǴȈǤnjƫ ȅǂŸ" ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ȏƛ ǪƦǘǼȇ ȏ
.ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ƨǷȐLjdzơ ƨǸǜǻƗ Dzǰdz ƪǴưƬǷơ ƢĔƗ ŘǠŠ (ÓÐÔ)"ƶȈƸǐdzơ
(ÓÐÕ)ȅƽƢºŢȏơ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ǒȈǬǼdzơ ȄǴǟȁ
ƾºǟơȂǬdzơ ǺºǷ ơƆƾƷȂǷ ƢƆȈǼǗȁ ƢƆǷƢǜǻ ǂǧȂȇ ȅǁơƽƛ ȆƠȈƥ ǹȂǻƢǫ Ȃǿȁ
ǺǷ DzȈǴǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ȏƛ ȅȂƬŹ ȏ ƨƯȂǴƬŭơ ǞǫơȂŭơ ǦȈǜǼƫȁ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ƨȇƢǸū
ǺºǰŻ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ò ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂǸƦǧ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƾǓ ǝȂǧƾdzơ
DzǫƗ Śƥƾƫ ńƛ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǵƢƬdzơ ƔƢǔǬdzơ ǺǷ ƵȐǏȍơ ǥƾǿ DzȈǴǬƫ
ǾºȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ (Ɨ) ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƔơȂƬƷȏơ DzưǷ ƆƢǟȂǻ ƨǬnjǷ
ǹȋ ǁǂǔºdzơ ƭȁƾºƷ ǞǫȂƬȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƭȁƾƷ ƪǫȁ Ŀ
ǹƗ (ƣ)ȁ žƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩƢƦǴǘƬŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƪǻƢǯ Ƣđ ǵƢǫ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
Ŀ ƨºdzƢūơ ǥȁǂºǛ ǞºǓȁ ǞǷ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƧǂȇƾƳ ƨǼLjūơ ǽƢȇơȂǻ
ǝƢǧƾºdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ȅƽƢŢȏơ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǎǼȇȁ .ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ
ƵƢºƬǷ ǝƢǧƾºdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǹƜǧ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .ƔȅŐdzơ ǮdzƢŭơ Ǻǟ
ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǃȂŸȁ .śȈdzƢūơ ȏ śǬƥƢLjdzơ ǺǯƢǷȋơ ȆǴǣƢNjȁ śǰdzƢǸǴdz
ƩƢǘǴLjºdzơ ƤºǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǂȇƾǬƬdzơȁ ƤLJƢǼƬdzơ ȅƗƾƦǷ ńƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏơ
.ƨȇƢǸūơ ǑǂǤdz ƨǐƬƼŭơ
ǭǂŶơƾºdzơ Ŀ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz ƨƯȂǴƬŭơ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÑÑÏ
ƣơǂǘǓȏơȁ ƣǂūơ :ƵȐǏȍơ ǂǷơȁƗ ƾǓ ƢƆǟȂǧƽ Dzǰnjȇ ƢŲ ǾǻƜǧ
Ɔ ǔǧ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƨƯǁƢǰdzơ ȁƗ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơȁ ňƾŭơ
ȁƗ ǹơŚǼºdzơ Ǻǟ Ȑ
ǶLjƬȇ ǭȂǴLJ ǁǂǔdzơ ƭȁƾƷ Ŀ ƤƦLjdzơ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƢǷ ȆƟƢǼŪơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ƾǟơȂǬdz Ǟǔź ǭȂǴLJ ȁƗ ƭȂǴŭơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƧȏƢƦǷȐdzƢƥ
de minimis ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơ ǝȂǧƽ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǪƦǘǼƫȁ .ȃǂƻƗ ǺǯƢǷƗ Ŀ ƾNjƗ
__________
ƧƽƢǷ ǩȐǗƛ ƨǠǫơȂƥ ȆǴǠǧ ǶǴǟ ȄǴǟ DzǤnjŭơ ȁƗ ǮdzƢŭơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ (ÓÐÑ)
ǾºǸǴǠȇ ƢǸǟ Ǧnjǰdzơ ǹȁƽ ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj ńƛ ƨȈǰǴŭơ DzǬǻ Ľ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ŀ Ƨǂǘƻ
ǾºǼǰŻ ȏȁ ȏƆ ȁƚLjºǷ Dzºǜȇ ǪƥƢLjdzơ DzǤnjŭơ ȁƗ ǮdzƢŭơ ǹƜǧ ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ
.(Ð)(ƣ)ÖÓÍÔ ǝǂǨdzơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ Ǟǧƾdzơ ńƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏơ
.ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ Ñ ǝǂǨdzơ (ÓÐÒ)
.ÏÖ ƨȈNjƢūơ ÐÏ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Hoffman (ÓÐÓ)
ǹƢºǯ ơƿƛ ȏƛ ƔƢǼưƬLJȏơ ơǀǿ ǪƦǘǼȇ ȏȁ .ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ Ò ǝǂǨdzơ (ÓÐÔ)
ƨºȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƬdzơ ǞȈǸŪ DzưƬǷơ ǾǻƗ ŘǠŠ "ƨǸȈǴLJ ƧǁȂǐƥ DzǸǠȇ" Ǫǧǂŭơ
.(ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ Hoffman) .DzȈǤnjƬdzơ Ŀ ǝƢǘǬǻơ ƭƾŹ Ń ǾǻƗȁ
ǶºǜǠǷ ƪƸƦºǏƗȁ ÎÖÖÕ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ Ŀ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǸĄƬǟơ (ÓÐÕ)
ƾºǠƥ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǀǨĄǻ ƾǫȁ ÎÖÖÖ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ Î ǀǼǷ DZȂǠǨŭơ ƨȇǁƢLJ ǾǷƢǰƷƗ
ÎÏ ƹǁƚºŭơ ƨƯȂǴƬŭơ ǞǫơȂŭơȁ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ƨȇƢǸū ȅƽƢŢȏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ
.ÑÏ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Clarke ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǂǜǻƗ .ÎÖÖÖ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ
205 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
.(ÓÑÐ)DZƢºŷȍơ ǪºȇǂǗ Ǻºǟ ǁǂǔºdzơ Ŀ ƨŷƢLjŭơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǺǷ (ƽ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂǸƦǧ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ
Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ô ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ
ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏ ƧǁƢǓȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛ ǮdzƢŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ǞƥƢºǘdzơ Ǻǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ʼnƾǬƬƥ ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ȁƗ ƨǼƸnjdzơ DzLJǂǷ ǵƢȈǫ ǵƾǟ
ńƛ ƢǷƛ ȃƽƗ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗȁ ƨǻȂƸnjŭơ ƽơȂǸǴdz ȆǸLjdzơȁ ŚǘŬơ
ȁƗ žƆƢȈƟDŽƳ ȁƗ ƢƆȈǴǯ ǁǂǔdzơ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ‘Α
ȏƗ Ǖǂnjºƥ ÎÏ ƧƽƢºǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ śǷƘƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǮdzƢŭơ DZȂǐƷ ǵƾǟ ‘Ï‘
DZȂºǬǠŭơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ȁƗ ǽƙȐǯȁ ȁƗ ǾǷƾƻ ȁƗ ǮdzƢŭơ ǶǴǟ ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ
.ƨǻȂƸnjŭơ ƽơȂǸǴdz ȆǸLjdzơȁ ŚǘŬơ ǞƥƢǘdzƢƥ ơȂǸǴǠȇ ǹƗ
ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǝƢǬdz ƨȈǻƾǠŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ð ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǸǔƬƫȁ -ÑÒÍ
Ǯºdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢºǓȍƢƥȁ .ƧƘnjǼŭơ DzǤnjǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƨđƢnjǷ ƩơǁƢƦǟ
Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƧǁȂƴȀŭơ ǂƠƦdzơ DzǤnjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ
ǂưǯƗ ƾǠƥ ƪǠǫȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ƪƦƦLJ Ŗdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǹƗ ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
ƨǘǴLJ ƪŢ ǂƠƦdzơ ǾȈǧ Ʃǂƴǿ ȅǀdzơ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ džŨ ǺǷ
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ƢȀƦƦLjƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ó ƧƽƢŭơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ (ÓÑÐ)
:ȆǴȇ ƢǸǯ ƢȀǐǻȁ Ǒǁȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨưdzƢƯ ǥơǂǗȋ ƨȈƦǼƳȋơ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ
ǹȂºǰȇ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ȄǴǟ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǞǬƫ ȏ -Î"
ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƤƳȂŠ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ Ǯdzƿ ȏȂdz
ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ ǂƻƕ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ DzǠǧ ȁƗ DZƢŷƛ Ǻǟ ȏƛ ǶƴǼȇ Ń
ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛȁ .ǾƟȐǯȁ ȁƗ ǾǷƾƻ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ƣƢǐŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ
DZƢºŷƛ ǾȈǧ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƾǟƢLJ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ
ƣƢǐºŭơ ǎƼnjºdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ ǂƻƕ DzǠǧ ȁƗ
ǁơƾºǬŭƢƥ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǒǨź ǾƟȐǯȁ ȁƗ ǾǷƾƻ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ
ƾºǫ DZƢºǨǣȍơ ȁƗ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǠǨdzơ ȁƗ DZƢŷȍơ Ǯdzƿ ǹȂǰȇ ȅǀdzơ
ơǀºǿ DzºưǷ ǪƦǘǼȇ Ȑǧ ơǀǿ ǞǷȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ȄǴǟ Ǿƥ ƾǟƢLJ
ƨºdzƢƷ Ŀ ǁǂǔºdzƢƥ ƣƢǐŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛ ǒǨŬơ ȁƗ ƔȐƻȍơ
ǵƽƢºƻ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ ǂƻƕ DzǠǧ ȁƗ DZƢŷƛ ƽȂƳȁ
.ǾƬǘǴLJ ǩƢǘǻ Ǿǧǂǐƫ Ŀ ǃȁƢš ǾǴȈǯȁ ȁƗ ǾǷƽƢƻ ǹƗ DzȈǯȁ ȁƗ
ƤƦLjƥ ǒȇȂǠƫ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz ȃȂǟƽ ǎƼNj ǵƢǫƗ ơƿƛ -Ï"
ǎƼnjºdzơ ơǀºǿ DZƢŷȍ ǹȂǰȇ ǁǂǔƥ ǾƬƥƢǏƛ ȁƗ ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj ƧƢǧȁ
ƤºǻƢƳ ǺǷ ȁƗ ǾƦǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ ǂƻƕ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ DzǠǨdz ȁƗ ǂƻȉơ
."ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ǂƯȋơ džǨǻ ǾƟȐǯȁ ȁƗ ǾǷƾƻ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ñȁ Ð ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ
ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ ƨǠƬǷȋơȁ ƣƢǯǂdzơ DzǬǼƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǺǷ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ ȁƗ ƢƆȈǴǯ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ƨǰLjdzơ ȄǴƼĄƫ -Ð"
ǾƦǰƫǁơ DZƢŷƛ ȁƗ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ DzǠǧ ńƛ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǾȈǧ ȃDŽǠƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁơƾǬŭƢƥ
.ƤǯơǂǴdz ȅƽƢǠdzơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ǞǷ ǪǨƬȇ ȏ ǾǼǷ ǥǂǐƫ ńƛ ȁƗ Ƥǯơǂdzơ
ƨƯƽƢūơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ƨǰLjdzơ ȄǴƼĄƫ -Ñ"
ǾºƦǼš ƨºȇƾȇƾūơ ƨǰLjºǴdz ǺºǰŻ Ń ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ǥǂǐƫ ńƛ ȃDŽǠƫ
ǥȁǂǜdzơ Ŀ ƣȂǴǘŭơ Ǎǂūơ ƨºLJǁƢŲ Ƕǣǂƥ ǽǁƢƯƕ ǞǼǷ ƪǟƢǘƬLJơ ȏȁ
."ƨdzƢūƢƥ ƨǏƢŬơ
Ŀ DZƢūơ ǹƘNj Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢĔƘNj DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ Ŀȁ -ÑÑÓ
ǕƢǬºLJƛ ƢºȀȈǧ ǃȂŸ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǥȁǂǛ ǭƢǼǿ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ DzǛ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ Ɣơǂƥȍơ ǶǰŢ Ŗdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơȁ .ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ǺǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ Ŀ ƨºǬƦǘǼŭơ ƝƽƢƦŭƢƥ ƨȀȈƦNj DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ Ŀ
ƭǁơȂºǰdzơȁ ňƾºŭơ ǹƢȈǐǠdzơȁ ƣǂūơ ƢȀƬǴưǷƗ ǺǷȁ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ
ǵƢȀºLJȍơ ŐƬǠĄȇȁ .Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƢǷȁ ȆƟƢǼưƬLJȏơ ǞƥƢǘdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ
ȆºǤǴȇ ǾºǻƘƥ ǁǂǔºdzơ ǾǬū ȅǀdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZƢŷȍƢƥ
Ŀ ƨǧǂǐºƬŭơ ƨºdzȁƾǴdz ȁƗ DzǤnjǸǴdz ƨȈƟDŽŪơ ȁƗ ƨǴǷƢǰdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
.ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǒǠƥ
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ -ǦdzƗ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺºǷ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ðȁ Ï śƫǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ -ÑÑÔ
ƨȈdzƢƬǬdzơ DZƢǸǟȋơȁ ƣǂūơ Dzǰnjƫ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǞƥƢǘdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǂǿơȂǜdzơȁ ƶǴLjŭơ ǹƢȈǐǠdzơȁ ƨȈǴǿȋơ ƣǂūơȁ
Ɣơǂƥƛ ƶȈƬƫ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǽƗǁƽ ǺǰŻ ȏȁ ǾǼǟ ƾȈŰ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ȆƟƢǼưƬLJȏơ
ȄǴǟȁ .Ȇǟƾŭơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZƢŷȍơ Ǻǟ DZDŽǠŠ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ǮdzƢŭơ
ǾºǴǯ ƢƆŦƢǻ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƢǯ ǹƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ȄǴƼĄȇ ǮdzƢŭơ ǹƜǧ ơǀǿ
ƨºȇƗ ȁƗ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƨȇƗ ǾƬƦǰƫǁơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ ǂƻƕ DzǠǧ ȁƗ DZƢŷƛ Ǻǟ
DzƟƢLJȂdzơ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣ ȁƗ ǁơȂǻȋơ ȄǴǟ ǙƢǨūơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƩƢǘǴLJ
.ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƩƢƦƯȍơ ƔƤǟ ǞǬȇȁ .ƨƷȐŭơ ȄǴǟ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺºǷ ƨºưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ðȁ Ï ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫ -ÑÑÕ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȇƗ ǮdzƢŭơ ȄǴǟ ǞǬƫ ȏ -Ï
:ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
ȁƗ ƨȈǴǿƗ ƣǂƷ ȁƗ ƨȈƟơƾǟ DZƢǸǟƗ ȁƗ ĺǂƷ DzǸǟ Ǻǟ Ƕų (Ɨ)
ǺǰŻ ȏȁ ǾǼǟ ƾȈŰ ȏ ȆƟƢǼưƬLJơ ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƧǂǿƢǛ ȁƗ ƶǴLjǷ ǹƢȈǐǟ
ȁƗ ǽƗǁƽ
ƨºȈǼƥ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ DzǠǧ ƢƆȈǴǯ ǾƦƦLJ (ƣ)
ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ƭơƾƷƛ
ƨȇƗ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ ǂƻƕ DzǠǧ ȁƗ DZƢŷƛ ƢƆȈǴǯ ǾƦƦLJ (Ʊ)
DzƟƢºLJȁ ȁƗ ǁơȂºǻȋơ ȄºǴǟ ǙƢǨūơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƨǘǴLJ ȁƗ ƨǷȂǰƷ
.ƨǨȈǛȂdzơ ǮǴƫ ƨLJǁƢŲ ȃƾdz ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈƷȐŭơ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ
ǾºǴǯ ƲƬǻ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ǮdzƢŭơ ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛ -Ð
ǎƼnjºdzơ ǁǂǔºdzơ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ƨȈǼƥ ǾƦǰƫǁơ DZƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ DzǠǧ Ǻǟ ƢǷƛ ǾǔǠƥ ȁƗ
ƢƆºȈǴǯ ǮºdzƢŭơ Ɣơǂƥƛ ǃƢƳ ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ DZƢŷƛ Ǻǟ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ǾƥƢǏƗ ȅǀdzơ
.ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǽƢš ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ ȁƗ
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǸǔƬƫ Ǯdzǀǯ -ÑÑÖ
ǵƢºǠdz ȆºǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
ǺºǷ Ô ƧƽƢŭơȁ ǺǨLjdzơ ƽȂǫȁ ƪȇǃ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ð ƧƽƢŭơȁ ÎÖÓÖ
ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ǪºǴǠƬƫ ƨđƢnjǷ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơ ƧǁƢǓȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ Ǻǟ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
.ÎÖÔÔ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐƥ ǎǼdzơ ơǀǿ DZƾǟ ƾǫȁ .(ÓÑÒ)ȆƟƢǼưƬLJơ
ƢºǼȈȈǧ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺºǷ Ó ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ
.ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz
ǁǂºǓ Ǻºǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǞǬƫ ȏ
ƶǴLjºŭơ ǝơǂǐºdzơ DZƢǸǟƗ ǺǷ DzǸǟ ńƛ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ǞƳǂƫ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǾƦƦLjƫ ȅȁȂǻ
.ƶǴLjŭơ ǹƢȈǐǠdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǴǿȋơ ƣǂūơ ȁƗ ƨȈdzƢƬǬdzơ DZƢǸǟȋơ ȁƗ
ƨǬƷȏ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ƢƆƳƿȂŶ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ʃƾǣȁ -ÑÒÐ
ȄºǴǟ ƢȀºǼǷ ƔƢȇ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ȇǿ
ƨƯƽƢƷ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ DzǤnjŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ" :ȆǴȇ ƢǷ
ƶǴLjºŭơ ǝơǂǐºdzơ DZƢºǸǟƗ ǺǷ DzǸǟ ńƛ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȃDŽǠƫ ƨȇȁȂǻ
ǽǀǿ DzŢȁ ."ƶǴLjŭơ ǹƢȈǐǠdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǴǿȋơ ƣǂūơ ƨȈdzƢƬǬdzơ DZƢǸǟȋơ
Ŗdzơ ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ DzŰ ƧƽƢŭơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ
ƨºȇȁȂǻ ƨºƯƽƢƷ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ DzǤnjŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ
ȁƗ ƨȈdzƢƬǬdzơ DZƢǸǟȋơ ȁƗ ƶǴLjŭơ ǝơǂǐdzơ DZƢǸǟƗ ǺǷ DzǸǟ ńƛ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȃDŽǠĄƫ
Ʃơƿ ƧŚǘƻ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƨƯǁƢǯ ƭȁƾƷ ȁƗ ƶǴLjŭơ ǹƢȈǐǠdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǴǿȋơ ƣǂūơ
ƧƘnjǼŭơ ǾȈǧ ƾƳȂƫ ȅǀdzơ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ Ǟȇǂnjƫ ǎǻ ơƿƛ ȏƛ ȆƟƢǼưƬLJơ ǞƥƢǗ
.Ǯdzƿ Śǣ ȄǴǟ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢºǠdzȁ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Dzǯ ǎǼƫȁ -ÑÒÑ
ǺºǷ ǶȈLjºƳ DZƢŷȍ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƭƾƷ ƾǫ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ
ǃȂŸ ǁǂǓ ƭơƾƷƛ ƾǐǬƥ ǾƦǻƢƳ ǺǷ ŚǐǬƫ ȁƗ Ȇǟƾŭơ ƤǻƢƳ
ȆºǨǠƫ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ȆǴƄơ ƢĔȂǻƢǫ ǎǻ ơƿƛ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz
ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧơƾƥ ǾǷơDŽƬdzơ ǺǷ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ ȁƗ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ DzǤnjŭơ
ǹƗ ƩƢºƦƯƛ DzǤnjŭơ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ǞǬȇ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ .ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ Dzưŭ
.(ÓÑÓ)Ȇǟƾŭơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ DZƢŷȍơ
__________
ƢºǼȈȈǧ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÓÑÒ)
:ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǞǬƫ ȏ (Ɨ) Ð"
ǝơǂǐdzơ DZƢǸǟƗ ǺǷ DzǸǟ ńƛ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ǞƳǂƫ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǾƦƦLjƫ ȅȁȂǻ ǁǂǓ Ǻǟ
.ƶǴLjŭơ ǹƢȈǐǠdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǴǿȋơ ƣǂūơ ȁƗ ƨȈdzƢƬǬdzơ DZƢǸǟȋơ ȁƗ ƶǴLjŭơ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǫ ǾºȈǴǟ ǎǼȇ ƾǫ ƢǷ ơƾǟ ƢǸȈǧ (ƣ)"
Ǻºǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ DzǤnjŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ Ǯdzǀdz ƢƆǧȐƻ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƢȀȈǧ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ƨºƯǁƢǯ ńƛ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ǞƳǂƫ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǾƦƦLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
."ȆƟƢǼưƬLJơ ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿ ƧŚǘƻ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ
ƢºǼȈȈǧ ŖȈǫƢºǨƫơ ǺǷ Dzǯ ǺǷ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫ (ÓÑÓ)
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdzȁ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz
DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ Ƕų ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ƪƦưȇ ǹƗ DzǤnjŭơ ǝƢǘƬLJơ ơƿƛ
ǑǂºǠƫ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǶȈLjƳ DZƢŷƛ Ǻǟ ƢǷƛ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ ȁƗ
ǝƢǬȇƛ ƾǐǬƥ ƭƾƷ ȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ŚǐǬƫ ƤƦLjƥ ȁƗ ǁǂǔǴdz
Ǯºdzƿ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ƢĔȂǻƢǫ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz ǃȂŸ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƾƥ ǾǷơDŽƬdzơ ǺǷ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ ȁƗ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ DzǤnjŭơ ƔƢǨǟƛ
."ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ǿdz ǑǂǠƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
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Ŀ Ʃǂƴǿ ƾǫ ǂƠƦdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .ƢēƢƦǴǘƬŭ ƢƆǬǧȁȁ ƧǂǘȈLjŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
.ǪƦǘǼŭơ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ǟǔţ ȃǂƻƗ ǥȁǂǛ
ƨºŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÑÒÎ
ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥȁ ƨȇŐdzơ ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǻ DZȐƻ
ǺǰǷƗ ơƿƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ DzǫƢǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJȁ
:ƪƦưȇ ǹƗ Ǿdz
ƨȈdzƢƬǫ DZƢǸǟƗ ȁƗ ĺǂƷ DzǸǟ Ǻǟ ƲƬǻ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ (Ɨ)
ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƧǂǿƢǛ ȁƗ ƶǴLjǷ ǹƢȈǐǟ ȁƗ ƨȈǴǿƗ ƣǂƷ ȁƗ
ȁƗ ǽƗǁƽ ǺǰŻ ȏȁ ǾǼǟ ƾȈŰ ȏ ȆƟƢǼưƬLJơ
ƤƦLjƬdzơ ƨȈǼƥ DZƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ DzǠǧ ǾƬȈǴǰƥ ǾƦƦLJ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ (ƣ)
ȁƗ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ǺǷ ǁǂǓ Ŀ
Ǧºȇ Ń ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ȁƗ ƨǟƢǔƦdzơ DzLJǂǷ ǹƗ (Ʊ)
Ȃºǿ ȏ ǾǻƗȁ ǞƟƢǔƦǴdz ƧǂǘŬơ ƨǠȈƦǘdzƢƥ ǾǷȐǟƜƥ ȆǓƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥ
ȄǴǟ ơȂǻȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǶȀȈǴǟ ƤŸ ǹƢǯ ȁƗ ǶǴǟ ȄǴǟ ơȂǻƢǯ ǾǷƾƻ ȏȁ
.(ÓÑÑ)ƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥ ǶǴǟ
ǭȂǰǐdzơ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼǷ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǭƢǼǿȁ -ÑÒÏ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ð ƧǂǬǨdzƢǧ .ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ǹƢºǯ ơƿƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ Ɣơǂƥȍơ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ
ǺǷ DzǸǟ ńƛ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ǞƳǂȇ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǾƦƦLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƣǂºūơ ȁƗ ƨºȈdzƢƬǬdzơ DZƢºǸǟȋơ ȁƗ ƶǴLjŭơ ǝơǂǐdzơ DZƢǸǟƗ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǎǼȇ Ń ƢǷ ǾǻƜǧ ơǀǰǿȁ .ƶǴLjŭơ ǹƢȈǐǠdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǴǿȋơ
ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƢȀȈǧ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ȆǴƻơƾdzơ
ƨºƯƽƢƷ ǾƦƦLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƆȏȁƚLjǷ džȈdz DzǤnjŭơ
ǞƥƢºǗ Ʃơƿ ƧŚºǘƻ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƨƯǁƢǯ ńƛ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ǞƳǂƫ ƨȇȁȂǻ
__________
Ǻºǟ ƨºȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ð ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÓÑÑ)
ƨºȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥȁ ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǻ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ ƔDŽƳ Ŀ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJ Ŀȁ
Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǻ ǁǂǓ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏ -Ð"
ƨȈƟơƾǟ DZƢǸǟƗ ȁƗ ĺǂƷ DzǸǟ Ǻǟ ƲƬǻ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
ȆƟƢǼưƬºLJơ ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƧǂǿƢǛ ȁƗ ǹƢȈǐǟ ȁƗ ƨȈǴǿƗ ƣǂƷ ȁƗ
.ǾƬǷȁƢǬǷ ǺǰŻ ȏȁ ǵȂƬŰȁ
Ǻºǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƧǁȂƴȀǷ ǂƠƥ DzǤnjǷ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏ -Ñ"
ǁǂǔºdzơ ƪƦƦLJ Ŗdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǹƗ ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǾºȈǧ Ʃǂƴǿ ȅǀdzơ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ džŨ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ƾǠƥ ƪǠǫȁ
ǂƠƦdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .ƢēƢƦǴǘƬŭ ƢƆǬǧȁȁ ƧǂǘȈLjŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨǘǴLJ ƪŢ ǂƠƦdzơ
ǹȂǻƢºǬǴdz DzǤnjºŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ǟǔţ ȃǂƻƗ ǥȁǂǛ Ŀ Ʃǂƴǿ ƾǫ
.ǪƦǘǼŭơ řǗȂdzơ
ƲƬǻ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ DzǤnjŭơ ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛ -Ò"
ǁǂºǓ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ƨȈǼƥ ǾƦǰƫǁơ DZƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ DzǠǧ Ǻǟ ƢǷƛ ǾǔǠƥ ȁƗ ǾǴǯ
ǃƢºƳ ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ DZƢŷƛ Ǻǟ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ƣƢǐŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ
."ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǽƢš ǾƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǺǷ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ ȁƗ ƢƆȈǴǯ DzǤnjŭơ ƔȐƻƛ
207 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǹȂǻƢºǬǴdz ǃȂºŸ Ƣēơƿ Ð ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ó ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÑÒÔ
Ǟǧƾƥ ǾǷơDŽƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨȈƟDŽƳ ƧǁȂǐƥ ȁƗ ƢƆȈǴǯ DzǤnjŭơ ȆǨǠĄȇ ǹƗ řǗȂdzơ
ơƿƛ ǁǂǔǴdz ǑǂǠƫ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ńƛ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƫ
ƨºȈƟDŽƳ ƧǁȂǐƥ ȁƗ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ Ƕų ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ DzǤnjŭơ ƪƦƯƗ
ǺǷ DZƢǨǣƛ ƨƴȈƬǻ ȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǶȈLjƳ DZƢŷƛ Ǻǟ
.ǁǂǔdzơ ƭơƾƷƛ ƾǐǬƥ ƭƾƷ ǾƦǻƢƳ
ǺºǷ Ñ ƧƽƢºŭơ ǎǼƫ ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÑÒÕ
ƤƫǂƬƫ Ȑǧ .ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǔȇƗ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
DZƢǸǟƗ ǺǷ DzǸǠdz (Ɨ) :ƨƴȈƬǻ ǹƢǯ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ƪƦƯ ơƿƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ǹƢȈǐǠdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǴǿȋơ ƣǂūơ ƨȈdzƢƬǬdzơ DZƢǸǟȋơ žƶǴLjŭơ ǝơǂǐdzơ
ƾȈŰ ȏ ȆƟƢǼưƬLJơ ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƧǂǿƢǜdz ƨƴȈƬǻ (ƣ) žƶǴLjŭơ
DzºǷƢǰdzƢƥ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ (Ʊ) žǽƗǁƽ ǺǰŻ ȏȁ ǾǠǫȂƫ ǺǰŻ ȏȁ ǾǼǟ
Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǾƬǓǂǧ ȆǷơDŽdzƛ ŚƥƾƬdz DZƢưƬǷȐdz ƨƴȈƬǻ
ǁƢºǓ ǭȂǴLjdz ƨƴȈƬǻ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ǹƢǯ (ƽ) ȁƗ žǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƭƾƷ
ȅǀºdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ DzǸnjȇȁ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƾǸǠƬǷ
.ǁǂǔǴdz ǑǂǠƫ
ƔơǂƥȎdz ƩơǁŐǷ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ ǒǠƥ ǺǸǔƬƫȁ -ÑÒÖ
ƩơǁŐǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Õ ƧƽƢŭƢǧ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ
DZƢºǸǟƗ DzǸnjºƫ Ȇǿȁ DzǤnjǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ Ɣơǂƥȍơ
ƶǴLjºŭơ ǹƢȈǐǠdzơ ƨȈǴǿȋơ ƣǂūơ ƨȈdzƢƬǬdzơ DZƢǸǟȋơ ƣǂūơ
ǺºǰŻ ȏȁ ǾǼǟ ƾȈŰ ȏ ȆƟƢǼưƬLJơ ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƧǂǿƢǛ ȁƗ
ǩƢǘǻ ƱǁƢƻ ŐƬǠĄƫȁ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ Ƣđ ǵȂǬȇ Ŗdzơ DZƢǸǟȋơȁ žǽƗǁƽ
ŐºƬǠĄȇ ȏȁ .(ÓÑÔ)ƨºȈǷơDŽdzƛ ŚƥơƾºƬdz DZƢưƬǷȏơȁ žDzǤnjŭơ ƧǂǘȈLJ
DzºưǷ ƩƢƦǴǘƬŭ DZƢưƬǷȏơ ȁƗ ǕƢnjǼdzƢƥ ǵƢȈǬǴdz ȅǁơƽȍơ ǒȇȂǨƬdzơ
.(ÓÑÕ)ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƔơǂƥȎdz ƆơǁŐǷ Ǿƫơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ǒȇȂǨƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƔƢǼưƬLJơ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÑÓÍ
ǹƗ ƤºŸ DZȂºƦǬǷ ȃȂƬLjŠ ƭȂǴƬdzƢǧ .ǁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ Ňƽȋơ ƾūƢƥ
ŐºƬǠȇ ȅǀºdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƽƾƸĄȇ ǥȂLJȁ ƔƢǼưƬLJȐdz ƆƢLJƢLJƗ ǹȂǰȇ
ȄǴǟ ǪȈǴǠƬdzơ ǎǼȇȁ .ƨȈǴƄơ ǥȁǂǜdzơȁ ǝƢǓȁȋơ ƔȂǓ Ŀ ƆȏȂƦǬǷ
ǵƢºǜǻ ƾǷ ƤǼš Ȃǿ Ƕǰūơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ǑǂǤdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ Õ ƧƽƢŭơ
ƨºǸǰƄơȁ .(ÓÑÖ)"ƨdzȂƦǬŭơ Ʃơǁƾǰŭơ" ńƛ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƧƢºǟơǂǷ ǞǷ ƨdzȂƦǬǷ ƾǠĄƫ ƩơǁƾǰǷ ƨȇƗ ǁǂǬƫ Ŗdzơ Ȇǿ ƨǐƬƼŭơ
ǺºǷ ƔơǂƥȍƢºƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƶǸLjƫ Ǯdzǀǯ .(ÓÒÍ)ƨȈǴƄơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ
ǎƼnjdzơ ŁƢǐdz Ǿƥ ƆƢǠǴǘǔĄǷ ǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǹƢǯ ŕǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨǘnjǻȋơ ƨǏƢƻ ƨǨǐƥ ȆǘǤƫ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ ǾƥƢǏƗ ȅǀdzơ
ƨǬǧơȂŠ Ƣđ ǞǴǘǔŭơ ƨǘnjǻȋơȁ ƨƟǁƢǘdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ Ƣđ ǞǴǘǔŭơ
__________
.ǽȐǟƗ ÏÕÎ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÓÑÔ)
ƢºǸǯ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ džǴĐ ȆƷƢǔȇȍơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ǂǜǻơ (ÓÑÕ)
.ÒÖ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÖÖÐ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ Õ Ŀ ƾǸƬǟơ
.ÓÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÑÖ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÒÍ)
ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÑÒÒ
ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ DzưǷ ȄǨǠĄȇ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƽơȂǸǴdz ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ DZƢů Ŀ
džȇǁƢºƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ DzǤnjŭơ ŐĄƬǟơ ơƿƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ
řǗȁ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƤƳȂŠ ȁƗ ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȁƗ ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǠdz
ǹƘnjºƥ ƢƆǐǻ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ DzǸnjƫȁ .ƢǸȀǼǷ DzǫƗ Dzǰnjƥ ƢƆȈƫơȂǷ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ
ŖȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ DzƯƢŻ ǁǂǔdzơ ƭơƾƷƛ Ŀ ǶǿƢLjŭơ DZƢŷȍơ
.ÎÖÓÐȁ ÎÖÖÔ ȆǷƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ
ǁơǂºǓȋơ Ǻºǟ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǪǧǂǷ ǎǼȇȁ -ÑÒÓ
:Ð ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂǸƦǧ .ƢƆǔȇƗ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
...
ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǻºǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ȅƗ DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǞǬƫ ȏ (Ɨ) -Ò
ǝơǂǐdzơ DZƢǸǟƗ ǺǷ DzǸǟ ńƛ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ǞƳǂƫ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǾƦƦLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ
žƶǴLjŭơ ǹƢȈǐǠdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǴǿȋơ ƣǂūơ ȁƗ ƨȈdzƢƬǬdzơ DZƢǸǟȋơ ȁƗ ƶǴLjŭơ
ǹȂǻƢºǫ Ǯdzǀdz ƢƆǧȐƻ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǎǼȇ ƢǷ ơƾǟȁ (ƣ)
ȅǀdzơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ DzǤnjŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƢȀȈǧ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
Ʃơƿ ƧŚºǘƻ ƨºȈǠȈƦǗ ƨºƯǁƢǰdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƭƾŢ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǾƦƦLjƫ
žȆƟƢǼưƬLJơ ǞƥƢǗ
...
:ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ DzǤnjŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ -Ô
ƨºȇȁȂǻ ƧƘnjºǼǷ ȅƗȁ Ƣºēơƿ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼǸǴdz ƭƾŹ ȅǀdzơ (Ɨ)
ǾºȈǧ ƾƳȂƫ ȅǀdzơ ǞǫȂŭơ Ŀ ƾȈȈnjƬdzơ ƾȈǫ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ȃǂƻƗ
ȁ žƧƘnjǼŭơ ǮǴƫ
ǵƾƼƬLjĄƫ Ŗdzơȁ ǞǫȂŭơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ǺǷ ȅȋ (ƣ)
žDzȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƧƘnjǼǷ ȅƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀǷơƾƼƬLJơ ȅǂƴȈLJ ȁƗ
ǹȂºǰȇ ȏ Ǯºdzƿ Śǣ ȄǴǟ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǎǼȇ Ń ƢǷȁ (Ʊ)
ƨǴǐºdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ƽơȂºŭơ DzǸŢ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ DzǬǼdzơ ƨǴȈLJȁ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ
ȄǴǟ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǎǻ ơƿƛȁ .ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ DZȂǐƷ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ
Ǯºdzƿ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ǹȂǰȇ Ǻdz ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ DzǤnjŭơ ǹƗ
ǁơǂºǓȋƢƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǺǷ ǦȈǨƼƬdzơ Ŀ ǂƯƗ ȅƗ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǩȂºǬƷ ƩơƾºƷȁ ǺǷ ƢƆǻȂȈǴǷ ÎÒÍ Ǻǟ ƢǷƛ DzǬȇ ǢǴƦǷ ƽȁƾƷ Ŀ ȃǂƻȋơ
.ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ Ǟȇǂnjƫ ǽǁǂǬȇ ŐǯƗ ǢǴƦǷ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ
...
ǺºǷ ƭƽƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȅƗ DzǤnjŭơ DzǸƸƬȇ ȏ -ÎÍ
.ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀŮ ƢƆǬǧȁ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǩƢǘǻ ƱǁƢƻ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƔơǂƳ
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(ǞƥƢƫ (ÓÑÓ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ó ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ò ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ
:ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ DzǤnjŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ Ŗdzơ
Ŀ ƢŠ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƧƘnjǼǷ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼǸǴdz (Ɨ)"
ȁ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ǾȈǧ ƾƳȂƫ ȅǀdzơ ǞǫȂŭơ Ŀ ƾȈȈnjƬdzơ ƾȈǫ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ǯdzƿ
ȁƗ ǵƾƼƬLjºĄƫȁ Ǿºƫơƿ ǞǫȂŭơ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂǷ ƩƢǰǴƬŲ ȅƗ (ƣ)"
."ƧƘnjǼŭơ ǮǴƫ DzưŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀǷơƾƼƬLJơ ȅǂƴȈLJ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƨǘǴLJ ǺǷ ƨǠƥƢǻ ƨȈǷơDŽdzƛ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƫ ȁƗ ǂǷȋ DZƢưƬǷȏơ Ǻǟ Ƕų (ƣ)
ƨƯƽƢƷ ȁƗ ƭƢǠƦǻơ ƭȁƾƷ ƤǬǟ ƨǬƷȐdzơ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƬdzơ ȁƗ ǂǷơȁȋơ ǥȐş ƨǷƢǟ
.Ǿƫơƿ DzǤnjŭơ ƨǘnjǻƗ ƢǸȀƬƦċƦLJ
ȄǴǟ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǾȈƳȂƫ ǎǼȇ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ -ÑÓÓ
ƶǸLjºƫ ǹƗ ƔƢǔºǟȋơ DZȁƾǴdz ǃȂƴȈǧ .ǝƢǧƽ ƭƾƷƘƥ ȆǴƸƬdzơ
ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛ ƨȈƷȐǏȍơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ DzǸŢ ǵƾǠƥ DzǤnjǸǴdz
ȆºƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗȁ ǾƦǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZƢŷƛ ȁƗ ŚǐǬƫ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ
ƧǁȂǐºƥ Ǿºƥ ǹƿƌƗ ǕƢnjºǻ ȁƗ ƭƢºǠƦǻȏ ƨƴȈƬǻ (Ɨ) :ƭƾƷ
žƨºǬƦǘǼŭơ ƨºȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨǸǜǻȋơȁ śǻơȂǬdzơ ǞǷ ǪǨƬȇȁ ƨƸǓơȁ
ǩǂºǗ ǺºǷ ƨǬȇǂǗ ȅƗ ȁƗ ǕƢnjǻ ȁƗ ƭƢǠƦǻơ ƨƴȈƬǻ (ƣ) ȁƗ
ǾǻƗ DzǤnjŭơ ƪƦưȇ ȅǀdzơȁ ǕƢnjǼdzƢƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƲăƬǼƌŭơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ
ƨdzƢū ƆƢǬǧȁ ƆƢȈƠȈƥ ƆơǁǂǓ ƤƦLjȇ ǹƗ ƶƳǂŭơ ǺǷ ǾǻƗ ŐƬǠȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń
ƭƢǠƦǻȏơ ǾȈǧ ƣǂLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǼǬƬdzơȁ ƨȈǸǴǠdzơ ƨǧǂǠŭơ
.(ÓÒÐ)ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǾȈǧ ƭƾƷ ȁƗ
Ŗºdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÑÓÔ
ǹƗ ƨºǬǴǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƪƬƦƯƗ ơƿƛ ǾǻƜǧ ƨȈƟƢǔǨdzơ ǵƢLjƳȋơ ƢȀƯƾŢ
ǾǔǠƥ ȁƗ ǾǴǯ ƲƬǻ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƨƦƷƢǏ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƣƢǏƗ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ƤºǻƢƳ ǺǷ ŚǐǬƫ ȁƗ DzǠǧ Ǻǟ ȁƗ ǶȈLjƳ DZƢŷƛ Ǻǟ
ƗŐƫ ƢĔƜǧ ǁǂǔdzơ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ƨȈǼƥ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǁ ȁƗ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƨƦƷƢǏ
ǺºǷ Ɣơǂºƥƛ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ
ƨºǬǴǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ƣđ ƪǷƢǫ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ǁǂǔdzơ Ƕų ơƿƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
.Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǞǷ ȄnjǸƬƫ ȏȁ
ǁƢºƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÎÐÖ ƧƽƢŭơȁ -ÑÓÕ
ǾƦƦLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ɣơǂƥƛ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǎǼƫ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨºǸǜǻȌdz ƢȀºƬȇƢǟǂƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾƬǴſ ǎƼNj DZƢưƬǷơ ǵƾǟ
ƾǫ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǝƢǫ ǺǷ ǹƽƢǠŭơ ƱơǂƼƬLJƢƥ
DZƢºǠǨdzơ DZƢưƬǷȏơ ǹƢǸǔdz ƨƦLJƢǼŭơȁ ƨǷǃȐdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǞȈŦ Ʃǀţơ
ǺºǷ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơȁ ÎÒÐ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ
ƨǘnjºǻȋơ ÎÒÐ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (ƣ)Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ DZȁƢǼƬƫȁ .ƮdzƢưdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ
ǹȂºȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǍƢƼºNjȋơ ȁƗ ƨǘǴLjºdzơ Ƣđ ǞǴǘǔƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ
ǝƢºǫ DZȐǤƬºLJơ DzºƳƗ ǺǷ ǥơǂǗȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ȁƗ ǹȂȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ȁƗ
ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƨƥƢǫǁ ȄǴǟ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫ ƢǸǯ .ǁƢƸƦdzơ
ƩƢLjºLJƚŭơ ȁƗ ǥơǂºǗȋơ DZȁƾdzơ Ƣđ ǞǴǘǔƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ȄǴǟ
.ƢǿƢȇƢǟǁ ȁƗ ƢŮ ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ
ȄǴǟ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǥƢnjǰƬLJȏơ ƾǬǠdz ƨȇǁƢȈǠŭơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÑÓÖ
ǥĈǂºǠƫ Ȇǿȁ ƧǂǿƢǬdzơ ƧȂǬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ Ɣơǂƥȍơ
ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƢȀǠǷ ǞǫȂƬȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ń ƨdzƢƷ ȁƗ ƭƾƷ" ƢĔƘƥ
Ǟǫȁ ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ ȏƗ ƨǘȇǂNj ƢȀȈǴǟ ǂǘȈLjȇ ǹƗ ȁƗ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƢȀǠǼŻ ǹƗ
ƨºLJǁƢǸŭơ ƧƢºǟơǂǷ ǵƾºǟ ȁƗ DZƢŷȍơ ƤƦLjƥ ƨdzƢūơ ȁƗ ƭƾūơ
__________
.Õ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÒÐ)
208
ǺºǷ Ö ƧƽƢºŭơ ƤƳȂŠȁ .(ÓÒÎ)ǁǂǔdzơ ǾƥƢǏƗ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ
ǎƼºNj ǒȇȂǠƫ ǒǧǁ ȁƗ ǒǨƻ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz ǃȂŸ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ȁƗ ǁǂǔºƬŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ŚǐǬƫ Ǻǟ ƆƢŦƢǻ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ǁǂǔƬǷ
.ǾǼǟ ƆȏȁƚLjǷ Ȃǿ ǹȂǰȇ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ŚǐǬƫ
ǦºȈȈǯ DZȂºǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÑÓÎ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz
ǾºǻƗ ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛ DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀŮ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȅƗ ǞǬƫ ȏ
:ǹƢǯ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƜǧ ƨƦLJƢǼǷ ƨǷȐLJ Śƥơƾƫ ƽȂƳȁ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ
ƨȈdzƢƬǬdzơ DZƢǸǟȋơ ƶǴLjŭơ ǝơǂǐdzơ DZƢǸǟƗ ǺǷ DzǸǠdz ƨƴȈƬǻ (Ɨ)
žƶǴLjŭơ ǹƢȈǐǠdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǴǿȋơ ƣǂūơ
ǾǼǟ ƾȈŰ ȏ ȆƟƢǼưƬLJơ ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƧǂǿƢǜdz ƨƴȈƬǻ (ƣ)
.ǽƗǁƽ ǺǰŻ ȏȁ ǾǠǫȂƫ ǺǰŻ ȏȁ
ƨƴȈƬǻ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ -ÑÓÏ
ȅǀºdzơ ǥǂǘǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ȆǷơDŽdzƛ ŚƥƾƬdz DZƢưƬǷȐdz
ǁƢǓ ǭȂǴLjdz ƨƴȈƬǻ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ǹƢǯ ȁƗ žƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǾȈǧ ƪǠǫȁ
.ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƾǸǠƬǷ
ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǾȈƳȂƫ ǺǷ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟȁ -ÑÓÐ
ǁǂǔdzơ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ơǀǿ ȆǘǤȇ ȏ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz
:ǾƦƦLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ DzưǷ ƭȁƾŞ ǮȈNjȂdzơ ƾȇƾȀƬdzơ ȁƗ ȆƠȈƦdzơ
ƨºȈdzƢƬǬdzơ DZƢºǸǟȋơ ƶǴLjŭơ ǝơǂǐdzơ DZƢǸǟƗ ǺǷ DzǸǟ (Ɨ)
žƶǴLjŭơ ǹƢȈǐǠdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǴǿȋơ ƣǂūơ
ǺǰŻ ȏȁ ǾǼǟ ƾȈŰ ȏ ȆƟƢǼưƬLJơ ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƧǂǿƢǛ (ƣ)
.ǽƗǁƽ
ǑǂǤdzơ ǹȂǰȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǪƦǘǼƫ ȏ ƢĔƗ ƢǸǯ -ÑÓÑ
.Ņȁƾºdzơ ǺºǷȋơ ȁƗ řǗȂºdzơ ǝƢǧƾdzơ ƨǷƾƻ Ȃǿ ƢȀǼǷ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ
ŚǧȂºƫ Ȃºǿ ƢȀǼǷ ƾȈƷȂdzơ ǑǂǤdzơ ǹȂǰȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ȄǴǟ ȏȁ
.(ÓÒÏ)ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƭǁơȂǰdzơ ǺǷ ƨȇƢǸūơ
ƮºdzƢƯ ǥǂºǗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƢȀȈǧ ƪƦưȇ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀȁ -ÑÓÒ
DzǤnjǸǴdz ŘLjƬȇ ƨǷƢǟ ƨǘǴLJ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƨȈǷơDŽdzƛ ŚƥơƾƬdz DZƢưƬǷȏơ ȁƗ
ǾºȈƳȂƬdzơ ǺǷ Õ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠȁ .ƢǿƾƦǰƫ Ŗdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ƽơƽǂƬLJơ
ƨºȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ DzǸŢ ǺǷ ƪǴǨȇ ǹƗ DzǤnjǸǴdz ǺǰŻ
ǮȈºNjȂdzơ ƾȇƾȀƬdzơ ȁƗ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛ ƨȈƷȐǏȍơ ȁƗ
:ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƭȁƾŞ
ƨǷȐLjºdzơ Śƥơƾƫ ƽȂƳȁ Ƕǣǁ ƭƾƷȁ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ǾƦċƦLJ (Ɨ)
ȁƗ žƨƦLJƢǼŭơ
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.ÓÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÒÎ)
Ó ƧǂǬǨdzơ (ǽȐǟƗ ÏÕÓ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) 2004/35/CE ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ (ÓÒÏ)
.Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ
209 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƆȏȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ĿǂǗ ǺǷ ǥǂǗ ȅƗ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ
ƣǂºƷ ǾºȈǧ ƤƦLjºƬƫ ŚƻƘƫ ȁƗ ŚǐǬƫ ȁƗ DzǠǧ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ
ƧǂǿƢºǫ ƧȂǫ ȁƗ ǁƾǫȁ ƔƢǔǫ ȁƗ ȃŐǯ ƨƯǁƢǯ ȁƗ ƩƢƥơǂǓƛ ȁƗ
.ƨǻƢȈǐdzơ ǎǬǻ ȁƗ
DZȁƾºdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ -ƔƢƥ
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ ƱǁƢƻ
ƨºȈũǂdzơ ƩȐºLJơǂŭơȁ ƨǴȈǴǬdzơ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǹƛ -ÑÔÎ
ƨºǴȈǴǫ ƩȏƢºƷ Ǻǟ Ǧnjǰƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƧŚLjȈdzơ
ȃƾºƷƛ Ŀȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǺǷ ƔơǂƥȍƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ńƛ ƢȀȈǧ ƾǼƬLJơ
ǖǨǼǴdz DzNj ƨǯǂNj ƾǓ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨȈǔǫ Ȇǿȁ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ
ƪƸǼLJ (United States of America v. Shell Oil Company)
ǺǷ DzǸǟ" ƽȂƳȂƥ Ǟǧƾdzơ ǹƢǯ ǹƛ ǁǂǬƬdz ƨǏǂǨdzơ ƨǠLJƢƬdzơ ƧǂƟơƾǴdz
ƨǯǂNjȁ ǖǨǼǴdz DzNj ƨǯǂnjdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǪƦǘǼȇ (ÓÒÔ)"ƣǂūơ DZƢǸǟƗ
Union Oil Company of ) ƢºȈǻǁȂǨȈdzƢǯ Ŀ ǖǨǼºǴdz ǹȂºȈǻȂȇ
(Atlantic Richfield) ƾǴȈǨnjƬȇǁ ǮƬǻȐƫƗ ƨǯǂNjȁ (California
ǞºǫȂŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ (Texaco, Inc) ƨŷƢLjŭơ ȂǯƢLjǰƫ ƨǯǂNjȁ
.ƢºȈǻǁȂǨȈdzƢǰƥ (Fullerton) ǹȂƫǂǴdzȂǧ Ŀ McColl Superfund
ƽȂºǫȁ ƱƢºƬǻƜƥ DzǐºƬƫ Ƨǂǘƻ ƩƢȇƢǨǼƥ ƆƢƯȂǴǷ ǞǫȂŭơ ǹƢǯȁ
ǖǨǼdzơ ƩƢǯǂNj ƪǻƢǯȁ .ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƣǂūơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ
DžȂºǴųƗ DžȂdz ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ƽȂǫȂdzơ ƨȈǨǐƫ DzǷƢǠǷ DzȈǤnjƬƥ ǵȂǬƫ
ƩƢǼȈLjǸŬơ Ŀȁ .McColl ǞǫȂǷ Ŀ ƢēƢȇƢǨǻ ȆǬǴƫȁ ƣǂūơ ƔƢǼƯƗ
ƔDzºŠ ǖǨǼºdzơ ƩƢǯǂºNj ƧƾǟƢLjºŠ McColl ƨǯǂNj ƪǷƢǫ
ǪǗƢºǼŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǼǰLjdzơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzƢƥ ƶǸLjȇ ƢŠ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǭǂƥ ƨȈǘǤƫȁ
ƧƽǁƢºȇ ÎÍÍ ÍÍÍ ǺºǷ ƣǂǬȇ ƢǷ ȆǬƥ ƾǫ ǾǻƗ Ȃdzȁ ƨƦȇǂǬdzơ
ƪǟǂº ºNjȁ .Ǟº ºǫȂŭơ Ŀ Ƨǂº ºǘŬơ ƩƢº ºȇƢǨǼdzơ Ǻº
ºǷ ƨº
ºƦǠǰǷ
Ŀ ǞºǫȂŭơ ǺºǷ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ƨdzơǃƛ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ
Ʃơǁȏȁƽ ǺºǷ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÍÍ ńƛ Dzǐƫ ƾǫ ƨǨǴǰƬƥ ƩƢǼȈǠLjƬdzơ
.ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ơƿƛ ƢºǸȈǧ ǁȂǷƗ ƨǴŦ Ŀ ǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơ ƨǸǰŰ Ʃǂǜǻȁ -ÑÔÏ
ƨǘnjǻƗ ǹȋ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƾǓ Ǟǧƾƥ ǞƬǸƬƫ ǖǨǼdzơ ƩƢǯǂNj ƪǻƢǯ
Dzǰnjƫ ƣǂūơ ǺǷǃ Ŀ ǖǨǼdzơ ƱƢƬǻƛ ǶȈǜǼƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǷȂǰūơ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǺǷ ÎÍÔ ƾǼƦdzơ ƤƳȂŠ "ƣǂūơ DZƢǸǟƗ ǺǷ ƆȐǸǟ"
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơȁ ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DzǷƢnjdzơ
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Î ƧǂºǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǾºȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼǷ Ȃǿ ƢǷ ơƾǟ ƢǸȈǧ -Ï"
ǽƢºš ƨdzȁƚLjºǷ ƨºȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ȏȁ ơƾǼǯ ǹȂǰƫ ȏ
ǞºǬƫ ƧǁƢLjƻ ȁƗ ǁǂǓ ȁƗ ȃƿƗ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ǽƢš ȁƗ ȃǂƻȋơ
DZƢºǨǣƛ ȁƗ DzǠǧ Ǻǟ ǦǴţ ȁƗ DzǠǧ ȅȋ ƨƴȈƬǻ ȃǂƻȋơ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ
ȃƿȋơ Ǯºdzƿ ƤƦºLJ ǹƢǯ ƔơȂLJ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƤƳȂŠ ŚƻƘƫ ȁƗ
."ǂƻƕ ƤƦLJ ȅƗ ȁƗ DZƢŷƛ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǮǴƫ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, Federal (ÓÒÔ)
.Reporter, 3rd ed., vol. 294 (June 2002), p. 1045
ǂƯƗ ƧǂǿƢǬdzơ ƧȂǬǴdz džȈdzȁ .(ÓÒÑ"ǺȇƾǠƬdzơ ƨǟƢǼǏ DZƢů Ŀ ƨūƢǐdzơ
ƾȇƾŤ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƾǫƢǠƬǸǴdz ǹȂǰȇ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ƆƢǓȂǟȁ žƾǬǠdzơ DZƢǘƥƛ
.ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ
ǺǷ DzȈǴǫ ƽƾǟ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ Ɣơǂƥȍơȁ -ÑÔÍ
Ǻºǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǎǼȇȁ .ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ
DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǥȁǂǛ Ŀ ȁƗ ǂƻȉơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƧƾǟƢLjǷ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠȁ .Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƢǷȁ ȃŐǰdzơ ƭǁơȂǰdzơȁ ƣǂūơ
ƝǁơȂºǘdzơȁ ǪƟơǂūơ ƽƢŨƛ ƧDŽȀƳƗ śƥ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ DZƽƢƦƫ ǹƘnjƥ
ȅǀºdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƗŐĄȇ (ÓÒÒ)ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ
Ǯdzǀǯ .ǁǂǓ ǺǷ Ȃǿ ǾƦƦLjȇ ƾǫ ƢŠ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ ʼnƾǬƫ ǾȈdzƛ ƤǴǘȇ
ǂºĔ ǑȂƷ Ŀ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ƨȈǸǼƫ Ŀ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ
ǾºǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ǎǼƫ (ÓÒÓ)ƢȈƦǷȂdzȂǯ
__________
:ISBA/6/A/18 ǺǷ Ñ Ǫǧǂŭơ ǺǷ ÎÔ ǝǂǨdzơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÓÒÑ)
ƧǂǿƢǬdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ"
ȁƗ ŚƻƘºƫ ȅƗ Ǻºǟ ƆȏȁƚLjǷ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ Î-ÎÔ"
ǾºƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǺǷ ȅƗ ƔơƽƗ Ŀ ƧǂǿƢǫ ƧȂǫ ƤƦLjƥ ǾȇƽƢǨƫ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǁȂǐǫ
ƧȂºǫ‘ ƶǴǘǐºǷ řǠȇ ƾǬǠdzơ ơǀǿ Ǒơǂǣȋȁ .ƾǬǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ
DZȂºŹ ǹƗ DZȂºǬǠǷ Dzǰnjƥ ǞǫȂƬȇ ȏ ǥǂǛ ȁƗ ƭƾƷ ȅƗ ‘ƧǂǿƢǫ
ơǀºǿ ǹȂºǰȇ ȏƗ ƨǘȇǂNj žǾȈǴǟ ǂǘȈLjȇ ǹƗ ȁƗ ǾƯȁƾƷ ǹȁƽ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ
ƩƢºLJǁƢǸŭơ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǵƾǟ ȁƗ DZƢŷȍơ Ǻǟ ƆƢƠNjƢǻ ǥǂǜdzơ ȁƗ ƭƾūơ
.ǺȇƾǠƬdzơ ƨǟƢǼǏ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƧƾȈǸūơ
ƪǫȂdzơ ǺǷ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƧǂƬǧ ƤǴǘdzơ ƾǼǟ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƶǼŻ Ï-ÎÔ"
DzƳƗ ƽƾŻȁ ƧǂǿƢǬdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƤƦLjƥ ǾǴǸǟ ƢȀȈǧ DzǘǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ȅȁƢLjƫ
.Ǯdzǀdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƾǬǠdzơ ơǀǿ
ǞºȈŦ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǀƼƬȇ ƧǂǿƢǫ ƧȂǫ ƽȂƳȁ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ Ð-ÎÔ"
ǵƢǰƷƗȁ Ǖȁǂnjdz DZƢưƬǷȏơȁ Ɣơƽȋơ ȄǴǟ Ǿƫǁƾǫ ƽơƽǂƬLJȏ ƨdzȂǬǠŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ
ƨȇȂLjºƫ ńƛ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǂǘǔȇ ȏƗ ƨǘȇǂNj žǺǰŲ ƪǫȁ DzǫƗ Ŀ ƾǬǠdzơ ơǀǿ
ǂºƻƕ ǥǂǗ ǞǷ ǂƻƕ ǥȐƻ ȅƗ ȁƗ DzǸǠdzƢƥ ǍƢƻ ǝơDŽǻ ȅƗ ƔƢĔƛ ȁƗ
ƨǐºƬű ƨƠȈǿ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ ȆƟƢĔ ǁơǂǬƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ȁƗ Ǿdz ƨȈǓǂǷ Ǖȁǂnjƥ ȏƛ
.ǝơŗdzơ Ŀ ƪƦdzƢƥ
ƨǘǴLjºdzơ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǂǘź ƧǂǿƢǫ ƧȂǫ ƽȂƳȁ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ Ñ-ÎÔ"
ƨǘǴLjºdzơ ǂǘź ƢǸǯ DZȂǬǠŭơ ƽȁƾƷ Ŀ ǺǰŲ ƪǫȁ ƣǂǫƗ Ŀ Ǯdzǀƥ
."ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǝƢǓȁȋơ ƧƽȂǠƥ
ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj Õȁ ÎÖÒÖ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÎÑ Ŀ ƾȇǁƾǷ Ŀ ƪǠƐǫȁ (ÓÒÒ)
.(United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 951, No. 13576, p. 135) ÎÖÔÐ
ÎÖÓÎ ǂȇƢºǼȇ/ňƢºưdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÎÔ Ŀ ǺǘǼNjơȁ Ŀ ƪǠƐǫȁ (ÓÒÓ)
ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ .(United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 542, No. 7894, p. 245)
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ ƔDŽƳ Ŀ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơȁ ơƾºǼǯ ǺºǷ Dzǯ ǹȂǰƫ -Î"
ǶºƟȐŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȃǂƻȌdz ǵƾǬƫȁ ȃǂƻȋơ ǽƢš ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ
ȏƆ Ȑƻƛ Dzǰnjȇ ŚƻƘƫ ȁƗ DZƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ DzǠǧ Ǻǟ ǦǴţ ȁƗ DzǠǧ ȅƗ Ǻǟ
Ǻºǟ ǦºǴƼƬdzơ ȁƗ DzǠǨdzơ ǥȐƻ ƢȀǷƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ȅƘƥ ȁƗ ƧƾǿƢǠŭƢƥ
ƣơǂºǓƛ ȁƗ ƣǂƷ ƤƦLjƥ ƭƽƢūơ ŚƻƘƬdzơ ȁƗ DZƢǨǣȍơ ȁƗ DzǠǨdzơ
ƧǂǿƢºǫ ƧȂǫ ȁƗ ǁƾǬdzơȁ ƔƢǔǬdzơ DZƢǠǧƗ ǺǷ DzǠǧ ȁƗ ȃŐǯ ƨƯǁƢǯ ȁƗ
.ƨǻƢȈǐdzơ ǎǬǻ ȁƗ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǺǷ ǹƢǰdz Ǯdzƿ ŚǤƥ ǶǰƸƬLJ ƪǻƢǯ Ȃdz ƢĔƗ ńƛ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ
ƢȀƦċƦºLJ ƾºǫ ƧǀºƼƬŭơ ƩơƔơǂºƳȍơ ǹƗ ƩƢƦƯƛ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ
ǾȈǔºƬǬȇ ƢǷ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ƣǂūơ DZƢǸǟƗ ǺǷ DzǸǟ (ÓÓÎ)"ǖǬǧ"
ǪºǴǠƬŭơ DzǷƢnjºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǺºǷ (Ï)(ƣ)ÖÓÍÔ ǝǂǨdzơ
ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz śƦƫ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏƢƥ
ȃǂƻƗ ƩơǁƢȈƻ ƢȀȇƾdz ǹƢǯ ǖǨǼdzơ ƩƢǯǂNj ǹƗ Ǯdzǀdz ƆƢǧȐƻ
ǮºǴƫ ƔƢǬdzƜƥ ƪǷƢǫ ƢĔƗȁ ƨȈǔǸūơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬǴdz
ƔơȂLjºdzơ ȄºǴǟ ƣǂūơ ƾǠƥȁ ƣǂūơ DzƦǫ ƨȈǔǸūơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ
ǞºǫȂǷ Ŀ ƩƢºȈǴǸǟ ǺǷ ƨȈǔŧ ƩƢȇƢǨǻ ƔƢǬdzƜƥ ƪǷƢǫ ƢĔƗȁ
ȅƘƥ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ƔƢǬdzƛ ńƛ Ƣǿǂǘǔƫ Ń ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƗȁ McColl
.ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǬȇǂǗ
ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ Ŀ ǾǻƜǧ DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ƩƢǫȐǠdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÑÔÒ
Ǟǧƾƥ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ Ʃǀţơ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ǶǬƫ Ń Ŗdzơ ƨǴȈǴǬdzơ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǹƗ ȁƾºƦȇ ȏ ƪƯƾƷ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ
ǾǻƘƥ ƪǧǂƬǟơ ȁƗ ǭȂǴLjdzơ Ǯdzƿ DzưǷ ȄǴǟ ƪǬǧơȁ ƾǫ ƧǁǂǔƬŭơ
ƾǠƥ ŕƷ ǾǻƗȁ . ƔơǂƳȍơ Ʃǀţơ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǪƷ ǺǸǓ ƱǁƾǼȇ
ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơȁ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬǴdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƪƯƾƷ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
ƨºȈǼǷƗ ƣƢƦLJȋ ƨȇǁȁǂǓ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƤLjŞ
ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǂºƻȉ ȁƗ ƤƦLjdz ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƾƥ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪǷƢǫ
.ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȅƽƢǨƫ DZȁƢŢ
ǹƘnjƥ ƢLjǸǼdzơȁ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǺǷ Dzǯ ǾƫƾƥƗ ȅǀdzơ ǚǨƸƬdzơ Ŀȁ -ÑÔÓ
ǎǼºdzơ DZƢºǸƬƷơ ƢƬȈƻȂƫ ƢǸĔƜǧ ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ǝơǂǐºdzơ ƨºdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ Ǻǟ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȄǴǟ
ƶǴLjºŭơ ǹƢȈǐǠdzơ ƨȈǴǿȋơ ƣǂūơ ƨȈdzƢƬǬdzơ DZƢǸǟȋơ ƶǴLjŭơ
:ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƨƯǁƢǰdzơ ȁƗ
ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǻǟ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼdzơ Ŀ ǪūƢƥ ǙƢǨƬƷȏơ"
DZƢºǸǟȋơ ǺºǷ DzºǸǟ ńƛ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȃDŽǠĄƫ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƤƦLjƥ DzǏƢūơ
ƨƯǁƢǰdzơ ȁƗ ƶǴLjŭơ ǹƢȈǐǠdzơ ƨȈǴǿȋơ ƣǂūơ ƶǴLjŭơ ǝơǂǐdzơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢƬǬdzơ
ƭƽơȂūƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ǯdzƿȁ ȆƟƢǼưƬLJȏơ ǞƥƢǘdzơ Ʃơƿ ƧŚǘŬơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ
ƢLjºǸǼdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ Ŀȁ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ Ŀ ƭƾŢ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
.(ÓÓÏ)"ŅơȂƬdzơ ȄǴǟ
__________
.ǽȐǟƗ ÓÒÔ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÓÓÎ)
ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÕ ƹǁƚŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ĿƢǓȍơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ (ÓÓÏ)
.Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ DZȁȋơ Ǫǧǂŭơ ÎÖÓÑ
210
42 U.S.C. Ƕºǫǁ ƪŢ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ Ŀ ǦǼǐŭơȁ
ǺºǷ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ǖǨǼdzơ ƩƢǯǂNj ƪǟċƽơȁ .section 9607 (b) (2)
ƧǀºƼƬŭơ DZƢºǸǟȋơȁ DZƢºƬǬdzơ DZƢǸǟƗ śƥ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ DzȈƸƬLjŭơ
DzǸnjºȇ "ĺǂūơ DzǸǠdzơ" ǹƜǧ Ľ ǺǷȁ .ƨǷȂǰūơ ǾȈƳȂƬƥ ƆȐǸǟ
ƽǁơȂºdzơ DzȇȂƼƬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǽǀƼƬƫ ƔơǂƳƛ ȅƗ
ǹȐºǟȍ" ƨȈƷȐǐºdzơ DžǂǤǻȂºǰdzơ ƶǼŻ ȅǀdzơȁ ǁȂƬLJƾdzơ Ŀ
.(ÓÒÕ)"ƣǂūơ
ƔƢǟƽȏơ ơǀŮ ƢȀǔǧǁ Ŀ ǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơ ƨǸǰŰ ƩǁƢNjƗȁ -ÑÔÐ
DzºȇȂƼƬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ǀƼċƬĄȇ ȆǷȂǰƷ ƔơǂƳƛ ȅȋ ŚLjǨƫ ȅƗ ǹƗ
DZƢǸǟƗ ǺǷ ƆȐǸǟ" ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƣǂūơ ƩƢȈƷȐǏ ƾǼƥ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ
ƪºǬǧơȁȁ .ƢºȀȈǧ ǢdzƢƦǷ ƨƳǁƾƥ ƆƢǠLJơȁ ƆơŚLjǨƫ ƾǠĄȇ "ƣǂūơ
ǹƗ ǽƽƢǨǷȁ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƨǸǰŰ ǾƫǁƾǏƗ ǪƥƢLJ ǶǰƷ ȄǴǟ ƨǸǰƄơ
ǝȂǧƾºdzơ ǺǷ džȈdz "ƣǂūơ DZƢǸǟƗ ǺǷ DzǸǟ" ƽȂƳȂƥ Ǟǧƾdzơ
ƨǸǰŰ ǂǜǻ ƨȀƳȁ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǐōŬȁ .ǖǨǼdzơ ƩƢǯǂnjdz ƨƷƢƬŭơ
ǪǴǠƬŭơ DzǷƢnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƗ ƪǜƷȏȁ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǬǘǼŭơ
ƨǤȈºǏ ǵƾƼƬLjºȇ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏƢƥ
ǵƾƼƬLjȇ ǾǼǰdzȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǑǂǨƥ ǂǷȋơ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƨƦȀLjǷ
. ǝȂǧƾºdzơ ƶǼºŠ ǂºǷȋơ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƨǬȈǓȁ ƧƾȈǬǷ ƨǤȈǏ
DzȇƾǠƬǴdzȁ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ȆǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ǹƗ Ȃdzȁ ǾǻƗ ńƛ ƩǁƢNjƗȁ
ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ǒȇȂǨƫ ƧƽƢǟƛȁ ƩȐȇƾǠƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ Ŀ ǾǻƘnjƥ ǁƽƢǐdzơ
ǺºǷ" DzǸǠƥ Ǟǧƾdzơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ƢƸǓȂȇ Ń ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǠdz ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƗ ƾǯƗ ȆǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǹƜǧ "ƣǂūơ DZƢǸǟƗ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơȁ ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DzǷƢnjdzơ
ǺǸǔƬȇ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƆƢƥȂƬǰǷ ƆƢȈǷƢǜǻ ƆƢǻȂǻƢǫ ǹȂǰȈLJ
ƧǁƢƦǟ ǹƗ ńƛ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƩǁƢNjƗȁ .ƆƢǬȈǓ ƆơŚLjǨƫ ǂċLjǨĄƫ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơ
ǺºǷ ƪLjºƦĄƬǫơ ƾǫ ƢĔƘǯȁ ȁƾƦƫ "ƣǂūơ DZƢǸǟƗ ǺǷ DzǸǟ"
ǵơƾƼƬºLJơ" ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƢȀǨȇǂǠƫ ȃǂƳ ƮȈƷ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
"ȃǂºƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ƾǓ ƨdzȁƽ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǂƻƕ ƔơǂƳƛ ȁƗ ƧȂǬdzơ
ǺǷ DzǸǟ ... ƨƥƢưŠ ƢǿƾǓ ƔơǂƳȍơ ǀƼČƫơ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǽŐƬǠƫȁ"
DzȈƦºLJ ȄºǴǟ ƧȂǬdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ ƢǷƛ Ǯdzƿȁ ƣǂūơ DZƢǸǟƗ
.(ÓÒÖ)"ƣǂūơ ǹȐǟƜƥ ȁƗ ǵƢǬƬǻȏơ
ƧǁƢƦǟ ȄǴǟ ÅƆƢǬȈǓ ĆŘǠǷ ǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơ ƨǸǰŰ ƪǨǓƗ ơǀƥȁ -ÑÔÑ
ƧȁȐºǟ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩǁƢNjƗȁ .(ÓÓÍ)"ƣǂūơ DZƢǸǟƗ ǺǷ DzǸǟ"
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.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÒÕ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÒÖ)
Farbwerke Vormals Meister Lucius & Brunning ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ (ÓÓÍ)
ƪǨǏȁ .v. Chemical Foundation, Inc., 283 U.S. 152 (1931), p. 161
ȄºǴǟ ƣǂºūơ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƔȐȈƬLJơ ƢǿơȂƬǧ Ŀ ƢȈǴǠdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ
DzǸǟ" ǾǻƘƥ ƢȀȈǧ ǥǂǐƬdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƩƢǯǂnjdzơ ƢȀǰǴŤ Ŗdzơ ǝơǂƬƻȏơ ƩơƔơǂƥ
DZƢºǠǧȋơ śºƥ DŽºȈȈǸƬdzơ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ Ľ ǺǷȁ ."ƣǂūơ DZƢǸǟƗ ǺǷ
Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ
.ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ
211 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Ǟƥơǂdzơ DzǐǨdzơ
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ƨºȈǘǤƬdz ňƢǸƠƬLJȏơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ" ǺǷ ƢǿƾƦǰƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzơǃȍơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ
ǹƗ ǥǂºǘdzơ Ǯdzǀºdz ǪŹ ƮȈƷ "ǖǨǼdzơ ƣƢǰLjǻơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǎǼºȇ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .DzǷƢǰdzơ ǝƢǧƾdzơ ǾǏȂǐş DzǸǠƬLjȇ
ƨºȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DzǷƢnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ (Ɨ)ÖÓÍÔ ǝǂǨdzơ
ƧƘnjǼŭơ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ DzǤnjǷȁ ǮdzƢǷ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ
ǦȈdzƢºǰƫ ƾƦǰƫ ƤƦLjƫ Ƨǂǘƻ ƧƽƢǷ ǩȐǗƜƥ ƽƾē ȁƗ ǪǴǘĄƫ Ŗdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǸǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DzǸƸƬȇ ƨƥƢƴƬLJơ
Ŗºdzơ ƨȈƷȐºǏȍơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ȁƗ ƨdzơǃȍơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ǞȈŦ (ǦdzƗ)
ƨǨdzƢű ǹȂǰƫ ȏȁ ƨȇƾǼǿ ƨǴȈƦǫ ȁƗ ƨȇȏȁ ȁƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƢǿƾƦǰƬƫ
žƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȈǗƢȈƬƷȏơ ƨǘƼǴdz
ȅƗ ƢǿƾºƦǰƬȇ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ǺǷ ƨǷǃȏ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ƨȇƗ (ƔƢƥ)
žƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȈǗƢȈƬƷȏơ ƨǘŬơ ǞǷ ƨǬLjƬǷ ǹȂǰƫȁ ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj
...
ǹơǀǨǼȇ ƨȈƸǐdzơ DzǴǠǴdz ƨLJơǁƽ ȁƗ ȆƸǏ ǶȈȈǬƫ ȅƗ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ (DZơƽ)
.ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ‘ΑÖÓÍÑ ǝǂǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ
ƨƸǧƢǰŭ ȅƽƢŢȏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ" ǺǷ (ȁ)ÐÎÎ ǝǂǨdzơ ǎǼȇȁ -ÑÕÍ
ƩƢºǬǨǻ ƽơƽǂƬLJơ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzƢƥ "ǽƢȈŭơ ƭȂǴƫ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ƢºȀǬū Ŗºdzơ "ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ" ƽơƽǂƬLJơȁ DZơƾƦƬLJơ
.ŚǷƾƬdzơ ȁƗ
"ȆºǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ" ǺǷ ÏÔÍÏ ǝǂǨdzơ ǎǼȇȁ -ÑÕÎ
Ǻºǟ ƩƢǔºȇȂǠƫ" ȄǴǟ DzǐŢ ǹƗ ƨȈǷȂǰūơ ƨƠȈȀǴdz ǹƗ ȄǴǟ
ǹơƾºǬǧ ȁƗ ƢĔơƾºǬǧ ȁƗ ƢǿŚǷƾƫ ȁƗ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭƢƥ ǁơǂǓȍơ
ǶȈºȈǬƬdz ƨºǷǃȐdzơ ƨdzȂǬǠŭơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƢȀǷơƾƼƬLJơ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ Ǯºdzƿ ǺǷ (ÏÍ)ÏÔÍÎ ǝǂǨdzơ ǥĈǂǠȇȁ ."ǁǂǔdzơ
ƩƢǻơȂȈūơȁ ǭƢũȋơȁ Ǒǁȋơ" DzǸnjƫ ƢĔƘƥ "ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ"
ƽǁơȂǷȁ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơȁ ƔƢŭơȁ ƔơȂŮơȁ ƨȈǴƄơ ƔƢȈƷȋơȁ ƨȇŐdzơ
ƽȂºǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ DZƢưǷƗ ǺǷ Ȃǿ ƢǷ ǂƟƢLJȁ ƣǂnjdzơ ǽƢȈǷ
ƨºǬǘǼŭơ ƽǁơȂºǷ ƢºȀȈǧ ƢŠ) ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ńƛ ƢȀƬȈǰǴǷ
ƨǴȈƦǫ ȁƗ ƨȈǴŰ ƨǷȂǰƷ ȁƗ ƨȇȏȁ ƨȇƗ ńƛ ȁƗ (ƨǐdzƢŬơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ
ǽǀºǿ Ƣēǁơƽƛ ńȂƬƫ Ŗdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈƦǼƳƗ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƨȇƗ ńƛ ȁƗ ƨȇƾǼǿ
ǁǂǔdzơ DžƢȈǬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǷƗ ."ƢȀȈǴǟ ƨǼŤƚǷ ǹȂǰƫ ȁƗ ƩƢȀŪơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ (ƽ)ÏÔÍÓ ǝǂǨdzơ ǹƜǧ
ƢȀºNjƢǠǻƛ ȁƗ ƨǨdzƢƬdzơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ƵȐǐƬLJơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ (ǦdzƗ)
žƢŮƽƢǠȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ ȁƗ ƢȀǴŰ ƢǿŚǣ DZȐƷƛ ȁƗ
ǶƬºȇ ƢºǸưȇǁ ƨºȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂºŭơ ǮǴƫ ǎǫƢǼƫ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ (ƔƢƥ)
ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛ žƵȐǐƬLJȏơ
.ǁơǂǓȋơ ǮǴƫ ǶȈȈǬƬdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƨdzȂǬǠŭơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ (ǶȈƳ)
.ƢƆǠǷ ǾƫơƔơǂƳƛȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹȂǸǔŠ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ ǪǴǠƬƫ -ÑÔÔ
ǝȂºǫȁ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǺǷ ƾūơ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǭƢǼǿȁ
Ŗºdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋƢƥ ńȁȋơ ƨƳǁƾdzƢƥ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǽǀǿ DzǐƬƫȁ .ǁơǂǓƗ
ǞƟƢǔºƦdzơ DzºǬǻ DzºưǷ ǂǐǠdzơ ƨȈǻƾǷ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈLJƢLJƗ ŐƬǠƫ
ǽǀºǿ DZƢưǷƗ ȂǠǫȂǷ Ǫǧơȁ ƾǬǧ .ơƆǂŞȁ ơƆǂƥȁ ơƆȂƳ DzǬǼdzơ ƩƢǷƾƻȁ
ǁƢºǘƻƗ ǺºǷ ǾǠƦƬƬLjƫ ƢŠ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǽǀđ DZȂƦǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ
ǹƗ Śǣ .ǁǂǓ ǺǷ ǾƦƦLjƫ ƾǫ ƢǸǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǖǂnjƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨǴǸƬŰ
ƢƆºǷȂǸǟ ƽƾºŹ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ Ǟǧƾȇ ȅǀdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǢǴƦǷ
ǮºǴƫ DzNj ńƛ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǂǜǼdzơ ƨȀƳȁ ǺǷ ȅƽƚȇ ȏ ȃȂƬLjŠ
Ŀ ƽȂǐǬǷ ǁơǂǫ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ ȆǴŪơ ǺǷȁ .ƢǿǂȇȂǘƫ ƨǴǫǂǟ ȁƗ ƨǘnjǻȋơ
ǮǴƬdz ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ȆǠǫȂǷ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ DZƢů
Ȑºǧ DzȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰƫ ȏ śƷȁ žƨǘnjǻȋơ
Ńȁ .ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǢǴƦŭ ơƆƽȁƾƷ ƪǠǓȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇ
ȅƗ Ǻºǟ ƨȈũǂdzơ ƩȐLJơǂŭơȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ƨLJơǁƽ Ǧnjǰƫ
ǁƽƢǐŭơ ǒǠƥ ǹƗ Ƕǣǂƥ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǢǴƦǷ ȄǴǟ ǑȁǂǨǷ ǂǯǀȇ ƾƷ
ƤƳơȁ ǺǷ ǹƗȁ "ȏƆ ȂǬǠǷ" ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǢǴƦŭơ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ ńƛ Śnjƫ
."ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ǺǷ ǦȈǨƼƬdzơ" ǥơǂǗȋơ
ǹȂǸǔŭơ -ǦdzƗ
ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ƨǴƥƢǬdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ -Î
ƨºǴƥƢǬdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ DzǸnjƫ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ śǻơȂǬdzơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ Ŀ -ÑÔÕ
ǁơǂºǓȋơȁ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơȁ ƧƢǧȂdzơ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǞƦƬƬLjƫ ŚǤdzƢƥ ƧǁƢǓ DZƢǠǧȋ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ƨǬƷȐdzơ
ǵƢºǠdz ňƢŭȋơ "ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ" ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ DZƢưǷ .ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ
Ǫū ȁƗ ƾƷƗ ĿȂƫ ơƿƛ" :ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǾǼǷ Î ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ǎǼȇ ÎÖÖÍ
Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ ȆƠȈƥ ǂƯƗ ƤƦLjƥ ǾƫƢǰǴƬǸŠ ǁǂǓ ȁƗ ȆǐƼNj ǁǂǓ Ǿƥ
ǽƢºš ȏƆ ȁƚLjºǷ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ǮdzƢǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƧƢǸLjŭơ ƩƖnjǼŭơ ȃƾƷƛ
.(ÓÓÐ)"ȂƸǼdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǁǂǔƬŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ
ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ǒǠƥ ȆǔŤ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀȁ -ÑÔÖ
ǦȈdzƢºǰƫ ƢƆǔºȇƗ ƣƢLjūơ Ŀ DzƻƾƬǧ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ƾǠƥƗ Ȃǿ ƢǷ ńƛ
ǺǷ (Ɨ) ÏÔÍÔ ǝǂǨdzơ ƤƳȂǸƦǧ .ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơȁ ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ
DZȁƚLjºŭơ ǥǂºǘdzơ DzºǸƸƬȇ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƢºĔƘƥ "ƨºdzơǃȍơ ǦȈdzƢºǰƫ" ǥǂĈ Ǡƫȁ žƨdzơǃȍơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ǞºǼǷ ǦȈdzƢºǰƫȁ ǖǨǼdzơ Ǧȇǂǐƫ ƾǠƥ ƧƾƦǰƬŭơ ƨdzơǃȍơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ"
ǽƾƷ ńƛ ǾǔǨƻ ȁƗ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǮǴƫ DzưǷ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
ƽǂƬLjºȇ ǹƗ DZȁƚLjºŭơ ǥǂǘǴdzȁ .(ÓÓÑ)"ǾǼǷ ǦȈǨƼƬdzơ ȁƗ Ňƽȋơ
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.(ǽȐǟƗ ÎÓÖ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Kloepfer (ÓÓÐ)
.ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ (ÐÎ)ÏÔÍÎ ǝǂǨdzơ (ÓÓÑ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ȅȋ DŽºȈŸ ȆºǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ (ƣ)ÏÔÍÏ ǝǂǨdzơ
ǪºƸǴƫ ǁơǂºǓƗ ƨȇƗ Ǻǟ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ" ȄǴǟ DzǐŹ ǹƗ ǎƼNj
ƢȀǨǴƫ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǻ ǂƟƢLjƻ ƨȇƗ ȁƗ ƨȈǐƼNj ȁƗ ƨȇǁƢǬǟ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŠ
DzǐŹ ǹƗ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ǮǴƫ ǂƳƘƬLjȇ ȁƗ ǮǴŻ ƤdzƢǘǷ ȅȋ ǺǰŻ
ǎƼNj ȅȋ DŽȈŸ ȂȀǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ ."ƢȀǼǟ ǒȇȂǠƫ Dzǟ
DzǐºŹ ǹƗ ƩƾǬǧ ȁƗ ƪǨǴƫ ȁƗ Ʃǁǂǔƫ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƽǁơȂŠ ǞǨƬǼȇ
ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭƢƥ ȆnjȈǠŭơ ǝƢǨƬǻȏơ ǹơƾǬǧ Ǻǟ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ ȄǴǟ
ǎǼºȇȁ .Ƣēǁơƽȍ ȁƗ ƽǁơȂººŭơ ǮǴƫ ƨºȈǰǴŭ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ƢŶȁƽ
ȄºǴǟ DzǐºŹ ǹƗ ǎƼºNj ȅȋ ǃȂŸ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǝǂǨdzơ
ȄºǴǟ ƧǁƾºǬdzơ ǍƢǬƬǻơ ȁƗ ƵƢƥǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǧ ȅȁƢLjȇ ǒȇȂǠƫ"
ǪºƷȐdzơ ǹơƾǬǨdzơ ȁƗ ǦǴƬdzơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ śŦƢǼdzơ *ƤLjǰdzơ
."ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƽǁơȂǷ ȁƗ ȆǐƼNj ǮǴǷ ȁƗ ȅǁƢǬǟ ǮǴŠ
ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DzǷƢnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ -ÑÕÓ
ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ ȃȁƢºǟƽ ƨǷƢǫƛ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƨƷơǂǏ ƞnjǼȇ ȏ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ
ǦȈdzƢǰƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ȏƛ Ǯdzƿȁ śȇƽƢǠdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ" ǺǷ (Ƶ)ÖÓÍÔ ǝǂǨdzơ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƨǼȈǠǷ ǥȁǂǛ Ŀ ƨdzơǃȍơ
ȄǴǟ ǹȉơ ǎǼȇ ȂȀǧ .ƨǴǰnjŭơ ǽǀǿ ƨŪƢǠŭ DZƾǟ ǁȂǯǀŭơ "DzǷƢnjdzơ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƤºƳȂŠ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƢȀǴǤnjǷ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ǹƗ
ǝǂºǨdzơ Ǿƥ ȆǔǬȇ Ƣŭ ƢƆǬǧȁȁ ŚǤdzƢƥ ǁǂǔdzơ ǩƢūƜƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ȅǂƸƦdzơ
ǹƘnjºƥ ǶǰƷ ȅƗ ƽȂƳȁ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ DzǷƢnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ÖÓÎÑ
ȅƽƢºǷ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ ƭȁƾƷ ǵƾǟ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƾūơ
.(ÓÓÕ)ƨȈǰǴŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƤƷƢǏ ƨƸǴǐŭ
ȅƾǼǴǼǨdzơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ȆǘǤȇȁ -ÑÕÔ
ǪºƸǴƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơȁ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ƨȈǘǤƫ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ
ǮǴƫ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ȏƛ ƨƬƸƦdzơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ
Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƆƢǸƟơƽ ǑċȂǠĄȇȁ .DZƢƥ Ʃơƿ Śǣ ǂƟƢLjŬơ
ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǫ ǺºǷ ÐÏ DzǐǨdzơ ǎǼȇȁ .ȆǷơǂƳȍơ ǭȂǴLjdzơ
ƨȈǐºƼnjdzơ ǁơǂºǓȋơ Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȅƾȇȂLjdzơ
.ƨǔƄơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǂƟƢLjŬơȁ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ǪƸǴƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơȁ
ǭȂǴLjºdzơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƨǔƄơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǂƟƢLjŬơ Ǻǟ ǑċȂǠĄȇȁ
ȆºǘǤȇȁ .ǖǬǧ DZƢƥ Ʃơƿ ǾȈǧ ǹȂǰƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁƾǬdzƢƥ ȆǷơǂƳȍơ
ƨȈǐºƼnjdzơ ǁơǂºǓȋơ ǭǂŶơƾºdzơ Ŀ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫ
ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ǪƸǴƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơȁ ǶǟƾdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǂƟƢLjŬơȁ
ǞǼŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdz ƨdzȂǬǠŭơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơȁ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǂƟƢLjŬơȁ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ȆǘǤȇ ȏȁ .ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƧƽƢǟȍ ȁƗ
ÏÒÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ .ƨǔƄơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǂƟƢLjŬơ ňƢŭȋơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ
ǂƟƢLjƻ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ňƢŭȋơ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ
.(ÓÓÖ)ƵƢƥǁȋơ Ŀ
__________
.ÐÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Force (ÓÓÕ)
Wetterstein, “Environmental damage in the ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÓÓÖ)
.legal systems of the Nordic countries and Germany”
212
ƭȂºǴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǫ ǺǷ (Ï)(ƣ)ÏÔÍÏ ǝǂǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÑÕÏ
ƨºǬǘǼŭơ ȁƗ ƨºȇȏȂdzơ ȁƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ DZȂţ ȆǘǨǼdzơ
ǺǷ ƾǬǨȇ ƢǷ ĿƢǐdz ƨȇȁƢLjǷ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ" ƽơƽǂƬLJơ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ
ƶƥǂdzơ ǎǐƷ ȁƗ ǵȂLJǂdzơ ȁƗ ƩơǁƢŸȍơ ȁƗ ƩơƾƟƢǠdzơ ȁƗ ƤƟơǂǔdzơ
ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǹơƾǬǨdzơ ȁƗ ŚǷƾƬdzơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ƤƦLjƥ ƨȈǧƢǐdzơ
ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ"ȁ "ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ȁƗ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ȁƗ ƨȇǁƢǬǠdzơ
ŚǧȂºƫ ȁƗ ƢºēƽƢȇǃ ȁƗ ƨǷƢǟ ƩƢǷƾƻ ŚǧȂƫ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ĿƢǏ Ǻǟ
ƨȇƢǸūơ ŚǧȂƫ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ ƨdzơǃȍơ ƨǘnjǻƗ ƾǠƥ ȁƗ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƩƢǷƾƻ
ȄºǴǟ ǁƢǘƻȋơ ȁƗ Ǫȇǂūơ ǁƢǘƻƗ ǺǷ ƤǰLjǼŭơ ǖǨǼdzơ ǾƦƦLjȇ ƢŲ
."ƨƸǐdzơ ȁƗ ƨǷȐLjdzơ
ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DzǷƢnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ" ǎǼȇ Ǯdzǀǯ -ÑÕÐ
(Ɨ)ÖÓÍÔ ǝǂºǨdzơ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz "ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ
:ƨºȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭƢºƥ ƨǬƷȐdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǾǼǷ
ƨºȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭƢƥ ƨǬƷȐdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻºǟ ǒºȇȂǠƬdzơ (ǶȈƳ)"
ƨºǷǃȐdzơ ƨºdzȂǬǠŭơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƢĔơƾǬǧ ȁƗ ƢǿŚǷƾƫ ȁƗ
."ǩȐºǗȍơ ơǀǿ Ǻǟ ƞNjƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǬǨdzơ ȁƗ ŚǷƾƬdzơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ǶȈȈǬƬdz
ƵȐǐƬLJơ ŚǤdz ƢȀȈǴǟ DzǐŹ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǃȂŸ ȏȁ
ǁǂǔºdzơ DZƽƢǠȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ ȁƗ ƢŮơƾƦƬLJơ ȁƗ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ
.Ƣđ ǪƷȐdzơ
Exxon Valdez DŽȇƾdzƢǧ ǹȂLjǰȇƛ ǖǨǼdzơ ƨǴǫƢǻ ƨdzƢºƷ Ŀȁ -ÑÕÑ
ƩơȂºǘƻ ƿƢţơ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƩƾǸǟ
Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ DžƢȈǬdz ƨLJơǁƽ ƔơǂƳƛ ńƛ ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ ƨȈǴǸǠƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ƤƦLjºƥ ƢƆºǫȐǗƛ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ǂnjǼƫ Ńȁ .(ÓÓÒ).ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƪƥƢǏƗ
ƨǯǂNj Ǟǧƾƫ ǹƘƥ ƨȇȂLjƬdzơ ƪǔǫȁ .ƨǸǰƄơ ƱǁƢƻ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ƨȇȂLjƫ
ƨȈƟƢǼŪơ ƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÏÒ ǢǴƦǷ "ǹȂLjǰȇƛ"
ƩȏƢº ºǯȂdzơ ǒȇȂº ºǠƫ DzȈƦº
ºLJ ȄººǴǟ ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂº ºȈǴǷ ÎÍÍȁ
ƲȈºǴƻ ƨºƠȈƥ ƣƢǏƗ ƢǷ ƵȐǏƛ Ǻǟ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ƩȏƢǯȁȁ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ
"ǹȂLjǰȇƛ" ƨǯǂNj ǹƗ ńƛ ǂǜǼdzƢƥȁ .(ÓÓÓ)ǁǂǓ ǺǷ Prince William
ƣƢǰLjǻȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ǦȈǜǼƫ ȄǴǟ ǁȏȁƽ ǁƢȈǴǷ Ï,Ò ƪǬǨǻƗ ƾǫ ƪǻƢǯ
ȃǂºƻƗ ƩƢǷơǂǣ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǒǣ ƾǬǧ ƨȇȂLjƬdzơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ DzƦǫ
ǞºǷ ƨȇȂLjºƬdzơ ǽǀǿ ƪŤ ƾǫȁ .(ÓÓÔ)ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÏÒ Ƣǿǁƾǫ
ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ DzǸnjƫ Ńȁ ǖǬǧ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ƩƢǘǴLJȁ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ
.ƨǏƢŬơ
DzǰºNj Ŀ ƢºǷƛ śȇƽƢǠdzơ ƽơǂǧȋƢƥ ƨǬƷȐdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơȁ -ÑÕÒ
Ȇǿ ƩŐƬǟơ ƾǫ ƩƢǰǴƬŲ ǹơƾǬǧ DzǰNj Ŀ ȁƗ ƨȈǐƼNj ǁơǂǓƗ
ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ DZƢưǷ .ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ƨǴƥƢǫ ƆƢǔȇƗ
__________
"Value of intangible losses from Exxon Valdez spill ǂǜǻơ (ÓÓÒ)
put at $3 billion", The Washington Post, 20 March 1991, p. A–4
.Cross, “Natural resource damage valuation”, pp. 297–321ȁ
"Exxon reaches 1.1 billion spill settlement deal", Los (ÓÓÓ)
.Angeles Times, 1 October 1991, p. A–1
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÓÔ)
213 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǎƟƢǐºŬơȁ ƨȈǟƢǠNjȍơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ ǺǷ ƲȇDŽǷ Ǻǟ ȁƗ ƨȈǟƢǠNjȍơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ
ȁƗ ȅȁȂºǼdzơ ƽȂºǫȂǴdz ƧǂǘŬơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣ ȁƗ ƨȇǁƢƴǨǻȏơ ȁƗ ƨǷƢLjdzơ
ƧƘnjǼǷ ǺǷ ƨȈƫƕ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƽơȂŭ ȁƗ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƽơȂǷ Ŀ ƨǠnjǷ ƩƢȇƢǨǻ ȁƗ ƨǠnjǷ ƲƫơȂǻ
žƢȀȈdzƛ ƨǴLJǂǷ ȁƗ ƢȀȈǧ ƧƾdzȂƬǷ ȁƗ ƨȇȁȂǻ
...
ǹơƾºǬǧ ȅƗ ȁƗ ȆǐƼNj ǁǂǓ ȅƗ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǧ ‘Б
ǝƢǠNjƛ Ǻǟ ƢƆŦƢǻ ȁƗ ƢƆƠNjƢǻ ǹȂǰȇ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ǪƸǴȇ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ ȁƗ DZơȂǷȌdz
ǎǻ ƢǷ ơƿƛ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Dzƻơƽ ǂƻƕ ǝƢǠNjƛ ǁƾǐǷ ȅƗ ǾưǠƦȇ ǺȇƚǷ
.Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƢȀȈǧ ƾƳȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ
ǺǷ (ǭ)Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ǻǟ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǒȈǠƬLjƫȁ -ÑÕÖ
ǁǂǔǴdz ǞLJȁƗ ǦȇǂǠƬƥ ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (ǭ)Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ȅȁȂǼdzơ
:ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ
:"ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ" řǠȇ
žƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǧ ‘Α
žƢđ ǪƸǴȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ǹơƾǬǧ ‘Ï‘
ƨºǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢºǫ ǽƽƾºŹ ȅǀdzơ ǁƾǬdzƢƥ ǾǨǏȁ ȆǴȇ ƢŲ ǁǂǓ ȅƗȁ
žƨǐƬƼŭơ
_________________________________________
ơȂƸƦºǏƗ ǍƢƼNjȋ Ƕǟƾdzơ ŚǧȂƬƥ ƢƆǻȂǻƢǫ ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ƤƳơȁ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ľȂƬŭơ ǂǧƢLjŭơ
ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢƆǔȇȂǠƫ ǹȂǬƸƬLjȇ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǮƠdzȁƗ ǹƜǧ Ƕǟƾdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ śǷȁǂŰ
ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ :ȆǟȂǗ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ǶŮ Ƕǟƾdzơ ŚǧȂƬƥ ľȂƬŭơ ǵȂǬȇ ǹƢǯ Ǻŭ
:ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ñȁ Ð śƫƽƢŭơ
ǂǧƢLjŭơ ƧƢǧȁ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǁơǂǓȋơ -Ð ƧƽƢŭơ"
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǁơǂǓȋơ DzǸnjƫ ǂǧƢLjŭơ ƧƢǧȁ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ -Î"
DzǬǻ ƨǨǴǰƫ ƨǏƢşȁ ƧƢǧȂǴdz ƨȈdzƢƫ ƨȇǁȁǂǓ ƩƢǬǨǻ ȅƗ (Ɨ)"
žƢȀǫơǂƷƛȁ ƢȀǼǧƽȁ ƨưŪơ
.Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǥċǂǠĄƫ ƨƬǤƥ ƧƢǧȂdzơ ƭƾŢ Ń ơƿƛ (ƣ)"
ǹƢǯ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǹƗ ǂǧƢLjŭơ ƧƢǧȁ ƤƦLjƥ ƭƾƷ ơƿƛ -Ï"
ƢƆǻȂǻƢǫ ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ƤƳơȁ ǵơDŽƬdzơ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ǶȀǿƢš Ǿdz ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ ȁƗ ǶȀǿƢš Ǿdz
ǮºƠdzȁƗ DzºưǷ ƶƦǐºȇ Ƕǟƾdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ śǷȁǂŰ ơȂƸƦǏƗȁ ǶȀƬdzƢǟƜƥ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ǩȂǬūơ ǶǜǼƫȁ .ǶēǁƢLjƻ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz śǬƸƬLjǷ ǍƢƼNjȋơ
ǂǧƢLjŭơ ǶȀǴȈǠȇ ǹƢǯ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋƢƥ ƨǬƷȐdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƩơƔơǂƳȍƢƥ
."řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥ Ǯdzǀƥ ƢƆǻȂǻƢǫ ƢƆǷDŽƬǴǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ
ǂǧƢLjǸǴdz ȆǐƼNj ǁǂǓ ƭȁƾƷ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ -Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ"
ňƾºƥ ǂºƻƕ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ ȁƗ ȆǐƼNj ǁǂǓ ƭȁƾƷ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ"
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ DzǸnjƫ ǂǧƢLjǸǴdz ȆǴǬǟ ȁƗ
œºǘdzơ ƱȐǠdzơ ƨǨǴǰƫ ƨǏƢşȁ ƨȇǁȁǂǓ ƩƢǬǨǻ ȅƗ (Ɨ)"
žDzǬǼdzơ ȁƗ
ƢƆȈǴǯ ƧǁƾǬdzơ ǹơƾǬǧ ńƛ ƨǠƳơǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ (ƣ)"
ƨȈǐºƼnjdzơ ǾƫƢƳƢȈƬƷơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǬǨǼdzơ ƧƽƢȇǃ ȁƗ DzǸǠdzơ Ǻǟ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ ȁƗ
."DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀǷDŽǴƬLJơ Ŗdzơȁ
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦċƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ (Ɨ)
ǹơƾǬǧ DzưǷ ƨȇƽƢŭơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǹƘƥ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ȆǔǬȇ -ÑÕÕ
Ȇǿ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ƨǬƷȐdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ȁƗ DZơȂǷȋơ ǹơƾǬǧ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ
ǺºǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (ǭ)Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǥďǂǠĄƫȁ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ƨǴƥƢǫ ǁơǂǓƗ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǸǯ (ÓÔÍ)ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ȅƗ ȁƗ (ÓÔÎ)ȆǐºƼNj ǁǂºǓ ȅƗ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǧ ‘Α
Ǻºǟ ƢƆºŦƢǻ ȁƗ ƢƆƠNjƢǻ ǹȂǰȇ DZơȂǷȋƢƥ ǪƸǴȇ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ ȁƗ DZơȂǷȌdz ǹơƾǬǧ
__________
ǺǸǔºƬƫȁ ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ƽơȂŭơ DZȁƢǼƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ DzȈǴǬdzơ ƨť (ÓÔÍ)
ȁƗ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǥȐş ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨŹǂǏ ƢƆǷƢǰƷƗ
ǺºǰŻ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ǁƾǬdzƢƥȁ .ȃǂƻƗ ƭƽơȂƷ ǞǷ ǭơǂƬNjȏƢƥ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ
ơƆǁǂºǓ ŐºƬǠĄƫ ƢĔƜǧ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǮǴƫ Dzǐǧ ǾȈǧ
ǎǼƫ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ .ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠ ƢĔƘnjƥ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ƨǴƥƢǫ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ ƢƆȇȁȂǻ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ȅȁȂºǼdzơ Śºǣ ǁǂǔdzơȁ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ Dzǯ ƭƾƷ ơƿƛ"
ȃǂƻƗ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƢȀǠǷ ƪǯǂƬNjơȁ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ȁƗ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƤƦLjƥ
ȏ ȅǀºdzơ ǁƾǬdzơ ńƛȁ ǂƻȉơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ŐƬǠĄȇ ƨȇȁȂǻ Śǣ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ
ǽǀºǿ Ǒơǂºǣȋȁ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǾǴǐǧ ǺǰŻ
ƭƾƷ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ .ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǮǴƫ ǾƬƦƦLJ ƢƆȇȁȂǻ ơƆǁǂǓ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ǭǂƬNjơȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƢȀǴǸnjƫ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǾƯȁƾƷ Ŀ ƤƦLjƫ ǁǂǓ
ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰȇ ǺǴǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǾǴǸnjƫ ȏ ǺďȇƚǷ ǝƢǠNjȍ ƭƢǠƦǻơ ƢȀǠǷ
ƔơȂLJ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ŀ ǂƯƚȇ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǁȂǐƥ ȁƗ ƾŹ ƢǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ
DzƦºLJ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ȁƗ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔǴdz ǑǂǠƫ ǎƼNj ȅƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ƢºǸȈǧ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǽǁƢƦƬǟơ ǃȂŸ ǎƼNj ȅȋ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ȁƗ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ
."Ǻďȇƚŭơ ǝƢǠNjȍơ Ǯdzƿ ƭƢǠƦǻƢƥ DzǐƬȇ
ǺǨLjºdzơ ȆǴǤnjǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ Ŗdzơȁ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
ȅǀdzơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ Śǣ ǁǂǔdzơȁ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ Dzǯ ƭƾƷ ơƿƛ"
ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ƨȇȁȂǻ Śǣ ƨƯƽƢƷȁ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǾƯȁƾƷ Ŀ ƪƦƦLjƫ ƾǫ ǹȂǰƫ
ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Dzǐǧ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǺǰŻ Ńȁ ƨȇȁȂǻ Śǣ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǺǷ
Ǒơǂºǣȋ ŐƬǠĄȇ ǾƬǷǂƥ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǹƜǧ ȅȁȂǼdzơ Śǣ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿȁ
ƢȀǴǸnjºƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ơƆǂǐƷ ǾƬƦċƦLJ ƢƆȇȁȂǻ ơƆǁǂǓ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ
ƨºƯƽƢƷ ǾƯȁƾƷ Ŀ ƪƦƦLjƫ ǁǂǓ ƭƾƷ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ .ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ
ȁƗ ǺďȇƚǷ ǝƢǠNjȍ ƭƢǠƦǻơ ƢȀǠǷ ǭǂƬNjơȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƢȀǴǸnjƫ ƨȇȁȂǻ
ȁƗ ƧǂƴǨƬǷ ȁƗ ƨȈďǸLJĄ ǎƟƢǐƻ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ ǺďȇƚǷ ǝƢǠNjƛ ǺǷ ƭƢǠƦǻơ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏƢƥ DZȂǸnjǷ Śǣ ǝƢǠNjȍơ ǁƾǐǷ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ Ƨǂǘƻ ǎƟƢǐƻ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ŀ ǂƯƚȇ ǂƻƕ Dzǰnjƥ ȁƗ ƾŹ ƢǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǹȂǰȇ ǺǴǧ
ȁƗ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ DzƦLJ Ŀ Ǫūơ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ȁƗ ƢȇƢƸǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƔơȂLJ
ƭƢºǠƦǻƢƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ŐƬǠĄȇ ƾǫ ǎƼNj ȅȋ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ
ǎƟƢǐºŬơ ȁƗ ƧǂƴǨƬŭơ ȁƗ ƨȈďǸLjdzơ ǎƟƢǐŬƢƥ ȁƗ Ǻďȇƚŭơ ǝƢǠNjȍơ
."ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǾǴǸnjƫ ȏ ȅǀdzơȁ ǝƢǠNjȍơ ǁƾǐŭ ȃǂƻȋơ ƧǂǘŬơ
ƣƢǯǂdzơ DzǬǼƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǎǼƫ (ÓÔÎ)
ǦȈdzƢǰƫ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ƨȇǁȁǂǔdzơ ƩƢǬǨǼdzơ Ǟǧƽ ȄǴǟ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ ǶȀƬǠƬǷƗȁ
ȄǴǟ ƧǁƾǬdzơ ǹơƾǬǧ ńƛ ƨǠƳơǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ DzǬǼdzơȁ œǘdzơ ƱȐǠdzơ
ǎƼnjºdzơ ƩƢºƳƢȈƬƷƢƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǬǨǼdzơ ƧƽƢȇǃȁ ƆƢȈǴǯ ȁƗ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ DzǸǠdzơ
ǂǧƢLjºŭơ ƧƢǧȁ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȁ ƢȀǷDŽǴƬLJơ Ŗdzơȁ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔƬŭơ
ȄǴǟ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .ƢȀǫơǂƷƛ ȁƗ ƢȀǼǧƽȁ ƨưŪơ DzǬǻ ƨǨǴǰƫ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȆǘǤȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Śƥơƾƫȁ ǞǼŭơ Śƥơƾƫȁ Ʃơƽơǂȇȍơ Ŀ ƧǁƢLjŬơȁ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ
ƢǷ ńƛ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ Śƥơƾƫ ǥċǂǠĄƫȁ .ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ
ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ƢēċǂǫƗ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ Śƥơƾƫ ȅƗ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ
ƧƽƢºǟƛ ńƛ ȆºǷǂƫ Ŗdzơȁ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǮǴƫ ƢȀȈǧ ƩǀƼČƫơ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz
ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ŚǷƾƬdzơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢđƢǏƗ Ŗdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǬǷ
ǮºǴƫ DZƽƢǠȇ ƢǷ DZƢƻƽƜƥ ȏƆ ȂǬǠǷ Ǯdzƿ ǹƢǯ ŕǷ ȁƗ ƢȀǸȈǷǂƫ ȁƗ
ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƭƾƷ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƽƾŹȁ .ƨƠȈƦdzơ ńƛ ƩƢǻȂǰŭơ
.ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǮǴƫ ƿƢţơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƢŮ Ŗdzơ ƨȀŪơ
ǦºȇǂǠƫ ȅƗ ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢºǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǸǔƬƫ ȏȁ -ÑÖÎ
džȇǁƢºƥ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ơǀºǿ ǭǁơƾƫ ȃǂƳ ƾǫȁ .ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔǴdz
ƧƾȇƾŪơ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ ‘Ô‘ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǥďǂǠƫ ƮȈƷ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz
.(ÓÔÐ)ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
Ǟºǧƽ ȄºǴǟ ƢƆÅǔºȇƗ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÑÖÏ
Śƥơƾºƫȁ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ Śƥơƾƫ DzƥƢǬǷ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ
ǾºȈǴǟ ƪºǻƢǯ ƢºǷ ńƛ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ Śƥơƾƫ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǾƦnjȇȁ .ǞǼŭơ
.ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ
Śǣ ǁǂǔdzơȁ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀȁ -ÑÖÐ
ȃǂƻƗ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǞǷ ǭơǂƬNjȏƢƥ ȁƗ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ Ǻǟ ƞNjƢǼdzơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ
ǾǴǐǧ ǾȈǧ ǺǰŻ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ǁƾǬdzƢƥ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ŐƬǠĄȇ ǝȂǻ ȅƗ ǺǷ
Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƢƆºȇȁȂǻ ơƆǁǂºǓ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ
džȇǁƢºƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Dzǯ ǵƢǜǻ ǺǸǔƬȇȁ .ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
.(ÓÔÑ)ƤǻƢŪơ ơǀđ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢƆǷƢǰƷƗ
_________________________________________
ǂƻƕ ǦǴƫ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjƻ ȅƗȁ ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ‘Ó‘"
žŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǮǴƫ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ
ƢȀƦƦLjȇ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫ ǥȐş ȃǂƻƗ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫơ ƧǁƢLjƻ ȅƗ ‘Ô‘"
ǹƘnjºƥ ǵƢǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ǯdzǀƥ ƶũ ơƿƛ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ DZȐƻȍơ
.ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǁƾǬdzƢƥȁ ǽȐǟƗ ‘Ô‘ȁ ‘Ò‘ ńƛ ‘Α ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ
ƨºƴȈƬǻ ȁƗ Ǻǟ śƠNjƢǻ ǦǴƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǮǴƫ ǾȈǧ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ
ƨºȇȁȂǻ ƧƘnjǼǷ Dzƻơƽ ȆǟƢǠNjƛ ǁƾǐǷ ȅƗ ǺǷ ƮǠƦǼǷ ǺďȇƚǷ ǝƢǠNjȍ
ƨǠnjºǷ ƩƢºȇƢǨǻ ȁƗ ƨǠnjǷ ƩƢƴƬǼǷ ȁƗ ȅȁȂǻ ƽȂǫȁ ǺǷ ƮǠƦǼǷ ȁƗ
ƨȇȁȂǻ ƧƘnjǼǷ ńƛ ƨǴLJǂǷ ȁƗ ǺǷ ƨƠNjƢǻ ȁƗ ǺǷ ƨȈƫƕ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƧƽƢǷ ǺǷ ȁƗ
ƲȇDŽºǷ ǺǷ ȁƗ ƧƽƢŭơ ǮǴƬdz ƨǠnjŭơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǻ ƪǻƢǯ ƔơȂLJ
Ƨǂºǘƻ ǎƟƢǐƻ ȁƗ ƧǂƴǨƬǷ ȁƗ ƨċȈũ ȃǂƻƗȁ ƨǠnjǷ ǎƟƢǐƻ ǺǷ
."ƧƽƢŭơ ǮǴƬdz ȃǂƻƗ
.ǽȐǟƗ ÏÒÒ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÓÔÐ)
ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢºǠdz ƢºǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (ÓÔÑ)
ǺǷ (ƣ)Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơȁ ž(ǽȐǟƗ ÓÔÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ
(ƣ)Ð ƧǂºǬǨdzơȁ .ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ƧƽƢºŭơȁ .ǽȐǟƗ ÒÒÑ ƨȈNjƢūơ Ŀ ƨƼLjǼƬLjǷ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ
ǁǂǔºdzơ" ȆºǘǤƫ ƢºĔƗ ȏƛ ƨđƢnjǷ ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ (ƣ)Ð
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÒÒÐ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ "ǹơƾǬǨdzơ ȁƗ
214
ǁƢnjŭơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjŬơ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ‘Б
ǹƢºƫǂǬǨdzơ ǹƢºƫƢǿ ƢȀǴǸnjƫ Ń ƪǷơƽ ƢǷ ‘Ï‘ ȁƗ ‘Α ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ
ƧǁƢLjƻ Dzǰƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ Ǿdz ǎƼNj ƢǿƾƦǰƫ ơƿƛ ǹƢƬȈǟǂǨdzơ
žǁǂǓ ȁƗ
ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ Ƨǁȁǂǔŭơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ Śƥơƾƫ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ‘Ñ‘
ƩǀºƼČƫơ ƾǫ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǮǴƫ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ DZƢƥ ȅƿ Śǣ ǁǂǔdzơ ơǀǿ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƢǷ
ž‘Ï‘ ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƢȀǴǸnjƫ Ń ƪǷơƽ ƢǷȁ ǀƼċƬƫĄ ǹƗ ńƛ ƢȀǴȈƦLjƥ ȁƗ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǡǧ
ƾºƟơȂǨdzơ ǺºǷ ƨºȈƫƘƬŭơ ƩơƽơǂȇȍƢƥ ǪƸǴƫ Ŗdzơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ‘Ò‘
ǁǂǔdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƾċƦǰƬĄƫ Ŗdzơȁ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǞƬŤ ȁƗ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ
ž‘Ï‘ ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǂƊǯǀĄƫ Ń ƪǷơƽ ƢǷȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǮǴƬƥ ǪƸǴȇ ŚƦǯ
ĿƢºǓȍơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ǂƟƢLjŬơȁ ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ‘Ó‘
žŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǮǴƫ ǾƦƦLjƫ ȅǀdzơ
ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀƦƦLjȇ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫ ơƾǟ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫơ ƧǁƢLjƻ ȅƗ ‘Ô‘
ƨºȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ǵƢǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ǯdzǀƥ ƶũ ơƿƛ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪƸǴȇ ȅǀdzơ
žƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz
Ǯºdzƿ ǹȂǰȇ ǽȐǟƗ ‘Ô‘ȁ‘Ò‘ ńƛ ‘Α ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ
ǺďȇƚǷ ǝƢǠNjƛ Ǻǟ śšƢǻ ȁƗ śƠNjƢǻ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǾȈǧ ǹȂǰƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁƾǬdzƢƥ
ƽȂºǫȁ ǺǷ ƮǠƦǼǷ ȁƗ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Dzƻơƽ ǝƢǠNjȎdz ǁƾǐǷ ȅƗ ǺǷ ƮǠƦǼǷ
ƨȇȁȂǻ ƧƽƢǷ ƢȀƦƦLJ ȁƗ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƧƘnjǼǷ Ŀ ƨȈǟƢǠNjƛ ƩƢȇƢǨǻ ȁƗ ƩƢƴƬǼǷ ȁƗ ȅȁȂǻ
Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǻ ƪǻƢǯ ƔơȂLJ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ǮǴƫ ńƛ ƨƊǴLJǂǷ ȁƗ Ŀ ƨƠNjƢǻ ȁƗ ǺǷ ƨȈƫƕ
ƨȈǟƢǠºNjȍơ ǎƟƢǐºŬơ ǺǷ ƲȇDŽǷ ǺǷ ȁƗ ƧƽƢŭơ ǮǴƬdz ƨȈǟƢǠNjȍơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ
.ƧƽƢŭơ ǮǴƬdz ȃǂƻȋơ ƧŚǘŬơ ȁƗ ƧǂƴǨƬŭơ ȁƗ ƨȈǸLjdzơ ǎƟƢǐŬơȁ
ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ƾǠƥƗ Ȃǿ ƢǷ ńƛ ȆǔŻ ȅǀdzơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ơǀǿȁ -ÑÖÍ
ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ǦǴƫ ȁƗ ǹơƾǬǧȁ ȆǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǧ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺºǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢºŭơ Ŀ ŚƦǯ ƾƷ ńƛ ǽǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟ ċǎǻĄ
ƢƆǔȇƗ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ơǀǿ ȆǘǤȇȁ .(ÓÔÏ)ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
__________
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ‘ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ‘ řǠȇ" (ȁ)" (ÓÔÏ)
žȆǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǧ ‘Α"
žƢȀǨǴƫ ȁƗ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ǹơƾǬǧ ‘Ï‘"
ƨºǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢºǫ ǽƽƾŹ ȅǀdzơ ǁƾǬdzƢƥ ȆǴȇ ƢŲ ȅƗȁ
:ƨǐƬƼŭơ
ǦºǴƬdzơ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjŬơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ‘Б"
Ń ƢºǷ ‘Ï‘ ȁƗ ‘Α ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƢǸȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ
ƢŷƾºƦǰƫ ơƿƛ ǹƢºƬȈǟǂǨdzơ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ ǹƢƫƢǿ ƢȀǴǸnjƫ
ǮºǴƬƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ Ǿdz ǎƼNj
žǦǴƬdzơ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjŬơ
Ƣđ DZȐƻȎdz ƪǓǂǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ Śƥơƾƫ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ‘Ñ‘"
ȅƿ Śǣ DZȐƻȍơ ơǀǿ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƢǷ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ
ƢºǿƿƢţơ ƽơǂĄȇ ȁƗ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǡǧ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǮǴƫ ƩǀƼČƫơ ơƿƛ DZƢƥ
ž‘Ï‘ ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzƢƥ ƨdzȂǸnjǷ Ǻǰƫ Ń ƢǷȁ
ȅȋ ƨȇƽƢǐºƬǫơ ƧƾƟƢǧ ǺǷ ƾǸƬLjŭơ Dzƻƾdzơ Ŀ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ‘Ò‘"
DZȐºƻȍ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƾċƦǰƬĄƫ Ŗdzơȁ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǞƬŤ ȁƗ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ
ƧǂǬǨdzƢºƥ ƨdzȂǸnjǷ Ǻǰƫ Ń ƢǷȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǮǴƬƥ DZƢƥ ȅƿ
ž‘Ï‘ ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ
215 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƧǁǂǔƬŭơ ƨƠȈƦǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ƨdzƢūơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ‘Ñ‘
Ȑ
Ɔ ºǠǧ ƩǀºƼČƫơ Ŗdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿ ǂǐƬǬȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ
ȁ žƢǿƿƢţơ ƽơǂĄȇ Ŗdzơ ȁƗ
ǁǂǓ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjƻ ȅƗ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ‘Ò‘
Ǯºdzƿ DzºưǷ ǾȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁƾǬdzƢƥ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǮǴƫ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬȇ
ƨǴǐºƬŭơ ƩƢºȇƢǨǼǴdz Ƨǂǘƻ ǎƟƢǐŬ ƨƴȈƬǻ ȁƗ Ǻǟ ƢƆƠNjƢǻ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƩƢºȇƢǨǼdzơȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơȁ ƽȁƾūơ Őǟ ƨǯǂūƢƥ
.ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz Ǟǔţ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ
ȅƗ ǾºȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨdzƢƷ ƧƽƢǟƛ Śƥơƾƫ DzǸnjƫȁ -ÑÖÕ
ǾºȈǴǟ ǹƢºǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ǾƫƽƢǟƛȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǞǓȁ ǶȈȈǬƫ ńƛ ȆǷǂƫ Śƥơƾƫ
ǚăƷȐȇȁ .ƩǂďǷƽĄ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢđƢǏƗ Ŗdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǻȂǰǷ ƵȐǏƛ ȁƗ
ƿƢºţơ Ŀ Ǫºūơ Ǿºdz ǺǷ ńƛ Śnjȇ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ ȆǴƄơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƗ
.ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǮǴƫ
ƢƆºǸǰƷ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢºǠdz ǦºȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǸǔƬȇȁ -ÑÖÖ
ƨdzƢūơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ŚƥơƾƬdz ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǞLJȁƗ ƢƆǨȇǂǠƫ ȆǘǠȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ .(ÓÔÕ)ƢƆđƢnjǷ
ƧƽƢǟƛ ńƛ ȆǷǂƫ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ Śƥơƾƫ ȅƗ DzǸnjȇ ȂȀǧ .ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ
ŚǷƾºƬdzơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔºdzơ ƢđƢºǏƗ Ŗºdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǻȂǰǷ ƵȐǏƛ ȁƗ
ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǞǓȂdzơ ńƛ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ǽƢȈŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ ƾǼǟ ǺLjƬȇ Ń ơƿƛ ȁƗ ƭƾŢ Ń ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǹƗ Ȃdz
.ƽȁƾºƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ Ŀ ƩƢǻȂǰŭơ ǮǴƫ DZƽƢǠȇ ƢǷ ƭơƾƸƬLJơ
Ŀ Ǫºūơ Ǿdz ǹȂǰȇ ǺǷ ńƛ Śnjȇ ƾǫ ȆǴƄơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƗ ǚăƷȐȇȁ
ƨºȈǘǤƫ Ǻºǟ ƢƆºǓȂǠǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǮǴƫ ƿƢţơ
Śƥơƾºƫ ǦȈdzƢºǰƫ Ƕºǰūơ DzǸnjºȇ ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ
ȅƗ ƢǿǀºƼƬȇ ƨºdzȂǬǠǷ Śƥơƾƫ ȅƗ ƢĔƘƥ ƪǧǂĄǟ ƾǫȁ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏơ
ƨȈǟƢǼǏ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƣƢǬǟƗ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǎƼNj
ƤȈƫǂƬǴdz ȁƗ ƢǸȀǼǷ ǦȈǨƼƬdzơ ȁƗ DzȈǴǬƬdzơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞǼŭ
ŚnjĄȇ ǹƗ ȆǴƄơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǃȂŸ ǾǻƗ ǚăƷȐȇȁ .ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǦȈǜǼƫ DzƳƗ ǺǷ
.ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǮǴƫ ƿƢţơ Ŀ Ǫūơ Ǿdz ǺǷ ńƛ
Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ô ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǁǂǔdzơ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǥďǂǠĄƫȁ -ÒÍÍ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǸǯ
žȆǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǧ (Ɨ)
ȁƗ ǹơƾǬǧ ǺǷ ǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ǪƸǴȇ ƢǷ (ƣ)
žDzďǤnjŭơ ƧǂǘȈLjdz ƨǠǓƢŬơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ȁƗ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƧƘnjǼŭƢƥ ǪƸǴȇ ƢǷ Śǣ ǁǂǓ
ǁơƾºǬŭƢƥ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ DZȐƻȍơ ǾƦƦLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ǹơƾǬǨdzơ (Ʊ)
(Ɨ) śƬȈǟǂǨdzơ śƫǂǬǨdzơ DZȂdzƾǷ ƤLjŞ ơƆǁǂǓ DZȐƻȍơ ơǀǿ Ǿƥ ŐƬǠĄȇ ȏ ȅǀdzơ
ơƾºǟ ƨºƠȈƦdzƢƥ DZȐºƻȍơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǂǐƬǬȇ ǹƗ Ǖǂnjƥ ǽȐǟƗ (ƣ) ȁƗ
Ȑ
Ɔ Ǡǧ ǀƼċƬȇĄ ƢǷ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ȄǴǟ DZȐƻȍơ ơǀŮ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƶƥǂdzơ ǹơƾǬǧ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
žǾȈǴǟ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ǞǓȂdzơ ƧƽƢǟȍ ǀƼƬƬLJ ȁƗ Śƥơƾƫ ǺǷ
__________
.Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (ǃ)Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ (ÓÔÕ)
ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǀƼƬȇȁ -ÑÖÑ
ƿƢºǨǼdzơ DŽºȈƷ ƢƆǬǴǘǷ Dzƻƾȇ Ń ȅǀdzơ ÎÖÕÑ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
"ƭȂºǴƬdzơ Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ" ǵȂȀǨǷ ǾǨȇǂǠƫ ƨǣƢȈǐdz ƧƾǟƢǬǯ
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÎÏÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ) ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ
.(ÓÔÒ)ƢƆđƢnjºǷ ƢƆǨȇǂǠƫ ǺǨLjdzơ ƽȂǫȁ ƪȇǃ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǸǔƬƫȁ -ÑÖÒ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ ÎÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ "ǁǂǔdzơ" ǵȂȀǨǷ ǥďǂǟ ƾǬǧ
ƧǂºǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǻ DZȐƻ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
:ǾǻƘƥ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJȁ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥȁ ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ
ž... ȆǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǧ (Ɨ)
ž... ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ǹơƾǬǨdzơ (ƣ)
ǪºȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ǁǂǓ ȁƗ ǦǴƫ ǺǷ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ ǾƦƦLjƫ ƢǷ (Ʊ)
Ǻºǟ ơƾºǟ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ DZȐƻȍơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǂǐƬǬȇ ǹƗ Ǖǂnjƥ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƮȇȂǴƫ
Ȑ
Ɔ Ǡǧ ǽƿƢţơ ƽơǂĄȇ ȁƗ ǀƼċƬȇĄ ƢǷ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ȄǴǟ DZȐƻȍơ ơǀŮ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƶƥǂdzơ ǹơƾǬǧ
žǾȈǴǟ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ǞǓȂdzơ ƧƽƢǟȍ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ Śƥơƾƫ ǺǷ
.ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ (ƽ)
ȄǴǟ ǺǰŻ Ń ơƿƛ" ǾǻƜǧ ƧƽƢŭơ ƽȂǼƥ ǺǷ Śƻȋơ ƾǼƦdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǔƬǬŠȁ
ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ ǾƬƦċƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ DZDŽǟ DZȂǬǠŭơ ǾƳȁ
Ǻºǟ ƢƆƦƦLjƬǷ ǾǴǯ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ŐƬǠĄȇ ȃǂƻƗ DzǷơȂǟ ǾƬƦċƦLJ ȅǀdzơ
Ŀ ǾLjºǨǻ ơǀºǿ "ǁǂǔdzơ" ǦȇǂǠƫ ƾǸĄƬǟơ ƾǫȁ ."ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭƢƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ó ƧǂǬǨdzơ
.ƧǁƢǓȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ
ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǝƢǬdz ƨȈǻƾǠŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÑÖÓ
ƨºǴƥƢǫ ǽƾºƷȁ "ƭȂºǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ" ȏ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ
ƨºdzȂǬǠǷ Śƥơƾƫ ƨȇƗ" ƢĔƘƥ ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǥċǂǠĄƫȁ .(ÓÔÓ)ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz
ǁǂǔºdzơ ǞǼŭ ƢȀǼȈǠƥ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƨȇƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ƢǿǀƼƬȇ
ƔƢǼưƬºLJƢƥ Ǯºdzƿȁ Ňƽȋơ ǽƾƷ ńƛ ǾdzȐǫƛ ȁƗ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ
ȁƗ ƧƘnjºǼŭơ ƨȇƢǸū ƧǀƼƬŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơȁ ǁƢƥȉơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ Śƥơƾƫ
.(ÓÔÔ)"ƢŮơƾƦƬLJơ ȁƗ ƢȀƷȐǏƛ
(Ʊ)Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǥďǂǠĄȇȁ -ÑÖÔ
:ǾǻƘƥ "ǁǂǔdzơ" ǾǼǷ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ
žȆǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǧ ‘Α
ơǀºǿ ƤºƳȂŠ DZȁƚLjºŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ǦǴƬdzơ ‘Ï‘
žDZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ȅȋ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫơ ƧƾƟƢǧ ǺǷ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƾǸƬLjŭơ Dzƻƾdzơ ǹơƾǬǧ ‘Б
ǁƢºƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ǀºƻȋơ ǞǷ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔƬdz ƨƴȈƬǻ DzǏƢūơȁ ƨƠȈƦǴdz
žǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơȁ ƩơǁȂǧȂdzơ
__________
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÎÐÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ) Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ö ƧǂǬǨdzơ (ÓÔÒ)
.Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ó ƧǂǬǨdzơ (ÓÔÓ)
.Ô ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÔÔ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ ƆƢȈƸȈƸǐƫȁ ƆƢȈƟƢǫȁ ƆơƔơǂƳƛ DzďǤnjŭơ ǀƼƬȇ ǹƗ
ǹȂºǰȇ Ŗdzơ ȁƗ ȆƠȈƥ ǁǂǓ ƭȁƾŞ ǮȈNjȁ ǂǘƻ ƢȀȈǧ ƾƳȂȇ
"ƨºȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ŚƥơƾºƬdzơ" ǥċǂºǠĄƫȁ .ȆƠȈƥ ǁǂǓ ƢȀȈǧ ƭƾƷ ƾǫ
ƨƥƢƴƬºLJơ ǀƼċƬĄƫ Śƥơƾƫ ƨȇƗ ƢĔƘƥ (Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ ÎÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ)
ǂǘŬơ ƣȂnjǻ ńƛ ȃƽƗ ȅǀdzơ ŚǐǬƬdzơ ȁƗ DzǠǨdzơ ȁƗ ƨdzƢƸǴdz
ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǯºdzƿ ǞºǼǷ ǥƾđ ȆƠȈƥ ǁǂǓ ƭȁƾŞ ǮȈNjȂdzơ
ƔơǂƳƛ ȅƗ "ƨȈƸȈƸǐƬdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ" řǠƫ ƢǸǼȈƥ žǾǼǷ DzȈǴǬƬdzơ ȁƗ
ǦºȈǨƼƬdzơ Śƥơƾºƫ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸů ȁƗ
ƨºȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǁƽƢǐŭơ DZơƾƦƬLJơ ȁƗ ƵȐǏƛ ȁƗ ƧƽƢǟȍ ƨƬǫƚŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ȁƗ
_________________________________________
ǡȂºǴƥ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƫơȂǷ Śǣ ǁƢƯƕ Ǿdz ǹȂǰȇ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ ȃƾǷ ǶċȈǬȇ"
ȁƗ DzºƟơȂŭơ ǚºǨū DŽºǯǂŭơ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƨǜǧƢƄơ ȁƗ ƩơȂǷ DŽǯǂǷ
ǁǂǔºdzơ DZȂǐºƷ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ǚǨūơ DŽǯǂǷ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzƢƥ ǝơȂǻȋơ
ȄºǴǟ Ƣēǁƾºǫȁ ƢȀƴƬǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨƷơǂdzơ DzƦLJ ƢǿǂǧȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǷƾŬơȁ
ǖƻ DŽǯǂŭ ƧŚƦǰdzơ ƨȈƫơȂŭơ Śǣ ƩơŚȈǤƬdzơ ƽċƾŢȁ .ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽƾƴƬdzơ
:DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ DžƢȈǬǴdz ƨǴƥƢǫ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǘLJơȂƥ DžƢLJȋơ
ƨdzȂǸnjŭơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ȁƗ ǶȀƬǧƢưǯȁ ƽơǂǧȋơ ƽƾǟ •"
ƧǂċǷƾºŭơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ȁƗ ƽơǂǧȋơ ǺǷ ƽǂǧ Dzǯ ǎź ȅǀdzơ ǁȁƾdzơ •"
DzƟơȂŭơȁ ǝơȂǻȋơ ƧǁƾĄǻȁ DzƟȂŭơ ǚǨŞ ȁƗ ǝơȂǻȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ȄºǴǟȁ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơȁ ƨȈǴƄơ ƾǠĄǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǶȈȈǬƬdzơ ǶƬȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ)
(ƨǟƢǸŪơ ȃȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ȄǴǟƗ ƩƢȇȂƬLjǷ
ǮǴƬƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƩƢȈǰȈǷƢǼȇƾǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ) ǂƯƢǰƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǝơȂǻȋơ Ƨǁƾǫ •"
DzºƟȂŭơ Ƨǁƾǫ ȁƗ ƢȀƟƢǬƥ ƩƢǷȂǬǷȁ (ǞǸƬĐơ Ǯdzǀƥ ȁƗ ǝơȂǻȋơ
Ŗdzơ ǝơȂǻȋƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢȈǰȈǷƢǼȇƾǴdz ƢƆǬƦǗ) ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽƾƴƬdzơ ȄǴǟ
(ǝơȂǻȋơ ǮǴƫ ǞǸƬƴŠ ȁƗ ƨǏƢƻ ǾȈǧ NJȈǠƫ
Ŀ ljƢǠƬǻȏơ ȄǴǟ ǁǂǔdzơ ƭȁƾƷ ƾǠƥ ǝơȂǻȋơ DzƟȂǷ Ƨǁƾǫ •"
ƨȇƢǸūơ Śƥơƾƫ ǥȐş Dzƻƾƫ ȅƗ ǹȁƽ ƧŚǐǫ ƧǂƬǧ ǹȂǔǣ
ȁƗ ǝơȂºǻȋơ ƩƢȈǰȈǷƢǼȇƽ DzǔǨƥ ȅƽƚƫ ƨdzƢƷ ńƛ ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ
ȁƗ ƆƢºƠǧƢǰǷ ŐºƬǠĄȇ ǞǓȁ ńƛ ǂƻƕ ƔȆNj ȅƗ ǹȁƽ DzƟȂŭơ
.DžƢLJȋơ ǖƻ ǞǓȁ ǺǷ DzǔǧƗ
ǾǨºǏȂƥ ǂnjƦdzơ ƨƸǐdz ǾdzȂǐƷ ƪƦưȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǦǼǐĄȇ"
.ƆơŚƦǯ ƆơǁǂǓ
:ƆơŚƦǯ ƆơǁǂǓ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǦȈǼǐƫ ǵDŽǴȇ ȏȁ"
Ŗdzơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƩƢƦǴǬƬdzơ Ǻǟ DzǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƦǴLjdzơ ǺȇƢƦƬdzơ ƩȏƢƷ •"
DZơƚLjdzơ ǞǓȂǷ DzƟȂŭơ ȁƗ ǝơȂǻȌdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƧƽƢƬǠǷ ŐƬǠĄƫ
ƘnjǼƫ ȁƗ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƣƢƦLJȋ ǞƳǂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƦǴLjdzơ ǺȇƢƦƬdzơ ƩȏƢƷ •"
ȂºƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞǫơȂǸǴdz ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƧǁơƽȍƢƥ DzǐƬȇ Dzƻƾƫ Ǻǟ
ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ƨǧƾȀƬLjŭơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ȁƗ DzƟȂŭơ ƩȐƴLJ ǾǧďǂǠĄƫ ȅǀdzơ
ǹȂǴǤnjŭơ ȁƗ ǹȂǰdzƢŭơ DzƦǫ ǺǷ Ǿƥ ǞǴǘǓơ ȅǀdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ
ƢĔƗ ǾǻƘnjƥ ǁǂǬƬȇ ȅǀdzơȁ DzƟơȂŭơ ȁƗ ǝơȂǻȌdz DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ •"
ƽȂǠƬdz ƢǷƛ Dzƻƾƫ ǹȁƽȁ ƧŚǐǫ ƧƾǷ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ NJǠƬǼƬLJ
DzǔºǨƥ ȅƽƚºȇ ǞºǓȁ ńƛ ȁƗ DžƢLJȋơ ǖƻ ǞǓȁ ńƛ
ƆƢƠǧƢǰǷ ŐƬǠĄȇ ǞǓȁ ńƛ ƤLjƸǧ DzƟơȂŭơ ȁƗ ǝơȂǻȋơ ƨȈǰȈǷƢǼȇƽ
."DžƢLJȋơ ǖƻ ǞǓȁ ǺǷ DzǔǧƗ ȁƗ
216
ȅƗ ǺǷ ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǾƦƦLjƫ ƢǷȁ ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ (ƽ)
ǁǂǔºdzơ ȁƗ ǦǴƬdzơ ƲƬǼȇ ȁƗ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁơƾǬŭƢƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ǂƻƕ ǁǂǓ ȁƗ ǹơƾǬǧ
ǎƟƢǐŬơ Ǻǟ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ (Ʊ) ńƛ (Ɨ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ
ƨºȇǂȀĐơ ƩƢǼƟƢǰdzơ ȁƗ ƆƢȈƯơǁȁ ƧǁċȂƄơ ƩƢǼƟƢǰdzơ ȁƗ ƧǂǘŬơ ƽơȂǸǴdz ƧǂǘŬơ
.(ÓÔÖ)ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƲƫƢǼdzơ ȁƗ ƞNjƢǼdzơ ȁƗ
ȂǻƢºǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Õ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǥďǂǠĄƫȁ -ÒÍÎ
Śƥơƾºƫ ƨºȇƗ" ƢĔƘƥ "ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ƨdzƢūơ ƧƽƢǟƛ Śƥơƾƫ"
ȁƗ ǁǂǔºdzơ ǾºǬū ƢǷ ƵȐǐƬLJơ ȁƗ ƧƽƢǟƛ ńƛ ȆǷǂƫ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ
ǽǀºǿ DZƽƢºǠȇ ƢǷ DZƢƻƽƛ ńƛ ȁƗ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǻȂǰǷ ǺǷ ŚǷƾƬdzơ
ǥďǂǠĄƫȁ ."ƆȏȂǬǠǷ ƆơǂǷƗ Ǯdzƿ ǹȂǰȇ ƮȈƷ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ńƛ ƩƢǻȂǰŭơ
Śƥơƾºƫ ƨȇƗ" ƢĔƘƥ "ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ" Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ö ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ǞǼǷ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǝȂǫȁ ƾǠƥ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ƢǿǀƼƬȇ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ
."Ňƽȋơ ƾūơ ńƛ ǾǼǷ DzȈǴǬƬdzơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ǹơƾǬǨdzơ
ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ DZȐƻȍơ ƨƦƬǟ ƨdzƘLjǷ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ DZȁƢǼƬƫ ȏȁ -ÒÍÏ
Ŀ ƨdzƘLjºŭơ ǽǀºǿ ŀƢºǠƫ ǹƗ DZȁƢŢ Dzƥ .ƢȀǼǷ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ
ǽǀºǿ ǺǷ (ƽ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƮȈƷ ƩơƔƢǨǟȍƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ Õ ƧƽƢŭơ
ǹƗ DzďǤnjºŭơ ǝƢǘƬºLJơ ơƿƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ DzďǤnjŭơ ƝŐƫ ƧƽƢŭơ
ǥȁǂǜdzơ Ŀ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƩƢȇȂƬLjŠ ƭȂǴƫ ǾƦƦLJ" ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ƪƦưĄȇ
."ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨȈǴƄơ
ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢºǠdz ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢºŢȏơ ǾȈƳȂƫ ȆǘǤȇ ȏȁ -ÒÍÐ
ƩȏƢŞ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǪƷ ȅƗ Ŀ ǂƯƚȇ ȁƗ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ
ƩƢºǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ǪºƸǴȇ ȅǀºdzơ ǦǴƬdzơ ȁƗ ȆǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ȄǴǟ ǖǬǧ ǪƦǘǼȇ ǾǼǰdzȁ .ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƧǁƢLjŬƢƥ ȁƗ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ
ȅǀºdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǞǷ ǥċǂǠĄȇ ȅǀdzơȁ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
Ŀ ƨǼȈƦŭơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơȁ ƨȈǸƄơ DzƟơȂŭơ ǪƸǴȇ
ǺǷ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƪǧǂĄǟ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƫơȂŭơ Śǣ ǁƢƯȉơ ƔƢǼưƬLJơ ǞǷ Ǫǧǂŭơ
ƾƥ ȏȁ .ȆǓơǁȋƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơȁ ǽƢȈŭƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ DzȈƦǫ
ńƛ ǾºLJƢȈǫ ǺǰŻ ƩơȂǷ Śǣ ŚǤƫ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ǶƴǼȇ ǹƗ
ƽǁȂºŭơ ƨºǷƾş DZȐƻƛ Ŀ ȁƗ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁȂŭơ Ŀ ŚƦǯ ƾƷ
ƧǁȂǐºƥ ȁƗ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƭƾŹ ƾǫ ȅǀdzơȁ ǾLJƢȈǫ ǺǰŻ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ
ǵDŽǴȇ ŅơȂƬdzơ ȄǴǟ Óȁ Ò śƫƽƢŭƢƥ ƆȐǸǟȁ .(ÓÕÍ)ƧǂNjƢƦǷ Śǣ
__________
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ ÎÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫ (ÓÔÖ)
:‘ƨƠȈƦdzơ‘ DzǸnjƫ"
DzºȈƦǫ ǺǷ ƨȇȂȈƷ ȁƗ ƨȇȂȈƷ ȏ ƪǻƢǯ ƔơȂLJ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ •"
śºƥ DzǟƢǨƬdzơȁ ƩƢƫƢƦǼdzơȁ ƩƢǻơȂȈūơȁ ƨƥǂƬdzơȁ ƔƢŭơȁ ƔơȂŮơ
žƢēơƿ DzǷơȂǠdzơ ǮǴƫ
ȁ žĿƢǬưdzơ ƭơǂƬdzơ ǺǷ ƆơƔDŽƳ Dzǰnjƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ •"
."ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ǞǬǐǴdz ƧDŽȈǸŭơ ƤǻơȂŪơ •"
2004/35/CE ǾºȈƳȂƬdzơ ǂǧȂºȇȁ .ǽȐǟƗ ÎÔÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ (ÓÕÍ)
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ DZȁȋơ Ǫǧǂŭơ (ǽȐǟƗ ÏÕÓ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ)
:Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (ǦdzƗ)(Î) ƧǂǬǨdzƢƥ
217 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
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ȆǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ƵȐǏȍơ ǺǷ ǑǂǤdzơ"
ǂƟƢLjºŬơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ȆǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ƵȐǏȍơ ǀōǨǼĄȇ Ð-Î-Î"
ǹȂǰƬȇȁ .ƢȀƷȐǏƛ ǶƬȇ ƢǸưȇǁ ƩƢǷƾŬơȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ Ŀ ƨƬǫƚŭơ
ǝơȂǻȋơȁ ƨȈǸƄơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ DzƟơȂǸǴdz ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƩƢǼȈLjŢ ǺǷ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ơǀǿ
.DzȇƾºƦdzơ ǞºǫȂŭơ Ŀ ȁƗ ǁǂǔºdzơ ǾǬū ȅǀdzơ ǞǫȂŭơ Ŀ ƢǷƛ ǽƢȈŭơ ȁƗ
.ǁȂȀǸŪơ ƽơǂǧȋ ƢƆȈdzƢǷ ƢƆǔȇȂǠƫ Ǯdzƿ ǺǸǔƬȇ ȏȁ
ƨȈƷȐǏȍơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǦȇǂǠƫ Ï-Î"
ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ƨȈƷȐǏȍơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǦȇǂǠƫ"
ƽǁơȂŭơ ƧƽƢǟȍ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ǺǷ ǦdzƘƬƫ ƩơǁƢȈƻ Ŀ ǂƊǜǼĄȇ Î-Ï-Î"
ǖºƻ ƾºǼǟ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǞǓȂdzơ ǽƢš ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƩƢǷƾŬơȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ
.ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ljƢǠƬǻȏơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ȁƗ ƨǟǂLjdzƢƥ ǶLjƬȇ řǷǃ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ DžƢLJȋơ
ƨȈǔȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ƨȈƷȐǏȍơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǦȇǂǠƫ"
ƨºȈǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ƨȈƷȐºǏȍơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǩƢǘǻ ƾȇƾŢ ƾǼǟ Ï-Ï-Î"
ƽǁȂºŠ ơƆƽǁȂºǷ DzƥƢǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƲȀǼdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ Ŀ ȏƆ ȁƗ ǂƊǜǼĄȇ ƨȈǔȇȂǠƬdzơȁ
Ŗºdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ Ŀ ȏƆ ȁƗ ǂƊǜǼĄȇ ƲȀǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠȁ .ƨǷƾş ƨǷƾƻȁ
ǁơƾǬŭơȁ ƨȈǟȂǼdzơȁ ǝȂǼdzơ džǨǻ ǺǷ ƩƢǷƾƻ ȁƗ/ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƽǁơȂǷ ǂŏǧȂƫ
Ǯdzƿ ǺLjƬȇ Ń ơƿƛȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀǬū Ŗdzơ ƢǿǂƟƢǜǻ ǽǂǧȂƫ ƪǻƢǯ ȅǀdzƢǯ
ǺǰŻ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ .ƨǴȇƾƥ ƩƢǷƾƻ ȁƗ/ȁ ƨǴȇƾƥ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƽǁơȂǷ ǂōǧȂƫ
.ƨȈƷȐǏȍơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǁơƾǬǷ Ŀ ƧƽƢȇDŽƥ ƨȈǟȂǼdzơ ňƾƫ DzăƥƢǬĄȇ ǹƗ
Ŗdzơ ƲȀǼdzơ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ ǁƢȈŬơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǺǰŻ Ń ơƿƛ Ð-Ï-Î"
ƤȈdzƢºLJƗ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ǵăƾƼƬLjĄƫ ƨǷƾş ƨƆ Ƿƾƻ ȁƗ ƽǁȂŠ ơƆƽǁȂǷ DzƥƢǬƫ
ƽƾŢ ǹƘƥ Ǯdzƿ ƨǬȇǂǗ ƽƾŢ ǹƗ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjǴdz ǃȂŸȁ .ƨǴȇƾƥ ǶȈȈǬƫ
ƨºȈǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ƨȈƷȐºǏȍơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǩƢǘǻ ƾȇƾƸƬdz ƆƢȇƾǬǻ ƢƆǸȈȈǬƫ Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ
ƆƢºȈǴǸǟ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƽǁơȂŭơ ǶȈȈǬƫ ǹƢǯ ơƿƜǧ .ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƨȈǔȇȂǠƬdzơȁ
ǺǸǓ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZơƾƦƬLJơ ǶȈȈǬƫ ǺǰŻ ȏ Ǻǰdzȁ
ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjǴdz ǀƟƾǼǟ ǃȂŸ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƨǨǴǰƬƥ ȁƗ DZȂǬǠǷ řǷǃ ǁƢǗƛ
ƧǁƾǬŭơ ƨȇƾǬǼdzơ ƨǸȈǬǴdz ƨdzƽƢǠǷ ǾƬǨǴǰƫ ǹȂǰƫ ƢƆȈƷȐǏƛ ơƆŚƥƾƫ ǁƢƬţ ǹƗ
.ƧƽȂǬǨŭơ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂǸǴdz
ƨȈǔºȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ƨȈƷȐǏȍơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǶȈǸǐƫ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ"
džǰǠƫ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ƩƢǷƾƻ ȁƗ/ȁ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƽǁơȂǷ ǂǧȂƫ ƮȈŞ
ȄºǴǠǧ .ƨȈƷȐǏȍơ ŚƥơƾƬǴdz ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơȁ ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ ƩƢȈǴǔǧȋơ
ǖºƻ ǞºǓȁ ǡȂºǴƥ DzƦǫ ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ƪdzƢǗ ƢǸǴǯ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ
ǀƼċƬƬĄLJ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨȈƷȐǏȍơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǢǴƦǷ ƽơǃ ƢǸǴǯ DžƢLJȋơ
.(ƔƢȈNjȋơ ƨȈǬƥ ƩȁƢLjƫ ơƿƛ)
ƨȈƷȐǏȍơ ƩơǁƢȈŬơ ƔƢǬƬǻơ Ð-Î"
ƨºdzȂǬǠŭơ ƨȈƷȐºǏȍơ ƩơǁƢºȈŬơ ǶȈȈǬƫ ȆǤƦǼȇ Î-Ð-Î"
:ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơȁ ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƩƢȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơ DzǔǧƗ ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǷȐLjdzơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǁƢȈƻ Dzǯ ŚƯƘƫ •"
ǁƢȈŬơ ǀȈǨǼƫ ƨǨǴǰƫ •"
ǁƢȈƻ Dzǯ ƵƢų ƩȏƢǸƬƷơ •"
ǹȁƽ DZȂºŹ ǹƗ ǁƢºȈƻ Dzǰdz Ǿƥ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ ȃƾŭơ •"
ƨºȈƦǻƢƳ ǁơǂǓƗ ƤǼšȁ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ǁǂǓ ǝȂǫȁ
ǁƢȈŬơ Ǯdzƿ ǀȈǨǼƬdz ƨƴȈƬǻ
ǺºǷ ǹȂºǰǷ Dzǯ ǁƢȈƻ Dzǯ Ǿƥ ƾȈǨȇ ȅǀdzơ ȃƾŭơ •"
ƨǷƾŬơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ƩƢǻȂǰǷ
ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ DzǣơȂnjdzơ ǁƢȈƻ Dzǯ ǾȈǧ Ȇǟơǂȇ ȅǀdzơ ȃƾŭơ •"
ȃǂƻȋơ DzǷơȂǠdzơȁ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁ
ǞǫȂŭơ Ǯdzƿ ǎţ Ŗdzơ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
Dzȇƾºƥ ʼnƾºǬƫ ȁƗ Ƣđ DZȐƻȍơ ȃǂƳ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƧǂċǷƾŭơ
ƽǂƫȁ .(Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ ÎÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ) "ƩƢǷƾŬơ ȁƗ ƽǁơȂŭơ" ǮǴƬdz DZƽƢǠǷ
.(ÓÕÎ)ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǮǴƬdz ƩơǁƢNjƛ ǾȈƳȂƬǴdz ǪǧǂǷ Ŀ
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:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ňƢưdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ ǎǼȇ (ÓÕÎ)
ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƵȐǏƛ"
ƤLjºǻƗ ǁƢºȈƬƻȏ ǾǟƢƦƫơ śǠƬȇ ƢƆǷƢǟ ơƆǁƢǗƛ Ǫǧǂŭơ ơǀǿ ƽƾŹ"
.ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƵȐǏƛ DzǨǰƫ Ŗdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ
ȁƗ ƨºȈǸƄơ ǝơȂǻȋơ ȁƗ ƨƠȈƦǴdz DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƵȐǏƛ -Î"
ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ DzƟơȂŭơ
ƨȈǸƄơ ǝơȂǻȋơ ȁƗ ǽƢȈŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƵȐǏƛ ǪǬƸƬȇ
ȁƗ DžƢºLJȋơ ǖƻ ǞǓȁ ńƛ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ DzƟơȂŭơ ȁƗ
:ƮȈƷ ƨȈǔȇȂǠƫȁ ƨȈǴȈǸǰƫȁ ƨȈLjȈƟǁ ƵȐǏƛ DzƦLJ ƨǘLJơȂƥ
ǺǷ ƵȐǏȎdz Śƥƾƫ ȅƗ ‘ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ‘ ƵȐǏȍƢƥ ƾǐǬĄȇ (Ɨ)"
ȃǂºƳ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƧǂǷƾŭơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ƾȈǠȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj
ǞǓȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǽƢš ȁƗ DžƢLJȋơ ǖƻ ǞǓȁ ńƛ Ƣđ DZȐƻȍơ
ǀƼƬĄȇ ȆƷȐǏƛ Śƥƾƫ ȅƗ ‘ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ‘ ƵȐǏȍƢƥ ƽơǂȇ (ƣ)"
ȅƽƚȇ ȏ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ƩƢǷƾŬơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ƧǂǷƾŭơ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ńƛ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ƵȐǏȍơ
žDzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƢȀƬdzƢƷ ńƛ
ǀºƼċƬȇĄ ƔơǂºƳƛ ȅƗ ‘ȆǔȇȂǠƬdzơ‘ ƵȐǏȍƢƥ ƾǐǬĄȇ (Ʊ)"
Ŗdzơ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ Ŀ ƨƬǫƚŭơ ǂƟƢLjŬơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz
ƵȐǏȍơ ǾȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ ńƛ ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƭƾŢ
žDzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ǽǂƯƗ ǪǬƷ ƾǫ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ
ǵƾǠdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƘnjǼƫ Ŗdzơ ǂƟƢLjŬơ ‘ƨƬǫƚŭơ ǂƟƢLjŬơ‘ řǠƫ (ƽ)"
ƢºȀǨƟƢǛȁ ƔơƽƗ ǺºǷ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƧǂċǷƾŭơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ǺǰŤ
ńƛ ȁƗ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ńƛ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ŚǧȂƫ ȁƗ ƨȈƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ
.ƢȀǼǷ ƽơǂŭơ ǂƯȋơ ƨȈǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǪǬŢ ǹƗ ńƛ ǁȂȀǸŪơ
.ǁȂȀǸŪơ ƽơǂǧȋ ƢƆȈdzƢǷ ƢƆǔȇȂǠƫ DzǸnjƫ ȏ Ȇǿȁ
ƾǼǟ ƢȀǠǓȁ ńƛ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ Ǻǟ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ƵȐǏȍơ ǂǨLjȇ Ń ơƿƛȁ"
ńƛ ƨǧƢºǓȍƢƥȁ .ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ƵȐǏȍơ Śƥơƾƫ ǀƼċƬƫĄ ǀƟƾǼǠǧ DžƢLJȋơ ǖƻ
.ƨƬǫƚŭơ ǂƟƢLjŬơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ȆǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ƵȐǏȍơ ǀōǨǼĄȇ Ǯdzƿ
DzºǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ"
ȅƗ ƨºdzơǃƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ řǠȇ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ DzƟơȂŭơ ȁƗ ƨȈǸƄơ ǝơȂǻȌdz ȁƗ ǽƢȈǸǴdz
.ǂnjƦdzơ ƨƸǏ ȄǴǟ ƩơȂǷ Śǣ ơƆŚƯƘƫ ǂƯƚȇ DZƢƥ ȅƿ ǂǘƻ
ƵȐǏȍơ ǥơƾǿƗ Î-Î"
ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ƵȐǏȍơ ǑơǂǣƗ"
ƽǁơȂºŭơ ƧƽƢǟƛ Ȃǿ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ƵȐǏȍơ ǺǷ ǑǂǤdzơ Î-Î-Î"
ǖºƻ Ŀ ƢȀǠºǓȁ ńƛ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢđƢǏƗ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ
.ǞǓȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǽƢš ȁƗ DžƢLJȋơ
ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ƵȐǏȍơ ǺǷ ǑǂǤdzơ"
Ŗºdzơ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ƾǠƫ Ń ơƿƛ Ï-Î-Î"
ƵȐºǏȍơ ǀºōǨǼĄȇ DžƢºLJȋơ ǖƻ ƾǼǟ ƢȀǠǓȁ ńƛ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀǬū
DzƯƢŲ ȃȂƬLjǷ ŚǧȂƫ Ȃǿ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ƵȐǏȍơ ǺǷ ǑǂǤdzơȁ .ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ
ƔƢǔºƬǫȏơ ƤLjƷ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ǺǷ
ǾǠǓȁ ńƛ ƾȈǟƌƗ ƾǫ ǁǂǔdzơ ǾǬū ȅǀdzơ ǞǫȂŭơ ǹƗ Ȃdz ƢǸǯ Dzȇƾƥ ǞǫȂǷ
DzȇƾƦdzơ ǞǫȂŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .DžƢLJȋơ ǖƻ ƾǼǟ ǾȈǴǟ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ
ǺºǰǷƗ ǹƛ ǁǂǔdzơ ǾǬū ȅǀdzơ ǞǫȂŭƢƥ ƨȈǧơǂǤŪơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ ƢƆǘƦƫǂǷ
.ǺȇǁǂǔƬŭơ ǹƢǰLjdzơ ŁƢǐǷ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǞǷ ƆƢƦLJƢǼǷ ǹƢǯȁ Ǯdzƿ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ȁDŽǤdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ƣȂǔǻȁ ǂNjƢƦŭơ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
DzǸnjºƫȁ .ƨǟȁǂnjºǷ Śºǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƢŮȐƬƷơȁ ƪȇȂǰǴdz ǩơǂǠdzơ
:Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƩƢǬǨǼdzơ ȁƗ ǂƟƢLjŬơ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ
DzǐºƬƫ ƩƢǬǨǻ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǼǷ ȁƗ ǦȈǨţ (Ɨ)
ƨȈǴƷƢLjºdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ńƛ ǖǨǼdzơ Ǫǧƾƫ Ǧǫȁȁ ƨȈǘǨǼdzơ ǪƟơǂūơ ƨƸǧƢǰŠ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ
žƨȈdzȁƾdzơȁ
ȁƗ ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ǦºȈǜǼƬdz DzǠǨdzƢƥ ƩǀƼČƫơ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȂǬǠŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ (ƣ)
ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƢȀǬȈƯȂƫ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơȁ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ǀƼċƬƬĄLJ Ŗdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ȁƗ ƢȀƷȐǏƛ
žƢȀƷȐǏƛȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǦȈǜǼƬdz ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨȇǁȁǂǓ
ǶȈºȈǬƫ ǑǂǤƥ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǶȈȈǬƫȁ ƾǏǁ (Ʊ)
žƨƠȈƦdzơ ƵȐǏƛȁ ǾǼǷ ǦȈǨƼƬdzơȁ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǎƸǧ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƔơǂƳƛȁ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƾǏǁ (ƽ)
žȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔǴdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƧƾȇơDŽƬŭơ ƨȈƸǐdzơ ǂǗƢƼŭơ ƨƸǧƢǰǷȁ ǪǬƸƬdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋ
.(ÓÕÏ)Ƣđ ǁǂǔdzơ ǩƢūƛ ȁƗ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ƣȂǔǻ ( ǿ)
ƨǴǐºdzơ Ʃơƿ ƝƽƢºƦŭơ ǺǷ Ö ƗƾƦŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÒÍÒ
ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ȆƳǁƢŬơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǁƽƢǐǷ ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ
ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÎÑ ƹǁƚºŭơ ÓÕ/ÑÔ ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ǁơǂǫ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ
.ǾºȈǴǟ ǹƢºǯ ƢǷ ńƛ DZƢūơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÖÏ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǵƾǬƫ]" :ȆǴȇ ƢǸǯ Ȃǿ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǺǷ ƨǴǐdzơ ȅƿ ƔDŽŪơ ǎǻȁ
ǥǂǘdzơ] ƧƽƢǟȍ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ŐŪơ ǺǷ ȆǨǰȇ ƢǷ [ƨdzȁƚLjŭơ
Ń ǾǻƗ Ȃdz ƢǿƽȂƳȁ ǑǂƬǨĄȇ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢūơ ńƛ [ǁǂǔdzơ ǾǬū ȅǀdzơ
ǹƗ ȄºǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ Ö ƗƾƦŭơ ǺǷ Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫȁ ."ǁǂǔdzơ ơǀǿ ǞǬȇ
ȂºƸǼdzơ ȄºǴǟ ƩơƾǼƬLjŭƢƥ ƨƬƦưŭơ ƩƢǧȁǂǐŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ DzǸnjȇ"
ƢŠ ŚȀǘƬdzơȁ ƽơƽǂƬLJȏơȁ ƮƸƦdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ƧƾƦǰƬŭơȁ ƤƳơȂdzơ
."ƨưdzƢƯ ǥơǂǗƗ ǺǷ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƧƾǟƢLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǧȁǂǐŭơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ
ƨºǴƥƢǫ ƨºȇƽƢŭơ Śºǣ ǁơǂºǓȋơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǃȂŸȁ -ÒÍÓ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺºǷ Ò ƧƽƢºŭơ ƵȂǓȂƥ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫȁ .ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz
ǮǰLjºdzƢƥ ƨºǠƬǷȋơȁ ƣƢǯǂdzơ DzǬǼdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ
Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƤǴǘƬȇ ƾǫ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƗ ǂǯǀƫ ƮȈƷ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ
:ǾȇȂnjƬdzơȁ ƨȈǻƾƦdzơȁ ƨȈǼǿǀdzơ ƧƢǻƢǠŭơȁ ǵȏȉơ
ńƛȁ ƨºǷDŽǴǷ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƽƾŹ
ǍȂǐºǼŭơ ǮºǴƫ Śǣ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƾƥ ƨǷDŽǴǷ ǹȂǰƫ ȃƾǷ ȅƗ
ƨºȈǼǿǀdzơ ƧƢǻƢǠŭơȁ ǵȏȉơ Ǻǟ ƨǏƢşȁ Ñȁ Ð śƫƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƢĔƘnjƥ ǵƢǰƷƗ ȄǴǟ
.ǾȇȂnjƬdzơ Ǻǟȁ (pretium doloris) ƨȈǻƢǸLjŪơȁ
ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢºǠdz ƢºǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÒÍÔ
ƨºǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz śǴƥƢǫ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ǦǴƬdzơ ǹȂǰȇ
ǎǼȇ ǹƢǯ ƿƛ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƜǧ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ .ƨǐƬƼŭơ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƜǧ ȅƽƢŭơ Śǣ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ȄǴǟ
‘Ï‘(ǭ)Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫȁ .ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz Ȑ ƆÅ ƥƢǫ ǹȂǰȇ
:"ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ" ƥ ƾǐǬĄȇ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ
__________
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÒÕÕ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) S/AC.26/1991/7/Rev.1 (ÓÕÏ)
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ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨǼŪ Ƨǁơƽƛ džǴĐ ÐÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ô ǁǂǬŭơ Ŀȁ -ÒÍÑ
DzƟƢLjŭơ Ŀ ƪƦdzơ ƾǼǟ śǓȂǨǸǴdz ƢƆÅȀȈƳȂƫ džǴĐơ ǵƾǫ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬǴdz
_________________________________________
(ǞƥƢƫ (ÓÕÎ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
ǹȂǰȈdz ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƵȐǏƛ ƢȀƳƢƬƸȈLJ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ Ƨƾŭơ •"
ƆȏƢǠǧ
ƵȐǏƛ ǪȈǬŢ ǁƢȈƻ Dzǯ ǾȈǧ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ȃƾŭơ •"
ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǫȂǷ
.ǁǂǔdzơ ǾǬū ȅǀdzơ ǞǫȂŭƢƥ ĿơǂǤŪơ ǕƢƦƫǁȏơ •"
ȃǂºƳ Ŗºdzơ ƵȐǏȍơ ƩơǁƢȈƻ ǦǴƬű ǶȈȈǬƫ ƾǼǟ Ï-Ð-Î"
DzºǷƢǰdzƢƥ ƾȈǠƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ƵȐǏȍơ Śƥơƾƫ ǁƢȈƬƻơ ǺǰŻ ƢȀǨȇǂǠƫ
ȅǀdzơ DžƢLJȋơ ǖƻ ǞǓȁ ńƛ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ DzƟȂŭơ ȁƗ ƨȈǸƄơ ǝơȂǻȋơ ȁƗ ǽƢȈŭơ
ȏƛ ǁơǂǬdzơ ơǀǿ ƿƢţơ ǺǰŻ ȏȁ .ŐǯƗ ƔǖƦƥ ǾȈdzƛ ƢǿƾȈǠƫ ȁƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ
ƾǫ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǞǫȂŭơ Ŀ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ
ƨȈǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ƧƽƢȇDŽƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ǁơǂǬdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƢȀǼǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȃǂƳ
ƩƢǷƾŬơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ǺǷ DzƯƢŲ ȃȂƬLjǷ ŚǧȂƬdz ƨȈǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ȁƗ
DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ DZƢūơ ǾȈǴǟ ǹȂǰƫ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ .ǪƥƢLjdzơ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂǷ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ
Ŀ ƨºdzƽƢǠŭơ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ŚǧȂƫ ǺǰŻ ƢǷƾǼǟ DZƢưŭơ
ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏȍơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǽǀǿ ƽċƾŢȁ .DzǫƗ ƨǨǴǰƬƥ ǂƻƕ ǹƢǰǷ
.Ï-Ï-Î ƾǼƦdzơ Ŀ ƨǼȈƦŭơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdz
Ï-Ð-Î ƾºǼƦdzơ Ŀ ƨºǼȈƦŭơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ Ð-Ð-Î"
ƾȇDŽǷ ƿƢţơ ǵƾǟ ǁǂǬƫ ǹƗ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjǴdz ǪŹ (Ð) Ô ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁȁ
:ơƿƛ ƨȈƷȐǏȍơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǺǷ
ǺǸǔºƫ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ƧǀƼƬŭơ ƨȈƷȐǏȍơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ƪǻƢǯ (Ɨ)"
ƨȈƫơȂǷ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǂnjƦdzơ ƨƸǏ Ŀ ǂƯƚȇ DZƢƥ ȅƿ ǂǘƻ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ
ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ DzƟơȂŭơ Ŀ ȁƗ ƨȈǸƄơ ǝơȂǻȋơ Ŀ ȁƗ ǽƢȈŭơ Ŀ ȁƗ
ƢǿƿƢţơ śǠƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƷȐǏȍơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ƨǨǴǰƫ ƪǻƢǯ (ƣ)"
ǞǷ ƨƦLJƢǼƬǷ Śǣ ǹȂǰƬLJ DzƯƢŲ ǞǓȁ ȁƗ DžƢLJȋơ ǖƻ ǞǓȁ ǡȂǴƦdz
.ƢȀȈǴǟ DZȂǐūơ ǶƬȈLJ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƢȇơDŽŭơ
ǑǁȋƢƥ ǪƸǴȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƵȐǏƛ -Ï"
ƩƢºƯȂǴŭơ ƨdzơǃƛ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ DzǨǰƬdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǀƼċƬƫĄ"
ȏ ƮȈŞ ƢȀǼǷ DzȈǴǬƬdzơ ȁƗ ƢȀƟơȂƬƷơ ȁƗ ƢȀƬƸǧƢǰǷ ȁƗ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ
ƢȀǷơƾƼƬºLJơ ȁƗ ŅƢūơ ƢȀǷơƾƼƬLJơ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǞǷȁ ƨƯȂǴŭơ Ǒǁȋơ ƾǠƫ
ơƆǂǘƻ Dzǰnjƫ ǁǂǔdzơ DZȂǐƷ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ƨǬǧơȂŭƢƥ ȆǜƷ ȅǀdzơ DzƦǬŭơ
ƽȂºƳȁ ǶȈȈǬƫ ǶƬȇȁ .ǂnjƦdzơ ƨƸǏ ȄǴǟ ƩơȂǷ Śǣ ơƆŚƯƘƫ ǂƯƚȇ DZƢƥ ơƿ
ƧƢºǟơǂǷ ǞºǷȁ ǂǗƢƼŭơ ǶȈȈǬƬdz ƩơƔơǂƳƛ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ǁƢǘƻȋơ ǮǴƫ
ƩơŚǔºƸƬdzơȁ ƽơȂŭơ DŽȈǯǂƫȁ ǝȂǻȁ ƢȀƬǨȈǛȁȁ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ǎƟƢǐƻ
ƧǁƢǔºdzơ ƨºȇǂȀĐơ ƨȇȂǔºǠdzơ ƩƢǼƟƢǰdzơ ȁƗ ƨȇȂǔǠdzơ ƩƢǼƟƢǰdzơȁ
ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǺǷ ƾǯƘƬdzơ ǶƬȇȁ .ƢǿǁƢnjƬǻơ DZƢǸƬƷơȁ Ƣǿǂǘƻȁ
ǹƛ ƧǀǧƢǼdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ ƨǸǜǻȋơ ȁƗ ȆǓơǁȋơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ Ƕǜǻ ńƛ
.ǁǂǔdzơ DZȂǐƷ ƾǼǟ ƩăƾƳĄȁ
ƨºǷǃȐdzơ ŚƥơƾºƬdzơ ǞȈŦ ǀƼċƬƫĄ Ǒǁȋơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ŚǤƫ ơƿƛȁ"
.ǂnjƦdzơ ƨƸǐdz ƨȈƫơȂǷ Śǣ ǁƢƯƕ ȅƗ ǝȂǫȁ ǹȁƽ ƨdzȂǴȈƸǴdz
ȃǂƻƗ ƨǸǜǻƗ ȅƗ ȁƗ ȆǓơǁȋơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ƨǸǜǻƗ ƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƛ"
ǁǂǔºdzơ ƢȀȈǧ DzǐƷ Ŗdzơ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ƽƾƸĄƫ ƨƦLJƢǼǷ
.ƧƽƾƄơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǮǴƫ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǞǫȂƬŭơ ƢǿǁȂǘƫ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǞǷȁ
ȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈŬơ ȅƗ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ljƢǠƬǻȏơ ǁƢȈƻ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ Ŀ ǂǜǼĄȇ"
."ljƢǠƬǻȏơ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ǂNjƢƦǷ ȅǂnjƥ Dzƻƾƫ ȅƗ ǾȈǧ ǶƬȇ ȏ
219 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ńȁȋơ ƧǂƟơƾdzơ ǥƢºǼƠƬLJơ ƨǸǰŰ Ŀ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƩƘnjǻȁ -ÒÎÍ
Commonwealth of ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ÎÖÕÍ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzƢƥ
ǽǀºǿ ƪǻƢǯȁ .(ÓÕÕ)Puerto Rico v. The S.S. Zoe Colocotroni
ƢȀƬȈƷȐǏ ǵƾǟ ƤƦLjƥ ǝƢǬdzƢƥ ƪǸǘƫǁơ ǖǨǻ ƨǴǫƢǼƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǔǬdzơ
DZȁƗ Ŀȁ .ȂºǰȇǁȂƫǁȂƥ DzƷƢLjƥ ƢƆȈưȇȂǴƫ ơƆǁǂǓ ƪǬūƘǧ ƨƷȐǸǴdz
ǺºǷ ǁȏȁƽ śºȇȐǷ Ó ȂºǰȇǁȂƫǁȂƥ ƩƢǘǴLJ ƶǼǷ ǁǂǬƫ ǂǷȋơ
ÔÕ ÍÍÍ Śºǣ ƢºȀǼǷ ǵDŽǴȇ Ń ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ Ʃơǁȏȁƽ
ƧƽƢǟƛ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ DzưŻ ǹƢǰǧ ǢǴƦŭơ ƨȈǬƥ ƢǷƗ .ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋ ǁȏȁƽ
ƨȇȂǔǠdzơ ƩƢǼƟƢǰdzơ DZȐƷƛȁ (mangrove) ǥȁǂǤǻƢŭơ ǁƢƴNjƗ Džǂǣ
ǂºǬƫ Ń ƨǸǰƄơ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƤǰLjǼŭơ ǖǨǼdzơ ƢȀǴƬǫ Ŗdzơ DzŰ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ
ńƛ ƨƳƢūơ ȄǴǟ ƢǿƾȈǯƘƫ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ȆǴȇ ƢǷ Ʃǂǯƿȁ ƲȀǼdzơ ơǀǿ
:ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ǮǴƫ DZƢưǷƗ ǶȈȈǬƫ ȃƾdz ƤLJƢǼƬdzơ ƧƢǟơǂǷ
ǾºƳȁ ȄºǴǟ ƢǿƾƦǰƫ ǺǰŻ [ǦȈdzƢǰƫ Ȇǿ ƽơƽǂƬLJȐdz ƨǴƥƢǬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ǹƛ]
ƢȀƬdzƢƷ ńƛ ƢǿƾȈǠȇ ƢŠ ƧǂƯƘƬŭơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ljƢǠǻƛ ȁƗ ƵȐǏȍ ... DZȂǬǠŭơ
ƹǁƢǏ Dzǰnjƥ Ʊǂţ ƩƢǬǨǻ ƾƦǰƫ ǹȁƽ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǺǰŻ ƢǷ ƣǂǫƗ ńƛ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ
ǝȂºǼdzơ ơǀǿ ƾȇƾŢ Ŀ DŽȈǯǂƬdzơ ǞǓȂǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƤŸȁ .ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ ƽȁƾūơ Ǻǟ
ƨǨȈǐºƷ ȁƗ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƨdzƢǯȁ ȁƗ ƢȈǴǟ ƨǘǴLJ ǽǀƼƬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƢǷ Ȃǿ ŐŪơ ǺǷ
ǽƢƦƬǻȏơ ǁȂǷȋơ ƨǠȈƦǘƥ ǞǫȂƬŭơ ǺǷȁ .ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǾǬūƗ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ǦȈǨƼƬǴdz
ȃƾǷȁ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƨȈƦǻƢŪơ ǁƢƯȉơȁ ƨȈǼǬƬdzơ ȃȁƾŪơ DZƢưǷƗ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ DzǷơȂǟ ńƛ
Śǐºƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ ȃƾŭơȁ ƾȇƾƴƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ Dzưŭ ƨȈƳơȁƽǃȏơ ȁƗ ǵƢƴLjǻȏơ
ƨǨǴǰƬdzơ ƨǜǿƢƥ ȁƗ ƨƳƢūơ Ǻǟ ƨǔƟƢǧ ƢǷƛ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘǬǻ ǃȁƢš ƾǠƥ ƽȂȀŪơ ǽƾǼǟ
.(ÓÕÖ)ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ ƽȁƾūơ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ƢŠ
ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀȁ -ÒÎÎ
Blue Circle Industries plc v. Ministry of
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƨºǰǴǸŭơ Ŀ ǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơ ƨǸǰƄ ƪƸǼLJ (ÓÖÍ)Defence
ƣǂLjƫ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ǾǸȈȈǬƫȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ŘǠǷ Ŀ ƪƦƬdz ƨǏǂǨdzơ
ǾºȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾºŭơ ńƛ ȆǸƬǼȇ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȌdz ǞǫȂǷ ǺǷ ƨȈǔȈǧ ǽƢȈǷ
ǎţ ƩƢǠǬǼƬLjǷ ȆǓơǁƗ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƧǁȁƢů ƩƢǰǴƬŲ Ŀ ƢȀǬǧƾƫȁ
.ƨȈǟƢǠNjƛ ƧƽƢŠ ƨƯȂǴƬǷ Ǒǁȋơ ǮǴƫ DzǠƳ ƢŲ Ȇǟƾŭơ
ǹƢǯ ǾǻƜǧ ƨƸǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ơƆǂǘƻ Dzǰnjȇ Ń ƮȇȂǴƬdzơ ǹƗ Ƕǣǁȁ -ÒÎÏ
ƨºdzƽȌdz ƢƆǬƦǘǧ .ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƶƟơȂǴdzơ Ƣđ ƶǸLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȇȂƬLjŭơ ǩȂǨȇ
ƩƢȇȂƬLjŭơ ǩȂǨƫ ƨȈǟƢǠNjƛ ƩƢȇȂƬLjǷ Ǻǟ ƩǂǨLJƗ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƜǧ
DzƦǫ ŕƷȁ ƢĔƗ ƾȈƥ .ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ƨƦƬǠdzơ ǩȂǨƫȁ Śưǰƥ ƧƽƢƬǠŭơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ
ƨƥȂnjºŭơ Śǣ ƩƢǓơǂƬǧȏơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǞǷȁ ȆƷȐǏƛ DzǸǟ ȅƘƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ
Dzǰnjºƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȇȂƬLjŭơ ǺǷ Śưǰƥ ŇƽƗ ƪǻƢǯ DZƙƢǨƬdzƢƥ
ǾȈǼƳ ÐÒÍ ÍÍÍ Ȇǟƾŭơ ǪǨǻƗ ƾǫȁ .(ÓÖÎ)"ƨƸǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǂǘƻ ȅƗ
ƨºƥǂƬdzơ ƨºdzơǃȍ ƩǀƼČƫơ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƷȐǏȍơ DZƢǸǟȋơ ȄǴǟ řȈdzǂƬLJƛ
ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ǞȈƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ Ȇǟƾŭơ ǵDŽƬǟơ ƢǷƾǼǟȁ .ƨƯȂǴƬŭơ ƨȈƸǘLjdzơ
ƤºǬǟƗȁ .ƮȇȂǴƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨdzƽȋơ ƩǂȀǛ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ƩǁƢĔơ
__________
ǞºƳǂŭơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjǷ 628 F.2 d, p. 652 (1 Cir. 1980) (ÓÕÕ)
st
.ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǦǏȁ DzǬĄǻ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ǾLjǨǻ
.ÔÏ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjǷ (ÓÕÖ)
.All England Law Reports 1998, vol. 3, p. 385 (ÓÖÍ)
.ÐÖÏ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÖÎ)
ǹƢºǯ ơƿƛ ȂºƸǼdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƲƬǼȇ ȁƗ ƘnjǼȇ ǂƻƕ ǁǂǓ ȁƗ ǦǴƫ ȅƗ
.ǾȈǴǟ Ǿƥ ǎǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ƾūơ ńƛȁ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢǫ
DZȁƾºdzơ ƩƢºLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ (ƣ)
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǩƢǘǻ ƱǁƢƻ
ǶȈºȈǬƫ ƨȈǨȈǯ ƨdzƘLjŠ ƪȈǼĄǟ ƨȈǴƻơƽ ƨȈƟƢǔǫ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǭƢǼǿ -ÒÍÕ
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǶȈȈǬƫ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƪnjǫȂǻ ƾǫȁ .ƵȐǏȍơȁ ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ
Livingstone v. ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ ÎÕÕÍ ǵƢǟ ńƛ ǞƳǂȇ ǂǰƦǷ ƾȀǟ ǀǼǷ
:Blackburn ƽǁȂǴdz ǁȂȀnjǷ ŚLjǨƫ Ŀ Rawyards Coal Co
śǠƬºȇ ȅǀdzơ DZƢŭơ ǢǴƦǷ ƨȇȂLjƫ ǹƜǧ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƽ śǠƬȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ
ǺºǷ DZƢŭơ ǺǷ ǢǴƦǷ ƾȇƾŢ ǝƢǘƬLjŭơ ǁƾǫ ǮȈǴǟ ƤŸ ǁǂǔdzơ ŐŪ ǾǠǧƽ
džºǨǻ Ŀ ƧƢǻƢǠǸǴdz ǑǂǠƫ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ǾǬū ȅǀdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ DzǠŸ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj
Ǻǟ ǹȉơ DzǐŹ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ǿdz ƭƾŹ Ń Ȃdz ǾȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ ȅǀdzơ DŽǯǂŭơ
.(ÓÕÐ)ǾƦƦLjƥ ŐƳ ȁƗ ǒȇȂǠƫ
Ȇºǿ ÎÖÍÕ ǵƢǟ ńƛ ǞƳǂƫ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀȁ -ÒÍÖ
(ÓÕÑ)
Lodge Holes Colliery Co. v. Mayor of Wednesbury ƨȈǔǫ
Ŀ ǶȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ Ƣđ ǞǴǘǔȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǼȇƾǠƬdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƪƦƦLjƫ
ǾƫƽƢǟƛȁ Ǫȇǂǘdzơ ƵȐǏƛ ƨȈǴƄơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ƪdzȂƫȁ .ǵƢǟ ǪȇǂǗ ǁƢȈĔơ
Ƥºǿƿȁ .ƧŚƦǯ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ƾƦǰƫ ƾǠƥ Ǻǰdzȁ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǽơȂƬLjǷ ńƛ
DZȂƼĄȇ ȏ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǞǓȂdzơ ńƛ ƧƽƢǟȍơ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗ ńƛ ƩơƽǁȂǴdzơ džǴů
ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥ ǾǬƟƢǫƽ Dzǰƥ ƵȐǐƬLJȏơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ Ŀ Ǫūơ śǟƾŭơ
Ȅǟċƾºŭơ ǺǷ ơȁƽǂƬLjȇ ǹƗ Ŀ Ǫūơ śǟƾǸǴdz ǹƗȁ .ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ Ǻǟ
ǪºȇǂǘǴdz ƨºǷƔȐŭơ ǁƾǫ ǶƟȐǷ Ǫȇǂǘdz ƵȐǏȍơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ǶȀȈǴǟ
ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ ÎÖÕÍ ǵƢºǟ Ŀ ǪǘǼŭơ ơǀđ ǀƻƌƗ ƾǫȁ .(ÓÕÒ)ǪƥƢLjdzơ
ȆǨǧ .(ÓÕÓ)Dodd Properties (Kent) v. Canterbury City Council
ǩƽ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ƤƦLjƥ śǟƾŭơ ŘƦŭ ƨǬƷȐdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǶȈȈǬƫ ǑǂǠǷ
:ƨǸǰƄơ ƪdzƢǫ ǶȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ Ƣđ ǵƢǫ Ŗdzơ ǪȇǃơȂŬơ
ƔȆºLJ ŘƦŠ ƢǓǂdzơ ȁƗ ǝȂǼdzơ Ɣȅƽǁ DzǸǟ DZȂƦǬƥ śǷDŽǴǷ Śǣ ... śǟƾŭơ ǹƛ
ǹƗ ȃǁƗ ȏ [ȆǓƢǬdzơ] řǼǰdzȁ .ǶȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǬǨǼdz ơƆŚǧȂƫ ȃȂƬLjŭơ
ǺºǰŻ śºƷ ǪƟƢǫƾºdzơ Dzǰƥ ȆǨȇ DzǷƢǯ ƵȐǏƛ ȄǴǟ ǁơǂǏȍơ ǶȀǬƷ ǺǷ
ńƛ ȅƽƚºȇ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǪȈǓƗ DzǸǠƥ ȄǓǂȇ ǹƗ DZȂǬǠŭơ ƤǻƢƳ ǵDŽǴȇ ŘƦǷ ƤƷƢǐdz
ƾǷƗ ȁƗ ŘƦŭơ ǂȀǜǷ ǺǷ DZƢƥ Ʃơƿ ƨƳǁƽ ȅƘƥ ȁƗ ƨƳǁƽ ȅƘƥ ǎǬǼĄƫ ȏ ƨƴȈƬǻ
ǺºǷ DzǸǟ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ śƥ ƢǷ ǞLJƢNj ǩǂǧ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƾƳȂȇ śƷȁ ǾƬǠǨǼǷ ȁƗ ǾƟƢǬƥ
.(ÓÕÔ)ǪȈǫƾdzơ ƵȐǐƬLJȏơ śƥȁ DzȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ
__________
United Kingdom, Law Reports, Appeal Cases, House of (ÓÕÐ)
.Lords and Privy Council (1880), vol. 5, p. 39
de la Rue, “Environmental Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjǷ  (1908) AC 323 (ÓÕÑ)
.ÔÎ-ÔÍ Ǎ damage assessment”
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÕÒ)
.ÔÎ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ  (1980) 1.WLR 333 (ÓÕÓ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÕÔ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǺºǰŻ ȏ ƨƳǁƽ ńƛ ƩƢǠǬǼƬLjŭơ Ŀ ƨƥǂƬdzƢƥ ǵȂȈǻȂƫȂǴƦdzơ ǖǴƬƻơ ƾǬǧ
.(ÓÖÒ)ƨȈǴǸǟ ƨǬȇǂǗ ȅƘƥ ƢȀǼǷ ǾǴǐǧ
...
Ʃǁǂǔºƫ ƢȀLjºǨǻ ǑǁȋƢǧ ... ƤLjƸǧ ƢƆȇƽƢǐƬǫơ ǁǂǔdzơ džȈdzȁ
ƾǠĄƫȁ .Ƣđ ǖǴƬƻơ ȅǀdzơ ǵȂȈǻȂƫȂǴƦǴdz ƨǠnjŭơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ ƨǘLJơȂƥ ƨȇƽƢǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ
ǺºǷ ƪƦǴǘƫȁ ƨǸȈǫ DzǫƗ ƪƸƦǏƗ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ǹƛ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ
.(ÓÖÓ)ȅƽƢǷ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ ƨȈƸǘLjdzơ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ƨdzơǃȍ DZơȂǷƗ ǩƢǨǻƛ ǮdzƢŭơ
ǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơ ƨǸǰŰ ƪǜƷȏ ǁǂǔdzơ ǶȈȈǬƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÒÎÓ
Ƨǁȁǂǔºƥ ƢƆƦƳơȁ ǑǂǨȇ ÎÖÓÒ ǵƢǠdz ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƖnjǼŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ
ǁǂǬƫ ŕǷȁ .ƨǠnjŭơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ ƨǘLJơȂƥ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ǁơǂǓȍơ ǵƾǟ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǦdzƢƻ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ƭƾƷ ƾǫ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ
ƢȀƦċƦºLJ Ŗºdzơȁ ƨǠǫȂƬŭơ ǂƟƢLjŬƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ
.ƨǴǐºdzơ ƧƾºȈǠƥ ǹȂºǰƫ ȏ ǹƗ ƨǘȇǂNj ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳơȂdzơ ƨǨdzƢű
ǶƬºē ǹƗ ƢȀȈǴǠǧ Ȇǟƾŭơ ǽƾǬǧ ƢǷ ƵȐǏȍ Ǿǻƛ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩǁƢNjƗȁ
ǹƗ ƤºŸ ȏ ǂƟƢLjŬơ ǹƜǧ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ .Ǒǁȋơ Ǫū ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ
ǹƗ Dzƥ ƩƢǠǬǼƬLjŭơ ǑǁƘƥ Ǫū ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǐƬǬǷ ǹȂǰƫ
ǶºƴŞ ǂƯƘƬƫ" Ŗdzơȁ ƨǬƷȐdzơ ǂƟƢLjŬƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ǁơǂǓȋơ DzǸnjȇ
.(ÓÖÔ)"ƢȀƬǸȈǫȁ ƨǠǴLjǯ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ƨǷƔȐǷȁ
ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ Ǟǧƽ ǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơ ƨǸǰŰ ƪǔǧǁ ƾǬǧ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ -ÒÎÔ
ǂǐƬǬƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ ƢȀǼǟ ǞǧƾĄƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ Ŗdzơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǹƘƥ
ǾºȈǴǟ ƪºǻƢǯ ƢºǷ ńƛ ƩƢǠǬǼƬLjŭơ ǑǁƗ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ" ȄǴǟ
Ǻºǟ ƢƆǓȂǟ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩƘƫǁơȁ ."ƢȀƬǸȈǫ Ŀ ǑƢǨŵȏơ ȁƗ ƢȀƬdzƢƷ
ǺºǷ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǢǴƦŠ śǟƾŭơ ǒȇȂǠƫ" ƤLJƢǼŭơ ǺǷ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ
Ń ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ Ȃdz ǾȈǴǟ ơȂǻƢǯ ȅǀdzơ DŽǯǂŭơ džǨǻ Ŀ ǶȀǴǠŸ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj
ƨǸȈǬdzơ ǑƢǨŵơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ DzǸnjȇ ơǀǿȁ .(ÓÖÕ)"Ƕđ ǪƸǴȇ
ƨºƴȈƬǻ ƾǠĄȇ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩƘƫǁơȁ .Ǒǁȋơ ǞȈƥ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƾǬdzơȁ
ǁƽƢºǫ Śǣ Ȇǟƾŭơ DzǠŸ ȅǀdzơ ƮȇȂǴƬǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ Ƣđ ƚƦǼƬdzơ ǺǰŻ
.(ÓÖÖ)ȆƷȐǏȍơ DzǸǠdzơ DzǸƬǰȇ ǹƗ ńƛ Ǒǁȋơ ǞȈƥ ȄǴǟ
__________
Hunter and others v. ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .ÐÖÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÖÒ)
.Canary Wharf Ltd, ibid. 1996, vol. 1, 482, p. 499
.ÐÖÑ-ÐÖÐ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÓÖÍ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÖÓ)
.ÐÖÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÖÔ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÖÕ)
Ŀ ǮǰºNj ȅǀdzơ Chadwick LJ ȆǓƢǬdzơ ǶǰƷ ǹǁƢǫ Ǻǰdz (ÓÖÖ)
ƚƦǼƬdzơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƜƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǴƠLJƗ ƧǁƢƯƛ ńƛ ȅƽƚƫ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǤȈǐdzơ ǹƗ
:DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ
ǹƢºǯ ơƿƛ ƢºǸǟ DZƙƢLjºƬdzơ ƤLJƢǼŭơ ǺǷ ǾǻƗ ǞǼƬǬǷ Śǣ ƢǻƗ"
ǞºǫȂƬȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǹƢǯ ȁƗ ǞǫȂƫ ƾǫ ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ȁƗ ȅƾƬǠŭơ
ǞºǓȂdzơ ńƛ ȅƽƚȈºLJ ǹƢǯ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƩƢǰǴƬǸǸǴdz ǁǂǔdzơ...ǹƗ
ƨȈƦƦLjdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ȆȇƗǁ Ŀ DZơƚLjdzơȁ ... ǾLjǨǻ ǾȈǧ Ȇǟƾŭơ ƾŸ ȅǀdzơ
Ȃǿ ǹȉơ ǾȈǧ ǾLjǨǻ Ȇǟƾŭơ ƾŸ ȅǀdzơ ǞǓȂdzơ ǹƗ DzȀǧ :ƚƦǼƬdzƢƥ džȈdzȁ
."ŸƨȈǼǠŭơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸǸǴdz DzǠǨdzƢƥ DzǐƷ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨƴȈƬǻ
.(ÑÍÓ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
220
Ŀ ǶƳƢºǼdzơ ǾƦƳơȂƥ DZȐƻȎdz ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ƾǓ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ Ǯdzƿ
ǦȈdzƢºǰƬƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ÎÖÓÒ ǵƢǠdz ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƖnjǼŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǁƢǗƛ
Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƮȇȂǴƬdzƢƥ ƨǘƦƫǂŭơ ȃǂƻȋơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ǞȈŦȁ ƵȐǏȍơ
ƮºȇȂǴƬdzơ ǹƗ ǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơ ƨǸǰŰ Ʃǁǂǫȁ .ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ƨǸȈǫ ǹơƾǬǧ
ƢǿƙƢǷ ǑƢǧ ƨǯǂƥ ǺǷ ƨȈƫȉơ ƨǠnjŭơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ȇǟƾŭơ Ǒǁȋ DzǏƢūơ
ǾȈǴǟ ǾǓǂǨƫ ȅǀdzơ ǾƦƳơȂƥ ȏƆ Ȑƻƛ Dzǰnjƫ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ǑǁƗ ȄǴǟ
ơƆǁǂºǓ ƤƦLjºȇ ȏ ǹƘºƥ ÎÖÓÒ ǵƢǟ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ (Ɨ)(Î)Ô ƧƽƢŭơ
.(ÓÖÏ)"ƨȇȁȂǻ ƧƽƢǷ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ ƨƯƽƢƷ" ƔơǂƳ ǺǷ ƩƢǰǴƬǸǸǴdz
ǑǁƗ ǹƘºƥ ǾºȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾºŭơ Ǻǟ ǝƢǧƾdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ƲƬƷơȁ -ÒÎÐ
ǵȂºȈǻȂƫȂǴƦdzơ ǎƟƢǐƻ ǺǷ ȅƽƢǷ ǁǂǓ Ƣđ ǪƸǴȇ Ń ƩƢǠǬǼƬLjŭơ
ƢĔƗ Ȃdzȁ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǸǯ ƨȇƽƢŭơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ ȆȀǧ .Ǟďnjŭơ
ǝƢǠºNjȍơ ǹƗȁ .ǵȂºȈǻȂƫȂǴƦdzơ ǺºǷ ơƆƾƳ DzȈƠǓ ǁơƾǬŠ ƪǘǴƬƻơ
.ƨºƥǂƬdzơ ǎƟƢǐƻ ŚȈǤƫ Ǻǟ ǂǨLjĄȇ Ńȁ ǁǂǓ ƭơƾƷȍ ȆǨǰȇ ȏ
Merlin v. ƨȈǔǫ Ȇǿ ƨǬƥƢLJ ƨȈǔǫ ńƛ ǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơ ƨǸǰŰ ƩǁƢNjƗȁ
ƾǫ ǶȀƬȈƥ ǹƗ ǹȂǟċƾŭơ ƢȀȈǧ Ƕǟǃ (ÓÖÐ)British Nuclear Fuels, plc
ȅƾǼdzǂȇȉơ ǂƸƦdzơ Ŀ ƢȀǨȇǂǐƫ ȃǂƳ ƨǠnjǷ ƧƽƢǷ ǺǷ ǁǂǔdzơ ǾǬū
ƧƽƢŭơ ǮǴƫ ǹƗȁ (Sellafield) ƾǴȈǧȐȈLJ Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ DzǸǠǷ ǺǷ
ƨȈǔºǬdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀȁ .ǁƢƦǣ DzǰNj ȄǴǟ DZŗŭơ Ŀ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƪƦLJǂƫ
ǹȂǻƢǫ ƤƳȂŠ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ǹƗ ǽơƽƚǷ ƱƢƬǼƬLJơ ńƛ ȆǓƢǬdzơ DzǏȁ
ƩƢǰǴƬŲ ȄǴǟ ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȁ ƩƢƦƯƛ ÎÖÓÒ ǵƢǠdz ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƖnjǼŭơ
Ǯdzƿ ǹƜǧ ƮȇȂǴƬǴdz DzǠǨdzƢƥ ǑǂǠƫ ƾǫ DZŗŭơ ǹƗ Ȃdzȁ ǾǻƗȁ .ƨLJȂǸǴǷ
ƶǼǷ ŘLjƬȇ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸǸǴdz ǁǂǔdzơ ȃȂƬLjǷ ǢǴƦȇ Ń ƮȇȂǴƬdzơ
ƢŶƜǧ ƨǸȈǫ DzǫƗ DZŗŭơ ǹƗ ǹȂǰdzȁ .ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƢĔƘnjƥ ǒȇȂǠƫ
ǹȋ ƨºƴȈƬǻ džȈdzȁ ƨȈǟƢǠNjȍơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƽȂƳȂdz ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫơ ƨƴȈƬǻ Ǯdzƿ
.ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƨȈǟƢǠNjȍơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ ǺǷ DZŗŭƢƥ Ǫū ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
Ŀ ǾºǻƗ ƪǜƷȏȁ Merlin ǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơ ƨǸǰŰ ƪǼưƬLJơȁ -ÒÎÑ
Dzºǯ ǹƗ ǂȇ Ń ȆǓƢǬdzơ ǹƗȁ DZDŽºǼŭơ Ŀ ǁƢƦǤdzơ ǹƢǯ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǮǴƫ
ǎƟƢǐƻ ǹƗ ƾȈǨȇ ƢŠ śǴƻơƾƬǷ ƢǻƢǯ ƨǠnjŭơ ƧƽƢŭơȁ DZDŽºǼŭơ ǺǷ
ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǸǧ DžƢLJȋơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ .DzǰNj ȅƘƥ ƩŚǤƫ ƾǫ DZDŽºǼŭơ
ƤƦºLJ ǹƗ ȆǓƢǬdzơ ƢȀƦƳȂŠ ȃƘƫǁơ Ŗdzơ ǪƟƢǬūơ" džǨǻ ȄǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥ
ƪƥƢºǏƗ Ŗdzơ ƨǸǏȂǴdz ƨƴȈƬǻ Ȃǿ śǟƾċ ŭơ DZDŽºǼǷ ƨǸȈǫ ǑƢǨŵơ
.(ÓÖÑ)"ǾLjǨǻ DZDŽºǼŭƢƥ Ǫū ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔǴdz ƨƴȈƬǻ džȈdzȁ DZDŽºǼŭơ
ȅƽƢºŭơ ǁǂǔºdzơ ǹƗ ǥƢǼƠƬºLJȏơ ƨºǸǰŰ ƪǜƷȏȁ -ÒÎÒ
:(Ɨ)(Î) Ô ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ȄƻȂƬŭơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸǸǴdz
Ŀ ǽǂºǯƿ ƽǁơȂdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢǧ .ǁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǝơȂǻƗ ȄǴǟ ǂǐƬǬȇ ȏ
ƨºȇƽƢŭơ ǎƟƢǐºŬơ Ŀ ŚȈǤƬdzơ ǒǠƥ ƽȂƳȁ Ǖǂnjƥ ƭƾƸȈLJ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢǗƛ
ǎƟƢǐŬơ ƢȀƬƦċƦLJ Ŗdzơȁ ƩƢǠǬǼƬLjŭơ ǑǁƗ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ Ȇǿȁ ƩƢǰǴƬǸǸǴdz
.ƨǸȈǫ DzǫƗ ȁƗ ƢƆǠǨǻ DzǫƗ ƢȀǼǷ ƪǴǠƴǧ ƨǠďnjŭơ
__________
.ÐÖÍ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÖÏ)
.ÐÖÏ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÖÐ)
.ÐÖÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÓÖÑ)
221 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ȄǴǟ ƪǘǬLJ Ŗdzơ DzƥƢǼǬdzơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ǹƢƬǴƦǼǫ ƪǟċƾǐƫ ƾǫȁ .ǁǂǓ
ƩƢºƠȇDŽƳ Ƣºƫǂưǻȁ TNT ƧƽƢǷ ǺǷ ƢǸēƢȇȂƬŰ ƢƬƦǰLJȁ Ǒǁȋơ
džȇǁƢºǷȂdzƢƥ ƨºȇǂǫ ǺºǷ ƨƥǂǬǷ ȄǴǟ ǵȂȈǻȂƫȂǴƦdzơȁ ǵȂȈǻơǁȂȈdzơ
ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǹƢǰLJ ƨƸǏ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǰȈNjȁ Ɔơǂǘƻ Ǯdzǀƥ ƢƬƦƦLjǧ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ
ńƛ ƢȈǻƢƦºLJƛȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƩƾǸǟȁ .ƢȀƬȈƳȂdzȂǰȇƛ ȄǴǟȁ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ǹƗ ƔƢºƦǻȋơ Ŀ ƔƢƳȁ ƆơǁȂǧ ƨȈƳȐǟ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţơ
ǕƢnjºǼdzơ ȅƿ ňƢƦLJȋơ ƣơǂƬdzơ ǺǷ ƆƢǼǗ Î ÔÒÍ ƪdzơǃƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ǾºƫǂǸǗ ƮºȈƷ ńƛ ǾƬǴǬǻȁ ǦȈǨŬơ ȆǟƢǠNjȍơ
ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǑǁȋƢºƥ ƨºưdzƢưdzơ ƨǴƦǼǬdzơ ƪǸǘƫǁơ ƾǫȁ .(ÔÍÒ)ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ǂºƸƦdzơ Ŀ ƢǷ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ƩƾǬƌǧ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƨǴƦǼǬdzơ ǹƗ ȏƛ ǝċƾǐƬƫ
ǺȇǂȀNj Ƨƾŭ ƩƢǏơȂǤdzƢƥ ƢȀǼǟ ƮƸƦdzơ ƾǠƥȁ .ǖLJȂƬŭơ ǒȈƥȋơ
ǖºLJȂƬŭơ ǒȈƥȋơ ǂƸƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼǷ DZȁƾdz ƧƾȇơDŽƬŭơ ǥȁƢƼŭơ ǖLJȁ
ǵƢºȇƗ ƨǠƥǁƗ Ƨƾŭ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ DZȐƻ ƩƾǬƌǧ ƢȀǼǰdzȁ ƢĔƢǰǷ ȄǴǟ ǂưĄǟ
ƾȇƾȀƬdzơ ǺǷ ƆƢǷȂȇ śǻƢť ƾǠƥ ǂǷȋơ ǂƻƕ Ŀ ƪǴnjĄƬǻơ ǹƗ ńƛ ȃǂƻƗ
.ƢǿǁƢƴǨǻơ ǂǘş
Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂǠƫ ȅƗ Ǟǧƾƫ Ń ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǹƗ ǂǿƢǜdzơȁ -ÒÏÎ
"ƨŹǂǏ ƨnjǫƢǼǷ" ȅƗ ƭƾŢ Ń ƢǸǯ ƨƯƽƢūơ ƢȀƬƦċƦLJ Ŗdzơ ǥȁƢƼŭơ
ǹƗ Śǣ .ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ śƥ
Ƣºŭ DznjăƬǼĄƫ Ń Ȃdz ƨǴƦǼǬdzơ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ žƢȀǟȂǻ ǺǷ Ƨƾȇǂǧ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǽǀǿ
ǞºLJȁ Ŀ ǹƢºǯ ƢǷȁ .ƨȈdzƢŭơ ŚȇƢǠŭƢƥ ƢǿǁǂǓ ȃƾǷ DžƢȈǫ ǺǰǷƗ
Ŀ ƢȀǗƢnjǻ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǂǘŬơ "ǃƢȀŪơ" ǭǂƬƫ ǹƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƢȀƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ DzǸƸƬƥ ƪǷƢǫȁ ƢȀǼǷ ƣǂǬdzƢƥ ȁƗ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ
.ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƽ
ơƆȂƳ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƢēǂƳƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ ƤǬǟȁ -ÒÏÏ
ƨǷȂǰūơ ƾǸǠƫ Ń DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽƳ ǺǷ ƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ Eniwetok ƧǂȇDŽƳ Ŀ
ƩǁƢNjƗ ƾǫȁ .ƨȇƽƢŭơ Śǣ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ńƛ ƨȈǻƢƥƢȈdzơ
ƩƢǔºȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǟǧƽ ǹƘnjƥ ƢŮ ƧǂǯǀǷ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ
ǹƢºƥƢȈdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǞǷ ƨȈƟƢȀǼdzơ ƨȇȂLjƬdzơ ńƛ ƨǴǷƢNj ƨȇȂLjƫ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ
ƩƢƥƢǏƛ ǺǷ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ƢǷ Dzǯȁ ȅƗ" Ǻǟ
ȅƗ Ŀ ƪƦdzơ ǂǷƗ ƨȈǻƢƥƢȈdzơ ƨǷȂǰƸǴdz ƪǯǂƫȁ ."ǁơǂǓƗ ȁƗ ǂƟƢLjƻ ȁƗ
.(ÔÍÓ)ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǪƸƬLjȇ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǺǷ ȅƽǂǧ ǁǂǓ
ÎÖÒÑ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ Î Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƥǂƴƬdzơ ƔơǂƳƛ ƤǬǟȁ -ÒÏÐ
ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƪǬūƗ ƨǠnjŭơ ƨǗƢǬLjdzơ ǹƗ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƪǼǴǟƗ
Daigo Fukuryu Maru ƨȈǻƢƥƢȈdzơ ƾȈǐdzơ ƨǼȈǨLJ ǶǫƢǗ ƔƢǔǟƘƥ ƩƢƥƢǏƛ
ƢēƽƾºƷ Ŗdzơ ǂǘŬơ ƨǬǘǼǷ ƱǁƢƻ ƨƥǂƴƬdzơ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ
ÎÖÒÑ ŐǸƬƦºLJ/DZȂºǴȇƗ ÏÐ Ŀȁ .DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
Ŀ DZȁȋơ ȆǰǴºLJȐdzơ ǦºǛȂǷ ƢºǷƢȇȂƥȂǯ ȆnjºƬȈǰȇƕ ĿȂƫ
śƬdzƽƢƦƬǷ śƫǂǯǀǷ ȄǔƬǬŠ ƾǬĄǟ ǩƢǨƫơ ȄǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥȁ .ƾȈǐdzơ ƨǼȈǨLJ
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Ŀ ǵơƾºǫƗ ÎÍ ǪºǸǟ ȄǴǟ ƨǠnjŭơ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ DZƢǷǂdzơ ƪǼǧĄƽ" (ÔÍÒ)
“Radioactive Spanish earth is buried 10 feet deep in :"ƨȈƥȂǼŪơ ƢǼȈdzȁǁƢǯ
.South Carolina”, The New York Times, 12 April 1966, p. 28, col. 3
.ÒÓÒ Ǎ Ñ ƾǴĐơ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Whiteman (ÔÍÓ)
ƵƢƥǁȋơ Ŀ ǹơƾǬǧ ƭȁƾƷ Ŀ ƪƦdzơ ǂǷƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǷƗ -ÒÎÕ
ƽƢǠƦƬºLJơ ńƛ ƪºȀšơ "ƨǴǐdzơ ƾǠƥ" ƧƾǟƢǫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ȆǨǧ
ǹƢºǯ ơƿƛ ȏƛ "ƨǔƄơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ" ƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩơƔƢǟƽȏơ
ȃȂǟƽ Ŀ ơǀǿ DzưǸƬȇȁ .(ÔÍÍ)ƾǬǠdzơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ƢƆǏȂǐǼǷ ƔÅ ơǂƳƛ Ǯdzƿ
Weller and Co. v. Foot and Mouth Disease Research
DžȁŚǧ ƨȈǟȐǬdzơ ȄċǸūƢƥ ƢđƢǏƗ ƨȈNjƢŠ ǪǴǠƬƫ Ȇǿȁ (ÔÍÎ)Institute
ƨºǷȂǰūơ ƩǁƾºǏƗ ƾǫȁ .ǾȈǴǟ Ȅċǟƾŭơ DzǸǟ ƨǼǰǷƗ ǺǷ ƪǴǧƗ
ƤƦºLJ ȅǀºdzơ ǂǷȋơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ śǫȂLJ ǩȐǣƜƥ ơƆǂǷƗ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ
Ȅǟċƾŭơ ǹƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩƗǁȁ .Ȇǟƾŭơ ƩơƽơDŽǷ Ņȏƽ ƵƢƥǁƗ Ŀ ƢƆǻơƾǬǧ
džȈdz Ǻǰdzȁ ƨȈNjƢŭơ ȆǰdzƢŭ ƧƢǟơǂŭơ ƔȐȇƛ ƤƳơȁ ǶȀȈǴǟ ǹƢǯ ǶȀȈǴǟ
ǺǰŻ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ŁƢǐǷ ǺǷ ƨƸǴǐǷ ǶŮ džȈdz Ǻȇǀdzơ ƩơƽơDŽŭơ Ņȏƾdz
ƧƾǟƢǫ ǹƗ ǚƷȂdz ƾǫȁ .(ÔÍÏ)DžȁŚǨdzơ ƩȐǧƛ Ƣđ ǂċ ǓƗ ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ
Ȅǟơǂƫȁ ƨǻȁǂŭơ ǺǷ ŚƦǯ ǁƾǬƥ ƧƽƢǠdzơ Ŀ ǪċƦǘĄƫ ǽǀǿ "ƨǴǐdzơ ƾǠƥ"
.(ÔÍÐ)ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzƢƥ DzǐƬƫ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟơ ƢȀǬȈƦǘƫ Ŀ
Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈdzƢūơ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ Ǧnjǰƫȁ -ÒÎÖ
ǁơǂºǓȋơ Śnjƫȁ .ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ƨǴƥƢǫ ƢǿƾƷȁ Ȇǿ ƨȇƽƢŭơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǹƗ
DzºƥƢǬǷ Ŀ ƨºȈǸǰdzơ ȁƗ ƨLJȂǸǴŭơ ƨȇƽƢŭơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ńƛ ƢǼǿ ƨȇƽƢŭơ
Ŗºdzơ ƨȇƽƢŭơ ǁơǂǓȋơ DzǸnjƫȁ .ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨǷơǂǰƥ ǪƸǴȇ ȅǀdzơ ȃƿȋơ
ƨȈǐºƼnjdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơȁ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǧ ȆǓƢŭơ Ŀ ƢȀǔȇȂǠƫ ȃǂƳ
ǞºǼŻ Ń ơǀǿ ǹƗ Śǣ .Ƣđ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ǹơƾǬǧȁ
.ƨȇƽƢŭơ Śǣ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ǺǷ DZȁƾdzơ
ȅȂǘǼƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƩȏƢƷ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ śƦƫȁ -ÒÏÍ
ǁơǂºǓȋơ ǺǷ ǽŚǣ ȁƗ ȆǴǠǨdzơ ȁƗ DzǸƬƄơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ƮȇȂǴƬdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǺǷ ƆơŚưǯ ƆƢƠȈNj ƩǁƢƯƗ ƩȏƢƷ Ȇǿȁ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƭƽơȂƷ ƢȀƬƦċƦLJ Ŗdzơ
ƤdzƢǘĄȇ Ńȁ ȅƽƢŭơ Śǣ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƫ ƢȀȈǧ ǞǧƾĄȇ Ńȁ ǪǴǬdzơ
"džȇǁƢºǷȂdzƢƥ" ƨºƯƽƢƷ Ƣºŷ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ śdzƢưǷ ǃǂƥƗȁ .Ǿƥ
ƨºƯƽƢƷ ƩƘnjºǻ ƾºǫȁ .DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽƳ ƨȈǔǫȁ (Palomares)
B-52G ǃơǂǗ ǺǷ ƨȇȁȂǻ DzƥƢǼǫ ƨǧƿƢǫ śƥ ǵơƾǘǏơ Ǻǟ džȇǁƢǷȂdzƢƥ
ƨºȈǴǸǟ ƔƢǼƯƗ KC-135 ǃơǂǗ ǺǷ ƽȂǫȂdzƢƥ ƽȁDŽƬǴdz ƧǂºƟƢǗ śƥȁ
ǂǷȋơ ňƢƦLJȍơ DzƷƢLjdzơ ǺǷ ƨƥǂǬǷ ȄǴǟ ȂŪơ Ŀ ƽȂǫȂdzƢƥ ƽȁDŽƬdzơ
ȄºǴǟ ȅȂºƬŢ ƨȈǼȈƳȁǁƾȈǿ DzƥƢǼǫ ǞƥǁƗ ǕȂǬLJ ǾǼǟ Ƕų ȅǀdzơ
ǺǗƢǤȈǷ Î,Ò ƨȇŚǷƾƬdzơ ƢēȂǫ ǢǴƦƫȁ ÏÐÒ ǵȂȈǻơǁȂȇ - ǵȂȈǻȂƫȂǴƥ
ƽƚƫ Ńȁ .(ÔÍÑ)(ƢǸȈNjȁŚǿ ƨǴƦǼǫ ƧȂǫ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǷ ÔÒ ƾȇDŽȇ ƢŠ ȅƗ)
Ǯdzǀǯ ƩƽƗ Dzƥ ǖǬǧ ǶȈLjƳ ȅƽƢǷ ǁǂǓ ƾȈdzȂƫ ńƛ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǽǀǿ
ǖºLJȂƬŭơ ǒȈºƥȋơ ǂƸƦdzơ ǑȂƷ Ŀ ǪǴǬdzơȁ ǥȂŬơ ƧǁƢƯƛ ńƛ
ǝȂǫȁ DZƢǸƬƷơ ƣƢƦLJƗ ƨdzơǃƛ ƪŤ ǹƗ ńƛ ǺȇǂȀNj Ƨƾŭ ǾǴǯ ĺǂǤdzơ
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.ÔÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ De la Rue (ÔÍÍ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ  (1966) 1 QB 1966, p. 569 (ÔÍÎ)
.ÔÑ-ÔÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÍÏ)
.ÔÑ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÍÐ)
Szulc, The ǂºǜǻơ ƨºƯƽƢūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘnjƥ DzȈǏƢǨƬdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭ (ÔÍÑ)
.Flora Lewis, One of Our H-bombs is Missingȁ Bombs of Palomares
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƧƽƢȈLjdzơ ǭƢȀƬǻơ ǹƘƥ ǂŏǬƫĄ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǪƥơȂLjdzơȁ .ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ Ƣđ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ƽơǂŭơ DZƢǸǟȋơ
.(ÔÍÖ)*ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƾƥ ƢƆǷơDŽºƬdzơ ƞnjǼȇ
ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƪǔǫ Dzȇǂƫ ǂȀǐǷ ƨȈǔǬƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ Ŀȁ -ÒÏÔ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƨºƦdzƢǘǷ ȄǴǟ Ƣǿƽǁ Ŀ ƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơ ǵƾǠƥ
ǾǻƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩƗǁȁ .ƢēƽƢȈLjdz ƢƆǯƢȀƬǻơ ƪƦǰĄƫǁơ ƧƔƢLJƛ Ǻǟ ƢȀǔȇȂǠƬƥ
ȏ ȁƗ Dzǰnjºƫ" ƨƬƦưƌŭơ ǞƟƢǫȂdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸȈǧ ƪƦdzơ ńƛ ƨƳƢƷ ȏ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƧƽƢȈLjdz ƢƆǯƢȀƬǻơ ȁƗ ƢƆǫǂƻ Dzǰnjƫ
Ǻºǟ ƨƠºNjƢǼdzơ ƤǟƢǐŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ DZDŽǠŠ (ÔÎÍ)"Ņȁƾdzơ
ƨǸǰƄơ ƩƗǁ ƢǸǯ .(ÔÎÎ) ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƢȈƦǷȂdzȂǰƥ Dzȇǂƫ ǂȀǐǷ DzȈǤnjƫ
.ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ŚLjǨƫ Ȇǿ ƢȀȈǧ ƪƦdzơ śǠƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƧƾȈƷȂdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƗ
ƧƽƢºŭơ ƤLjƷ "Dzȇǂƫ ǂȀǐǷ ǾƦċƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ" ƧǁƢƦǟ ƩǂċLjǧȁ
ȄǴǟ ƪǬǨǻƌƗ Ŗdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ȄǴǟ DzǸƬnjȇ ȏ ǾǻƘƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƨưdzƢưdzơ
ǾǨǐƫ Ƣŭ ǒȇȂǠƫ ȅƗ ƔƢǘǟƛ śǠƬȇ ȏ" ǾǻƗ Ʃǁǂǫ ơǀdzȁ .ǪȈǬƸƬdzơ
ǒȇȂºǠƬdz ƾǼƦǯ ƔơȂLJ ƢēƽƢȈLjdz ǭƢȀƬǻơ ƧǁƢƦǠƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
.(ÔÎÏ)"ȃǂƻƗ ǁơǂǓȋ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨƯƽƢƸǯ ȏȁ ǁǂǔǴdz DzǐǨǼǷ
ȁƗ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ǶǰƷ ǁơƾǏƛ Ǻǟ ƨǸǰƄơ ǝƢǼƬǷƢƥȁ -ÒÏÕ
ƤƦLjºƥ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƫ ƶǼǷ ǺǰŻ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ǹƘnjƥ ǞǫơȂdzơ
ǾºƳȁ ȄºǴǟ Ǯºdzƿ ǹƘnjƥ ƔƢǟƽơ ƨť ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ "ƧƽƢȈLjdzơ ǭƢȀƬǻơ"
ȆºǨǧ .DZƢºǸƬƷȏơ Ǯdzƿ DzưǷ ƾǠƦƬLjƫ Ń ƨǸǰƄơ ǹƗ ơƾƥ ƾȇƾƸƬdzơ
ƨºȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ƨǼȈǨºLJ Ȇǿȁ (ÔÎÐ)S.S. I'm Alone ƨȈǔǫ ƨǬƥƢLJ ƨȈǔǫ
ŅƢºǟƗ Ŀ ÎÖÏÖ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÏÏ Ŀ ƪǫǂǣƌƗȁ ơƾǼǯ Ŀ ƨǴƴLjǷ
Ŀ Ʃơƽơǂºȇȍơ ƧǂƟơƽ ǩǁȁǃ ƨǘLJơȂƥ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ƲȈǴƻ Ŀ ǁƢƸƦdzơ
.ƤȇǂȀºƬdzơ ƨºƸǧƢǰŭ ǵƾƼƬLjĄȇ ȅǀdzơ Dexter ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
Ƥȇǂē Ŀ Ƨƾȇƾǟ ƩơȂǼLjdz ǵăƾƼƬLjĄƫ S.S. I'm Alone ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƪǻƢǯȁ
.ǾºǠȈƥ Ǒơǂǣȋ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ńƛ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǵȁǂdzơ
DZȐºƻȁ ÎÖÏÕ ŐǸLjºȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ŀ ƪǫȂdzơ ǺǷ ƧǂƬǨdzȁ
ƪǻƢǯ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǩơǂǣƛ ƪǫȁ ŕƷȁ ÎÖÏÖ ǵƢǟ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ǁȂȀnjdzơ
ǕƢºǬǼdzơ ȃƾºƷƛ ńƛ DŽȈǴȈƥ ǺǷ ƨȈdzȂƸǯ ƩƢƥȁǂnjǷ DzǸŢ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ
ƪºǻƢǯ ƮȈƷ ƢǻƢȇDŽȇȂdz ƞǗƢNj ƨdzƢƦǫ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ƲȈǴƻ ȄǴǟ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ
Dzºƻơƽ ńƛ ƣċǂºȀĄƫȁ ǂǤǏƗ ǺǨLJ Ŀ ǡċǂǨĄƫ ƨȈƷȁǂdzơ ƩƢƥȁǂnjŭơ
DžǁƢºǷ/ǁơƿƕ ńƛ ÎÖÏÕ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ǀǼǷȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ǂǘȈLjºȇȁ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ƨǯȂǴŲ S.S. I'm Alone ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ÎÖÏÖ
Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸů ƢǿǂȇƾĄȇ ƨũƢūơ ƩƢǫȁȋơ Ŀȁ ƢȀȈǴǟ
Ȇǿ ƨǟȂǸĐơ ǮǴƫ ƪǻƢǯȁ ǶȀǸǜǠǷ Ŀ śȈǰȇǂǷƗ śǼǗơȂǷ ơȂǻƢǯ
.ƢȀȈǧ ǥǂǐƬdzơȁ ƢȀƬǟƢǔƥ ƨŪƢǠǷȁ ƢēƢǯǂŢ ǾȈƳȂƬƥ ǵȂǬƫ Ŗdzơ
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.ÏÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (ǽȐǟƗ ÐÓÎ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) ILM (ÔÍÖ)
.ÎÖÐÏ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÐÓÏ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) UNRIAA (ÔÎÍ)
Ŀ ơȁƢºƫȁƗ Ŀ ƨǠǫȂŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǎǻ ÎÖÍÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÎÎ)
.ÎÖÐÒ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ Ð Ŀ ƨdzƽƢƦƬŭơ ƩƢǬȇƾǐƬdzơ ǞǷ ÎÖÐÒ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÎÒ
.ÎÖÐÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÎÏ)
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƾºǓ ơƾǼǯ) S.S. “I’m Alone ƨȈǔǫ (ÔÎÐ)
.ÎÓÍÖ Ǎ (ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ
222
ǾLjºǨǻ ǵȂȈdzơ Ŀ ơƆǀǧƢǻ ƶƦǏƗȁ ÎÖÒÒ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ñ Ŀ
ơƆŚƦºǠƫ Ǯdzƿ ǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ" ƨƦŮơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƪǷƾǫ
ƪǬū Ŗdzơ (ÔÍÔ)"ƩƢƥƢǏȍơ ǹƘnjƥ ƢȀǨLJƗȁ ƢȀǷƢǸƬǿơ Ǻǟ ƢƆȈǧƢǓƛ
ƪȇǂƳƌƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬǴdz ƨƴȈƬǻ śȈǻƢƥƢȈdzơ ǭƢũȋơ ȅƽƢȈǐƥ
Ʃơǁȏȁƽ ǺǷ ǁȏȁƽ ňȂȈǴǷ ǢǴƦǷ DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽƳ Ŀ ÎÖÒÑ ǵƢǟ
ǁơǂǓȋơ ȁƗ ƩƢƥƢǏȍơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ Dzǯȁ ȅȋ ƨǴǷƢǯ ƨȇȂLjƬǯȁ ƨǬƷȐdzơ
ǺǷ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ Ǻǟ Ƙnjǻ ƢǷ Dzǯȁ ȅƗ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
ǢºǴƦŭơ ǞºȇǃȂƫ ǶǼȇ ǹƗ ǪǨƫơȁ .ǁơǂǓƗ ȁƗ ǂƟƢLjƻ ȁƗ ƩƢƥƢǏƛ
DzǸƬNjơȁ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƢǿǁǂǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǨǐǼŭơ ƨǬȇǂǘdzƢƥ ǝȂǧƾŭơ
śȈǻƢºƥƢȈdzơ ǭƢũȋơ ȅƽƢȈǏ ǺǷ ƾƷơȁ Dzǰdz ǒȇȂǠƫ ƶǼǷ ȄǴǟ
Ǻºǟ ǹƢºƥƢȈdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǺǷ ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨȇȂLjƬdzȁ śȈǼǠŭơ
.ƩƢȈǨnjƬLjŭơ Ŀ ǶȀƬǷƢǫƛ ƩƢǬǨǻȁ ƨȈƦǘdzơ ǶȀǨȇǁƢǐǷ
ƵơǂƬǫơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƪǔǧǁ Dzȇǂƫ ǂȀǐǷ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀȁ -ÒÏÑ
DzďǤnjºǷ ȄºǴǟ "ƨǟȂǘǬǷ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ" Ǒǂǧ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ƽȁƾºūơ ƩƢºƯƢǠƦǻȏơ ƢºȀȈǧ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ ǂȀǐŭơ
.ƢȀȈǧ ƤƦLjƬƫ ƾǫ ǁơǂǓƗ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥ ƆƢǨǴLJ ƢŮ ƨǷȂLJǂŭơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƨƠȈŮơ Ʃǂǯƿȁ
ńƛ Ȃǟƾºƫ ƩƢƷơǂƬǫơ ǺǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǾƬǷƾǫ ƢǸȈǧ ǹƢǠǷƜƥ ƨƠȈŮơ Ʃǂǜǻ
ƩǃȁƢš ƢǸǴǯ Ɣơƽȋơ ǪƸƬLjǷ ƶƦǐȇ ǢǴƦŭ ǪƦLjŭơ ƾȇƾƸƬdzƢƥ ȆǔǬȇ ǵƢǜǻ ƨǷƢǫƛ
ƾºNjƗ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǧƢưǯ ȁƗ ǺǷDŽdzơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƧǂƬǨdz ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǧƢưǯ ƨǴƴLjŭơ ƩơDŽȈǯǂƬdzơ
.ƨǬȈǫƽ ǹȁǂnjǟ ƢǿƾǷƗ ƧǂƬǧ ȅȋ ƢȀǼǷ
ȅƗǁ ȁƗ ƢºȀȇƗǁ ȆºǨǧ .ƵơǂƬǫȏơ ơǀđ ǀƻȋơ ǺǷ ƨƠȈŮơ ǺǰǸƬƫ Ńȁ
ƩƢȈǴǸǟ DzǫǂǠĄȇ ǹƗ ơǀȀǯ ǵƢǜǻ ǹƘNj ǺǷ ǹƗ ƨȈǸǴǠdzơ ǹȁƚnjdzơ Ŀ ƢȀȇǁƢnjƬLjǷ
Dzǰnjºȇ Ǻºdz ǾǻƗȁ Ǯdzƿ ȆǔƬǬƫ ƧǁȁǂǓ ƢŶȁƽȁ ǕǂǨǷ ƾƷ ńƛ Dzȇǂƫ ǂȀǐǷ
.(ÔÍÕ)"ƨȈǼǠŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǞȈǸŪ ƢƆǨǐǼǷ ȐƆ Ʒ"
Ŗdzơ ƢǿƾƷȁ Ȇǿ ƧƾƦǰƬŭơ ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǹƗ ƨƠȈŮơ ƩƗǁȁ -ÒÏÒ
.ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǪƸƬLjƫ
Ǻºǟ ƩƢǔºȇȂǠƬƥ ǹƢȈƷȋơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ ƪƦdzƢǗ ƾǫȁ -ÒÏÓ
DzºǸǠȇ ȅǀdzơ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ DzƫƢLjdzơ ǖǬLJ ƢǷƾǼǠǧ .ƨȇƽƢŭơ Śǣ ǁơǂǓȋơ
ȅƾºǼǰdzơ ǶȈǴǫȍơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǸǘƸƬǷ "ÖÒÑ ǃȂǷǃȂǯ" ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzƢƥ
ǮºǴƫ ƤƦLjºƥ ǁơǂǓƗ ǺǷ ƢđƢǏƗ ƢǷ Ǻǟ ƢȀǔȇȂǠƬƥ ơƾǼǯ ƪƦdzƢǗ
.ƨºȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢēƽƢȈLjºdz DzƫƢLjºdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǭƢȀƬǻơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨƯƽƢūơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ Ʃǂǯƿȁ "ƨȈdzȁƽ ǪƥơȂLJ" ȄǴǟ ƢȀƬƦdzƢǘǷ Ŀ ơƾǼǯ ƩƾǼƬLJơȁ
ȅƾºǼǰdzơ ȅȂºŪơ DZƢƴǸǴdz "ÖÒÑ ǃȂǷǃȂǯ" DzƫƢLjdzơ ǵƢƸƬǫơ ǹƛ
Dzǰnjºȇ ȅƾǼǰdzơ ǶȈǴǫȍơ ȄǴǟ DzƫƢLjdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ǂǘƻ ǞnjǷ ǵƢǘƷ ƤLJǂƫȁ
ǺºǷ ǃȁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǠǫơȁ ƽǂů ǾƬƦưĄƫ ǭƢȀƬǻȏơ ơǀǿ ƭȁƾƷȁ .ơƾǼǯ ƧƽƢȈLjdz ƢƆǯƢȀƬǻơ
ǾƦċƦºLJ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȆȀǧ ǵƢƸƬǫȏơ ơǀŮ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ ƢǷƗ žDzƫƢLjdzơ ƤǻƢƳ
ǂºȇǂǬƫ Ŀ *ȅƽƢȈLjdzơ ơƾǼǯ ǪƷ Ŀ DzƻƾƬdzơȁ ǂǘƻ ǞďnjǷ ǵƢǘƷ ƽȂƳȁ ơƾǼǰdz
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.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÍÔ)
.ÎÖÔÑ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÐÓÏ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) UNRIAA (ÔÍÕ)
223 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ ƢǷƗ -ÒÐÏ
ǭƢºǼǿ ǹƛ ƿƛ .ơƆǁơǂǬƬLJơ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ȆȀǧ ȆǴǠǨdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ
.ƢȀǯȂǴLJ Ǻǟ ƨȈǼǸǔdzơ ȁƗ ƨŹǂǐdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭ ƶǓȁƗ ȏƆ ȂƦǫ
Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ DZȁƾdzơ ƪǴƦǫ ƧƽȁƾǠǷ ƭƽơȂŞ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ
śȇƽƢǟ ǍƢƼNjƗ ƨǘnjǻƗ ǾƬƦƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ȆǴǠǨdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ȆºǨǧ .ƢēǂǘȈLJ ƪŢ ȁƗ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢȀƬȇȏȁ ǩƢǘǻ ǺǸǓ ǹȂǴǸǠȇ
ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬƥ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ ƪƦdzƢǗ (Mura) ơǁȂǷ ǂĔ ƨƯƽƢƷ
ǩǁȂºǴdz śǠǼǐŠ ƪǬū Ŗdzơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ Ǻǟ ƢLjǸǼdzơ ǺǷ
Ǫºǧơǂŭơ ǾƬƦƦºLJ ǩƢºǘǼdzơ ǞLJơȁ ƭȂǴƬdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ǭƢũƗ ƾƟƢǐŠȁ
ƨºǴǫƢǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ Ŀȁ .(ǽȐǟƗ ÑÏÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ) ƨȇȁƢLjǸǼdzơ ƨȈƟƢǷǂȀǰdzơ
ƨºdzȁƽ ƪǓǂǟ (ǽȐǟƗ ÑÏÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ) (Juliana) ƢǻƢȈdzȂƳ ǖǨǼdzơ
ƢƆǔºȇȂǠƫ śȈǻƢƥƢȈdzơ ǺȇƽƢȈǐǴdz Ǻȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÏÍÍ Ǟǧƽ ƢȇŚƦȈdz ǶǴǠdzơ
ǥơǂºųơȁ ǝƢǬdzƢƥ ƢǻƢȈdzȂƳ ǵƢǘƫǁȏ ƨƴȈƬǻ ǁǂǓ ǺǷ ǶđƢǏƗ ƢǸǟ
.ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ DzƷƢLJ ńƛ ƢȀǘǨǻ
Ǟǫȁ ǕƢnjǻ ƢȀȈǧ ȄǔƬǫơ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ ƪǠǧƽ ƾǫȁ -ÒÐÐ
ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǨǧ .ȃǂƻƗ ǺǯƢǷƗ ńƛ ǹƢǰLjdzơ DzǬǻ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ƩơǁƢǬǟ Ŀ
ƧǂºȇDŽƳ Ŀ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƢēǂƳƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzƢƥ
ǵơƾƼƬºLJȏơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ Ǟǧƽ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǞƦƬƬLJơ ƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ Eniwetok
ȃǂºƻƗ ǺǯƢºǷƗ ńƛ ǹƢǰLjºdzơ DzǬǻ ǦȈdzƢǰƫȁ ǑǁȌdz ƪǫƚŭơ
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÑÍÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ)
Ŀ ȆǴȈǐǨƬdzơ ǂǜǼdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭơ ǞǓȂǷ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ƪǴǛȁ -ÒÐÑ
Ŗdzơ DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽŪ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ǩƢȈLJ
ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƤƳȂŠ ƪƠnjǻƌƗ
ƪºƦǴdz ƨºǏǂǨdzơ ƨƠȈȀǴdz ƪƸǼLJȁ .ÎÖÕÔ ǵƢǠdz DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽŪ
ǂƟƢLjºƼǴdz ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ Ƣđ śƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ Ŀ ƨȈƟƢĔ ƧǁȂǐƥ
ƧƽƢǟȍȁ žƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ ǭȂƬȇȂȈǻƛ ƧǂȇDŽƳ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏ ƨǬƷȐdzơȁ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ
Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂºǠƬǴdzȁ žƨƴƬǼǷȁ ƨǻȂǷƘǷ ƧǂȇDŽƴǯ ƢȀƬdzƢƷ ńƛ ƧǂȇDŽŪơ
ǺǷ ǶȀǴǬǻ ƧƽƢǟȍ ƨƴȈƬǻ ǭȂƬȇȂȈǻƛ ƤǠNj ƢŮ ǑǂǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƤǟƢǐŭơ
.(ÔÎÓ)ƧǂȇDŽŪơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƾǬdzơ ǹơƾǬǧ ƤƦLjƥ ƧǂȇDŽŪơ
ƤǠºNj DzºȈƷǂƫ Ļ ÎÖÑÔ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ŀȁ -ÒÐÒ
ǢºǻȐȈƳȁƗ ƧǂȇDŽƳ ńƛ ƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ ƧǂȇDŽŪơ ǺǷ Eniwetok ǭȂƬȇȂȈǻƛ
DzºȈƷǂƫ Ļ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƧǂȇDŽŪơ ƨƷƢLjǷ ƪǻƢǯȁ .ƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ (Ujelang)
Ǻȇǂnjƫ Î Ŀ ǶēƽȂǟ ƾǼǟȁ .ǁƢƬǰǿ Î ÖÎÖ,ÑÖ ƢȀǼǷ ǹƢǰLjdzơ
ƨȇǁƿ ƧDŽȀƳȋ ơƆǁƢƦƬƻơ ÑÐ ȅǂƳƌƗ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ÎÖÕÍ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ
ơƆǁƢƬǰǿ ÕÎÒ,ÐÐ ǾǟȂǸů ƢǷ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ƾºȈǟƌƗ ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀȁ
ǵơƾƼƬºLJȐdz ƨºƷƢƬǷ Śºǣ ȃǂºƻƗ ơƆǁƢƬǰǿ ÖÑÖ,Õ ǹƢǯȁ
.(ÔÎÔ)ƢƆȈǧƢǓƛ ǁƢƬǰǿ ÎÒÑ,ÐÓ ǂƼƦƫȁ
ǹƘnjƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƪǼƥ ȆǓơǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǨƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÒÐÓ
ȆºǸȈȈǬƫ ǂȇǂǬƫ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǸǰƷ DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽŪ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ
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.(ǽȐǟƗ ÓÍÐ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) ILM (ÔÎÓ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÎÔ)
ƨºȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ śƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÒÏÖ
ƩƢƥȁǂnjŭơ Ƥȇǂē ǞǼǷ Ŀ ǹȁƢǠƬdzƢƥ ȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ ȄǸǜǠdzơ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥȁ
ƢºȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ƪǬǧơȁ (ÔÎÑ)ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ńƛ ƧǂǰLjŭơ ƨȈƷȁǂdzơ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƩƢǘǴºLJ ƽȂǠǏ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǓơǂƬǟơ ŚưĄƫ ȏƗ ȄǴǟ ȄǸǜǠdzơ
ƱǁƢƻ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ǶǴǠdzơ DzǸŢ Ŗdzơ ƨǏƢŬơ ǺǨLjdzơ ŔǷ ńƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
Ǧǫȁ ƾǐǬƥ ƢēƢǰǴƬŲ Ŀ ȁƗ ƢȀȈǓơǁƗ Ŀ ȁƗ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǩƢǘǻ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƪƸǼǷȁ .ƨȈdzȂƸǰdzơ ƩƢƥȁǂnjǸǴdz ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ ƽơŚƬLJȏơ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ȁƗ ƧǁƢLjŬơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƨȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ƨǼȈǨLJ ƢƆǔȇƗ
ƨºdzȂǬǠŭơ Śºǣȁ ƨǸȈǴLjdzơ Śǣ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ǽƾƦǰƬƫ ȅǀdzơ
ǺǷ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ȄƻȂƬŭơ ƤLjƷȁ .ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠ ǩȂǬƸǴdz
ƨȈǔºǬdzơ Ŀ śºǓȂǨǸǴdz ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǭǂƬnjŭơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ȆǨǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ǂºȇǃȁ ǾºǷƾǫ ȅǀºdzơȁ ÎÖÐÒ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ò ƹǁƚŭơȁ
Ŀ ơƾºǼǯ Ŀ ƨºȈƳǁƢŬơ ǹȁƚnjdzơ ǂȇǃȁȁ ǺǘǼNjơȁ Ŀ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ
ǪƟƢºǬūơ ƔȂǓ Ŀ ȆƠƫǁơ ÎÖÐÒ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ö Ŀ ơȁƢƫȁƗ
.ƨǟƢǔƦdzơ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǹơƾǬǨƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƽ ƣȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ
DzƷơȂLjdzơ DžǂƷ ǕƢƦǓ ƨǘLJơȂƥ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǩơǂǣƛ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ -ÒÐÍ
ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǹƜǧ ǾƦƦLjƥȁ ňȂǻƢǫ Śǣ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ŐĄƬǟơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ
ǁǀƬǠƫ ǹƗȁ "ǾƬȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǵƾǠƥ ǥǂƬǠƫ ǹƗ ƢƆȈũǁ ƢȀȈǴǟ śǠƬȇ" ƧƾƸƬŭơ
Ǟǧƾƫ ǹƘƥ ȆǏȁƌƗ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȇƽƢǷ ƨȈǓǂƬǯȁ .(ÔÎÒ)ơƾǼǰdz
ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ʃơǁȏȁƽ ǺǷ ơƆǁȏȁƽ ÏÒ ÍÍÍ ǢǴƦǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ƽơǂºǧƗ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ơƾǼǰdz ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƾƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ȆǏȁƌƗȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƤȇǂȀƬdz ƧǂǷơƚǷ Ŀ ƢƆǠdzƢǓ ǶȀǼǷ ƾƷƗ Ǻǰȇ Ń Ǻȇǀdzơ ƧǁƢƸƦdzơ ǶǫƢǗ
ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǩơǂǣƛ ǹƗ ǹȂǓȂǨŭơ ȃƗǁȁ .ƨȈdzȂƸǰdzơ ƽơȂŭơ
ȁƗ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ ǽǁŐȇ ƔȆNj ȅƗ ǭƢǼǿ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƨǬȈǬūơ Ŀ ơƆƽȂǐǬǷ
.Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƝƽƢƦǷ ǺǷ ƗƾƦǷ ȅƗ ƤLjƷ
ńƛ ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ ŐƳ Śƥơƾƫ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ Ǧnjǰƫȁ -ÒÐÎ
ǂǛƢǼƫ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ ǺǷ ƨƠǨdzơ ǽǀǿȁ .DzǸƬƄơ ȅƽƢŭơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƩȏƢƷ
Ȇºǿ ƢǸǯ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ Ŀ (injunction) ǞǻƢŭơ ǂǷȋơ ǁȁƽ
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÏÐÖ-ÏÐÑ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ) ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ ŖȈǔǫ Ŀ DZƢūơ
ƨºLJǁƢŲ DzƦǫ ȅƽƢǷ ǁǂǓ ƨť ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǾǻƗ ƾǯƚŭơ ǺǷȁ
ƢȀȈǧ ƩǂƳ ƩȏƢƷ Ǟǔƥ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƜǧ ơǀǿ ǞǷȁ .ǾǼȈǠƥ ǁƢǓ ǕƢnjǻ
ǦºǫȂƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ŕƷ Dzƥ ƨȈƟƢǫȁ Śƥơƾƫ ƿƢţơ ƨdzƢǨǰdz ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ƧǁȂǘƻ ȄǴǟ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǽǀǿ ƪȈǼƥ ƾǫȁ .ƵǂƬǬŭơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ
ǾǻƗ Ȃǿ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƾƟƢLjdzơ ȅƗǂdzơȁ .ǕƢnjǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬŭơ DzǸƬƄơ
ƱǁƢƻ DzǨǰƫ Ȇǰdz ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƨȈƟƢǫȁ Śƥơƾƫ ǀƼƬƫ ǹƗ DZȁƾǴdz ȆǤƦǼȇ
ǺǷ ƢǿȂǴƻȁ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ ƢȀƬǘnjǻƗ ƨǷȐLJ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢēƽƢȈLJ ƽȁƾƷ
ƢƆºǓǁƢǟ DzǸƬƄơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DZƢūơ ƨǠȈƦǘƥ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ
Ƣǿǁǂǔƫ DzǸƬŹ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǪƷ ǺǷ ǹƜǧ ơǀǿ ǞǷȁ žƽȂǐǬǷ Śǣȁ
.ƨȈƟƢǫȁ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţƢƥ ƤdzƢǘƫ ǹƗ
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.ÎÓÎÎ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÎÑ)
.ÎÓÎÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÎÒ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƧǂºƬǨdzơȁ ž(ơƆǁƢºƬǰǿ Î ÎÍÑ,ÎÓ) ÎÖÖÔ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
ÏÍÏÓ ȂȇƢºǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÎÓ ńƛ ÎÖÖÔ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÑ ǺǷ
.(ơƆǁƢƬǰǿ Î ÎÍÑ,ÎÓ)
ǁDŽºŪ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ Ʃǂǜǻȁ -ÒÑÍ
ǁDŽŪơ ƨƷƢLjǷ Ŀ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǹơƾǬǧ ƣƢLjƬƷơ ƾǼǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ DZƢNjǁƢǷ
ƧǁƢLjºƻ ƢºǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ǁDŽŪơ ǽǀǿ ƨǴǷƢǠǷ ƨƠȈŮơ ƩǂƯƕȁ .ƧǂƼƦƬŭơ
ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ ǁDŽŪơ ǮǴƫ ƩŐĄƬǟơ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧȂǟƾdzơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀȁ .ƨƬǫƚǷ
ƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ ǁDŽƴǴdz ȆƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǺǷ ǦdzƘƬȇ DzǷƢǯ ȆƠȈƥ ǹƢȈǯ
ƨƦLJƢǼǷ ƧƾƷȁ ƩŐĄƬǟơ Dzǰǯ ƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ ǁDŽŪơ ǹƜǧ Ľ ǺǷȁ .ƢȀƬǷǂƥ
ǹƗ ȆºƠƫǁơ ƾǬǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǦȈǼǐƫ Ǒơǂǣȋ
Ń ƮºȈƷ DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽƳ Ŀ ǵȂLJǂǴdz ƨǘȈLjƥ ƨǸȈǫ ƾȇƾŢ DzǯƢnjǷ
DzºȈǴŢ ȅȋ Ǟǔºţ ȏȁ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ƧƽȂȀǠǷ ƩȐǷƢǠŭơ ǮǴƫ Ǻǰƫ
.(ÔÎÖ)ƧǁƢLjºŬơ ǮºǴƬdz ǶȈȈǬƫ ȅƗ ƾǠƦƬLjƫ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ȆǫȂLJ
ƩơǁƢºƬǰŮơ ƨƷƢLjºǷȁ ȅȂǼLjdzơ ǁƢŸȍơ ƩȏƾǠǷ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơȁ
ȃȂǟƾºdzơ ƺȇǁƢºƫ ŕƷ ƪǔǬǻơ Ŗdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ ƽƾǟȁ ƧǁǂǔƬŭơ
Ŀ ƢºŠ) ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǹơƾǬǨƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩơǁƢŸȍơ ǶȈǫ ƪǤǴƥ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ Ʃơǁȏȁƽ ǺºǷ ǁȏȁƽ śºȇȐǷ ÐÍÑ (ƧƾƟƢǨdzơ Ǯdzƿ
Ļ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ƔȂǓ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ǢǴƦŭơ ơǀǿ DZďƾǟĄ ȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƢƆǔºȇȂǠƫ ơǀºǿ Dzſȁ .ǭȂƬȇȂȈǻƛ ǹƢǰLJ DzƦǫ ǺǷ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ƢȀǸǴLjƫ
/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÖ ŅơȂƷ Ŀ ǞǧĄƽ ǁȏȁƽ ÎÔÒ ÍÍÍ ǢǴƦŠ ƢƆǬƥƢLJ
/ƣƕ ÎÖ Ŀ ǞºǧĄƽ ǁȏȁƽ Î ÍÏÍ ÍÍÍ ǢǴƦǷȁ žÎÖÒÓ ŐǸǧȂǻ
ǁȏȁƽ ÔÒÍ ÍÍÍ ǢǴƦǷȁ žƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ơǀǿ ȂºŴ ȁƗ ÎÖÓÖ džǘLjǣƗ
žƺȇǁƢºƬdzơ ơǀºǿ ȂºŴ ȁƗ ÎÖÔÓ ŐǸƬƦºLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÐÍ Ŀ ǞǧĄƽ
ŐǸLjºȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÕ Ŀ ǞǧĄƽ ǁȏȁƽ ÔÒÍ ÍÍÍ ǢǴƦǷȁ
Ð ÏÒÍ ÍÍÍ ǢǴƦƫ ƨȇȂǼLJ ƩƢǠǧƽȁ žƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ơǀǿ ȂŴ ȁƗ ÎÖÔÕ
ǩƢºǨƫƢƥ ȐƆ Ǹǟ ƪǠǧĄƽ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǟ ŕƷȁ ÎÖÕÔ ǵƢǟ ǀǼǷ ǁȏȁƽ
śǗȂºƫ ƧƽƢǟȍ ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÍ ǢǴƦǷȁ žǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀđ DzǐƬȇ
.(ÔÏÍ)(Enjebi) œȈųƛ ƧǂȇDŽƳ Ŀ ǹƢǰLjdzơ
ǵơƾƼƬºLJơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƨȇȂLjƫ ƾǼǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ǀƻƌƗ ƾǫȁ -ÒÑÎ
Eniwetok ǹƢǰLJ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ (Ujelang) ƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ ǢǻȐȈƳƌƗ ƧǂȇDŽƳ
ÐÍ ńƛ ÎÖÑÔ ŐǸLjºȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÏÎ ǺºǷ ƧǂƬǨdzơ Ŀ
ǵơƾƼƬºLJȏ ƨȇȂǼLjºdzơ ƨǸȈǬdzơ ƩƽďƾƷĄ ȁ .ÎÖÕÍ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ
ƨȇȂǼLjºdzơ ƨºǸȈǬdzơ ǺºǷ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÒÕ ƨƦLjǼƥ ǢǻȐȈƳƌƗ Ŀ ǁƢƬǰŮơ
ńƛ ǒȈºǨƼƬdzơ ơǀºǿ ƾǼƬLJơȁ .Eniwetok Ŀ ǁƢƬǰŮơ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏ
ńƛ DZȂǏȂǴdz œLjǼdzơ ǁƢǬƬǧȏơȁ ǢǻȐȈƳƌƗ Ŀ ƽǁơȂǸǴdz ƨȈƦLjǼdzơ ƧǁƾǼdzơ
ǁDŽºŪơ ńƛ DZƢºǬƬǻȏơ DzƟƢLJȁ ƔȂLJ ƤƦLjƥ ƧǂȇDŽŪơ ƱǁƢƻ ƽǁơȂŭơ
śºƥ ƨǼLJ Dzǰdz ȅȂǼLjdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ ƨǸȈǫ ƪǓċȂǟ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ
ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǹơƾǬǨdz ƨȇȂǼLjdzơ ƨǸȈǬdzơ Ǻǟ ÎÖÕÍ ǵƢǟȁ ÎÖÑÔ ǵƢǟ
ǹơƾǬǧ ƨǸȈǫ ƨȇȂLjƫ Ļ ƾǬǧ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ .ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ǭȂƬȇȂȈǻƛ ǁDŽŪ
.ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÑÖ ǢǴƦǷ ƶƦǐƬdz ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ
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.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÎÖ)
.ÎÏÎÕ-ÎÏÎÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÏÍ)
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ǹȂǟƾºŭơ ǽǁƢºƬƻơ ƢŷƾƷƗ śǸďȈǬŭơ ǺǷ Ǫȇǂǧ ǽơǂƳƗ ǭǂƬnjǷ
ƨƠȈǿ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƤƳȂŠ ƘnjǼŭơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ Ǻǟ ǹȂǠǧơƾŭơ ǽǁƢƬƻơ ǂƻȉơȁ
.ÎÖÕÔ ǵƢǠdz DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽŪ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ
ƽƾºǟ Ŀ ȅȂǼLjdzơ ǁƢŸȍơ ƨǸȈǫ ƣǂǔƥ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƨǸȈǫ ƪƦLjĄƷȁ
.Ǒǁȋơ ƢȀȈǧ ǵăƾƼƬLjĄƫ Ń Ŗdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ ƽƾǠƥ ƧǁǂǔƬŭơ ǺȇƽơƾǨdzơ
ÎÖÑÔ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÏ) ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƧǂƬǧ ƪǴſȁ
ńƛ ǶȈºȈǬƬdzơ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ) ƨǬƷȐdzơ ƧǁƢLjŬơȁ (ǶȈȈǬƬdzơ ƺȇǁƢƫ ŕƷ
ńƛ ƧǁǂǔºƬŭơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ƧƽƢǟƛ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ǾȈǧ ǶƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ
ǥơǂǗȋơ ƩƽƾƷȁ .(ǵơƾƼƬLJȐdz ƨǴƥƢǫ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǭȂƬȇȂȈǻƛ ƤǠNj
ȅƗ) ǶȈºȈǬƬdzơ ƔơǂƳȍ ȆǴǠǨdzơ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨǼLJ ÐÍ ƥ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ
ǞƥƢǘdz ƩƢȇȂLjƫ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨƠȈŮơ ƩǂƳƗȁ .(ÏÍÏÓ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÎÔ Ŀ
ƨǬƥƢLjºdzơ ƧǁƢLjƼǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǾȈǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ƔƢƳǁȍơ
.ƨǬƷȐdzơ ƧǁƢLjƼǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢƆǸLjƷȁ
ǹƘƥ ȅȂǼLjdzơ ǁƢŸȍơ ƨǸȈǫ ƾȇƾŢ ƾǼǟ ǹȂǼǸưŭơ ƔơŐŬơ ǂǫƗȁ -ÒÐÔ
śǸưƬdzơ ǩǂǗ ȃƾƸƬƫ DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽƳ Ŀ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǥȁǂǛ
DzǸnjºȇ Ńȁ ȆǟƢŦ ǵƢǜǻ Ǒǁȋơ ƧǃƢȈū ĿǂǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢǧ :ƨȇƾȈǴǬƬdzơ
ƧǁȂºǜŰ Ǒǁȋơ ƨºȈǰǴǷ ǹƗ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ .ƨȈǫȂLjdzơ ƨǸȈǬdzơ ǵȂȀǨǷ
ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǩȂǬƷ DzǬǻ ƤLjƬǯơ ǺǷDŽdzơ ǁȁǂǷ ǞǸǧ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ
DZȂºƦǬdzơ ǺºǷ ơƆǁƾºǫ DZơȂǷƗ DzƥƢǬǷ Ǒǁȋơ Ŀ ƧǃƢȈūơ ŁƢǐǷ ȁƗ
ƩƢºǻƢȈƥ ƧƾºǟƢǫ ǹȂǼǸưŭơ ƔơŐŬơ ƾǟƗ ƾǬǧ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ .ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơ
ƾǬǧ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ .ƩȐȇȂƸƬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ƨǻǁƢǬǸǴdz ƨǴƥƢǬdzơ ƩȐǷƢǠǸǴdz
ƢºŮ ǵơƾƼƬºLJơ DzǔǧƗȁ ȄǴǟƗ ǹƗȁ ƨȈǨȇǁ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ǁDŽŪơ ƪǨďǼǏ Ą
ƨȈǨȇǂdzơ ȆǓơǁȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ƨȈǼǰLjdzơȁ ƨȈǟơǁDŽdzơ ǑơǂǣȌdz ǹȂǰȇ
ƨǠǘǬdzơ ƨƷƢLjǷ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ ǂǠLjdzơ Ŀ ǙȂƸǴǷ ǩǁƢǧ ǭƢǼǿ Ǻǰȇ Ń
.ƨȈǟơǁǃ ǵƗ ƨȈǼǰLJ ƪǻƢǯ ƔơȂLJ ƢȀǷơƾƼƬLJơ DžƢLJƗ ȁƗ
ƢȀºǓơǂǠƬLJȏ ƨºǴǷƢǠǷ ÑÔÍ ȄºǴǟ Ȃƥǂȇ ƢǷ ǞŦ Ļȁ -ÒÐÕ
Ƨǁƾºǻ ǺºǷ ǶǣǂdzƢºƥ ƨǻǁƢǬǸǴdz ƨǴƥƢǫ ƢĔƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ ÎÔÑ ƽďƾƷĄ ȁ
ƤǴǤƬdzơ Ļȁ .ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ Ŀ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǹơƾǬǧ Ǻǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
śºƥ ǞŦ ȅǀdzơ "ƩƢǿƢšȏơ DzȈǴŢ" ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ ƨǴǰnjŭơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ
ǶƟȐȇ ǦǟƢǔƬǷ ǽƢšơȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ƧƾǟƢǫ ǶƟȐȇ ǒŰ ǦǟƢǔƬǷ ǽƢšơ"
ǵƾƼƬLJơȁ (ÔÎÕ)"ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǹơƾǬǧ ƧǂƬǨdz ńȁȋơ ǺȇǂnjǠdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ
ǂǨºLJƗȁ .ƨºǻǁƢǬǸǴdz DžƢºLJƘǯ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ȆǷȂǰūơ ǁƢŸȍơ DZƾǠǷ
ơƆǁȏȁƽ ÑÎ śƥ ƵȁơǂƬƫ ƨȇȂǼLJ ƨȇǁƢŸƛ ǶȈǫ Ǻǟ ȆǘƥơǂƬdzơ ƲȀǼdzơ ơǀǿ
ÎÖÑÔ ǵƢºǟ Ŀ ǁƢºƬǰǿ Dzºǰdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ʃơǁȏȁƽ ǺǷ
.ÎÖÖÓ ǵƢǟ ǁƢƬǰǿ Dzǰdz ơƆǁȏȁƽ Ñ ÎÍÒ ńƛ
ǵơƾƼƬºLJơ ǹơƾºǬǧ ǂƯƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ǶȈȈǬƬdzơ ǞǓȁȁ -ÒÐÖ
ǀºƻȋơ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ȃǂƳȁ .ƨȇȂǼLjdzơ ƩơǁƢŸȍơ ǺǷ ƩơƾƟƢǠdzơ
/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÏÎ Ȇºǿȁ ǶȈºȈǬƬdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋ ƩơǂƬǧ ƭȐưƥ
Î ÖÎÖ,ÑÖ) ÎÖÕÍ ŐǸƬƦºLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÐÍ ńƛ ÎÖÑÔ ŐǸLjȇƽ
ÏÑ ńƛ ÎÖÕÍ ǂƥȂºƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Î ǺǷ ƧǂƬǨdzơȁ ž(ơƆǁƢƬǰǿ
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.ÎÏÎÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÎÕ)
225 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Ǻºǟ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǦǴƬűȁ ǞLJơȁ ǩƢǘǻ ȄǴǟ ȆǴƄơ ǞǸƬĐƢƥ
:ǹƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǜƷȏȁ .ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
ǢǻȐȈƳƌƗ ńƛ ǹƢǰLjdzơ DzǬǻ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ǮǴƫ Ȇǿ ƢǼǿ ljƢǬǼdzơ ǞǓȂǷ ǁơǂǓȋơ
ƨȈǧƢǰdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ńƛ ǁƢǬƬǧȏơȁ ƢǿƾǠƥ ƤƦLjƥ ǭƢǼǿ ƢŮ ơȂǓǂǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƤǟƢǐŭơȁ
ǶȀºǓǁƗ ǹơƾǬǨdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǮǴƬǧ .ǭƢǼǿ ơȂǴLJǁƌƗ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǹƢǰLjdzơ Ƕǟƾdz
.(ÔÏÑ)ǹơƾǬǨdzơ ơǀđ ǹǂƬǬŭơ ǶȀǴǬǼdzȁ
ǢºǴƦǷ Ǟǧƽ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǸǯ ǁơǂǓȋơ ƨǸȈǫ ƨƠȈŮơ ƩƽƾƷȁ -ÒÑÓ
ǺºǷ ƨǼºLJ Dzºǯ Ǻǟ ǢǻȐȈƳƌƗ ƧǂȇDŽƳ Ŀ ǎƼNj Dzǰdz ȅȂǼLJ
Ȇǿȁ ÎÖÕÍȁ ÎÖÑÔ ǵƢǟ śƥ ƢǸȈǧ śƯȐưdzơȁ ƭȐưdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ
.ǢºǻȐȈƳƌƗ Ŀ ǺȇƽȂƳȂǷ ǭȂƬȇȂȈǻƛ ǹƢǰLJ ƢȀȈǧ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ƨƠȈŮơ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ńƛȁ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơȁ
ǞºȈǸŪ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨǬLjƬǷȁ ƨȀȇDŽǻ ǹȂǰƫ Ȇǰdzȁ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ
ǢǴƦǷ ȄǐǫƗ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơȁ ȆǐƼNj ǁǂǓ ƩȏƢƷ DZȂǐŞ śǟƾŭơ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ Ʃơǁȏȁƽ ǺºǷ ǁȏȁƽ ÎÏÒ ÍÍÍ Ȃǿ Ǿƥ ǶŮ ǶǰĄƷ
ȄºǴǟ ƩȂºŭơ ńƛ ȅƽƚºƫ Ŗdzơ ƧŚǘŬơ ƨȈƦǘdzơ ƩȏƢƸǴdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ ȄǴǟ ƽǂǧ ȅƗ DzǐŹ ȏƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǾǻƗ ƨƠȈŮơ ƩƾǯƗ ƶƳǁȋơ
ǺºǷ śƫǂƬǧ śƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƩDŽċȈǷȁ .ǢǴƦŭơ Ǯdzƿ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ƤǟƢǐŭơ Ǻǟ
ƧǂƬǧ Ȇǿȁ ÎÖÔÏȁ ÎÖÒÓ ƧǂƬǨdzơ śƥ ƩDŽċȈǸǧ .ƤǟƢǐŭơ ƩơǂƬǧ
ȅȂǼºLJ ǢǴƦǸǯ ǁȏȁƽ Ñ ÒÍÍ ǢǴƦŠ ƢȀȈǧ ǶǰƷȁ ƤǟƢǐŭơ ǪNjƗ
ƢºŮ ƨǬƷȐdzơȁ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƬdz ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƧǂƬǨǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥȁ .ǎƼNj Dzǰdz
ǹƜºǧ Ľ ǺǷȁ .ǁȏȁƽ Ð ÍÍÍ ǢǴƦǷ Ȃǿ Ǿƥ ǶǰĄƷ ȅǀdzơ ǢǴƦŭơ ǹƢǯ
śƯȐưdzơȁ ƭȐưdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ DZơȂǗ ǢǻȐȈƳƌƗ Ŀ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ
ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬºLJơȁ .ǁȏȁƽ ÎÏÐ ÍÍÍ ǢǴƦǷ ȄǴǟ DzǐŹ ǾǻƜǧ ƢȀǠȈŦ
Ŀ ƨƟƾƬƦŭơ śƯȐưdzơȁ ƭȐưdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ DZơȂǗ ƨȇȂǼLjdzơ ǹƢǰLjdzơ ǵƢǫǁƗ
ǁȏȁƽ ÐÑ ÍÕÑ ÒÍÍ ǢǴƦŠ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ƪƦLjĄƬƷơ ÎÖÑÔ ǵƢǟ
.ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ʃơǁȏȁƽ ǺǷ
ƨºƠȈǿ ƪǔǫ Dzȇǂƫ ǂȀǐǷ ƨȈǔǬƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ Ŀȁ -ÒÑÔ
Ǫºū ȅǀºdzơ ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǻǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ
ƤƦLjºƥ ňƢºƦŭơȁ ƧƾºȀǸŭơ Śǣ ȆǓơǁȋơȁ ƧƾȀǸŭơ ȆǓơǁȋƢƥ
ȆǓơǁȋơ ǁƢŸƛ ƨǸȈǫ Ŀȁ DzȈǏƢƄơ ƨǴǣ Ŀ ǑƢǨŵơ ǺǷ ƭƾƷ ƢǷ
ǒǧǁ ƢǷƗ .ƧƾƷơȁ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ǁȂǿƾƫ ƤƦLjƥ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ňƢƦŭơȁ
ǞºƳǂȇ ǾºǻƗ ȁƾƦȈǧ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǺǷ Ǯdzƿ Śǣ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ Ƕǰūơ
ǁǂǔºdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ƩƢƦƯȍơ ƨȇƢǨǯ ǵƾǟ ńƛ ńȁȋơ ƨƳǁƾdzƢƥ
DzȈºǏƢƄơ ǝǁǃ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjºŭơ ƧƾȀǸŭơ ȆǓơǁȋƢƥ Ǫū ȅǀdzơ
DzȈǏƢƄơ ƨǴǣ ǑƢǨŵơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨƠȈŮơ ƪǐǴƻ
ǵƢºǟ DZȐºƻ ƨºƫȁƢǨƬǷ ƩƢƳǁƾƥ ƪǠǫȁ ƨưǠƦǼŭơ Ƨǂşȋơ ƤƦLjƥ
ƢȀǼǰdzȁ ÎÖÐÓ ǵƢǟ ƨȇƢǤdz ǾƬƦǬǟƗ Ŗdzơ ǵơȂǟȋơ ǺǷ Dzǯȁ ÎÖÐÏ
ƪǸLjºǫ ƾºǫȁ .ÎÖÐÔ ǵƢºǟ Ŀ ǁǂǓ ǝȂǫȁ ƪƦưȇ ƢǷ ƾš Ń
ƪƦȈǏƗȁ ƽơǂǧƗ ǹȂǟǁơDŽǷ ƢȀǰǴŻ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
śǟǁơDŽŭơ" ƩƢǰǴƬŲ (Ɨ) :ƩƢƠǧ ƭȐƯ ńƛ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ Ȅǟƾȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ
śǸȈºǬŭơ Śǣ śǟǁơDŽŭơ" ƩƢǰǴƬŲȁ (ƣ) ž"ǶȀǟǁơDŽǷ Ŀ śǸȈǬŭơ
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.ÎÏÏÕ-ÎÏÏÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÏÑ)
ƨºȈǻƢǰǷƛ ǵƾºǠƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƾȇƾŢ ƾǼǟȁ -ÒÑÏ
ƩƢǔºȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƪǴċǔǧ ƆȐƦǬƬLjǷ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ
Ľ ǺºǷȁ ƨdzƘLjºǸǴdz ƢƆȈƟƢĔ ơƆƾȇƾŢ Ǟǔƫ ǹƗ DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽŪ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
ǵơƾƼƬºLJȏơ ǹơƾºǬǧ ƨºǸȈǫ ƣƢLjƬƷƢƥ śǟƾŭơ ƵơǂƬǫơ ǞƦƬƫ Ń
ŇƽƗ ƾĈ ºŞ ƨºƷƢƬŭơ Śǣ ǑǁȌdz ƢƆȇȂǼLJ ơƆǁƢŸƛ" ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ȐƆ ƦǬƬLjǷ
ƨºǴƥƢǫ ȆºǓơǁȋơ ƶƦǐƫ ǹƗ ńƛ ǁƢƬǰȀǴdz ǁȏȁƽ Ð ÍÍÍ ǽǁƾǫ
ƧƾºƟƢǧ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ ǭȂƬȇȂȈǻƛ ƤǠNj DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƢƆǷƢŤ ǵơƾƼƬLJȐdz
ǹƗ ńƛ ȅȂǼLjdzơ ǁƢŸȍơ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ Ó,ÕÓ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ǢǴƦƫ
ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǭǂƫ ǹƘƥ ƨƠȈŮơ ƪǸǰƷȁ .(ÔÏÎ)"ƽơƾLjdzơ ǶƬȇ
ǪºǨƬƫ ȏ ƢȀȈǧ ƪƦdzơ ǹȁƽ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ ƢȀǫǂǤƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ
.ƔƢǟƽȏơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ȆƟƢĔ ǶǰƷ ǁơƾǏƜƥ ƢȀƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǞǷ
ƢǿơƾǷ ƨȈǼǷǃ ƧǂƬǧ ȄǴǟ ƢēƢƥƢLjƷ ƨƠȈŮơ ƪLjċLJƗ ƾǬǧ ơǀdzȁ -ÒÑÐ
DzƦǬƬLjºŭơ Ŀ ǵơƾƼƬºLJȏơ ǹơƾǬǧ ƨǸȈǫ ƩƽďƾƷȁ .ƢƆǷƢǟ ǹȂƯȐƯ
ǁƢºƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ǢǴƦŭơ ơǀǿ ǞǓȁ ƾǫȁ .ǁȏȁƽ ÒÍ ÎÒÑ ÕÎÎ ǢǴƦŠ
ÏÍÍÍ ǵƢǟ ƢƆȇȂǼLJ ǁȏȁƽ Ð ÏÒÍ ÍÍÍ ǢǴƦƫ ǾǠǫȂƬǷ ƩƢǟȂǧƾǷ
.(ÔÏÏ)řǠŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ȄǔƬǬŠ ÏÍÍÎ ǵƢǟȁ
śǗȂºƬdzơ ƧƽƢºǟƜƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ DzƟƢLjǷ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨƠȈŮơ Ʃǂǜǻȁ -ÒÑÑ
ǮǴƫ ǹƘƥ ǹȂǟƾŭơ Ǟǧƽȁ .ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǺǷ ơƆǂǐǼǟ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ
DzƯƢŤ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǭȂƬȇȂȈǻƛ ǹƢǰLJ ǞǓȁ ƨȈǤƥ ƨȇǁȁǂǓ ƾĈ ǠĄƫ ǵƢǰƷȋơ
ǺȇǁƽƢǫ Śǣ ƢƆLJƢLJƗ ơȂǻƢǯ ƾǬǴǧ .ÎÖÑÔ ǵƢǟ ǶȀǴǬǻ DzƦǫ ǶȀƬdzƢƷ
ǝƢǠºNjȍơ ƤƦLjºƥ ƨȇƾȈǴǬƬdzơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǶȀƬǘnjǻƗ ƨLJǁƢŲ ȄǴǟ
ǭƢºǼǿ ǾƳƢƬǻƛ Ļ ƔȆNj ȅƗ ǹƘƥ ǩȂLjdzơ Ŀ ǶƟƢǬdzơ ǁȂǐƬdzơȁ ȆǬƦƬŭơ
ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨƠȈŮơ ƪǔǧǁ śƦǻƢŪơ ǦǫơȂǷ ǑơǂǠƬLJơ ƾǠƥȁ .ƢƆƯȂǴǷ ƾǠĄȇ
.ƨºȈǠǸƬů ƨȈLJƢLJƗ ƨȈǼƥȁ ǺǯƢLjǷ ŚǧȂƬdz ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÒÏ ǢǴƦŠ
:ƢĔƗ ńƛ ƩǁƢNjƗȁ
Ŀ ƆƢǸȀǷ ƆơǂǐǼǟ ƾǠĄƫ ǞǸƬƴǸǴdz ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨdzƢūơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ śǟċƾŭơ ǞǷ ǪǨƬƫ
ǪǧơȂƫ ȏ ƢĔƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ .ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ǵƢǠdzơ DzǰȈŮơ ńƛ ǂǜǼdzơ
ǦȈdzƢǰƫ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ǾƬŪƢǠǷ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǁǂǔdzơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǺǷ ǂǐǼǠdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ
Ŗºdzơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǶȈǬdzƢǧ .ǹȂǟċƾŭơ ǾƷǂƬǬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǝȂǼdzơ ǺǷ śǗȂƬdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ
ǶƬȇ śǗȂƬdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ǹƘnjƥ śǟċƾŭơ ǺǷ ǵċƾǬŭơ ƤǴǘdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ
ǒȇȂºǠƬƥ ƵƢǸLjdzơ ǹƛȁ ... ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǹơƾǬǨƥ Ƕǰūơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƢŮȁƢǼƫ
ǶºǰƷ ƨƥƢưŠ ǹȂǰȇ śǟċƾŭơ ƤǴǗ ȄǴǟ ÅƔƢǼƥ śǗȂƫ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdz ĿƢǓƛ
.(ÔÏÐ)ƱȁƽDŽǷ
ƤǟƢǐŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨƠȈŮơ Ʃǂǜǻȁ -ÒÑÒ
ƧǂºȇDŽŪơ ǮºǴƫ ǥȁǂǛȁ ǢǻȐȈƳƌƗ ńƛ ǹƢǰLjdzơ DzǬǻ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ
ƱƢǟǃƛ ƽǂů ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ƾǠĄƫ ƤǟƢǐŭơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ǹƗ ƢŮ śƦƫȁ .ƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ
Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȌdz ȆLJƢLJȋơ ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ƢƆǬȈƯȁ ƢƆǗƢƦƫǁơ ǖƦƫǂƫ ƢĔƗȁ ǖȈLjƥ
ǪǴǠƬŭơ ƨƠȈŮơ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƢŮȁƢǼƫ ǺǰŻ ȏȁ ǑǁȋƢƥ ƪǬū
ƪºǬū ƾºǫȁ .ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƧƢŧ ƵǂƬǫơ ƢǸǯ ȆǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ
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ÎÏÎÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÏÎ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÏÏ)
.ÎÏÏÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÏÐ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǁƢƴºNjƗ ǁȂǿƾºƫȁ ǦǴƫ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ƣ)
ƨºƠȈŮơ ƩƾºǸƬǟơ (ǪȇȂLjƬǴdz ŁƢǐdzơ Ƕƴūơ ǹȁƽ Ȇǿ Ŗdzơ) ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ƤnjŬơ
ƨºǸȈǫ Ŀ DzǏƢūơ ǑƢǨŵȏơ ȅƗ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǶǯƢƄơ Ŀ ǪƦǘŭơ ǁǂǔdzơ DžƢȈǬǷ
ƨºǟȁǁDŽŭơ ȆºǓơǁȋơ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ .ǁȂǿƾƬdzơȁ ǦǴƬdzơ ơǀǿ ƤƦLjƥ ƢȀLjǨǻ Ǒǁȋơ
ƨƴȈºLJȋơȁ ƽȂºǫȂdzơ ƤnjŬ ǁƾǐǸǯ ƢȀƬǸȈǫ ƢŮ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ƤnjŬơ ǁƢƴNjƘƥ
Ŀ ǪȇȂLjºƬǴdz ƨǴƥƢǬdzơ ƣƢnjƻȌdz ǁƾǐǸǯ ƢȀƬǸȈǫ ƢŮ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƢǷȁ
ơƆƽȂºƳȂǷ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ǞǫơȂǷ ȄǴǟ ƨdzƽƗ ƨȇƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǵƾǬƫ Ńȁ .DzƦǬƬLjŭơ
ǝȂǸů ȄǴǟ ȏȁ ÎÖÐÏ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Î Ŀ ǽǀǿ ƤnjŬơ ǁƢƴNjƗ ǺǷ
ǂƥȂǼºǏ ǺǷ ƩƢȇǂƥȂǼǐdzơ ƣȁǂǓ ńƛ ƢȀǸȈLjǬƫ ƨȈǨȈǯ ȄǴǟ ȏȁ ƢǿǂȇƽƢǬǷ
Ǯdzƿ Śǣ ȁƗ (larch) džǯǁȐdzơ ȁƗ (Douglas fir) DžȐǣȁƽ ƣȂǼƫ ȁƗ ǂǨǏƗ
ǁȂǿƾºƬdzơȁ ǦºǴƬdzơ ǺºǷ ƔȆNj DZȂǐƷ Ŀ ǮNj ȏ ǾǻƗ ǞǷȁ .ǁƢƴNjȋơ ǺǷ
Ǯºdzƿ ǀǼǷ ǮǴƫ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ƤnjŬơ ǁƢƴNjƗ ƣƢǏƗ ȅǀdzơ ȂǸǼdzơ ǦǴţȁ ȅƽǂƬdzơȁ
ǹƗ Śǣ .ƨǫƾdzơ ǺǷ ƨƳǁƽ ȅƘƥ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ȃƾǷ ǂȇƾǬƫ DzȈƸƬLjȇ ǾǻƜǧ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ
ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƪǔǫ śƷ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟơ Ŀ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƩǀƻƗ ƨƠȈŮơ
.(ÔÐÍ)ƨȈǷƢǻ Ƥnjƻ ǁƢƴNjƗ ƢȀȈǧ ƾƳȂƫ Ŗdzơ ȆǓơǁȋƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ǁǂǓ ǝȂǫȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƪƦưƫ Ńȁ -ÒÒÏ
Ŀ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ƨƥƢǏƛ ƩƢƦƯƛ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .(ÔÐÎ)ƨȈǻơȂȈūơ ƧȁǂưdzƢƥ
.(ÔÐÏ)ƢƆȈǧƢǯ ƢƆǔȇƗ Ȃǿ Ǻǰȇ Ń (Northport) ƩǁȂƦƯǁȂǻ ƧƾǴƥ
__________
.ÎÖÏÖ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÐÍ)
ƱƢƬǻȍơ ǎǬǼƥ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ńƛ ȃDŽǠȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ (Ʊ)" (ÔÐÎ)
ƢȀƬǫƢºLJ Ŗºdzơ ƨƴūơ ǹƗ ƨƠȈŮơ ȅƗǁ Ŀȁ .ƨǷƾǬŭơ Ʋƴūơ Ŀ ƨȇƢǼǠƥ ƨƠȈŮơ Ʃǂǜǻ
ƢȀǸǟƾºƫ ȏ ǁȁǀºƦdzơ ƩƢƦǻƛ ǹȁƽ DZƢƷ ŚƼƦƬdzơ ǹƗ ƢǿƽƢǨǷȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ǹƜºǧ ƨºǠǗƢǫ ǹȂºǰƫ ǹƗ Ǻºǟ ƔȆNj ƾǠƥƗ ƪǻƢǯ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹƗ Ƕǣǁȁ .ƨdzƽȋơ
ƩȐƬnjºdzơ ǹƗ ǁƢȀǛƛ Ņƛ Ǯdzǀdz ƢǧȐƻ ǾƴƬƫ HedgecockƢđ ǵƢǫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢLJơǁƾdzơ
."DzǠǨdzƢƥ ƩƢƦǻȍơ Ļ ƾǬǧ Ƨǂşȋơ ȁƗ ǥƢǨŪơ ƤƦLjƥ ƩƢƦǻȍơ ƾǠƥ Ʃǁǂǔƫ ƾǫ
.(ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
Ƨȁǂưdzơ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ" ƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ (Ð)"
ƽȂºƳȁ ǹƗ ƪºƦưƫ Ń ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǹƗ ƨƠȈŮơ ȃǂƫ "ƨȈǻơȂȈūơ
ƨºȈƳƢƬǻƜƥ ȁƗ ƩƢǻơȂȈūƢƥ ƢǷƛ ǂǓƗ ƾǫ Dzȇǂƫ ǂȀǐǷ ǺǷ ƨưǠƦǼŭơ Ƨǂşȋơ
ÎÖÐÏ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Î ǀǼǷ ǥȂǐdzơ ȁƗ ƤȈǴūơ ǺǷ ƩƢǻơȂȈūơ
Ǿºƥ ǞƳǂȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁơƾǬŭƢƥȁ .Ȍǰdzơ ȁƗ DZȂǐƄơ ƧƽȂƳ ǁȂǿƾƫ ƤƦLjƥ
ǹƜǧ Ȍǰdzơ ȁƗ DzȈǏƢƄơ ƨǴǣ ǹƢǐǬǻ ńƛ ƩƢǻơȂȈūƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
DzȈºǏƢƄơ ƨºǴǣ ǹƢǐǬǻ ƤƦLjƥ ƩƢǻơȂȈūƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǒȇȂǠƫ
."ơǀǿ ƨǴǤdzơ ǹƢǐǬǻ Ǻǟ ƢǼǿƢǿ ǁǂǬŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ŀ Dzƻơƽ Ȍǰdzơ ȁƗ
.(ÎÖÐÎ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ńƛ ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ ǁơǂºǓȋơ ǒȇȂºǠƫ‘ ƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ (Ñ)" (ÔÐÏ)
ȄºǴǟ ƨǬƦǘǼŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƝƽƢƦǷ ǹƜǧ ‘ƩǁȂƦƯǁȂǻ ƧƾǴƥ Ŀ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ
ƝƽƢƦŭơ džǨǻ Ȇǿ ƨȇǂǔūơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ǭȐǷ ńƛ Ǟǧƾȇ ȅǀdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǂȇƾǬƫ
ǹƗ ȅƗ ƧƾȀǸŭơ ȆǓơǁȋơ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣȁ ƨȈǟơǁDŽdzơ ȆǓơǁȋơ ǭȐǷ ȄǴǟ ƨǬƦǘǼŭơ
Ŀ ȁƗ ƩƢºǰǴƬǸŭơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ƨǸȈǫ Ŀ DzǏƢūơ ǑƢǨŵȏơ Ȃǿ ǁǂǔdzơ DžƢȈǬǷ
ȄºǴǟ ƩƢƦƯƛ ƾƳȂȇ ȏ ǾǻƗ ƨƠȈŮơ ȃǂƫȁ .ƨưǠƦǼŭơ Ƨǂşȋơ ƤƦLjƥ ƢǿǁƢŸƛ ƨǸȈǫ
ǁǂǔdzơ ơǀǿ DzưǷ ƾƳȁ ơƿƛ ŕƷ ǾǻƗȁ žǁǂǔƥ ƨȇǂǔūơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ǮǴƫ ƨƥƢǏƛ
DzǏƢūơ ǑƢǨŵȏơ ǂȇƾǬƫ ǺǷ ƨƠȈŮơ śǰǸƬdz ȆǨǰȇ ǞƟƢǫȁ ƩƢƦƯƛ ƾƳȂȇ ȏ ǾǻƜǧ
ƢȀºǼǰŻ ȏ ƢĔƗȁ žƨȇǁƢŸȍơ ƢȀƬǸȈǫ Ŀ ȁƗ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ǮǴƫ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ƨǸȈǫ Ŀ
ƣƢLjºƷ Ŀ ƢºǿƽƢǸƬǟơ ńƛ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƪǟƽ Ŗdzơ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ ƽƢǸƬǟơ
."ƨȇǂǔūơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ƪƥƢǏƗ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǒȇȂǠƫ
.(ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
226
ơȁǂºƴǿ Ǻȇǀºdzơ śǟǁơDŽŭơ" ƩƢǰǴƬŲȁ (ƣ Ɨ) ž"ǶȀǟǁơDŽǷ Ŀ
ƨƠȈŮơ ǀƻƘƫ Ńȁ .ȆǓơǁȋơ ǭȐǷ ǁƢƦǯ ƩƢǰǴƬŲȁ (Ʊ) ž"ǶȀǟǁơDŽǷ
ǾǬȈƦǘƫ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ DžƢȈǬǷ" ǹƘƥ ƪǔǫ Dzƥ ǶȈLjǬƬdzơ ơǀđ
ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ƧƾȀǸŭơ ȆǓơǁȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǁǂǓ ǺǷ Ƕų ƢǷ ƤƦLjƥ
ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǶǯƢŰ ǾǬƦǘƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ DžƢȈǬǷ Ȃǿ DzȈǏƢƄơ ƨǟơǁǃ Ŀ
ǺǷ (trespass) ȅƾǠƬdzơ ȁƗ (nuisance) Ɣơǀȇȍơ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ȅǀdzơ ǑƢǨŵȏơ ǁơƾǬǷ ȅƗ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ ǾȈǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ ȅǀdzơ ǝȂǼdzơ
.(ÔÏÒ)"ƢǿǁƢŸƛ ƨǸȈǫ ȁƗ ȆǓơǁȋơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ƨǸȈǫ Ŀ Ƨǂşȋơ ǾƬƦƦLJ
ǹƗ ńƛ ƨºȈǟơǁDŽdzơ ȆǓơǁȋơ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨƠȈŮơ ƪǐǴƻȁ -ÒÑÕ
Ŀ ǑƢǨŵȏơ ǁơƾǬǷ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ DZƽƢǠȇ ƢȀǷơƾƼƬLJơ ƨǸȈǫ Ŀ ǑƢǨŵȏơ
ƢƆǷȂǐºű DzȈǏƢƄơ ƣƢǏƗ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƞNjƢǼdzơ DzȈǏƢƄơ ƨǴǣ
ǵƾǟ ǹƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩƗǁȁ .(ÔÏÓ)DzȈǏƢƄơ ǮǴƫ ǪȇȂLjƫ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ǾǼǷ
Ŀ ƢēƽƢȇǃ ǞǷ ƤLJƢǼƬȇ ƢŠ ƧǁȁǀƦŭơ ǶȀȈǓơǁƗ ƧƽƢȇDŽƥ śǟǁơDŽŭơ ǵƢȈǫ
ȄǴǟ DZƢưǷ ơǀǿȁ .ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ǀƻƚȇ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǺǰŻ ȃǂƻƗ ǺǯƢǷƗ
.ǁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ǦȈǨƼƬdzơ ƤƳơȁ
ƢºȀǯȐǷ Ƣǿǂƴǿ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ƨǴǰnjŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÒÑÖ
ȄºǴǟ Ʃǂƴǿ ƢƆƦȇǂǬƫ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ǮǴƫ Dzǯ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨƠȈŮơ ƩǁƢNjƗ
ǮºǴƫ ƨºŪƢǠǷ ƨȈǤƥ ƨƠȈŮơ ƩǁǂǬǧ .ÎÖÐÏ ǵƢǟ DzƦǫ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǷ
ƧƽƢȇǃ ǺǷ ơȂǼǰǸƬȇ Ń Ǻȇǀdzơ śǟǁơDŽŭơ ƨǴǰnjǷ Ǻǟ ȐƆ ǔǧ ƨǴǰnjŭơ
ƩƢºǻƢȈƦdzơ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ǁǂǔdzơ ȃƾǷ ǁƾǬƫ ǹƗ ƧǁȁǀƦŭơ ǶȀȈǓơǁƗ
ǾºƳȁ ȄǴǟ Ǻǜȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇǁƢƬǰŮơ ƨƷƢLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƧǂǧȂƬŭơ ƨȈƟƢǐƷȍơ
ƾºȈǫ ƧǂƬǨdzơ DZȐƻ ƢȀȈǧ Řšȁ ǁǀƦƬLJ ƪǻƢǯ DzȈǏƢƄơ ǹƗ DZȂǬǠŭơ
.(ÔÏÔ)ŚƼƦƬdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ȏȂdz ǂǜǼdzơ
ƨºƥǂƬdzơ ȃȂƬŰ ǁȂǿƾƬƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƩơƔƢǟƽȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÒÒÍ
ƪȇŐǰdzơ ƾȈLjǯƗ ňƢƯ ƽȂƳȁ Ǻǟ ƧƾdzȂƬŭơ ƨǓȂǸūơ ƧƽƢȇǃ ƤƦLjƥ
ƩơƔƢǟƽȏơ ǮǴƬdz ƢƆǸǟƽ ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƨdzƽȋơ ǹƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩƗǁ ǽƢȈŭơ Ŀ
ƢĔƘnjƥ ƨƠȈŮơ ƪƸũ ƧŚǤǏ ƨƷƢLjǷ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ȏƛ ƨǠǗƢǫ ƪLjȈdz
ȄǴǟ ƨǼƟƢǰdzơ ǝǁơDŽŭơ ƨǸȈǫ Ŀ DzǏƢūơ ǑƢǨŵȏơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƾƥ
Ŀ ƧŚºǘŬơ ƧƽƢȇDŽdzơ ƤƦLjƥ Ʃǁǂǔƫ Ŗdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ǖƻ ǺǷ ƨƥǂǬǷ
ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨƠȈŮơ ƪǔǫȁ .(ÔÏÕ)ƧǂşȌdz ƢȀǓǂǠƫ ƤƦLjƥ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ƨǓȂŧ
ǵơƾƼƬºLJơ ƨǸȈǫ Ŀ DzǏƢūơ ǑƢǨŵȏơ Ǻǟ ǍƢƻ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƾƥ
.(ÔÏÖ)Ƨǂşȋơ ǺǷ Ƣđǂǫ ƤƦLjƥ ǝǁơDŽŭơ ƩơǁƢŸƛ ȁƗ
ȂºŶ ƪºǠǼǷ Ƨǂşȋơ ǹƘƥ DzƟƢǬdzơ ƔƢǟƽȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÒÒÎ
ǁǂǔºdzơ DžƢȈǬǷ ƨƠȈŮơ ƩƾǸƬǟơ ƢǿǂƯƢǰƫȁ ƤnjŬơ ƱƢƬǻƛ ǁƢƴNjƗ
Ŀ DzºǏƢūơ ǑƢǨŵȏơ ȅƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǶǯƢŰ Ŀ ǪƦǘŭơ
:ǁȂǿƾƬdzơȁ ǦǴƬdzơ ơǀǿ ƤƦLjƥ ƢȀLjǨǻ Ǒǁȋơ ƨǸȈǫ
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.ÎÖÏÒ-ÎÖÏÑ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÏÒ)
.ÎÖÏÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÏÓ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÏÔ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÏÕ)
.ÎÖÏÓ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÏÖ)
227 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ȄǔƬǬŠ ơƾǼǯ ȄǴǟ Ƥƫǂƫ ƾǬdz
ǦºȈǨƼƬdzơȁ ǁǂǔǴdz ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ DzȈǴǬƫȁ ǞǼŭ ƨǷǃȐdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ƿƢţơ ƤƳơȁ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ơƾǼǯ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǷơDŽdz ǹƢǯ ƾǬǧ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ .ǁơǂǓȋơ ǺǷ ŅƢƬdzƢƥ
ƨºdzơǃȍơȁ ƽơƽǂƬºLJȏơȁ NJȈƬǨƬdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠƥ ƔƢǘƥƛ ǹȁƽ ǞǴǘǔƫ ǹƗ ǵƢǘūƢƥ
ƩƢºƦǴǘƬŭ ȏƆ ƢºưƬǷơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀđ ƪǷƢǫ ƾǫȁ .ǦȈǜǼƬdzơȁ ǁƢƦƬƻȏơȁ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ǥƢǔȇ .ơƾǼǰdz ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
[ƨȈƟƢǔºǨdzơ ǵƢLjºƳȋơ ƢȀƯƾŢ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ]
ƢǸȈǧ ƨdzȂǬǠŭơ ƨȇƢǼǠdzơ ŚȇƢǠǷ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ƤƳơȁ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƨƦƷƢǏ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ
.(ÔÐÓ)ȆƟƢǔǧ ǶLjƳ ǾƯƾŹ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ
:ǹƗ ȅƾǼǰdzơ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ǺĈȈƥ Ǯdzǀǯ -ÒÒÕ
ƨǴǏ Ǿdz ƢǷ Ǿƥ ƤdzƢǘƫ ȅǀdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƣƢLjƷ [ȃƾdz] ƪǬƦǗ ơƾǼǯ
Ǟǧƾºƥ ȆǔǬƫȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ƢǿǁǂǬƫ Ŗdzơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǺǷ ǂǷȋƢƥ
ǦȈdzƢºǰƫ Ȇºǿ Ŗdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ȏƛ ƢȀƬƦdzƢǘǷ Ŀ DzƻƾĄƫ ǶǴǧ DZƽƢǟ ǒȇȂǠƫ
ƨǴƥƢǫȁ ǵƢǘūơ ƤLJǂƫȁ DzƫƢLjdzơ ǵƢƸƬǫơ Ǻǟ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨƦƦLjƬǷȁ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ
.(ÔÐÔ)śǬȈdzơ ǺǷ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƨƳǁƾƥ ƣƢLjƸǴdz
The Atlantic Richfield Corporation (ARCO) ƪǠǧƽ ƾǫȁ -ÒÒÖ
(Cherry Point) ƪǼȇȂƥ ȅŚnjƫ Ŀ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ƧƢǨǐŭơ DzǤnjƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ
ǺºǷ ǹȂdzƢºǣ ÎÏ ÍÍÍ ȂŴ ƤǰLjǻơ ƮȈƷ ǺǘǼNjơȁ ƨȇȏȁ Ŀ
Ǻºǟ ǁȏȁƽ ÎÖ ÍÍÍ ǢǴƦǷ ÎÖÔÏ ǵƢǟ ǂƸƦdzơ ńƛ ǵƢŬơ ǖǨǼdzơ
"ȅǂLJ" ƨȇƾǴƥ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƢȀƬǷƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁȋơ ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ ƣƢLjƷ ƧǁȂƫƢǧ
ƪºǬǧơȁȁ .ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ǺǷ Ǿƥ ƪǷƢǫ ƢǷ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ƨȈǘǤƬdz (Surrey)
ǁȏȁƽ ÎÎ ÓÖÓ,ÒÍ ǽǁƾºǫ ǢǴƦǷ Ǟǧƽ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ "Ȃǯǁƕ"
ƢºǷ ƔƢǬdz ƨȇƾǼǰdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ńƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǾdzȂŢ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ
ƪǔǧǁ ƢȀǼǰdzȁ ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ ƨȈǴǸǠƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ǺǷ ǾƫƾƦǰƫ
ơƆǂƟƢºǗ ÐÍ) ǁȂȈǘdzơ ǭȐǿ" Ǻǟ ơƆǁȏȁƽ ÓÍ ǢǴƦŠ ǂƻƕ ƾǼƥ ƽơƾLJ
ƪºǠǧƽ ƢǷ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ƪǠǧƽ ƾǫȁ ."(ǂƟƢǗ Dzǯ Ǻǟ Ǻȇǁȏȁƽ ǞǫơȂƥ
ƢºȀǫȂǬŞ DžƢLjŭơ ǵƾǟ ǞǷȁ ǂǷȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȇƘƥ ǁơǂǫȍơ ǹȁƽ"
.(ÔÐÕ)"ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀǨǫȂǷȁ
Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂºǠƬǴdz ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ƪǷďƾǫƌ ƾǫȁ -ÒÓÍ
ơǀºđ ƨǬLjƬǷ ȁƾƦƫ ȏ ƨȈȀǬǨdzơ ƨǨLjǴǨdzơ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ .ȆƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ ǁǂǔdzơ
Havenȁ Patmos Ƣºŷ śƬȈǔºǬƥ ǂǷȋơ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǨǧ .ǍȂǐŬơ
ơƆƽƢºǸƬǟơ Ƕǰūơ ǁơƾǏȍ ƨǏǂǨdzơ śƬȈǼǠŭơ śƬǸǰƸǸǴdz ƶǼLjƫ Ń
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢºǠdz ƨºȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ŚLjǨƫ ȄǴǟ
ƨºǷȂǰūơ ƪǠºLJ śƬȈǔºǬdzơ ƢƬǴǯ Ŀȁ .ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ńƛ ƨȈdzƢǘȇȍơ
ȆƟƢǔºǬdzơ Patmos ǝơDŽºǻ Ŀȁ .ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬƥ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ
Patmos ƨºȈǻƢǻȂȈdzơ ǖǨǼdzơ ƨǴǫƢǻ śƥ ǵơƾǘǏơ ƔơǂƳ ǺǷ Ƙnjǻ ȅǀdzơȁ
Messina ǪȈǔºǷ Ŀ Castillo de Monte Aragon ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǴǫƢǼdzơȁ
__________
ÖÍÓ-ÖÍÒ Ǎ (ǽȐºǟƗ ÐÓÎ ƨȈºNjƢūơ ǂºǜǻơ) ILM (ÔÐÓ)
.ÎÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
.ÏÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÖÍÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÐÔ)
The Montreal Star, 9 June ȁ žǽȐǟƗ ÓÏÐ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂºǜǻơ (ÔÐÕ)
.1972
ǞȇǁƢnjŭƢƥ ƪǬū Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÒÒÐ
ǺǷ ơȂǻƢǟ DZƢǸǟȋơ ƣƢƥǁƗ ǹƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƪǟƽơ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
ƤƦLjºƥ ƨºȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǠǸLjdzơ ƨǸȈǫ ǺǷ ǍƢǬƬǻȏơȁ DZƢǸǟȋơ ǹơƾǬǧ
.ƧǁǂǔºƬŭơ ƨºǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ śǸȈºǬǸǴdz ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǞǓȂdzơ ǕȂƦǿ
DŽºǯǂŭơ ǑƢǨŵơ ńƛ ȃDŽǠȇ ȅǀdzơ" ǁǂǔdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ƨƠȈŮơ ƩƾƳȁȁ
ƾƷ ńƛ ƾǯƚǷ Śǣȁ ƨǴǐdzơ ƾȈǠƥȁ ǂNjƢƦǷ Śǣ (ÔÐÐ)"ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ
.ǾǼǟ ǒȇȂǠƬƥ Ƕǰūơ ǺǰŻ ǝȂǻ ǺǷ džȈdz ǾǻƗȁ ǽǂȇƾǬƫ ǾǠǷ ǁǀǠƬȇ
Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƫ ƔƢǔƬǫơ ƣȂƳȂƥ ƨǴƟƢǬdzơ ƨƴūơ ǹƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ȅƗǁ Ŀȁ
ȁƗ ǾºǼƟƢƥǃ DŽºƴǟ ƤƦLjƥ ǎƼNj ƧǁƢš ƣƢǏƗ ǹƢǐǬǻ ȁƗ ǁǂǓ
ǁƢLjºǟȍơ ȁƗ DŽƴǠdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ƪƦƯ Ȃdz ŕƷ - Ɣơǂnjdzơ Ǻǟ ǾƟȐǸǟ
ƾºƷ ńƛ ƨǴǐdzơ ƧƾȈǠƥȁ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ Śǣ ƨƴƷ Ȇǿ - ȃƿƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǻ
.ǒȇȂǠƬƥ ǶǰƸǴdz ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƢƆLJƢLJƗ ƶƦǐƫ ǹƗ ǾǠǷ ǁǀǠƬȇ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƔƢǟƽơ ƩȂƦƯ ǵƾǠƥ ƨƠȈŮơ ƪǔǫ Ǯdzǀǯ -ÒÒÑ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƤºǴǗ Ŀ ǂǜǼƫ Ńȁ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ǩǂǘdzơ ƭȂǴƬƥ
DzǐºƬŭơ ǪºȈǬƸƬdzơ ƔơǂƳƛ Ŀ ƪǬǨǻƗ Ŗdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ Ǻǟ ƢȀǔȇȂǠƫ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƪƦdzƢǗ ƾǫȁ .ǂȀǐŭơ Ƣǿƾdzȁ Ŗdzơ DzǯƢnjŭƢƥ
Ń ƨƠȈŮơ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ .ƧƽƢȈLjdzơ ǭƢȀƬǻƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢǿơȂǟƽ ǑǂǠǷ Ŀ Ǯdzǀƥ
DŽȈȀš ǦȇǁƢǐǷ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƫ ƶǼǷ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƾǠƦƬLjƫ
ǶȈºǰƸƬdzơ ƩȏƢƷ ǒǠƥ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƘƥ ƨƠȈŮơ ƩǂǫƗ ƾǬǧ .ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ
ǶºǰŹ ƾǫ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨȇƽǂǧ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ Ŗdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ
.ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬƥ ƢȀȈǧ
Ŀ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƢȀƬȀƳơȁ Ŗdzơ ƨƥȂǠǐdzơ ǺǸǰǷȁ -ÒÒÒ
ǒȇȂǠƫ ǾǻƘƥ ǾǟȂǓȂǷ ǦǏȁ Ŀ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ǁƾǬƥ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ǹȂǸǔǷ
ƢǸȀºǼǷ Dzºǯ ƩƾƦǰƫ śƬǴǬƬLjǷ śƬǷȂǰƷ śƥ ǶȈǰŢ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ
DzǏȂƬdzơ ǶƬȇ ǹƗ śƬǷȂǰūơ ƢƬǴǰdz ƨdzƽƢƦƬŭơ ƧƾƟƢǨǴdz" ǾǻƗȁ ǦȇǁƢǐǷ
.(ÔÐÑ)"Ņȁƽ ǝơDŽǻ ǝȂǓȂŭ ǶƟơƽ ƤȈƫǂƫȁ ƨŤƢƻ ńƛ
ǶȈºǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƪǸǰƷ (Alabama) ƢǷƢƥȏƗ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀȁ -ÒÒÓ
Śǣ ȃǂƻƗ ǁơǂǓƗ Ǻǟȁ ƧƽȂǬǨŭơ ƩƢǼƸnjdzơ ĿƢǏ Ǻǟ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬƥ
Ǎǂºūơ" dz ȄºǸǜǠdzơ ƢºȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ƨLJǁƢŲ ǵƾǟ Ǻǟ ƪǸų ƧƽƾŰ
ǦȈdzƢǰƫ Ǻǟ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬƥ Ƕǰūơ ƪǔǧǁ ƨƠȈŮơ ǹƗ Śǣ ."ƤƳơȂdzơ
ƞǻơȂºŭơ Ŀ ƢǿDŽȈȀš ȃǂƳ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzơǁƾǨǻȂǰdzơ Ʃơƽơǂǘdzơ ƧƽǁƢǘǷ
ƣǂūơ ƩƢǧȁǂǐǷ ǺǷ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ǮǴƫ DŽȈȈŤ ǺǰŻ Ń Ǿǻȋ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ
ƨǴǸƬƄơ ƤLJƢǰŭơ Ǻǟ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬƥ Ƕǰūơ ƪǔǧǁ ƢĔƗ ƢǸǯ ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ
.(ÔÐÒ)ƧƾǯƚǷ Śǣ ƨǴƦǬǷ ǥȁǂǛ ȄǴǟ ǦǫȂƬƫ ƢĔȋ
ļƢȈǧȂLjºdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƾǓ ƢȀƟƢǟƽơ Ŀ ơƾǼǯ ƩƾǸǟ ƾǫȁ -ÒÒÔ
ƨºǫƢǘdzƢƥ DzǸǠȇ ȅǀdzơ DzƫƢLjdzơ ǕȂǬLJ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǹƘnjƥ
ńƛ ȅƾºǼǰdzơ ǶȈºǴǫȍơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǸǘƸƬǷ "ÒÑ DžȂǷǃȂǯ" ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
:ǁơǂǓȋơ ǺǷ ǦȈǨƼƬdzơ ƤƳơȁ ȄǴǟ ƾȇƾnjƬdzơ
__________
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÐÐ)
.ÎÖÐÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÐÑ)
.ÓÒÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Moore (ÔÐÒ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǺǷ ƢƆǼǗ ÒÔÍ ƤǰLjǻơȁ ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ǂŞ Ŀ Antonio Gramsci ƨǴǫƢǼdzơ
ǖǨǼºdzơ ǂǸƬLJơȁ .ƱȂǴưdzơ ǾȈǘǤƫ ȅǀdzơ ǂƸƦdzơ Ŀ ƢȀǼǷ ǵƢŬơ ǖǨǼdzơ
ÐÒÍÍ ȄºǴǟ ƾºȇDŽƫ ƨƷƢLjǷ ȄƐǘǣȁ ƲǴưdzơ Ŀ ǂnjƬǼȇȁ ǥǂƴǼȇ
ƨǷȂǰƷ ƪǷƾǫ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀȁ .ǂǷȋơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ƢƆǠƥǂǷ ơƆǂƬǷȂǴȈǯ
ƽǂů ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿ ƢȀǸǯƢŰ ǵƢǷƗ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ
ȄǴǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǢǴƦǷ ƤLjĄƷȁ ȆƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz
ǹƗ ǑǂºƬǨƫȁ ȆLJƢLJȋơ ƢȀǷƢǜǻ Ŀ Ƨƽǁơȁ ƨȈƥƢLjƷ ƨǤȈǏ DžƢLJƗ
ƭȂǴȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǂƸƦdzơ Ŀ ƤǰLjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ǖǨǼdzơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨȈǸǯ
ǽƢȈŭơ ǺǷ ƤǠǰǷ ǂƬǷ Dzǰdz Dzƥȁǁ Ï DZƾǠŠ) ǽƢȈŭơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨȈǸǯ
ǩȁƾǼǐºdzơ ǑǁƢǟȁ .(ƤǰLjǼŭơ ǖǨǼdzơ ƨȈǸǰdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǁƾǬĄƫ ƨƯȂǴŭơ
Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ" ǦȇǂǠƫ ƪŢ ƱǁƾǼƫ ȏ ƢĔƗ ńƛ ǁƢNjƗȁ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ
ǁƢºNjƗȁ .ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ "ƭȂǴƬdzơ
ȆºǸǯ ǂȇƾºǬƬƥ ƶǸLjȇ ȏ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǵƢǜǻ ǹƗ ńƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
.ƨȈƥƢLjƷ ƱƿƢŶ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ǁơǂǓȌdz
ǹƘnjºƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ Ŀ ǁơǂǬdzơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ƩǂƳ ǺƠdzȁ -ÒÓÐ
ǁơǂºǬdzơ ƪǴǿƢš ƢǼȈLjǷ Ŀ ǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơ ƨǸǰŰ ǹƜǧ Patmos ƨȈǔǫ
ƢȀȈǧ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƧǁơǃȂdzơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzƢǘȇȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪƸų ƢǷƾǼǟ
ǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơ ƨǸǰŰ ƪǧċǂǟȁ .ǝȂǓȂŭơ ƨǸǰŰ ǶǰƷ ǥƢǼƠƬLJơ Ŀ
ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ó ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǶȈºǬdzơ DzǸnjȇ ƢƆǠLJơȁ ƢƆǨȇǂǠƫ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ǹƘºƥ Ǯdzƿ ƪǴǠǧ ƾǫȁ .ƩƢǻơȂȈūơȁ ƩƢƫƢƦǼdzơ ǚǨŞ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ
Ŀ DzƻƾƬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ƪǠǓȁ
.ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƩƢƥƢǏȍơ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ŅƢǟƗ
ǁƢnjºŭơ "ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ŁƢǐŭơ" ƩǂċLjǧ ƾǫ ƢĔƜǧ ƨȈLJƢLJƗ ƧǁȂǐƥȁ
ƶǸLjĄȇ Ŗdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƨȈǻƢưdzơȁ ńȁȋơ śƫƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ
ǁȂºǷƗ ƨǴŦ Ŀ ǞǼŤ Ȇǰdz Śƥơƾƫ ƿƢţƢƥ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ DZȁƾǴdz ƢȀƦƳȂŠ
ǹƗ řºǠȇ ƢŲ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƢȀūƢǐǷ ȁƗ ƨȈǴƷƢLjdzơ ƢȀƠǗơȂNj ƭȂǴƫ
Ŀ ƨǴǐºdzơ Ʃơƿ ŁƢǐŭơȁ DzƷƢLjǴdz DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ DzǸnjȇ Ǯdzƿ
ƩƢºƦƯƛ ǺºǰŻ Ń ǹƛȁ ǾǻƗ ńƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƩǁƢNjƗȁ .ƨȈǴƷƢLjdzơ DZȁƾdzơ
ǺºǸǧ ƨȈƦLJƢŰ ȁƗ ƨȈƥƢLjƷ ƨǬȇǂǗ ȅƗ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzƢƥ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ŚǷƾºƬdzƢƥ Ƣēơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǾƬǴǏ ƔȂǓ Ŀ ǾǸȈȈǬƫ ǺǰǸŭơ
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Ŗºdzơ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƪǷƾƼƬLJơ ƾǫȁ ."ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ" ǦȇǂǠƫ ǩƢǘǻ
ȄǴǟ śǷƘƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjȁ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ǺǠǗȁ .ǶȈȈǬƬdzơ džǨǻ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƢȀǷƾǫ
ƨȈǸǯ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƔơŐŬơ ƧƽƢȀNj ƪƸǓȁƗȁ .ƣƢLjūơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƨƸǏ Ŀ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ
DzºǫƗ ƪǻƢǯ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǾǷƾƼƬLJơ ȅǀdzơ ǶȈȈǬƬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƧƽƢǠƬLjŭơ ǖǨǼdzơ
ƪǨdzƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƽƢǠƬLjŭơ ƨȈǸǰdzơȁ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƣƢLjƷ Ŀ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ǵƾƼĄƬLJơ ƢŲ Śưǰƥ
ƩƢƥƢLjºūơ ǹƗ ńƛ Śnjȇ ƢǷ ƨť ǭƢǼǿ ǹƢǯ ƾǬǧ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ .ƔƢŭơ ǺǷ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ
ǵƢǟ ǁơǂǫ ńƛ Ȇǟƾŭơ ǽƢƦƬǻơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ȄǟǂƬLJơȁ .ƨȈǼȈǸţ ǞǫơȂdzơ Ŀ ƪǻƢǯ ƢŠǁ
Ŀ ƢƆºǧǂǗ Ǻºǰƫ Ń [ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ] ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ǹƗ ńƛ ǁƢNjƗȁ .ÎÖÕÍ
ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ Ǻǟ ƪǠǼƬǷơ ƾǫȁ ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ƣƢºƥ DzǨǫƌƗȁ .ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǠŦ ŚLjǨƬdz ȏƆ ƢưƬǷơ ƨƠȈƦǴdz ƨǴǏƢūơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ
ǞǷ ƢƆǘLJȁ ȐƆ Ʒ ǂăƦƬǠĄƫ ƨȇȂLjƫ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ ƾǠƥ ÎÖÖÍ ǵƢǟ ƨdzƘLjŭơ Ŀ ljƢǬǼdzơ
ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Wu Chao ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǂǜǻơ .Antonio Gramsci ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ
.ÐÓÓ-ÐÓÒ Ǎ
228
ƾºȇDŽȇ ƢºǷ Ǯºdzƿ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƤǰLjǻơȁ ÎÖÕÒ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÏÎ Ŀ
ƨǴȈǴǫ ǹƢǼǗƗ ƪǴǏȁ ƮȈƷ ǂƸƦdzơ Ŀ ǖǨǼdzơ ǺǷ ǺǗ ÎÍÍÍ ȄǴǟ
ƨȈdzƢǘȇȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪǷƾǬƫ ƨȈǴǬǏ DzƷƢLJ ȄǴǟ ƞǗƢnjdzơ ńƛ ƢȀǼǷ
.ƢǼȈLjǷ ƨǸǰŰ Ŀ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƔƢǟƽƢƥ ǂǷȋơ DZȁƗ
ƭȂǴȇ ȏ ŕƷ ƤǰLjǼŭơ ǖǨǼdzơ ƔơȂƬƷȏ Śƥơƾƫ ƨǷȂǰūơ Ʃǀţơȁ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjºȇ ǹƢºǯ ȅǀdzơ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ǒǧĄǁ ƾǫȁ .DzƷƢLjdzơ
ƨºȈǻƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩǂċLjǧ ƾǫȁ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ džȈdzȁ ǶȈǴǫȍơ ȄǴǟ DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ ńƛ Śnjƫ ƢĔƘƥ
ȄǴǟ ơǀǿ ǂďLjǧƌ ƾǫȁ .ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȌdz ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ǽƢȈǸǴdz ȁƗ ǶȈǴǫȎdz
ǂƸƦdzơ Ŀ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǫȍơ ȄǴǟ ƧƽȂƳȂǷ ƔƢȈNjȋ ƭƾŹ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǾǻƗ
ƢºȈdzƢǘȇƛ Ǿºdz ƪºǓǂǠƫ ȅǀºdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƢǯ Ȃdz ǾǻƗȁ .ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ
DzƥƢǬǷ ǭȐƬǷơ ǩȂǬƷ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƢŮ ǹȂǰȇ Ŗdzơ ƢȀƠǗơȂnjƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ȄºǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ ǺǰǷȋ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƧƽƢȈLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ
Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢºƥ ƢƆºǸǰƷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ǁƾǐƫ Ńȁ .ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ
ƢºēŐƬǟơ Ŗdzơȁ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƩƢǻơȂȈūơȁ ƩƢƫƢƦǼǴdz ƨǴǏƢūơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
.ƨǷƢǟ ƩƢǟƢnjǷ
ȅȋ ǑǂǠƬƫ Ń ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ ǹƗ ƩƗǁ ƾǬǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ -ÒÓÎ
ƢǸǯ .ƩơƽơǂȇȎdz ǹơƾǬǧ ȁƗ ǂNjƢƦǷ Śǣ ȁƗ ǂNjƢƦǷ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǁǂǓ
ǹƗ ńƛ ŚNjƗȁ .(ÔÐÖ)ƢȀƠǗơȂNj ǦȈǜǼƫ Ŀ ƩƢǬǨǻ ȅƗ ƾƦǰƬƫ Ń ƢĔƗ
ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ǽǀţơ ȅǀdzơ Ð Ƕǫǁ ǁơǂǬdzơ
ƨºǸǰƸǸǴdz ƶǸLjȇ ȏ ÎÖÕÍ ǵƢǟ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ
ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ" ǾǠǧƾȇ ǹƗ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ȄǴǟ śǠƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǂȇƾǬƬƥ
.(ÔÑÍ)"ƨºȇǂǜǻ ƱƿƢºŶ Ǫǧȁ ƨƥȂLjƄơ ǁơǂǓȌdz ƽǂů ȆǸǯ ǂȇƾǬƫ
ƢȀǷƾºǫ Ŗºdzơ ƔơŐŬơ ƨdzƽƘƥ ƨǸǰƄơ ǀƻƘƫ Ń ȂƸǼdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ
.ƔơŐƼǴdz DzǬƬLjǷ ǂȇǂǬƫ ʼnƾǬƬƥ ǂǷƘƫ Ń ƢǸǯ ǝƢǧƾdzơ
ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǠŦ ƩƾǸƬǟơȁ -ÒÓÏ
ƪǓǁƢǟ ǹƗ ƽǂƴŠ ÎÖÕÍ ǵƢǟ ơƆǁơǂǫ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ
ļƢȈǧȂLjºdzơ ƽƢºŢȏơ ƢȀǷƾºǫ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ǩȁƾǼǐǴdz ƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ
Antonio Gramsci ƨƯƽƢƷ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǪƥƢLjdzơ
ǝƢǬdzƢƥ ƪǸǘƫǁơ ÎÖÔÖ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj Ó Ŀȁ .(ÔÑÎ)ÎÖÔÖ ǵƢǟ
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.ÎÏÖ-ÎÎÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Bianchi ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÔÐÖ)
Maffei, “The compensation for ecological damage in the ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂºǜǻơȁ
Ong, “The relationship between ȁ ž‘Patmos’ case”, pp. 383–390
environmental damage and pollution: marine oil pollution laws in
ƢȇƢǔǬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƾǼƬLjƫȁ .Malaysia and Singapore”, pp. 201–204
ńƛ ƧŚƦºǯ ƨƳǁƾƥ Amoco Cadizȁ Havenȁ Antonio Gramsciȁ Patmos
.ÖÏÏ-ÖÎÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Sands ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ žƩȏƢǬŭơ ǽǀǿ
.ÖÎÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Sands (ÔÑÍ)
Ó Ŀ Antonio Gramsci ƨǼȈǨLjºǴdz ƨºȈǻƢưdzơ ƨºƯƽƢūơ ƪǠǫȁ (ÔÑÎ)
ƽƢŢȏơ Ŀ ƨǴƴLjǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƨǴǫƢǻ ǝƢǬdzƢƥ ƪǸǘƫǁơ ƢǷƾǼǟ ÎÖÕÔ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj
ńƛ ÓÍÍ ǺǷ ƢȀǼǷ ƤǰLjǻơ ƮȈƷ ơƾǼǴǼǨdz ĺȂǼŪơ DzƷƢLjdzơ ƨdzƢƦǫ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ
DZƢºǸǟƗ Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨȇƾǼǴǼǨdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪƦdzƢǗȁ .ǖǨǼdzơ ǺǷ ǺǗ ÔÍÍ
ƱǁƢƻ ƱǁƾǼƫ ƩƢǬǨǼdzơ ǮǴƫ ǹƗ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ȃǂȇȁ .ƨƠȈƦǴdz Ƣđ ƪǷƢǫ Ŗdzơ ƶLjŭơ
229 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Ƨƾǟ ƾǠƥ ȄǴǟ ƪǫǂǣ ƢȇŐȈdz ƢȈǧȁǂǻȂǷ Ŀ Venha Maritime Ltd.
(Arenzano) ȂǻơDŽººǼȇǁƗ DzƷƢºLJ ǹȂȈǷȂǯ ƨdzƢƦǫ ƩơǂƬǷȂǴȈǯ
ÎÎ Ŀ ĺǂºǤdzơ ƢºȇǁȂǤȈdz DzƷƢºLJ ȄºǴǟ ȃȂǼƳ ǺǷ ƣǂǬdzƢƥ
ǶºǘŢ ńƛ ȃƽƗ ǁƢºƴǨǻơ ƤǬǟ Ǯdzƿȁ ÎÖÖÎ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ
Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨȈdzƢǘȇȍơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǘǴLJ ƪǷċƾǫȁ .ƢȀǫơǂƬƷơȁ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ
ƩƢǻȂȈǷȂǰdzơȁ ƩƢǠǗƢǬŭơ ǒǠƥȁ ƢȇǁȂǤȈdz Ŀ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ
ȏ ǂǏƢǼǟȁ ƢƆȈǸǯ ƢǿƾȇƾŢ ǺǰŻ ǂǏƢǼǟ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦǴdz ǁơǂǓȋơ ǺǷ ƢƆȈǸǯ ƢǿƾȇƾŢ ǺǰŻ
ÎÍÍ ÍÍÍ ǽǁƾºǫ ƪǫƚǷ ǢǴƦŠ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdz ƨºƴȈƬǻ ǾǻƘƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ȃǂƳȁ .ƨȈdzƢǘȇƛ ƧŚdz ǹȂȈǴǷ
Ŀ ǀºƻƚȇ ǹƗ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǸǧ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǟ
ǎƼnjºǴdz ǶǯơǂºƬŭơ ƶƥǂºdzơȁ ƭƽƢūơ ƘǘŬơ ƧǁȂǘƻ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ
DžƢºLJƗ ȄºǴǟ ȆºƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ DzưǷ ǂȇƾǬƫ ƾǼǟ DZȁƚLjŭơ
ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ȃƗǁȁ .ǥƢǐǻȍơ
ƾƳȂȇ ȏ ǾǻƘƥ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz Ǿǔǧǁ Ŀ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ
ƢǿƾºȇƾŢ ǺǰŻ ȏ Ŗdzơȁ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦǴdz ǂǏƢǼǠdz ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ŀ ǪƷ
ǵƢºǠdz ƨºȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢºǜǻ ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ ƆƢȈǸǯ
Ǻºǟ ƨºŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ/ÎÖÓÖ
řǠŭơ ŅƢǘȇȍơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
Ǻºǰȇ Ń ƢºǷ Ȃǿȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƣƢLjƬƷơ Ŀ ƢƆȈƟơDŽƳ ơƆǂǐǼǟ DzƻƽƗ
ǵƢºǜǻ/ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ ȂǠǓơȁ ǽƾǐǬȇ
Ƨǁȁƽ Ŀ ȅƗǂºdzơ ơǀǿ ƢLjǻǂǧ ƩƾȇƗ ƾǫȁ .ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
ǹƢºƥƢȈdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ǩȁƾǼǐǴdz ƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ƨǼƴǴdz
.ǺƸnjdzơȁ śǷƘƬdzơ ƩƢǯǂNjȁ ǺƸnjdzơ ƤǫơǂǷ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǹƗ Ŀ DzưǸƬȇ ŅƢǘȇȍơ ƾǧȂdzơ ȅƗǁ ǹƢǯȁ -ÒÓÓ
ơƾǠƦƬLjºƫ Ń ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ
ǹƗȁ ƆƢºȈǸǯ ǽƾȇƾŢ ǺǰŻ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
DzºƥƢǫ ŅƢºǘȇȍơ ǹȂǻƢºǬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦǴdz DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǂºǏƢǼǠdzơȁ ƢǿƾȇƾŢ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ǂǏƢǼǠǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǾǻƘnjƥ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz
.ƔơȂLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢǿƾȇƾŢ ǺǰŻ ȏ Ŗdzơ
ÎÖÖÓ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ Ŀ ƨȈƟơƾƬƥȏơ ȃȂǼƳ ƨǸǰŰ ƩƾƳȁȁ -ÒÓÔ
ƨºȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ "ƭȂºǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ" ǹƗ
Ǻºǟ ƢƆǔºȇȂǠƫ DzǸnjȇ ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz
ÑÍ ÍÍÍ ǢºǴƦŠ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǸǰƷȁ .ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơȁ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǦºȈǜǼƬdzơ ƨǨǴǰƫ ƨȈǘǤƬdz ǵǃȐdzơ ǢǴƦŭơ ƮǴưƥ ȅƗ ƨȈdzƢǘȇƛ ƧŚdz ǹȂȈǴǷ
Ŀȁ .ƭƾºƷ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Dzǯ ƶǴǐƫ Ń ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǹȋ ơƆǂǜǻ
ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢºǟ ƨǸǰƄơ ƱǁƢƻ ƢȀȈdzƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ Ļ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƟƢȀǼdzơ ƨȇȂLjƬdzơ
Ņȁƾºdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐºdzơ ƨºǏƢƻȁ ƢȀǨǫơȂŠ ǥơǂǗȋơ Dzǯ ƪǜǨƬƷơ
ǺºǷ ƾǯƗ ȅǀdzơ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz
ǵƢǜǻ ƤƳȂŠ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ŀ ǪƷ ƾƳȂȇ ȏ ǾǻƗ ƾȇƾƳ
ƨºǷȂǰūơ ƩƾǯƗ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ/ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ǹƗ ƪǟƽơȁ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ŀ ƢȀǬƷ ƾȇƾƳ ǺǷ ƨȈdzƢǘȇȍơ
ȆLjºȈƟǂdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ƨȈdzȂƦǬŠ ƗƾƦȇ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ǦǐǼŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ǺºǷ ƾȈǨȇ ȅǀdzơ ǞǸƬĐơ ȄǴǟ ƨƠȈƦǴdz DzǏƢūơ ŚȈǤƬdzơ ȁƗ ǁȂǿƾƬdzơȁ
ȆºƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȏ Ǿǻȋ ơƆǂǜǻȁ .ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ǮǴƫ
ǺºǰŻ Ȑºǧ Ǿºdz ƨȈǫȂLJ ƨǸȈǫ ȏ Ǿǻȋ ơƆǂǜǻ ŅƢǷ ǶȈȈǬƫ ǞǓȂǷ
ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǻƿƗȁ .ǦǐǼǷ ǶȈȈǬƫ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ȏƛ ǾǼǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ƧǁȂǐƥ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǶȈȈǬƫ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƔơŐŬơ ƾȇ ȄǴǟ ǂȇǂǬƫ ƽơƾǟƜƥ
.(ÔÑÏ)ǂưǯƗ ƧƽƾŰ
Ǫºȇǂǧ ǂȇǂǬƫ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ ǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơ ƨǸǰŰ ƩǁƾǏƗȁ -ÒÓÑ
ƔȂǓ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩƗǁȁ .ÎÖÖÑ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƢƆȈƟƢĔ ƢƆǸǰƷ ƔơŐŬơ
ƢȀȈdzƛ ƪǷďƾǫƌ Ŗdzơ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ǵƢǰƷȋơȁ ƔơŐŬơ ƢȀǫƢLJ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƽȋơ
ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƧƢȈūơ Ŀ ǂƯƚȇ ȅǀdzơ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƭȁƾƷ ƪƦƯ ƾǫ ǾǻƗ
ǂºȇǂǬƫ ǁƢNjƗȁ .ƨǬȈǫƽ ƩơǁƢƦǠƥ ƢƆȈǸǯ ǽƾȇƾŢ ǺǰŻ Ń ǹƛȁ ŕƷ
ƪƯƾƷ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƟƢȇDŽȈǨdzơȁ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰdzơ ƩơŚȈǤƬdzơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƔơŐŬơ Ǫȇǂǧ
Ŀ ǂƯƚºƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬƸĄȇ ƩƢƥơǂǘǓơ ƤƦLjƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦǴdz
ǂƸƦdzơ ƩƢǬƦǗ ǦǴƬű Ŀ NJȈǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨȇȂǔǠdzơ ƩƢǼƟƢǰdzơ
ƨdzƽȋơ ȄǴǟ ƩƾǸƬǟơ Ŗdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǸǰƷȁ .ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂƸƦdzơ ǝƢǫ Ŀȁ
ƢºȀȈdzƛ ơȂǴºǏȂƫ Ŗºdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ ƾȇƚƫ Ń ǹƛȁ ƔơŐŬơ ƢȀǷƾǫ Ŗdzơ
Ŀ ǦǐºǼŭơ ǂȇƾǬƬdzơ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ
ƱƢȀƬǻƢƥ ƶǸLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ŅƢǘȇȍơ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ÎÏÏÓ ƧƽƢŭơ ǁƢǗƛ
ƢƆȈǸǯ ơƆƾȇƾŢ ǁǂǔdzơ ƾȇƾŢ ƢȀȈǧ ǺǰŻ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ Ŀ ƲȀǼdzơ ơǀǿ
ńƛ ǁȂºǷƗ ƨǴŦ Ŀ ƽƢǼƬLJȏƢƥ ǂȇƾǬƬdzơ ȅǂƳƗ ƾǫȁ .ƨǬȈǫƽ ƧǁȂǐƥ
Ȑ
Ɔ ºǏƢƷ ơƆǁǂǓ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƔơŐŬơ ƨdzƽƗ Ƣēǂǧȁ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ
ƨǸȈǬdzơȁ ƩǂďǷƽĄ Ŗdzơ ǭƢũȋơ ƨȈǸǯȁ ǂƸƦdzơ ǝƢǫ ƩƢƫƢƦǻȁ ƩƢǻơȂȈū
ƪǫȁ Ŀ ƨǴǸŪƢƥ ǞȈƦǴdz ƧǁƾǬǷ ƨǸȈǫ ńƛ ƨǔōǨű) ǮǸLjǴdz ƨȈǫȂLjdzơ
ƧŚdz ǹȂȈǴǷ Ï ÎÍÍ ǢǴƦǷ Ǟǧƾƥ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǸǰƸǧ .(ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ
.ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǯ ƨȈdzƢǘȇƛ
Ņȁƾºdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ǪǧơȂȇ Ń Haven ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀȁ -ÒÓÒ
ƨºƦdzƢǘǷ ȄǴǟ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz
ƨȈǔºǬdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀȁ .ȆƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ
ƨǯǂºNj ƢºȀǰǴŤȁ ǍŐǫ ǶǴǟ DzǸŢ Ŗdzơ Haven ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƪǫǂǣ
__________
:ǾǻƗ ǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơ ƨǸǰŰ ƩƗǁ (ÔÑÏ)
Ŗdzơ DZȂǏȋơ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǬƬLjǷȁ ƆơƾƷȂǷ Ȑ
Ɔ ǏƗ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ƤŸ"
ńƛ ƢǷȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƞǗơȂnjdzơ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǶȈǴǫȍơ) ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƢȀǼǷ ǦdzƘƬƫ
.ƨºȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǝƢǬǏȋơȁ ƨƸǐdzơȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ơǀǿ DzǸnjȇȁ (Ǯdzƿ
ǹƘºNj ǺǷȁ .ƨǟȂǸƴǸǴdz ƨǴưŲ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ȆǸƬǼȇ ƨƠȈƦdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơȁ
ǺºǰŻ ȏ Ŗºdzơȁ ƨȇƽƢŭơ Śǣ ǶȈǬdzƢƥ DzƼĄȇ ǹƗ ƨƠȈƦǴdz DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ǑƢǨŵơ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫȁ ǩȂLjdzơ ǁƢǠLJƗ ƤLjƷ DZƢŭƢƥ ƢȀǸȈȈǬƫ
ȄºǴǟ ƨºƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǺǰŻȁ .ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ
ȅƗǁ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬºLJơ ƨºǸǰƄơ ǽƽƾŢ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ ǥƢǐǻȍơ DžƢLJƗ
ȂºƸǼdzơ ȄºǴǟ ‘ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ‘ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǹƛȁ ... ƔơŐŬơ
DzǸƬnjºȇ Ȇǰdz ȆǨǰȇ ƢŠ ǞLJơȁ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ó ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ
."ǽȐǟƗ śƦŭơ ǝȂǼdzơ ǺǷ ƨƠȈƦǴdz DzǏƢūơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȄǴǟ
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÏÖ (FUND/EXC.30/2) ǥƢǼƠƬºLJȏơ ƨºǸǰŰ ǶǰƷ DŽƳȂǷ)
.(ÎÒ-Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÖÖÎ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ǹƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǜƷȏ ƨǠǸLjdzơ ǹơƾǬǨƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÒÔÍ
ǺºǰŻ Ŗºdzơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢĔƘnjƥ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǺǰŻ śǟƾŭơ
ǂǨLJƗ ƾǫ ƨǠǸLjdzơ ǹơƾǬǧ ǹƗ ǁƢȀǛƛ Ǿƥ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ ǁƾǬdzƢƥȁ ƢȀLJƢȈǫ
ƵƢȈLjºdzơ DzºǠŸ ƮºȈŞ ǹȂȈǷȂǰdzƢƥ Ǫū ƽƾŰ ǁǂǓ ƤȈƫǂƫ Ǻǟ
.Ǯºdzƿ ȏȂdz ǹȂƫƘȈLJ ơȂǻƢǯ Ǻȇǀdzơȁ ǵȁƾǬdzơ Ǻǟ ǹȂǸƴŹ ǺȇǂƟơDŽdzơȁ
Ǻǟ ƨȇƽǂǨdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ƾȇƾƸƬdzơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ǹƢǯ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ
ȆºǓơǁƗȁ ǶǟƢǘŭơȁ ǩƽƢǼǨdzơ ƢȀƬǷƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ Ȇǿȁ ǁơǂǓȋơ
.(ÔÑÑ)ƩƢǻȂȈǷȂǰdzơ Ŀ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ DZƢǸǟȋơȁ ƩƢǸȈƼŭơ
ƨºǸǰƄơ ƪºdzȁƢǼƫ ȆƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÒÔÎ
ƔơǂºƳ ǺºǷ ƨȇƾŭơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ƪǴƬƌǫ Ŗdzơ ǝơȂǻȋơ" ǶȈȈǬƫ DzǯƢnjǷ
ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢºƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ǽǀǿ" ǹƗ ńƛ ƩǁƢNjƗȁ "ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƣƢǰLjǻȏơ
ǵƾºǠdz ƢȀǼǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ȐƆ ǿƗ ƾǠĄƫ ȏȁ ǮdzƢǷ Ȑƥ ƔȆNj ƗƾƦŭ Ǟǔţ
(ÔÑÒ)
. "ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ǹƢȈǯ ȁƗ ǎƼNj ƽȂƳȁ
ǍƢǐºƬƻȏƢƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ǵƢºǰƷȋơ ƪǨǻƚƬLJơ ƢǷƾǼǟȁ -ÒÔÏ
ƩƾºǯƗ ƨǠƥƢLjºdzơ ƧǂƟơƾdzơ ǵƢǷƗ DZƢŷȍơ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ
Ƣđ ƪƦLjĄƬƷơ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƥƢLjūơ ƩƾǯƗ ƢǸǯ .ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǮǴƫ ƨǸǰƄơ
.ƨǴȈǴǫ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơ DZƢƷ ȅƗ ȄǴǟ ǭƢǼǿ ƪǻƢǯ ǾǻƗ ƾȈƥ .ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ
Ð,Ò Ȃǿ ƢƆȈǧƢǓƛ ƢƆǤǴƦǷ ǪƸƬLjƫ ƢLjǻǂǧ ǹƗ śƦƫ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟȁ
ǦȇǁƢǐºǷ ƨȈǘǤƬdz (ƧƾƟƢǨdzơ ƣƢLjƬƷơ DzƦǫ) ȆLjǻǂǧ Ǯǻǂǧ ǹȂȈǴǷ
ƩơƔƢºǟƽȏơ ƣƢƸºǏƗ ǪƸƬºLJơ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ
ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÎÎ,Ö ƨƦLjǼƥ ǶǰūƢƥ ǪǘǼdzơ DzƦǫ ƨƦǯǂǷ ƧƾƟƢǧ ǹȂȈLjǻǂǨdzơ
ƪǔºǧĄǁȁ .ÎÖÕÍ ǂȇƢºǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Î ǺǷ ơƆǁƢƦƬǟơ ƨǼLJ Dzǯ
ňȂǻƢºǫ DŽǯǂǷ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǠdz ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǒǠƥ
ƩǂȀǛ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǘƥơǂdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ƣđ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz
.(ÔÑÓ)ƔƢǟƽơ ƨƦƷƢǐǯ
ƨºǻȂǼǠŭơ ƨȈǔǬdzơ Ŀȁ -ÒÔÐ
Matter of the People of Enewetak
ǁDŽŪ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ǵƢǷƗ ƪǓǂĄǟ Ŗdzơ
ńƛ ƧƽƢǟȍơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸȈǧ ǂǜǼǴdz ƨǏǂǨdzơ ƨƠȈȀǴdz ƪƸȈƫƌƗ DZƢNjǁƢǷ
ƧǁƢLjƼǴdz ƢƆǸƟȐǷ ƢƆƳȐǟ ƾǠĄƫ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ơƆƽȂƳȂǷ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǞǓȂdzơ
Ǻºǟ ƨºŦƢǼdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ ǭȂƬȇȂȈǻƛ ƧǂȇDŽƳ ƤǠNj ƢǿƾƦǰƫ Ŗdzơ
ƨƠȈŮơ ƪǸǰƷȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƢēǂƳƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ
:ŅƢºƬdzơ ȂºƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƵȐǏȍơȁ ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ ǦȇǁƢǐǷ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƘƥ
ƨºdzơǃȍ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ʃơǁȏȁƽ ǺǷ ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÏÏ,Ò
ǹȂºȈǴǷ ÐÎ,Ò žǵȂȈLJƢƫȂƦdzơ ƨŪƢǠŭ ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÒ,Ò žƨƥǂƬdzơ
ǦȈǜǼƬdz ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÍ ž(ǂŲ ƾȈƦǠƫ) ƨƥǂƬdzơ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬǴdz ǁȏȁƽ
__________
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÑÑ)
.ÐÖÑ-ÐÖÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÑÒ)
Amoco ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǺǷ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƣƢǰLjǻȍơ :ƨºǻȂǼǠŭơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ Ŀ (ÔÑÓ)
ǥƢǼƠƬºLJȏơ ƨǸǰŰ ÎÖÔÕ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÎÓ Ŀ ƢLjǻǂǧ ƞǗƢNj ƨdzƢƦǫ Cadiz
Federal Reporter, 2nd ed., vol. 954 ƨǠƥƢLjdzơ ƧǂƟơƾdzơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ
.(January–March 1992), p. 1279
230
ƧŚºdz ǁƢȈǴǷ ÑÍ ǢǴƦǷ Ǟǧƽ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǾȈǴǟ ǞǬƫ ȅǀdzơ
ƩƢǯǂºNjȁ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ǵƢǫ ȃȂǼƳ Ŀ ƨǸǰƄơ Ǿƥ ƪǸǰƷ ȅǀdzơ
ƨºƦŮơ DzȈƦºLJ ȄǴǟ ƧŚdz ǁƢȈǴǷ ÏÒ ÍÍÍ ǽǁơƾǬǷ ǢǴƦǷ Ǟǧƾƥ śǷƘƬdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƢēǂǫƗ Ŗdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ƢǸǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǁơǂǫƛ ǹȁƽ
.ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz
ȆƟƢǔǫ ǝơŗdz ƢƆǟȂǓȂǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ Amoco Cadiz ƨƯǁƢǯ ƪǻƢǯȁ -ÒÓÕ
ƪǸǘŢ ÎÖÔÕ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÎÓ ƵƢƦǏ ȆǨǧ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ
ƪƦǰLJȁ ƧƾȇƾNj ƨǨǏƢǟ ƤƦLjƥ Amoco Cadiz ƨǫȐǸǠdzơ ǖǨǼdzơ ƨǴǫƢǻ
ƞǗƢºNj ƨdzƢƦǫ ǵƢŬơ ǖǨǼdzơ ǺǷ ƢƆǼǗ ÏÏÍ ÍÍÍ ƨǤdzƢƦdzơ ƢȀƬdzȂŧ ǶǜǠǷ
Ȑ
Ɔ ȈºǷ ÎÕÍ ŅơȂºŞ ǁǂǔdzơ ǖǨǼdzơ ƣƢǰLjǻơ ǪūƗȁ .ƢLjǻǂǨƥ ňƢƬȇǂƥ
ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƤdzƢƸǘdzơ ǞǫơȂǷȁ ǞǫơȂǬdzơȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾƟƢǐǷ ǂǷƽȁ DzƷƢLjdzơ ǺǷ
ÎÍ ÍÍÍ ƢŮǀºƥ Ŗºdzơ ƽȂȀŪơ Ƕǣǁ ǵƢǸƸƬLJȏơ ƞǗơȂNj Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ
.ƞǗơȂnjºdzơ ǦȈǜǼƫ DzƳƗ ǺǷ Ƕǿǂnjǻ Ļ Ǻȇǀdzơ śȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƽȂǼŪơ ǺǷ
ƢºȀȈǧ ƪǯǁƢºNjȁ ǂȀNjƗ Ó ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƪǫǂǤƬLJơȁ
Ŀ ƪºǠǫȁ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǹƗ Ƕǣǁȁ .ƾǴƦdzơ ƔƢŴƗ ǞȈŦ ǺǷ ƽǁơȂǷȁ ƩơƾǠǷ
Ŀ ǒȇȂºǠƬǴdz ƩƢƦǴǗ ơȂǷƾǫ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ǹƜǧ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ǽƢȈŭơ
ƨºȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ ǪȈƦǘƫ ƤǼƴƬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪǠǧǁȁ .ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƽȂȈǫ ǺǷ ǾǼǸǔƬȇ ƢǷȁ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz
ȃȁƢǟƽ ƨȈLjǻǂǧ ƩƢǘƥơǁȁ ǹȂȈLjǻǂǧ DZƢǸǟƗ DZƢƳǁȁ ƽơǂǧƗȁ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ
Amoco ƨǯǂºNj Ȇºǿȁ Amoco Cadiz ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƨǰdzƢǷ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ƾǓ
ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ƾǓ Transport Company (“Amoco Transport”)
Ŀ Standard Oil Company (“Standard Oil”) ƨǯǂºNj Ȇºǿȁ ǵȋơ
Ŀ ǂǜǼdzƢƥ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ Ȇǿȁ) ȅȂǼȈdzƛ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƨǸǰŰ
ƨǯǂººNj ǹƗ ƨººǸǰƄơ ƩƾƳȁȁ .Standard Oil ƨǯǂNj ƨºȈǔǫ
Ȇũȏơ ǮdzƢŭơ ȃȂLJ ƪLjȈdzȁ ƨȇŚƦȈdz ƨǯǂNj Ȇǿ Amoco Transport
Ŀ ƨºǸǰƸƬŭơ Ȇǿ Standard Oil ƨǯǂNj ǹƗȁ Amoco Cadiz ƨǼȈǨLjǴdz
ƨǼȈǨLjºdzơ ƪºǴǷƢǟȁ ƨºǴǫƢǼdzơ Ƨǁơƽƛȁ DzȈǤnjºƫȁ ƾȈȈnjƫȁ ǶȈǸǐƫ
ƨǯǂNj ǹƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩƾƳȁȁ .Standard Oil ƨǯǂnjdz ƨǯȂǴŲ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ
Ŀ DZƢºŷȎdz ƨƴȈƬǻ DzǏƢūơ ǁǂºǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚºLjǷ Standard Oil
ƨºǸǰƄơ ƩǂǷƗ ÎÖÕÕ ǵƢǟ Ŀȁ .ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƢȀƬǯǂNj ȄǴǟ ǥơǂNjȍơ
ǺǷ ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÕÒ,Ï ǢǴƦǷ Ǟǧƾƥ AÊmoco Oil Corporation ƨǯǂNj
ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÑÒ - ƩƢǷơǂǣ DzǰNj Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ʃơǁȏȁƽ
.ƧƾƟƢǨǯ ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÐÖȁ ƣƢǰLjǻȏơ ǦȈǜǼƫ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ƨȈǘǤƬdz
Śºǣ ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ Ƕǰūơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǔǧǁȁ -ÒÓÖ
ƨǠǸLjºdzơ ǹơƾºǬǨƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ƪǔǧǁ ƾǬǧ ơǀdzȁ .ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ
Ń ǹȂȈǷȂǰdzơ ǹƗ ȆǬȈǬūơ ǺǷ" ǾǻƗ ƪǜƷȏȁ .ȆƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ ǁǂǔdzơȁ
ƢȀǷƾƼƬLjºȇ Ȇǰdz ƨǨȈǜǻ ƞǗơȂNj ǂǧȂȇ ǹƗ ǺǷDŽdzơ ǺǷ ƧǂƬǨdz ǞǘƬLjȇ
ǁǂƸƬdzơȁ ƽƢƬǠŭƢǯ ƔȁƾŮơȁ ǵȐLjdzƢƥ ƨǜǧƢƄơ ǞǘƬLjȇ Ńȁ ǽȂǼǗơȂǷ
ƽȂºȀƳ ǹȁƾºƥ ǾºƬdzƢƷ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǸǯ ƨǨȈưǰdzơ ǁȁǂŭơ ƨǯǂƷ ǺǷ
ǹơƾºǬǨƥ ƩƢǻȂȈǷȂǰdzơ ƔƢǟƽƗ" ǹƗ ńƛ ƪǐǴƻ ƢĔƗ ƾȈƥ "ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ
.(ÔÑÐ)"ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǽƾȇƚȇ ȅǀdzơ ƔƢǟƽȏƢƥ džȈdz ǞƬǸƬdzơ
__________
.ÐÖÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Maffei (ÔÑÐ)
231 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ŚȇƢǠŭơȁ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǒǠƥ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơȁ ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơȁ ƨºȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DzǷƢnjdzơ
Ŗºdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ƨȈdzƢūơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ" ƪǬċƦǗȁ
Dzºƻơƽ Ŀ ǪºċƦǘĄƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ȃdz ƢǸǯ ǭȂƬȇȂȈǻȍ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǪƦǘǼƫ
.(ÔÒÎ)"ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ǑǂǠƬdz ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƔơŐŬơ ƧƽƢȀNj ƩǁƢNjƗȁ -ÒÔÔ
ǹƢºǯȁ .ȆǴƄơ ǵƢǠǘdzơ DZȁƢǼƫ Ŀ DzưǸƬȇ ǝƢǠNjȎdz ǭȂƬȇȂȈǻƛ ǹƢǰLJ
ƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ ƧǂȇDŽŪơ ƨƥǂƫ ǹȋ ǍȂǐŬơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǸȀǷ ơƆǂǷƗ ơǀǿ
ńƛ ƨǠďnjºŭơ ƩơƾºȇȂǼdzơ ǒǠƥ ǺǷ ƧŚƦǯ ƨǟǂƳ DZȂǏȂƥ ƪƸũ
ƨǠnjŭơ ƧƾȇȂǼdzơ Ȇǿ ÎÐÔ ǵȂȇDŽȈLjdzơ ƧƽƢǷ ƪǻƢǯȁ .ƨȈǴƄơ ƩƢƫƢƦǼdzơ
ȅǁƢºȈǠǷ ĺȂºLJƢƷ DzȈǴŢ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJƢǧ .ǪǴǬdzơ Śưƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ
ƨºƥǂƬdzơ Ŀ ǵȂȇDŽȈLjºdzơ DŽǯǂƫ ȅƽƚȇ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ǿƥ ƪǷƢǫ
Ŀ ƢŠ) ƤǠǰŭơ ǵơǂǤdzơ Ŀ ȅǁȂǯ ȂǰȈƥ Í,ÐÒ ńƛ Í,ÐÏ ƨƦLjǼƥ
ʼnŚǴȈºǷ ÎÒ DZƽƢǠƫ ƨȇȂǼLJ ƨdzƢǠǧ ƨǟǂƳ ńƛ (ƨȈƦǻƢŪơ ƨƦLjǼdzơ Ǯdzƿ
.ƨȈǴŰ ƨƦƳȂdzơ ǹƗ ǑơǂƬǧơ ȄǴǟ
ƨºȈǴŰ ƨƦƳȂdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƶƳǂŭơ ǺǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǾǻƗ Ƕǣǁȁ -ÒÔÕ
ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƩƗǁ ƾǬǧ ǖǬǧ ƨǐdzƢƻ
ǁȂưǠdzơ Ȃǿ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ ƤLJƢǼŭơ ǑơǂƬǧȏơ ǹƗ DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽŪ
ƩǂǨLJƗȁ . (ÔÒÏ)"ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƨǟǂƳ Ȅǐǫȋ ǑǂǠƫ ȅǀdzơ ƽǂǨdzơ" ȄǴǟ
Ŀ ƢºǸđ ǝȐǘǓȏơ Ļ ƔơŐƼǴdz ǺȇǂȇǂǬƫ Ŀ Ʃƽǁȁ Ŗdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ
ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǑơǂƬǧƢƦǧ :DŽȈǯǂƬdzơ ƩƢȇȂƬLjǷ Ŀ ƨǨȈǨǗ ƢƆǫȁǂǧ ǭȂƬȇȂȈǻƛ
ƪºǻƢǯ ǵȂȇDŽȈLjºdzơ DŽºȈǯǂƫ ƨƦLjǻ ǹƗ ǂȇǂǬƫ ǂȀǛƗ ƨȈǴŰ ƨƦƳȂdzơ
ƢƆºǼǿǁ) ƤºǠǰŭơ ǵơǂǤdzơ Ŀ ȅǁȂǯ ȂǰȈƥ Í,ÏÔÑ ńƛ Í,ÏÑÔ
ƨȈƦǻƢŪơ ƨƦLjǼdzơ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ƢŠ (ǑǂǠƬdzơ ƾȇƾƸƬdz ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ƨȈƴȀǼŭƢƥ
Ŀ ʼnŚǴȈǷ ÎÒ ƢǿǁơƾǬǷ ǑǂǠƫ ƨƴȈƬǻ Ǻǟ ǂǨLjȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơȁ
ǑǂºǠƫ ƨƦLjǼƥȁ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƨǟǂƳ Ȅǐǫȋ ǑǂǠƫ ȅǀdzơ ƽǂǨǴdz ƨǼLjdzơ
Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǔŭơ ƤǠǰŭơ ǵơǂǤǴdz ȅǁȂǯ ȂǰȈƥ Í,ÍÕ ǢǴƦƫ ƨȈƦǻƢƳ
ȅǁȂºǯ ȂºǰȈƥ Í,ÐÒÑȁ Í,ÐÏÔ śƥ ƨǟǂŪơ ǁơƾǬǷ ƵȁơǂƬȈǧ
ȂǰȈƥ Í,ÐÒ ƥ DŽȈǯǂƬdzơ ƨƦLjǻ ǂƻȉơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ƽƾƷȁ .ƤǠǰŭơ ǵơǂǤǴdz
Ŀ ʼnŚǴȈºǷ ÎÒ ƨƦLjǼƥ ǑǂǠƫ ńƛ ȅƽƚƫ ƤǠǰŭơ ǵơǂǤǴdz ȅǁȂǯ
.ƨǐdzƢƻ ƨȈǴŰ ƨƦƳȁ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ ƨǼLjdzơ
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ƩƢȇȂƬLjǷ ƾȇƾŢ" ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨdzƢǯȁ ƤLjŞȁ .ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÒÎ)
ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơȁ ƨºȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬºLJȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DzǷƢnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ DzǛ Ŀ ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ
:"ȆǟƢǠNjƛ ƭȂǴƫ ƢȀȈǧ Ŗdzơ ǞǫơȂǸǴdz ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ
Ñ-ÎÍ ƾºǼǟ ǂǘŬơ ȃȂƬLjǷ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ ǪǬŹ ǹƗ śǠƬȇ"
ȄǐºǫƗ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬºLJơ ǹƢǗǂLjdzƢƥ ƨƥƢǏȎdz ǂǘƼǴdz ǩƢǘǼǯ Ó-ÎÍ ńƛ
ǹƗ ȆºǤƦǼȇ ǞǫȂŭơ Ŀ ƨǟǂŪơ ǶȈȈǬƫ ȃǂƳ ơƿƛȁ ... ƽǂǨǴdz DZȂǬǠǷ ǑǂǠƫ
ƨdzƽƢǠǷ (ƨǼLjdzơ/ʼnŚǴȈǷ) ƨǼLjdzơ Ŀ ʼnŚǴȈǷ ÎÒ ƢǿǁơƾǬǷ Ŗdzơ ƨǟǂŪơ ǹȂǰƫ
ƨǟǂƴǴdz Ȅǐǫȋơ ƾūơ Ȃǿ ơǀǿ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ śǠƬȇȁ ƨdzƢǠǨdzơ ƨǟǂƴǴdz
."ǂnjƦǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
.(ÎÏÏÎ-ÎÏÏÍ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
.ÎÏÏÎ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÒÏ)
ÎÔ,Ôȁ žƶLjºŭơ DZƢǸǟȋ ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ Ñ,ÒÎ žǵȂȈǻȂƫȂǴƦdzơ ǁƢƯƕ
.ƢȀǟơǁDŽƬLJơ ƧƽƢǟƛȁ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ƵȐǏȍ ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ
ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƪǓǂǠƬLJơȁ -ÒÔÑ
ǞƟƢºǫȂdzơ ǂȇǂǬƫ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǺǷ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƔơDŽƳȋơ ȏƆ ȁƗ DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽŪ
(Ɨ)(Î)ÖÏÖ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ (ƨºȈǻƢưdzơ) ŚǤdzƢƥ ƧǁƢǔdzơ DZƢǠǧȋƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
Ǒǁȋơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ŁƢǏ Ŀ ƨǠǼǬǷ ƨȈǐƼNj ƢƆƥƢƦLJƗ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƘƥ ƪǔǫȁ
ƨȈǫȂLjºdzơ ƨǸȈǬdzơ ǎǫƢǼƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ
ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ ǾǻƜǧ DZȁȋơ ǵƢǬŭơ ȆǨǧ :ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ƢƆƦLJƢǼǷ ơƆŚƥƾƫ ŐƬǠĄȇ ȏ
ƨǨǐºƥ ǭȂƬȇȂȈǻƛ ƧǂȇDŽƳ ǹƢǰLJȁ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽƳ ǹƢǰLjdz"
ǾºƬȇȂǿ ǺºǷȁ ƽǂºǨdzơ ƨȈǐƼNj ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ Ǒǁȋơ ŐƬǠĄƫ ƨǏƢƻ
ǶȀƬǻȂǼȈǰƥ ǍƢƼNjȋơ DžƢLjƷƛ ǺǷ ƗDŽƴƬȇ ȏ ƔDŽƳ Ȇǿȁ .ƨǴǷƢǰdzơ
ƨºǧƢǬƯ ǺǷ ƔDŽƳ ƢĔƗ ƢǸǯ ŘǠǷ ƢŮ ǶēƢȈƷ ǹƗ ǦȈǯȁ ŃƢǠdzơ Ŀ
ǵƗ ȆǐºƼnjdzơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ƔơȂLJ Ǿƫơǀƥ Ɣǂŭơ DžƢLjƷƜǧ .ƨǼȈǠǷ
ȄǴǟ Ǒǁȋơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǠǘǫ Ŀ ƨǬȈǸǟ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨƼLJơǁ ĿƢǬưdzơ
ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǼȈƦƫ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .(ÔÑÔ)"ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨȈǻƢƳǂǷ ƧǂȇDŽƳ
ǶȀǓǁƗ ǩȂǬƷ ǹȂǠȈƦȇ ȏ ƨȇƾȈǴǬƫ ƧǁȂǐƥ DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽƳ ŅƢǿƗ ǹƗ
ǹƗ ƩƾºƳȁ ƾǬǧ Ľ ǺǷȁ .ƾdzȂŭơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǹȂǴǐŹ Ŗdzơ
ƮºȈƷ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǾǬȈƦǘƫ ǺǰŻ ƨǸȈǬdzơ ǎǫƢǼƬƥ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǂǧȂƬdz ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǵȂLJǁ ƢȀǼǷ ǎǴƼƬLjĄȇ ǩȂLJ ƾƳȂƫ ȏ
ƲĔ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǶȈȈǬƬdz ƨǻǁƢǬǸǴdz ƨǴƥƢǫ ƢƆǸȈǫ
ǾȈǧ DZƢů ȏ ƮȈƷ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƨȈǘǤƬdz ƢƆȈǬȈǬƷ ơƆŚƥƾƫ ǂŏǧȂȇ Ǻdz ǩȂLjdzơ
ǹƢǰºLJ ȃƾºdz ƧƽȂºƳȂŭơ ƨǬȈǸǠdzơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ƣƢƦLJȋơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏ
.(ÔÑÕ)DzƦǫ ǺǷ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ǶȀȈǓơǁƗ ƧƽƢǟȍ ǭȂƬȇȂȈǻƛ
ȅƗ Ŀ ƔƾºƦdzơ ƾºǼǟ" ǹƗ ȄºǴǟ ǪƦǘǼŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǎǼȇȁ -ÒÔÒ
ǁDŽºƳ śǻơȂǫ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨƠȈŮ ǃȂŸ ňȂǻƢǫ ǝȂǓȂǷ
Ŀȁ Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ DZƢNjǁƢǷ
ǝȂƳǂdzơ ƢŮ ǃȂŸ Ņȁƽ ǹȂǻƢǫ ȁƗ ȆǴŰ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ ƨdzƢƷ
Ŀ ǂǷȋơ DZȁƗ ƨƠȈŮơ Ʃǂǜǻȁ .(ÔÑÖ)"ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ śǻơȂǫ ńƛ
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ ǦǫȂŠ ƪǴƦǫȁ .ǝƢǠNjȍơ ǦȈǜǼƫ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ƨdzƘLjǷ
:Ȃǿȁ ǪƦǘǼŭơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǁƢȈǠǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz
ǹƢǰLjdzơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ŚȇƢǠŭơȁ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȆLJƢLJƗ ƗƾƦǸǯ
ƨǠnjºŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ƣǂLjƫ ǺǷ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ƱǁƢƻ ǺȇƽȂƳȂŭơ ǝƢǠNjȍơ ǺǷ
ƭƾƷ ȅǀdzơ ƾǴƦdzơ Dzƻơƽ Ŀ ǹƢǰLjdzơ Ƣđ ǞƬǸƬȇ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫ Ǻǟ ƨǷơǂǏ DzǬƫ ȏ
.(ÔÒÍ)ƣǂLjƬdzơ ǾǼǷ
ƩƢǔºȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƩƾƳȁ ƾǬǧ Ľ ǺǷȁ -ÒÔÓ
ńƛ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƧƽƢǟƜƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀȇƗǂdz ƆơƾȈȇƘƫ DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽŪ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǸǜǻƗ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzƢƥ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ
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.ÎÏÎÖ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÓÍÐ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) ILM (ÔÑÔ)
.ÎÏÏÍ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÑÕ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÑÖ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭ (ÔÒÍ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ƨƯȂǴŭơ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ǹƗ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǚƷȂdzȁ -ÒÕÐ
ǹƗ śƦºƫȁ ƆƢȈǴŰ ƢȀǼǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨǬǨǻ ǚđƗ ǹȂǰȈLJ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƾǫȁ .ƨǨǴǰƫ Dzǫȋơ ǁƢȈŬơ Ȃǿ ƨǴƸǔdzơ ƨȈǴƷƢLjdzơ ƧŚƸƦdzơ Ŀ ƢǿƔƢǬdzƛ
ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ DzǣơȂnjdzơ ƤƦLjƥ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷ Śƻȋơ ǁƢȈŬơ ǒǧĄǁ
.(ÔÒÒ)ǖȈƄơ Ŀ ƨǠnjŭơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ƔƢǬdzƜƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ǁDŽºŪ ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈŮ śƦƫȁ -ÒÕÑ
ǹƢǰLjºǴdz ƨǴǷƢǯ ƨȇƢŧ ǂǧȂȇ" ǂŲ ƾȈȈnjƬƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DzȇƾƦdzơ ǹƗ DZƢNjǁƢǷ
ƨºȇƾĐơ ƩơǁƢºȈŬƢƥ ƨǻǁƢǬǷ ǝƢǠNjȎdz ǑǂǠƬǴdz ǁǂǔdzơ ǂǗƢű ǺǷ
ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ƨǴȈLJȂdzơ ǹƗ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ǞǷȁ .(ÔÒÓ)"ƢƆȈǴŰ ƢȀǼǷ ǎǴƼƬǴdz ȃǂƻȋơ
ƪċǐºƬǷơ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƫƢƦǼdzơ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ǵƢǠǘdzơ DZȁƢǼƫ Ŀ DzưǸƬƫ ǑǂǠƬǴdz
ǺºǷ ƨºƯȂǴŭơ ƨƥǂƬdzơ Dzǐǧ ǾǼǰŻ ǂǸŭơ ǹƜǧ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨǠnjǷ ƽơȂǷ
ǑǂǠƬdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǰLjǴdz ƨȇƢǸūơ ǂǧȂȇ Ǯdzǀƥȁ ƆƢȈǟơǁǃ ƨƴƬǼŭơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ
ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬǴdz ƨȈdzƢǠǧ ǂưǯȋơ DzȇƾƦdzơ Ȃǿ ǂǸŭơ ǁƢȈƻ ǹƗ śƦƫȁ .ƢŮ
.ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÐÎ,Ò ǢǴƦƫ ƨǨǴǰƬƥȁ ƨƯȂǴŭơ ƨƥǂƬdzơ
ƧǂȇDŽƳ ȄǴǟ ǞǫȂǷ Ŀ ƨƯȂǴŭơ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ǁƢȈƻ ǖǬLJƌƗȁ -ÒÕÒ
ƾƳȂȇ Ń ƢǸǯ ǞǫȂǷ ȅƗ ƾȇƾŢ ǶƬȇ Ń Ǿǻȋ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ǺǷ ƨdzȂǿƘǷ Śǣ
ǽǀđ ƨƯȂǴŭơ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǾƬǬǧơȂǷ ȆǘǠȇ ǑǁȌdz ǮdzƢǷ ȅƗ
DzǔºǨŭơ ǁƢȈŬơ Ȃǿ Ǻǰȇ Ń ơǀǿ ǹƘƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨƠȈŮơ ƪǧǂƬǟơȁ .ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ
ǵƽǁ ǁƢºȈƻ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ǺǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨƠȈŮơ ƪǘǬLJƗ ƢǸǯ .ǭȂƬȇȂȈǻƛ ǹƢǰLjdz
DzǸǠdzơ ơǀǿ Dzưŭ ǪƥơȂLJ ǭƢǼǿ ƾƳȂƫ ƪǻƢǯ ǾǻƗ ǞǸǧ .ǹƢǯŐdzơ ƨǿȂǧ
Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .ȆǴƄơ ǞǸƬĐơ ƨȈƳƢƬǻƛ DŽȇDŽǠƫ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǾǻƜǧ
ǦǴǰȈºLJ ƔơǂºƳȍơ ơǀǿ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǯ ǑǂǤdzơ ơǀŮ ǞǫȂǷ ƾȇƾŢ ǶƬȇ Ń
.ǂǸŭơ ǁƢȈƻ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ (ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÕÑ,Ô) ƨǜǿƢƥ ƨǨǴǰƫ
ƨºƠȈǿ ƪºǜƷȏ (Runit) ƪºȈǻȁǁ ƧǂȇDŽŝ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÒÕÓ
ǵȂȈǻȂƫȂǴƥ ƽȂƳȁ DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽŪ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ
ƨdzȂƦǬŭơ ƽȁƾūơ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ǝƢǠNjȍơ ƩƢȇȂƬLjǷ ƪǻƢǯȁ .ȆǬƦƬǷ ÏÐÖ
ǹƗ ƨƠȈŮơ ƪǜƷȏȁ .ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ Ǻǟ ƢƆȈƸǏ ƨdzȁDŽǠǷ ƧǂȇDŽŪơ ƪǴǛȁ
ƨƥơƿƛȁ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ǃǂǧ DzƟƢLJȁ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƢƆȇƾů ŐƬǠĄȇ ǵȂȈǻȂƫȂǴƦdzơ ǦȈǜǼƫ
ƪºǸǰƷȁ .ǾºǼǷ ǎǴƼƬºdzơȁ ǵȂȈǻȂƫȂǴƦdzơ DzǐǨdz ƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ ƨƥǂƬdzơ
.(ÔÒÔ)Ǒơǂǣȋơ ǽǀŮ ǁȏȁƽ śȇȐǷ ÎÍ ǢǴƦŠ
ƢȀǼǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơȁ ƨƯȂǴŭơ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ƨdzơǃƛ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ -ÒÕÔ
ǺƠºdzȁ .ƨºƴƬǼŭơ ƢȀƬdzƢƷ ńƛ ȆǓơǁȋơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ƧǁȁǂǓ ƨƠȈŮơ Ʃǁǂǫ
ǺºǷ ǞƊǧǂĄƬLJ ƪǴȇǃƌƗ Ŗdzơ ƨƥǂƬdzơ DzŰ ƐDzƸ
Ą ƬLJ Ŗdzơ ǵƽǂdzơ DZƢǷǁ ƪǻƢǯ
ƨȇȂǔºǠdzơ ƽơȂºŭơ ȄǴǟ ȅȂƬŢ Ǻdz ƢĔƗ ȆƠƫǁơ ƾǬǧ ƨȈǴƷƢLjdzơ ƧŚƸƦdzơ
ƢȀǴȈǔºǨƫ Ǻºǟ ƨƠȈŮơ ƪƥǂǟƗȁ .ƢƆȈǟơǁǃ ƨƴƬǼǷ ƢȀǴǠš Ŗdzơ ƨȈǧƢǰdzơ
ƨƥǂƬdzơ ƽơŚƬLJơ Ŀ ƢŷƾƷƗ DzưǸƬȇȁ ƢǸȀȈǧ ǂǜǼdzơ ȃǂƳ śdzƢǸƬƷơ ƾƷȋ
DZȐºƻ ǺǷ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ƵȐǏƛ ƧƽƢǟƛ ȁƗ ƧǂȇDŽŪơ ƱǁƢƻ ǺǷ ƨȈƸǘLjdzơ
:ƢǸȀǼǷ Śƻȋơ DZƢǸƬƷȏơ ƨƠȈŮơ ƪǴċǔǧ ƾǫȁ ƨȈǟơǁDŽdzơ DzƟƢLJȂdzơ
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.ÎÏÏÐ-ÎÏÏÏ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÒÒ)
.ÎÏÏÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÒÓ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÒÔ)
232
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢēƢǿȂȇǁƢǼȈLJ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƩƾǟƗ ƾǬǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟȁ -ÒÔÖ
ƤȈdzƢLJȋơ ƪǴſȁ .DŽȈǯǂƬdzơ ǺǷ ǥƾŮơ ơǀǿ ƨǷƾƼƬLjǷ ƵȐǏȍƢƥ
ƨºƥǂƬdzơ ńƛ ǵȂȈºLJƢƫȂƦdzơ ƨǧƢºǓƛȁ ƨƯȂǴŭơ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ƨdzơǃƛ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ
ƨǘºLJơȂƥ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ƵȐǏƛȁ ǵȂȇDŽȈLjǴdz ƩƢƦǼdzơ ǍƢǐƬǷơ ǒȈǨƼƬdz
ƩƢºƯȂǴŭơ ǺºǷ ƨºƥǂƬdzơ ƾºȇǂƴƬdz ƩƢƫƢƦǼdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ) ƩƢƫƢƦǼdzơ
ƢºȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƫ ŐƬǠĄƫ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟȁ .(ƨȈǟƢǠNjȍơ
Ŀ ƩƢƫƢƦǼdzơ ǺǷ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ǎȈǴţ ƨȈdzƢǠǧ ǶȈȈǬƫ ǺǰŻ ǶǴǧ Ƨƾǟơȁ ƨȈǷƢǻ
.ƢƆǫȂƯȂǷ ƢƆǸȈȈǬƫ ƨȈǻƢƳǂǷ ƧǂȇDŽƳ Ȇǿȁ ǭȂƬȇȂȈǻƛ
ƨǧƢºǓƛ ƧŚƦºǯ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ŐĄƬƻơ ƾǬǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ -ÒÕÍ
ƢȀǼǷ ÎÐÔ ǵȂȇDŽȈLjǴdz ƩƢƫƢƦǼdzơ ǍƢǐƬǷơ ǞǼŭ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ńƛ ǵȂȈLJƢƫȂƦdzơ
ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ÎÍ ǽǁơƾǬǷ DzǷƢǠƥ ǍƢǐƬǷȏơ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ DzǴǬĄȇ ǾǻƗ śƦƫȁ
ƧȁȐºǟȁ .Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ŐǯƗ DŽȈǯǂƬdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǾƬȈdzƢǠǧ ǵƾǟ śƦƫ
.ƨƥǂƬdzơ "ǦȈǜǼƫ" ǹȁƽ ǍƢǐƬǷȏơ ǞǼŻ ǵȂȈLJƢƫȂƦdzƢǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ
ƪǷƾƼĄƬLJơ ƾǫȁ ƨƥǂů ƢȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƫ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ƨdzơǃƛ ƩŐƬǟơ ƾǬǧ
ȄǴǟ ƩȂǘǻơ ƢĔƗ ƾȈƥ ƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ ƧǂȇDŽŪơ ǦȈǜǼƫ ƽȂȀƳ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ DzƦǫ
Ǻºǟ ǂǨºLJƗ ƢŲ ŚƦǯ Dzǰnjƥ ƨƯȂǴŭơ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơȁ ǂǨƷ
.ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ǺǷ ƨȈƸǘLjdzơ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ƨdzơǃƛ ƤƦLjƥ ȆƳȂdzȂǰȇƛ ƣơǂǘǓơ
.ƨǨǴǰǷ ƪǻƢǯ ƢĔƗ ƢǸǯ
ǁDŽºŪ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ Ʃǁǂǫȁ -ÒÕÎ
ǦºȈǨƼƬdzơȁ ƨºȇƢǸūơ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ ǭǂƬnjǷ DzŞ ƔƾƦdzơ DZƢNjǁƢǷ
ǹȂºȈǴǷ ÏÏ ǢǴƦǷ Ǟǧƾƥ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩǂǷƗ ƾǬǧ Ľ ǺǷȁ .ƨƥǂƬdzơ ƨdzơǃƛȁ
ǵȂȈLJƢƫȂƦdzƢƥ ƨŪƢǠǸǴdz ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÒ,Òȁ žƨƥǂƬdzơ ƨdzơǃȍ ǁȏȁƽ
ƨǸȈǴLJ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨƥǂƬdzơ Ƨǁơƽȍ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨǼLJ ÎÍÍ Ƨƾŭ
ƽȂȀŪ ƢƆǸǟƽ ƢƆȈǟƢǠNjƛ ƶLjŭơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ƔơǂƳȍ ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ Ñ,ÒÎ
:ǽǀǿ ƶLjŭơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ƪǴſȁ .(ÔÒÐ)ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ
DzºȈǴŢȁ ƨºȈǻơƾȈǷ DžƢºȈǫ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ǺǷ ǦdzƘƬȇ ǎƟƢǐŬơ ǦǏȂdz ƶLjǷ
ƢºŠ ǾƬǠȈƦǗȁ ƭȂǴƬǴdz ǕȂƦǔŭơ ǞǓȂŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ŚǧȂƬdz ... ȅŐƬű
ƶLjºǷ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǀȈǨǼƫ ȅǂŸȁ .ƨȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ƩƢȇȂƬLjŭ DZƢưƬǷȏƢƥ ƶǸLjȇ
ƪºǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ ƽȂȀƳ Ƕǟƽ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ... ƨȈƷȐǏȍơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ Ƕǟƾdz
Ŗdzơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǹƢǸǔdz ƶLjŠ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ơƆŚƻƗȁ .ƢǿǀȈǨǼƫ ǾȈǧ ȅǂŸ ȅǀdzơ
.(ÔÒÑ)ƨǷǃȐdzơ ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ ƩƢȇȂƬLjǷ ƪǧȂƬLJơ ƾǫ ƵȐǏȎdz ƪǠǔƻ
ƪºǷƢǫ ƢȀǼǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơȁ ƨƯȂǴŭơ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ƨdzơǃƜƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÒÕÏ
DzºȈǴƸƬƥ DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽŪ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ
Ŀ ƢºȀƟƢǬdzƛ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƢȀƬưŞ Ŗdzơ ƩơǁƢȈŬơ ǦǴƬű
Ŀ (ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ƪȈƦưƫ ǹȁƽ) ƢȀǼǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ȁƗ ǖȈƄơ Ŀ ȁƗ ƲȈǴŬơ
ƨƯȂǴŭơ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ȁƗ ƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ ǁDŽŪơ Ŀ ƨdzȂǿƘǷ Śǣ ƧǂȇDŽƳ
ǵƽǁ ȁƗ ǂºǸŭơ ƾȈƦǠƫȁ ƨȈǓǁȋơ ƨǴƬǰdzơ ǞȈLJȂƬdz ǵƽǂdzơ DZƢǸǟƗ Ŀ
.ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơȁ śǯơŐdzơ ƩƢǿȂǧ
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.ÎÏÏÏ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÒÐ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÒÑ)
233 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƩƢºƦdzƢǘŭơȁ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ Dzǯ ƢȈǤdzƗ ȁƗ śǧǂǘdzơ Ȑǯ ȄƐǴţ ơƿƛ
ƨȇȂLjºƫ ǹƗ ńƛ Ǿºƫơƿ ƪºǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƨºǸǰƄơ ƩǁƢNjƗȁ .ƧƽƢǔŭơ
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ Ǻǟ ǦǴƬţ ƾȈȈnjƬdzơ DZƢǸǟƘƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢƥƢLjūơ
.ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ǭȂǰǐdzơȁ ÎÖÔÔ ǵƢǟ ƧƾǿƢǠŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƢȀǸLjƷ ƤŸȁ
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ DZƢǰNjƗ -Ï
ȅǀºdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƗ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ ǺǷ śĈƦƬȇ -ÒÖÎ
Dzºƻơƽ ȅǂš ƨǘnjǻƗ DZȁƾǴdz ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ƽȁƾƷ ƱǁƢƻ ǾƦƦLjƫ
Ŀ ƢǷƛ ǞǧƾĄȇ ƢēǂǘȈLJ ƪŢ ȁƗ DZȁƾdzơ ǮǴƬdz ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ƽȁƾƷ
ƨȇȂLjºƫ ƢºŮ ŘLjƬȇ Ȇǰdz ƧǁǂǔƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ńƛ ŅƢŦƛ ǢǴƦǷ DzǰNj
ƩƢºƦdzƢǘŭơ ƣƢƸºǏƗ ńƛ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ȁƗ ƨȇƽǂǨdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ
ƨȀȈƦNj DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ Ŀ ƧƾƟƢLjdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ DZƢǰNjƗȁ .ƨȇƽǂǨdzơ
ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǒǠƥ ǹƛ Dzƥ .ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ śǻơȂǬdzơ Ŀ ǾdzƢǰNjƘƥ
Ŀȁ .ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ ƨdzƘLjºǷ ǶǜǼºƫ Ŗdzơ Ȇǿ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ǹƗ
ƩƢǷȂǰūơ ȄǠLjƫ ƢƆȇƾǬǻ ƢȀȈǧ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǒȇȂǠƫ ǹȂǰȇ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ
.ƨdzȂȀLjƥ DzȇȂƸƬǴdz ƨǴƥƢǫ ƩȐǸǟ ǁƢȈƬƻơ ńƛ ǵƢǟ ǾƳȂƥ
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ (Ɨ)
ƩƢºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ DZƢǰNjƗ ńƛ ƩơǁƢNjƛ ƽȁǁȁ Ƕǣǁ -ÒÖÏ
ȅȂºǘǼƫȁ .DzȈǐǨƬdzơ ǺǷ Śưǰƥ ƽǂƫ ȏ ƢĔƗ ȏƛ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ
ƧƾºƟƢǧ Ʃơƿ ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ ǵƢǰƷƗ DzǠŪ ƩȏȁƢŰ ȄǴǟ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ƣđ Ǟǧƾȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǴǸǠdzơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ǁǂǔƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂǸƦǧ .ȃǂƻƗ ńƛ ƨdzȁƽ ǺǷ ǾƫƢǟȂǧƾǷ DzȇȂŢ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛȁ
ǽơƾºǷȁ ǾǴǰNjȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨǠȈƦǗ Ǟǔţ ƆȐưǷ ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ
Ǯºdzƿ ȄºǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz DZƽƢǠdzơ ǾǠȇǃȂƫ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ
śºƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǂūơ DzȇȂƸƬǴdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƘƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ȆǔǬƫ
ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢºǠdz džȇǁƢºƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǸǔƬƫȁ .(ÔÓÎ)ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ
ǢdzƢºƦŭơ DzȇȂŢ ǃơȂƳ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzǀǯ ǎǼƫ ȆȀǧ .(ÔÓÏ)ƨǴƯƢŲ ƢƆǷƢǰƷƗ
ǵƢºǫǁƘƥ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨǴǸǠdzơ ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ Ô ƧƽƢŭơ ƢŮȁƢǼƬƫ Ŗdzơ
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:ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÔÓÎ)
...Ô ƧƽƢŭơ"
Ŀ ƨºǸǰŰ Ƣºđ ǶǰŢ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ȁƗ ƧƾƟƢǧ ƨȇƗ ŐƬǠƫ ȏ (ǃ)"
Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƢƆǔȇȂǠƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ȄǔƬǬŠ ǵƢǬƫ Ŗdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȃȁƢǟƽ
ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ DzǤnjŭơ DzƦǫ ǺǷ Ǟǧƾdzơ ƨƦƳơȁ ǹȂǰƫ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ
."ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀŮ ƢƆǬǧȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǾǠǧƽ ƤƫǂƬȇ ǢǴƦǷ ȅƗ
ǽǀǿ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ǽơƾǷȁ ǾǴǰNjȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨǠȈƦǗ Ǟǔţ -ÎÎ ƧƽƢŭơ"
.řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz DZƽƢǠdzơ ǾǠȇǃȂƫ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ǽǀǿ ȄǔƬǬŠ ǾǠǧƽ ƤƳȂƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹȂǰȇ -ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơ"
śǷƘƬǯ ƨǷƾǬŭơ DZơȂǷȋơȁ śǷƘƬdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛȁ śǷƘƬdzơ ǕƢLjǫƗȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ÎÍ ƧƽƢºǸǴdz ƢƆºǬǧȁ ƤǴǘȇ ǂƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǓ ȅƗ ȁƗ śǷƘƫ ƧƽƢǟƛȁ
ǂºūơ DzȇȂƸƬǴdz ƨǴƥƢǫ (ǃ)Ô ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơȁ ƾƟơȂǨdzơȁ
."ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȌdz ƨȇƾǬǼdzơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ śƥ ƢǸȈǧ
.ÎÏȁ ÎÎȁ (Ƶ)Ô ƽơȂŭơ (ÔÓÏ)
ǵơƾƼƬºLJƢƥ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ DzƟƢLJȂdzơ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ƵȐǏƛ ƲȀǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƘNj ǺǷ
ƪºƥďǂƳĄ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈǴƄơ ƨǴǷƢǠdzơ ȃȂǬdzơȁ ȆǓơǁȋơ ǭȐĄǷ ǭơǂNjƛȁ ƨȈǴƄơ ƽǁơȂŭơ
ƲººȀǼdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƧƾºƷȂdzơ ƨºǨǴǰƫ ǁċƾǬƫȁ .ǭȂƬȇȂȈǻƛ Ŀ ... ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ ǽǀǿ
ǁƢƬǰȀǴdz ơƆǁȏȁƽ ÑÍÍÓÏ ǢǴƦŠ ƨǻǁƢǬǷ] ǁƢƬǰǿ Dzǰdz ǁȏȁƽ ÏÖ ÍÍÍ ǢǴƦŠ
ǂºǷȋơ ǹƘƥ ƨƠȈŮơ ǥơǂƬǟơ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ [ƱǁƢŬơ ǺǷ ƨȈƸǘLjdzơ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ƽơŚƬLJȏ
ȅǀdzơ ȃȂƬLjŭơ ńƛ ƢƆǷƢŤ Ǒǁȋơ ƵȐǏȍ ƢƆǷƢǟ ÒÍ ńƛ Dzǐȇ ƢǷ ǩǂǤƬLjȇ ƾǫ
DzǸnjºȇ ƽơŚƬLJȏơ ǁƢȈƻ Ǻǰȇ ǶǴǧ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .ƢƆȈƫơƿ ƨǷơƾƬLjǷ ƢȀǴǠŸ
ǪºǴǫ ǁƢƯ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .ƨȇƢǟǂdzơȁ ƨǻƢȈǐdzơ ȁƗ ƩƢƦǼƬLJȏơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ƨǨǴǰƫ
ƨºƦȇǂǣ ƩƢºƫƢƦǻ ȁƗ ƩƢºǧƕ DzƻƾĄƬLJ ƧƽǁȂƬLjŭơ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ǹƘnjƥ
.(ÔÒÕ)"ǭȂƬȇȂȈǻȍ ȆƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƤLJƢǼƫ ȏ
ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƢǔºȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjºƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƩƽƾƷȁ -ÒÕÕ
Ŀ ƢȀºƬǟơǁǃ ƧƽƢǟƛȁ ƨƥǂƬdzơ ƵȐǏƛ ƧƽƢǟƛ ƨǨǴǰƫ DZƢNjǁƢǷ ǁDŽŪ
ǾºƦǴǗ ƢǸƦLjºƷ ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂºȈǴǷ ÎÔ,Ô ǢǴƦŠ ƧǂƯƘƬŭơ ȆǓơǁȋơ
.(ÔÒÖ)ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƣƢƸǏƗ
Ŀ ǾȈǧ ǂǜǼdzơȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ǶƬƫ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀȁ -ÒÕÖ
.ǝơŗdzơ ǥơǂǗƗ śƥ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǶƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǴǷƢnjdzơ ƨȇȂLjƬdzơ ǁƢǗƛ
(ÔÓÍ)
DžȁǁƢºǸȈǣƢǻ - ȂǧȂǰȈnjƬƥƢǣ ǝȁǂnjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ȆǨǧ
ƲƟƢºƬǼdzơ ƾȇƾŢ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ŀ Ƣǿǂǜǻ ƾǼǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǹƜǧ
Ǟǧƾºƥ ǾƬǴºǏ ƮºȈƷ ǺºǷ ǾƫǁƾǏƗ ȅǀdzơ Ƕǰūơ ȄǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ
Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƾºǟơȂǫ ǺǷ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȄǴǟ ƩƾǯƗ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ
ȄºǴǟ DZȂǐºūơ ƢºŮ ǪŹ ƧǁǂǔƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹƗ ƢǿƽƢǨǷ ƨƼLJơǂdzơ
Ǻºǟ ƢƆºȈdzȁƽ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ ƪƦǰƫǁơ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ǒȇȂǠƫ
ƾºǫ śǧǂǘdzơ Ȑǯ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǐǴƻȁ .ǾƬƦċƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǮºǴƫ ǹƗ ƢƆǔºȇƗ ƪǜƷȏȁ ƆƢȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjǷ Śǣ ȏƆ ƢǠǧƗ ƢƦǰƫǁơ
ǹƢºǧǂǘdzơ Ǿdz ǑǂǠƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƭȁƾƷ ńƛ ƩċƽƗ ƾǫ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǻºǟ ƢƆǔȇȂǠƫ ǪƸƬLjƫ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJ ǹƘƥ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪǸǰƸǧ
DZƢǠǧƗ ǺǷ Ǿdz ƪǓǂǠƫ ƢǸǯ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƫ ǺǷ Ǿdz ƪǓǂǠƫ ȅǀdzơ
ǝȁǂnjºǷ Ŀ DZƢǸǟȋơ ǦǫȂƥ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ǁơǂǬdz ƨƴȈƬǻ Ȇǿ ƢȀƬƦǰƫǁơ
ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ DZƢǸǟȋơ ǽǀǿ Ǻǟ ȆǴƼƬdzơ Ľ Dunakilitiȁ Nagymaros
Ŀ ƨǫƢǘdzơ DzǸǠǷ DzȈǤnjƫ ŚƻƘƫ ƪƦċƦLJ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǮǴƫ ǹȋ ơƆǂǜǻ
Ɨƾºƥ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǾǴȈǤnjƫ ƨǬȇǂǗ Ŀ ƩơŚȈǤƫ ƭơƾƷƛ ńƛȁ Gabþikovo
ȅǀºdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƢƆǔȇȂǠƫ ƢȀƦǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ǪƸƬLjƫȁ .ǾǴȈǤnjƫ
ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƫ ǹȋ ơƆǂǜǻ ƣȂǻơƾdzơ ǂĔ DzȇȂƸƬdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƢđƢǏƗ
ƢƬǷǂƷ ƾǫ ƨǷƾŬơ Ŀ ǾƟƢǬƥƜƥ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȁ ‘Ʊ‘ ŚǤƬǸǴdz ƢȀǴȈǤnjƬƥ
ƢƬǷƢǫȁ ƨũƢǬƬƌŭơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƽǁơȂǷ ǺǷ ǾǬƸƬLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ƔDŽŪơ ǺǷ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ
.ƢǸȀƬǠǨǼŭ ƢƆLJƢLJƗ ƽǁơȂŭơ ǮǴƫ DZȐǤƬLJƢƥ
Ƣºđ ǵƢǫ ƨǴƻơƾƬǷ ƧǁƢǓ DZƢǠǧƗ ƽȂƳȂdz ơƆǂǜǼǧ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ -ÒÖÍ
ǝȂºǓȂǷ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƩǁƢNjƗ śǧǂǘdzơ Ȑǯ
ƨǴǷƢºNj ƨȇȂLjƫ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨȈǓǂǷ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǾǸLjƷ ǺǰŻ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ
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.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ(ÔÒÕ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ(ÔÒÖ)
ÕÎ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÐÖÎ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1997 (ÔÓÍ)
.ÎÒÑ-ÎÒÎ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Ȃǿ ǮǻǂǨdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƘƥ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ȆǴǤnjǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȆǔǬƫȁ -ÒÖÔ
ƢºĔƗ ƢǸǯ .ƤǿǀdzƢƥ ǾƬǸȈǫ ƽƾŢ Ȇǿȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ƣđ Ǟǧƾȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǴǸǠdzơ
ƩȐºǸǠdzơ ǺǷ Dzǯ ńƛ DZȂŢ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǢdzƢƦǷ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ
ńƛ ǢdzƢƦŭơ ǮǴƫ DzȇȂŢ ǹƗ ȄǴǟȁ ƶȈƸǏ ƽƾǟ ƣǂǫƗ ńƛ ƨƥǂǬǷ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ
.(ÔÓÓ)ƤǿǀdzƢƥ ƢȀƬǸȈǫ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ǶƬȇ Ƥǿǀdzơ Śǣ ƨȈǼǗȁ ƩȐǸǟ
DzºǬǼdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǎǼƫ Ǯdzǀǯ -ÒÖÕ
ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǃȂŸ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ ƨǠƬǷȋơȁ ƣƢǯǂdzơ
ơƿƛ ǾºǻƗ Śǣ .ŅƢŦƛ ǢǴƦǷ DzǰNj Ŀ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƶǼǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǁơǂǓƗ
Ƥºǯơǂdzơ ƤǴǗ ơƿƛ ȁƗ ƨȇȂǼLJ ǕƢLjǫƗ Ǟǧƾƥ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƶũ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǎǼƫȁ .Dzǰnjdzơ ơǀđ Ǟǧƾȇ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ǁǂǔƬŭơ
ǪºƸǴƫ Ŗºdzơ ǁơǂǓȌdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǽǀǿ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ DZƢǰNjƗ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ
ǶȀºƬdzƢǟƛ Ǻǟ ƢƆǻȂǻƢǫ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ľȂƬŭơ Ƥǯơǂdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ǍƢƼNjƘƥ
ńƛȁ ǾºǴǬǻȁ ƣƢǐŭơ ƤǯơǂǴdz œǘdzơ ƱȐǠdzơ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ Ǯdzǀǯȁ
.(ÔÓÔ)DzǸǠdzơ Ǻǟ ȆƟDŽŪơ ȁƗ ȆǴǰdzơ ǽDŽƴǟ ńƛ ǞƳǂƫ Ŗdzơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ
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(ƣ)Ò ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨȈdzƢŦƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǭƢǼǿ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ‘Ï‘"
ǥǂºǗ ȅȋ ǃȂºŸ ƢȀǼǟ ǶƳƢǻ ŐǯƗ ǢǴƦǷȁ džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ
ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ǪƦǘǼƫȁ .ǢǴƦŭơ ǶȈLjǬƬdz ƨǨǐǼǷ ŚȇƢǠǷ Ǟǔȇ ǹƗ ƾǫƢǠƬǷ
ǹȁƽ Ï ƧƽƢºŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋ ǝȂǔŬơ ǞǷȁ DZơȂǷȋơ ƘnjǼǷ ǹƢǯ ƢǸȀǷ
ǺǰLjºdzơ DzŰ ȁƗ Ȇũǂdzơ ƨǷƢǫȍơ DzŰ ȁƗ ƨȈLjǼŪơ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ DŽȈȈŤ
.ǁǂǔǴdz ǑǂǠƫ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǢdzƢƦŭơ Ǿƥ ǥǂǐĄƫ ȅǀdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǹȂǰȇ (Ɨ) -Ö ƧƽƢŭơ"
Ȃǿ ƢȀƬƷƢƫƛ ƤƳơȂdzơȁ (ȁ)ȁ ‘Бȁ ‘Ï‘(ƣ)Ð ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨǷǃȐdzơ
.ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ƢȀǸǯƢƄ ǹȂǰȇ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǵƢǜǻ
ơȂºǓǂǠƫ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǹƗ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ DzǨǰƫ (ƣ)"
ƨǷƢǫƛ ńƛ ƨƳƢƷ ǹȁƽ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ŀ ǶȀǫȂǬƷ DZƢǸǟƛ ǶŮ ǃȂŸ ǁǂǔǴdz
.ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƨȈǘǤƬdz ƨǷƾǬŭơ DZơȂǷȋơ ƘnjǼǷ ƤLjŞ ƨǴǐǨǼǷ ȃȂǟƽ
ƨǷƢǠdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ƨƷƢƫƜƥ ƾǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ ǵȂǬȇ ǹƗ ǵDŽǴȇ ȏ (Ʊ)"
ǁƢnjºŭơ DZơȂǷȋơ ƪǷơƽ ƢǷ ‘Бȁ ‘Ï‘(ƣ)Ð ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ
."ƨƷƢƬǷ DZơDŽƫ ȏ ‘Α(ƣ)Ð ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫ (ÔÓÓ)
ƧƾºƷȁ Ȃǿ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǮǻǂǨdzơ ǹƛ"
ǺºǷ ǵơǂºǤȈǴǷ Ǧǐǻȁ ǵơǂǤȈǴǷ śƬLJȁ ƨLjŨ ǺǷ ƨǻȂǰǷ ƣƢLjƷ
ǾºǠǧƾƥ ǶǰŹ ȅǀdzơ ǢǴƦŭơȁ .ǦdzƗ ǺǷ ƨƟƢǸǠLjƫ ǾƬǰȈƦLJ ǁƢȈǟ Ƥǿƿ
ƽƾǟ ƣǂǫƗ ńƛ ƢƆƥǂǬǷ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩȐǸǠdzơ ǺǷ Dzǯ ńƛ DZȂŹ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ
ȄǴǟ ǶƬȈǧ Ƥǿǀdzơ Śǣ ƨȈǼǗȁ ƩȐǸǟ ńƛ ǢdzƢƦŭơ DzȇȂŢ ƢǷƗ .ƶȈƸǏ
."Ǟǧƾdzơ ƺȇǁƢƫ Ŀ ƤǿǀdzƢƥ ƢȀƬǸȈǫ DžƢLJƗ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǎǼƫ (ÔÓÔ)
ȁƗ ƧƢºǧȂdzơ ƨºdzƢƷ Ŀ ǽƽȁƾƷȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ DzǰNj -Ó ƧƽƢŭơ"
ȆǐƼNj ǁǂǔƥ Ƥǯơǂdzơ ƨƥƢǏƛ
ǺºǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ƶǼŤ -Î"
ƶºũ ơƿƛ Ǻºǰdzȁ žŅƢŦƛ ǢǴƦǷ DzǰNj Ŀ (ƣ) Ñ ƧƽƢŭơȁ Ð ƧƽƢŭơ
Dzǰnjdzơ ơǀđ Ǟǧƾȇ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƜǧ ƨȇȂǼLJ ǕƢLjǫƗ Ǟǧƾƥ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǁƢnjºŭơ ƩơƔƢǟƽȏơ ƣƢƸǏƗ ȁƗ ƣƢǐŭơ Ƥǯơǂdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƤǴǗ ơƿƛ
."Ð ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǶȀȈdzƛ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
234
ǩȂºǬƷ DZƢºǸǟƛ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƾǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ Dzǯ DzǨǰȇȁ .ƨƥǂǬǷ
DZơȂǷȋơ ƘnjǼǷ ƤLjŞ ƨǴǐǨǼǷ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ Ŀ ǝȁǂnjdzơ ǹȁƽ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
Ŀ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǽǀŮ ǪƥơȂLJ ƾƳȂƫȁ .(ÔÓÐ)ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ǟǧƾdz ƨǷƾǬŭơ
ǁǂºǬŭơ ǢdzƢºƦŭơ DzȇȂŢ ǃȂŸ ƢǿƢǔƬǬŠȁ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ƧȁȐºǟȁ .ƨƥǂǬǷ ǵƢǫǁƘƥ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨǴǸǠdzơ ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƤƦLjƥ ƢȀǠǧƽ
Ŀ ǩȂºǬūơ DZƢǸǟƛ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ƾǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ Dzǯ DzǨǰȇ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ
DZơȂǷȋơ ƘnjǼǷ ƤLjŞ ƨǴǐǨǼǷ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ Ŀ ǝȁǂnjdzơ ǹȁƽ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
.(ÔÓÑ)ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ǟǧƾdz ƨǷƾǬŭơ
ƢºǼȈȈǧ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÒÖÐ
Ǟǔţ ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơȁ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz
DZƽƢºǠdzơ ǾºǠȇǃȂƫ Ǻºǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ǽơƾǷȁ ǾǴǰNjȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨǠȈƦǗ
:ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ Ŀ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ǶǯƢƸǸǴdz
ǽơƾǷȁ ǾǴǰNjȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨǠȈƦǗ Ǟǔţ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǵƢǰƷƘƥ ƢƆǼǿǁ
.ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz DZƽƢǠdzơ ǾǠȇǃȂƫ Ǻǟ Ȑ
Ɔ ǔǧ
ǺºǷ ÎÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ DzƻƽƌƗ ȅǀdzơ DzȇƾǠƬdzơ ƤǬǟȁ -ÒÖÑ
ƢȀǼǷ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ȄƻȂƬƫ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ǹơƾǬǨƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǞȇǃȂƫ Ŀ ƨȇȂdzȁȋơ ȄǘǠĄƫ ǹƗ
.ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ
ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǴȈǸǰƬdzơ DzLjǯȁǂƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Õ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÒÖÒ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ
Ǫūơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢǨƬLJȏơ Ǿdz ǪŹ ǎƼNj ȅȋ ǹȂǰȇ
Ǿdz ǑǂǠƫ ȅǀdzơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ DzǷƢǰdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ŀ
ǃȁƢºƴƬȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬƸĄȇ ȁƗ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ Dzưŭ ǎǐƼŭơ ǢǴƦŭơ ǃȁƢš ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ
ƨǸLjºǬdz ƨǨǐǼǷ ŚȇƢǠǷ Ǟǔȇ ǹƗ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘǴdz ǃȂŸ ȁǁȂȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ Î ÒÍÍ
ǹƢºǯ ƢƆºȇƗ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ǪƦǘǼƫȁ .ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ƵƢƬŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǢǴƦǷ
ƨȈLjǼŪơ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ DŽȈȈŤ ǹȁƽȁ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋ ǝȂǔŬơ ǞǷ DZơȂǷȋơ ǁƾǐǷ
.ǁǂǔǴdz ǑǂǠƫ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjǴdz ǺǰLjdzơ DzŰ ȁƗ Ȇũǂdzơ ƨǷƢǫȍơ DzŰ ȁƗ
Ǟºǧƽ ǵƢǜǻ ǹȂǰȇ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠȁ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ -ÒÖÓ
ǾºǸǯƢŰ ǹȂºǰƫ ȅǀdzơ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǵƢǜǻ Ȃǿ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǢdzƢƦŭơ
ƨºȈǻƢǰǷƛ ƾǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ Dzǯ DzǨǰȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ .ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ƨƦƷƢǏ
ǶȀǫȂºǬƷ DZƢǸǟƜƥ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔǴdz ơȂǓǂǠƫ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǵƢȈǫ
ƘnjºǼǷ ƤLjŞ ƨǴǐǨǼǷ ȃȂǟƽ ƨǷƢǫƛ ńƛ ƨƳƢƷ ǹȁƽ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ
.(ÔÓÒ)ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƨȈǘǤƬdz ƨǷƾǬŭơ DZơȂǷȋơ
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.(ȅ)ȁ (Ǖ)Ô ǹƢƫƽƢŭơ (ÔÓÐ)
.ƔƢƥȁ ǦdzƗ ƨLjǷƢŬơ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÔÓÑ)
:ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz DzLjǯȁǂƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Öȁ Õ śƫƽƢŭơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ (ÔÓÒ)
ǽǀºǿ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢǨƬLJȏơ Ǿdz ǪŹ ǎƼNj ȅȋ -Õ ƧƽƢŭơ"
ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ DzǷƢǰdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ǹƗ DzºǸăƬƸĄȇ ȁƗ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǢǴƦǷ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ȏ ǹƗ Ǖǂnjƥ ǾƥƢǏƗ ȅǀdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ
ȁƗ žƣƢLjūơ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÏÍ ‘Α"
235 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ơƿƛ ƭȂºǴŭơ Ƣǿǂȇƾȇ/ƢȀǰǴŻ Ŗdzơ ƨǟƢǼǐdzơ ǩȐǣƜƥ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ȆǔǬƫȁ
ƽơƽǂƬºLJơ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ ơǀǿȁ .Ǿƥ ǾȈǴǟ ǵȂǰƄơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǟǧƽ ǒǧǁ ȁƗ ƤǼš
.(ÔÔÍ)ǾǼǷ ƩơƽơǂȇȎdz Ƨǁƾŭơ Ǒǁȋơ ǪǗƢǼǷ
ŅƢºŦƛ ǢǴƦǷ ǒƦǫ ȄǴǟ ơƾǼǯ ƪǬǧơȁ ÎÖÕÎ ǵƢǟ Ŀȁ -ÓÍÎ
ǪƥƢLjºdzơ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǺǷ ȅƾǼǯ ǁȏȁƽ śȇȐǷ ƨƯȐƯ ǽǁƾǫ
ƨǴǐºƬŭơ DzƟƢLjºŭơ ǞȈǸŪ ƨȈƟƢȀǼdzơȁ ƨǴǷƢǰdzơ ƨȇȂLjƬdzơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ
.(ÔÔÎ) ơƾǼǯ Ŀ ÖÒÑ DžȂǷǃȂǯ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ DzƫƢLjdzơ ǶǘƸƬƥ
Ŀ ǀƼƬȇ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƢǯ ȅƾǬǼdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ -ÓÍÏ
ǹƢºǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ǞǓȂdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ȁƗ ǂǘŬơ ƨdzơǃƛ DzǰNj ǹƢȈƷȋơ ǒǠƥ
džȇǁƢºǷȂdzƢƥ ƨºƯƽƢƷ Ŀ Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ DZƢūơ Ȇǿ ǮǴƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƾǫȁ .ǾȈǴǟ
ȄºǴǟ ƨȇȁȂǻ DzƥƢǼǫ ƪǘǬLJ śƷ ÎÖÓÓ ǵƢǟ Ŀ (Palomares)
śƥ ǵƽƢǐƫ ǂƯƛ ȄǴǟ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ DzƷơȂLJ ǺǷ ƣǂǬdzƢƥȁ ňƢƦLJȍơ ǶȈǴǫȍơ
ƢǿƾºȇȁDŽƬdz ƧǂƟƢºǗȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ƨǠƥƢƫ ƨȇȁȂǻ DzƥƢǼǫ ƨǧƿƢǫ
ǁǂǔºdzƢƥ ƾȇƾȀƬdzơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢūơ Ŀȁ .ƽȂǫȂdzƢƥ
ƧƽƢǟƛ DzǰNj ȆLJƢLJȋơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǀƼƬȇ ƨǷƢLjŪơ ǺǷ ǁơƾǬŭơ ơǀđ
ƨºǬǘǼŭơ ƧƽƢǟƛȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ƤƦLJ ƨdzơǃƛ ȅƗ ǾȈǴǟ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ńƛ ǞǓȂdzơ
ƪºdzơǃƗ ƾǫȁ .ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ DzƦǫ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƢȀǠǓȁ ńƛ
DzǬǻȁ DzƥƢǼǬdzơ DZƢnjƬǻƢƥ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǺǷ ǂǘŬơ ƣƢƦLJƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
.(ÔÔÏ)Ȇǿ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƢǿǂǸǗȁ ƨƯȂǴŭơ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨƥǂƬdzơ
ǁDŽºƳ Ŀ ƪºȇǂƳƗ Ŗºdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ ǂƯƗ ȄǴǟȁ -ÓÍÐ
śȇȐǷ ÎÎÍ ŅơȂƷ ƪǬǨǻƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǹƗ ǂǯƌƿ DZƢNjǁƢǷ
ǁDŽƳ ǺǷ ƽƾºǟ ǦȈǜǼƬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ʃơǁȏȁƽ ǺǷ ǁȏȁƽ
ǹƗ Śºǣ .ǺǰLjºǴdz ƢȀƬȈƷȐǏ ƧƽƢǠƬLJơ ƨȈǤƥ ƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ ǭȂƬȇȂȈǻƛ
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơ ƧǂȇDŽƳ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ (Runit) ƪȈǻȁǁ ǁDŽƳ ȃƾƷƛ
ÏÍ ÍÍÍ Ƨƾºŭ ƨǷǂŰ ƨǬǘǼǷ ƪǼǴǟƗ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǑƢǬǻȋơ ǂǸǗ Ŀ
ńƛ ǞºǓȂdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ DzưŤ ȏ ǦȈǜǼƬdzơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǹƗ Ƕǣǁȁ .(ÔÔÐ)ƨǼLJ
.ǹƢȈLJ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƾǼƬLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơȁ ƢȀǼǷ ƾǐǬdzơ ǹƜǧ ǾȈǴǟ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ
ȄºǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ ƢLjǸǼdzơ ƩƾǸǟ ƨǧƾǏ ơǁȂǷ ǂĔ ƮȇȂǴƫ ǂƯƗ ȄǴǟȁ
ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ ǭƢũƗ ƾƟƢǐŠ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȅƾǬǻ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƽ
.ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ ńƛ ǩǁȂdzơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨȈǸǯ ǶȈǴLjƫ ńƛ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ
ƪǠºLJ Amoco Cadiz ǹƘnjºƥ ȆƟƢǔǬdzơ ǝơDŽºǼdzơ Ŀȁ -ÓÍÑ
Ŗºdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơ Ȇǿȁ Petroleum Insurance Limited (PIL) ƨǯǂNj
ƨǼƸnjºdzơ ƨǸȈǫ ƽơƽǂƬLJơ ńƛ Royal Dutch Shell ƨǯǂNj ƪǨǴƻ
ƨºȈǟƾǷ Amoco International Oil Company ƨǯǂNj ǺǷ ƧƽȂǬǨŭơ
__________
(ǽȐºǟƗ ÑÐÕ ƨȈºNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) All India Reporter 1996 (ÔÔÍ)
.ÏÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÔÏÓ Ǎ
Canada-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Protocol ǂǜǻơ (ÔÔÎ)
on settlement of Canada's claim for damages caused by "Cosmos 954",
.ILM, vol. XX, No. 3 (May 1981) p. 689
.ǽȐǟƗ ÔÍÒ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÔÔÏ)
.ǽȐǟƗ ÓÍÏ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÔÔÐ)
ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǟǧƽ ǃƢƳ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƪǬǨƫơ ơƿƛȁ -ÒÖÖ
ƨȈƟƢǔǨdzơ ǵƢLjƳȋơ ƢȀƯƾŢ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨǴǸǠƥ Ǟǧƾƫ ƢĔƜǧ ȏƛȁ žƩȐǸǠdzơ ǺǷ ƨǴǸǟ ƨȇƘƥ ÎÖÔÏ ǵƢǠdz
Ǟºǧƽ ǃƢƳ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƨƦƷƢǏ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƪǬǧơȁ ơƿƛȁ .ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƤƷƢǏ
.(ÔÓÕ)ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǟǧƾƥ ƨǷDŽǴŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨǴǸǠƥ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ǁƢºǗƛ ƱǁƢºƻ DZȁƾºdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ (ƣ)
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ
DZƢǰNjƗ ńƛ ƨȈũǂdzơ ƩȐLJơǂŭơȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ Śnjƫ ȏ -ÓÍÍ
ǾƬǷƾǫ ȅǀdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƢŮƢưǷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽȁƾǠǷ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ȏƛ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ƣǁƢºƴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ńƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ƪǷDŽdzƗ ȅǀdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơ Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
ǢǴƦǷ Ǟǧƽ śƬdzƢūơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ Dzǯ Ŀȁ .(ÔÓÖ)ƢǷƢƥȏƗ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ǾǠǧƾƥ
ƽơǂºǧȌdz DZƽƢºǟ ǒȇȂºǠƫ Ǟǧƽ ǺǷ ƢȀǼȈǰǸƬdz ƨdzȁƾdzơ ńƛ ŅƢŦƛ
S.S."I'm Alone" ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ ǾǻƜǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .ǺȇǁǂǔƬŭơ
ƧǁƢºƸƦdzơ ǶǫƢºǗ ƽơǂǧƗȁ ǹƢƥǂdzơ ŁƢǐdz ơƾǼǰdz ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƾƥ ȆǏȁƗ
Ŀȁ .ƽǂǧ Dzǰdz ƽƾŰ ǢǴƦǷ Ǟǧƽ ȄǴǟ ǎǻ ƾǫȁ .ǶȀȈǴưŲ ȁƗ Ǻȇǂƻȉơ
ƪǨǴǯ Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v .Union of India ƨȈǔǫ
ƤºƳȂŠ ƨǘǴºLJ ƔƢnjºǻƜƥ ƨȇDŽǯǂŭơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƾǼȀǴdz ƢȈǴǠdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ
ǁƢLjºŭơ ƤǴǫ" Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƣƢLjƬƷȏ ƨǴǐdzơ ȅƿ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ
:Ǯdzǀǯ ƪǔǫȁ .ƽơǂǧȌdz ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƾdzȁ "ȆƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ
ơȂƦƦLJ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƔƢũƗȁ ǽƽơƽǂƬLJơ śǠƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǢǴƦŭơ ŅƢŦƛ ƶǓȂȇ ǹƢȈƥ ǵƾǬȇ ǹƘƥ
ƭȂºǴǷ Dzºǯ ǺºǷ ƽǂƬLjȈLJ ȅǀdzơ ǢǴƦŭơȁ ǶȀǼǷ ǢǴƦŭơ ƽǂƬLjȈLJȁ ƭȂǴƬdzơ
ǶȀǼǷ Dzǰdz ǾǠǧƽ ƤƳơȂdzơ ǢǴƦŭơȁ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ǶŮ ǞǧƾƬLJ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơȁ
.ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ƧƢǔǫ/ƧƢƦŪơ ńƛ
_________________________________________
(ǞƥƢƫ (ÔÓÔ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
ǽƽǁȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧƾƟƢǨdzơ -Ö ƧƽƢŭơ"
ȄºǴǟ ƧƾºƟƢǨƥ ƤdzƢǘȇ ǹƗ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƤƷƢǐdz -Î"
ƧƾƟƢǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ǪƸƬLjƫȁ .ƨǼLjdzơ Ŀ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ Ò DZƾǠŠ ƤLjŢ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ƺȇǁƢºƫ ǺǸǧ ƔƢǟƽơ ʼnƾǬƫ ǵƾǟ DZƢƷ Ŀȁ žƔƢǟƽȏơ ʼnƾǬƫ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ
ȄǔƬǬŠ ǪƸƬLjŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǾǻƗ ơƾǟ ƢǸȈǧ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ
ƪƯƾƷ ȅǀdzơ ǵȂȈdzơ ǺǷ ȏƛ ǪƸƬLjƫ ȏ ƧƾƟƢǨdzơ ǹƜǧ Ñȁ Ð śƫƽƢŭơ
ƺȇǁƢƬdz ƢƆǬƷȏ ǵȂȈdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢȀǸȈȈǬƬƥ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƭơƾƷȋơ ǾȈǧ
.ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ ƺȇǁƢƫ ȁƗ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ʼnƾǬƫ
Śºǣ ƨºǬȇǂǘƥ ǾºȈǴǟ DZȂǐūơ Ļ ǒȇȂǠƫ ȅƗ ƽǂĄȇ -Ï"
."ƨƸȈƸǏ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÔÓÕ)
Ǟǧƾºƥ ƨºǷDŽǴŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơȁ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƨƦƷƢǏ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǪǨƬƫ Ń ƢǷ"
DZƢǰºNjƗ ǺºǷ ǂºƻƕ DzǰNj ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ƨºǴǸǠƥ ȁƗ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƨƦƷƢǏ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨǴǸǠƥ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǟǧƾȇ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
."Ǯdzƿ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƨƦƷƢǏ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƪƦǴǗ ơƿƛ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨǷDŽǴŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
.ÓÒÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Moore (ÔÓÖ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ȆºǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǎǼȇȁ -ÓÍÓ
ǾȈdzƛ ǵƢǰƬƷȏơ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƾūơ ȄǴǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
:(Î)(Ʊ)ÏÔÍÑ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤLjŞ ƨƯƽƢƸǴdz ǂNjƢƦŭơ ƤƦLjdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ
ȁƗ žƧƽȂǐǬŭơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƧƔƢLJƛ ȁƗ ǶȈLjŪơ DZƢŷȍơ (ǦdzƗ)
ȁƗ ƾȈȈnjƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨǷȐLjdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȇǁƢLJ ƨȇƽƢŢơ ƨƸƟȏ ǭƢȀƬǻơ (ƔƢƥ)
ǥǂǘdzơ ȆǨǛȂǷ ȁƗ ƔȐǯȁ ƾƷƗ ȁƗ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZȐǤƬLJȏơ
.DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǞǷ ƨȇƾǫƢǠƫ ƨǫȐǠƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ǥǂǐƬȇ ǎƼNj ȁƗ DZȁƚLjŭơ
ǪºǴǠƬŭơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǺǷ (Ï)(Ʊ)ÏÔÍÑ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÓÍÔ
ǾƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǺǷ ƾŹ ǹƗ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘǴdz ǪŹ ȏ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ
:"Ǿǔǧǁ ȁƗ ǾǷƢȈǫ ǵƾǟ" ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ
Ȃºǿȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǾȈǔƬǬȇ Ƣŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ Ǻǟ ǡȐƥȍơ (ǦdzƗ)
žƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȂƥ ǶǴǠȇ ǹƗ ńƛ ǽȂǟƾȇ ƢǷ Ǿȇƾdz ȁƗ ǶǴǠȇ
ǦºǛȂǷ ƢǸȀƦǴǘȇ śdzȂǬǠǷ ƧƾǟƢLjǷȁ ǹȁƢǠƫ Dzǯ ʼnƾǬƫ (ƔƢƥ)
ȁƗ žƨdzơǃȍơ ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ DZȁƚLjǷ
ƧƽƢºŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ǁƽƢǏ ǂǷȋ DZƢưƬǷȏơ ǥƢǯ ƤƦLJ ǹȁƾƥ (ǶȈƳ)
DzƻƾƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ ȁƗ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ÎÐÏÎ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (ǿ) ȁƗ (Ʊ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ
.ǁƢƸƦdzơ ŅƢǟƗ Ŀ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǺºǷ ƾūơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǹơƾǬǧ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǃȂŸ ƢǸǯ -ÓÍÕ
ȆºǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ (Ɨ)ÏÔÎÑ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ
ȁƗ ƧƽȂǐºǬŭơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƧƔƢLJƜƥ (Ʊ)ÏÔÎÑ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ Ǯdzƿȁ
ȆǨǛȂºǷ ƾºƷƗ ƤºǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƨǷȐLjdzơ ƶƟơȂdz ǺǷ ƨƸƟȏ ƨǨdzƢƼŠ
ƩƢǷƾºƻ ȅƽƚȇ DzǬƬLjǷ DZȁƢǬǷ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ȁƗ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ
.DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘǴdz
ƨºȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬºLJȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ DzǷƢnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǸǔƬȇȁ -ÓÍÖ
ǺǷ ƾūơ ǹƘnjƥ ƢƆǷƢǰƷƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ
ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹƿƘƫȁ .ǾǼǷ (Î)(Ʊ)ÖÓÍÔ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǹȁƽ DZȁƚLjºǷ ǎƼNj DzǨǣƗ ơƿƛ ƨȈƟơDŽƳ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ ǑǂǨƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ
ƨdzƢūơ ƨdzơǃȍ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƤLJƢǼŭơ ǾƳȂdzơ ȄǴǟ ǀƼƬȇ ǹƗ ǥƢǯ ƤƦLJ
ǢǴƦŠ Ǯdzƿȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ džȈƟǁ ǺǷ ǂǷƗ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥ ƢȀƬŪƢǠŭ ȁƗ
ƿƢºţơ DZƢǨǣȍ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƧƾƦǰƬŭơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ǢǴƦǷ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ȅȁƢLjȇ
ǮºǴƫ ǢºǴƦǷ DZƢºưǷƗ ƨƯȐƯ ȄǴǟ ƾȇDŽȇ ȏ ȁƗ ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ DZƢūơ ǾȈǴǟ Ȃǿ ƢǸǯȁ .ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ
ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ DzǨǣƗ ơƿƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƾūơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƾǬǨĄȇ ȆǘǨǼdzơ
.ǶȀȈdzƛ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ ʼnƾǬƫ ȁƗ śǷƢǠdzơ śǨǛȂŭơ ǞǷ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ
ÎÖÖÍ ǵƢǠdz ƢȈǻƢŭȋ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ ÎÒ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ ơǀǿ -ÓÎÍ
.ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƾūơ ȄǴǟ
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ (Ɨ)
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ DZƾǠŭơ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǎǼȇ -ÓÎÎ
ǺºǷ ƾºūơ ǢºǴƦǷ ǹȋ ơƆǂǜǻȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƾūơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ
236
ÎÖÕÔ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ŀȁ .ƾǬǠdzơ ƨǨdzƢűȁ DZƢŷƛ DZȂǐƷ
PIL ƨǯǂºNj ŁƢǐdz ȅȂǼȈdzƛ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƨǸǰŰ ƪǸǰƷ
ƪƦLjƷ ƾǫȁ .ƢƆȈǼȈdzǂƬLJƛ ƢƆȀȈǼƳ ÎÎ ÏÎÏ ÐÑÖ,ÒÍ ǽǁơƾǬǷ ǢǴƦŠ
Ľ ƩơǁȏȁƾºdzƢƥ ǂºǷȋơ DZȁƗ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ǢǴƦǷ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƨǸǰŰ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǹȋ ơƆǂºǜǻ ƨȈǼȈdzǂƬºLJȍơ ƩƢȀȈǼŪơ ńƛ ǢǴƦŭơ ƪdzċȂƷ
ǹƢºǯ ȅǀºdzơ ƾºǬǼdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǺǷ ƤǴǘƬȇ ȅDŽȈǴǰǻȍơ
ǵƢºǟ ǢºǴƦŭơ DZďȂƷĄ ȁ .(ÔÔÑ)"ƧǁƢLjƼǴdz ǑǂǠƬdzơ" ƪǫȁ ƢƆǷƾƼƬLjǷ
śƦƫ ȅǀdzơ ÎÖÔÕ ǵƢǟ ƾƟƢLjdzơ ǥǂǐdzơ ǂǠLJ ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ ÎÖÕÖ
ƨǸǰŰ ƪǸǰƷ Ƕǰūơ ǥƢǼƠƬLJơ ȃƾdzȁ .PIL ƨǯǂnjƥ ǂǔǷ ǾǻƗ
Ń ǀºƼċƬŭƌ ơ ƲȀǼdzơ ǹƘƥ ƨǠƥƢLjdzơ ƧǂƟơƾdzơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǥƢǼƠƬLJơ
Ŗdzơ ƨǴǸǠǴdz ǥơǂǗȋơ ǁƢȈƬƻơ ȄǴǟ ǪǧơȂƫ Ń ƢǸǯ .ƨǻƢƥƛ ńƛ ǒǨĄȇ
.ǁȏȁƾdzơ Ȇǿ ƪǻƢǯȁ ǂǗƢƼŭơ DzǸŢ ǞǷ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ Ƣđ ǶƬƬLJ
ǁơƾºǏƛ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƤŸ ǹƢǯ ƩơǁȏȁƾdzƢƥ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƣƢLjƬƷơ ƾǠƦǧ"
ƾȈǬƬƫ Ń ƢĔƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ .(ÔÔÒ)"ƩơǁȏȁƾdzƢƥ ƢƆǷȂǬǷ Ƕǰūơ
ƨǸǰŰ ƪLjǰǟ ƾǬǧ ơǀdzȁ .ǾƬǷǂƥ ƢƆǼƟơƽ Ƕǰūơ DzǠŝ ȆǴƄơ ƗƾƦŭƢƥ
ƢºȀȈdzƛ ƢºēƢǸȈǴǠƫ ƩǁƾºǏƗȁ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƨǸǰŰ ǶǰƷ ǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơ
.ǁȏȁƾdzƢƥ ƢƆǷȂǬǷ PIL ƨǯǂNj ŁƢǐdz ǶǰƷ ǁơƾǏƜƥ
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǺǷ ƾūơ -Ð
ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ơƆƽȁƾƷ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ ǑǂǨƫ -ÓÍÒ
ǺºǰŻ ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǾǓǂǨȇ ƢǷ
ơƆƾƳ ƧǁƢǓ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǵȂȈdzơ ƧǁƢǔū ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈŷƗ ǺǷ ƢŮ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ
ƢƆºǓǂǟ ƭƾºŢ ơƆǁơǂǓƗ ƤƦLjƫ ƾǫ ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ǯdzǀǯȁ
ƽơȂºŭơ ƢºȀȈǧ ǵƾƼƬLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ DzưǷ Ǯdzƿȁ ƧǂǷƾǷ ƢȀǼǰdzȁ
ƨºȇƢǼǠƥ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǺǷ ƾūƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ƪǠǓȁ ƾǫȁ .ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
ƧƽȁƾŰ Śǣ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǺǷ ƩƢǟƢǼǐdzơ ƨȇƢŧ (Ɨ) :śǧƾǿ ǪǬŢ Ȇǰdz
žDzƦǬƬLjºŭơ Ŀ ƢºǿǂȇȂǘƫ ȄǴǟ ǵDŽǠdzơ ǖȈƦưƫȁ ƢƆȈdzƢǷ ƢȀǴNj ńƛ ȅƽƚƫ
ǁơǂǓƗ Ƕđ ǪƸǴƫ ǺȇǀǴdz DZƽƢǟȁ DZȂǬǠǷ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƽ ƨdzƢǨǯ (ƣ)ȁ
.(ÔÔÓ)DzǸƬŰ ǂǘƻ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǮǴƬdz ƨƴȈƬǻ
__________
.ÎÐÏÔ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÔÑÓ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) Federal Reporter (ÔÔÑ)
.ÎÐÏÖ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÔÔÒ)
ȆǯȐǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǺǷ ƾūƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƨƳƢƦȇƽ Śnjƫ (ÔÔÓ)
:ŅƢƬdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǥơƾǿƗ ńƛ ƵȂǓȂƥ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ
ƤºƳȂŠ ƧƾƷȂŭơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǒǠƥ ƾȇƾŢ ƣơȂǐƬLJơ ǭǁƾǻ ƿƛ"
žƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ǭȐǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƾȇƾƸƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǩƢǨƫơ
."... ǑǂǤdzơ ơǀŮ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵơǂƥƛ ǁǂǬǻ ƿƛȁ"
ǺǷ (Ð) ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠȁ.ƨƳƢƦȇƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǁǂǰƫ
ǹƗ ƪºƦƯ ơƿƛ ƨºȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȇƽȁƾŰ ȆȀƬǼƫ Î ƧƽƢŭơ
Ȃǿ ǹȂǰȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ DZƢŷƛ ǾƦƦLJ ƾǫ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƔƤºǟ ǾºȈǴǟ ǞǬȇ ǺǷ ƨdzƘLjŭ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢǷƗ .ǶȀǰǴLjǷ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ
.ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƢǿƽƾƸȈǧ ŚǐǬƫ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƢǯ ǹƛ ƩƢƦƯƛ
237 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǹȂºǰȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ǾƦǻƢƳ ǺǷ ȆǐƼNj DZƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ DzǠǧ Ǻǟ Ƙnjǻ
ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ Ļ ƾǫ DZƢǨǣȍơ ȁƗ DzǠǨdzơ ơǀǿ DzưǷ
.(ÔÔÕ)ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǯºdzƿ ƔȂnjǻ DZƢǸƬƷƢƥ ǶǴǟ Ǻǟȁ ƭơǂƬǯơ Ȑƥ
Ǻºǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƾūơ ǪƦǘǼȇ ȏȁ
ƨȇŐdzơ ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǻ DZȐƻ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
ƤºƳȂŠ ƪƦƯ ơƿƛ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJȁ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥȁ
ǹƗ ƢȀǼǷ ÎÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ƤºǻƢƳ ǺǷ ȁƗ ǮdzƢŭơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ȆǐƼNj DZƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ DzǠǧ Ǻǟ Ƙnjǻ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƭơǂƬǯơ Ȑƥ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ Ƥǰƫǁơȁ ǾƟȐǯȁ ȁƗ ǾǷƾƻ
ơǀǿ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƪƦưȇ ǹƗ Ǖǂnjƥ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƔȂnjǻ DZƢǸƬƷƢƥ ǶǴǟ Ǻǟȁ
ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ ǥǂǐƬȇ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ DzȈǯȂdzơ ȁƗ ǵƽƢŬơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZƢǨǣȍơ ȁƗ DzǠǨdzơ
.ǾƬǨȈǛȂƥ ǾǷƢȈǫ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơȁ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤǴǘƬƫȁ -ÓÎÑ
DzǬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ǢǴƦŭƢƥ ƢƆǫȁƾǼǏ ƞnjǼĄȇ ǹƗ ǮdzƢŭơ ǺǷ ƧǁƢǓȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ
śǷƘºƫ Ǿºȇƾdz ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƾūơ DzưŻ ȅǀdzơ ŅƢŦȍơ
Ǻºǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơ ȆǔƬǬƫ ƢǸǯ .ȆǷơDŽdzƛ
ǩǂºǘdzơ ȄºǴǟ ƧǂºǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔºƦdzơ DzǬǻ DZȐƻ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
ƢƆºǼȈǷƘƫ DzºǫƢǼdzơ ǺǷ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJȁ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥȁ
ÎÑ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ .(ÔÔÖ)ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǢǴƦŭ Ȅǐǫȋơ ƾūơ DZƽƢǠȇ ƢƆȈǷơDŽdzƛ
ƩƢǘǴLJ Ƨƾǟ ȁƗ ƨǘǴLJ ƨȈǸLjƫ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ ȄǴǟ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ
ƢƆºǼȈǷƘƫ DzºǫƢǼdzơ ȃƾdz ǹƗ ƪƦưĄƫ ƩơƽƢȀNj ǁơǂǫƛ ȁƗ ǁơƾǏƛ ńȂƬƫ
.ǕȁǂnjǴdz ƢƆȈǧȂƬLjǷ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ô ƧƽƢŭơ ƪǠǓȁ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ DZƢů Ŀȁ -ÓÎÒ
ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǎǼƫ Ȇǿȁ .DzďǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭ ơƆƽȁƾƷ ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ǾǠǧƽ ƤǴǘƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ŅƢŦƛ ƾȇDŽȇ ȏƗ ȄǴǟ
Ȅǐºǫȋơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƾƷ Ǻǟ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǾƦƦLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ
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.Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ (ÔÔÕ)
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÔÔÖ)
ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǔƥ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzƢƥ DzǫƢǼdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǘǤƫ ǶƬƫ -Î"
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǻ DZƢƷ Ŀ Ŀǂǐŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ DzưǷ ǂƻƕ
.ǥǂǘdzơ
ƧƾºǷ DzǷƢǯ ǂƻȉơ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ȆǘǤȇ -Ï"
Ǻǟ ƧƽƾƄơ ǢdzƢƦŭƢƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ DzǫƢǼdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
Ȃǿȁ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƽȁƾƷ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǪȇǂǗ
Ń ơƿƛ ȁƗ ƧƽƢȀnjºdzơ Ŀ ƆȐǫƢǻ ȄǸLjŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȆǘǤȇ
Õ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ǾǨȇǂǠƫ ƤLjŞ DzǫƢǼdzơ Ȃǿ ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǰȇ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǾºȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǧ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ
.ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ
Ǻºǟ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ǂǧȂƬƫ ǢdzƢƦǷ ƨȇƗ ƵƢƬƫ ȏ -Ð"
ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨǴdz ƆƢǬǧȁ DzǨǰĄȇ ǂƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǓ ȅƗ ǪȇǂǗ
."ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭƢƥ ƔƢǧȂǴdz ȏƛ
ƨºȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ơƆƾƳ Ȑ
Ɔ ȈǴǫ ŐƬǟơ ƾǫ ơǀǿ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ÎÖÕÑ ǵƢºǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ DzȇƾǠƫ ȃǂƳ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz
ƭȂºǴƬdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƵƢƬŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǢǴƦŭ Ȅǐǫȋơ ƾūơ ƽơǃ ȅǀdzơ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƢȀǼǷ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƥ ƣơǀƬƳơ ƾǐǬƥ ȆǘǨǼdzơ
ǺǷ Ó ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƪdzƾǟ ƾǫȁ .ǾȈdzƛ ǵƢǸǔǻȏơ ńƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨLjǷƢŬơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǐǼƥ
ơƿƛ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀºǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǾƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǺǷ ƾŹ ǹƗ ǮdzƢǸǴdz ǪŹ ȏ
ǾºǼǷ ȆǐƼNj DZƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ DzǠǧ Ǻǟ Ƙnjǻ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ƪƦƯ
DZƢǸƬƷƢƥ ǶǴǟ Ǻǟȁ ƭơǂƬǯơ Ȑƥ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ Ƥǰƫǁơ
.*ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƔȂnjǻ
/ǁơƿƕ Ŀ ǝƢºǬdzƢƥ Exxon Valdez ǵƢǘƫǁơ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǹƗ Śǣ -ÓÎÏ
ƽǁ Ʃƾdzȁ ƢǰLJȏƗ Ŀ "ǵƢȈdzȁ džǻǂƥ" ƲȈǴƻ Ŀ ÎÖÕÖ DžǁƢǷ
Ŀ DžǂǤǻȂǰdzơ džǴƴŠ ơǀǿ ȃƽƗȁ .ǵƢǠdzơ ȅƗǂdzơ ȃƾdz ȅȂǫ DzǠǧ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺLJȁ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ǒǧǁ ǁǂǬȇ ǹƗ ńƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
Ŗºdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ȂǴǠƫ ȅǀdzơ ÎÖÖÍ ǵƢǠdz ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ
DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƽȁƾūơ Ǻǟ Śưǰƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǓǂǧ
ƾȇDŽƫ ǥȁǂǛ Ŀ ƧƽȁƾŰ Śǣ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǻȁ ÎÖÕÑ ǵƢǟ
Ǯdzƿȁ ÎÖÕÑ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ Ŀ ƢȀǼǷ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼǷ Ȃǿ ƢǸǟ
ƧƽȂǐºǬŭơ ǥǂǐºƬdzơ ƧƔƢLJƛȁ ǶȈLjŪơ DZƢŷȍơ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ƢǸǯ
Dzƻƾºȇ Ńȁ .(ÔÔÔ)ƨºǬƦǘǼŭơ ƨºȇƽƢŢȏơ ƶƟơȂºǴdzơ ƩƢǯƢȀƬǻơȁ
ƾūơ ƨdzƢƷ ǺLjƸƬƫ Ńȁ ƆơƾƥƗ ƿƢǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ ÎÖÕÑ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ƨǘLJơȂƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ
Dzºǰdz ŅƢºŦȍơ ǢǴƦŭơ ǺǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǮǴƫ Ʃƽơǃ ƾǬǧ .ÎÖÖÏ
ǶºǰŞ ƢȀǼǷ ƨLjǷƢŬơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƪǜǨƬƷơȁ ƨƯƽƢƷ
ƢȀƬǠºǓȁ Ŗdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ .ǽȐǟƗ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǶǰƸǴdz DzƯƢŲ
ƨǨǴǰƫ ǹƗ ǺǷ ǥȁǂǠǷ Ȃǿ ƢǷ ƔȂǓ Ŀ ƨǴȈƠǓ ȁƾƦƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǮǴƫ
ǁƢȈǴǷ Ï,Ò ǢǴƦŠ Ʃǁƾǫ ƢǿƾƷȁ DŽȇƾdzƢǧ ǹȂLjǰȇƛ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǦȈǜǼƫ
ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ ƾǐǬȇȁ .ǁȏȁƽ
ƮºdzƢưdzơ ȃȂƬLjŭơ ǺǷ ƆƢȈǴȈǸǰƫ ƆƢǷƢǜǻ ǂǧȂȇ ȅǀdzơ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵƢǜǻ ƨȈƷȐǏ" ȄǴǟ ƨǜǧƢƄơ ǺǷ ƽȂǐǬŭơ
ǹƘƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ȃǂƳ ƾǬǧ "ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ņȁƾdzơ
ǵƢºǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐºdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǽǂǧȂƫ ȅǀdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz Ȅǐǫȋơ ƾūơ
ǒºǠƥ Ŀ ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ ƩƢƳƢȈƬƷơ ƨȈƦǴƬdz ȆǨǰƫ ȏ ƢŠǁ" ÎÖÖÏ
."ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ǥȁǂǜdzơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Dzǯ ǺǸǔƬƫȁ -ÓÎÐ
Ƨǂºǘƻ ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ
DzǬǻ DZȐƻ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ƧǁƢǓȁ
ǺǨLJȁ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥȁ ƨȇŐdzơ ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ
ńȁȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƨdzƢƷ ȆǨǧ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ƆơƽȁƾƷ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ
ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ƪƦƯ ơƿƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƾūơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǮdzƢǸǴdz ǹȂǰȇ ȏ
__________
.ÐÕÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Birnie and Boyle (ÔÔÔ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƆơǂǐƷ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƢȀǼǷ Dzǯ ǢǴƦǷ ǞǷ ƤLJƢǼƬdzƢƥ
ƆơǂǐºƷ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ȁƗ ȆǐºƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǨƥ
ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷƗ .ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ƨǬƷȐdzơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ
ƨºǬƷȐdzơ ǁơǂºǓȋƢƥȁ ȆǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǨƥ
ǾºƳȁ ȄºǴǟ ȆǴǰdzơ ǢǴƦŭơ Ǧǐǻ ǎǐƼĄȇ ƆƢǠǷ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ
ȆǫƢƦdzơ ǝċǃȂȇȁ .ȆǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǨdz DzȈǔǨƬdzơ
ƨºǬƷȐdzơ ǁơǂºǓȋƢƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ śƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƤLJƢǼƬdzƢƥ
ǺºǷ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢºƥ ǾdzȂſ ǶƬȇ Ń ȅǀdzơ ƔDŽŪơ śƥȁ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ
.(ÔÕÐ)ȆǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzơȁ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǨƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ
DzǬǼƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÓÏÎ
.ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƾūơ ȄǴǟ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ ƨǠƬǷȋơȁ ƣƢǯǂdzơ
ƆƢºŦƢǻ ǁǂǔºdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƾƷ ƔƢǤdzƜƥ ȆǔǬƫ ƢĔƗ Śǣ
ƤºǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǶȈLjŪơ DZƢŷȍơ ȁƗ ƧƽȂǐǬŭơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƧƔƢLJƛ Ǻǟ
.(ÔÕÑ)ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzơ
__________
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÎÑ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÔÕÐ)
ǪƦǘǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƾƷ ƨƬƦưŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ȆǴǰdzơ ǢǴƦŭơ ǃȁƢš ơƿƛ"
ƧƢºǟơǂǷ ǞǷ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ȅǂLjƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƤƳȂŠ
:ÎÎ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǵƢǰƷƗ
ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǨƥ ơƆǂǐƷ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ (Ɨ)"
ǶƬºȇ ƩƢºǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ ơƆǂǐƷ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȁƗ ȆǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
.ƢȀǼǷ Dzǯ ǢǴƦǷ ǞǷ ƤLJƢǼƬdzƢƥ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǮǴƫ ǒǨƻ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǨƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ (ƣ)"
DzƥƢǬdzơ ȆǴǰdzơ ǢǴƦŭơ Ǧǐǻ ǹƜǧ ƆƢǠǷ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ǁơǂǓȍƢƥȁ ȆǐƼnjdzơ
ǹơƾǬǨƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭƢƥ ƔƢǧȂǴdz DzȈǔǨƬdzơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ǎǐź ǞȇǃȂƬǴdz
ƤºLJƢǼƬdzƢƥ ƆƢȈǧƢǯ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǹƛ ǝǃȂȇȁ ȆǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzơȁ Ƶơȁǁȋơ
ǝǃȂȈǧ ǞȇǃȂƬǴdz DzƥƢǬdzơ ȆǴǰdzơ ǢǴƦŭơ ȆǫƢƥ ƢǷƗ .ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ śƥ ƢǸȈǧ
ƩƢºǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ƨǬƷȐdzơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ śƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƤLJƢǼƬdzƢƥ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢºƦdzƢǘŭơ ǺǷ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ǾdzȂſ ǶƬȇ Ń ȅǀdzơ ƔDŽŪơ śƥȁ
."ȆǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzơȁ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǨƥ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ Õȁ Ô ǹƢƫƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÔÕÑ)
ƔƢȈºNjȋƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƾƷ -Ô ƧƽƢŭơ"
ƢĔơƾǬǧ ȁƗ
ǽǀºǿ ǵƢºǰƷƗ ƤƳȂŠ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ƨǰLjdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ"
ƢǷƛ ƪǻƢǯ ƔƢȈNjƗ ƨȇƘƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƽ Ǻǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ƢŠ ƨȇȁƾȇ ƨǠƬǷƗ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ƢǷ ƨƯƽƢū ǑǂǠƫ ȅǀdzơ Ƥǯơǂdzơ ǞǷ ȁƗ ȃƾdz
ƢȀǴǯ ƔƢȈNjȋơ ǮǴƫ ǹơƾǬǧ Ǻǟ ȁƗ ǾǠǷ ƪǻƢǯ ƩƢǻơȂȈƷ ƨȇƗ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ
Ï ÍÍÍ ǽƢǐǫƗ ǢǴƦŠ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ǃȂš ƢȀǔǠƥ ȁƗ
."ƾƷơȂdzơ ƤǯơǂǴdz Ǯǻǂǧ
ƧƽȂǐǬŭơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƧƔƢLJƛ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǢǴƦǷ - Õ ƧƽƢŭơ"
ǶȈLjŪơ DZƢŷȍơ ȁƗ
ǵƢǰƷƗ ȁƗ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Ôȁ Ó śƫƽƢŭơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ȅǂLjƫ ȏ"
Ǻºǟ ǁǂǔdzơ Ƙnjǻ ơƿƛ ƽƾŰ ǢǴƦŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƾŢ Ŗdzơ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǮǰLjºdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǶȈLjŪơ DZƢŷȍơ ȁƗ ƧƽȂǐǬŭơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƧƔƢLJƛ
."ƨȇƾȇƾūơ
238
džȇǁƢºƥ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ô ƧƽƢŭơ ƤǴǘƬƫȁ .(ÔÕÍ)ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǁǂǬŭơ
Ŀ ǎǼºƫ ǹƗ ƧƾºǫƢǠƬŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ ǺǷ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz
ǹȂºȈǴǷ ÔÍÍ Ǻºǟ DzǬȇ ȏ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ŇƽƗ ƾƷ ȄǴǟ ƢēƢǠȇǂnjƫ
Ňƽȋơ ƾºūơ ƾºȇǃ Ǯºdzƿ ȄºǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .ƨƯƽƢƷ Dzǰdz ȁǁȂȇ
ǂǗƢºƼŭơ ƨºǴȈǴǬdzơ DzǬǼdzơ ƨǘnjǻƗȁ ƩƖnjǼǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz
ǎǼƫȁ .ŅơȂƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ȁǁȂȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÕÍȁ ȁǁȂȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÔÍ ƶƦǐȈdz
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ȄºǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǟȁ ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƢƬȈǫƢǨƫơ
ǺºǷ śƬȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƢƬǴǯ ƤƳȂŠ ƽǂǨdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǂƯƘƬƫ ȏȁ .ƧƽȁƾŰ
.(ÔÕÎ)ǁǂǓ ƭơƾƷƛ ƾǐǬƥ ƤǰĄƫǁơ DZƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ DzǠǧ ƔơǂƳ
ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǁǂǬȇȁ -ÓÎÓ
śǷƘºƬdzơ ǹȂºǰȇȁ .ŚǐǬƬdzơ ƤƦLjƥȁ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵƢǜǻ
ƤăLjºǼƫȁ .ńȁȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈǷơDŽdzƛ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơȁ
ƤƦLjƬdzơ Ŀ ǶȀLjĄȇ ȁƗ ơƆǁǂǓ ƤƦLjĄȇ ǎƼNj ȅȋ ŚǐǬƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂºdzơ ǀºȈǨǼƬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋ ǾdzƢưƬǷơ ǵƾǟ ƤƦLjƥ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ
ǾºdzƢǠǧƗ ƤƦLjƥ ȁƗ ƧƽȂǐǬŭơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ǾdzƢǠǧƗ ƤƦLjƥ ȁƗ DZǃƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
.DZƢǠǧȋơ ǮǴƬƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ DZƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ DZƢŷȍơ ȁƗ ƭơǂƬǯȏơ ǵƾǠƥ ƨǸLjƬŭơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǁǂǬȇȁ -ÓÎÔ
.ŚǐºǬƬdzơ ƨºƴȈƬǻ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ
.(ÔÕÏ)ƧŚƻȋơ ǹȁƽ ńȁȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƽȁƾūơ ǪƦǘǼƫȁ
ǺºǷ Ó ƧƽƢºŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƧƽȁƾŰ DzďǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷȁ -ÓÎÕ
ǪºŹ ȏ Ñ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠȁ .ǂƸƦdzơ ǝƢǬdz ƨȈǻƾǠŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ƪƦƯ ơƿƛ ǾƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǺǷ ƾūơ DzďǤnjǸǴdz
ƤºǰĄƫǁơ ǾLjºǨǻ DzǤnjŭơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZƢǨǣȍ ȁƗ DzǠǨdz ƨƴȈƬǻ Ǟǫȁ
.ƭȂºǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǻ ǁǂǓ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼȈLJ ǾǻƘƥ ȆǴǠǧ ǶǴǟ Ǻǟȁ ơƆƾǸǟ
DzºǠǧ (Ɨ) :ǺȇǂǐǼǟ ǂǧȂƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƾƷ ƨdzơǃƛ ƤǴǘƬƫ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ
ǁǂǓ ƘnjǼȈLJ ǾǻƘƥ ȆǴǠǨdzơ ǶǴǠdzơ (ƣ)ȁ DzďǤnjŭơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZƢǨǣƛ ȁƗ
ƤƳȂŠ ȅƽƚȇ ȏ DzďǤnjŭơ DZƢŷƛ ǹƜǧ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ .ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǻ
.ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǑȁǂǨŭơ ƾūơ ƨdzơǃƛ ńƛ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ
ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢƆǸǰƷ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ȆǴǏȋơ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ǺǸǔƬȇȁ -ÓÎÖ
.ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Ŀ Ƕǰūơ ǥǀĄƷ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƾūƢƥ
ƢȀƦƦLjºƫ Ŗºdzơ ǁơǂºǓȋƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ȆǔǬƫȁ -ÓÏÍ
ǃȁƢš ơƿƛ ǾǻƘƥ Ǒǁȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨưdzƢƯ ǥơǂǗȋ ƨȈƦǼƳȋơ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ
ƢȀǔǨƻ ǶƬȇ ǾǻƜǧ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƾƷ ƨƬƦưŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ȆǴǰdzơ ǢǴƦŭơ
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Ȅǐǫȋơȁ Ňƽȋơ Ǻȇƾūơ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ (Ɨ)Ô ƧƽƢºŭơ ƽƾŢ (ÔÕÍ)
:ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǢǴƦŭ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ǾǠǧƽ ƤǴǘƬĄȇ ȅǀdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ŅƢŦƛ ƾȇDŽȇ ȏ"
ƧƽƾºƄơ ȃȂǐǬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ǻǟ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǾƦƦLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ
."ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀŮ ƢƆǬǧȁ
(Ɨ)Ô ƧǂºǬǨdzơȁ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ó ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (ÔÕÎ)
.ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ
.Ö ƧƽƢŭơ (ÔÕÏ)
239 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƲƟƢƬǻ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǽǀºǿ Ŀ ƪǴǐºǧ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ƽȁƾƷ ƱǁƢƻ ƧǁƢǓ
Ǻǟ ȐƆ ǔǧ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ǹƢŪȁ ǶȈǰŢ ƩƢƠȈǿȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ǶǯƢŰ DzƟƢLjŭơ
śºƥ ƨǬƦLjºǷ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟȁ ǵƢǟ ǾƳȂƥȁ .ƨȈǴŰ ǶǯƢŰ
DZƾºǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰȁ Ņȁƾdzơ DZƾǠǴdz ƨǸƟơƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ Ʃǂǜǻ DZȁƾdzơ
ǦȈǏǂdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩƢǟǃƢǼǷ Ŀ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƩƢƠȈǿȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
.Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƢǷȁ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ǁƢƸƦdzơ Ŀȁ ǾȈǧ ƨȇǁƢŪơ ƨǘnjǻȋƢƥȁ ȅǁƢǬdzơ
DZȁƽ śºƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƧƽƢǠdzơ Ŀ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨȇǁƢƳ ƨǘnjǻƗ ƽȂƳȁ DZƢƷ Ŀȁ
ƩƢLjºLJƚǷ ƽȂºƳȁȁ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ǽƢȈŠ ǝƢǨƬǻȏơ DzưǷ ƧǁȁƢƴƬǷ
Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǹƜǧ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǮǴƫ DzƳƗ ǺǷ DZȁƾdzơ ƢȀƬǴǰNj
ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ȁƗ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨLjLJƚŭơ ńƛ ƧƽƢǠdzơ Ŀ DZƢŢ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǮǴƫ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǶǯƢƄơ ǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ .ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ
.DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
ƨȈǴƄơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơȁ ǶǯƢƄơ -Î
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ (Ɨ)
ȆǸLjºƫ Ŗdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ǭƢǼǿ -ÓÏÓ
ŖdzƘLjºǷ Ŀ ƪºƦdzƢƥ ƨǐƬű ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƨȈǴƄơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơȁ ǶǯƢƄơ
ƨƳǁƾdzƢƥ ȅǁƢš ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿ ƨǘnjǻƗ ǭƢǼǿȁ .ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
DzǤnjºŭơ DzǸƸƬȇȁ ƨǏƢƻ ƩƢǻƢȈǯ ǺǷ Ƣđ ǹȂǸƟƢǬdzơ ǦdzƘƬȇ ńȁȋơ
ǶǯƢºƄơ ǹƗ Ƣđ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǠŭơȁ .ƢȀǼǟ ńȁȋơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Ŀ ƩơǀºdzƢƥ DzưǸƬȇ ơǀǿȁ .ƢȀȈǧ ƪƦǴdz ƨǸƟȐŭơ ƩƢȀŪơ Ȇǿ ƨȈǴƄơ
.ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÓÏÔ
ƭƾºƷ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ȁƗ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǶǯƢƄ ȏƛ ǪŹ ȏ ƨȈǻƾŭơ
ƢºǿǂŞ Ǯºdzƿ Ŀ ƢºŠ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ȁƗ ƨǐdzƢŬơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƢȀƬǬǘǼǷ ȁƗ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ
DZȁƾdzơ ȁƗ ȅǂŞ DzȈǷ ŖƟƢǷ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ȏȁ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǂƸƦǴdz ƨŨƢƬǷ ȁƗ
Ŀ ǂºǜǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ DzȈǴǬƫ ȁƗ ǞǼŭ ƨȈƟƢǫȁ Śƥơƾƫ ƢȀȈǧ ƩǀƼČƫơ Ŗdzơ
ǹƗ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƧƾǫƢǠƬǷ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ ǹƜǧ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ .ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ
ƞnjºǻƌƗ ŕºǷȁ .ǵǃȐºdzơ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ǮǴƬŤ ƢȀǸǯƢŰ ǹƗ DzƌǨǰƫ
ǶǯƢƄ ǹȂǰȇ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƨLjǷƢŬơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƩƢƦǴǘƬŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ ǩȁƾǼǏ
ǞȈŦ Ŀ ƪƦǴdz ǎdzƢƻ ǍƢǐƬƻơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƞnjǻƌƗ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
.(ÔÕÓ)ƢȀǠȇǃȂƫȁ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ DZơȂǷƗ ǶȈLjǬƬƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ DzƟƢLjŭơ
ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨȇƽƢūơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÓÏÕ
ǍƢǐƬƻơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨȈǴƄơ ǶǯƢƸǸǴdz ǹȂǰȇ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ
ǵƾƼƬLjºĄƫȁ ƧƾºǫƢǠƬǷ ƨºdzȁƽ ƢºȀǰǴŤ Ŗdzơ ǺǨLjdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
.ƨȇǁƢš Ǒơǂǣȋ
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ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨǠLJƢƬdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƾƳȂȇȁ .Õ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÔÕÓ)
DzǸnjºȈdz ƾƬŻ Ń ȆǟȂǓȂŭơ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ǹƗ ơƾǟ DzƯƢŲ ǶǰƷ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz
.ƢŮƽƢǠȇ ƢǷȁ ƨǐdzƢŬơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ
ȅƗ ǹȐǘƦºƥ ƨȈǧƢºǓȍơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÎÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ȆǔǬƫȁ -ÓÏÏ
ǺǷ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ƨǰLjdzơ ȆǨǠȇ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ƨǰLjdzơȁ ƣƢǯǂdzơ śƥ ǩƢǨƫơ
Ŀ ǾºȈǴǟ ǍȂǐºǼŭơ ǢǴƦŭơ Ǻǟ DzǬȇ ǢǴƦŠ ƢǿƽƾŹ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
.(ÔÕÒ)ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ǁƢºǗƛ ƱǁƢºƻ DZȁƾºdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ (ƣ)
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ
Ǻºǟ ƨȈũǂdzơ ƩȐLJơǂŭơȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ Ǧnjǰƫ ȏ -ÓÏÐ
Ŀ ƢºȀȈǴǟ ǪºǨƬŭơ ƽȁƾūơ Śǣ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƽȁƾƷ ƨȇƗ ƽȂƳȁ
ńƛ ƩơǁƢNjƛ ǭƢǼǿȁ .ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơ Ŀ ƧƽƾƄơ ȁƗ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƾūơ ǂďLjǧƌ ơƿƛȁ .ĿƢǰdzơȁ DZƽƢǠdzơȁ ǦǐǼŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ǞǷ ƢƆǬǨƬǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ǺǰŻ ǾǻƜǧ ƆƢǓƢǨǔǧ ơƆŚLjǨƫ
.DZƽƢǠdzơȁ ǦǐǼŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ǶǰūƢƥ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ -ƔƢƥ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǩƢưȈǷ ǺǷ ÐÐ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫ -ÓÏÑ
ƢȀǼȈƥ ǁƢȈƬƻȏơ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǸǴLjdzơ ǪƟơǂǘdzơ ǺǷ ƨǠLJơȁ ƨǟȂǸů ȄǴǟ
ƢƆǧƢǐƫơ ƢǿǂưǯƗ śƥȁ ƢȀǴǫƗ śƥ ƢǷ ƵȁơǂƬƫ Ȇǿȁ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƬdz
:Ȇũǂdzơ ǞƥƢǘdzƢƥ
ǚºǨƷ ǑǂǠȇ ǹƗ ǽǁơǂǸƬLJơ ǹƘNj ǺǷ ǝơDŽǻ ȅƗ ǥơǂǗƗ ȄǴǟ ƤŸ
Ǫºȇǂǘƥ Ɣƾºƥ ȅƿ ƝƽƢºƥ ǾǴƷ ơȂLjǸƬǴȇ ǹƗ ǂǘƼǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ ǺǷȋơȁ ǶǴLjdzơ
ǹƗ ȁƗ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƨȇȂLjƬdzơȁ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơȁ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơȁ ƨǗƢLJȂdzơȁ ǪȈǬƸƬdzơȁ ƨǓȁƢǨŭơ
ƨȈǸǴLjºdzơ DzƟƢLJȂdzơ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣ ȁƗ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƩƢǸȈǜǼƬdzơȁ ƩȏƢǯȂdzơ ńƛ ơȁƘƴǴȇ
.ƢǿǁƢȈƬƻơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǞǬȇ Ŗdzơ
ǺºǷ ǪºƟơǂǘdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ Ǧnjǰƫȁ -ÓÏÒ
ŖdzƘLjºǷ Ŀ ƪºƦdzơ Ŀ ƪǷƾƼƬLJơ ƾǫ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ ǪƟơǂǗ
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:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ÎÏȁ ÎÍ ǹƢƫƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÔÕÒ)
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƾūơ ǂǜƷ -ÎÍ ƧƽƢŭơ"
ƨºǏƢƻ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƨȇƗ ȁƗ DzǬǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ǕȁǂNj ȁƗ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƨȇƗ"
ƨǰLjºdzơ ƔƢºǨǟƛ Ƣºđ ƽơǂȇ Ƥǯơǂdzơȁ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzơ śƥ ƾǬǠƫ
Ƣºđ ȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ ȁƗ ƢƆȈǴǯ ƢǷƛ ƢƆǨǴLJ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ
ƨǰLjºdzơ Ǻºǟ ƩƢƦƯȍơ ƔƤǟ Ǟǧǁ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬȇ ȁƗ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ
ƧƽƢºŭơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƽȁƾūơ Ǻǟ DzǬƫ ƽȁƾƷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ȁƗ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ
DzǘƦĄȇ ȏ ǹȐǘƦdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ .ƨȈǣȏȁ ƨǴǗƢƥ ŐƬǠƫ Ô ƧƽƢŭơȁ (Ï)Ó
DzºǬǼdz ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǵƢǰƷȋ ƢƆǠǓƢƻ Dzǜȇ ȅǀdzơ DzǬǼdzơ ƾǬǟ
.ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǵƢǰƷȋȁ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ ƨǠƬǷȋơȁ ƣƢǯǂdzơ
ǵƢºǰƷƗ ǩƢºǘǻ Ŀ Dzƻƾºƫ ȏ ȃȁƢǟƽ Ǟǧǁ -ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơ"
ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ
ƨºȇƾȇƾūơ ƨǰLjºdzơ ȄǴǟ ǹƢǯ ǝȂǻ ȅƗ ǺǷ ȃȂǟƽ Ǟǧǂƫ ȏ"
ȏƛ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ (Î)Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ƢȀƬȈdzȁƚLjŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
.ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀºǿ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƽȁƾūơȁ ǕȁǂnjǴdz Ǟǔţ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ
ǹȂºǰƫ ǍƢƼNjƗ ȄǴǟ Ǟǧǂƫ ȃȂǟƽ ƨȇƗ ȄǴǟ ǾLjǨǻ ƔȆnjdzơ ǪƦǘǼȇȁ
."ÎÎ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǶȀǼǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ƨǰLjdzơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǺǷ ƨǠLJƢƬdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǨLjdzơ ƽȂǫȁ ƪȇǃ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǾƦnjƫȁ -ÓÐÎ
ȏ Ǿǻȋ ơƆǂǜǻȁ .ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
ǍƢǐƬƻȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǂǛƢǼǷ ǎǻ ƢȀȈǧ ƾƳȂȇ Ȑǧ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƢŮ ƾƳȂȇ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁ DZȂºǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .(ÔÖÍ)ǩȁƾǼǐdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
DzǬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ƶǼºŤ ƢȀºǼǷ ÐÕ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁȁ ƧǁƢǓȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ
ȅǀdzơ ȁƗ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǾȈǧ ƪƯƾƷ ȅǀdzơ ǶȈǴǫȍơ Ŀ ǶǯƢƸǸǴdz ƢƆǏƢǐƬƻơ
ƱǁƢºƻ ơƆǂǐƷ ƨƯƽƢūơ ƪƯƾƷ ơƿƛȁ .ƨȈƟƢǫȁ Śƥơƾƫ ǾȈǧ ƩǀƼČƫơ
DzȈƴLjƬdzơ ƨdzȁƽ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǍƢǐƬƻơ ƘnjǼȇ ƨdzȁƽ ȅƗ ǶȈǴǫƛ
DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƨǴƴLjŭơ Śǣ ǺǨLjǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǶǴǠdzơ ƨdzȁƽ ȁƗ
.(ÔÖÎ)ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢŭ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ DzǸǠdzơ DzŰ ȁƗ ƽƢƬǠŭơ ƨǷƢǫȍơ ǹƢǰǷ
__________
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÔÖÍ)
ƭȂºǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǻ ǁǂǓ ǝȂǫȁ Ŀ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƪƦċƦLjƫ ơƿƛ -Î"
ǁƢnjŭơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ǺǷ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ȁƗ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǂƸƦdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǶȈǴǫȍơ Ŀ
ȁƗ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ǥơǂǗȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨdzȁƾdz ‘Ï‘(Ɨ)Ï ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ
ńƛ ǾǴȈǴǬƫ ȁƗ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǼŭ ƨȈƟƢǫȁ Śƥơƾƫ ƩǀƼČƫơ ơƿƛ
DzºưǷ Ŀ ȁƗ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǂƸƦdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǶȈǴǫȍơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ Ňƽȋơ ƾūơ
ǮdzƢǷ ƾǓ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ Ǒǂǟ ǃȂŸ ȏ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǮǴƫ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ȆǘǤȇ ƢƆǻƢǸǓ ǂŏǧȂȇ ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ȁƗ ǺǷƚŭơ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ
.ǥơǂǗȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ȅƗ ǶǯƢŰ ǵƢǷƗ ȏƛ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ
ȃȂǟƽ ȅƘƥ DZȂǬǠǷ ǁƢǠNjƛ ǾȈǴǟ ȄǟċƾǷ Dzǯ ńƛ DzLJǂĄȇ -Ï"
.Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ǀƼċƬƫĄ
ǍƢǐºƬƻȏƢƥ ƢºȀǸǯƢŰ ǞƬŤ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ DzǨǰƫ -Ð"
."ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ƨǷƢǬŭơ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ Ŀ ǂǜǼǴdz
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ÐÕ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÔÖÎ)
Ŀ ƢŠ ǶȈǴǫȍơ Ŀ ơƆǁǂǓ ƤƦLjƫ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǝȂǫȁ DZƢƷ Ŀ -Î"
ƧƽƢºŭơ Ŀ ƢºȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ǺǷ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ȁƗ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǂƸƦdzơ Ǯdzƿ
Śƥơƾƫ ƿƢţơ DZƢƷ Ŀ ȁƗ ǥơǂǗȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ (ƣ)Ð
Ŀ ƢŠ ǶȈǴǫȍơ Ǯdzƿ DzưǷ Ŀ Ňƽȋơ ƾūơ ńƛ ǁǂǔdzơ DzȈǴǬƫ ȁƗ ǞǼŭ ƨȈƟƢǫȁ
ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ ǃȂŸ ȏ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǮǴƫ DzưǷ Ŀ ȁƗ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǂƸƦdzơ Ǯdzƿ
ǮºdzƢǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȆǘǤȇ ƢƆȈdzƢǷ ƢƆǻƢǸǓ ǂŏǧȂȇ ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj ȁƗ ǮdzƢŭơ ƾǓ
.ǥơǂǗȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ȅƗ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ǶǯƢƄơ Ŀ ȏƛ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ
ǶȈºǴǫȍơ ƱǁƢƻ ơƆǂǐƷ ǞǬȇ ơƆǁǂǓ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƪƦċƦLJ ơƿƛ -Ï"
ǪºȈƦǘƫ ǕȁǂNj ƩǂǧȂƫ ƔơȂLJȁ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȇȋ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǂƸƦdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ
ȁƗ ǞºǼŭ ƨȈƟƢǫȁ Śƥơƾƫ ƩǀƼČƫơ ȁƗ (Ʊ)Ð ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƨǼȈƦŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ
ȅƗ ȁƗ ǮºdzƢŭơ ƾǓ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ ǃȂŸ ȏ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ DzưǷ DzȈǴǬƫ
:ǶǯƢŰ Ŀ ȏƛ ǮdzƢŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǘǤƬdz ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ǂǧȂȇ ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj
ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƨǴƴLjŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ (Ɨ)
ȁƗ žƢȀǸǴǟ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ Ǟǧǂƫ Ŗdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ƨǴƴLjǷ Śǣ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ
ǮdzƢŭ ƽƢƬǠŭơ ƨǷƢǫȍơ DzŰ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ Ŗdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ (ƣ)
ȁƗ žȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǾǴǸǟ DzŰ ƢȀȈǧ ƾƳȂȇ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ
Ð ƧǂǬǨǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƢȀȈǧ ƞnjǻƌƗ Ŗdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ (Ʊ)
.Ö ƧƽƢŭ ǺǷ
ȅƗ ǍȂǐºş ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ńƛ DZȂǬǠǷ ǁƢǠNjƛ DzLJǂĄȇ -Ð"
.Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ȁƗ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ǵƢǬĄƫ ȃȂǟƽ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
240
ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǹƜǧ DzưŭƢƥȁ -ÓÏÖ
ƾºǓ ƩơƔơǂºƳƛ Ŀ ƪƦdzƢƥ ƨǐƬű ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ DZȁƾǴdz ƨȈǴƄơ ǶǯƢƄơ
ƢºȀǸǯƢŰ ƶǼºŤ ǹƗ ƧƾºǫƢǠƬŭơ DZȁƾºdzơ ȄǴǟ ǹƗȁ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
džȈºdzȁ .ƩơƔơǂºƳȍơ ǮºǴƫ DzưǷ Ŀ ǂǜǼǴdz ǵǃȐdzơ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ
ǹȂºǰȇ ȏ Ŗdzơ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ Ŀ ǁơǂǫ ȁƗ ǶǰƷ ȅƘƥ ƢƆǷDŽǴǷ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
ȆǨǧ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ .ƢȀȈǧ ƢƆǧǂǗ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ƨȇȂLjƫ ȅƗ Ŀ ȁƗ ƢȀȈǧ ƢƆǧǂǗ
ƧǁȂǐºƥ DzƻƾƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ơƆǁƽƢǫ ǾǴǠš ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ǁƢǠNjƛ ƨdzƢƷ
ƢƆºǷDŽǴǷ ǩȁƾǼǐºdzơ ƶƦǐȇ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ Ŀ ǥǂǘǯ ƨdzƢǠǧ
ǪƟƢǬūơ Ŀ ǺǠǘdzơ ǾȈǧ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ǁƾǬdzƢƥ ǽǁȁƾǏ ǶƬȇ ǶǰŞ
.(ÔÕÔ)Ƕǰūơ Ǯdzǀƥ ƨǘƦƫǂŭơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ ȁƗ
ǩȁƾǼǐºdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÓÐÍ
ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨǐƬű ƨǸǰŰ ǵƢǷƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ƾǓ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ ǵƢǬĄƫ
ƨºȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ ƨǠLJƢƬdzơ
ƔơǂƳƛ ȅȋ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǎdzƢƻ ȆƟƢǔǫ ǍƢǐƬƻơ" ƢŮ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ
Ǯºdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .(ÔÕÕ)*"ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƾǓ ňȂǻƢǫ
ǩȁƾǼǐºdzơ ǂºǬǷ Ƣđ ƾƳȂȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ǹȂǰȇ
.(ÔÕÖ)DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ Ŀ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ȁƗ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ
__________
ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢºǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ô ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƾƳȂȇȁ .Ö ƧƽƢŭơ (ÔÕÔ)
.ƧŚƦǯ ƨƳǁƾƥ DzƯƢŲ ǶǰƷ
:Ô ƧƽƢŭơ (ÔÕÕ)
Ô ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Óȁ Òȁ Ñȁ Ïȁ Î ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǪƦǘǼƫ -Î"
ƾǓ ƨǟȂǧǂŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȃȁƢǟƽ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ
."DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
:Ô ƧƽƢŭơ (ÔÕÖ)
ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ȃȂǟƽ ǑǂǠĄƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ -Ï"
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨǠLJƢƬdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨǐƬű ƨǸǰŰ ǵƢǷƗ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ
ǍƢǐºƬƻơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǮǴƬdz ǹȂǰȇ ǾǼǷƢǓ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLJ ǮdzƢǷ ƾǓ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz
ƨºƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƾǓ ƨǷƢǬĄǷ ȃȂǟƽ ȅƗ ȄǴǟ ǎdzƢƻ ȆƟƢǔǫ
ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ
ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ȃȂǟƽ ƪǠǧĄǁ ơƿƜǧ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .Ǿƫơƿ
ƨºǸǰŰ ǵƢºǷƗ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ
ƪLjºȈdz ƢȀºǼǰdzȁ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ǥǂǗ ƧƾǫƢǠƬǷ ƨdzȁƾdz
ƤƳȂŠ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƾǓ ƔơǂƳƛ ȅƗ ǹƜǧ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƢƆǧǂǗ
ƢºǷƛ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƤƷƢǏ ǁƢȈƻ ȄǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥ ǑǂǠĄȇ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ
ȅƗ ǵƢºǷƗ ȁƗ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ǂǬǷ ƢȀȈǧ ƾƳȂȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǵƢǷƗ
ǍƢǐºƬƻơ ƢºŮ ǹȂºǰȇȁ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ƨǸǰŰ
.ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨǠLJƢƬdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ
ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ȃȂǟƽ ƪǸȈǫƗƌ ơƿƛ ǾǻƢǧ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ -Ð"
ǵƢǷƗ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƾǓ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǻ ǁǂǓ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ
ǵƢºǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐºdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ǥǂǗ ƧƾǫƢǠƬǷ ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂǷ ƨǸǰŰ
ȃȂºǟƽ ȅƗ ǹƜºǧ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƢƆǧǂǗ ƪLjȈdz ƢȀǼǰdzȁ ÎÖÖÏ
ȄºǴǟ ƔƢǼƥ ǑǂǠƫ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƾǓ ǂǷȋơ ơǀđ DzǐƬƫ ȃǂƻƗ
ǂºǬǷ ƢȀȈǧ ƾƳȂȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǵƢǷƗ ƢǷƛ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƤƷƢǏ ǁƢȈƬƻơ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǶǯƢºŰ ǺǷ ƨǐƬű ƨǸǰŰ ȅƗ ǵƢǷƗ ȁƗ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
."Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ
241 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÎÖ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ -ÓÐÏ
ȄºǴǟ ƧǂºǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǻ DZȐƻ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ
ƨºȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨºƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJȁ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ ȁƗ ƨȇŐdzơ ǩǂǘdzơ
ǥǂºǗ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȇƗ ǶǯƢŰ Ŀ ȏƛ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȃȁƢǟƽ ƨǷƢǫƛ ǃȂƳ ȏ
žƨƯƽƢūơ ƪǠǫȁ ƮȈƷ (ƣ) žƨƯƽƢƸǴdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀȈǧ Ǟǫȁ (Ɨ)"
ńƛ ǾºǴȈǴǬƫ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǼŭ ƨȈƟƢǫȁ Śƥơƾƫ ƢȀȈǧ ƩǀƼČƫơ ƮȈƷ (Ʊ)
ƤºǴǘƬƫȁ ."DzǫƢǼǴdz ƽƢƬǠŭơ ƨǷƢǫȍơ DzŰ Ȇǿ (ƽ) ȁƗ žŇƽȋơ ƾūơ
ǍƢǐºƬƻȏơ ŚǧȂƫ ƧƾǫƢǠƬǷ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ DzǨǰƫ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƧƽƢŭơ ǮǴƫ
.ǽǀǿ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȃȁƢǟƽ Ŀ ǂǜǼǴdz ƢȀǸǯƢƄ ǵǃȐdzơ
ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢºǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƶǼŤ ȏ ȅȁȂǼdzơ DZƢĐơ Ŀ -ÓÐÐ
ǵƢǷƗ ȏƛ DzďǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ȃȁƢǟƾdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢƆǏƢǐƬƻơ
ȁƗ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ƪǠǫȁ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶǯƢŰ
ǺǰŻ Ń ȁƗ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǶȈdzƢǫƗ ƱǁƢƻ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ
ǵƢºǬĄƫ śǬȈºdzơ ǾºƳȁ ȄǴǟ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ǹƢǰǷ ƾȇƾŢ
ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƾƳȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶǯƢŰ Ŀ ȃȂǟƾdzơ
DZȁƚºȇ DzºǬǼdzơ ƔƢºǼƯƗ ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨºƯƽƢūơ ƪǠǫȁ ơƿƛȁ .ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǶǯƢºŰ ńƛ Ǯdzƿ Śǣ ȄǴǟ ǎǼĄȇ Ń ƢǷ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ
ǝȂºǫȁ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƽơȂŭơ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ
Ŗdzơ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ ńƛ DzȈǐǨƬdzƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơ Śnjƫȁ .ƨƯƽƢūơ
DZȁƾºdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǴƄơ ǶǯƢƄơ śƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ǶȈLjǬƫ Ƣđ ǺǰŻ
džȇǁƢºƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǎǼƫȁ .(ÔÖÐ)ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ǹƢǰŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ
ǶǯƢºŰ Ŀ ǖǬǧ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz
.(ÔÖÑ)ȅȁȂǼdzơ ƭƽƢūơ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ Ǟǫȁ Ŗdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
_________________________________________
ȃȂºǟƽ ƨǷƢǫƛ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ Ò ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǵƢǰƷƘƥ DZȐƻƛ ǹȁƽ -Ô"
ȁƗ ǮºdzƢŭơ ƾºǓ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ
ǺǷ ǥǂǗ Dzǰdz ǹȂǰȇ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ƨǐƬű ƨǸǰŰ ǵƢǷƗ ǮdzƢŭơ ǺǷƢǓ
ǁƢºǘƻƛ Ŀ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƬdz řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ Ǫūơ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ǥơǂǗƗ
ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǩȁƾǼǏ
Ǯºdzƿ Ļ ơƿƛȁ .ȃȂǟƾºdzơ ǮǴƬƥ ƧǁƢǓȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ Ǻǟ
Ŀ ǂǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƢȀƦǴǘƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈũǂdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȎdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǁƢǘƻȍơ
ǮºǴƫ ǩȁƾǼºǏ ƢºȀȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǬȇǂǘdzƢƥȁ ƪǫȂdzơ DZȐƻȁ ȃȂǟƾdzơ
ȃȂǟƾºdzơ Ŀ ƨºdzƢǠǧ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ Ǿdz ƶȈƬȇ DŽǯǂǷ Ŀ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ƶƦǐȇ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƨǸǰƄơ ǽǁƾǐƫ ǶǰƷ ȅƗ ǹƜǧ ǥǂǘǯ
ƢƆºǷDŽǴǷ Ƕºǰūơ ƢºȀȈǧ ǁƾǏ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ǀȈǨǼƬǴdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫȁ ƢƆȈƟƢĔ ȁƾǤȇ
Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǩȁƾǼǐdz
ǞƟƢºǫȂdzơ ǹƗ ŘǠŠ ƧǁƢǓȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƢºȀȈǧ ǺºǠǘdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐǴdz ǺǰŻ ȏ Ƕǰūơ Ǯdzƿ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǎǴź Ŗdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơȁ
."ȃȂǟƾdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ǭǁƢnjȇ Ń Ȃdzȁ ŕƷ
Ȃdz ƢǸǯ ƢǿŚLjǨƫ ǃȂŸ ȏ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ňƢưdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ ǎǼȇ (ÔÖÐ)
ƨºȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƔơǂƳ ǺǷ ƨȈǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ǁǂǔdzơ ƭƾƷ ơƆƾǫƢǠƬǷ ƢƆǧǂǗ ǵǂŢ ƪǻƢǯ
Ǿºdz ƵƢºƬĄƫ ƾǫ Ŗdzơ ǥƢǐƬǻȏơ DzƦLJ ǺǷ ǂƻƕ ƾǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƪǠǫȁ
.Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ
.(Ɨ)ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÔÖÑ)
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƾǓ ƨǷƢǬŭơ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ǑǂǠĄƫ ȏȁ
ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
ƨºǸǰŰ ǵƢǷƗ ȏƛ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƢȀǸȈǬȇ Ŗdzơ ȁƗ ƧǁƢǓȁ Ƨǂǘƻ
ƨºǷƢǬŭơ ȃȁƢǟƾdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ÐÕ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ǍƢǐƬƻơ Ʃơƿ
ƨƯƽƢūơ ǾƬƦƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ȅǀdzơ ǮdzƢŭơ ƾǓ
Ʃơƿ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ƨǸǰŰ ǵƢǷƗ ȁƗ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ
.(ÔÖÏ)ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹƢǯ ǮdzƢŭơ ǹƗ Ȃdz ƢǸȈǧ ǍƢǐƬƻơ
_________________________________________
(ǞƥƢƫ (ÔÖÎ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
ǍƢǐºƬƻȏƢƥ ƢºȀǸǯƢŰ ǞƬŤ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ DzǨǰƫ -Ñ"
.ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ƨǷƢǬŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȃȁƢǟƽ Ŀ ǂǜǼǴdz
ǂǧȂºȇ ǂºƻƕ ǎƼNj ȁƗ ǺǷƚŭơ ȁƗ ǮdzƢŭơ ƞnjǼĄȇ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ -Ò"
ƶƦǐºȇ ÎÏ ƧƽƢºǸǴdz ƢƆºǬǧȁ Ö ƧƽƢºŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ƢƆǫȁƾǼǏ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ
ǍƢǐºƬƻơ ǩȁƾǼǐºdzơ Ǯºdzƿ DzưǷ ƢȀȈǧ ƞnjǻƌƗ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ǶǯƢƸǸǴdz
."ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ DZơȂǷƗ ǞȇǃȂƫȁ ǶȈLjǬƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǞȈŦ Ŀ ƪƦǴdz ȅǂǐƷ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ÐÖ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÔÖÏ)
ǑǂǠĄƫ ȏ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋƢƥ ƢƆǼǿǁ -Î"
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƾǓ ƨǷƢǬĄǷ ȃȂǟƽ ȅƗ
ƧǁƢºǓȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ
ƨºǠƬǸƬǷ ƨºǸǰŰ ǵƢºǷƗ ȏƛ ÎÑ ƧƽƢºŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz
ƾºǓ ƨǷƢǬŭơ ȃȁƢǟƾdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ÐÕ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ǍƢǐƬƻȏƢƥ
ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǾƬƦċƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ȅǀdzơ ǮdzƢŭơ
ƢǸȈǧ ǍƢǐƬƻȏƢƥ ǞƬǸƬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ƨǸǰŰ ǵƢǷƗ ȁƗ
.ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹƢǯ ǮdzƢŭơ ǹƗ Ȃdz
DzºǸŢ Ŗdzơ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƨȇȂǿ ȄǴǟ ǥǂǠƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ -Ï"
ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǪƦǘǼƫ ƆơǁǂǓ ƪƦċƦLJ Ŗdzơȁ ƨǷƢLJ ȁƗ Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂǷ
ǩȁƾǼºǏ ƾºǓ ƨºǷƢǬŭơ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ǵDŽǴȇ ƢǷ ŚȈǤƫ ǞǷ ÐÕ ƧƽƢŭơ
Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
.ƧǁƢǓȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ
ǍƢǐºƬƻȏƢƥ ƢºȀǸǯƢŰ ǞƬŤ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ DzǨǰƫ -Ð"
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƾǓ ƨǷƢǬŭơ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ǂǜǼǴdz
Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
.Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƢǓȁ
ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƪǓǂĄǟ ơƿƛ -Ñ"
ƨºȇȏȁ ƨǸǰƄơ ǮǴƬdz ƶƦǐȇ ǮdzƢŭơ ǺǷƢǓ ȁƗ ǮdzƢŭơ ƾǓ ƨǸǰŰ ǵƢǷƗ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǩȁƾǼºǏ ƾǓ ƨǷƢǬĄǷ ȃȂǟƽ ȅȋ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨǐdzƢƻ ƨȈƟƢǔǫ
DzºǬǼdzơ Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ǵƢºǰƷƗ ƤºƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ƧǁƢǓȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ
.Ǿƫơƿ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzǀƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ÎÑ ƧƽƢŭơ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǩȁƾǼǐdz ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ DzǨǰƫ -Ò"
DzºǬǼdzơ Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ȃȂºǟƽ ȅƗ Ŀ ǥǂǘǯ DzƻƾƬdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƧǁƢǓȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ
ƾǓ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƨǐƬű ƨǸǰŰ ǵƢǷƗ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀŮ ƢƆǬǧȁ ǵƢǬĄƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ
.ǮdzƢŭơ ǺǷƢǓ ȁƗ ǮdzƢŭơ
ǹȂºǰȇ ȏ Ô ƧǂºǬǨdzơ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǎǼĄȇ Ń ƢǷ -Ó"
ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǩȁƾǼǏ
Ŀ ǁơǂºǫ ȁƗ ǶºǰƷ ȅƘƥ ƢƆǷDŽǴǷ ƧǁƢǓȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ Ǻǟ
.ƢȀȈǧ ƢƆǧǂǗ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ƨȇȂLjƫ ȅƘƥ ȁƗ ƢȀȈǧ ƢƆǧǂǗ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ Ŗdzơ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǥǂºǘǴdz ƨǐºdzƢŬơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƪǠǫȁ ơƿƛ
ǃȁƢºƴƬƫ ȏ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ƩƽďƾƷĄ ƾǫ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǮǴƫ DzưǷ Ǻǰƫ Ń ơƿƛ ȁƗ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ
ǹȂǰȇ ǥǂǘdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƢǿƽƾŹ ǹƗ śǠƬȇȁ ƨǐdzƢŬơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƽȁƾƷ
ǮºǴƫ Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ȃȁƢǟƾǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ
ǽǀºǿ ǪƦǘǼƫȁ .ǖǬǧ ǥǂǘdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǶǯƢƄ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ǒơǂǣȋȁ ƨƯƽƢūơ
ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǮǴƫ DzưŠ ǞȇƽȂdzơ ǂǘƻƗ ƾǫ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ Ǻǰȇ Ń ơƿƛ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ
ƶǸLjºȇ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ǂċLjǨĄȇ ƢǷ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ džȈdzȁ .ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ DzƦǫ
Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǁƢƸƦǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǞǷ ǑǁƢǠƬƫ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǍƢǐƬƻơ ƨLJǁƢǸŠ
Ǯºdzƿ ƨºLJǁƢŲ Ǻǰƫ Ń ơƿƛ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ .ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
Ƨǂnjǟ ƨȇƽƢūơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ǥǂǘdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǞǷ ƨǬLjƬǷ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ
ƪLjºȈdz ƨdzȁƾƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơ ȁƗ ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ
.ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǮǴƬdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ƽċƾƸĄȇ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƢƆǧǂǗ
ȁƗ ƾºǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ ȅƗ ǶȈǴǫƛ ƱǁƢƻ ƨƯƽƢūơ ƪǠǫȁ ơƿƛȁ -ÓÑÍ
ǺºǰŻ Ń ơƿƛ ȁƗ ƢŮƽƢǠȇ ƢǷ ȁƗ ƨǐdzƢŬơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƱǁƢƻ
Ŀ ǶǯƢºƄơ ǹȂǰƫ śǬȈdzơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ǹƢǰǷ ƾȇƾŢ
.(ÕÍÍ)ƨǐƬƼŭơ ǶǯƢƄơ Ȇǿ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƢȀȈǧ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǶǯƢƄ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀȁ -ÓÑÎ
ǶǯƢºŰ ƧƾºǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǮǴƫ ƽďƾƸĄƫ ƾƷơȁ ƾǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ
.(ÕÍÎ)ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ƢŮ ǹȂǰȇ Ŗdzơ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ
ǺǨLjºdzơ ȆǴďǤnjºǷ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƧǂNjƢǠdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÓÑÏ
ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ Ŀ ǁƢȈŬơ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƤƷƢǐdz ǹȂǰȇ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
ǵƢǷƗ ȁƗ ǎȈƻǂƬdzơ ƩǁƾǏƗ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶǯƢŰ ǵƢǷƗ ƢǷƛ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ
ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƭƾƷ Ŗdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ȁƗ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶǯƢŰ
.ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢºǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ ÎÔ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÓÑÐ
ƾǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ ǶǯƢŰ Ŀ ȏƛ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ʼnƾǬƫ ǃȂŸ ȏ
ǺǰLjºdzơ ǾºȈǧ ƾƳȂȇ ȁƗ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǾȈǧ ƪǠǫȁ ȁƗ ǁǂǔǴdz ǑǂǠƫ
ǥǂǗ Dzǯ DzǨǰȇȁ .ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǾǴǸǟ ǂǬǷ ȁƗ ǾȈǴǟ ȄǟċƾǸǴdz ƽƢƬǠŭơ
ƩƢºƦdzƢǘŭơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ǂǜǼǴdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzƢƥ ǾǸǯƢŰ ǞƬŤ ƾǫƢǠƬǷ
ƆƢºǸǰƷ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǸǔƬȇȁ .ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ
:ƧŚƦǯ ƨƳǁƾƥ ƆȐƯƢŲ
ǶǯƢŰ ńƛ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ǵƾǬĄƫ -Î
:ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ ǖǬǧ ǥǂǘdzơ
žǁǂǔǴdz ǑǂǠƫ ƭƾƷ ơƿƛ (Ɨ)
ȁƗ žƨȈǟƢǼǏ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƪǠǫȁ (ƣ)
ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ǹƢǯ žȁƗ ƽƢƬǠǷ ǺǰLJ DzŰ ǾȈǴǟ ȄǟċƾǸǴdz ǹƢǯ (Ʊ)
ȁƗ śȈºǠȈƦǗ ƢƆºǏƢƼNjƗ Ƕǔƫ ƨǘƥơǁ ȁƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȇǁƢƦƬǟơ ƨȈǐƼNj ȁƗ ƨǯǂNj
ƢǿǂǬǷȁ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ƢȀǴǸǟ ǂǬǷ Ǿƥ ƾƳȂȇ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢǰŭơ Ŀȁ śȇǁƢƦƬǟơ ƢƆǏƢƼNjƗ
.ƨȇDŽǯǂŭơ Ƣēǁơƽƛ ȁƗ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ
__________
.Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÕÍÍ)
.Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÕÍÎ)
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ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǎǼƫ DzƯƢŲ ȂƉ Ŵ ȄǴǟ -ÓÐÑ
ǶǯƢºƄ ǹȂºǰȇ DzďǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ǹƗ ƢȀǼǷ
.(ÔÖÒ)ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǾǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƪǠǫȁ Ŗdzơ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ȅ ƨȈǴƄơ
ƢƆǔºȇƗ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢºǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ƶǼŤ Ńȁ -ÓÐÒ
ƨƯƽƢūơ ƪǠǫȁ ơƿƛ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ǶǯƢƸǸǴdz ȏƛ ƨȇȏȂdzơ
ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ ƢºŮƽƢǠȇ ƢºǷ ȁƗ ƨǐdzƢŬơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
.ǪǗƢºǼŭơ ǮǴƫ DzưǷ Ŀ ƭƽƢūơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ȃȁƢǟƾǴdz
ǮºǴƫ DzºưŠ ǞȇƽȂdzơ ǂǘƼĄƫ ǹƗ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ǂǷȋơ ȆǔƬǬȇȁ
ơǀǿ ƭƾƷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠȁ .ȅȁȂǼdzơ ƭƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ DzƦǫ ƨǬǘǼŭơ
.(ÔÖÓ)ƢŮƽƢǠȇ ƢǷ ȁƗ ƨǐdzƢŬơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ DzǸnjȈdz ƽơƾƬǷȏơ
ȁƗ ƾºǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ ȅƗ ǶȈǴǫƛ ƱǁƢƻ ƨƯƽƢūơ ƪǠǫȁ ơƿƛ -ÓÐÓ
ǺºǰŻ Ń ơƿƛ ȁƗ ƢŮƽƢǠȇ ƢǷ ȁƗ ƨǐdzƢŬơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƱǁƢƻ
ƨºȇȏȂdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ƾȇƾƸƬdzơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ǹƢǰǷ ƾȇƾŢ
.DZȁƚLjŭơ DzďǤnjŭơ ƢȀȈǧ ƾƳȂȇȁ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƢȀȈǧ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶǯƢƄ
ȃƾdz ƾƳȂȇ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ǒǠƥ DzǛ Ŀ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁ -ÓÐÔ
ȂºƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ƽċƾƸĄȇ ƾǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǶǯƢŰ
ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨȇƽƢūơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ŅƢƬdzơ
:ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz
ǥǂºǗ ȅƗ ǶȈǴǫƛ ƱǁƢƻ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ƪǠǫȁ ơƿƛ (Ɨ)
Ǯºdzƿ ǶǯƢºŰ ǹȂºǰƫ ƾȈƷȁ ƾǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ ǶȈǴǫƛ Dzƻơƽ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳȁ ƾǫƢǠƬǷ
ǍƢǐƬƻȏƢƥ ƨǠƬǸƬŭơ Ȇǿ ƾȈƷȂdzơ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ
Ǯºdzƿ ǶǯƢºƄ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ǹȂǰȇ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzƢƷ ȅƗ Ŀ (ƣ)
ǞºƬǸƬƫ Ŗºdzơ ǥơǂºǗȋơ śƥ ǩƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ƽďƾƸĄȇ ȅǀdzơȁ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ
.[Ƨǂnjǟ ƨȇƽƢūơ ƧƽƢŭơ] ƤƳȂŠ ǍƢǐƬƻȏƢƥ ƢȀǸǯƢŰ
ǍƢǐƬƻȏƢƥ ǾǸǯƢŰ ǞƬǸƬƫ ȅǀdzơ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ DzǨǰȇ -ÓÐÕ
ǍƢǐºƬƻȏƢƥ ǞƬǸƬƫ Ŗdzơ Ȇǿ ǾǸǯƢŰ ǺǷ ǖǬǧ ƧƾƷơȁ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ
Ƕǰūơ ơǀǿ DzƻƽƗ ƾǫȁ .(ÔÖÔ)ƧƾƷơȁ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ȅƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǸǔƬƫȁ .ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ
.(ÔÖÕ)ŚƦǯ ƾƷ ńƛ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƢƆǷƢǰƷƗ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ
ƢƆǔºȇƗ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢºǠdz ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƶǼŤȁ -ÓÐÖ
Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƢƆǏƢǐƬƻơ
ƨºƯƽƢūơ ǾºȈǧ ƪǠǫȁ ȅǀdzơ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǶǯƢƄ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ
ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .(ÔÖÖ)ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ Ƨǂnjǟ
__________
.ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨȇƽƢūơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ (ÔÖÒ)
.ơƆǁǂǰǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÔÖÓ)
.ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (ÔÖÔ)
.(ȁ)-(ƣ)ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÔÖÕ)
.ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÔÖÖ)
243 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƩơǂºǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƩƢƦǴǗ ǵƾǬƫ ǹƗ ƩƢǸǜǼǸǴdz ǃȂŸ ȏ -Ñ
ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ȏƛ ÎÕ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǺǷ (ƽ)ȁ (Ʊ)ȁ (ƣ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ
ȃƾºdz Ǯºdzƿ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ȁƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ǵƢǷƗ ǥǂǗ
:ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ
žǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǾȈǧ ȅǂƴȈLJ ȁƗ ǾȈǧ ȅǂŸ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢǰŭơ Ŀ (Ɨ)
.ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǾȈǧ ǀƼċƬƬĄLJ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢǰŭơ Ŀ (ƣ)
ǪºǴǠƬŭơ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǾȈƳȂƫ ȄƻȂƬȇȁ -ÓÑÓ
Ʃơƿ ƨǘǴºLJ ƨȈǸLjºƬƥ ƔƢǔºǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǵƢȈǫ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
śȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơȁ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƤƳơȂdzƢƥ ƔƢǧȂǴdz ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ǞºƬǸƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǷȂǰūơ Śǣ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ śȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ȁƗ
Ǟǔţȁ .ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǮǴƫ ńƛ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţȏ ƩƢƦǴǘdzơ ʼnƾǬƫ DŽǯǂŠ
.(ÕÍÓ)ƨǠƳơǂǸǴdz ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǮǴƫ ƢǿǀƼƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ
__________
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÏÕÓ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) ÎÐȁ ÎÏȁ ÎÎ ƽơȂŭơ ǂǜǻơ (ÕÍÓ)
:ÎÎ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ"
ƨǐºƬű (ƩƢǘǴºLJ) ƨǘǴLJ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ȆǸLjƫ -Î"
.ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƩƢƦƳơȂdzơ ƔơƽƗ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰƫ
ǁǂǔdzơ ƤċƦLJ ȅǀdzơ śǴďǤnjŭơ ȅƗ ƾȇƾŢ ƤƳơȁ ǹȂǰȇ -Ï"
ƾºȇƾŢȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ȃƾǷ ǶȈȈǬƫȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ƭȁƾŞ ǮȈNjȂdzơ ƾȇƾȀƬdzơ ȁƗ
ƨǗȂǼǷ ňƢưdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzƢƥ ƢǿƿƢţơ śǠƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƳȐǠdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ
ǹƗ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjǴdz ǹȂǰȇ ǑǂǤdzơ ơǀŮȁ .ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzƢƥ
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơ ŚǧȂºƫȁ ǍƢŬơ ǾǸȈȈǬƫ ƔơǂƳƛ řǠŭơ DzďǤnjŭơ ǺǷ ƤǴǘƫ
.ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơȁ
ƨǐºƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǵƢȈǫ ǃơȂƳ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ DzǨǰƫ -Ð"
ƨºȈƳȐǠdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzƢƥ ǝȐǘǓȏơ ǺǷ ƨưdzƢƯ ǥơǂǗƗ śǰǸƬƥ
."Ǯdzƿ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǮǴƫ ńƛ ƤǴǘƫ ǹƗ ȁƗ ƨǷǃȐdzơ
:ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ
ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţơ ƤǴǗ"
:śȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ȁƗ śȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǍƢƼNjȌdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ -Î"
ȁƗ žȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ơȁǂƯƘƬȇ ǹƗ DzăǸƬƸĄȇ ȁƗ ơȁǂƯƘƫ Ǻȇǀdzơ (Ɨ)"
ƨºȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩơǁơǂºǬdzơ ƿƢţƢƥ ǥƢǯ ǵƢǸƬǿơ ǶȀȇƾdz Ǻȇǀdzơ (ƣ)"
žǮdzƿ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ơƿƛ ƢºǸȈǧ ǶȀǫȂǬƷ ƾƷƗ ǺǷ ǍƢǬƬǻȏơ ǹȂǟƾȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ (Ʊ)"
Ǯdzƿ ƤǴǘƬȇ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ȃƾƷȍ ȆƟơǂƳȍơ ȅǁơƽȍơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƢǯ
žǪƦLjǷ Ǖǂnjǯ
ƭƽơȂºŞ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩƢǜƷȐǷ ȅƗ ʼnƾǬƫ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǶŮ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ
ǶŮ ǹȂǰȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ DzưŠ ǮȈNjȂdzơ ƾȇƾȀƬdzơ ȁƗ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǹƗ ǾºȈƳȂƬdzơ ơǀºǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǶŮ ǪŹȁ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ńƛ Ǿƥ ǶǴǟ
.ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţơ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǺǷ ơȂƦǴǘȇ
ƢƆºǏƢǬƬǻơ‘ȁ ‘ƢȈǧƢǯ ƢƆǷƢǸƬǿơ‘ DzŏǰnjĄȇ ƢǷ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǁǂǬƫ
.‘Ǫūơ ǺǷ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
ǂǜǼǴdz ǵǃȐdzơ ǍƢǐƬƻȏƢƥ ǾǸǯƢŰ ǞƬŤ ǥǂǗ Dzǯ DzǨǰȇ -Ï
.(ÕÍÏ)ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ
ƣƢºǯǂdzơ DzǬǼdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǎǼƫ -ÓÑÑ
Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǶǯƢƄơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ ƨǠƬǷȋơȁ
ȃȁƢºǟƽ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzƢºƥ ƨǐºƬű ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƤǯơǂǴdz ƨƯƽƢūơ ǞǬƫ
Śºǣ ȄǴǟ ǎǼĄȇ ȁƗ Ǯdzƿ Śǣ ȄǴǟ DZȁƾdzơ ǪǨƬƫ Ń ƢǷ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ǺǷ ÎÒ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ƨǰLjdzơ ǎȈƻǂƫ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ
:ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǮǴƫ
Ŀ ȏƛ ǵƢºǬĄƫ ǹƗ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǞƊǧǂĄƫ Ŗdzơ ȃȁƢǟƾǴdz ǃȂŸ ȏ
ǎǼȇ Ń ƢǷ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƤǯơǂǴdz ƨƯƽƢūơ ƪǠǫȁ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ
ȃǂƻƗ ƨǬȈƯȁ ȁƗ ǎȈƻǂƫ Ŀ ȁƗ DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ƧƽȂǬǠǷ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ Śǣ ȄǴǟ
.ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ƨǰLjdzơ DzȈǤnjƬƥ ǹƿƘƫ
ƨºǷƢǫƛ ǃȂºŸ ȏ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÎÖ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÓÑÒ
:ǹƢºǰŭơ ƨºǸǰŰ Ŀ ǥǂºǗ ƨdzȁƽ Dzƻơƽ ȏƛ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȃȁƢǟƽ
ǕƢnjºǼdzơ ǾȈǧ ȅǂŸ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ (ƣ) žǁǂǔdzơ ǾȈǧ Ǟǫȁ ȅǀdzơ (Ɨ)"
."ǾºȈǴǟ ȄǟċƾºǸǴdz ƽƢƬǠŭơ ƨǷƢǫȍơ DzŰ Ȃǿ ȅǀdzơ ȁƗ (Ʊ) žǂǘŬơ
ƲȀǼƥ DzǐƬƫ ȃȁƢǟƽ ǵƢǬƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÏÎ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁȁ
ǥơǂǗƗ DZȁƽ ǶǯƢŰ Ŀ ǥơǂǗȋơ džǨǻ śƥ ƢǸȈǧȁ ǾLjǨǻ ǥǂǐƬdzơ
ȃȂǟƾºdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƪǓǂĄǟ Ŗdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ Śǣ ƨǸǰŰ ƨȇƗ ǹƜǧ ƨǨǴƬű
ǁǂǬƬȇ ǹƗ ńƛ ƢēơƔơǂƳƛ Ǧǫȁ ńƛ ƢȀLjǨǻ Ʃơƿ ǺǷ ƾǸǠƫ ƧǂǷ DZȁȋ
śƷȁ žƧǂǷ DZȁȋ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƪǓǂĄǟ Ŗdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǍƢǐƬƻơ
ǁơǂºǫƛ Ǻºǟ ȃǂºƻȋơ ǶǯƢƄơ ǞǼƬŤ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ Ǯdzƿ ǁǂǬƬȇ
ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȄƻȂƬƫȁ .ǍȂǐŬơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơ
ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ ƨƷƢƫƛ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ džLJƌƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼdzơ ńƛ
(ÕÍÐ)ƨºƠȈƦǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨǷƢǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ʃơƿ ƩƢƠȈǿ Ƣđ ǚǨƬŢ Ŗdzơ
ƩƢºƦǴǘdzơȁ (ÕÍÑ)śǴďǤnjŭơ ƧǃȂŞ ƧƽƾƄơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơȁ
.(ÕÍÒ)ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ńƛ ȆǷǂƫ ƩƢLjLJƚǷ ȁƗ ƩƢǘƥơǁ ƢȀǷƾǬƫ Ŗdzơ
:ÎÖ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁȁ
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠǷ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢƦǴǘdzơ ʼnƾǬƫ ǃȂŸ ȏ -Ï
Ǻºǟ ȏƛ ÎÓ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ïȁ Î śƫǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ǹȂǴǤnjŭơ Ƣđ ǚǨƬŹ ƧƽƾŰ
:ǹƢǰŭơ ƨǸǰŰ Ŀ ǥǂǗ ǪȇǂǗ
ȁƗ žǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǾȈǧ ȅǂŸ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ (Ɨ)
ǾǼǷ ƤƊǴǘĄȇ ƾǫ ȅǀdzơ DzďǤnjǸǴdz ƽƢƬǠŭơ ƨǷƢǫȍơ DzŰ Ȃǿ ȅǀdzơ (ƣ)
.ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ʼnƾǬƫ
ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƩƢƦǴǗ ʼnƾǬƫ ƩƢǸǜǼǸǴdz ǃȂŸ ȏ -Ð
ơƿƛ ȁƗ ƨºǸǰƄơ ǵƢǷƗ ǥǂǗ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ȏƛ ÎÕ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǺǷ (Ɨ)
Ŀ ƨǐºƬƼŭơ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ȃƾdz Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƢǯ
.ǂǘŬơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǾȈǧ ȅǂƴȈLJ ȁƗ ȅǂŸ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢǰŭơ
__________
.ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÕÍÏ)
.ÎÒ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÕÍÐ)
.ÎÓ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÕÍÑ)
.ÎÕ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÕÍÒ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdz ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÏÐÏ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁȁ -ÓÑÕ
ȁƗ ǁǂºǓ ǺºǷ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƤLjǼȇ ƢǸǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ DZȁƾdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ǁƢƸƦdzơ
ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ ǺǷ Ó ƾǼƦǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ Ƣēǀţơ Śƥơƾƫ Ǻǟ śƠNjƢǻ ǹơƾǬǧ
ǮǴƫ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǙƢǨūơȁ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǂnjǟ
ǾºƳȁ ȄºǴǟ ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ȁƗ ƨǟȁǂnjǷ Śǣ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ
ƨƦºLJƢǼŭơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ƢȀǸǯƢŰ ƶǼŠ DZȁƾdzơ ǵDŽǴĄƫ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ .DZȂǬǠŭơ
.ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ǹơƾǬǨdzơ Ǯdzǀƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǵƢǬƫ Ŗdzơ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ Ŀ ǂǜǼǴdz
ǁƢºǗƛ ƱǁƢºƻ DZȁƾºdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ (ƣ)
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ
ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨȈũǂdzơ ƩȐLJơǂŭơȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǺǸǔƬƫ ȏ -ÓÑÖ
Ŀ ƪºƦdzƢƥ ƨºȈǴƄơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơȁ ǶǯƢƄơ ǍƢǐƬƻơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjƛ ƨȇƗ
Ŀ ƪƦdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƾǫ ƢǸȈǧ ȏƛ Ǯdzƿȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ŖdzƘLjǷ
ǝơŗºdzơ ǎºź ƢǸȈǧ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ .ƨȈdzƢŦȍơ ǢdzƢƦŭơ ƩƢǟȂǧƾǷ ǞȇǃȂƫ
ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ DžƢLJƗ ǹƗ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ǾǻƜǧ Amoco Cadiz ǹƘnjƥ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƔƢºǧȂdzơ Ŀ ƤºƳơȂdzơ Ǎǂºūơ ƧƢºǟơǂǷ ǵƾǟ Ŀ DzưǸƬȇ ǹƢǯ
ǞºƬǸƬƫ ƢºĔƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩƾƳȁ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏƢƥ
ǽƢºȈŭơ Ŀ ƭƾºƷ ƾǫ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƗ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ơǀǿȁ .ǍƢǐƬƻȏƢƥ
ƨȈǔºǫȁ Patmos ǹƘnjƥ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǝơŗdzơ Ŀȁ .ƢLjǻǂǨdz ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ
ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ DzƟƢLjŭơ Ŀ ƪƦdzơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢǘȇȍơ ǶǯƢƄơ ƪǟǂNj Haven
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ/ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢºǠdz ƨºȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ ǪȈƦǘƬƥ
.ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
_________________________________________
Ð ƧƽƢŭơ"
ǾƦƦLjºƫ ƔơǀºȇƜƥ ǂƯƘƬȇ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ ȁƗ ǂƯƘƬȇ ǎƼNj ȅȋ ǪŹ"
ƨǸǰƄơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǠȇ ǹƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƧƾǫƢǠƬǷ ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ƆƢȈƠȈƥ ƧǁƢǓ ƨǘnjǻƗ
ǃơȂºƳ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƬdz ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ȁƗ ƨǐƬƼŭơ
ǹƗȁ ǁơǂǓȋơ ǺǷ ƨȇƢǫȂdzơ Śƥơƾƫ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǮǴƫ
ƵƢºƬŭơ ȃƾŭơ ńƛ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ȁƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ǁơǂǫ Ŀ ǺǠǘȇ
Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ńƛ ȆǸƬǼȇ ȅǁƢƦƬǟơ ǹƢȈǯ ȅȋ ƨƷƢƬŭơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ džǨǼƥȁ
.ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǀȈǨǼƫ ƢȀȈǧ ȃǂŸ
ƨºƳǁƾdzơ džǨǼƥ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǪƦǘǼƫȁ"
ǾƦƦLjºƫ ȅǀºdzơ ǁǂǔºdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ DZƢƷ Ŀ
ƾºǟơȂǫ ƤLjŞ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ŀ ǶǰŹ ȏȁ .ƢƆȈƠȈƥ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ
Ŗºdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǺǷ ǁǂǔƬŭơ ǥǂǘǴdz ƨȇƢǟǁ DzǫƗ Ȇǿ
.ƢȀȈǧ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǀȈǨǼƫ ȅǂŸ
..."
DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ"
..."
ǎƼNj ȅȋ Ð ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ǁǂǬŭơ Ǫūơ ŐƬǠȇ ƗƾƦŭơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ"
ƧǁȁƢºů ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ǀǨǼƫ ƆƢȈƠȈƥ ƧǁƢǓ ƨǘnjǻȋ ƨƴȈƬǻ ǁǂǓ Ǿƥ ǪƸǴȇ
ƨǘǴºLJ ȁƗ ƨǸǰŰ ȃƾdz ǒȇȂǠƫ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţơ Ŀ
Ɣơǂnjºƥ ƨºƦdzƢǘŭơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǺǸǔƬȇ ǾǻƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƬdz ƨǠƥƢƫ ƨȇǁơƽƛ
."ȅǁƢǬǠdzơ ǾǰǴǷ
244
śºƥ ƧƽȂºǬǠŭơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÓÑÔ
ǾǠƦƬƬLjȇ ȅǀdzơ Ɣơǀȇȍơ ŐƬǠȇ ƲȇȁǂǼdzơȁ ơƾǼǴǼǧȁ ƾȇȂLjdzơȁ ǭǂŶơƾdzơ
ȃǂºƻƗ ƧƾºǫƢǠƬǷ ƨdzȁƽ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƢǷ ǕƢnjǻ ǾǠƦƬƬLjȇ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ ȁƗ
ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ .ǕƢnjǼdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƢȀȈǧ ǀǨǼȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ƔơǀȇȎdz ȏƆ ƽƢǠǷ
ǞƳǂȇ ǹƗ Ɣơǀȇȍơ Ǯdzǀƥ ǂƯƘƬȇ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ ȁƗ ǂƯƘƬȇ ǎƼNj ȅȋ ǹƜǧ
.ǒȇȂºǠƬƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƬdz ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ȁƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ńƛ
ƨºȇƢǟǁ DzǫƗ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƢŮ Ǟǔź Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ȏƗ ƤƳȂƬȇȁ
ƢºȀȈǧ ǀǨǼȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ƨȇǁƢLjdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǺǷ ǁǂǔƬŭơ ǥǂǘǴdz
ǝȂƳǂdzơ ƩƢȈǻƢǰǷƛ ƚǧƢǰƫ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǹƗ ǞǫơȂdzơȁ .ǕƢnjǼdzơ
ǥơǂºǗȋơ ƨºǴǷƢǠǷ Ŀ ƧơȁƢLjºŭơ ȄǴǟȁ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ńƛ
.(ÕÍÔ)ƨȈƦǼƳƗ ȁƗ ƪǻƢǯ ƨȈǴŰ ƧǁǂǔƬŭơ
_________________________________________
(ǞƥƢƫ (ÕÍÓ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
Śǣ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȅƗ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǵƢǸƬǿơ ȅƗ ŐƬǠĄȇ ƨȇƢǤdzơ ǽǀŮ ƢƆǬȈǬŢȁ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƩƢƦǴǘƬǷ ȅƘƥ ȆǨƫȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ǞƴnjĄƫ ƨȈǷȂǰƷ
ƩƢºǸǜǼŭơ ǮǴƫ ƾǠĄƫȁ .(ƣ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋ ƢƆȈǧƢǯ řǗȂdzơ
.(Ʊ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋ Ƣđ DZȐƻȍơ ǺǰŻ ǩȂǬƷ ƢŮ ǹƘƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ
ƩƢºǻƢȈƦdzơȁ ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭƢƥ ƔơǂºƳƛ ƿƢţơ ƤǴǗ ǞǨnjĄȇ -Ï"
ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƩƢǜƷȐŭơ Ƕǟƾƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ
.ƮƸƦdzơ DzŰ
ƩƢºǜƷȐŭơȁ ƩơƔơǂºƳƛ ƿƢºţƢƥ ƤǴǘdzơ ǂȀǛƗ ơƿƛ -Ð"
ƨǘǴLjºdzơ ǂºǜǼƫ ȆƠȈƦdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƽȂƳȁ DZȂǬǠǷ Dzǰnjƥ Ǿƥ ƨǟȂǨnjŭơ
Ŀȁ .ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢƦǴǘdzơȁ ƩƢǜƷȐŭơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƨǐƬƼŭơ
Ɣơƾºƥȍ ƨǏǂǨdzơ řǠŭơ DzďǤnjǸǴdz ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƶǼŤ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ǮǴƫ
.Ǿƥ ƨǟȂǨnjŭơ ƩƢǜƷȐŭơȁ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţȏ ƤǴǘdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǾƟơǁƕ
ȅƗ ȄºǴǟȁ ǺǰŲ ƪǫȁ ƣǂǫƗ Ŀ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǵȂǬƫ -Ñ"
ǍƢƼºNjȋơ ǡȐƥƜƥ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ǵƢǰƷȌdz ƢƆǬǧȁ DZƢƷ
ƢǿǁơǂǬƥ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ńƛ ƩƢǜƷȐŭơ ơȂǷƾǫ Ǻȇǀdzơȁ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǶȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ
.Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨȈǟơƾdzơ ƣƢƦLJȋơ ǵƾǬƫȁ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţơ ƤǴǗ ǒǧǁ ȁƗ DZȂƦǫ
Î śƫǂǬǨdzơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǵƾǟ ǁǂǬƫ ǹƗ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾǴdz ǃȂŸ -Ò"
."ǁǂǔdzơ ƭȁƾŞ ǮȈNjȂdzơ ƾȇƾȀƬdzơ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ Ñȁ
:ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ
ǑơǂǠƬLJȏơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ"
(Î)ÎÏ ƧƽƢºŭơ Ŀ ǶȀȈºdzƛ ǁƢnjºŭơ ǍƢƼNjȌdz ƵƢƬĄȇ -Î"
ƨǐƬű ȃǂƻƗ ƧDŽȈƸƬǷ Śǣȁ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ƨǷƢǟ ƨƠȈǿ ȁƗ ƨǸǰŰ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ
ƨȈǟȂºǓȂŭơ ƨºȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ȆƷơȂºǼdzơȁ ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơ ȆƷơȂǼdzơ ǑơǂǠƬLJƢƥ
ƢǿǀºƼƬƫ ȏ ȁƗ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƢǿǀƼƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơȁ ƩơǁơǂǬǴdz
.ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ơǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǮǴƫ
řǗȂºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ǵƢǰƷƗ ȅƘƥ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ơǀǿ Dzź ȏ -Ï"
ƩơƔơǂºƳƛ ƽƢǨǼƬºLJơ ƤǴǘƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫ ȁƗ ƨdzơƾǠdzơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ ǶǜǼƫ
."ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ DzƦǫ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ǑơǂǠƬLJȏơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƽơȂŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÍÔ)
Ï ƧƽƢŭơ"
ȅǀdzơ Ɣơǀȇȍơ ŐƬǠȇ ƢƆȈƠȈƥ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǃơȂƳ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ȃƾdz"
ȃǂºƻƗ ƧƾºǫƢǠƬǷ ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǮǴƫ ǾǠƦƬƬLjƫ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ ȁƗ ǾǠƦƬƬLjƫ
.ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǮǴƫ ƢȀȈǧ ǀȈǨǼƫ ƢȀȈǧ ȅǂŸ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ƔơǀȇȎdz ȏƆ ƽƢǠǷ
245 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ǂnjǟ džǷƢŬơ ƔDŽŪơȁ -ÓÒÎ
ƢºēƢǟǃƢǼǷ ȅȂLjƫ ǹƗ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƤǴǘȇȁ ǥơǂǗȋơ Ǟƴnjȇ ǁƢƸƦdzơ
ǺºǷ ƨǠLJơȁ ƨǨƟƢǗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǎǼƫȁ .ƨȈǸǴLjdzơ DzƟƢLJȂdzƢƥ
ǵƢºǜǻ ȄºǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƢǸǯ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƬdz ƨǼǰǸŭơ ǪƟơǂǘdzơ
Ȇºǿ ǝơŗºdzơ Ŀ ƪƦǴdz ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ ǹƘƥ ȆǔǬȇ DzǐǨǷ
ǁƢºƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǝơŗdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƨǠȈƦǗ ƤLjŞ
ǎǼƫȁ .ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƩƢƠȈǿ ǺǷ ƨƠȈǿ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ȁƗ
ǞºǷ ǪºǨƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂLjƬdzơ ǪƟơǂǗ ȄǴǟ ÏÕÒ ńƛ ÏÔÖ ƽơȂŭơ
.ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǩƢưȈǷ ǺǷ ÐÐ ƧƽƢŭơ
śƦdzƢǘŭơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ śƥ ǝơDŽǻ ƨdzƢƷƛ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ǂǐƬǬƫ ȏȁ -ÓÒÏ
ƢǿƾºƷȁ ƨºȈǷȂǰūơ ƩƢȀŪơ ȄǴǟ ǶȈǰŢ ƨƠȈǿ ńƛ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬƥ
ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ ȄƻȂƬȇ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐǧ .DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ
ÎÑ ƧƽƢºŭơ ǎǼƫȁ .ǵDŽǴǷ ǶȈǰŢ ǁơǂǬƥ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ
_________________________________________
Ƨǂnjǟ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ"
ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ƨȇȂLjƫ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ ǶƬȇ Ń ơƿƛ"
ƨǼLJ DZȐƻ ƨǠLJƢƬdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼǷ Ȃǿ Ƣŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
ƢºĔƘƥ ƨºǬĉǴǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǘƻƜƥ ƨƦĉdzƢǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǵƢȈǫ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƧƾƷơȁ
ƔÅ ƢºǼƥ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ƨǼŪ ǹƢȈǼǠŭơ ǹƢǧǂǘdzơ ƞnjǼȇ ƢȀƬƦdzƢǘǷ ǪƟƢƯȁ ƪǷƾǫ
.ƢǸȀǼǷ ȅƗ ƤǴǗ ȄǴǟ
Ƨǂnjǟ ƨLjǷƢŬơ ƧƽƢŭơ"
ǾºǼȈǠƫ ƾƷơȁ :ƔƢǔǟƗ ƨƯȐƯ ǺǷ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨǼŪ ǹȂǰƬƫ -Î"
ƮºdzƢưdzơ ȂǔºǠdzơȁ ƨºǬĉǴǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾǼȈǠƫ ƾƷơȁȁ ƨƦĉdzƢǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
Ŀ ǾºǼȈȈǠƫ ǥǂǗ Dzǯ ȅǂŸȁ .śǠǸƬů śǧǂǘdzơ Ȑǯ ǽǁƢƬź džȈƟǂdzơ
.ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨǼŪ ƔƢnjǻƛ ƤǴǗ ǺǷ ǺȇǂȀNj ǹȂǔǣ
džȈƟǂºdzơ ǁƢºȈƬƻơ ǹƘnjƥ ǩƢǨƫơ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ ǶƬȇ Ń ơƿƛ -Ï"
ǹƗ śǧǂǘdzơ ǺǷ ȅȋ ǃȂŸ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ ƤǴǗ ǺǷ ǂȀNjƗ ƨǠƥǁƗ DZȐƻ
ƧǂºƬǧ DZȐºƻ džȈƟǂdzơ śȈǠƫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ǺǷ ƤǴǘȇ
.ǹơǂȀNj Ƣǿǁƾǫ ȃǂƻƗ
Ƨǂnjǟ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ"
DZȐºƻ ǾǼȈȈǠƫ ƔơǂƳƜƥ śǧǂǘdzơ ǺǷ ǥǂǗ ǶǬȇ Ń ơƿƛ -Î"
ǂƻȉơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƤǴǗ ȄǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥ džȈƟǂdzơ ńȂƬȇ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ Ƨƾŭơ
.ƾƷơȁ Ȃǔǟ ǺǷ ƨǨdzƚǷ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ƨǼŪ DzȈǰnjƫ
ǹƢǯ ƤƦLJ ȅȋ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ ƭƾŹ ƾǫ ǂǣƢNj ȅƗ DzǤnjȇ -Ï"
.ȆǴǏȋơ śȈǠƬdzơ ƔơǂƳȍ ƾǸƬǟơ ȅǀdzơ ƔơǂƳȍơ džǨǻ ǝƢƦƫƢƥ
.ƢēơƔơǂƳƛ ƾȇƾŢ ǂǷƗ ƨǼƴǴdz ǭǂƬȇ -Ð"
ǞȈŦ ƽƾŢ ƢǸǯ ƢǿƽƢǬǠǻơ ǺǯƢǷƗ ȁƗ ǹƢǰǷ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƽƾŢ -Ñ"
.ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ DzƟƢLjŭơ
ƨºȈƦǴǣƘƥ ƢºȀǷƢǰƷƗȁ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ǞȈŦ ǀƼƬƫ -Ò"
ƨǨdzƚǷ ƨǼŪ ƢǿǀƼƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơȁ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ȏƛ ƩơȂǏȋơ
.ƾƷơȁ Ȃǔǟ ǺǷ
...
Ƨǂnjǟ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ"
ƨºƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ƨȈǟȂºǓȂŭơ džºLJȋơ Ŀ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨǼŪ ƪƦƫ"
."ƾƳȁ ǹƛ Ǟǧƾdzơ ƤƳơȂdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǢǴƦǷ ƽƾŢȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ
ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƩƢƠȈǿȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǶǯƢƄơ -Ï
ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ǹƢƴǴdzơȁ
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ (Ɨ)
ǒŰ ȅǁƢš ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿ ǹȂǰƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ -ÓÒÍ
ǹƜºǧ ńȁȋơ ƨƳǁƾdzƢƥ ȏƆ ȁƽ ƢȀȈǧ ƨǴǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǻƢȈǰdzơ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơȁ
Ȇºǿ ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ŖdzƘLjǷ Ŀ ƪƦdzƢƥ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ
Ǻºǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǎǼƫȁ .ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƩƢƠȈǿ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ
ǺǰǸƬºƫ Ń ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƟƢǔǨdzơ ǵƢLjƳȋơ ƢȀƯƾŢ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
ƩƢºǓȁƢǨŭơ ǪºȇǂǗ Ǻºǟ ǩƢºǨƫơ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ ǺǷ ǥơǂǗȋơ
ƔÅ ƢºǼƥȁ .ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ Ƶǂǘƫ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǹƜǧ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
ƔƢǔºǟƗ ƨƯȐƯ ǺǷ ƨǨdzƚǷ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ƨǼŪ ƔƢnjǻƛ ƤƫǂƬȇ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ
ƨǬǴǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǂƻȉơ śǠƫȁ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƨƦƷƢǏ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶǿƾƷƗ śǠƫ
.(ÕÍÕ)džȈƟǂdzơ Ȃǿ ƮdzƢưdzơ ǹȂǰȇȁ
__________
:ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƽơȂŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÕÍÕ)
ƨǼǷƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ"
ȄǴǟ ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǬȇ Ŗdzơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǞǬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz -Î"
ƨºǬĉǴǘŭơ DZȁƾºdzơ ńƛ ǵƾǬƫ ǹƗ śȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ȁƗ śȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƢȀǏƢƼNjƗ
.ǁǂǔdzơ ơǀǿ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ
ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƾdz ǃȂŸ ƨƦdzƢǘŠ ƨȈLjǼŪơ ƨdzȁƽ ǵƾǬƬƫ Ń ơƿƛ -Ï"
ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ǽƾƦǰƬȇ ǁǂǔƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǬĉǴǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ńƛ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ
.ȅǁƢƦƬǟơ ȁƗ ȆǠȈƦǗ ǎƼNj ȅƗ
Ǟºǫȁ Ŗºdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȏȁ ƨȈLjǼŪơ ƨdzȁƽ ȏ ǵƾǬƬƫ Ń ơƿƛ -Ð"
ƨºƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǷDŽǠƥ ǂǘţ Ń ȁƗ ƨƦdzƢǘŠ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǁǂǔƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǬĉǴǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ńƛ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƾdz ǃȂŸ
.ƨǸƟơƽ ƨǷƢǫƛ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǸȈǬŭơ ǽƾƦǰƬȇ
ƨǠLJƢƬdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ"
ƨǬĉǴǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ńƛ ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȁ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ǵƾǬƫ"
ƩƢǫȐǟ ǶȈǬƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǃȂŸȁ .ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩơȂǼǬdzơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ
ǹƗ ȃǂºƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ńƛ ƤǴǘƫ ǹƗ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨǬĉǴǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǞǷ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ
ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ƢȀūƢǐǷ DzưŤ ǹƗ ȁƗ ƨǬĉǴǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ńƛ ƢȀƬƦdzƢǘǷ ǵƾǬƫ
ƢȀºƬƦdzƢǘǷ ǵƾǬƫ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƬdzȁ .ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǂƻƕ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǹȂºǰƫ ǹƗ ƨǘȇǂNj ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ
.ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƔƢǔǟƗ ǺǷ ƢŷƢƬǴǯ ƨǬĉǴǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơȁ ƨƦdzƢĉǘŭơ
Ƨǂnjǟ ƨȇƽƢūơ ƧƽƢŭơ"
Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ƨǬĉǴǘǷ ƨdzȁƽ ńƛ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ ƤǴǘƬȇ ȏ -Î"
ƾǫ ƨȈǴŰ ǥƢǐƬǻơ DzƦLJ ȅƗ ƽƢǨǼƬLJơ ǪƦLJ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ȄǔƬǬŠ ǁǂǓ
.ǶȀǴưŤ śȇǁƢƦƬǟơ ȁƗ śȈǠȈƦǗ ǍƢƼNjȋ ȁƗ ƨƦĉdzƢǘǷ ƨdzȁƾdz ƨƷƢƬǷ ǹȂǰƫ
ȁƗ ƨºdzȁƽ ǵƢºȈǫ ǹȁƽ DZȂºŹ ƢǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ džȈdz -Ï"
ȁƗ ǶǯƢºƄơ ǵƢǷƗ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƬƥ ǶȀǴưŤ ƾǫ śȇǁƢƦƬǟơ ȁƗ śȈǠȈƦǗ ǍƢƼNjƗ
ƨºdzȁƾdz ǪŹ ȏ ǾǻƗ ƾȈƥ .ƨǬĉǴǘǷ ƨdzȁƾdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƩȏƢǯȂdzơ ȁƗ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ǶǯƢƄơ
ƨºǷƾǬŭơ ǁǂǔdzơ džǨǼƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ǵƾǬƫ ǹƗ
ƨºdzȁƾdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƩȏƢǯȂdzơ ȁƗ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ǶǯƢƄơ ȁƗ ǶǯƢƄơ ǵƢǷƗ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ǾǻƘnjƥ
.śƬȈǼǠŭơ śƬdzȁƾǴdz ƢǷDŽǴǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǂƻƕ Ņȁƽ ǩƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ȁƗ ƨǬĉǴǘǷ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ ǞȇǃȂƫ Ŀ ƨȇȂdzȁȋơ ȄǘǠĄƫ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ
.(ÕÎÎ)ȆǐºƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔºdzơ ȁƗ ƧƢȈūơ ǹơƾǬǨƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǸǴdz
ƢȀǬǧǂǷ ǪȈƦǘƫ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȄƻȂƬƫȁ
ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢºǠdz džȇǁƢºƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȁƗ ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȁƗ
ƨºǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ .ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǪȈƦǘƫ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ƨǂnjǟ
ǪºǧǂǷ ȁƗ džȇǁƢºƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȁƗ ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƢǷƛ ǪƦǘǼƫ -Î
(ÕÎÏ)
ǞºǷ ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢƸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ ƤLjƷ  ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ
.ȃǂƻȋơ ƽƢǠƦƬLJơ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ȁƗ ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǵƢǰƷƘƥ ƆƢǼǿǁ -Ï
ǹȂǻƢºǫ Ȃºǿ ǪºƦǘǼŭơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǹȂºǰȇ ƔƢǔºƬǫȏơ ƤLjƷ džȇǁƢƥ
."ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (ǭ) ƧǂǬǨǴdz ƆƢǬǧȁ -ÓÒÓ
ƢŮ Ŗdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢǫ řǠȇ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ
Ǯdzǀºdz ƾºǟơȂǫ ȅƗ DzǸnjȇȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ
.śǻơȂǬdzơ ƣǁƢǔƬƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǵƢºǠdzȁ ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ŖȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Dzǯ ǎǼƫȁ -ÓÒÔ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǶǜǼºȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƢǸȀǼǷ ÎÎ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƆƢǔȇƗ ÏÍÍÑ
ƽȁƾºƷ Ŀ ǽơƾºǷȁ ǾǴǰºNjȁ ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ ƨºǠȈƦǗ řǗȂdzơ
.ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ Ǯdzǀºdz ǦǐºǼŭơ ǞȇǃȂƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƆȐǔǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
śƬȈǫƢºǨƫȏơ ƢºƬǴǯ ǺǷ ÎÑ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (ƣ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǥďǂǠĄƫȁ
ǺºǷ "ǹȂºǻ" ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ .řǗȂdzơ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǺºǷ (ƣ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ DzŰ ƪǴƷ Ŗdzơ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ÎÑ ƧƽƢŭơ
__________
ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ ÎÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǂǜǻơ (ÕÎÎ)
:ƨǼǷƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ
(Ʊ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǪȈƦǘƬƥ ƆƢǼǿǁ -Ï"
ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǾǻƗ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǺǷ
ƨºǸȈǫ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ȁƗ ƩǃȁƢš ơƿƛ DzďǤnjŭơ ƾǓ
ƆȐǸǟ ƵƢƬǷ ǢǴƦǷ ȄǐǫƗ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ ǞȇǃȂƫ Ŀ ƨȇȂdzȁȋơ ȄǘǠĄƫ ƨLjǷƢŬơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzƢƥ
."ȆǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǨƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǸǴdz
ǥǂǗ ȅƗ DzǨǰȇȁ .ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƗDŽƴƬȇ ȏ ƆơƔDŽƳ Ǫǧǂŭơ ŐƬǠĄȇ (ÕÎÏ)
ǵƢºǠdz džȇǁƢºƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȁƗ ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƆƢǧǂǗ džȈdz ƾǫƢǠƬǷ
ȅǀdzơ ǁƾǬdzƢƥ Ǫǧǂŭơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǞǷ ƆƢǬLjƬǷ řǗȂdzơ ǾǠȇǂnjƫ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ÎÖÓÍ
ǥǂºǘdzơ Ǯºdzƿ Ŀ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨǬƦǘǼǷ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǮǴƫ ǾȈǧ ǹȂǰƫ ȏ
ƧƘnjǼǷ ǾǸȈǴǫƛ ȄǴǟ ƾƳȂƫ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǺǷ ƤǴǘĄȇ ȏȁ .ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ
ǀȈǨǼƫ ǺǷ ǥǂǘdzơ Ǯdzƿ śǰǸƬdz ǵǃȐdzơ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ Ǿȇƾdz ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȃȂLJ ƨȇȁȂǻ
.ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠ ǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
246
DZȂºǯȂƫȁŐǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ǹȂƦdzƢǘȇ ǍƢƼNjƗ śƥ ǝơDŽǻ ƭȁƾƷ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ
ȁƗ śǧǂǘdzơ Ȑǯ ǩƢǨƫơ DZƢƷ Ŀȁ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ƤƳȂŠ śdzȁƚLjǷ ǍƢƼNjƗȁ
ƨºƠȈǿ ǵƢºǷƗ ǵDŽǴŭơȁ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǶȈǰƸƬǴdz ǝơŗdzơ Ǒǂǟ ǃȂŸ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǞȈŦ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ Ŀ ǶȈǰƸƬǴdz ƨȇǁƢȈƬƻȏơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨǸƟơƾdzơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ
.ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ȁƗ/ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭƢƥ
DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ (ƣ)
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ ƱǁƢƻ
ƨǸǰƄơ Ǻǟ ƩǁƾǏ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ǶǜǠǷ ǹƛ -ÓÒÐ
ƩƢºƠȈǿ ȁƗ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ȁƗ Ņȁƾdzơ DZƾǠǴdz ƨǸƟơƾdzơ
ǵơDŽºƬdzơ ȁƗ ǥơǂºǗȋơ śºƥ ǩƢǨƫơ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿȁ ǶȈǰƸƬǴdz
ƨƠȈŮơ Ȇǿ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ƧƾƷơȁ ǶȈǰŢ ƨƠȈǿ ǭƢǼǿȁ .ǪƥƢLJ ȅƾǿƢǠƫ
ȄǴǟ Ƣǿǁơǂǫ Ŀ ƪǐǻ Dzȇǂƫ ǂȀǐǷ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ DzǐǨdzƢƥ ƪǨǴǯ Ŗdzơ
śǧǂǘdzơ śƬdzȁƾdzơ ǺǰŤ ǵƾǟ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǶȈǰƸƬǴdz ƨȈdzƕ ƽƢŸƛ ƧǁȁǂǓ
ǺºǷ ƵǂƬǬŭơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ DzȇƾǠƫ ȁƗ ŚȈǤƫ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫơ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ ǺǷ
.śƦǻƢŪơ ƾƷƗ
ǪƦǘǼŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ -Ð
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ (Ɨ)
ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ȆǴǤnjǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǎǼƫ -ÓÒÑ
Ŀ ǺȇƾȈǨƬLjŭơ ǩȂǬŞ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ śǻơȂǬdzơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ
Ʃơƿ ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ǹƢǸǔdzơȁ śǷƘƬdzơ ƲǷơǂƥ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ
.(ÕÍÖ)ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ DzǸnjƫ ƨǴǐdzơ
ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÓÒÒ
ƨºǠȈƦǗ ƨǐºƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǶǜǼĄȇ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǵƢǰƷƘƥ ƢƆǼǿǁ
.ǦǐºǼǷ Dzǰnjºƥ ǾǠȇǃȂƫ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ǽơƾǷȁ ǾǴǰNjȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
(ÕÎÍ)
ǾºǻƗ ȄǴǟ . Ƕǰūơ džǨǻ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǸǔƬƫȁ
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:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÍÖ)
śǷƘºƬdzơ ȁƗ ȆƸǐºdzơ śǷƘºƬǴdz ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ǶǜǼdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ"
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȁƗ DZƢǸǠdzơ ǒȇȂǠƫ ȁƗ ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơ
ƽƾºŹ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǺǸǔƬƫ ƨȈǼȀŭơ ǑơǂǷȋơ Ǻǟ
ǩȂºǬƷ ǶǜǼdzơ ǮǴƫ ƩƘnjǻƗ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƾºǓ ǝȂºƳǂdzơ ȁƗ DZȂºǴūơ ǩȂǬƷȁ ǶǜǼdzơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ǺȇƾȈǨƬLjŭơ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ǶǜǼdzơ ǮǴƫ ƤƳȂŠ śǴǤnjŭơ
ǩȂºǬƷȁ ǶǜǼdzơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ǺȇƾȈǨƬLjŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ DŽȈŸ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǵƢǰƷȋ ƆƢǬǧȁ DzǤnjŭơ ƾǓ ǽǀǿ ǝȂƳǂdzơȁ DZȂǴūơ
ǢǴƦŭơ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ǹƗ ǞƦƬƬLjȇ ȏ Ǯdzƿ ǹƜǧ
."ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƽƾƄơ
.ǽȐǟƗ ÒÖÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ (ÕÎÍ)
247 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Ř
Ć ºǠǷ ȄºǴǟ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ȅȂǘǼȇȁ -ÓÓÍ
ǪºȈƦǘƫ ƤǴǘȇ ǹƗ ǁǂǔƬŭơ ǎƼnjǴdz ǃȂŸ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ .(ÕÎÑ)DzƯƢŲ
ǺºǷ Ï ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫȁ .ƨƯƽƢūơ ǾȈǧ ƪǠǫȁ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢǰŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ÎÓ ƧƽƢŭơ
DzƟƢLjŭơ ǞȈŦ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǾȈǧ ƪǠǫȁ ȅǀdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǶǜǼȇ
ƔÅ ƢºǼƥ ƨǐƬű ƨǸǰŰ ȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
Ļ ƾǫ ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƢǯ Ȃdz ƢǸǯ Ǯdzƿȁ ǁǂǔǴdz ǑǂǠƫ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ƤǴǗ ȄǴǟ
.ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ Ǿdz ǑǂǠƬdzơ
Ŗºdzơ ǁơǂºǓȋơ Ǻºǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǶǜǼƫ -ÓÓÎ
ƧǂǘȈLjºdz ƨǠǓƢŬơ ƨȈƟƢǔǨdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ƨȈƟƢǔǨdzơ ǵƢLjƳȋơ ƢȀƯƾŢ
DZƾºǠdzơ ƝƽƢºƦǷȁ Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫȁ .DZȁƾdzơ
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǿdz ƆƢǬǧȁ ƽƾƸĄȇ ȅǀdzơ ǪƦǘǼŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Dzǰnjƫ ǥƢǐǻȍơȁ
ŐºƳ ǺǷ ƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơ ǵƗ ǹƢǯ ƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ǎƼnjdzơ DZƢƷ ƶǴǐȇ ƢǷȁ
.(ÕÎÒ)ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÏÖÐ ƧƽƢŭơ ǹƜǧ DzưŭƢƥȁ -ÓÓÏ
DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ȅƗ) ƨǸǰƄơ ȄǴǟ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz
ƢºŮ Ŗdzơ ƨƠȈŮơ ȁƗ (ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺºǷ ǂnjºǟ džǷƢºŬơ ƔDŽŪơ ǺǷ Ï ǝǂǨǴdz ƆƢǬǧȁ
ǹƗ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ŚLjǨƫ ȁƗ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǹƘnjƥ ǝơDŽǻ Ŀ ƪƦdzơ ǍƢǐƬƻơ
Ŗºdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǪƦǘƫ
_________________________________________
ȁƗ ƤƊdzƢǘŭơ ǎƼnjǴdz ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ DzǸǠdzơ ǹƢǰǷ (Ɨ)"
Dzǰnjºƥ ǁǂǔƫ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ DzǐƷ ƮȈƷ ǹƢǰŭơ (ƣ)"
."ƲƬǼŭơ ȄǴǟ ǂNjƢƦǷ
ǺºǷ ȅƗ ǪºƦǘǼȇ ȏ ƢǷƾǼǟȁ Ƣēơƿ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ó ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ȃǿ ǪƦǘŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹȂǰȇ Òȁ Ñ śƫƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ śǻơȂǬdzơ
Ń ƢǷ ƤƊdzƢǘŭơ ǎƼnjǴdz ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ DzǸǠdzơ ǹƢǰǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǞǬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ȆǴƻơƾdzơ
.ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀȈǧ Ǟǫȁ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ńƛ ǽơȂǟƽ Ŀ Ȇǟƾŭơ ƾǼƬLjȇ
ÎÖÔÓ ǵƢǠdz ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƾȇƾŢ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠȁ
ƔƢnjºǻƜƥ ƨǴǐºƬŭơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ Ƣđ ƘnjǼƌŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǶǰŹ
ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǞȈŦȁ ǞȇǃȂƬdzƢƥȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƽȁƾū ǩȁƾǼǏ
.ǩȁƾǼǐdzƢƥ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ÎÓ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÎÑ)
DzƟƢLjºŭơ ǞºȈŦ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǶǜǼȇ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzƢƥ ƆƢǼǿǁ"
Ŗºdzơȁ ƢºȀȈdzƛ ƨºǟȂǧǂŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơȁ ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ơǀºǿ Dzưŭ ƾǟơȂǫ ȅƗ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ ƾȇƾƸƬdzơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ƢȀǸǜǼȇ ȏ
."śǻơȂǬdzơ ƣǁƢǔƬƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÎÒ)
ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǾǠǧƽ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨǬĉǴǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ"
DZƾºǠdzơ ƝƽƢºƦǷȁ Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƽƾƸĄȇ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ
ƢƆºȈǠȈƦǗ ǎƼnjdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ DzǨǰȇ ƢŠ ǁǂǔǴdz ŐƳ ƨƷƢƫȍ Ǯdzƿȁ ǥƢǐǻȍơȁ
ȁƗ ǾºũƢƥ ƨºƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȁƗ ƢƆȇǁƢƦƬǟơ ǵƗ ǹƢǯ
."ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǬȇ Ń Ȃdz ƢȀȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ȁƗ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢūơ ńƛ ƢȀũƢƥ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ ȁƗ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ "řǗȂdzơ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ"ȁ "řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ" řǠȇ
ǹƘnjºƥ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǍƢǐƬƻȏƢƥ ƨǠƬǸƬŭơ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz řǗȂdzơ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƾºǟơȂǬdzơ ƽƢǠƦƬºLJơ ǞǷ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ
ȁƗ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǪƦǘǼȇȁ .ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǮǴƬƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơȁ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƣǁƢǔƬƥ
ƩơƔơǂƳȍƢƥ ȁƗ ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢȀǼǷ ƔơȂLJ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǞȈŦ ȄǴǟ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ
.ƾȇƾƸƬdzƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƢȀǸǜǼƫ ȏ Ŗdzơȁ
řǗȂºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǥďǂǠĄƫȁ -ÓÒÕ
ǪȈƦǘƫ ƨƷơǂǏ ƾǠƦƬLjƫ ȏȁ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƢƆǬȈǓ ƢƆǨȇǂǠƫ
:śǻơȂǬdzơ ƣǁƢǔƫ ƾǟơȂǫ
ȁƗ řǗȂºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ "řǗȂdzơ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ"ȁ "řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ" řǠȇ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ƢŮ ǹȂǰȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz řǗȂdzơ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ
Ǯdzƿ ȁƗ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǪƦǘǼȇȁ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
ȏ Ŗºdzơȁ ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơ ȁƗ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƢȀǼǷ ƔơȂLJ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǞȈǸŪ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ
.ƾȇƾƸƬdzƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƢŮȁƢǼƬƫ
ȄǴǟ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ ÎÖ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÓÒÖ
ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǞȈŦ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǶǜǼȇ ǹƗ
ƨǐƬű ƨǸǰŰ ǵƢǷƗ ƨǓȁǂǠŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƩơƔơǂƳȍƢƥ ȁƗ
ȅƗ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƾȇƾƸƬdzơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ƢȀǸǜǼȇ ȏ Ŗdzơȁ
.(ÕÎÐ)ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ǝǃƢǼƬƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ǯdzǀdz ƾǟơȂǫ
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ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǶǜǼƫ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏƢƥ ƨǻǁƢǬǷ (ÕÎÐ)
Ŀ ǎǼƫȁ ƆƢLJƢLJƗ ƆƢȇǁƢš ƆƢǗƢnjǻ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ ƨǠƬǷȋơȁ ƣƢǯǂdzơ DzǬǼƥ
.řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ȄǴǟ Ó ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ǵƢºǰƷƗ ƾȈƷȂƬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ò ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ò ƧǂǬǨǴdz ƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ǶǯƢºƄơ ǂºǜǼƫ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ȆǰdzƢǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǺǷ ƾūƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǼȈǠǷ
ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ .ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ Ŀ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȌdz ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ
ƆƢºǬǧȁ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǽǀǿ DzưǷ ƧƢǓƢǬǷ ȁƗ Ŀ ǂǜǼǴdz řǷDŽdzơ ƾūơ ǁǂǬƬȇ Ǯdzƿ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǎǼƫȁ .ƤǴǘdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ǵƾǬȇ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz
Ŀ ƪºƦȇ ǥȂºLJ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƘƥ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ó ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ Ǯdzǀǯ
ǁǂǔdzơ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƩƢƦƯƛ ƔƤǟ ǞǬȇ ǺǷ ȄǴǟ ƨdzƘLjǷ
.ŚǐǬƬdzơ ƨƴȈƬǻ
Ǻºǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ȄºǴǟ ǪƦǘǼŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǎǼƫȁ
ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǪƦǘǼŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ƨdzƘLjǷ DzƷ ƢȀǼǷ ƽơǂŭơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ
ȄºǴǟ ƢȀºǼǷ Ñ ƧƽƢºŭơ Ŀ ƩƢºƴƬǼŭơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ȃȁƢǟƾdzƢƥ
ǮºǴƫ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ƢȀȈǧ Ǟǫȁ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾǴdz ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǪȈƦǘƫ
:ƆƢǔȇƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
Dzǰnjƥ ǁǂǔƫ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjǴdz ƽƢƬǠŭơ ƨǷƢǫȍơ ǹƢǰǷ (Ɨ)"
ȁƗ ǂNjƢƦǷ
ȁƗ ƤdzƢǘŭơ ǎƼnjǴdz ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ DzǸǠdzơ ǹƢǰǷ (ƣ)"
Dzǰnjƥ ǁǂǔƫ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ȃǂƬNjơ ƮȈƷ ǹƢǰŭơ (Ʊ)"
."ƲƬǼŭơ ǂNjƢƦǷ
Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǵƢǰƷƘƥ DZȐƻȍơ ǵƾǟ ǞǷ Ƣēơƿ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ò ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫȁ
ƽƢƬǠŭơ ƨǷƢǫȍơ ǹƢǰǷ ƨdzȁƾdz ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ȃǿ ǪƦǘǼŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ
:ƢƆǔȇƗ Ȇǿ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ǂNjƢƦǷ Dzǰnjƥ ǁǂǔƬŭơ ǎƼnjǴdz
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƝƽƢºƦǷ ǹƗ ƢºǸǯ .(ÕÎÔ)"ƨºǻƾǸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ Ƣđ ǥǂƬǠƫ Ŗdzơ
Ŀ ƨǴǏ Ʃơƿ ƆƢǔȇƗ Ȇǿ ƩŐƬǟơ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ǭȂǴLjdzơ ŚȇƢǠǷ ȁƗ
ƩƾǼƬLJơ ơƾǼdzȂǿ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ .DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ
ƤºƫǂƬŭơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Ŀ ƨdzȂƦǬŭơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ńƛ
ǑȁƢǨƬƫ ǹƘƥ ƢĔơŚŝ ƢȀƬǘnjǻƗ ǂǔƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ
ƪºǼǴǟƗ śºƷ ÎÖÔÐ ǵƢǟ Ŀ Ǯdzƿȁ ǹơŚŪơ ǮƠdzȁƗ ǞǷ
ǺºǷ ƨºƥǂǬǷ ȄǴǟ ƧƢǨǐǷ ƔƢǼƥ ȅȂǼƫ ƢĔƗ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ ƨǷȂǰƷ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƪǴLJǁƗ DzưŭƢƥȁ .ơƾǼdzȂǿ ǞǷ ƢǿƽȁƾƷ
ƨºȈƟƢǫȂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈũǁ ƨdzƢLJǁ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ńƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƗƾƦǷ" ńƛ ƢȀȈǧ ƩǁƢNjƗ ǹƢǔȈǨdzơ ǞǼŭ ƾǴƦdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ƧǀƼƬŭơ
ƧƽƢȈLjdzơ ǵơǂƬƷƢƥ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ ǵDŽǴȇ ȅǀdzơ (ÕÎÕ)"Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
.ȃǂƻȋơ DZȁƾǴdz ƨǴǷƢǰdzơ
ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ Ƣēơǁơǂǫ Ŀ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǶǯƢƄơ ƩǁƢNjƗ ƾǫȁ -ÓÓÔ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǩƢƦǘǻơ ńƛ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷƘƥ ƽƢȀnjƬLJȏơ
ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ DZƢưǷ .Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƢǷȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǴǷƢĐơ ƝƽƢƦǷȁ Ņȁƾdzơ
ǹƘnjƥ ƆƢƬǫƚǷ Ɔơǁơǂǫ ƢǿǁơƾǏƛ ȃƾdz ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ
ƩǁƢƯƗ Donauversinkung ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƣȂǻơƾdzơ ǂĔ ǽƢȈǷ ǹƢȇǂƳ
DZƢºǸǟƗ ȄǴǟ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ƨdzƔƢLjŭơ ƨdzƘLjǷ
Ŀ ŚƦºǰdzơ DzƻƾƬdzơ" ǹƗ Ʃǂǯǀǧ .ǽƢȈŭơ ǹƢȇǂƳ Ŀ DzƻƾƬdzơ
ǹƗ ǺºǰŻ ȅǀdzơ ǽƾƷȁ Ȃǿ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢĔȌdz ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ǹƢȇǂŪơ
ƤƳȂŠ ǵƾǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǾȈǴǟ ǵȂǬƫ ȅǀdzơ DžƢLJȋơ Dzǰnjȇ
ǒǬǼºdzơ ƨºǸǰŰ ƩǁƢºNjƗ Ǯdzǀǯ .(ÕÎÖ)"Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǹƗ Ʃǂǯǀǧ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ńƛ Roya ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢǘȇȍơ
ƨǏǂǧ ǪȈǠƫ ȏƘƥ ... Ņȁƾdzơ ƤƳơȂdzơ DzǿƢš ƢȀǼǰŻ ȏ" ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ƢºēƢƳƢȈƬƷơ ƨºȈƦǴƬdz ǽƢȈŭơ ǹƢȇǂƳ ǺǷ ȃǂƻȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǝƢǨƬǻơ
ƨºǸǰƄơ ƩƾǼƬLJơ ƆơŚƻƗȁ .(ÕÏÍ)"ƢȀȈǴǟ ȆǔǬƫ ȁƗ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ
United States v. Arjona ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ƢȈǴǠdzơ
ǹƗ ƨºȈǼǗȁ ƨǷȂǰƷ Dzǯ ǺǷ ƤǴǘƬȇ" ȅǀdzơ ǶǷȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ńƛ
ǶȈºǴǫȍơ Ŀ DzºǠǧ ƣƢǰƫǁơ ǞǼŭ ‘ƤƳơȂdzơ Ǎǂūơ‘ ȄƻȂƬƫ
.(ÕÏÎ)ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ńƛ ƞLjȇ ƢĔƢǘǴLjdz ǞǓƢŬơ
__________
.ǽȐǟƗ ÐÓÎ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÕÎÔ)
.ÏÓÒ Ǎ Ó ƾǴĐơ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Whiteman (ÕÎÕ)
Württemberg and Prussia v. Baden , Entscheidungen des (ÕÎÖ)
žReichgerichts in Zivilsachen (Berlin, 1927), vol. 116, appendix 2, p. 18
Annual Digest of Public International Law 86 Ŀ ƢȀºƬǟƢƦǗ ƩƾȈǟƗ ƾǫȁ
.Cases, 1927–1928 (London), vol. 4, 1931, p. 128, case No.86
Société énergie électrique du littoral méditerranéen v. (ÕÏÍ)
Compania imprese elettriche liguri, Il Foro Italiano (Rome), vol. 64,
Annual Digest of Ŀ ƢȀºƬǟƢƦǗ ƩƾºȈǟƗ ƾǫȁ ž1939,part 1, col. 1036
.International Law Cases, 1938–1940, p. 1201
.United States Reports, vol. 120, p. 485 (1887) (ÕÏÎ)
248
ơƿƛ ƨƠȈŮơ ȁƗ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz ǺǰŻ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǞǷ ľƢǼƬƫ ȏ
ƝƽƢºƦŭ ƆƢǬǧȁ ǾȈǧ DzǐǨƫ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ǝơŗdzơ ǥơǂǗƗ Ǫǧơȁ
.ǥƢǐǻȍơȁ DZƾǠdzơ
ǁƢºǗƛ ƱǁƢºƻ DZȁƾºdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ (ƣ)
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ
ƨºǸƟơƾdzơ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz ȆLJƢLJȋơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǺǷ ÐÕ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ -ÓÓÐ
ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰƄ ȆLJƢLJȋơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǺǷȁ Ņȁƾdzơ DZƾǠǴdz
ƢƆºǬǧȁ ƢºȀȈdzƛ Ǟǧǂƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ Ŀ DzǐǨdzơ Ȇǿ ƨǸǰƄơ ƨǨȈǛȁ
:Ȇǿ ǽǁƽƢǐǷȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz
ƢƆǧǂƬǠǷ ƾǟơȂǫ Ǟǔƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ (Ɨ)
žƨǟǃƢǼƬŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƨƷơǂǏ Ƣđ
ƨºǷƢǟ ƨLJǁƢŲ ƽȂƳȁ ȄǴǟ Ȑ
Ɔ Ȉdzƽ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ǥǂǠdzơ (ƣ)
žǹȂǻƢǫ ƨƥƢưŠ ƨdzȂƦǬǷ
žƨǻƾǸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ Ƣđ ǥǂƬǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƝƽƢƦǷ (Ʊ )
Ŀ ǵƢǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ śǨdzƚŭơ ǁƢƦǯ ƤǿơǀǷȁ ǶǯƢƄơ ǵƢǰƷƗ (ƽ)
ǞºǷ Ǯºdzƿȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ƾȇƾƸƬdz ƨȈǟǂǧ ƨǴȈLJȁ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ǶǷȋơ ǦǴƬű
.ÒÖ ƧƽƢŭơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƧƢǟơǂǷ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾºǠdzơ ƨºǸǰƄ ǹƘƥ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ȆǔǬƫȁ -ÓÓÑ
ǹƘºƥ Ǯºdzƿ ȄǴǟ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ǥơǂǗƗ ƪǬǧơȁ ơƿƛ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ
ơǀǿ ǹƢǯȁ .ǥƢǐǻȍơȁ DZƾǠdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭ ƆƢǬǧȁ ȃȂǟƾdzơ Ŀ DzǐǨƫ
ǾǼǸºǓ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǶǯƢºƄơ ƪǴǐǧ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢǗȍơ Ȃǿ
ƽȁƾºƷ ƱǁƢºƻ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơȁ ǁǂǔºdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ Ŀ
.ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ
ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ȄǴǟ ƢǔȇƗ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƩƢƠȈǿ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ƪȈǼƥȁ -ÓÓÒ
ȄºǴǟȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ȄǴǟȁ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȌdz ƨȇƾǿƢǠƬdzơ
ǂȀǐǷ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀȁ .ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ DZȁƾǴdz ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ƢȈǴǠdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ƪLJǁƽ Dzȇǂƫ
ǾǻƗ ńƛ ƪǐǴƻȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƽƢǐǷ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣ Ǻǟ ƆȐǔǧ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ Ǻǟ ƆȐǔǧ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƝƽƢƦǷ ȄǔƬǬŠ"
ƵƢǸLjºdzơ ȁƗ ƢºȀǸȈǴǫƛ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȇȋ ǪŹ ȏ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ Ƨǂşȋơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƆơǁǂǓ ƤƦLjȇ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ǾǷơƾƼƬLJƢƥ
.(ÕÎÓ)"ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ǶȈǴǫȍ ȁƗ
ńƛ ƨºȈũǂdzơ ƢȀǴƟƢºLJǁ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƾǼƬLJơ ƾǫȁ -ÓÓÓ
ńƛ Ǯdzǀºǯȁ ǹȂǻƢºǬǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ńƛȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ơƾǼǯ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ƪȈǼƥȁ .ƨȇƾǿƢǠƬdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ
ÖÒÑ DžȂǷǃȂǯ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ DzƫƢLjdzơ ǶǘŢ ƢȀƯƾƷƗ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƝƽƢƦǷ" Ǻǟ ƆȐǔǧ ƨȇƾǿƢǠƬdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ȄǴǟ
__________
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÐÓÏ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) UNRIAA (ÕÎÓ)
249 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
džǷƢŬơ DzǐǨdzơ
ǖǬLjŭơ ǵƽƢǬƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ
Ŀ ƩơȂǼºLJ ǂnjǟ ƢǿƾǷƗ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ǵƽƢǬƬdzơ ƧǂƬǧ ƪdzƾǟȁ -ÓÔÍ
ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ (ÕÏÐ)ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
__________
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÏÐ)
Ŀ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ǖǬLjƫ -Î"
ǝȂºǫȁ ƺȇǁƢºƫ ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ ǂnjǟ DZȐƻ ȃȂǟƽ ƨǷƢǫƛ ǵƾǟ DZƢƷ
ƤƳȂŠ ƧƢǘǤǷ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ
ƨȈdzƢǷ ƧƾǏǁƘƥ ȁƗ ǂƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǔƥ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzƢƥ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƨdzȁƽ ǹȂǻƢǫ
ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂºǻƢǬdz ǃƢƳ ƩơȂǼLJ ǂnjǟ Ǻǟ ƾȇDŽƫ ƧǂƬǨdz ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨǠƥƢƫ
DzǤnjºŭơ Ƣºđ ƤdzƢǘŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ǹƗ ƨǐƬƼŭơ
ƢȀǼǰdzȁ ƩơȂǼLJ ǂnjǟ Ǻǟ ƾȇDŽƫ ƾǫ ƧǂƬǧ ƔƢǔǬǻơ ƾǠƥ ȏƛ ǖǬLjƫ ȏ
ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈǨȈǰdzơ ǽǀđ ǾƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ƣđ ƧƢǘǤŭơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǺǷ DZȂǗƗ ǹȂǰƫ ȏ
ǂƯƚȇ ȏ ơǀǿ ǩȂǬūơ ǕȂǬLJ ƧǂƬǧ ƾȇƾŤ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƨdzȁƽ ǹȂǻƢǫ
ǽǀºǿ ƤƳȂŠ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǩȂǬƷ Ŀ DZơȂƷȋơ ǺǷ DZƢƷ ȅƘƥ
ǁǂºǓ ȁƗ ƵơȁǁƗ ǹơƾǬǨƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȃȂǟƽ ǵƢǫƗ ǎƼNj ȅȋ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
.ǂǯǀdzơ ƨǨǻȉơ ǂnjǠdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ ƧǂƬǧ ƔƢȀƬǻơ DzƦǫ DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ȆǐƼNj
ƤƦLjºƥ ƢºȀȈǧ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǬȇ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ -Ï"
ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƪǫȁ ƪǻƢǯ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƽơȂŠ ƨǴǏ Ʃơƿ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ
ƧƽƾºƄơ ƧǂºƬǨdzơ ƤLjŢ ƨǯȁǂƬǷ ȁƗ ƨƷȁǂǘǷ ȁƗ ƧƽȂǬǨǷ ȁƗ ƨǫȁǂLjǷ
ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǮǴƫ ǝȂǫȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ
ƧǂºƬǧ ǃȁƢºƴƬƫ ǹƗ DZơȂƷȋơ ǺǷ DZƢƷ ȅƘƥ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƬdz ǃȂŸ ȏ Ǻǰdzȁ
.ǭǂƬdzơ ȁƗ Ƶǂǘdzơ ȁƗ ǹơƾǬǨdzơ ȁƗ ƨǫǂLjdzơ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ơƆǁƢƦƬǟơ ƨǼLJ Ǻȇǂnjǟ
ƧǂºƬǧ ƽƾºŹ ǹƗ ƨǐºƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ǃȂŸ -Ð"
ǺǷ ƆơǁƢƦƬǟơ ƩơȂǼLJ ƭȐƯ Ǻǟ DzǬƫ ȏ ƢȀǷƽƢǬƫ ȁƗ ǩȂǬūơ ǕȂǬLjdz
ǹƢºǯ ȁƗ ȅȁȂǻ ǁǂǔƥ ƣƢǐŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǾȈǧ ǥǂǟ ȅǀdzơ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ
DzǤnjºŭơ Ȃǿ ǺǷȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȂƥ ǾȈǧ ǥǂǠȇ ǹƗ DZȂǬǠŭơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ
ƧƽƾƄơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǃȁƢš ǵƾǟ Ǖǂnjƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȁ Ǻǟ DZȁƚLjŭơ
."ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Ïȁ Î śƫǂǬǨdzƢƥ ƆȐǸǟ
.ǵƽƢºǬƬdzơ ƧǂºƬǧ džǨǻ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǎǼƫȁ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ĿƢǓȍơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ǺǷ Öȁ Õ ǹƢƫƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ
Õ ƧƽƢŭơ"
DZƢƷ Ŀ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǪƷ ǖǬLjȇ (Ɨ)"
.ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ ǂnjǟ DZȐƻ ȃȂǟƽ ƨǷƢǫƛ ǵƾǟ
ơƿƛ ƩơȂǼLJ ǂnjǟ Ǻǟ ƾȇDŽƫ ƧǂƬǧ ƽƾŹ ǹƗ řǗȂdzơ ǞȇǂnjƬǴdz ǃȂŸ ǾǻƗ Śǣ
Ŀ DZȁƚLjºŭơ DzǤnjǸǴdz ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ǞǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƪǻƢǯ
ƨȇƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ DzǤnjŭơ Ǯdzƿ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǘǤƬdz Śƥơƾƫ Ʃǀţơ ƾǫ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ
ǮºǴƫ DZȐƻȁ ǂnjǠdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ ƧǂƬǧ ƔƢȀƬǻơ ƾǠƥ ƪǠǫȁ ǒȇȂǠƫ ȃȁƢǟƽ
ơǀºǿ ǩȂǬūơ ǕȂǬLJ ƧǂƬǧ ƾȇƾŤ ǂƯƚȇ ȏƗ Ǖǂnjƥ Ǯdzƿȁ :DZȂǗȋơ Ƨƾŭơ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ƤƫǂƬŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǪƷ Ŀ DZơȂƷȋơ ǺǷ DZƢƷ ȅƘƥ
ȄºǴǟ ȆǐƼNj ǁǂǓ ȁƗ ƵơȁǁƗ ǹơƾǬǨƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȃȂǟƽ ǵƢǫƗ ǎƼNj ȅȋ
.ǂnjǠdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ ƧǂƬǧ ƔƢȀƬǻơ ƾǠƥ DzǤnjŭơ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ƤºƴƷ ƢȀȈǧ ǃȂŸ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǥȁǂǛ ǭƢǼǿ -ÓÓÕ
ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǒǠƥ ǎǼƫȁ . ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȁƗ DzǤnjŭơ
ǺºǷ ǞƟƢnjdzơ ǖǸǼdzơȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ Ɣơǂƥȍơ ȄǴǟ ǥơǂǗȋơ
.Ƨƾŭơ ȆǔǷ ƤƦLjƥ Ɣơǂƥȍơ Ȃǿ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ Ɣơǂƥȍơ ǕƢŶƗ
ȄǴǟ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ȆǴǤnjǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÓÓÖ
ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƆơǁƢƦƬǟơ ƩơȂǼLJ ǂnjǟ ƢǿƾǷƗ ǖǬLjŭơ ǵƽƢǬƬǴdz ƧǂƬǧ
Ƨǁƾǐºŭơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzȁ .ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ
.(ÕÏÏ)DZȂǗƗ ƧƾǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ǹƗ ǎȈƻǂƬǴdz
__________
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƨLjǷƢŬơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÏÏ)
Ŀ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ǖǬLjƫ -Î"
ǝȂºǫȁ ƺȇǁƢºƫ ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ ǂnjǟ DZȐƻ ȃȂǟƽ ƨǷƢǫƛ ǵƾǟ DZƢƷ
ƤƳȂŠ ƧƢǘǤǷ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ
ǂºƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǔƥ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzƢƥ ǎȈƻǂƬǴdz Ƨǁƾǐŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ
ǃƢƳ ƩơȂǼLJ ǂnjǟ Ǻǟ ƾȇDŽƫ ƧǂƬǨdz ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǞƥƢƫ ǒȇȂǠƫ ƾȈǏǂƥ ȁƗ
ƤdzƢǘŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ǹƗ ǪƦǘǼŭơ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz
ƩơȂǼLJ ǂnjǟ Ǻǟ ƾȇDŽƫ ƾǫ ƧǂƬǧ ƔƢǔǬǻơ ƾǠƥ ȏƛ ǖǬLjƫ ȏ DzǤnjŭơ Ƣđ
ǽǀºđ ǾƬȈdzȁƚLjºǷ Ƣºđ ƧƢǘǤŭơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǺǷ DZȂǗƗ ǹȂǰƫ ȏ ƢȀǼǰdzȁ
ƾºȇƾŤ ǹƗ Śǣ .ǎȈƻǂƬǴdz Ƨǁƾǐŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈǨȈǰdzơ
ǪºƷ Ŀ DZơȂƷȋơ ǺǷ DZƢƷ ȅƘƥ ǂƯƚȇ ȏ ơǀǿ ǩȂǬūơ ǕȂǬLJ ƧǂƬǧ
ȃȂºǟƽ ǵƢǫƗ ǎƼNj ȅȋ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ƤƫǂƬŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ƧǂƬǧ ƔƢȀƬǻơ DzƦǫ DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ȆǐƼNj ǁǂǓ ȁƗ ƵơȁǁƗ ǹơƾǬǨƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ
.ǂǯǀdzơ ƨǨǻȉơ ǂnjǠdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ
ƤƦLjºƥ ƢȀȈǧ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǬȇ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ -Ï"
ƩƾºǬǧ ȁƗ ƪǫǂºLJ ƨǠnjºǷ ƩƢȇƢǨǻ ȁƗ ƩƢƴƬǼǷ ȁƗ ȅȁȂǻ ƽȂǫȁ
ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƧƽƾƄơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ƤLjŢ ƪǯǂƫ ȁƗ ƪƷǂǗ ȁƗ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ƪƦƦºLJ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ
ǹƗ DZơȂºƷȋơ ǺºǷ DZƢƷ ȅƘƥ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƬdz ǃȂŸ ȏ Ǻǰdzȁ ȅȁȂǼdzơ
ȁƗ ǹơƾǬǨdzơ ȁƗ ƨǫǂLjdzơ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƆơǁƢƦƬǟơ ƨǼLJ Ǻȇǂnjǟ ƧǂƬǧ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ
.ǭǂƬdzơ ȁƗ Ƶǂǘdzơ
ǕȂǬLjdz ƧǂƬǧ ƽƾŹ ǹƗ ǪƦǘǼŭơ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǃȂŸ -Ð"
ƺȇǁƢºƬdzơ ǺǷ ƆơǁƢƦƬǟơ ƩơȂǼLJ ƭȐƯ Ǻǟ DzǬƫ ȏ ƢȀǷƽƢǬƫ ȁƗ ǩȂǬūơ
ǹƢǯ ȁƗ ȅȁȂǻ ǁǂǔƥ ǾƬƥƢǏƛ Ȇǟƾȇ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǾȈǧ ǥǂǟ ȅǀdzơ
Ȃºǿ ǺºǷȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȂƥ ǾȈǧ ǥǂǠȇ ǹƗ DZȂǬǠŭơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ƤŸ
ǃȁƢºš ǵƾºǟ Ǖǂnjƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȁ Ǻǟ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ
.ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Ïȁ Î śƫǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƧƽƾƄơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ
ȅȁȂºǻ ǁǂǔºƥ ǾƬƥƢǏƛ Ȇǟƾȇ ǎƼNj ȅȋ ǃȂŸ -Ñ"
ǹƗ ƧƽƢºŭơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ƨǬƦǘǼŭơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ DZȐƻ ǒȇȂǠƫ ȃȂǟƽ ǵƢǫƗȁ
ƾºǠƥ ŕƷ Ǯdzƿȁ ǁǂǔǴdz ǶǫƢǨƫ ȅƗ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ǀƻƘȈdz ǾƦǴǗ DZƾǠȇ
."ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Ƕǰūơ ǝơƾȇƛ Ļ ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ ȏƗ Ǖǂnjƥ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ ƔƢȀƬǻơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƢƆǷƢǟ śƯȐƯ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ‘Α
žȆǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƧƢȈūơ ǹơƾǬǨƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ǯdzƿȁ
ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ ǂnjǟ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ‘Ï‘
žȃǂƻȋơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ǹȂǻƢǫ ƤƳȂŠ ƧƢǘǤǷ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ Śǣ (ƣ)
ƨǠƥƢƫ ƨȈdzƢǷ ƧƾǏǁƘƥ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǂƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǔƥ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzƢƥ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƨdzȁƽ
ǩȂǬƷ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ǹƗ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ǃƢƳ DZȂǗƗ ƧǂƬǨdz ƨdzȁƾǴdz
DZȂºǗȋơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ ƔƢǔǬǻơ ƾǠƥ ȏƛ ǖǬLjƫ ȏ DzǤnjŭơ Ƣđ ƤdzƢǘŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ǹȂǻƢǫ ƤƳȂŠ ȂƸǼdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ǾƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȆǘǤƫ Ŗdzơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ȏ ƮȈŞ
žƧƘnjǼŭơ ƨdzȁƽ
ǹƘnjƥ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȃȁƢǟƽ DZơȂƷȋơ ǺǷ DZƢƷ ȅƘƥ ǂƯƚƫ ȏ (Ʊ)
ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ƤºƳȂŠ ƾȇƾǸƬǴdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ȁƗ ȆǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǧ
ƾǠƥ Ǟǧǂƫ Ŗdzơȁ ȃǂƻȋơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ (ƣ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ
ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǩȂǬƷ Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ ǂnjǟ ƔƢǔǬǻơ
ǁǂǓ ȁƗ ƵơȁǁƗ ǹơƾǬǨƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȃȂǟƽ ǵƢǫƗ ǎƼNj ȅȋ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ
.ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ ƔƢȀƬǻơ DzƦǫ DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ȆǐƼNj
ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǩȂǬƷ Ǟǔţ -ÓÔÎ
ȂºƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǕȂǬLjdz ȁƗ ǖǬLjŭơ ǵƽƢǬƬǴdz
ȃȂǟƾºdzơ ǞºƊǧǂĄƫ Ń ơƿƛ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǾȈǴǟ ǎǼȇ ȅǀdzơ
ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǾȈǧ ǥǂǟ ȅǀdzơ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ ƭȐƯ DZȐƻ
ǥǂºǠȇ ǹƗ ƨºdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐºƥ Ǿdz ȆǤƦǼȇ ǹƢǯ ȁƗ ǁǂǔǴdz ǑǂǠƫ
.(ÕÏÑ)ǁǂǔdzơ ƭȁƾƷ Ǻǟ DZȁƚLjŭơ DzďǤnjŭơȁ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ
__________
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ Õ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÏÑ)
ǖǬLjŭơ ǵƽƢǬƬǴdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǩȂǬƷ Ǟǔţ"
ƨºǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢºǫ ǾȈǴǟ ǎǼȇ ƢǸƦLjƷ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǕȂǬLjdz ȁƗ
ƺȇǁƢºƬdzơ ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ ƭȐƯ DZȐƻ ȃȂǟƽ ƨǷƢǫƛ ǵƾǟ DZƢƷ Ŀ ƨǐƬƼŭơ
DzǤnjŭơȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȁ ǺǷ Ȑ Ɔ ǯ ǁǂǔƥ ƣƢǐŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǾȈǧ ǥǂǟ ȅǀdzơ
ǾºƳȁ ȄºǴǟ ƤŸ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ǺǷ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȁ Ǻǟ DZȁƚLjŭơ
ǝȂǫȁ Ǻǟ DZȁƚLjŭơ DzǤnjŭơȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȁ ǺǷ Ȑ Ɔ ǯ ǾȈǧ ǥǂǠȇ ǹƗ DZȂǬǠŭơ
śƬȈǟǂǨdzơ śƫǂǬǨdzƢƥ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǹǟ ƧƽƾƄơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǃȁƢš ǵƾǟ Ǖǂnjƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ǁǂǔdzơ
."ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǺǷ (ƣ)ȁ (Ɨ)
ƢºǼȈȈǧ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Òȁ Ñ śƫǂǬǨdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ
:ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ȃǂƻƗ DZƢǰNjƗ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǹƢǐǼƫ śƬǴdzơ ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz
ǥȐºƻ ȄºǴǟ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǎǼȇ Ń ƢǷ -Ñ"
ȃȂǟƽ ǵƢǫƗ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǾƬƦƦLJ ǁǂǔƥ ƣƢǐǷ ǎƼNj ȅȋ ǃȂŸ Ǯdzƿ
ƢǸȈǧ ǾƦǴǗ DZƾǠȇ ǹƗ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ DZȐƻ ǒȇȂǠƫ
ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂǰƫ ȏƗ Ǖǂnjƥ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ ƔƢȀƬǻơ ƾǠƥ ǁǂǔǴdz ǶǫƢǨƫ ȅƗ ǎź
.ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ƢȀǸǰƷ ƪǟƽȁƗ ƾǫ ƨǐƬƼŭơ
ƧǂǬǨdzƢºƥ ȐƆ ºǸǟ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ƾȇƾŢ ǂǷȋơ ǵDŽǴƬLJơ ơƿƛ -Ò"
ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ƤǴǗ ǵƾǫȁ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨȇƽƢūơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǺǷ (ƣ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ
ƧƾºǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂºǗȋơ ǺǷ ȅƗ ńƛ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀđ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ
Ǯºdzƿ ƾºǠƥ ȆǬƦƬŭơ ƪǫȂdzơ ǹƢǯȁ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ƾȇƾŢ ƨȈƷȐǐƥ ƨǠƬǸƬŭơ
ƨƬLJ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ ƢȀȈǧ ǃȂŸ Ŗdzơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ǂȀNjƗ ƨƬLJ ǺǷ DzǫƗ ƾȇƾƸƬdzơ
."ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ƾȇƾŢ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǀǼǷ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ ƤLjƬŢȁ ǂȀNjƗ
250
ǁǂǔºdzơ ǝơȂǻƘºƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ƨǨǴƬű ƩơǂƬǧ ȄǴǟ ƪǐǻ Ŗdzơ
ƢºǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Õ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƬǧ .ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz
DZƢºƷ Ŀ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ǖǬLjƫ (Ɨ)
:ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ ǵƾǟ
_________________________________________
(ǞƥƢƫ (ÕÏÐ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
Ʃơƿ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƤƦLjƥ ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȁ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ (ƣ)"
ƪºǫȁ ƪǻƢǯ ƨǠnjǷ ƩƢºȇƢǨǻ ȁƗ ƩƢƴƬǼǷ ȁƗ ȅȁȂǻ ƽȂǫȂƥ ƨǴǏ
ƨǯȁǂƬǷ ȁƗ ƨƷȁǂǘǷ ȁƗ ƧƽȂǬǨǷ ȁƗ ƨǫȁǂLjǷ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ
ǺǷ (Ɨ) ƧǂǬǨdzƢƥ ƆȐǸǟ ƧƽƾƄơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ƤLjŢ ƾǠƥ ƢēƽƢǠƬLJơ ǶƬƫ Ńȁ
Ǻºǰdzȁ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǮǴƫ ǝȂǫȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƆơǁƢƦƬǟơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ
ƨǼLJ Ǻȇǂnjǟ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ǹƗ DZơȂƷȋơ ǺǷ DZƢƷ ȅƘƥ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƬdz ǃȂŸ ȏ
.ǭǂƬdzơ ȁƗ Ƶǂǘdzơ ȁƗ ǹơƾǬǨdzơ ȁƗ ƨǫǂLjdzơ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƆơǁƢƦƬǟơ
śƬǼºLJ Ǻǟ DzǬƫ ȏ ƧǂƬǧ ƽƾŹ ǹƗ řǗȂdzơ ǞȇǂnjƬǴdz (Ʊ)"
ȅǀdzơ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ǺǷ ƆơǁƢƦƬǟơ ƢǷƛ Ǯdzƿȁ ǵƽƢǬƫ ƧǂƬǨǯ ȁƗ Ǫūơ ǕȂǬLjdz
DzǤnjŭơȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȁ ǺǷ ƆȐǯ ǁǂǔƥ ƣƢǐŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǾȈǧ ǥǂǟ
ȄºǴǟ ƤŸ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ǺǷ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȁ Ǻǟ DZȁƚLjŭơ
DZȁƚLjŭơ DzǤnjŭơȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȁ ǺǷ ƆȐǯ ǾȈǧ ǥǂǠȇ ǹƗ DZȂǬǠŭơ ǾƳȁ
ƆȐºǸǟ ƧƽƾƄơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǃȁƢš ǵƾǟ Ǖǂnjƥ Ǯdzƿȁ :ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȁ Ǻǟ
.ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ (ƣ)ȁ (Ɨ) śƫǂǬǨdzƢƥ
ƧƽƢŭơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƢȀȈǧ ǪƦǘǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ ǾǻƗ Śǣ (ƽ)"
ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƪǫȂdzơ DZȐƻ Ļ Ȃdz ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǪƷ ǖǬLjȇ ȏ ‘Ï‘(Ʊ)ÎÐ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ (Ɨ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ
Ŀ ƢºȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjºŭơ ƨƠȈŮơ ǁƾǐƫ ǹƗ DzƦǫ ƭƾƷ ơƿƛ ‘Α"
ƨºȇƗ ǵƢºǷƗ ȃȂǟƽ ƪǠǧǁ ǹƗ ƢȀǸǰƷ ÎÔ ƧƽƢŭơ
žƢȀǼȈƥ ǁƢȈƬƻȏơ ƨƠȈȀǴdz ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ǶǯƢƄơ ǺǷ ƨǸǰŰ
Śºǣ Ȇǿ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹƗ ƨƠȈŮơ Ʃǁǂǫ ơƿƛȁ
ƢȀǷƢǷƗ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ƪǠǧǁ ǹƗ ǪƦLJ Ŗdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ
ǵƢºǷƗ ȃȂǟƾºdzơ ǮǴƫ Ǟǧǂdz ƆơƾǟȂǷ ƽƾŢ ǹƗ ƢȀǴǧ
ȁƗ žƧǁȂǐdzơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƧƽƾƄơ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ
ǁơƾǐƬLJȏ ƤǴǗ řǠǷ ƾǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ ńƛ ǵƾǫ ơƿƛ ‘Ï‘"
ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƆȐǸǟ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƽƾŹ ƨƠȈŮơ ǺǷ ǁơǂǫ
ǁơǂºǬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǁȁƾǏ ƤǬǟ ƪǠǧǁȁ ‘Ï‘(Ʊ)ÎÐ
.ƨƠȈŮơ ǽƽƾŢ ƾǫ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ DZȐƻ ȃȂǟƽ
Ǯºdzƿ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǎǼȇ Ń ƢǷ (ǿ)"
ȃȂºǟƽ ǵƢǫƗ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǾƬƦƦLJ ǁǂǔƥ ƣƢǐǷ ǎƼNj ȅȋ ǃȂŸ
ǾƦǴǗ DZƾǠȇ ǹƗ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ DZȐƻ ǒȇȂǠƫ
ǹȂǰƫ ȏƗ Ǖǂnjƥ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ ƔƢȀƬǻơ ƾǠƥ ǁǂǔǴdz ǶǫƢǨƫ ȅƗ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ
.ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ƢȀǸǰƷ ƪǟƽȁƗ ƾǫ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ
Ö ƧƽƢŭơ"
ƨƯƽƢƷ ƤƦLjƥ Ǟǫȁ ǁǂǓ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏ"
DZƢºǸǟƗ ńƛ ȁƗ ƶǴLjŭơ ǝơǂǐdzơ DZƢǠǧƗ ǺǷ DzǠǧ ńƛ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȃDŽǠƫ ƨȇȁȂǻ
ǾȈǴǟ ǎǼȇ ƾǫ ƢǷ ơƾǟ ƢǸȈǧ ȁƗ ǹƢȈǐǟ ńƛ ȁƗ ƨȈǴǿƗ ƣǂƷ ńƛ ȁƗ ƨȈƟơƾǟ
ǥȐºƻ ǾǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǾƫƘnjǼǷ ƾƳȂƫ ȅǀdzơ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ Ǟȇǂnjƫ
."ȆƟƢǼưƬLJơ ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿ ƨǸȈLjƳ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƨƯǁƢǯ ńƛ Ǯdzƿ
251 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁȁ -ÓÔÐ
ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƜƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǩȂǬūơ ǖǬLjƫ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƭȐºƯ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ǁƢǗȍơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ȃȂǟƽ ǞǧǂĄƫ Ń ƢǷ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ
DZƢºƷ ȅƘƥ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ .ǁǂǔdzơ DZȂǐƷ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ
ƨƯƽƢūơ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ ƪLJ ƾǠƥ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ DZơȂƷȋơ ǺǷ
ƨǴLjºǴLJ ǺǷ ǦdzƘƬƫ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǽǀǿ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ ƪƦċƦLJ Ŗdzơ
DZȁƗ ǝȂºǫȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƪLjdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ ƧǂƬǧ ƗƾƦƫ ƭƽơȂūơ ǺǷ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺºǷ Ó ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƩơǂƬǧ ȄǴǟ ǎǼĄȇȁ .ƨƯƽƢƷ
.ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
Ȑ
Ɔ ƯƢºŲ ƢƆǸǰƷ ǺǨLjdzơ ƽȂǫȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Õ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǸǔƬƫ -ÓÔÑ
ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢºǟ DZȂºǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺºǷ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ǶǰƸǴdz
.(ÕÏÓ) ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÐÔ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÓÔÒ
ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
ƨºƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ȃȁƢǟƽ ƨǷƢǫƜƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǩȂǬūơ ǖǬLjƫ ƧǁƢǓȁ Ƨǂǘƻ
Ń ƢºǷ ǮdzƢŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ňƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ
ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ ƭȐƯ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ ƤƳȂŠ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ǞǧǂĄƫ
ǹƢǯ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƭȁƾŞ ǁǂǔdzơ ǾǬū ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ƨǧǂǠǷ
ƨǧǂǠǷȁ Ǿdz ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ DZȂǐƷ ƨǧǂǠǷ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǾȈǴǟ śǠƬȇ
ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ ǩȂǬŞ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƧǂƬǧ ȅǂLjƫȁ .ǮdzƢŭơ ƨȇȂǿ
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǩȁƾǼǐƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ
ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
Ǟºǧǁ DZơȂƷȋơ ǺǷ DZƢƷ ȅƘƥ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ .ƧǁƢǓȁ Ƨǂǘƻ
ƪƦċƦºLJ Ŗdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ ǂnjǟ ǁȁǂǷ ƾǠƥ ȃȂǟƾdzơ
ƗƾƦƫ ƭƽơȂūơ ǺǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ ǺǷ ǦdzƘƬƫ ƨƯƽƢūơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ
.ƨƯƽƢƷ ǂƻƕ ǝȂǫȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ǂnjǠdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ ƧǂƬǧ
_________________________________________
ƨºƠȈŮơ ǵƢºȈǫ ƤǴǗ řǠǷ ƾǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ ńƛ ǵďƾǫƌ ơƿƛ ‘Ï‘"
‘Ï‘(ȁ)ÎÐ ƧƽƢºǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƾȇƾƸƬƥ
Ŀ ƨǸǰƄơ ǮǴƫ ƾȇƾƸƬƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ƾǠƥ ȃȂǟƽ ƪǸȈǫƌƗȁ
.ƨƠȈŮơ ǽƽƾŢ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ ǹȂǔǣ
ȅƗ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ DZȐƻ ȄǴǟ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǎǼȇ Ń ƢǷ (ȁ)"
ǵƢºǫƗȁ ƨºȇȁȂǻ ƨºƯƽƢƷ ǾƬƦƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔǴdz ǑǂǠƫ ǎƼNj
ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ȃȂǟƾdzơ
ƾǠƥ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔǴdz ǶǫƢǨƫ ȅƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǾƬƦdzƢǘǷ DzȇƾǠƫ Ǿdz ǃȂŸ ƧƽƢŭơ
ǺºǷ ȆƟƢºĔ ǶǰƷ ǁƾǏ ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ǹƗ Ǖǂnjƥ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ ƔƢǔǬǻơ
."ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƤǻƢƳ
:Õ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÕÏÓ)
ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢºƥ ƨºƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƜƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǩȂǬūơ ǖǬLjƫ"
ǹȂǔºǣ Ŀ ǁƢºǗȍơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ǞǧǂĄƫ Ń ƢǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ
ǺǷ DZƢƷ ȅƘƥ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ .ǁǂǔdzơ DZȂǐƷ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ ƭȐƯ
ƺȇǁƢºƫ ȄºǴǟ ƩơȂǼLJ ƪLJ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǁȁǂǷ ƾǠƥ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ DZơȂƷȋơ
ƨǴLjºǴLJ ǺǷ ǦdzƘƬƫ ƨƯƽƢūơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ ƪƦċƦLJ Ŗdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ
."ƨƯƽƢƷ DZȁƗ ǝȂǫȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ ƪLjdzơ ƧǂƬǧ ƗƾƦƫ ƭƽơȂūơ ǺǷ
ǵƢǰƷƗ ƧŚƦǯ ƧǁȂǐƥ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȅǀƬŢȁ -ÓÔÏ
ƩơȂǼLJ ǂnjǠdzơ ƧǂƬǧ ǹȉơ ƪdzƾƦĄƬLJơ ƾǬǧ .ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ǾȈǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƢǷ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƢǿƾǠƥ ǖǬLjȇ Ŗdzơ
ǹơƾǬǨƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǼLJ śƯȐƯ ƧǂƬǨdz ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂºǓȌdz ƩơȂǼLJ ǂnjǟȁ ȆǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƧƢȈūơ
ǹȁƽ DZȂºǗƗ ƩơǂºƬǧ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƽƾŹ ǹƗ ǃȂŸȁ .ȃǂƻȋơ
.(ÕÏÒ)ŚǤdzơ ǩȂǬŞ DZȐƻƛ
__________
:ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÕÏÒ)
ǵƽƢºǬƬǴdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ Ǟǔź (Ɨ)"
:ȃȂǟƾdzơ ǞƊǧǂĄƫ Ń ơƿƛ Ǯdzƿȁ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǕȂǬLjdz ȁƗ ǖǬLjŭơ
Ŀ ȆǐƼnjdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ Ƶơȁǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǨƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ‘Α"
žƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƢƆǷƢǟ śƯȐƯ ǹȂǔǣ
ǹȂǔºǣ Ŀ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ‘Ï‘"
.ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ ǂnjǟ
DZȂºǗƗ ƧǂƬǧ řǗȂdzơ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ ƽƾŹ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ (ƣ)"
ǽǀǿ ǺǷ (Ɨ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǺǷ ‘Ï‘ ȁƗ ‘Α ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƨǼȈƦŭơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǺǷ
ȅǀºdzơ ƾºǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ DzƦǫ ǺǷ Śƥơƾƫ ƩǀƼČƫơ ƾǫ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƧƽƢŭơ
ƨºȈǘǤƬdz DZȁƚLjºŭơ DzďǤnjºŭơ Ƣđ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ǾǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƾƳȂƫ
ƾºǠƥ ƗƾºƦƫ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ȃȁƢǟƽ ȅƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ DzďǤnjŭơ Ǯdzƿ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ǺǷ (Ɨ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǺǷ ‘Ï‘ ȁƗ ‘Α ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƧƽƾƄơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ƔƢǔǬǻơ
.DZȂǗȋơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ ƔƢǼƯƗȁ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ
ǺǷ (ƣ) ƧǂǬǨǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ DZȂǗƗ ƧǂƬǧ ƩƽďƾƷĄ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ (Ʊ)"
ǮºǴƫ DZȐƻ Ŀ ǞƊǧǂĄƫ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ȃȂǟƽ ȅƗ ǹƜǧ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ Ŀ DZƢƷ ȅƘƥ ǂƯƚƫ ȏ ƧǂƬǨdzơ
:DzďǤnjŭơ ƾǓ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ǵƢǫƗ ǎƼNj ȅȋ
ǁǂǔºdzƢƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢƆǷƢǟ śƯȐưdzơ ƧǂƬǧ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ‘Α"
žƧƢȈūơ ǹơƾǬǧ ȁƗ ȆǐƼnjdzơ
ǞºȈǸŝ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƩơȂǼLJ ǂnjǠdzơ ƧǂƬǧ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ‘Ï‘"
.ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
ƭȐƯ Ǻǟ DzǬƫ ȏ ƧǂƬǧ ƽƾŹ ǹƗ řǗȂdzơ ǞȇǂnjƬǴdz ǃȂŸ (ƽ)"
ƨºƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǕȂǬLjdz ȁƗ ǖǬLjŭơ ǵƽƢǬƬǴdz ƩơȂǼLJ
ǎƼnjdzơ ǾȈǧ ǶǴǟ ȅǀdzơ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ǺǷ ƽċƾŢȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ
ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ śǠƬȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ǺǷ ȁƗ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔǴdz ǑǂǠƫ ȅǀdzơ
ǎƼnjºdzơȁ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȂƥ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǶǴǠȇ ǹƗ ǎƼnjdzơ
Ȑ
Ɔ ºǸǟ ƧƽƾºƄơ ƩơǂºƬǨdzơ ǃȁƢš ǵƾǟ Ǖǂnjƥ ƔơȂLjdzơ ȄǴǟ DZȁƚLjŭơ
.ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ (ƣ)ȁ (Ɨ) śƫǂǬǨdzƢƥ
‘Ï‘(ȁ)ÎÐ ƧƽƢºŭơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǩƢƦǘǻơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ (ǿ)"
Ŀ Ǫūơ ǕȂǬLjdz ȁƗ ǖǬLjŭơ ǵƽƢǬƬǴdz ƢƆǠǓƢƻ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ
Ŀ ƢºȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐºǼŭơ ƧǂºƬǨdzơ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ƭƾƷ ơƿƛ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ (ƽ)ȁ (ƣ)ȁ (Ɨ) ƩơǂǬǨdzơ
ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ƨƠȈŮơ ǁơƾǏƛ DzƦǫ ȃȂǟƽ ƪǠǧĄǁ ‘Α"
žƨƠȈŮơ ƢǿǁƢƬţ ƨǸǰŰ ȅƗ ǵƢǷƗ Ǯdzƿȁ ƢȀǸǰū ÎÔ
ƨºǸǰŰ Ȇǿ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹƗ ƨƠȈŮơ Ʃǁǂǫ ơƿƛȁ
ȃȂǟƾºdzơ ƢºȀǷƢǷƗ ƪǠǧĄǁ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫ ǥȐş ȃǂƻƗ
ǵƢǷƗ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ ǾȈǧ śǠƬȇ ƺȇǁƢƫ ƾȇƾŢ ƢŮ ǃȂƴȈǧ
žǮdzǀƥ ƢȀǷƢȈǫ ǁǂǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƨȈǧƢºǓȍơ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÎÔȁ ÎÓ ǹƢƫƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÓÔÖ
DzºǬǻ DZȐºƻ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ
ǺǨºLJ ȁƗ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ ȁƗ ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ
Ŀ Ǫūơ ƢȀƟƢǔǬǻơ ƾǠƥ ǖǬLjȇ ƨȈǼǷǃ ƧǂƬǧ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ
.(ÕÏÕ)ȃȂǟƽ ƨǷƢǫƛ
_________________________________________
ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ DzƦǫ ǞǬƫ ƨƯƽƢƷ ȁƗ ƭƾƷ ȁƗ ƭƢǠƦǻơ ǾƦƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ •"
(Î)ÎÖ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ
ƾºǠƥ ǞǬƫ ƨƯƽƢƷ ȁƗ ƭƾƷ ȁƗ ƭƢǠƦǻơ ǾƦƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ •"
ƢǿƚnjºǼǷ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ (Î)ÎÖ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ
ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ DzƦǫ DzǸƬǯơȁ ƭƾƷ ƽƾŰ ǕƢnjǻ
ƭȁƾºƷ ȄǴǟ ƨǼLJ ÐÍ ƩǂǷ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǹƛ ȅǀdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ •"
ƢȀǼǟ Ƕų Ŗdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ȁƗ ƭƾūơ ǝȂǫȁ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ƭƢǠƦǻȏơ
."ǁǂǔdzơ
:ÎÖ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ
ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ"
ƶƟơȂºǴdzơȁ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƿƢǨǻƛ ńƛ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƾǸǠƫ -Î"
ÐÍ DZȂºǴŞ ǾºȈƳȂƬdzơ ơǀºŮ DZƢºưƬǷȐdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ǵƢǰƷȋơȁ
.ǁȂǨdzơ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzǀƥ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǂǘţȁ ÏÍÍÔ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ
ńƛ ƾºǸǠƫ ŚƥơƾºƬdzơ ǮºǴƫ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǀƼƬƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ"
ƢºȀǷƢȈǫ ƾǼǟ ǞƳǂǸǯ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǾǸǔƫ ȁƗ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ơǀǿ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjƛ ƢȀǼȈǸǔƫ
.ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ơǀǿ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǩǂǗ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƽƾŢȁ .ƢƆȈũǁ ƢǿǂnjǼƥ
ǵƢºǰƷȋơ ǎǻ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ńƛ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ DzLJǂƫ -Ï"
ơǀǿ ǾȈǘǤȇ ȅǀdzơ DZƢĐơ Ŀ ƢēƾǸƬǟơ Ŗdzơ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ
ơǀǿ ǵƢǰƷƗ Ƣđ ǪǨƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǨȈǰdzơ ƶǓȂȇ DZȁƾŝ ƨǟȂǨnjǷ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ
."ƧƾǸƬǠŭơ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǞǷ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ÎÔȁ ÎÓ ǹƢƫƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÏÕ)
ȃȂǟƽ ƨǷƢǫƛ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǕȂǬLJ -ÎÓ ƧƽƢŭơ"
Ń ơƿƛ ȃȂǟƽ ƨǷƢǫƛ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƤƷƢǏ ƾǬǨȇ -Î"
ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzơ ȃƾƷƛ ńƛ Ƥǯơǂdz ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȂƥ ƆơǁƢǘƻƛ DzLJǂȇ
ǺǷ ǂȀNjƗ ƨƯȐƯ DZȐƻ ÎÐ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƆƢǬǧȁ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƔƢǟƽơ ʼnƾǬƫ ǃȂŸ Ŗdzơ
.ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȂƥ ǾƬǧǂǠǷ ƺȇǁƢƫ
ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȂƥ ƆƢȇȂǨNj ƆơǁƢǘƻƛ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƤƷƢǏ ǵƾǫ ơƿƛȁ"
ƤƷƢǏ ĿơȂƫ ǹƗ ƨƯƽƢūƢƥ ƩǂǘƻƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ƨǰLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ǹƢǯ
.ȅȂǨnjdzơ ǁƢǘƻȍơ Ǯdzǀdz ƢȀȈǬǴƬdz ƾȈǯƘƬƥ ƔƢǟƽȏơ
:ǖǬLjȇ ȏ ȃȂǟƽ ƨǷƢǫƛ ǪƷ ǹƜǧ ơǀǿ ǞǷȁ -Ï"
ǮǰLjdzơ ȃƾƷƛ ńƛ ÅƔƢǟƽơ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƤƷƢǏ ǵƾǫ ơƿƛ (Ɨ)"
ǍȂǐºǼŭơ ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ DZȐƻ (Î)ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƧƽƾƄơ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ
žÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ
ƨƴȈƬǻ ƪǠǫȁ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǹƗ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƤƷƢǏ ƪƦƯƗ ơƿƛ (ƣ)"
žƨȇƾȇƾūơ ƨǰLjdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZƢŷƛ ȁƗ Ƙǘƻ DzǠǨdz
ƪºǫȁ Ŀ ǵƾǫ ȁƗ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȂƥ ǁƢǘƻƛ ǵƾǬȇ Ń ơƿƛ (Ʊ)"
žƢȀǼǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƤƷƢǏ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ǥȁǂǜdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ǂƻƘƬǷ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
252
Ǻºǟ ƨºȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÎÕ ƧƽƢŭơ ȆǔǬƫ -ÓÔÓ
ȁƗ ǩǂºǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǻ DZȐƻ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
ǵƾºǬƬȇ ǹƘºƥ ƨºȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJ ȁƗ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ
DZȐºƻ DzǫƢǼdzơ ǺǷƢǓ ȁƗ DzǫƢǼdzơ ƾǓ ƤǴǘƥ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƤƷƢǏ
ƣƢǐºŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǾȈǧ ǶǴǟ ȅǀdzơ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ ƭȐƯ
ǝȂǫȂƥ ǾȈǧ ǶǴǠȇ ǹƗ DZȂǬǠŭơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ƤŸ ǹƢǯ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ
ǪºǨƫơ ơƿƛ ƧǂºƬǨdzơ ǽǀºǿ ƾȇƾŤ ǃȂŸȁ .DzǫƢǼdzơ ƨȇȂđȁ ǁǂǔdzơ
ȅƘƥ ǃȂŸ ȏ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƾǠƥ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ǥơǂǗȋơ
ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ ǂnjǟ ƔƢǔǬǻơ ƾǠƥ ȃȂǟƽ ƨǷƢǫƛ DZơȂƷȋơ ǺǷ DZƢƷ
ƨºƯƽƢūơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ ƪƦƦLJ Ŗdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ
ǺǷ ƆơǁƢƦƬǟơ ƗƾƦƫ ƩơǂƬǨdzơ ǹƜǧ ƭƽơȂūơ ǺǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ ǺǷ ƨǨdzƚǷ
.ƭƽơȂūơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǂƻƕ ǝȂǫȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ
ǵƽƢºǬƫ ƧǂºƬǧ ȄǴǟ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÎÔ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÓÔÔ
ǾºȈǧ ǶǴǟ ȅǀdzơ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ǺǷ ơƆǁƢƦƬǟơ ƩơȂǼLJ ƭȐƯ ƢǿƾǷƗ ǖǬLjǷ
ǾºȈǧ ǶǴǠȇ ǹƗ DZȂǬǠŭơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ƤŸ ǹƢǯ ȁƗ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƤƷƢǏ
ǺºǷ DZƢºƷ ȅƘƥ ǃȂŸ ȏ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .DzǤnjŭơ ƨȇȂđȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȂƥ
ǝȂºǫȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƢƆǷƢǟ ÐÍ ƔƢǔǬǻơ ƾǠƥ ȃȁƢǟƽ ƨǷƢǫƛ DZơȂƷȋơ
ƨǴLjǴLJ ǺǷ ƨǨdzƚǷ ƨƯƽƢūơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ ƪƦƦLJ Ŗdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ
ǝȂǫȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ơƆǁƢƦƬǟơ ƗƾƦƫ ƢƆǷƢǟ śƯȐưdzơ ƧǂƬǧ ǹƜǧ ƭƽơȂūơ ǺǷ
ǎǐź ȅǀdzơ ǞǫȂŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ƭƽơȂūơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǂƻƕ
ƾºǟȂǷ Ŀ ƢƆǷƢǟ śƯȐưdzơ ƧǂƬǧ ƗƾƦƫ ǶƟơƽ Dzǰnjƥ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǝơƾȇȍ
.ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǞǫȂŭơ Ǯdzƿ ǩȐǣƛ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǽƢǐǫƗ
ȄºǴǟ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǾȈƳȂƫ ǪƦǘǼȇ ȏȁ -ÓÔÕ
ȁƗ ƭƾūơ ȁƗ ƭƢǠƦǻȏơ ƭȁƾƷ ȄǴǟ ȄǔǬǻơ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ǁǂǔdzơ
.ƢƆºǷƢǟ śƯȐƯ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȁ Ǻǟ ƩǂǨLJƗ Ŗdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ
ƾºǓ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ƽơƽǂƬLJơ ȃȂǟƽ Ŀ ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ ƤLjƷ ǝǂnjȇȁ
ƺȇǁƢºƫ ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ džŨ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ȁƗ DzǤnjŭơ
ǥǂºǗ ȁƗ DZȁƚLjŭơ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȇȂǿ ƾȇƾŢ ȁƗ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǮǴƫ DZƢǸƬǯơ
.(ÕÏÔ)Ƣŷǂƻƕ ǹƢǯ ȅƗ ƮdzƢƯ
__________
ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .(ǽȐǟƗ ÏÕÓ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) ÎÍ ƧƽƢŭơȁ ÎÔ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÕÏÔ)
.ÎÖ ƧƽƢŭơ
:ÎÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ƽơƽǂƬLJơ ƧǂƬǧ ǵƽƢǬƫ"
DzǤnjºŭơ ƾǓ ȃȂǟƽ Ǟǧǁ Ŀ Ǫūơ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjǴdz ǹȂǰȇ"
ƤƦºLJ ƮºdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ƾǓ ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ ƤLjƷ ȁƗ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ƽơƽǂƬLJȏ
ƨǠƥƢƬǷ ǀƼƬƫ Śƥơƾƫ ȅƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǾǟȂǫȂƥ ǮȈNjȂdzơ ƾȇƾȀƬdzơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ
ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǮǴƫ DZƢǸƬǯơ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ džŨ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ơǀŮ
ǹƢºǯ ƢƆºȇƗ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ DZȁƚLjŭơ DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǥǂǠƬdzơ ȁƗ
."Śƻȋơ
:ÎÔ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ
ƪǫƚŭơ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ"
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǪƦǘǼȇ ȏ"
253 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƤºƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢºƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ DzƦǬĄƫ ȏ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz
ǝȂǫȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ ǂnjǟ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ǵċƾǬĄƫ Ń ƢǷ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
ƩơȂǼLJ džŨ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǮǴƫ ǵċƾǬĄƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ƨƯƽƢūơ
ǹƗ ǾȈǴǟ śǠƬȇ ǹƢǯ ȁƗ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƤƷƢǏ ǾȈǧ ǶǴǟ ȅǀdzơ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ǺǷ
ƩơȂǼLjºdzơ ƾƷ ǃȁƢš ǵƾǟ Ǖǂnjƥ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǶǴǠȇ
ȃDŽǠĄƫ ƭƽơȂūơ ǺǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ ǺǷ ƨǨdzƚǷ ƨƯƽƢūơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .ǂnjǠdzơ
ǺºǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ȐƆ Ǹǟ ƧǁǂǬŭơ ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ƗƾƦƫ ǁƾǐŭơ džǨǻ ńƛ
ƨƯƽƢūơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .ƭƽơȂūơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǂƻƕ ǝȂǫȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ
ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ǮǴƫ ƗƾƦƫ ƧǂǸƬLjǷ ƭƽơȂƷ ǺǷ ƨǨdzƚǷ
.ƧǂǸƬLjŭơ ƭƽơȂūơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǂƻƕ ƔƢȀƬǻơ
ǦºȈȈǯ DZȂºǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺºǷ ÎÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂǸƦǧ DzưŭƢƥȁ -ÓÕÏ
ƢȀŻƾǬƫ śǠƬȇ ƨdzȂƦǬǷ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǹȂǰƫ Ȇǰdz ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz
.ƨȈǟƢǼǐºdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƨǼLJ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨLjŨ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ
ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ ƭȐƯ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǮǴƫ ʼnƾǬƫ śǠƬȇȁ
ƾºǫ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȁƗ ǶǴǟ ƾǫ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƤƷƢǏ ǾȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ ȅǀdzơ
Ǖǂnjºƥ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ƨȇȂđȁ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǶǴǟ
ƪºǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .řºǷǃ ƾƸǯ ƨǼLJ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨLjǸŬơ ƧǂƬǧ ǃȁƢš ǵƾǟ
ńƛ ȃDŽºǠĄƫ Ŗdzơ ƭƽơȂūơ ǺǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ ǺǷ ƨǨdzƚǷ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ
ǮºǴƫ ǂºƻƕ ǝȂǫȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ƗƾƦƫ ǁƾǐŭơ džǨǻ
ƧǂǸƬLjǷ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǺǷ ƨǨdzƚǷ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .ƭƽơȂūơ
.ƧǂǸƬLjŭơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǮǴƫ ƔƢȀƬǻơ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ǮǴƫ ƗƾƦƫ
ƢȀƯƾŢ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÓÕÐ
ƢºȀȈǧ Ǟºǧǂƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ƾȇƾŢ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƟƢǔǨdzơ ǵƢLjƳȋơ
ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȁ ǺǷ ƗƾƦƫ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨǼLjƥ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȃȁƢǟƽ
ǝȂǫȁ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǬǴǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȇȂǿ ƾȇƾŢ ǺǷ ȁƗ
ƨǼºLJ ƧŚºƻȋơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ ȏ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ǁǂǔdzơ
ǹƗ DZȂºǬǠŭơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ǞǫȂƬȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ƾǠƥ ƧƾƷơȁ
.(ÕÐÍ)ǞƟƢǫȂdzƢƥ ǾȈǧ ƪǸǴǟ ƾǫ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹȂǰƫ
__________
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƧǂNjƢǠdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÐÍ)
Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂºǠƫ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz ƤǴǗ ǵƾǬȇ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ -Î"
ǁǂǔdzơ ǝȂǫȁ ƾǠƥ ƨǼLJ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ȏ ƾǟȂǷ Ŀ ƨǬǴǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ńƛ ǁơǂǓȋơ
.ƨdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨǬǴǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȇȂǿ ƾȇƾŢ ȁƗ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ǝȂºǫȂƥ ǶǴǠƫ ȏ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ ƾȈƥ -Ï"
ǹƗ ƢŮ ǃȂƴȈǧ ƨdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨǬǴǘŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȇȂǿ ƾȇƾŢ ǺǷ ǺǰǸƬƫ Ń ơƿƛ ȁƗ
ƾȈƥ žǂǯǀdzơ ƨǨdzƢLjdzơ ǞƟƢǫȂdzƢƥ ƢȀǸǴǟ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƨǼLJ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ƢƆƦǴǗ ǵƾǬƫ
ƺȇǁƢºƬdzơ ƾǠƥ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨǼLJ DZƢƷ ȅƘƥ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ ȏ ǾǻƗ
ǾȈǧ ƪǸǴǟ ƾǫ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ DZȂǬǠŭơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ǞǫȂƬȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ
.ƤƳơȂdzơ Ǎǂūơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ǞƟƢǫȂdzƢƥ
ǺºǷ Ïȁ Î śƫǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƧƽƾƄơ ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ DzȀŭơ ǪƦǘǼƫ -Ð"
ǽǀºǿ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ƾȈƥ .ǁǂǔǴdz DzǷƢǰdzơ ǩƢǘǼdzơ ǥǂǠȇ Ń ơƿƛ ŕƷ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ
ƾǠƥ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ǪƟƢƯȁ ǵƾǬƫ ǹƗȁ ƤǴǘdzơ DZƾǠƫ ǹƗ ƨȈǟƾŭơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǪŹ ƨdzƢūơ
ǩƢºǘǼdzơ ƨǧǂǠǷ ȄǴǟ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨǼLJ ǁȁǂǷ ƨȇƢǤdz ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ DzȀŭơ ǽǀǿ ƔƢǔǬǻơ
."ǁǂǔǴdz DzǷƢǰdzơ
Ŗºdzơ ǁơǂºǓȋƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÏÎ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÓÕÍ
ƾȇƾŢ ȄǴǟ Ǒǁȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨưdzƢƯ ǥơǂǗȋ ƨȈƦǼƳȋơ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ ƢȀƦƦLjƫ
śƬǼLjºƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ ƢȀȈǧ ǃȂŸ Ŗdzơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ
ƧǂºƬǨdz Ǧǫȁ ȁƗ ǪȈǴǠƫ ȅƗȁ .ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ơƆǁƢºƦƬǟơ
ǞºǷȁ .ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ǵƢǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǽƽƾŹ ǽǀǿ śƬǼLjdzơ
ƭȐºƯ ȃȂǟƾºdzơ ƨǷƢǫȍ ƧƾǷ ȄǐǫƗ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ Ȑǧ ơǀǿ
.(ÕÏÖ)ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ơƆǁƢƦƬǟơ ƩơȂǼLJ
ƩơǁƢºƦǠdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǼǷǃ ơƆƽȁƾƷ ȃǂƻƗ ǭȂǰǏ ƪǼǸǔƫȁ -ÓÕÎ
DZǃƢºƥ DZȂºǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺºǷ ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ ǸǠǧ .ƨȈdzȂƦǬŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
_________________________________________
(ǞƥƢƫ (ÕÏÕ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
ǺºǷ ƧƾºƷơȁ ȁƗ - ƨºȇƾȇƾūơ ƨǰLjdzơ ƪǸǴǟ ơƿƛ (ƽ)"
ƢƆºǬǧȁ śƬȇƾȇƾƷ śƬǰLJ ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƪƦLjǻ ơƿƛ śƬȇƾȇƾūơ śƬǰLjdzơ
ƧǂºƬǨdzơ DZȐºƻ ȃǂƻƗ DzƟƢLJȂƥ ƤǯơǂǴdz ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȂƥ (Ó)Ï ƧƽƢǸǴdz
.(Î) ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƧƽƾƄơ ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ
ȃȁƢǟƾǴdz ǖǬLjŭơ ǵƽƢǬƬdzơ -ÎÔ ƧƽƢŭơ"
ǒȇȂºǠƫ ȃȁƢǟƾdz ǖǬLjŭơ ǵƽƢǬƬdzơ ƩơǂƬǧ ǹȂǰƫ -Î"
:ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ƨǷƾǬŭơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ƭȐºƯ ƨƯƽƢƷ Ǿdz ƪǠǫȁ ȅǀdzơ Ƥǯơǂdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ (Ɨ)"
žƨƯƽƢūơ ǾȈǧ ƪǠǫȁ ȅǀdzơ ǵȂȈǴdz ŅƢƬdzơ ǵȂȈdzơ ǺǷ ƆơǁƢƦƬǟơ ƩơȂǼLJ
ƭȐºƯ Ǻȇǂºƻȉơ ƩơƔƢǟƽȏơ ƣƢƸǏƗ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ (ƣ)"
ȁƗ Ƥºǯơǂdzơ ǾºȈǧ ĿȂƫ ȅǀdzơ ǵȂȈǴdz ŅƢƬdzơ ǵȂȈdzơ ǺǷ ƆơǁƢƦƬǟơ ƩơȂǼLJ
ƨƯƽƢūơ ǾȈǧ ƪǠǫȁ ȅǀdzơ ǵȂȈǴdz ŅƢƬdzơ ǵȂȈdzơ ǺǷ ƆơǁƢƦƬǟơ ƩơȂǼLJ džŨ
.ǪƦLJƗ ƢǸȀȇƗ
ÎÐ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ƨǰLjdzơ ńƛ ƔƢǟƽơ ʼnƾǬƫ ȃƾdz -Ï"
ńƛ Î ƧǂºǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƢºȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƭȐưdzơ ǖǬLjŭơ ǵƽƢǬƬdzơ ƩơǂƬǧ ǪǴǠƫ
ǪƟƢºƯȂdzơ ƾȈǠƫȁ ƢƆȈǘƻ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ƨǰLjdzơ ǾȈǧ ǒǧǂƫ ȅǀdzơ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ
Ŀ ǖǬLjºŭơ ǵƽƢºǬƬdzơ ƧǂƬǧ ƗƾƦƫ ȏ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ǺǷ ƔDŽƳ DzƦǫ ơƿƛȁ .Ǿƥ ƨǬǧǂŭơ
.ƔƢǟƽȏơ ǺǷ ǝơDŽǻ DzŰ ȄǬƦȇ ȅǀdzơ ƔDŽŪơ ǍȂǐş ȏƛ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǂǷ ǹƢȇǂLjdzơ
ǥǂǘdzơ ńƛ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛȁ ǾȈǴǟ ƽǂdzơ ȁƗ ƔƢǟƽȏơ ȆǬǴƫ ƩƢƦƯƛ ƔƤǟ ǞǬȇȁ
.ǞƟƢǫȂdzơ ǽǀǿ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjȇ ȅǀdzơ
ȃǂƻƗ ƩơƔƢǟƽơ ʼnƾǬƬƥ ǖǬLjŭơ ǵƽƢǬƬdzơ ƧǂƬǧ ǹƢȇǂLJ ǪǴǠĄȇ ȏȁ"
.ǑǂǤdzơ džǨǻ ńƛ ǥƾē
ƔƢǔºǬǻơ ǾƦăƴƷă ȃȂǟƽ ƨǷƢǫƛ Ŀ ǪƷ ƨLJǁƢŲ ǃȂŸ ȏ -Ð"
.ƨǏƢǬŭƢƥ ȁƗ ƽƢǔǷ ƔƢǟƽơ ʼnƾǬƬƥ ŕƷ ǺǷDŽdzơ
ǖǬLjŭơ ǵƽƢǬƬdzơ Ǟǔź ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǞǷ -Ñ"
."řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ȃȁƢǟƾǴdz
:ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÕÏÖ)
ƧǂƬǨdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǬŭơ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ Ǟǔţ -Î"
ƪƦƦLJ Ŗdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ơƆǁƢƦƬǟơ ǹƢƬǼLJ ƢǿƾǷƗ ǖǬLjǷ ǵƽƢǬƫ
.ǁǂǔdzơ
džºLJȋơ ȃȂǟƾdzơ Ŀ ǂǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƽƾŹ -Ï"
ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ Ǧǫȁ ȁƗ ǪȈǴǠƫ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǵȂǬȇ Ŗdzơ
ƔƢǔºǬǻơ ȃƾdz DZƢƷ ƨȇƗ ȄǴǟ ǖǬLjȇ ȃȂǟƽ ƨǷƢǫƛ Ŀ Ǫūơ Ǻǰdzȁ žƧƽƢŭơ
."ǁǂǔdzơ ƪƦƦLJ Ŗdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ơƆǁƢƦƬǟơ ƩơȂǼLJ ƭȐƯ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
DžƽƢLjdzơ DzǐǨdzơ
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹƢǸǔdz ƨȈƦLjƸƬdzơ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ǖǘŬơȁ śǷƘƬdzơ
ǶƬºȇ ȁƗ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ƨƷȐǸǴdz ƨūƢǏ ǽƢȈǷ ȁƗ ǹƢǰǷ ȁƗ
.ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǃƢƴƬƷơ
ƿƢºţƢƥ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ (Ʊ)ÖÓÍÕ ƧƽƢŭơ ǹƿƘƫȁ -ÓÕÕ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ Ŀ DZƢūơ Ȃǿ ƢǸǯȁ .ǺǷƢǔdzơ ƾǓ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ
ǹƘƥ Ǟǧƾdzơ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjȇ ǹƗ ǺǷƢǔǴdz ǃȂŸ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ
ƤºǻƢƳ ǺºǷ ƧƽȂǐǬǷ ǥǂǐƫ ƧƔƢLJȍ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƪǠǫȁ ƨƯƽƢūơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǂǐǬƥ (ƽ)ÖÓÍÕ ƧƽƢŭơ ȆǔǬƫȁ .DzǤnjŭơ ȁƗ ǮdzƢŭơ
ơǀǿ ǹƗ Śǣ .Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƢǷȁ śǷƘƬdzơ ƨǐȈdzȂƥ ǢǴƦǷ ȄǴǟ ǺǷƢǔdzơ
ȅƗ ƤºƳȂŠ ȃǂºƻƗ ǢdzƢƦǷ ƽơƽǂƬLJơ ǹȁƽ DZȂŹ ȏ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨºȇƽƢŢȏơ śǻơȂºǬdzơ ȁƗ ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ śǻơȂǫ ǺǷ ǂƻƕ ǹȂǻƢǫ
ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȁƗ ǺǷƢǔǴdz ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ȁƗ
Ǯºdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ (common law) ǵƢǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ǾºȈǴǟ
ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǝƢǼƬǷȏơ ȁƗ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǼdzơ ƔȂLJ Ǻǟ ǾƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ
.(ÕÐÎ)ƔƢǟƽȏơ ƨȇȂLjƫ ȄǴǟ
Ï DzȈȇǀºƬdzơ Ŀ ňƢŭȋơ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƽƾǠȇȁ -ÓÕÖ
ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨȈǴǿȋơ ȄǴǟ DzȈdzƾdzơ ŚǧȂƬƥ ƨǴȈǨǰdzơ DzƟƢLJȂdzơ ǺǷ ǝơȂǻƗ ƨƯȐƯ
Ǯºdzƿ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƔȂnjǻ DZƢƷ Ŀ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ʼnƾǬƬdz
ƨºȈdzƢŭơ ƨȈǴǿȋơ ȄǴǟ DzȈdzƾdzơ ǂǧȂƫ Ǖȁǂnjƥ ƔƢǧȂdzơ ǶƬȇȁ .ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǁȂºǷȋơ ǺºǷ ƾƷơȂƥ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ÎÖ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ơǀǿ
Ǧºǰƥ ƶȇǂǐºƫ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ (ƣ) žśǷƘƫ ƔơǂNj (Ɨ) :ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ
žƨºȇƽƢŢȏơ ƨºǷȂǰūơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ǒȇȂǠƫ ǹƢǸǓ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǺǷ ƧƽƾŰ ƨLjLJƚǷ ǺǷ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ơǀǿ DzưǷ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ (Ʊ) ȁƗ
.(ÕÐÏ)ǹƢǸƬƟȏơ ƩƢLjLJƚǷ
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ -ǦdzƗ
ƆƢºǷƢǰƷƗ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǒǠƥ ǺǸǔƬƫ -ÓÖÍ
ƱǁƾǼƫȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵƢȈǫȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǟǧƽ ƨdzƢǨǰdz
ȄǴǟȁ .ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǶǜǠǷ ƨƠǨdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ
ƨºȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơ ǺǷ ǽŚǣ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ǂǧȂƫ ƤǴǘƬƫ ȆȀǧ ơǀǿ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤǴǘƬƫȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵƢȈǫ DZƢƷ Ŀ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǟǧƾdz
.ǹƢǸǔºdzơ ơǀǿ DzưǷ ƽȂƳȁ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ ȆǴǤnjǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ǺºǷ ǹȂǴǤnjŭơ ǾǴǸŹ ȅǀdzơ śǷƘƬdzơ ǢǴƦǷȁ ǕȁǂNj ƾȇƾŢ ǶƬȇȁ
Ƨǁƾǐºŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹƗ ǞǷȁ .ǎȈƻǂƬǴdz Ƨǁƾǐŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƤǻƢƳ
ŅƢºǷ ǹƢǸǓ ȅƗ ŚǧȂƬƥ ȁƗ śǷƘƫ DzǸŞ ƨǷDŽǴǷ Śǣ ǎȈƻǂƬǴdz
__________
.ÑÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Force (ÕÐÎ)
.ÐÖ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Hoffman (ÕÐÏ)
254
ƢĔƘƥ ǶǴǠdzơ ǞǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘnjǻƗ ƔơƽƘƥ ƵƢǸLjdzơ ǁǂǬƬȇ śƷ -ÓÕÑ
ƆƢǷƾǬǷ ǂǧȂƫ ǹƗ ƆƢǷȂǸǟ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ŐƬǠȇ ƆơǁơǂǓƗ ƤƦLjƫ ƾǫ
ȄºǴǟ ǹƗ řǠȇ ơǀǿȁ .ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƾdz ƩƢǻƢǸǓ
ŚǧȂºƫ ȁƗ śǷƘƫ ƨǐȈdzȂƥ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ ƢǷƛ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘnjǻƗ DzďǤnjǷ
ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƩƢƦǴǘƬŭƢƥ ƨȀȈƦNj ƩƢƦǴǘƬŭơ ǽǀǿȁ .ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǓ
DZȐǤƬºLJƢƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƽƾǠdz ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ śǻơȂǬdzơ Ŀ
DzºưǷ ƨºȇƽƢǟ ƨǘnjºǻƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƧƾǬǠǷ ƩƢǟƢǼǏ
.ƧǁƢȈLJ ƧƽƢȈǫ
ǪºǴǠƬŭơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǺºǷ (Ɨ)ÏÔÎÓ ƧƽƢŭơ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ DZƢưǷ -ÓÕÒ
ȆǰdzƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ DzȈdzƽ ʼnƾǬƫ ǖǨǼdzơ ƱƢƬǻƛ ǪǧơǂǷȁ ǺǨLjdzơ ȆǴǤnjǷȁ
ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǢǴƦŭ Ȅǐǫȋơ ƾūƢƥ ƔƢǧȂdzƢƥ ƨǴȈǨǰdzơ ƨȈdzƢŭơ
Ŀ ǾǻƘƥ (ƣ)ÏÔÎÓ ƧƽƢŭơ ȆǔǬƫȁ .DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ
ȄºǤǴȇ ƨºȈdzƢŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ DzȈdzƾdzơ ơǀǿ DzưǷ ʼnƾǬƫ ǵƾǟ DZƢƷ
DZȂƻƾºƥ ƨǼȈǨLjºǴdz ǎȈƻǂƫ ƶǼǷ Ǻǟ ǞǼƬŻ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǎȈǴţ
ơƿƛ Ǖǂnjºdzơ ơǀºǿ ƢȀȈǴǟ ȅǂLjȇ ƨǼȈǨLJ ƨȇƗȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ƨǴǐºƬŭơ ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƨdzƽȋơ Śǣ ǺǷ ƨƷȐǸǴdz ƨūƢǏ ǽƢȈǷ Ŀ ƩƾƳȁ
DzºƦǫ ǺǷ ƧǁƽƢǐŭơȁ ǃƢƴƬƷȐdz ǑǂǠƬƫ ƨǼȈǨLjǴdz ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
ƔƢǨȈƬºLJơ ǃȂºŸ (ǿ)ÏÔÎÓ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ƾǼºLJ ȁƗ śǷƢƬdzơ ƽȂƳȁ ȄǴǟ DzȈdzƽ ŚǧȂƬƥ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǕǂNj
śǷƘºƬdz ƨºǷǃȐdzơ ƩȐǿƚŭơ ǂǧȂƫ ȁƗ ƽƢǸƬǟơ ƣƢƬǯ ȁƗ ƨdzƢǨǯ
ǕǂºNjȁ .ƨºȈdzƢŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨdzƽȋơ ǺǷ Ǯdzƿ Śǣ ȁƗ Ʃơǀdzơ
ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǪƦǘǼȇ ȆǘǨǼdzơ ƭȂǴƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ÏÔÎÓ ƧƽƢŭơ
.ǽƢȈŭơ ƭȂǴƫ ƨƸǧƢǰŭ ȅƽƢŢȏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
ƭȂǴƬdzƢºƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ (ȁ)ÏÔÎÓ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÓÕÓ
ƨºdzơǃȍơ ǦȈdzƢºǰƬƥ ƨºƦdzƢǘǷ ƨºȇƗ ńƛ ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ ǃȂŸ ȆǘǨǼdzơ
ǹƗ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƢȀƟƢǨȈƬLJƢƥ ǹƿƘȇ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ȁƗ
ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǺǷƢǔǴdzȁ .DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǺǷƢǓ ƾǓ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ǵƾǬƫ
ƨºƷƢƬŭơ ǝȂǧƾºdzơȁ ǩȂºǬūơ Dzǰƥ ƤǴǘdzơ ƤƷƢǏ ƨȀƳơȂǷ Ŀ
ƨºƴȈƬǻ ƪǠǫȁ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǹƘƥ Ǟǧƾdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘǴdz
ǾǻƗ Śǣ .DZȁƚLjŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƧƽȂǐǬŭơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƧƔƢLJȍ
ǥǂǘdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ŕƷ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ǺǷ ǾLjǨǻ ȆǸŹ ǹƗ ǺǷƢǔǴdz ǃȂŸ ȏ
.ǪȈǨǴƬdzơȁ NJǤdzơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ śǷƘƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǐƷ ƾǫ
ǪºǴǠƬŭơ DzǷƢnjºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƤǴǘƬȇ DZơȂǼŭơ džǨǻ ȄǴǟȁ -ÓÕÔ
ǾºǼǷ ÖÓÍÕ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơȁ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏƢƥ
ǹƢǸǔºdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘºƬdzƢƥ ǾºƫƢƦƯƛ ǃȂŸ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ Ȑ
Ɔ Ȉdzƽ
.Ʃơǀºdzơ ȄǴǟ śǷƘƬǴdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƩȐǿƚŭơ ǂǧȂƫ ȁƗ ƨdzƢǨǰdzơ ƾǼLJ ȁƗ
ǁơƾǏƛ Ǻǟ ǞǼƬŻ ƣȂǴǘŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ DzǤď njŭơ ȁƗ ǮdzƢŭơ ǵƾǬȇ Ń ơƿƛȁ
ƘºǧǂǷ ȅƗ ńƛ DZȂƻƾºdzơ ǞǼŻ ƢǸǯ ǎȈǴƼƬdzơ ȄǤǴȇ ȁƗ ǎȈǴƼƬdzơ
255 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨºȈdzƕ řǗȂºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǵƢǜǻ DzǸǰȇȁ -ÓÖÏ
.(ÕÐÒ)ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ DzȇȂǸƬǴdz
_________________________________________
DZơȂºƷȋơ ǺºǷ DZƢƷ ȅƘƥ ȂƸǼdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƽƾƄơ ǢǴƦŭơ DzǬȇ ȏƗ Ǖǂnjƥ
ǹƗ Ǖǂnjƥȁ ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ śȇȐǷ Ò Ǻǟ
Ŗºdzơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ƽơƾLJ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƨdzȁƽ DzǨǰƫ
ȅǀºdzơ ƾºūơ ńƛ ƨǷǃȐdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ŚǧȂƬƥ Ǯdzƿȁ DzǤnjŭơ ƾǓ ƩǁǂǬƫ
ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǮǴƬƥ ƔƢǧȂǴdz ǂƻȉơ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ǢǴƦǷ ǾȈǧ ȆǨǰȇ ȏ
.ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ (Ɨ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƾūơ ńƛȁ
ƨºdzȁƽ ƨºȇƗ ǵDŽǴȇ ƢǷ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ džȈdz -Ï"
ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ȁƗ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ DzưǷ ƢŮ ƨǻȂǰŭơ ƔơDŽƳȋơ ǺǷ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƧƾǫƢǠƬǷ
.ƨǴǤnjǷ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ƢȀƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǘǤƬdz ǂƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǓ ȁƗ śǷƘƫ DzǸŞ
ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǓ ȅƗ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ƢǿǂǧȂȇ Ŗdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ǹȂǰƫ -Ð"
śƫǂǬǨdzƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ȁƗ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƨdzȁƽ ȁƗ ǂƻƕ
ơƆǂǐºƷ ƨƷƢƬǷ ƨLjǷƢŬơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǺǷ (Ʊ)ȁ (ƣ) śƬȈǟǂǨdzơ
.ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǪƸƬLjŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz
ȆǤǴȇ ȁƗ ǪǴǠȇ ǹƗ ǂƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǺǷƢǓ ȁƗ ǺǷƚǷ ȅȋ džȈdz -Ñ"
ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ǽŚǧȂƫ ǶƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǂƻȉơ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ
ȄºǴǟ ǺȇǂȀnjƥ Ǯdzƿ DzƦǫ ƢƆȈǘƻ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǁƢǘƻƛ ǹȁƽ ƧƽƢŭơ
DzǬǼƥ ǂƻȉơ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ǿƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁơƾǬŭƢƥ ȁƗ Dzǫȋơ
."ƽơȂŭơ ǮǴƫ DzǬǻ ƧǂƬǧ DZȐƻ ǾȈǤǴȇ ȁƗ ǾǬǴǠȇ ǹƗ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƽơȂǷ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨǠƥƢLjdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ
ȆǘǤȇ ǂƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǓ ȁƗ śǷƘƫ DzǸŞ DzǤnjŭơ ǵDŽǴȇ -Î"
śǷƘºƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǢǴƦǷ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƨdzȁƽ ƽƾŢȁ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǾƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ǾºǠǧƽ DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǁǂǬƫ ƢǷ Ǟǧƽ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƨdzȁƽ DzǨǰƫȁ .ǾǗȁǂNjȁ ǾǟȂǻȁ
DZơȂǷȋơ ŚǧȂƫ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƩƢƦǴǗ ǢdzƢƦǷ ǺǷ
ǹƢǸǔºdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ƩơƾƟƢǟ ǾȈǧ ǂǐǬƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁơƾǬŭƢƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨǷǃȐdzơ
ǁǂǬŭơ ƾūơ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ȏ ƢŠ Ǻǰdzȁ ƩƢƦǴǘdzơ ǮǴƬƥ ƔƢǧȂdzơ Ǻǟ ǂƻȉơ ŅƢŭơ
.ƾƳȁ ǹƛ ƨLjǷƢŬơ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ
ƨºdzȁƽ ƨºȇƗ ǵDŽǴȇ ƢǷ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ džȈdz -Ï"
ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ȁƗ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ DzưǷ ƢŮ ƨǻȂǰŭơ ƔơDŽƳȋơ ǺǷ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƧƾǫƢǠƬǷ
.ƨǴǤnjǷ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ƢȀƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǘǤƬdz ǂƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǓ ȁƗ śǷƘƫ DzǸŞ
ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǓ ȅƗ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ƢǿǂǧȂȇ Ŗdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ǹȂǰƫ -Ð"
ơƆǂǐºƷ ƨºƷƢƬǷ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƨdzȁƽ ȁƗ ǂƻƕ
.ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǪƸƬLjŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz
ȆǤǴȇ ȁƗ ǪǴǠȇ ǹƗ ǂƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǺǷƢǓ ȁƗ ǺǷƚǷ ȅȋ džȈdz -Ñ"
ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ǽŚǧȂƫ ǶƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǂƻȉơ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ
ȄºǴǟ ǺȇǂȀnjƥ Ǯdzƿ DzƦǫ ƢƆȈǘƻ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǁƢǘƻƛ ǹȁƽ ƧƽƢŭơ
DzǬǼƥ ǂƻȉơ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ǿƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁơƾǬŭƢƥ ȁƗ Dzǫȋơ
."ƽơȂŭơ ǮǴƫ DzǬǻ ƧǂƬǧ DZȐƻ ǾȈǤǴȇ ȁƗ ǾǬǴǠȇ ǹƗ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƽơȂǷ
:ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÕÐÒ)
Ǻǟ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǟǧƽ DzǨǰĄȇ -Î"
:ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ǩǂǘdzƢƥ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ Dzǯ
ǹȂºȈǴǷ ÐÍÍ ǢºǴƦǷ ǂǧȂƫ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƨdzȁƽ DzǨǰƫ ‘Α (Ɨ)"
ƾºǫ ǹȂǰƫ ŐǯƗ ǢǴƦǷ ȁƗ ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ
ƢƆƬǫƚǷ ƢƆǤǴƦǷ ȁƗ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǝȂǫȁ DzƦǫ ƪǫȁ ȅƗ Ŀ ƨǠȇƽȂdzơ ǾƫƽƾƷ
ž‘Ï‘ ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzƢƥ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǹǟ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƩƢƦǴǗ ǢdzƢƦǷ Ǟǧƽ (ÕÐÐ)"DzǨǰƫ" ǹƗ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǹƜǧ ǂƻƕ
ȃƾdz ǂǧȂƬŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ǹƗ śƦƫ ơƿƛ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ
.Ƣđ ƔƢǧȂǴdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ DzǤnjŭơ
ƢºǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨǠƥƢLjdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƢȀƦǴǘƬƫ ƨǴƯƢŲ ǕȁǂNj ǭƢǼǿȁ -ÓÖÎ
ƢȀƬǼǸǔºƫ Ŗºdzơ Ǖȁǂnjºdzơ ŚƦǯ ƾƷ ńƛ DzƯƢŤ Ȇǿȁ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz
ȁƗ śǷƘºƫ DzºǸŞ ǵDŽǴǷ DzǤď njŭƢǧ .ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ƨǷDŽǴǷ Śǣ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƨdzȁƽ ǹƗ ǞǷȁ .ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƨdzȁƽ ǾƦǴǘƬƫ ǂƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǓ
DzďǤnjǸǯ ƢȀƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǘǤƬdz ǂƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǓ ŚǧȂƫ ȁƗ śǷƘƫ DzǸŞ
DzǤď njŭơ ȄǴǟ ǁǂǬƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ǢdzƢƦǷ DzǨǰƫ ǹƗ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǹƜǧ
.(ÕÐÑ)śǷƘƬdzơ ƨȇƢǨǯ ǵƾǟ DZƢƷ Ŀ ƨǷǃȐdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ŚǧȂƬƥ Ǯdzƿȁ
__________
ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÐÐ)
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ
ƨºȇȁȂǻ ƨǼȈǨLjºƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƽƾŢ -Î"
ŕƷ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƨȇƗ Ǻǟ Ǯǻǂǧ ǹȂȈǴǷ Î ÒÍÍ ǢǴƦŠ ƧƾƷơȁ
žǾºƬǧǂǠŠ ȁƗ DzǤnjŭơ ŚǐǬƬdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ƔȂnjǻ ǃơȂƳ DZƢƷ Ŀ
ƢȀǠǧƾƥ ȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǬǨǼdzơ ȏȁ ƾƟơȂǨdzơ ǺǷ ƢƆȇƗ ƾȇƾƸƬdzơ ơǀǿ DzǸnjȇ ȏȁ
.ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ƨǷƢǬŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȃȁƢǟƽ Ŀ ƨǸǰŰ
ȆǘǤȇ ǂƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǓ ȁƗ śǷƘƫ DzǸŞ DzǤnjŭơ ǵDŽǴȇ -Ï"
ǾǤǴƦǷ ǎȈƻǂƬǴdz Ƨǁƾǐŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƽƾŢȁ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǾƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ȄǴǟ ǁǂǬƬȇ ƢǷ Ǟǧƽ ǎȈƻǂƬǴdz Ƨǁƾǐŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ DzǨǰƫȁ .ǾǗȁǂNjȁ ǾǟȂǻȁ
ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƩƢƦǴǗ ǢdzƢƦǷ ǺǷ ǾǠǧƽ DzǤnjŭơ
ǽǀºǿ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƾūơ ńƛ ƨǷǃȐdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ŚǧȂƫ
ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ƩơƾƟƢǟ ǾȈǧ ǂǐǬƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁơƾǬŭƢƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƧƽƢŭơ
.ƩƢƦǴǘdzơ ǮǴƬƥ ƔƢǧȂdzơ Ǻǟ
ƨȇƗ ǵDŽǴȇ ƢǷ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ džȈdz ǾǻƗ Śǣ -Ð"
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ DzºưǷ ƢºŮ ƨºǻȂǰŭơ ƔơDŽƳȋơ ǺǷ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƧƾǫƢǠƬǷ ƨdzȁƽ
ǂºƻƕ ŅƢºǷ ǹƢǸǓ ȁƗ śǷƘƫ DzǸŞ ƩƢǻȂƬǻƢǰdzơ ȁƗ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ȁƗ
."ƨȇȁȂǻ ǺǨLjdz ƨǴǤnjǷ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ƢȀƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǘǤƬdz
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƨdzƾǠŭơ ƢȀƬǤȈǐƥƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƨǠƥƢLjdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÐÑ)
ȆǘǤȇ ǂƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǓ ȁƗ śǷƘƫ DzǸŞ DzǤnjŭơ ǵDŽǴȇ (Ɨ) -Î"
ǾºǟȂǻȁ śǷƘƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǢǴƦǷ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƨdzȁƽ ƽƾŢȁ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǾƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ
ǢdzƢºƦǷ ǺǷ ǾǠǧƽ DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǁǂǬƫ ƢǷ Ǟǧƽ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƨdzȁƽ DzǨǰƫȁ .ǾǗȁǂNjȁ
Ǯdzƿȁ ƨǷǃȐdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ŚǧȂƫ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƩƢƦǴǗ
ƔƢǧȂdzơ Ǻǟ ǂƻȉơ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ƩơƾƟƢǟ ǾȈǧ ǂǐǬƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁơƾǬŭƢƥ
ǹƛ ƨLjºǷƢŬơ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ǁǂǬŭơ ƾūơ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ȏ ƢŠ Ǻǰdzȁ ƩƢƦǴǘdzơ ǮǴƬƥ
ǹƗ ƧƘnjºǼŭơ ƨºdzȁƾdz ǃȂŸ ƧƽȁƾŰ Śǣ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .ƾƳȁ
ÐÍÍ Ǻǟ DzǬȇ ȏƗ Ǖǂnjƥ DZȁƚLjŭơ DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔǴdz ơƆƾƷ ǑǂǨƫ
ƧƘnjºǼŭơ ƨdzȁƽ DzǨǰƫȁ .ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ
DzǤnjºŭơ ƾǓ ǁǂǬƬƫ Ŗdzơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ǢdzƢƦǷ Ǟǧƽ
ƢŠ Ǻǰdzȁ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǮǴƬƥ ƔƢǧȂǴdz ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ǾȈǧ ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ƾūơ ńƛ
.ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǽŚǧȂƫ ǵDŽǴȇ ȅǀdzơ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ǢǴƦǷ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ȏ
ơƿƛ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ (Ɨ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ (ƣ)"
ƧƢºǟơǂǷ ǞǷ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƨdzȁƾdz ǃȂŸ ƧƽȁƾŰ Śǣ DzǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƪǻƢǯ
ǝȂǫȂdz ƨǼǰǸŭơ ƤǫơȂǠdzơȁ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƽơȂŭơ ȁƗ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ƨǠȈƦǗ
DzǤnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔǴdz DzǫƗ ƢƆǤǴƦǷ ƽƾŢ ǹƗ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƨƯƽƢƷ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ƽơȂºŭơ DZȁƢǼƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ -ÓÖÑ
ǂǗƢºű ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ ȃǂƻƗ ƨǘnjǻƗ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƤǴǘƬƫ
ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǟǧƾdz ƩƢǻƢǸǓ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƧŚƦǯ ǁơǂǓƗ ƭơƾƷƜƥ
.ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ƨƥƢǏȍơ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏ DZƾºǠŭơ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢºǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǵDŽǴȇȁ -ÓÖÒ
Ŀ ƨǴƴLjŭơ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ƨLjǷƢŬơ ǾƫƽƢǷ Ŀ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǂƻƕ ǝȂǻ ǺǷ ƆƢȈdzƢǷ ƆƢǻƢǸǓ ȁƗ ƆƢǼȈǷƘƫ DzǸŹ ǹƘƥ ƧƾǫƢǠƬǷ ƨdzȁƽ
ƽȁƾºƷ Ŀȁ ƨƯƽƢƷ ȅȋ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨǼȈǨLjdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ȄǴǟ ǺǘdzƢƥ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƨdzȂŧ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƤăLjƬƸĄȇ ŅƢŦƛ ǢǴƦǷ
ƨǼȈǨLjºǴdz ƣƢLjūơ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ Ð ǢǴƦŠ ƨȇơƾƦdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ
ƤºƳȂŠȁ .ƧƾºƷȁ Ò ÍÍÍ ǺǘdzƢƥ ƢȀƬdzȂŧ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ
ŅƢºŦƛ ǢǴƦŠ ƆƢǫȁƾǼǏ ǮdzƢŭơ ƞnjǼȇ Ƣēơƿ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ȃǂƻƗ ƨǐƬű ƨǘǴLJ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ǵƢǷƗ ǾƫƢȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƾƷ DzưŻ
ƤƳȂŠ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ǵƢǬĄƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƨdzȁƽ ȅƗ Ŀ
ƨǸǰŰ ȅƗ ǵƢǷƗ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ ǵƾǟ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ȁƗ ƨǠLJƢƬdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ
ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ȅƗ Ŀ ȃǂƻƗ ƨǐƬű ƨǘǴLJ ȁƗ
ƔƢnjºǻƛ ǺºǰŻȁ .ƨǠLJƢƬdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ƢȀȈǧ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ
ȅƗ ȁƗ ĿǂǐºǷ ǹƢǸǓ ʼnƾǬƬƥ ȁƗ ǢǴƦǷ ǝơƾȇƜƥ ƢǷƛ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
ƘnjǼĄȇ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ǟȇǂnjƫ ƤLjŞ DZȂƦǬǷ ǂƻƕ ǹƢǸǓ
ȃǂƻȋơ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ȁƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ȃǂƫȁ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƢȀȈǧ
.ƤLJƢǼǷ ǾǻƗ
ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢºǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ ƨǠƥƢLjdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÓÖÓ
ƨǼȈǨLJ Dzǰdz ƧƽƢȀNj ǁơƾǏƛ ǶƬȇ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ DZƾǠŭơ
ƆƢǬǧȁ DZȂǠǨŭơ ǀǧƢǻ ǂƻȉơ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ǹƗ ƾǯƚƫ
.ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ ƧƽƢȀnjdzơ ǮǴƫ DzăǸƸĄƫȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǵƢǰƷȋ
DZȂºǯȂƫȁǂƥȁ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÓÖÔ
.ƨȈǴȈǸǰƫ ǒȇȂǠƫ ƩƢȈdzƕ ȄǴǟ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ȆºǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ǵȂǬȇ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ǺǷ Ñ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ǑǂǠƫ ǎƼNj ȅȋ ǒȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƾƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥ ƘnjǼƌŭơ
ǺǷ ǎƼnjdzơ Ǯdzƿ DzưǷ ǺǰǸƬȇ Ń ơƿƛ ƭȂǴƬdzơ ƔơǂƳ ǺǷ ǁǂǔǴdz
ǪºǴǠƬƫ ƨƬƦưǷ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ Ǻǟ ǥƢǯȁ DzǷƢǯ ǒȇȂǠƫ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ
ŅƢºŦƛ ǹȋ ǩȁƾǼǐºdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƽȂǼƥ ƤƳȂŠ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǯdzǀƥ
_________________________________________
ǪºŏǴǠĄȇ ǹƗ ǂºƻƕ ŅƢºǷ ǺǷƢǓ ȁƗ ǺďǷƚǷ ȅȋ džȈdz (ƽ)"
(Ɨ) ƧǂºǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ǂƻȉơ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ȆǤǴĄȇ ȁƗ
ƨǐºƬƼŭơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǁƢǘƻƛ ǹȁƽ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ (ƣ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ ȁƗ
ơǀºǿ Ǿºƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁơƾǬŭơ ȁƗ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ǺȇǂȀnjƥ Ǯdzƿ DzƦǫ ƢƆȈǘƻ
ǾºȈǤǴĄȇ ȁƗ ǾǬŏǴǠĄȇ ǹƗ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƽơȂŭơ DzǬǼƥ ǂƻȉơ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ
žƽơȂŭơ ǮǴƫ DzǬǻ ƧǂƬǧ DZȐƻ
ȄºǴǟ ƢºǿǂǧȂƫ ǶƬȇ Ŗdzơ ǢdzƢƦŭơ ǺǷ ƤƸLjdzơ ǃȂŸ ȏ (ǿ)"
ǑǂºǤdz ȏƛ ǂºƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǓ ȅƗ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ DzȈƦLJ
."ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǾƦƦLjƫ ǁǂǓ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
256
ÎÍ ƢēƽƢǷ Ŀ ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȆǔƬǬƫȁ -ÓÖÐ
ƆƢȈdzƢǷ ƆƢǻƢǸǓ ȁƗ ƆƢǼȈǷƘƫ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ DzǷƢǠŭơ DzďǤnjǷ DzǸŹ ǹƘƥ ƆƢǔȇƗ
ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǸǔƬƫȁ .(ÕÐÓ)ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ƆƢǬǧȁ ǂƻƕ
ƆƢºǼȈǷƘƫ DzºǸŹ ǹƗ DzďǤnjºŭơ ǺǷ ȆǔƬǬƫ ȆȀǧ .ƆȐƯƢŲ ƆƢǸǰƷ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǑǂǨƫ Ȇǿȁ .ǂƻƕ ƆƢȈdzƢǷ ƆƢǻƢǸǓ ȁƗ
DzLjºǯȁǂƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƞnjǼƫȁ .(ÕÐÔ)ƽǁơȂŭơ ƨƷƢƫƛ ŚǧȂƬƥ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ
.ƨȈǴȈǸǰƫ DzȇȂŤ ƨȈdzƕ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈǴȈǸǰƬdzơ
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(ǞƥƢƫ (ÕÐÒ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
ǂnjºǟ ƢǿƢǐºǫƗ Ƨƾŭ ƽƾŹ ǹƗ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘǴdz ǃȂŸ ‘Ï‘"
ƢƆºƬǫƚǷ ƢƆǤǴƦǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ǞȈǫȂƬdzơ ƣƢƥ ƶƬǧ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ ƩơȂǼLJ
ƨºǏƢŬơ ƤƸLjdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾƷȁ ǺǷ ƧƾƷȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÒÍ Ǻǟ DzǬȇ ȏ
.ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ DZȐƻ Ŀ ƭƾŢ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƯƽƢūƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
(Ɨ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƵƢƬĄȇ ȅǀdzơ ǢǴƦŭơ ǥȐşȁ (ƣ)"
Ŀ ƧƽƾƄơ ƨǤȈǐǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨǷƢǟ DZơȂǷƗ ƨƷƢƫƛ ȄǴǟ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƾǸǠƫ
."ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ
:ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÎÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÕÐÓ)
ǵDŽǴĄȇ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǘǤƫ ƨȈǤƥ (Ɨ)"
ȐƆ ºǸǟ ǁǂǬŭơ ǢǴƦŭƢƥ ǂƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǓ ȁƗ śǷƘƫ Dzŧȁ ǃơǂƷƜƥ DzďǤnjŭơ
ǹƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǝȂǻ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƽƾŢȁ Ô ƧƽƢŭƢƥ
žǾǗȁǂNjȁ
ȁƗ ǪºŏǴǠȇ ǹƗ ǂºƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǺǷƢǓ ȁƗ ǺďǷƚǷ ȅȋ džȈdz (ƣ)"
ǺǷ (Ɨ) ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ǂƻȉơ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ȆǤǴȇ
ǺȇǂȀnjƥ Ǯdzƿ DzƦǫ ƢƆȈǘƻ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǁƢǘƻƛ ǹȁƽ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ
ŅƢºŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ǿƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁơƾǬŭƢƥ ȁƗ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ
žƽơȂŭơ ǮǴƫ DzǬǻ ƧǂƬǧ DZȐƻ ǾȈǤǴĄȇ ȁƗ ǾǬŏǴǠȇ ǹƗ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƽơȂǷ DzǬǼƥ ǂƻȉơ
ȄºǴǟ ƢºǿǂǧȂƫ ǶƬȇ Ŗdzơ ǢdzƢƦŭơ ǺǷ ƤƸLjdzơ ǃȂŸ ȏ (Ʊ)"
ǑǂºǤdz ȏƛ ǂºƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǓ ȅƗ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ DzȈƦLJ
."ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǾƦƦLjƫ ǁǂǓ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
:ÎÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÕÐÔ)
ǵăDŽǴĄȇ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǘǤƫ ƨȈǤƥ (Ɨ)"
ȐƆ ºǸǟ ǁǂǬŭơ ǢǴƦŭƢƥ ǂƻƕ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǓ ȁƗ śǷƘƫ Dzŧȁ ǃơǂƷƜƥ DzďǤnjŭơ
ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƽƾŢȁ (Ʊ)ÏÎ ƧƽƢŭơ ȁƗ (ƣ)Ô ȁƗ (Ɨ)Ô ƧƽƢŭƢƥ
žǾǗȁǂNjȁ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǝȂǻ
ƾǸǠȇ ŅƢǷ ǢǴƦŠ ƧƽƾŰ DzďǤnjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ǻǰƫ Ń ơƿƛ (ƣ)"
Ƣºđ DzºǸǠȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ ǾǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƾƳȂƫ ȅǀdzơ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ
DZȁƚLjŭơ DzďǤnjǸǴdz ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ȄǴǟ ƾƷ ǞǓȁ ńƛ DZȁƚLjŭơ DzďǤnjŭơ
ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǢǴƦŭơ Ǻǟ ȂƸǼdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ǁǂǬƬȇ ƾĊ Ʒ ȅƗ DzǬȇ ȏ ǹƗ Ǖǂnjƥ
ž(ƣ)Ô ȁƗ (Ɨ)Ô ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ
ƧƘnjǼŭơ ǾǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƾƳȂƫ ȅǀdzơ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ DzǨǰȇ (Ʊ)"
Ǻºǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƽơƾLJ DZȁƚLjŭơ DzďǤnjŭơ Ƣđ DzǸǠȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
ƨºǷǃȐdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ŚǧȂƬƥ Ǯdzƿȁ DzďǤnjŭơ ƾǓ ǁǂǬƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
Ǻǟ ǂǐǬȇ ȁƗ ǂƻȉơ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ ǾȈǧ ǂǧȂƬȇ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ƾūơ ńƛ
Ŀ ǾºȈdzƛ ǁƢnjºŭơ ǢǴƦŭơ Ǻǟ DzǬȇ ȏ ǢǴƦǷ ńƛȁ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǮǴƬƥ ƔƢǧȂdzơ
ž(Ʊ)ÏÎ ƧƽƢŭơ ȁƗ (Ɨ)Ô ƧƽƢŭơ
257 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ǾǗȁǂNjȁ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ơǀǿ ǩƢǘǻ ƽƾŢ ǹƗȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠ
ǒǠƦºdz ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ DzưǷ Ǟǔź ǹƗ ǃȂŸȁ .ǾǴǰNjȁ
ƾǼǟ ǥơǂǗȋơ Ȇǟơǂƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠȁ .ƽȁƾūơ
ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ Ǖǂnjdz ƢȀǟƢǔƻƛ ȆǤƦǼȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȌdz ƢǿƾȇƾŢ
.ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǂǗƢű
ȅƗ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢºǠdz ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǾȈƳȂƫ ƞnjǼĄȇ ȏȁ -ÔÍÐ
ƆƢǓȂǟȁ .ǪLjǼŭơ ȆǷơDŽdzȍơ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔǴdz ǵƢǜǻ ȅƗ ȁƗ ǩȁƾǼǏ
ȄºǴǟ Ǟƴnjºƫ Śƥơƾƫ ƿƢţƢƥ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǵDŽǴĄȇ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ
śŏǴǤnjǷ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔǴdz ǩơȂLJƗȁ ƩơȁƽƗ ƭơƾƸƬLJơ
ƩƢºȈdzƕ ƭơƾƸƬLJơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ śƦLJƢǼǷ śȈdzƢǷȁ śȇƽƢǐƬǫơ
ǵơƾƼƬºLJơ ǺºǷ śǴďǤnjºŭơ śǰǸƬdz ǁƢLjǟȍơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢǷ
.(ÕÐÕ)ǾºȈƳȂƬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ǶēƢȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƨȈǘǤƬdz ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơ
ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǂȇǂǬƫ ƽơƾǟƛ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ȄƻȂƬȇȁ
ƔȂǓ Ŀ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƔȂǓ Ŀȁ .ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ƨȈdzƢǠǧ Ǻǟ
ǵȂǬƫ ƧƾƟƢǨdzƢƥ ƨǨǴǰdzơ ƨǻǁƢǬǷ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƾƬǸŭơ ǂƯȌdz ǶȈȈǬƫ
ǹƢǸǔǴdz ǵƢǜǻ ǹƘnjƥ ƩƢƷǂƬǬǷ ʼnƾǬƬƥ ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ ƾǼǟ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ
.ȆǷơDŽdzȍơ ŅƢŭơ
ǁǂǔºdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÎÒ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÔÍÑ
Ǒǁȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨưdzƢƯ ǥơǂǗȋ ƨȈƦǼƳȋơ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ ǾƦƦLjƫ ȅǀdzơ
ȃǂºƻƗ ƧƾǫƢǠƬǷ ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ǹȂǴƴLjŭơ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ ȂǴǤnjǷ ǵDŽǴȇ
ǾǻȂƦƦLjȇ ƾǫ ǁǂǓ ȅȋ ƆƢƦLjŢ ǂƻƕ ǹƢǸǓ ŚǧȂƫ ȁƗ śǷƘƫ Dzŧ
ǹƗ ȄºǴǟ ƧƽƢŭơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ (Ʊ)Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫȁ .Ǒǁȋơ ȄǴǟ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǹƢǸǓ śǷƘƬdzơ ǺǷ Ɔȏƾƥ DzƦǬƫ ǹƗ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz
ǮºǴƫ ƾºȀǠƬƫ ǹƗ ƨǘȇǂNj ƢȀȈǧ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ ƨǴƴLjŭơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ
ǍȂǐş ǵƢǬƫ Ŗdzơ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ ǺǷ ƨǻƢǐūơ Ǻǟ DZǃƢǼƬdzƢƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
.ǹƢǸǔdzơ Ǯdzƿ
__________
:(ǽȐǟƗ ÏÕÓ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) ÎÑ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÕÐÕ)
ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ"
ȄºǴǟ ǞȈƴnjºƬǴdz Śƥơƾºƫ ƔƢǔºǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǀƼƬƫ -Î"
śŏǴǤnjºǷ ƤºǻƢƳ ǺºǷ ŅƢºŭơ ǹƢǸǔǴdz ǩơȂLJƗȁ ƩơȁƽƗ ƭơƾƸƬLJơ
ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǵƾƼƬLjĄƫ ƨȈdzƢǷ ƩƢȈdzƕ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ śƦLJƢǼǷ śȈdzƢǷȁ śȇƽƢǐƬǫơ
ƨȈǘǤƬdz ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǺǷ śǴǤnjŭơ śǰŤ ǥƾđ ǁƢLjǟȍơ
.ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ơǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ǶēƢȈdzȁƚLjǷ
Ǻǟ ơƆǂȇǂǬƫ ÏÍÎÍ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÐÍ DzƦǫ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǵƾǬƫ -Ï"
ȃƾǷ Ǻǟȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ǁơǂǓȌdz ȆǴǠǨdzơ ƵȐǏȍơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ƨȈdzƢǠǧ
ƢºȀȈǘǤȇ Ŗºdzơ ƨǘnjǻȌdz ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔǴdz ȃǂƻȋơ ǝơȂǻȋơȁ śǷƘƬdzơ ǂǧȂƫ
ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂºȇǂǬƬdzơ ƮºƸƦȇȁ .ƨºdzȂǬǠǷ ǕȁǂNjȁ ƨǨǴǰƬƥ ƮdzƢưdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ
ƾºȇƾŢȁ ȆŸǁƾƬdzơ ƲȀǼdzơ :ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƤǻơȂŪơ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ǵȂºǬƫȁ .ǂǗƢƼŭơ ƨǔǨƼǼŭơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ƽƢǠƦƬLJơȁ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔǴdz ǦǬLJ
Ŀ ƢºŠ ƾƬǸŭơ ǂƯȋơ ǶȈȈǬƫ ƔȂǓ Ŀȁ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƔȂǓ Ŀ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ
ǹƘnjƥ ƩƢƷǂƬǬǷ ʼnƾǬƬƥ ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ ƾǼǟȁ ƧƾƟƢǨdzƢƥ ƨǨǴǰdzơ ƨǻǁƢǬǷ Ǯdzƿ
."ǪLjǼǷ ȆǷơDŽdzƛ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǔdz ǵƢǜǻ
ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ǹƘƥ ƧǂǗƢű ǭƢǼǿ ȁƗ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ȅƘºƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ǿƫǁǂǫ ƢǸǯ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz ǪƦǘǼŭơ ƾūơ
.ƧƾƷơȁ ƨƯƽƢƷ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠȁ -ÓÖÕ
ȅǂºƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ
ƨºdzȁƽ Ŀ ƨǴƴLjºŭơ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ǮdzƢǷ ǵăDŽǴĄȇ ƧǁƢǓȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂŭ
ƆƢºǼȈǷƘƫ DzǸŹ ǹƘƥ ƧǁƢǓȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂǷ DzǠǨdzƢƥ DzǸŢȁ ǥǂǗ
ǺǷ ǹƢǸǓ ȁƗ Ŀǂǐŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ǂƻƕ ƆƢȈdzƢǷ ƆƢǻƢǸǓ ȁƗ
ƤºƳȂŠ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǘǤƬdz ƨǴƯƢŲ ƨȈdzƢǷ ƨLjLJƚǷ
DzºăǸƸĄƫȁ ǑǂǤdzơ ơǀŮ ȆǷơDŽdzƛ śǷƘƫ ƧƽƢȀNj ǁƾǐƫȁ .ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
.ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ŔǷ ȄǴǟ
.ƨºǴƯƢŲ ƆƢǷƢǰƷƗ ǺǨLjdzơ ƽȂǫȁ ƪȇǃ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǸǔƬƫȁ -ÓÖÖ
ƾºȇDŽƫ Ŗºdzơ ƨǼȈǨLjǴdz DzƴLjŭơ ǮdzƢŭơ ǵăDŽǴĄȇ Ô ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ƨǴƴLjŭơȁ ǺǗ Î ÍÍÍ Ǻǟ ƨȈǴǰdzơ ƢȀƬdzȂŧ
ǹƢǸǔºdzơ DzºȈƦǫ ǺǷ ǂƻƕ ƆƢȈdzƢǷ ƆƢǻƢǸǓ ȁƗ ƆƢǼȈǷƘƫ DzǸŹ ǹƘƥ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǘǤƬdz ƨǴƯƢŲ ƨȈdzƢǷ ƨLjLJƚǷ ǺǷ ǹƢǸǓ ȁƗ Ŀǂǐŭơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƽȁƾƷ ȅȁƢLjȇ ǢǴƦŠ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ
ƽȁƾºƷ ǹƘnjºƥ ǪºƦǘǼŭơ Ņȁƾdzơ ȁƗ řǗȂdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƤƳȂŠ
ƣȂLjºƄơ ǢǴƦŭơ ǢǴƦŭơ ơǀǿ DzưǷ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ȏ ƮȈŞ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨºȇǂƸƦdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƾūơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ƆƢǬǧȁ
ǹƗ ƾǯƚƫ ƧƽƢȀNj ǁơƾǏƛ ǶƬȇȁ .ƨdzƾǠŭơ ƢȀƬǤȈǐƥ ÎÖÔÓ ǵƢǠdz
ȄºǴǟ DzǸƸĄƫȁ DZȂǠǨŭơ ǀǧƢǻ ǂƻȉơ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ
.ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ŔǷ
ƨȈǘǤƫ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǔȇƗ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǎǼȇȁ -ÔÍÍ
ǍƢƼºNjȋơ ǵDŽºǴĄȇ ÎÑ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨǴdz ƆƢǬǧȂǧ .ƨȈǼȈǷƘƫ
Dzŧȁ ƾȇƾƸƬƥ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵƢǜǻ ƤƳȂŠ ǹȂdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƧǂºƬǧ ƔƢǼƯƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈdzƢǷ ƩƢǻƢǸǓ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƩơƾǼLJ ȁƗ śǷƘƬdzơ
ǶȀƬȈdzȁƚLjºŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǢdzƢƦŭơ ƨȈǘǤƬdz ƨȈdzȁƚLjǸǴdz řǷDŽdzơ ƾūơ
ǃȂŸȁ .DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ Ŀ ƧƽƾƄơ ƢȈǻƾdzơ ƽȁƾūơ Ǻǟ DzǬƫ ȏ ƮȈŞ
śǷƘƬdzơ ǺǴǠƫ ǹƘƥ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ƢēƢǷơDŽƬdzƢƥ ƔƢǧȂdzơ DZȁƾǴdz
Śƥơƾºƫ ƿƢţơ ǃơȂƳ ÎÒ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ȄƻȂƬŭơȁ .ƢȀLjǨǻ ȄǴǟ
ȅǁȂǨdzơȁ ĿƢǰdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨdzƢǨǯ ńƛ ȆǷǂƫ ƨȈǴȈǸǰƫȁ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ
.ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƩƢȈdzȉơ ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ
ƢƆǔȇƗ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ ÎÎ ƧƽƢŭơ ǵDŽǴĄƫȁ -ÔÍÎ
śǷƘƫ DzǰNj Ŀ ŅƢǷ ǹƢǸǓ ƨǘLJơȂƥ ǾƬȈǘǤƫ ǺǸǔȇ ǹƘƥ DzďǤnjŭơ
ƩƢºȈdzȉơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈdzƢǷ ƩƢǻƢǸǓ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƩơƾǼLJ ȁƗ
ǹȐºǟƛ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ǁƢLjǟȍơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǵƾǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzƢŭơ
.śȈǷȂǰūơ śǴďǤnjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ʃơǀdzơ ȄǴǟ śǷƘƬdzơ
Ŀ ǥơǂºǗȋơ ȂǻƢºǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ǵDŽǴĄƫȁ -ÔÍÏ
ƢºĔȂǻƢǬdz ƆƢºǬǧȁ DzºǨǰƫ ǹƘƥ ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ ƤLjƷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǘǤƬdz ƆƢȈdzƢǷ ƆƢǻƢǸǓ ǹȂǴďǤnjŭơ DzǸŹ ǹƗ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ -ƔƢƥ
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ ƱǁƢƻ
ƨǘnjºǻƗ DžǁƢŤ ƨdzȁƽ ƢȀȈǧ ƪǷƾǫ ƧƽȁƾǠǷ ƩȏƢƷ ǭƢǼǿ -ÔÍÖ
ƢƆºȇƽơǂǨǻơ ƢƆǻƢǸǓ ȃǂƻƗ DZȁƾƥ ǁǂǓ ǩƢūƛ ǁƢǘƻƗ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƪǼLJ ƾǫȁ .DzǸƬƄơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ
ƨȇȁȂǻ ƭƽơȂƷ ƢȀƦƦLjƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǺǸǔȇ ƢƆǠȇǂnjƫ
ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƪǴǨǰƫ ÎÖÔÑ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ó Ŀȁ .ƨǼȈǠǷ
Ŀ ƾºǸƬǟơ ȅǀºdzơ ÒÎÐ-ÖÐ ǵƢǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ DžǂǤǻȂǰdzơ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ ǭǂƬnjǷ ǁơǂǫ DzǰNj
ȅȁȂºǻ DzºǟƢǨŠ ƨǘƦƫǂŭơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƭƽơȂūơ ƢȀƦƦLjƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ
.(ÕÑÍ)ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ƨǠƥƢƫ ƨȈƥǂƷ ƨǼȈǨLjdz
__________
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÑÍ)
ǺǨºLJ DZȂƻƾºƥ ǁƾǏ ƨƥƢƷǂƥ DZȂƦǬdzơ ǂǷƗ ŚLjȈƫ ǹƛ ƮȈƷ"
ƞºǧơǂŭơȁ ƞǻơȂŭơ ńƛ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzƢƥ ƨǴǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈƥǂūơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
žřǗȂdzơ ǺǷȋơ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȇȂȈƷ ƨȈŷƗ ȁƿ ƨǬȇƾǐdzơ
ńƛ ȃƽƗ ƾǫ ƽȂƳȂdzơ ńƛ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩȐǟƢǨŭơ Ʊȁǂƻ ǹƛ ƮȈƷȁ"
ňȂǻƢºǫ ǵƢǜǻ ƭơƾƸƬLJơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ŃƢǠdzơ ƔƢŴƗ Dzǯ Ŀ ƽȂȀŪơ ŕNj DZǀƥ
ǖƦƫǂºƫ ƨºƯƽƢƷ ǝȂǫȁ DZƢƷ Ŀ ǁǂǓ Ƕđ ǪƸǴȇ ǺǷ ǒȇȂǠƬdz ƤLJƢǼǷ
žƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩȐǟƢǨŭơ DzȈǤnjƬƥ
ȅƽƢȈǫ ǁȁƾƥ ǞǴǘǔƫ ƪdzơǃ ƢǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǹƛ ƮȈƷȁ"
Ŀ ǦǐǼŭơȁ ȅǁȂǨdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨdzƢǨǯ ńƛ ȆǷǂƫ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƫ Śƥơƾƫ ƽƢŸƛ Ŀ
DzǟƢǨǷ DzȈǤnjƬƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǵƢȈǬdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ ǝȂǫȁ ƨdzƢƷ
ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ ÎÔÍ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ǍƢƻ Dzǰnjƥ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴƴƬȇ ƢǸǯ ȅȁȂǻ
žƨdzƾǠŭơ ǾƬǤȈǐƥ ÎÖÒÑ ǵƢǠdz ƨȇǁǀdzơ
ȅǁȂºǨdzơ ǂǧȂºƬdzơ ńƛ ǹƢǼƠǸǗȏơ ǺǷ ǝȂǻ ƽȂƳȁ ǹƛ ƮȈƷȁ"
DzǰºNj Ŀ DZƢǸƬƷȏơ ƾȈǠƥ ƭƽƢƷ ǝȂǫȁ DZƢƷ Ŀ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ƨǠƥƢƫ ƨȈƥǂƷ ƨǼȈǨLjdz ȅȁȂǻ DzǟƢǨŠ ǖƦƫǂƫ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ
ȅǀºdzơ ŚǜǼdzơ ǞǘǬǼŭơ ƨǷȐLjdzơ DzƴLJ ǞǷ ǹơǂƬǫȏƢƥ ȅƽƚȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ
ȃƾºdz ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzƢƥ ƨǴǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈƥǂūơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǺǨLJ ǾƬǬǬƷ
:ƨȈƥǂūơ ǺǨLjdzơ ǮǴƫ ƨȈdzƢǠǧ ƧƽƢȇǃ ńƛ ŃƢǠdzơ ƔƢŴƗ Dzǯ Ŀ ƢȀǴȈǤnjƫ
ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁ ơǀȀƦǧ"
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢºȇȏȂǴdz ƣơȂºǼdzơ džǴůȁ ƹȂȈnjdzơ džǴů ǁǂǫ"
Ǟǧƽ Ȇǿ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ ǹƗ DžǂǤǻȂǰdzơ Ŀ śǠǸƬů ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ
ƨƥƢǏȍơ ƩȏƢƷ Ǻǟ ƩƢǟȂǧƾǷ ǺǷ ǵƢǰƷȋơȁ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬȇ ƢǷ
ȁƗ ƨȇǁƢǬǠdzơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǹơƾǬǨdzơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƧƢǧȂdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǻƾƦdzơ
ȅȁȂǻ DzǟƢǨŠ ǖƦƫǂƫ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ Ǻǟ ƩƘnjǻ ƢĔƗ ƪƦưȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ
ƩȏƢºƷ ǹƗ ƨǘȇǂºNj Ǯdzƿȁ :ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ƨǠƥƢƫ ƨȈƥǂƷ ƨǼȈǨLjdz
ƪǷƢǫ DzǸǟ ƤƦLjƥ ǞǬƫ Ń ǮǴƫ ǹơƾǬǨdzơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƧƢǧȂdzơ ȁƗ ƨƥƢǏȍơ
džȈƟǂǴdzȁ .ňƾǷ ǹƢȈǐǟ ǵƢȈǬdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ȁƗ DZƢƬǫ Ŀ ƨǰƦƬnjǷ ƨƸǴLjǷ ƧȂǫ Ǿƥ
Ŗºdzơ ǢdzƢƦŭơ Ǟǧƾƥ ǕȁǂNj ǺǷ Ǿƥ ǃƢǠȇȍơ ȃǂȇ ƾǫ ƢǷ ƤƳȂŠ ǹƿƘȇ ǹƗ
ƝǁơȂºǗ ƧƾǏǁƗ ƨȇƗ ǺǷ ǵƢǰƷȋơȁ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǮǴƫ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǠǧƽ ƤƫǂƬȇ
ƩƢºƦdzƢǘŭơ ǮºǴƫ ȄºǴǟ DžǂǤǻȂǰǴdz ǩƾǐȇ ǹƗ ȁƗ ƨǷȂǰƸǴdz ƨƷƢƬǷ
."ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƩơƽƢǸƬǟȏơ ǂǬȇ Ȇǰdz ǵƢǰƷȋơȁ
Public Law 95-513, United States Statutes at Large, 1974, vol. 88, part )
.(2, pp. 1610-1611
258
ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÏÐÒ ƧƽƢŭơȁ -ÔÍÒ
ȄºǴǟ DZȁƾdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ Ð ƢēǂǬǧ Ŀ ƆƢǔȇƗ Ȇǿ ǎǼƫ
.ƨȈǧƢǯ ƨȈǔȇȂǠƫ ǢdzƢƦǷ Ǟǧƾdz ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ǞǓȁ
.ǩȂǬūơ Ŀ DZȂǴūơ ȄǴǟ ǭȂǰǐdzơ ǽǀǿ ǒǠƥ ǎǼƫȁ -ÔÍÓ
ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdz ƆƢǬǧȁ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ȅƗ ƾȈǯƘƫ ǃȂŸȁ
ƩƢǻƢǸǓ ȁƗ ƩơƾǼLJ ȁƗ ƆƢǼȈǷƘƫ ǵƾǬȇ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ƾǓ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ
ǵƾºǬȇ ȅǀºdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ȁƗ ǺǷƚǸǴdz ǹȂǰȇȁ .ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈdzƢǷ
ǵƢǜǼƥ ƆȐǸǟ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǵDŽǴĄȇ ǹƗ Ŀ Ǫūơ ŅƢŭơ ǹƢǸǔdzơ
ǹƘºƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ǺǷ Ñ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƆƢǬǧȁ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
Ǻȇǀºdzơ ǍƢƼºNjȋơȁ śǼǷƚǸǴdz ǃȂŸȁ .ȃȂǟƾdzơ ńƛ ǶǔǼȇ
ǪºŹ Ŗºdzơ ǝȂǧƾdzơ ńƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏơ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơ ǹȂǷƾǬȇ
ǃȂºŸȁ .ƢȀȈdzƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏơ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǎƼnjǴdz
ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ȏ ƢĔƘƥ ƨǠȇƽȂdzơ ǁƢǘƻƛ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘǴdz
.ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȃȂǟƽ ƨǷƢǫƛ Ŀ Ǫūơ
ǦºȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ƤƳȂǸƦǧ DZơȂǼŭơ džǨǻ ȄǴǟȁ -ÔÍÔ
ƤºƳȂŠ ƨºƦdzƢǘǷ ȅƗ ƾºȈǯƘƫ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ǃȂŸ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz
ǽǀºǿ Ŀȁ . ƆƢȈdzƢǷ ƆơƔƢǘǣ ǵƾǬȇ ǎƼNj ȅƗ ƾǓ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨȈǘǤƬdzơ ǵƾǬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơȁ ǺďǷƚǸǴdz ǹȂǰȇ ƨdzƢūơ
ȃȂǟƾºdzơ ńƛ ǵƢǸǔºǻȏƢƥ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǵơDŽdzƛ Ŀ Ǫūơ
DZȁƚLjŭơ ǎƼnjǴdz ǪŹ Ŗdzơ ǝȂǧƾdzơ ńƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏơ Ǻǟ ƆȐǔǧ
.ƢȀȈdzƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏơ
. ƆȐȈǐºǨƫ ǂºưǯƗ ǺǨLjdzơ ƽȂǫȁ ƪȇǃ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƾǠƫȁ -ÔÍÕ
ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ ǃȂŸ Ô ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ ÎÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂǸƦǧ
ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj ȅƗȁ ǺďǷƚŭơ ƾǓ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz
ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ .ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǮdzƢŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ǻǟ ƆƢȈdzƢǷ ƆƢǻƢǸǓ ǵƾǬȇ
Ŀ Ǫūơ ǮdzƢǸǴdz Ǻǰȇ Ń Ȃdzȁ ŕƷ ǾȈǴǟ ȄǟċƾǸǴdz ǃȂŸ ƨdzƢūơ
ǃȂŸȁ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƾūơ ǺǷ ƧƽƢǨƬLJȏơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƾȇƾŢ
ǥȐş) ǝȂǧƾdzơ ńƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏơ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧƽƢȇǃ ǾȈǴǟ ȄǟċƾǸǴdz
ǃȂŸ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ (ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ DzǸǠdzơ ƔƢĔƜƥ ȁƗ DžȐǧȍƢƥ Ǟǧƾdzơ
ƭȁƾºŞ Ǟǧƾºdzơ Ǻǟ ƆȐǔǧ ǾȈdzƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǮdzƢǸǴdz
ȄǴǟ . ǮdzƢŭơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƾǸǠƬŭơ ǭȂǴLjdzơ ƔȂLjdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǪŹ ǹƢǯ ǂƻƕ Ǟǧƽ ȅƗ ńƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏơ ǾȈǴǟ ȄǟċƾǸǴdz ǃȂŸ ȏ ǾǻƗ
Ȅǟċƾŭơ ƾǓ ǮdzƢŭơ ƢȀǸȈǬȇ Ŗdzơ ȃȂǟƾdzơ Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏơ Ǿdz
ǵơDŽdzƛ Ŀ Ǫūơ DZơȂƷȋơ Dzǯ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ȄǟċƾǸǴdz ǹȂǰȇȁ .ǾȈǴǟ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ȅȂƬŢȁ .ȃȂǟƾdzơ ńƛ ǵƢǸǔǻȏƢƥ ǮdzƢŭơ
DzºǬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
.(ÕÐÖ)ƨǴƯƢŲ ǵƢǰƷƗ ȄǴǟ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƧǁƢǓȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ
__________
.ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơ (ÕÐÖ)
259 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ȅƽƚƫȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ǞƥƢƫ ǂƻƕ ȅȁȂǻ ǂǐǼǟ ȅƘƥ ǖƦƫǂƫ
.(ÕÑÏ)"ňƢƦLJȍơ ǶȈǴǫȍơ Dzƻơƽ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǮǴƫ ǵƢȈǫ ńƛ
ǩƢºǘǻ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƪǠċLJȁ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǁƢƦǠƥȁ -ÔÎÏ
Ƨǁȁǂǔdzơ ƪǔƬǫơ ơƿƛ ǺLjƫ ǹƘƥ ƪǟȂǘƫȁ ƆƢȇƽơǂǨǻơ ƢȀƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ
.ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǽƢš ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ơǀǿ Ǻǟ ŐǠȇ ƆƢǠȇǂnjƫ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ Ƨǁơǃȁ ƩǁƾǏƗ DzưŭƢƥȁ -ÔÎÐ
ƾºǬǟ ƆƢǔºȇƗ Ȃºǿ DZȁƢǼƫ džǬǘdzơ ŚȈǤƫ ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƆƢǻƢȈƥ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .śǴǸƬƄơ ǺȇǁǂǔƬŭơ DZȁƽ ǞǷ ƨǬƦLjǷ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ
ǵƢºǷƗ ÎÖÓÓ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƩƾǬǟ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁȋơ ǪȈǬƸƬdzơ ƩƢLjǴŝ
DZȂºƷ ǪºǴǠǷ Ǟȇǂnjƫ ǹƘnjƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƹȂȈNj džǴů
ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ǾǼǷ ƧƽƢǨƬLJȏơ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ DZȂǘŮơ ƧƽƢȇDŽdz ƲǷƢǻǂƥ
:ŅƢƬdzơ ǹƢȈƦdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ƩǁƾǏƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ǪǗƢºǼŭơ ƪºǻƢǯ ǹƛ Ȃǿ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƧǁơǃȂdz ƾȈƷȂdzơ DzǣƢnjdzơ ǹƛ
ȅǀdzơ ǂǷȋơ ƨȈǼǗȁ ƽȁƾƷ ǺǷ ƣǂǬdzƢƥ ǞǬƬLJ ƢǿǁƢȈƬƻơ ǶƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƦȇǂƴƬdzơ
ǵƢȈǫ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ .ǮȈLjǰŭơȁ ơƾǼǯ ǺȇǁȁƢĐơ ǺȇƾǴƦdzơ ǞǷ DzǯƢnjǷ ƾdzȂȇ ƾǫ
ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ ƾºǬǟ ǂǷƗ ƤȈƫǂƫ DzǨǰƫ ǹƗ ƧǁơǃȂdzơ ƽȂƫ ƩȏƢǸƬƷȏơ ǽǀǿ
.(ÕÑÐ)ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ ǮǴƫ ƔơǂƳƛ DzƦǫ ƧǂƯƘƬǷ ǹơƾǴƥ ȅƗ ǞǷ ƨǬƦLjǷ
ǹƢǸǔºƥ ƨdzȁƽ ƩƾȀǠƫ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ -ÔÎÑ
ƧǁȁƢºů ƨºdzȁƾdz ƢȀƦƦLjƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ơƾºǼǯ ƩǂºƳƗ ơǀºǿ ȄǴǟȁ .Ȇǿ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ DzǸǠƫ ƨǯǂNj
Ǻºǟ ƤȈǬǼƬǴdz ǝȁǂnjǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ
ǂºŞ Ŀ Ǿºƥ ǝȐǘǓȏơ ƨǏƢƻ ƨȇƾǼǯ ƨǯǂNj ƪǠǷǃƗ ǖǨǼdzơ
ǁƢƯƗ ƾǫȁ .(Mackenzie) ȅŗǰǷ ƢƬdzƽ ǺǷ ƨƥǂǬǷ ȄǴǟ ƩǁȂǧȂƥ
ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ǁȁƢĐơ ƢǰLJȏƗ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƆơƾȇƾNj ƆƢǬǴǫ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ơǀǿ
ǒȇȂǠƬdz ƨƷƢƬŭơ DZơȂǷȋơȁ ƧƢƻȂƬŭơ ƨǷȐLjdzơ ŚƥơƾƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ƨºƴȈƬǻ ǺǷ ǹƢǯȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ śǴǸƬƄơ ǺȇǁǂǔƬŭơ
DzǨǰȇ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƔƢnjǻƜƥ ƪǷDŽdzƌƗ ƨȇƾǼǰdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹƗ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ
Ƣǿǁȁƾºƥ ơƾºǼǯ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƩƾȀǠƫȁ .ƣȂǴǘŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǟǧƽ
.(ÕÑÑ)ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǟǧƽ ǹƢǸǔƥ
__________
Digest of United States Practice in International Law (ÕÑÏ)
.1976 (Washington, D.C.), p. 441
Magnuson ǁȂƫƢǼȈLjºdzơ ńƛ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ƢȀƬȀƳȁ ƨdzƢLJǁ (ÕÑÐ)
“Weather "džºǬǘdzơ ŚȈºǤƫ" ƹȂȈnjºdzơ džºǴƴŠ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǼŪ džȈƟǁ
Modification”, Hearings before the Committee on Commerce, United
.States Senate, 89th Congress, second session, part 2, 1966, p. 321
International Canada (Toronto), vol. 7, No. 3, 1976, pp. (ÕÑÑ)
.84-85
ǂǷȋƢƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ÒÎÐ-ÖÐ ǵƢǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ DzǸǰƬLJơ ƾǫȁ -ÔÎÍ
ǎǼȇ Ȃǿȁ ÎÖÔÓ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ Î ƹǁƚŭơ ÎÎÖÎÕ ȅǀȈǨǼƬdzơ
ƭƽơȂºƷ ńƛ ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ DZƢǠǨdzơȁ ĿƢǰdzơȁ ȅǁȂǨdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ
.(ÕÑÎ)ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨȇȁȂǻ
ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ śƥ ƨdzƽƢƦƬǷ ƩơǂǯǀǷ Ŀȁ -ÔÎÎ
śƬǷȂǰūơ śƥ ƧƽȂǬǠŭơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơȁ ƨǫơƾǐdzơ ƧƾǿƢǠŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ƢºĔƘƥ ƢǿƾºȈǯƘƫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƪǷƾǫ ÎÖÔÓ ǵƢǟ Ŀ
ƨȈǠȇǂnjƫ ƨǘǴLJ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ ńƛ ƨƳƢūơ ƪǟƽ ơƿƛ ȄǠLjƬLJ"
ƨƥƢºǏȍơ ƩȏƢŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨǴƯƢǸƬǷ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ȅȂLjƬdz
ƩƢºǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǹơƾǬǨdzơ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƧƢǧȂdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǻƾƦdzơ
ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ Ǻǟ ƩƘnjǻ ƢĔƗ ƪƦưȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ȁƗ ƨȇǁƢǬǠdzơ
__________
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ȅǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ǂǷȋơ ǎǼȇ (ÕÑÎ)
Ó Ŀ ƾǸƬǠŭơ ǭǂƬnjŭơ ǁơǂǬdzƢƥ Ņ ƨdzȂƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƤƳȂŠ"
Public Law 93-513. 88 Stat. ) ÎÖÖÑ ŐǸLjºȇƽ/ DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
ƨºǻȁƾǷ ǺǷ Ð ƣƢƦdzơ ǺǷ ÐÍÎ ƧƽƢŭƢƥȁ (1601..42 U.S.C. 2211
džȈºƟǁ ŖǨǐƥȁ (United States Code) ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ śǻơȂǫ
ǥƢºǯȁ ȅǁȂǧ ǒȇȂǠƫ ŚǧȂƫ ƨȈǤƥȁ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ȁƗ ƨƥƢǏƛ ǝȂǫȁ DzǰNj ǀƼƬƫ Ŗdzơ DZƢǸƬƷȏơ ƧƾȈǠƦdzơ ƨdzƢūơ Ŀ DZƢǠǧȁ
ƨȈƥǂƷ ƨǼȈǨLjdz ȅȁȂǼdzơ DzǟƢǨŭƢƥ ǖƦƫǂƫ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ Ǻǟ ƲƫƢǻ ǁǂǓ
:ȆǴȇ ƢŠ ơǀđ ǂǷƚȇ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ƨǠƥƢƫ
ƩƢºƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƨȇȂLjƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ (Ɨ) -Î ƧƽƢŭơ"
ǁǂǔdzơ ȁƗ ƧƢǧȂdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǻƾƦdzơ ƨƥƢǏȍơ ƩȏƢŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ȁƗ
ƢĔƗ ƪƦưȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ȁƗ ƨȇǁƢǬǠdzơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ǪƷȐdzơ ǹơƾǬǨdzơ ȁƗ
ƨǠƥƢƫ ƨȈƥǂƷ ƨǼȈǨLjdz ȅȁȂǼdzơ DzǟƢǨŭƢƥ ǖƦƫǂƫ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƯƽƢƷ Ǻǟ ƩƘnjǻ
ƆƢºǬǧȁ ǹƿȍƢºƥ ǑȂǨĄȇȁ ǝƢǧƾdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ȄǸLjĄȇ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz
ƾºǫ Ŗdzơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ ƤƳȂŠ DzǨǰȇ ǹƘƥ ÒÎÐ-ÖÐ ǵƢǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz
ǵƢǰƷȋơȁ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ǮǴƫ ȄǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ǢdzƢƦŭơ Ǟǧƽ Ƣđ ǃƢǠȇȍơ ȃǂȇ
.ǝƢǧƾdzơ ƧǁơǃȂdz ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƝǁơȂǘdzơ ƧƾǏǁƗ ǺǷ
ǵƢǰƷȋơ ȁƗ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ȄǴǟ ǝƢǧƾdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǩĈƾǐȇ (ƣ)"
ƤLJƢǼǷ ƔơǂƳȍơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ȃƗǁ ơƿƛ (Ɨ) ƨȈǟǂǨdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƢĔƢȈƥ ƽǁơȂdzơ
ƽƢºǸƬǟơ ǹƘnjºƥ ǾƬȈǏȂƫ ƨȈǻơDŽȈŭơȁ Ƨǁơƽȍơ ƤƬǰǷ ǂȇƾǷ ńƛ DzȈŹȁ
.ƨǷǃȏ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ ǢdzƢƦǸǴdz DžǂǤǻȂǰdzơ
DZơƾƦƬºLJơ ńƛ ƨȇƽƚǷ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ŐƬǠƫ ȏ -Ï ƧƽƢŭơ"
ȁƗ ǵƢǠdzơ ƤƟƢǼǴdz ƨdzȂƼŭơ ǵƢȀŭơ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢȀŭơ ǍƢǬƬǻơ ȁƗ
ȄºǴǟ ǵƢºǬƫ Ŗdzơ ȃȁƢǟƾdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzƢǯȁ ƨȇƗ džȈƟǂdz
.ƨȈǬȈǧȂƫ ƩƢȇȂLjƫȁ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ǾǼǟ ǒƼǸƬƫ ƢŠȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ǂºȇǃȁ ǞǷ ǁȁƢnjƬdzƢƥ ơǀđ ƨǓȂǨŭơ ǵƢȀŭơ DžǁƢŤ -Ð ƧƽƢŭơ"
ǺǷ ȁƗ œǼƳƗ ƾǴƥ ǺǷ ƔƢǟƽơ ƢȀǼǟ ƘnjǼȇ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƨȇƗ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ
ÒÎÐ-ÖÐ ǵƢǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ȃǂšȁ ǽƢȇƢǟǁ ƾƷƗ
."ǾƬǘǴLJ ƪŢ ȁƗ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ƨǘLJơȂƥ
(Federal Register (Washington, D.C.), vol. 41, No. 108, 3 June 1976,
.pp. 22, 329)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǞƥƢLjdzơ DzǐǨdzơ
ǵƢǰƷȋơ ƿƢǨǻƛ
ƨǐºƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ Ƣǿǁƾǐƫ Ŗdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ƪƸƦǏƗ ŕǷ (Ǖ)
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƿƢǨǻȎdz ƨǴƥƢǫ ƢƆƥƢȈǣ ȁƗ ƨǸǯƢŰ ƔơǂƳƛ ƾǠƥ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ
ǥơǂºǗȋơ ǺǷ ǥǂǗ ȅƗ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƿƢǨǻȎdz ƨǴƥƢǫ ƶƦǐƫ ƨǸǰƄơ ǾǬƦǘƫ ȅǀdzơ
.řºǠŭơ ƾºǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂºǘdzơ ƢȀƦǴǘƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈǴǰnjdzơ ƔƢǨȈƬLJơ DZƢƷ ȃǂƻȋơ
ǵƢºǰƷȋơȁ .ȃǂºƻƗ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ DzŰ ƨȈǔǬǴdz ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ džLJȋơ ǹȂǰƫ ȏȁ
.ƨƬǫƚŭơ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǼƫ ȏ ǵƾǬƫ ƢǸȈǧ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ
ǽǀºǿ ƤºƳȂŠ ƾºǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ ȄǴǟ ȃȂǟƽ ƪǸȈǫƗ ơƿƛ (ȅ)
ǺǷ ƩƢǻƢǐūơ ǺǷ ƨǻƢǐƷ ƨȇƘƥ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǥǂǘdzơ Ǯdzǀdz ǃȂŸ ȏ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ȏƛ ƧƽƢºŭơ ǽǀŮ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǵƢǷƗ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ
.ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ŚƥơƾƬƥ
ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢºǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǸǔƬƫȁ -ÔÎÔ
Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂºdzơ ƩơǁƢƦǠǴdz ŚƦǯ Dzǰnjƥ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƩơǁƢƦǟ ƪdzƾǟ ƢǸǯ
_________________________________________
ƢȀƦƦLjºƫ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ ƨǴƯƢŲ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƽǂƫȁ
ƔDŽƳ Ŀ ÏÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƬǧ Ǒǁȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨưdzƢƯ ǥơǂǗȋ ƨȈƦǼƳȋơ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ
ȅƗ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀŮ ƆƢǬǧȁ ƨǐƬű ƨǸǰŰ ƩǁƾǏƗ ơƿƛ -Ñ"
ǀȈǨǼƫ ǂǷƗ ǁơƾǏƛ ǺǰŻ ĺƢȈǣ ǶǰƷ ȅƗ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ȆƟƢĔ ǶǰƷ
ƆȐƥƢºǫ Ƕǰūơ ǹȂǰȇ ƨǸǰƄơ ǮǴƬdz ȆƟơǂƳȍơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧȁ ǾǻƘnjƥ
ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ śǻơȂǫ ƢȀȈǔƬǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈǴǰnjdzơ ƔƢǨȈƬLJơ ȃƾdz ƿƢǨǻȎdz
."ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƬdz ƨǠƥƢƫ ƨǠǗƢǬǷ ȁƗ ƨȇȏȁ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǫƛ ȅƗ śǻơȂǫ ȁƗ
DzºǬǼƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠȁ
Ŗºdzơ ƨºȈƟƢȀǼdzơ ǵƢºǰƷȋơ ƶƦǐƫ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ ƨǠƬǷȋơȁ ƣƢǯǂdzơ
ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȇƗ Ŀ ƿƢǨǻȎdz ƨǴƥƢǫ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ǶǯƢƄơ Ƣǿǁƾǐƫ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÏÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ ,ȃǂƻȋơ
ƨǐƬű ƨǸǰŰ Ƣǿǁƾǐƫ Ŗdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ƪƸƦǏƗ ŕǷ -Î"
ƨºǴƥƢǫ ƆƢºƥƢȈǣ ȁƗ ƨǸǯƢŰ ƔơǂƳƛ ƾǠƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƤƳȂŠ
Ŀ ƿƢǨǻȎdz ƨǴƥƢǫ ƶƦǐƫ ƨǸǰƄơ ǾǬƦǘƫ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ƿƢǨǻȎdz
ƩƢȈǴǰnjºdzơ ƔƢǨȈƬºLJơ DZƢƷ ȃǂƻȋơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȇƗ
DzŰ ƨȈǔǬǴdz ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ džLJȋơ ǹȂǰƫ ȏȁ .ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ƨƦǴǘƬŭơ
.ȃǂƻƗ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ
ǵƢºǰƷȋơ ȄºǴǟ ǪƦǘǼƫ ȏ ǵƾǬƫ ƢǸȈǧ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơȁ"
ǺºǷ ǽơȂºǟƽ ǂLjƻ ǝƾǷ ǪŞ ǁƾǐȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ȏȁ ƨƬǫƚŭơ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ
Ǟǧƾºƥ ǵơDŽºdzȍơ ńƛ ƨǧƢºǓȍƢƥ ƩƢǔºȇȂǠƫ ƶǼŠ ȆǔǬƫ Ʃơǁơǂǫ
.ǦȇǁƢǐŭơ
ƨǸǰŰ ǵƢǷƗ ǥơǂǗȋơ śƥ ƩƾǬǟ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȇȂLjƬǴdz ǹȂǰƫȁ"
Ƕǰūơ ƧȂǫ ƨǸǰƄơ DzƴLJ Ŀ ƢǿƾȈǫ ȃǂƳȁ ǝơDŽǻ ƔƢĔƛ ǥƾđ ƨǐƬű
.ƨǸǰƄơ ǮǴƫ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ
ǽǀǿ ǵƢǰƷƗ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ Ŀ ƤǴǘȇ ȏ -Ï"
."ǦȇǁƢǐŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ǹƢǸǓ ʼnƾǬƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
260
ȂºŴ ȄǴǟ ǁǂǓ Ƕđ Ǫū Ǻȇǀdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƨȇƢŧ ƾȇǁƗ ơƿƛ -ÔÎÒ
ǵƢºǰƷȋơȁ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ǁȂǷȋơ ǺǷ ǹƜǧ DZƢǠǧ
DZȁƾºdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ ƪLJǁƗ ƾǫȁ .ƿƢǨǻȎdz ƨǴƥƢǫ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ƨȈǓƢǬdzơ
Ŗºdzơ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǪȈǠƫ ȏƗ DZȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ǹƘƥ DzƟƢǬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ
ƨºȇȏȂdzơ ƽȁƾºƷ ƱǁƢƻ ǞǬƫ ǁơǂǓƗ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǻ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŠ ŘǠƫ
Ȇǟƾºƫ ǹƗ ȁƗ ƢȀºƬȇȏȁ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ ȅǂš ƨǘnjǻȋ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ
ƪºǬǧơȁ ƾǫ DZȁƾdzơ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzǀƥȁ .ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ƨǻƢǐūƢƥ
ƧDŽºȀƳƗ Ƣǿǁƾǐƫ Ŗdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ȁƗ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ƿƢǨǻƛ ȄǴǟ
.ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ǮǴƫ DzưǷ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǻ ƩƢǟǃƢǼǷ Ŀ ƨǐƬű
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƩƢLJǁƢǸŭơ -ǦdzƗ
ƢƆǷƢǰƷƗ ǵƢǟ ǾƳȂƥ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǸǔƬƫ -ÔÎÓ
Ŗdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǩȂǬƷ ƨȇƢŧ DzȈƦLJ Ŀ ƧŚƻȋơ ƧȂǘŬơ ǽǀđ ǪǴǠƬƫ
Ŀ ȆƟƢȀºǼdzơ Ƕǰūơ ǁƾǏ ŕǷ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ Ȇǿȁ .ǁǂǓ Ƣđ Ǫū
ǃȂºŸ ȏȁ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǶȈdzƢǫƗ Ŀ ǽƿƢǨǻƛ ȅǂŸ ǾǻƜǧ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
Ǯºdzƿ DZƢưǷ .ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ǺǷ ƨǻƢǐūƢƥ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǥơǂǗȌdz
ǺǷ (ǿ)ȁ (ƽ) śƫǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǎǼƫ ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǹƗ
ƨºǸǰŰ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ƨȈƟƢȀǼdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơ
ǺºǷ ȅƗ ǶȈºǴǫƛ Ŀ ƿƢǨǻȎdz ƨǴƥƢǫ ǹȂǰƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨǐƬű
ƾºƷƗ ȄǴǟ ǒȇȂǠƫ ȃȂǟƽ ƪǸȈǫƗ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗȁ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ
ƤºƳȂŠ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ DzǸƸƬȇ Ȑ Ɔ ǤnjǷ ǾǨǏȂƥ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ
ƨȇȏȂdzơ ǺǷ ƨǻƢǐūƢƥ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǥǂǘdzơ Ǯdzǀdz ǃȂŸ Ȑǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
Ŀ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢºǠdz džȇǁƢºƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǎǼƫ DzưŭƢƥȁ .(ÕÑÒ)ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƪdzƾǟ ƢǸǯ ƢȀǼǷ ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơ
__________
DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzƢºƥ ƨdzƾǠŭơ ƢȀƬǤȈǐƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÑÒ)
ÎÓ ƹǁƚºŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơȁ ÎÖÓÑ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÕ ƹǁƚŭơ ĿƢǓȍơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÕÏ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ
..."
ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ Ƣǿǁƾǐƫ Ŗdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ƪƸƦǏƗ ŕǷ (ƽ)"
ƤºƳȂŠ ƿƢºǨǻȎdz ƨǴƥƢǫ ƢƆƥƢȈǣ ȁƗ ƨǸǯƢŰ ƔơǂƳƛ ƾǠƥ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ
ǺǷ ǥǂǗ ȅƗ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƿƢǨǻȎdz ƨǴƥƢǫ ƶƦǐƫ ƨǸǰƄơ ǾǬƦǘƫ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƾºǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƢȀƦǴǘƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈǴǰnjdzơ ƔƢǨȈƬLJơ DZƢƷ ȃǂƻȋơ ǥơǂǗȋơ
.ȃǂºƻƗ ƩơƔơǂºƳƛ DzŰ ƨȈǔǬǴdz ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ džLJȋơ ǹȂǰƫ ȏȁ .řǠŭơ
žƨƬǫƚŭơ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǼƫ ȏ ǵƾǬƫ ƢǸȈǧ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơȁ
ǽǀºǿ ƤƳȂŠ ƾǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ ȄǴǟ ȃȂǟƽ ƪǸȈǫƗ ơƿƛ (ǿ)"
ƩƢǻƢǐūơ ǺǷ ƨǻƢǐƷ ƨȇƘƥ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǥǂǘdzơ Ǯdzǀdz ǃȂŸ ȏ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ƢºǸȈǧ ȏƛ ƧƽƢºŭơ ǽǀŮ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǵƢǷƗ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ǺǷ
."ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ŚƥơƾƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ
261 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǥǂƬǠƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ Ô ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ Ǯdzǀǯ
ǢdzƢºƦǷ Ǟǧƾºƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ǶƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȇȂLjƬdzƢƥ ȃǂƻȋơ
ƢºǿǁǂǬȇ Ŗdzơ ǕȁǂnjǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƨǷƢǠdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ǺǷ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ
.(ÕÑÕ)řǗȂdzơ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ
ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ƽơȂŭơ DZȁƢǼƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ -ÔÎÖ
ȃǂºƻƗ ƨǘnjǻƗ ǶǰŢ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǺǸǔƬƫ
ǵƢǰƷȋơ ƿƢǨǻƜƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƾǟơȂǫ ȅƽƢǷ ǁǂǓ ǂǘƻ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢºǟ DZȂºǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǎǼȈǧ .Ƣđ ǥơǂƬǟȏơȁ
ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ DzưǷ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨºdzȁƽ ƨȇƗ Ŀ ǀȈǨǼƬǴdz ƨǴƥƢǫ ƧƾǫƢǠƬǷ ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ƨȈƟƢȀǼdzơ
ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ Ǯdzǀǯ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǎǼƫȁ .(ÕÑÖȃǂƻƗ ƧƾǫƢǠƬǷ
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ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjǴdz ƢƆǨdzƢű Ƕǰūơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ (Ʊ)"
ŚȇƢºǠŭơ ǞºǷ ǪǨƬȇ ȏ ȁƗ ǾǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ǶǰūƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ džǸƬǴĄȇ ȅǀdzơ
.ƨdzơƾǠǴdz ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ
ƤǬǟ Ò ƧǂǬǨǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǠĄȇ ȅǀdzơ Ƕǰūơ ƶƦǐȇ -Ó"
ǥǂºǘdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƢȀƦǴǘƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈǴǰnjǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǽƿƢǨǻƛ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ǾŻƾǬƫ
ǹƢºǯ Ȃºdz ƢǸǯ ƿƢǨǻȎdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ ƢȀȈǧ Ƕǰūơ ƿƢǨǻƛ džǸƬǴĄȇ Ŗdzơ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ
džLJȋơ Ǟǔţ ȏȁ .ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǶǯƢŰ ǺǷ ƨǸǰŰ ǾƫǁƾǏƗ ƢƆÅǸǰƷ
.ƧƾȇƾƳ ƨǠǧơǂŭ Ƕǰūơ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƾǼƬLJơ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
ƢǸȈǧ ǶƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȇȂLjƬdzƢƥ ȃǂƻȋơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǥǂƬǠƫȁ -Ô"
Ŗºdzơ ǕȁǂnjǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ǺǷ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ǢdzƢƦǷ Ǟǧƾƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ
."(ƣ)Î-ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ řǗȂdzơ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ ƢǿǁǂǬȇ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏ ƨȈǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ (ƽ)ÎÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ (ÕÑÕ)
:ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ
ǶƬºƫ Ŗºdzơ ƩƢȇȂLjƬdzƢƥ ȃǂƻȋơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǥǂƬǠƫ"
Ŀ ƢºȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ǺǷ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ǢdzƢƦǷ Ǟǧƾƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
řǗȂºdzơ ǞȇǂnjºƬdzơ ƢǿǁǂǬȇ Ŗdzơ ǕȁǂnjǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ‘Бȁ ‘Ï‘(ƣ)Ð ƧƽƢŭơ
ǮºǴƬƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ǶǯƢƄơ Ƣǿǁƾǐƫ Ŗdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ƶƦǐƫȁ
ƢƆºǬǧȁ ȃǂºƻȋơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƿƢǨǻȎdz ƨǴƥƢǫ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ
."džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ (ǿ)ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƧǂNjƢǠdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÑÖ)
ƨǸǰŰ ǽǁƾǐƫ ǶǰƷ ȅƘƥ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȇƗ Ŀ ǥǂƬǠȇ -Î"
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ƿƢºǨǻȎdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ ǹȂǰȇȁ ƨǠLJƢƬdzơ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨȇȏȂdzƢƥ ǞƬǸƬƫ
ƨºǠƳơǂŭơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǺǷ ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ DZƢǰNjȌdz ƢȀȈǧ Ǟǔź ƾǠȇ Ńȁ ƨȈǴǏȋơ
:ȏƛ Ǯdzƿȁ
ȁƗ ždžȈdzƾƬdzƢƥ Ƕǰūơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ Ļ ơƿƛ (Ɨ)"
ǺǷ ǵǂƷȁ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧƾǷ DzƦǫ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ǂǘź Ń ơƿƛ (ƣ)"
.ǾƬȈǔǫ ǑǂǠdz ƨǴƳƢǟ ƨǏǂǧ
ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ȄǔƬǬŠ Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǠȇ ȅǀdzơ Ƕǰūơ ǹȂǰȇ -Ï"
ƩƢȈǴǰnjºdzơ ƔƢǨȈƬLJơ DZƢƷ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ Ŀ ƿƢǨǻȎdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ
ǺǷ ƨǠǧơǂŭơ ƣƢƥ ƶƬǧ ƩƢȈǴǰnjdzơ ǮǴƫ DŽȈš ȏȁ .ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƨƦǴǘƬŭơ
."ƨȈǔǬǴdz ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ džLJȋơ Ŀ ƾȇƾƳ
Ȇºǿȁ (ÕÑÓ)ÎÖÓÐ ǵƢºǠdz ƢºǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ
ƨºȇȏȂdzƢƥ ǞºƬǸƬƫ ƨºǸǰŰ ǽǁƾǐƫ ȅǀdzơ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Ƕǰūơ -Î
ǂƻƕ ƾǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ ȅƗ ǶȈǴǫƛ Dzƻơƽ Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǠȇ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨȇƽƢūơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ
:ȏƛ Ǯdzƿȁ
ždžȈdzƾƬdzƢƥ Ƕǰūơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ Ļ ơƿƛ (Ɨ)
ƨºǏǂǧ ǺºǷ Ƕǰūơ ǽƾǓ ǁƾǏ ȅǀdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǵǂƷ ơƿƛ (ƣ)
žǾƬȈǔǫ ǑǂǠdz ƨdzƽƢǟ
ƾºǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjǴdz ƢƆȈǧƢǼǷ Ƕǰūơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ (Ʊ)
ŚȇƢºǠǷ ǞºǷ ǪǨƬǷ Śǣ ǹƢǯ ȁƗ ǾǸȈǴǫƛ Dzƻơƽ ǶǰūƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƽơǂȇ ȅǀdzơ
.ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ DZƾǠdzơ
ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǠȇ ȅǀdzơ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Ƕǰūơ -Ï
ǹȂǻƢǫ ƢȀƦǴǘƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈǴǰnjǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƿƢǨǻȍơ ǶLJǂƥ ǾŻƾǬƫ ȃƾdz ƶƦǐȇ ƧƽƢŭơ
ƢƆºǸǰƷ ǹƢºǯ Ȃdz ƢǸǯ ƿƢǨǻȎdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ ǾȈǧ ǽƿƢǨǻƛ ƽơǂȇ ȅǀdzơ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ
džºLJȋơ ǹȂºǰƫ ȏȁ .ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǶǯƢŰ ǺǷ ƨǸǰŰ Ǻǟ ơƆǁƽƢǏ
.ȃǂƻƗ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ DzŰ Ƕǰūơ ǾȈǧ ǁƾǏ ƔƢǟƽȏ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ
ǺºǷ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Óȁ Ò ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ ǾƥƢnjƬƫȁ -ÔÎÕ
ǎǼºƫ Ȇºǿȁ .(ÕÑÔ)ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǠdz ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
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:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÑÓ)
ƨºȇȏȂdzƢƥ ǞƬǸƬƫ ƨǸǰŰ ǽǁƾǐƫ ȅǀdzơ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Ƕǰūơ -Î"
ƾºǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ ȅƗ ǶȈǴǫƛ Dzƻơƽ Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǠȇ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨȇƽƢūơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ
:ȏƛ Ǯdzƿȁ ǂƻƕ
ždžȈdzƾƬdzƢƥ Ƕǰūơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ Ļ ơƿƛ (Ɨ)"
ƨǏǂǧ ǺǷ Ƕǰūơ ǽƾǓ ǁƾǏ ȅǀdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǵǂƷ ơƿƛ (ƣ)"
žǾƬȈǔǫ ǑǂǠdz ƨdzƽƢǟ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjǴdz ƢƆȈǧƢǼǷ Ƕǰūơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ (Ʊ)"
ŚȇƢǠǷ ǞǷ ǪǨƬǷ Śǣ ǹƢǯ ȁƗ ǾǸȈǴǫƛ Dzƻơƽ ǶǰūƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƽơǂȇ ȅǀdzơ
.ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ DZƾǠdzơ
ǾŻƾǬƫ ȃƾdz ƶƦǐȇ Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǠȇ ȅǀdzơ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Ƕǰūơ -Ï"
ȅǀdzơ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƢȀƦǴǘƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈǴǰnjǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƿƢǨǻȍơ ǶLJǂƥ
ƨºǸǰŰ Ǻǟ ơƆǁƽƢǏ ƢƆǸǰƷ ǹƢǯ Ȃdz ƢǸǯ ƿƢǨǻȎdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ ǾȈǧ ǽƿƢǨǻƛ ƽơǂȇ
.ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǶǯƢŰ ǺǷ
Ƕǰūơ ǾȈǧ ǁƾǏ ƔƢǟƽȏ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ džLJȋơ ǹȂǰƫ ȏ -Ð"
."ȃǂƻƗ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ DzŰ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ ƔDŽƳ Ŀ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÑÔ)
ƨºȇƽƢǠdzơ DZƢǰNjȌdz Ǟǔź ƾǠȇ Ń ǶǰƷ ȅƘƥ ǥǂƬǠĄȇ -Ò"
ǞºƬǸƬƫ ƾºǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ Ŀ ƨǸǰŰ ǽǁƾǐƫ ȅǀdzơȁ ƨǠƳơǂŭơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǺǷ
:ȏƛ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨȇȏȂdzƢƥ
ždžȈdzƾƬdzƢƥ Ƕǰūơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ Ļ ơƿƛ (Ɨ)"
ƨǏǂǧ Ƕǰūơ ǽƾǓ ǁƾǏ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ƶǼǸĄȇ Ń ơƿƛ (ƣ)"
ȁƗ žǾƬȈǔǫ ǑǂǠdz ƨdzƽƢǟ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƽȂºǫȁ ƪȇǃ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÎÍ ƧƽƢŭơȁ ƧǁƢǓȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ
.(ÕÒÐ)ǵƢºǰƷȋƢƥ ǂºƻȉơ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǥơǂƬǟơ ȄǴǟ ǺǨLjdzơ
ǁơǂºǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȄǴǟ ǾLjǨǻ ǂǷȋơ ǩƾǐȇȁ
ǮǰLjºdzƢƥ ȁƗ ǩǂºǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǻ DZȐƻ ƨŦƢǼdzơ
ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ȄǴǟȁ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJ ȁƗ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ
Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÏÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ Ǯdzǀǯ .ÎÖÖÖ
ȁƗ ǩǂºǘdzơ ȄºǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ DzǬǻ DZȐƻ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ
ǺǷ ÏÎ ƧƽƢŭơȁ (ÕÒÑ)ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ ǺǨLJ ȁƗ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰLjdzƢƥ
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ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÑÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÒÐ)
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƢǓȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ
ƨǸǰŰ ǽǁƾǐƫ ǶǰƷ ȅƘƥ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȇƗ Ŀ ǥǂƬǠȇ -Î"
ƨȈǴǏȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ƿƢǨǻȎdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ ǹȂǰȇȁ ÐÕ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨȇȏȂdzƢƥ ǞƬǸƬƫ
:ȏƛ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨǠƳơǂŭơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǺǷ ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ DZƢǰNjȌdz ƢȀȈǧ Ǟǔź ƾǠȇ Ńȁ
ȁƗ ždžȈdzƾƬdzƢƥ Ƕǰūơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ Ļ ơƿƛ (Ɨ)"
ǺǷ ǵǂƷȁ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧƾǷ DzƦǫ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ǂǘź Ń ơƿƛ (ƣ)"
.ǾƬȈǔǫ ǑǂǠdz ƨdzƽƢǟ ƨǏǂǧ
ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ȄǔƬǬŠ Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǠȇ ȅǀdzơ Ƕǰūơ ǹȂǰȇ -Ï"
ƩƢȈǴǰnjºdzơ ƔƢǨȈƬLJơ DZƢƷ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ Ŀ ƿƢǨǻȎdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ
ǺǷ ƨǠǧơǂŭơ ƣƢƥ ƶƬǧ ƩƢȈǴǰnjdzơ ǮǴƫ DŽȈš ȏȁ .ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƨƦǴǘƬŭơ
."ƨȈǔǬǴdz ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ džLJȋơ Ŀ ƾȇƾƳ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǺǨLjdzơ ƽȂǫȁ ƪȇǃ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÎÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫȁ
ǀȈǨǼƬdzơȁ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ"
ƨºǸǰŰ ǽǁƾǐƫ ǶǰƷ ȅƘƥ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȇƗ Ŀ ǥǂƬǠȇ -Î"
Ńȁ ƨȈǴºǏȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ƿƢǨǻȎdz ȐƆ ƥƢǫ ǹȂǰȇȁ Ö ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨȇȏȂdzƢƥ ǞƬǸƬƫ
:ȏƛ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨǠƳơǂŭơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǺǷ ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ DZƢǰNjȌdz ƢȀȈǧ Ǟǔź ƾǠȇ
ȁƗ ždžȈdzƾƬdzƢƥ Ƕǰūơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ Ļ ơƿƛ (Ɨ)"
ǺǷ ǵǂƷȁ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧƾǷ DzƦǫ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ǂǘź Ń ơƿƛ (ƣ)"
.ǾƬȈǔǫ ǑǂǠdz ƨdzƽƢǟ ƨǏǂǧ
ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ȄǔƬǬŠ Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǠȇ ȅǀdzơ Ƕǰūơ ǹȂǰȇ -Ï"
ƩƢȈǴǰnjºdzơ ƔƢǨȈƬLJơ DZƢƷ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ Ŀ ƿƢǨǻȎdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ
ǺǷ ƨǠǧơǂŭơ ƣƢƥ ƶƬǧ ƩƢȈǴǰnjdzơ ǮǴƫ DŽȈš ȏȁ .ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƨƦǴǘƬŭơ
."ƨȈǔǬǴdz ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ džLJȋơ Ŀ ƾȇƾƳ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ÏÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÒÑ)
ǞƬǸƬƫ ƨǸǰŰ ǽǁƾǐƫ ǶǰƷ ȅƘƥ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȇƗ Ŀ ǥǂƬǠȇ"
Ńȁ ƨȈǴºǏȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ƿƢǨǻȎdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ ǹȂǰȇȁ ÎÖ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨȇȏȂdzƢƥ
:ȏƛ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨǠƳơǂŭơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǺǷ ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ DZƢǰNjȌdz ƢȀȈǧ Ǟǔź ƾǠȇ
ȁƗ ždžȈdzƾƬdzƢƥ Ƕǰūơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ Ļ ơƿƛ (Ɨ)"
ǺǷ ǵǂƷȁ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧƾǷ DzƦǫ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ǂǘź Ń ơƿƛ (ƣ)"
.ǾƬȈǔǫ ǑǂǠdz ƨdzƽƢǟ ƨǏǂǧ
ǁƾǏ ǪƦLJƗ ǶǰƷ śƥȁ Ƕǰūơ śƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ǁǀǠƫ ơƿƛ (Ʊ)"
ǥǂºǗ ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ǁƾǏ ȁƗ ƢȀȈǧ ǶǰūƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƽơǂȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ Ǿƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǪƦLJȁ ÎÖ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢÉƆǬǧȁ ƨȇȏȂdzƢƥ ǞƬǸƬƫ ȃǂƻƗ
ȃȂǟƾºdzơ ƤƦLJ džǨǻ ǺǷ ƢƆǫȐǘǻơ Ǯdzƿȁ ƢȀȈǧ Ǿƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƽơǂȇ Ŗdzơ
."ǥơǂǗȋơ džǨǻ śƥ ƢǸȈǧȁ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
262
Ǻǟ ȄǴƼƬƫ ǹƗ DZȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨȇƽƢūơ ƧƽƢŭơ
.(ÕÒÍ)ƧƽƢȈLJ Ʃơƿ DZȁƾǯ ƢǿDŽǯǂǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǼƦŭơ ǝȂǧƾdzơ Dzǯ
ȆǔǬƫ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǝƢǬdz ƨȈǻƾǠŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơȁ -ÔÏÍ
Ŀ ƿƢǨǻȎdz Ȑ
Ɔ ƥƢǫ ǹȂǰȇȁ ƨǐƬű ƨǸǰŰ ǽǁƾǐƫ ȅǀdzơ Ƕǰūơ ǹƘƥ
DZƢǰºNjƗ ǺºǷ ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ DZƢǰNjȌdz ƢȀȈǧ Ǟǔź ȏȁ ƨȈǴǏȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
Ļ ơƿƛ ƢºǷƗ .ȃǂƻƗ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȇƗ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǠȇ ƨǠƳơǂŭơ
ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ǂǘź Ń ơƿƛ ȁƗ džȈdzƾƬdzƢƥ Ƕǰūơ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ
ǹƜºǧ ǾƬȈǔºǫ ǑǂǠdz ƨǴƳƢǟ ƨǏǂǧ ǺǷ ǵǂƷȁ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧƾǷ DzƦǫ
Ƕǰūơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ Ǯdzǀǯ .ƿƢǨǻȎdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ Ƕǰūơ
ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȇƗ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƿƢǨǻȎdz ȐƆ ƥƢǫ ǹȂǰȇ ǾƬƸǐƥ ǥǂƬǠȇ ȅǀdzơ
Ǻǰdzȁ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ƢȀƦǴǘƬƫ Ŗdzơ (ÕÒÎ)"ƩƢȈǴǰnjdzơ" ƔƢǨȈƬLJơ ƽǂƴŠ
ȏȁ ƾºȇƾƳ ǺǷ ƨȈǔǬdzơ Ŀ ƨǠǧơǂŭơ ƣƢƥ ƶƬǨƫ ȏ ƩƢȈǴǰnjdzơ ǮǴƫ
.ǪƦǘǼŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƧǁƢƯƛ ńƛ ȅƽƚƫ
ǹƢºǯ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơȁ -ÔÏÎ
ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz ƨǠǓƢƻ Dzǜƫ ƢĔƜǧ ƢƆǧǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ DzǤnjŭơ
ǹƗ ƢȀȈǴǟȁ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǟǫȁ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȁƗ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ƨƦƷƢǏ
Ʃơƿ ƨºdzȁƾǯ ƢºǿDŽǯǂǷ ȄºǴǟ ƨȈǼƦŭơ ǝȂǧƾdzơ Dzǯ Ǻǟ ȄǴƼƬƫ
.(ÕÒÏ)ƧƽƢȈLJ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÑÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǎǼƫȁ -ÔÏÏ
DzºǬǼdzơ Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢºǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
__________
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨȇƽƢūơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÒÍ)
..."
ƧƾºǫƢǠƬǷ ƨºdzȁƽ ƢºȀǰǴŤ Ŗdzơ ǺǨLjdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ -Ï"
ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ƧƢǓƢǬǸǴdz ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ Ǟǔţ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋơ Ŀ ǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ
Ǻǟ ȄǴƼƬƫ ǹƗ ƢȀȈǴǟȁ ƨǠLJƢƬdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ
."ƧƽƢȈLJ Ʃơƿ ƨdzȁƾǯ ƢǿDŽǯǂǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǼƦŭơ ǝȂǧƾdzơ Dzǯ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÒÎ)
ƨǸǰŰ ǽǁƾǐƫ ǶǰƷ ȅƘƥ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȇƗ Ŀ ǥǂƬǠȇ -Î"
ƨȈǴǏȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ƿƢǨǻȎdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ ǹȂǰȇȁ ÎÎ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨȇȏȂdzƢƥ ǞƬǸƬƫ
:ȏƛ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨǠƳơǂŭơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǺǷ ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ DZƢǰNjȌdz ƢȀȈǧ Ǟǔź ƾǠȇ Ńȁ
ȁƗ ždžȈdzƾƬdzƢƥ Ƕǰūơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ Ļ ơƿƛ (Ɨ)"
ǺǷ ǵǂƷȁ ƨdzȂǬǠǷ ƧƾǷ DzƦǫ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ǂǘź Ń ơƿƛ (ƣ)"
.ǾƬȈǔǫ ǑǂǠdz ƨdzƽƢǟ ƨǏǂǧ
ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ȄǔƬǬŠ Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǠȇ ȅǀdzơ Ƕǰūơ ǹȂǰȇ -Ï"
ƩƢȈǴǰnjºdzơ ƔƢǨȈƬLJơ DZƢƷ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ Ŀ ƿƢǨǻȎdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ
ǺǷ ƨǠǧơǂŭơ ƣƢƥ ƶƬǧ ƩƢȈǴǰnjdzơ ǮǴƫ DŽȈš ȏȁ .ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƨƦǴǘƬŭơ
ƨdzƘLjºǷ Ŀ ǂºǜǼdzơ ƧƽƢºǟƛ ȏȁ ȃȂǟƾǴdz ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ džLJȋơ Ŀ ƾȇƾƳ
."ǪƦǘǼŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ÎÐ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÒÏ)
Ǟǔţ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ǹƜǧ DzǤnjŭơ Ȇǿ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ"
ƢȀȈǴǟȁ ÎÎ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ƧƢǓƢǬǸǴdz
."ƧƽƢȈLJ Ʃơƿ ƨdzȁƾǯ ƢǿDŽǯǂǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǼƦŭơ ǝȂǧƾdzơ Dzǯ Ǻǟ ȄǴƼƬƫ ǹƗ
263 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨºǟƢǸŪơ ǹȂǻƢºǫ ǪȈƦǘƬƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
ƨºǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ƔƢǔºǟƗ Ȇºǿ Ŗdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ DZȁƾdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ Ǻǟ ÏÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƬǧ .ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟƗ Ȇǿ Ŗdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǶǯƢŰ ǪďƦǘĄƫ -Î
ÎÐ ƧƽƢºŭơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
DZȁƾºdzơ ȃƾƷƛ Ŀ ƢƆǸȈǬǷ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ǹƢǯ ŕǷ [ƨǐƬƼŭơ ǶǯƢƄƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ]
ƪºƸǼǷ ƾºǫ ǥơǂǗȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ȁƗ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ
ǹƢºǯȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ȃƾƷƛ Ŀ ƨǸǰƄ ƢƆǏƢǐƬƻơ
.ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ Ȃǔǟ ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ƢƆǸȈǬǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƾƷƗ
ƨºǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ƔƢǔºǟƗ Ȇºǿ Ŗdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǪďƦǘĄƫ -Ï
Ʃơƿ ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƢēƢǫȐǠƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
.ÎÕȁ ÎÒ śƫƽƢŭơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥ ƨǴǐdzơ
ǥơǂǗȋơ ȃƾƷƛ ǵƢȈǫ DZƢǸƬƷơ ƢƆǔȇƗ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ȄƻȂƬȇȁ -ÔÏÑ
ǵƢºǰƷȋƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƾǟơȂǫ ǪȈƦǘƬƥ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ
ǹƢǸºǓ Ŀ DzºưǸƬȇ ǥȂLJ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǮǴƫ ǂƯƗ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ .ƢǿƿƢǨǻƛȁ
ǾȈǴǟ ǎǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁƾǬdzƢƥ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ƢǿƿƢǨǻƛȁ ǵƢǰƷȋƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
.ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
ǞǷ ǾƥƢnjƬƫ ƢƆǷƢǰƷƗ ơƆƾȀǟ ǪƦLJȋơ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǸǔƬƫȁ -ÔÏÒ
.ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢºǠdz ǦºȈȈǯȁ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ ŅȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǵƢǰƷƗ
ȅƘƥ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȇƗ Ŀ ǥăǂƬǠĄȇ ÏÐ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠȁ
ƾºǠȇ Ńȁ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȇȏȂdzƢƥ ǞƬǸƬƫ ƨǸǰŰ ǽǁƾǐƫ ǁơǂǫ
:ơƿƛ ȏƛ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨǠƳơǂŭơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǺǷ ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ DZƢǰNjȌdz Ǟǔź
ǥǂºǘdzơ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjǴdz ƢƆȈǧƢǼǷ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ Ǯdzƿ ǹƢǯ (Ɨ)
žǾȈǧ Ǿƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƽơǂĄȇ ȅǀdzơ
DZȂǏȋơ ƤLjŞ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟċƾŭơ ǢōǴƦĄȇ Ńȁ ƢƆȈƥƢȈǣ ǁơǂǬdzơ ǁƾǏ (ƣ)
ǺǷ ǾǼȈǰǸƬdz ȆǨǰȇ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ƨdzƽƢǠǷ ƨǬȈƯȂƥ ȁƗ Ƣđ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƩƗƾƥ Ŗdzơ ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ
žǾǟƢǧƽ ǂǷƗ ƤȈƫǂƫ
_________________________________________
žǾƬȈǔǫ ǑǂǠdz ƨdzƽƢǟ ƨǏǂǧ ǺǷ ǾȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ǵǂƷ ơƿƛ ȁƗ (ƣ)"
śºƥȁ ǶȈºǰƸƬdzơ ǁơǂǫ ȁƗ Ƕǰūơ śƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ǁǀǠƫ ơƿƛ (Ʊ)"
ȃǂºƻƗ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ǶȈǴLJ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ǁƾǏ ǪƦLJƗ ǶȈǰŢ ǁơǂǫ ȁƗ ǶǰƷ
ȁƗ žǥơǂǗȋơ džǨǻ śƥ ƢǸȈǧȁ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƤƦLJ džǨǻ ǺǷ ƢƆǫȐǘǻơ Ǯdzƿȁ
ƨLJƢȈLjºǴdz ƢƆºȈǧƢǼǷ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǁơǂǫ ȁƗ Ƕǰūơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ (ƽ)"
ǁơǂºǫ ȁƗ ǶǰūƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƽơǂȇ ȅǀdzơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘǴdz ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ
.ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Dzƻơƽ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ
Ǿºƥ ǥǂºƬǠȇ ȅǀdzơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǁơǂǫ ȁƗ Ƕǰūơ ǹȂǰȇ -Ï"
DZƢƷ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ Ŀ ƿƢǨǻȎdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ȄǔƬǬŠ
ƩƢȈǴǰnjºdzơ ǮǴƫ DŽȈš ȏȁ .ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƨƦǴǘƬŭơ ƩƢȈǴǰnjdzơ ƔƢǨȈƬLJơ
.ȃȂǟƾǴdz ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ džLJȋơ Ŀ ƾȇƾƳ ǺǷ ƨǠǧơǂŭơ ƣƢƥ ƶƬǧ
śºƥ ƧƽƢºŭơ ǽǀºǿ ǺǷ Ïȁ Î ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ ǪƦǘǼƫ ȏ -Ð"
ǹƘnjºƥ DZȂǠǨŭơ ȅǁƢLJ ǩƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƢƆǧơǂǗƗ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ
ƨºdzƽƢƦƬǷ ƧǁȂǐºƥ ƢǿƿƢǨǻƛȁ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ȁƗ ǵƢǰƷȋƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
."ƿƢǨǻȎdz ȐƆ ƥƢǫȁ Ǿƥ ƢƆǧǂƬǠǷ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǁơǂǫ ȁƗ Ƕǰūơ ƶƦǐȇ ƢȀƦƳȂŠ Ŗdzơȁ
ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǵƾǟ DZȂǐƷ ǃơȂƳ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
ǁƾºǏ ǪƥƢLJ ǶǰƷȁ ǁƽƢǐdzơ Ƕǰūơ śƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ǺǰŻ ȏ ƢǷƾǼǟ
ƤƦLjºƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǂƻƕ ƾǫƢǠƬǷ ǥǂǗ Ŀ ƶȈƸǏ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ
ƤºƳȂǸƦǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .Ƣēơƿ ǥơǂǗȋƢƥȁ Ǿƫơƿ ȃȂǟƾdzơ
ǭƢºǼǿ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǪƦǘǼƫ ȏ DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ
ǹƘnjºƥ ƧƾºǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂºǗȋơ śƥ DZȂǠǨŭơ ǀǧƢǻ ƤȈƫǂƫ ȁƗ ǩƢǨƫơ
Ƕºǰūơ ƶƦǐºȇ ǽƢǔƬǬŠȁ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƿƢǨǻƛȁ DZƽƢƦƬŭơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
.(ÕÒÒ)DZȂǠǨŭơ ǀǧƢǻȁ Ǿƥ ƢƆǧǂƬǠǷ
ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢºǠdz ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ ÎÕ ƧƽƢŭơ ǾƥƢnjƬƫȁ -ÔÏÐ
ǥǂºƬǠȇȁ .(ÕÒÓ)ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ ÏÎ ƧƽƢŭơ ǞǷ
_________________________________________
(ǞƥƢƫ (ÕÒÑ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
Ǿºƥ ǥǂºƬǠȇ ǶǰƷ ȅƗ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫȁ
ƔƢǨȈƬLJơ DZƢƷ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ Ŀ ǀȈǨǼƬǴdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ ǹȂǰȇ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ
ƨǠǧơǂŭơ ƣƢƥ ƶƬǧ ńƛ ȅƽƚƫ ȏ Ŗdzơȁ) ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƩƢȈǴǰnjdzơ
.(ƨȈǔǬǴdz ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ džLJȋơ Ŀ ƾȇƾƳ ǺǷ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǠdz DZǃƢƥ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ ÏÎ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÒÒ)
ƨdzƽƢƦƬǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƢǿƿƢǨǻƛȁ ǵƢǰƷȋƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ"
ǶºǰƷ ȅƗ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ǺǷ ÎÔ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ -Î"
Ńȁ ƨȈǴºǏȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ǀȈǨǼƬǴdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǐƬű ƨǸǰŰ ǽǁƾǐƫ
Ŀ Ǿºƥ ǥǂƬǠȇ ƨǠƳơǂŭơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǺǷ ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ DZƢǰNjȌdz ƢȀȈǧ Ǟǔź ƾǠȇ
ǮºǴƫ Ŀ ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƩƢȈǴǰnjdzơ ƔƢǨȈƬLJơ DZƢƷ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǺǷ ȅƗ
:ȏƛ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ždžȈdzƾƬdzƢƥ Ƕǰūơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ Ļ ơƿƛ (Ɨ)"
ƨǏǂǧ ǺǷ Ƕǰūơ ǽƾǓ ǁƾǏ ȅǀdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǵǂƷ ơƿƛ (ƣ)"
žǾƬȈǔǫ ǑǂǠdz ƨdzƽƢǟ
śºƥȁ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǁơǂǫ ȁƗ Ƕǰūơ śƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ǁǀǠƫ ơƿƛ (Ʊ)"
ǥǂºǗ ƨºdzȁƽ Ŀ ǶȈǴºLJ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ǁƾǏ ǪƦLJƗ ǶȈǰŢ ǁơǂǫ ȁƗ ǶǰƷ
džºǨǻ śºƥ ƢºǸȈǧȁ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƤƦLJ džǨǻ ǺǷ ƢƆǫȐǘǻơ Ǯdzƿȁ ȃǂƻƗ
ȁƗ žǥơǂǗȋơ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjǴdz ƢƆȈǧƢǼǷ Ƕǰūơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ (ƽ)"
.ǾǸȈǴǫƛ Dzƻơƽ ǶǰūƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƽơǂȇ ȅǀdzơ
ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ȄǔƬǬŠ Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǠȇ ȅǀdzơ Ƕǰūơ ǹȂǰȇ -Ï"
ƩƢȈǴǰnjºdzơ ƔƢǨȈƬLJơ DZƢƷ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ Ŀ ƿƢǨǻȎdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ
ǺǷ ƨǠǧơǂŭơ ƣƢƥ ƶƬǧ ƩƢȈǴǰnjdzơ ǮǴƫ DŽȈš ȏȁ .ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƨƦǴǘƬŭơ
.ȃȂǟƾǴdz ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ džLJȋơ Ŀ ƾȇƾƳ
śºƥ ƧƽƢºŭơ ǽǀºǿ ǺǷ Ïȁ Î ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ ǪƦǘǼƫ ȏ -Ð"
ǹƘnjºƥ DZȂǠǨŭơ ȅǁƢLJ ǩƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƢƆǧơǂǗƗ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ
ƶƦǐºȇ ƢȀƦƳȂŠ Ŗdzơȁ ƨdzƽƢƦƬǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƢǿƿƢǨǻƛȁ ǵƢǰƷȋƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
."ƿƢǨǻȎdz ȐƆ ƥƢǫȁ Ǿƥ ƢƆǧǂƬǠǷ Ƕǰūơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǠdz ǦȈȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǷ ÎÕ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÒÓ)
ƨºǸǰŰ ǽǁƾǐºƫ ǶȈºǰŢ ǁơǂǫ ȁƗ ǶǰƷ ȅƘƥ ǥǂƬǠȇ -Î"
ƾºǠȇ Ńȁ ƨȈǴǏȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ǀȈǨǼƬǴdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ÎÐ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨǐƬű
ǥơǂºǗȋơ ǺºǷ ȅƗ Ŀ ƨǠƳơǂŭơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǺǷ ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ DZƢǰNjȌdz ƢȀȈǧ Ǟǔź
:ȏƛ Ǯdzƿȁ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƩƢȈǴǰnjdzơ ƔƢǨȈƬLJơ DZƢƷ
ždžȈdzƾƬdzƢƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǁơǂǫ ȁƗ Ƕǰūơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ Ļ ơƿƛ (Ɨ)"
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǵƢºǰƷȋƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢºƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƽǂƫȁ -ÔÐÍ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂǸƦǧ .ǭȂǰǐdzơ ǦǴƬű Ŀ ƧǁǂǬŭơ DZơȂǷȋƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ DZƢºūơ ǾȈǴǟ ƢǷ ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟȁ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
ƨºǸǰŰ ǽǁƾǐºƫ ȅǀdzơ Ƕǰūơ ǹȂǰȇ ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
Ȑ
Ɔ ƥƢºǫ ƨºdzƢǠǧ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƢȀȈǧ Dzƻƾƫ ȃȂǟƾƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ǹȂǰȇȁ Ǿƥ ǥăǂƬǠĄȇ ƢǸǯ Ƕǰūơ ƢȀȈǧ ǁƾǏ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ƿƢǨǻȎdz
ƤƳȂŠȁ .(ÕÒÕ)ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǺǷ ǥǂǗ Dzǯ Ŀ ƿƢǨǻȎdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÑÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ
Ƨǂºǘƻ ƽơȂºŭ ȅǂƸƦdzơ DzǬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ
ƨºǸǰŰ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƾǓ ǽǁƾǐƫ ǶǰŞ ǥǂƬǠĄȇ ƧǁƢǓȁ
ƾºǠȇ Ńȁ ƨȈǴǏȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ǀȈǨǼƬǴdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ ǹƢǯȁ ƨȇȏȂdzƢƥ ƨǠƬǸƬǷ
ǾǻƜǧ ƨǠƳơǂŭơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǺǷ ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ DZƢǰNjȌdz ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ Ǟǔź
.ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ Ŀ ǀȈǨǼƬǴdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫȁ Ǿƥ ƢƆǧăǂƬǠǷ ƶƦǐȇ
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȐdz ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǺǸǔƫȁ -ÔÐÎ
ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬǴdz Ņȁƽ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƔƢnjǻƜƥ
ǾºǼǷ Õ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƬǧ .ǽơȂƸǧ Ŀ Ȑ Ɔ ƯƢŲ ƢƆǐǻ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz ȆǘǨǼdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ
__________
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ô ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÒÕ)
..."
ǹȂǰȇ ȏ Ó ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǎǼĄȇ Ń ƢǷ -Ò"
ƢºȀȈǧ ƢƆºǧǂǗ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ȃȂǟƽ Ŀ ǁơǂǫ ȁƗ ǶǰƷ ȅƘƥ ƢƆǷDŽǴǷ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
.ƢȀȈǧ ƢƆǧǂǗ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ƨȇȂLjƫ ȅƘƥ ȏȁ
ơƿƛ ǾǻƜǧ Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋƢƥ DZȐƻƛ ǹȁƽȁ -Ó"
ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ȃȂǟƽ ƪǸȈǫƗ
ƧƾºǫƢǠƬǷ ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ƨǐƬű ƨǸǰŰ ǵƢǷƗ ǾǼǷƢǓ ȁƗ ǮdzƢǷ ƾǓ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ
Ŀ ƨºdzȁƾǴdz řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ Ǫūơ ȃȂǟƾdzơ Ŀ ǥǂǗ Dzǰdz ǹȂǰȇ
ƨȈǴǰnjºdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȎdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǁƢǘƻȍơ Ļ ơƿƛȁ .ȃȂǟƾdzƢƥ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ǁƢǘƻƛ
ƨºǬȇǂǘdzƢƥȁ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ȃȂǟƾdzơ Ŀ ǂǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƢȀȈǔƬǬȇ Ŗdzơ
ƨdzƢǠǧ ƧǁȂǐƥ DzƻƾƬdzơ Ǿdz ƶȈƬȇ DŽǯǂǷ Ŀ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƢȀǠǷ ǹȂǰȇ Ŗdzơ
ȃȂǟƾdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƨǸǰƄơ ǽǁƾǐƫ ǶǰƷ ȅƗ ƶƦǐȇ ȃȂǟƾdzơ Ŀ ǥǂǘǯ
ƢƆǷDŽǴǷ Ƕǰūơ ƢȀȈǧ ǁƾǏ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ǀȈǨǼƬǴdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫȁ ƢƆȈƟƢĔ ƶƦǐȇ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ
Ǻǰȇ Ń Ȃdzȁ ŕƷ Ƕǰūơ Ŀ ǺǠǘdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐǴdz ǃȂŸ ȏ ǾǻƗ ŘǠŠ ǩȁƾǼǐǴdz
."DzǠǨdzƢƥ ȃȂǟƾdzơ Ŀ ǭǁƢNj ƾǫ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ
:Õ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǻ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ
ǺºǷ Ò ƧǂºǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǞȇǃȂƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǶǰŞ ƢƆǼǿǁ"
ǞºƬǸƬƫ ƨºǸǰŰ ǺǷ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƾǓ ǁƾǐȇ ǶǰƷ ȅƘƥ ǥǂƬǠĄȇ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ǀȈǨǼƬǴdz Ȑ
Ɔ ƥƢǫ ƶƦǐȇȁ Ô ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ðȁ Î śƫǂǬǨǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨȇȏȂdzƢƥ
ǺºǷ ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ DZƢǰNjȌdz ƨȈǴǏȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ Ǟǔź ƾǠȇ Ńȁ ƨȈǴǏȋơ
džǨǼºƥ ƧƾºǫƢǠƬǷ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ Ŀ ǀȈǨǼƬǴdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ ƶƦǐȇȁ ƨǠƳơǂŭơ DZƢǰNjƗ
."ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƧǂNjƢǠdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƧǁǂǬŭơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƢƆǷƢǰƷƗ ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǠdz ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǸǔƬƫȁ
ƭȂºǴƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏƢƥ
.ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz ȆǘǨǼdzơ
264
śºƥ ǝơDŽºǻ Ŀ ǀƼČƫơ ǁơǂǫ śƥȁ ǁơǂǬdzơ śƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ǁǀǠƫ (Ʊ)
žǾȈǧ Ǿƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƽơǂĄȇ ȅǀdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ Ŀ ǥơǂǗȋơ džǨǻ
ƨºdzȁƽ Ŀ ǁƾǏ ǪƦLJƗ ǁơǂǫ śƥȁ ǁơǂǬdzơ śƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ǁōǀǠƫ (ƽ)
Ǯºdzƿȁ ǥơǂǗȋơ džǨǻ śƥ ƢǸȈǧȁ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƤƦLJ džǨǻ ǺǷ ƢƆǫȐǘǻơ ȃǂƻƗ
Ǿƥ ǥơǂƬǟȐdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ ǕȁǂnjǴdz ƢƆȈǧȂƬLjǷ Śƻȋơ ǁơǂǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƨǘȇǂNj
.ƤǗƢƼŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ Ŀ
ǥăǂƬǠĄȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ ǹƘƥ ÏÐ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ȆǔǬƫȁ -ÔÏÓ
ǹȂǰȇ ƨȈǴǏȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ǀȈǨǼƬǴdz ȐƆ ƥƢǫ ǹƢǯȁ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƤƳȂŠ Ǿƥ
Ŗºdzơ ƩƢȈǴǰnjdzơ ƔƢǨȈƬLJơ DZƢƷ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ Ŀ ǀȈǨǼƬǴdz Ȑ Ɔ ƥƢǫ
ǺǷ ƨǠǧơǂŭơ ƣƢƥ ƶƬǧ DŽȈƴĄƫ ȏ Ŗdzơȁ) ǥǂǘdzơ Ǯdzƿ śǻơȂǫ ƢȀƦǴǘƬƫ
.(ƨȈǔǬǴdz ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ džLJȋơ Ŀ ƾȇƾƳ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ȄºǴǟ ƨºȈǼƦǷ ƧƽƢŭơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơȁ -ÔÏÔ
ǵƢǰƷȋơ ƿƢǨǻƛȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ÎÖÓÕ ǵƢǠdz DzLjǯȁǂƥ
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơȁ ƨȈǻƾŭơ DzƟƢLjŭơ Ŀ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ
DzƟƢLjºŭơ Ŀ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ƿƢǨǻƛȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzƢƥ
.ÎÖÕÕ ǵƢǠdz ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơȁ ƨȈǻƾŭơ
ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣ śƥȁ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ śƥ ƨǫȐǠdzƢƥ DzǐƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǷƗ -ÔÏÕ
ǹƜºǧ ƨȈƟƢǔºǬdzơ ǵƢºǰƷȋơ ƿƢǨǻƛ ƨdzƘLjŠ ŘǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ÏÑ ƧƽƢŭơ
ƧƾºǿƢǠŠ ǹȂǷDŽǴǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ǹƢǧǂǗ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Dzǯ Ŀ
ǥơǂºǗȋơ ƾºƷƗ Ŀ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ȁƗ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƨȇȏȂǴdz ƾǟơȂǫ ǁǂǬƫ
ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǵƢǰƷƗ DzŢ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ǮǴƫ ƿƢǨǻƛȁ ǂƻƕ ǥǂǗ Ŀ ƩǁƾǏ ƩơǁơǂǬƥ
.ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ [ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƽơȂŭơ] Ŀ ƨǴƥƢǬŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ DzŰ
śºƥȁ ȂǻƢǣȂdz ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ śƥ ƨǫȐǠdzƢƥ ǂǷȋơ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǷ ǁƾǬƥȁ -ÔÏÖ
ǹƗ ȄºǴǟ ÏÒ ƧƽƢºŭơ ǎǼƫ ǥơǂǗȋơ DZȁƾǴdz ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅƘºƥ ȏȁ ǥơǂºǗȋơ DZȁƾǴdz ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ śǻơȂǬdzơ džŤ ȏ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǷƗȁ .Ƣđ ƨǘƦƫǂǷ DZȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ ȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ
ƾǟơȂǫ ǹƜǧ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ǥơǂǗȋƢƥ
ǵƢºǰƷƗ ǪºƦǘǼƫ ȏȁ ƨǸǛƢǼdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ Ȇǿ ǹȂǰƫ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǮǴƫ
ƨdzƘLjǷ ǶǜǼƫ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ȃƾdz ƧƾǟƢǫ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ ǁơƾǬŠ ȏƛ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
.(ÕÒÔ)DzƟƢLjŭơ ǺǷ ƢȀǼȈǠƥ
__________
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÏÒ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÒÔ)
ȅƗ ǺºǷ ǎǬƬǼȇ ȁƗ ƾŹ ǾǻƘƥ ǂLjǨȇ ƢǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ džȈdz -Î"
ǶƬºȇ ƾºǫ ƢŲ ƾŹ ǾǻƘƥ ȁƗ ǁǂǔdzƢƥ ơȂƦȈǏƗ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǩȂǬƷ ǺǷ ǪƷ
ƧƾºǿƢǠǷ ȅƗ ƤƳȂŠ ȁƗ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǺǷ ǥǂǗ ȅƗ śǻơȂǫ ƤƳȂŠ ǾȈǴǟ ǎǼdzơ
ńƛ ƢȀǟƢǓȁƗ ƧƽƢǟƛ ȁƗ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ǪǴǠƬƫ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ƢƆǧǂǗ ǹȂǰȇ ȃǂƻƗ
.ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ
Ŀ ƔƢǔºǟȋơ ǥơǂºǗȋơ ǪƦǘƫ ǥơǂǗȋơ śƥ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ Ŀ -Ï"
ǪºƦǘƫ ȏ ơǀºŮ Ȇǿȁ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǮǴƫ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
ƨǟƢǸŪơ ȃƾdz ƧƾǟƢǫ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ ǁơƾǬŠ ȏƛ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ
."ǾǼȈǠƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ǶǜǼƫ
265 Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
DZȁƾºdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ -ƔƢƥ
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǁƢǗƛ ƱǁƢƻ
ǵƢǰƷȋơȁ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ƿƢǨǻƜƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ƧǁƢƯƛ ǶƬƫ Ń -ÔÐÑ
.ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ Ŀ ǶǯƢƄơȁ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƩƢƠȈǿ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ
Ŀ DzºǏȂƬƫ DZȁƾdzơ ƪǻƢǯ DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ƨȈũǂdzơ ƩȐLJơǂŭơ Ŀȁ
ƢŠ ƩȏƢūơ ǶǜǠǷ Ŀ ƾȈǬƬƫ ƪǻƢǯȁ ƨȈǬȈǧȂƫ ƩƢȇȂLjƫ ńƛ ƧƽƢǠdzơ
ǮºǴƫ ǹȂǸǔºǷ ƮºŞ ȃǂƳ ƾǫȁ .DZȂǴƷ ǺǷ ǾȈǴǟ ǪǨƬƫ
.ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ DZȂǐǨdzơ Ŀ ƩȐLJơǂŭơ
_________________________________________
ƧƽƢºŭơ ǵƢºǰƷȋ ƆƢºǬǧȁ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨǼŪ ǥǂǐƬƫ -Î"
.Ƨǂnjǟ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ
ơƿƛ ƆƢǷDŽǴǷȁ ƆƢȈƟƢĔ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǽǁƾǐƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ ǹȂǰȇ -Ï"
ƆƢºȈƟƢĔ ƆƢǸǰƷ ǁƾǐƫ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹƜǧ ȏƛȁ žǮdzƿ ȄǴǟ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƪǬǨƫơ
ƣƢƦºLJƗ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ śƦƫȁ .ƨǼLjƷ ƨȈǼƥ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǾȈǧ ǂǜǼƫ ƆƢȈƟƢǐȇƛȁ
."Ƕǰūơ ȁƗ ǁơǂǬdzơ ƢǿƿƢţơ
Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǞȇǃȂƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǁơǂǫ ȅƘƥ ƆƢǼǿǁ -Î
ǶǰƷ ȅƘƥ ǥǂǗ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȇƗ Ŀ ǥăǂƬǠĄȇ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ
Ô ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƆƢǬǧȁ ȆǴȈǸǰƬdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ƾǓ ƨȇȏȂdzƢƥ ǞƬǸƬƫ ƨǸǰŰ ǽǁƾǐƫ
ƾǠȇ Ńȁ ƨȈǴǏȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ƿƢǨǻȎdz ƆȐƥƢǫ ǹȂǰȇȁ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ
Ǖȁǂnjºdzơ džǨǼºƥ ƨǠƳơǂŭơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǺǷ ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ DZƢǰNjȌdz ƢȀȈǧ Ǟǔź
.ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƧǂNjƢǠdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ ƧǁǂǬŭơ
(ƽ) ƧǂºǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz džȇǁƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǎǼƫȁ -ÔÐÏ
ȃǂºƻȋơ ƧƾºǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂºǗȋơ ǥǂƬǠƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ÎÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ
Ƣǿǁƾǐƫ Ŗdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ǺǷ ǶƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȇȂLjƬdzƢƥ
ƨºǴƥƢǫ ǹȂºǰƫȁ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ǮǴƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ǶǯƢƄơ
.ȃǂƻȋơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƿƢǨǻȎdz
ƢȀƯƾºŢ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀȁ -ÔÐÐ
.ƿƢºǨǻȎdz ƨºȈǴƥƢǬdzơ ǵƢºǰƷƗ ƨǣƢȈǏ ǦǴƬţ ƨȈƟƢǔǨdzơ ǵƢLjƳȋơ
ƢƆºȈƟƢĔ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ƨǼŪ ǁơǂǫ ǹȂǰȇ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂǸƦǧ
ǁƾǐºƫ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹƜǧ ȏƛȁ žǮdzƿ ȄǴǟ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƪǬǨƫơ ơƿƛ ƢƆǷDŽǴǷȁ
ƨȈǴƥƢǫ ƾǸƬǠƫ Ľ ǺǷȁ .ƨǼLjƷ ƨȈǼƥ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǾȈǧ ǂǜǼƫ ƆƢȈƟƢǐȇƛ ơƆǁơǂǫ
.(ÕÒÖ)ǥơǂǗȋơ ǩƢǨƫơ ȄǴǟ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ƿƢǨǻƛ
__________
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ ƔDŽƳ Ŀ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ Ƨǂnjǟ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ (ÕÒÖ)
 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
[DZƢǸǟȋơ DZȁƾƳ ǺǷ Ò ƾǼƦdzơ]
*A/CN.4/542 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ
ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȂȈǼȇƾȈƯ džȈǤȇǁƽȁǁ ǁȂƬǰȈǧ ƾȈLjdzơ ǽƾǟƗ DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ ǞƥƢLjdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ
[ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍƢƥ/ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzƢƥ/ƨȇDŽȈǴǰǻȍƢƥ :DzǏȋơ]
[ÏÍÍÑ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÏ]
ƩƢȇȂƬƄơ
ƨƸǨǐdzơ
ÏÓÔ ........................................................................ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ
ÏÓÕ ............................................................................................ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳơǂŭơ
ƩơǂºǬǨdzơ
ÏÔÎ ÎÏ-Î ................................................................................................. ƨǷƾǬǷ
DzǐǨdzơ
ÏÔÐ ÏÍÎ-ÎÐ ................................................... DZȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢŲ DzưŤ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơȁ DZƢǠǧȋơ - DZȁȋơ
ÏÔÐ ÔÖ-ÎÐ ........................................ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƢȀƦƳȂŠ DzǸƸƬƫ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ - ǦdzƗ
ÏÖÖ ÕÕ-ÕÍ .............................. ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ȁƗ ǪƷ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ƣđ DZǃƢǼƬƫ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ - ƔƢƥ
ÐÍÏ ÎÔÕ-ÕÖ .......................... ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ȁƗ ƢǷ ǪƷ ƾȈǯƘƫ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ƣđ ȅȂǼƫ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ - ǶȈƳ
ƢȀƯƾºŢ Ŗºdzơ ǁƢºƯȊdz ƨºǴƯƢŲ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ơƆǁƢƯƕ ƭƾŢ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ ǒǠƥ - DZơƽ
ÐÎÕ ÎÕÓ-ÎÔÖ ................................................................ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ÐÎÖ ÏÍÎ-ÎÕÔ ...........DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ ǒǠƥ ǹȏƾǠȇ ǹƕƾƦǷ ƢǸȀǨǏȂƥ ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơȁ ƩȂǰLjdzơ - ƔƢǿ
ÐÏÐ ÏÐÎ-ÏÍÏ ...............................................................................ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJȏơ - ňƢưdzơ
ºººººººººº
ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. (ÎÖÑÕ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ö ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ) ƢȀȈǴǟ ƨƦǫƢǠŭơȁ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƨŻǂƳ ǞǼǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
78, No. 1021, p. 277.
Ibid., vol. 189, No. 2545, p. 137. (ÎÖÒÎ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÏÕ ǦȈǼƳ) śƠƳȐdzơ ǞǓȂƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ
Ibid., vol. 131, No. 1736, p. 83. Î ȂǰLjȈLjǻǂǧ ǹƢLJ) ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻȁ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ śƥ ǺǷȋơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ
(ÎÖÒÎ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ
Ibid., vol. 219, No. 2962, p. 3. (ȂLJǁơȁ ǩƢưȈǷ) (ÎÖÒÒ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÎÑ ȂLJǁơȁ) ƨdzƽƢƦƬŭơ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơȁ ƨǫơƾǐdzơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ
Ibid., vol. 516, No. 7477, p. 205. (ÎÖÒÕ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÖ ǦȈǼƳ) ƨŨƢƬŭơ ƨǬǘǼŭơȁ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǂƸƦdzơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
Ibid., vol. 729, No. 10485, p. 161. (ÎÖÓÕ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ Î ǺǘǼNjơȁ ȂǰLJȂǷ ǹƾǼdz) ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǁƢnjƬǻơ ǵƾǟ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ
Ibid., vol. 1155, No. 18232, p. 331. (ÎÖÓÖ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÏÐ ƢǼȈȈǧ) ƩƾǿƢǠŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
Ibid., vol. 1833, No. 31363, p. 3. (ÎÖÕÏ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÍ ȅƢƥ ȂǤȈƬǻȂǷ) ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
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ƢȀǴǸǟ Ŀ ǵƾǬƫ ǃơǂƷȍȁ ƪǫƚǷ ŚƥƾƬǯȁ Ľ ǺǷȁ .ƨǼƴǴdzơ Dzƻơƽ
__________
.ÐÍÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÓÕ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Î)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Ó ƨȈǏȂƬdzơ
ǹƢºǰǷȍơ ǁƾǫ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǽǀŮ ǶǜǼŭơ ǦȈǼǐƬdzơ ƶǸLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ
:ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨǴƠLJȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨƥƢƳȍƢƥ
ŸƨdzȁƾǴdz ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ȁƗ DzǠǨdzơ Ɣơǁȁ Ǟǧơȁƾdzơ ƢǷ (Ɨ)
DZȁƾºǴdz řǸǔºdzơ ȁƗ ƶȇǂǐºdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ƨƸǏ ŚȇƢǠǷ ƢǷ (ƣ)
ǁƾºǏ ȅǀdzơ ǃƢȀŪơ ƨȈǴǿƘƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ơƆǂǐƷ džȈdz Ǻǰdzȁ ƢƆǏȂǐƻȁ
ŸǥǂǐƬdzơ ȁƗ DzǠǨdzơ ơǀǿ ǾǼǟ
ƤƸºLJ ȁƗ DzȇƾºǠƫ ǺǰŻ ǕȁǂNj ƨȇƘƥȁ ǥȁǂǛ ƨȇƗ Ŀ (Ʊ )
ŸȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ
Ô ƨȈǏȂƬdzơ
ƢȀƳƢƬǼƬLJơ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ DzƦǬŭơ ǽǂȇǂǬƫ Ŀ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǵƾǬȇ Ǻdz
ǝȂºǓȂǷ ƾºǟơȂǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹȂǰƬLJ Dzƥ ȂƸǼdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǺǷ
.(ÎÍ)ƧƽƾŰ ƩƢȈǏȂƫ ȁƗ ƽơȂǷ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ ǥƾđ ƨǬƷȏ ǂȇǁƢǬƫ
ǁǂºǬŭơ ǝǂNj ƨȈǓƢŭơ ƨǼLjdzơ ǾȈdzƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ƪǬƦLJ ƢǸǯȁ -Ó
ƨºǠǷƢƳ ǺºǷ ƨǸȈǫ ƧƾǟƢLjŠ DZȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ƨLJơǁƽ Ŀ ǍƢŬơ
ǶȈǜǟ Ǻǟ ƢȀƬƦǴǗȁ ƢēǀƫƢLJȋ ƣǂǠȇ ǹƗ ƽȂȇ Ŗdzơ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƜƥ Málaga
ńƛ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ ƩƾǼƬLJơȁ .Ǿƥ ơȂǷƢǫ ȅǀdzơ ǶȈǬdzơ DzǸǠǴdz ǽǂȇƾǬƫ
ǺºǷ ƨǴLjºǴLJ ƢȀǼǷ ǎǴƼƬLjƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ ƨȈǼǣ ǁƽƢǐǷȁ ǞƳơǂǷ
.ǝȂǓȂŭơ ƨLJơǁƽ Ŀ ơƆƾȈǨǷ ƢȀǔǠƥ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ǹȂǰȇ Ǻdz DZȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ǶȈȈǬƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ ǶȀŭơ ǺǷȁ -Ô
ǞƥƢºǗ ǹƘnjƥ ȅƗǂdz ƩƢǷȂǰūơ Ɣơƾƥƛ ǵƾǟ ƤƦLjdz ƢƆȈƫơƿ ƢƆǸȈȈǬƫ ȏƛ
ƢºŮȁƢǼƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơȁ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǹƜǧ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ ƢēƢǻƢȈƥ
.ƢƆLJƢLJƗ ȆǠƟƢǫȁ ǞƥƢǗ ƢŮ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ
ǽǀºǿ ǶȈºǜǼƬdz ƨdzȁƢŰ ǽƢǻƽƗ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơ Ŀ ƪdzǀĄƥ ƾǫȁ -Õ
ǺºǷ ƨǨǴƬű ƩƢƠǧ Ŀ ƱǁƾǼƫ DZƢǠǧƗ DzǰNj Ŀ ƢȀǠȈǸƴƬƥ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ
DZƢǠǧȋơ ǽǀǿȁ .ƧƽƢǟ Ņȁƾdzơ ǾǬǨdzơ ƢȀǨǼǐȇ ƢǸǯ ƨȇƽƢŭơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ȄºǜŢ ƢĔƗ ȁƾƦƫ ƩƢƠǧ ƭȐƯ Ŀ ǞǸƴĄƬLJ ǾǻƢȈƥ ǪƦLJ ƢǷ ǥȐş
DzǸƸƬƫ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ (Ɨ) :Ȇǿȁ ǵƢǟ ǦȈǼǐƬdz DžƢLJƘǯ ŐǯƗ DZȂƦǬƥ
Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ (ƣ) ž(ǥơǂƬǟȏơȁ ƾǟȂdzơ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƢȀƦƳȂŠ
ƾǯƚƫ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ (Ʊ) ž(DZǃƢǼƬdzơ) ǪƷ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƢȀƦƳȂŠ DZǃƢǼƬƫ
Ʊǁƾºȇȁ .(ƱƢºƴƬƷȏơ) ƢƆȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƢƆƦǴǘǷ ȁƗ ƢƆǬƷ DZȁƾdzơ ƢȀƦƳȂŠ
ǺǷ ȅƽơǂǨǻơ DzǠǧ ǮNj ǹȁƽ Ȃǿ ȅǀdzơ ǁƢǠNjȍơ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ
ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ Ɣơǁȉơ Ŀ ǝƢŦƛ ȏ Ǻǰdz ƨȈǴǰnjdzơ ǂǜǼdzơ ƨȀƳȁ
Ŀȁ .Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǶȀȇ ȅǀdzơ ǵȂȀǨŭƢƥ ƢƆȇƽơǂǨǻơ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǡǧ Dzǰnjȇ
ǾºȇȂǼƬdzơ ńƛ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȄǠLjȈLJ ƨdzƢƷ Dzǯ
ǞȈǓơȂŠ ǂǷȋơ ǪǴǠƫ ǹƛȁ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ƾȈǫ ǵȂȀǨǸǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ƤǻơȂŪƢƥ
.ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ǥơȁ Dzǰnjƥ ƨǬƯȂǷȁ ƨǧȁǂǠǷ
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ÓÕ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÍ)
.ÐÍÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
272
DzºǠǨdzơ ǦºȇǂǠƫ ǹƜºǧ ƨǧȂdzƘŭơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơȁ -Ð
DzǸǟ ǶǜǼƫ ƾǟơȂǫ ǡȂǐdz ǾǷơƾƼƬLJơ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ ǶƟȐŭơ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ
ƨºLJơǁƽ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjºȇ ǹƗȁ ƾƥ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǺǷ ƨƠǨdzơ ǽǀǿ
ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟƗ Ƨƾǟ Ǯdzƿ ƶǓȁƗ ƢǸǯȁ .DZȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭ ƨǸƟȐǷ
ǁǂǬǸǴdz DžƽƢLjdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǑǂǠǷ Ŀ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ Ŀ
.(Ð)DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ ǍƢŬơ
DŽǯǂȇ ǹƗ DzȈǴƸƬǴdz ȆǤƦǼȇ ǹƢǯȁ .ƨȇƢǤǴdz ƧƽȁƾŰ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ ƨLJơǁƽ ǹƜǧ
DzºǠǧ Dzºǰƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ ȄǴǟ
DzƟƢLjºǷȁ ǾƬȈƷȐºǏ ǕȁǂNjȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǽǁƢƯƖƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ ȅƽơǂǨǻơ
ơƿƛ ƢºǸȈǧ ƪƦdzơ ƨȈǤƥ DZȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ǶȈȈǬƫ ǵDŽǴȇȁ žǾƟƢĔƛȁ ǾƟƢǤdzƛ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƜǯ
ƝƽƢºƦŭơ ǒǠƦdz ƆƢLJƢLJƗ Dzǰnjƫ ƾǫ ǵƗ ƧƽƾŰ ǂǏƢǼǟ Ǻǟ ȏƛ ǶǼƫ ȏ ƪǻƢǯ
.(Ñ)ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ Ƕǟȋơ
ƤƫǂƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ƾȇƾŢ ǺǰŻ DZȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ńƛ ơƆÅƽƢǼƬLJơ ǾǻƗ ȆƠƫǁơȁ
.(Ò)ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ƨƦƳơȂdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǺǷ śǠǷ ƽƾǟ ǞǓȁ ǺǰŻȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟ
ƨºǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ DZȁƽ Ƨƾǟ ȂǴưŲ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƩƢǜƷȐǷ ȃƾƥƗ ƾǫȁ -Ñ
DzºȈǴŢ ƣƢºȈǣ ȆǨǧ :ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ
ǺºǷ ǹȂǰȈºLJ DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭ ȆƴȀǼǷ
ǹƗ ńƛ ǝȂǓȂŭơ DZȁƢǼƫ Ǿǻơȁȋ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǺǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǹƛ ƤǠǐdzơ
ƨºǼǿơǂdzơ ƨǴƷǂŭơ Ŀȁ ž(Ó)ǞLJơȁ ǩƢǘǻ ȄǴǟ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƽȁƽǁ ƽǂƫ
ơǀºǿ Ŀ DZȁƾºdzơ ƨºLJǁƢŲ Ǻǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭơ ǞŦ ȆǤƦǼȇ
ž(Õ)ƧƾȈǨǷ DZȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǹȂǰƬLJȁ ž(Ô)DZƢĐơ
Ǻºǟ ǹƢºǰǷȍơ ǁƾǫ ƢƆȈǧơȁ ƢƆǓǂǟ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǵƾǬȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ
.(Ö)ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ DZƢů Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢŲ
DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋƢƥ řǠŭơ DzǷƢǠdzơ ǪȇǂǨdzơ ǵƾǫ ƾǫȁ -Ò
ƢǿǀºƻƗ Ŗºdzơ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǒǠƥ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ ƞnjǻƗ ȅǀdzơ
:ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ śǠƥ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ
Ò ƨȈǏȂƬdzơ
ǍȐƼƬºLJơ ƶȈƬƫ ǂǏƢǼǟ œȇǂš DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƨǠǸĐơ ƽơȂŭơ ǺǸǔƬƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ
ńƛ DzºǏȂƬdzơ ƨºȈǤƥ ǪȈǔdzơ ƢǿƢǼǠŠ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨǬƦǘŭơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ
ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǍȐƼƬLJơ ƶȈƬƫ ǂǏƢǼǟȁ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬƥ ƨǟȂǨnjǷ ƽơȂǷ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ƨǣƢȈǏ
.ƨǴƯƢŲ ơƆǁƢƯƕ ƭƾŢ ƾǫ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǬȈƦǘƫ ǺǰǸŭơ
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ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Ð)
.A/CN.4/534
ÓÒ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (Ñ)
.ÏÔÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
.ÏÕÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÓÓ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (Ò)
ǹȂLjºǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ (Ó)
.ÑÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.17) DzȈƟơǂLJƛ ǹƢȈƥ ÎÔ ƨLjǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ
(A/C.6/58/SR.19) DZƢǤƫŐdzơ ǹƢȈƥ ÎÖ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (Ô)
.ÎÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
.ÔÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ȆǴȈNj ǹƢȈƥ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (Õ)
.ÐÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƢLjǻǂǧ ǹƢȈƥ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (Ö)
273 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ƨºȈǴȈưǸƬdzơ ƨºǬȇǂǘdzơ džǨǼƥ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơ ȄǠLjȇ ƢƆǔȇƗ -ÎÎ
ǒºǠƥ ʼnƾºǬƫ ȆȀǬǨdzơ ǞƥƢǘdzơ Ʃơƿ ƩƢǜƷȐŭơ ǒǠƦƥ ƨǻǂƬǬŭơ
ƨºȈǻȂǻƢǫ ȏƆ ƢºǠǧƗ Ǻǰƫ Ń ǹƛȁ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ Ǻǟ ƨǴưǷȋơ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ơƆǁƢƯƕ ƭƾŢ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƽƢǫ ƢĔƜǧ ƨǸǴǰǴdz ǪȈǫƾdzơ ǵȂȀǨŭƢƥ
DZƢǠǧȋƢƥ řǠŭơ DzǷƢǠdzơ ǪȇǂǨdzơ ƩƢȈǏȂƫ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨǴƯƢŲ
.ǽȐǟƗ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ
ǎƟƢǐºƻ ǹƘnjºƥ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƫ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơ Ŀ ƽǂƫȁ -ÎÏ
ƲƟƢºƬǼdzơ ǍȐƼƬLJơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ DzȈȀLjƫ ǥƾđ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
Ʃơƿ ŚȇƢǠǷ ƨǣƢȈǏ ȁƗ ƽȂƳȁ ƨdzƘLjǷȁ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ DZȂƷ
ʼnƾºǬƫ ńƛ DzǐºǨdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǠLjȇ ƨǏƢƻ ƨǨǐƥȁ .Ŀǂǟ DzǏƗ
žƆơƽƢȈƬǟơ ǂưǯȋơ ǾǴǰNj ƾȇƾŢȁ žDzǠǨdzơ ǾȈǧ ǡƢǐȇ ȅǀdzơ ǩƢȈLjdzơ
ƔơȂLJ ǽǁơǂǫƛ ǵƾǟ ȁƗ DzǠǨdzơ ǁơǂǫƛȁ žǾǣȂǐȇ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơȁ
ƩƢºȀŪơ ȁƗ ƨºȀŪơ DzǠǧ ƽǁȁ žƩƢǧǂǐƬƥ ȁƗ ƨǬƷȏ ƩƢǻƢȈƦƥ
ƢºǸȈǧ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǪƷȐdzơ ǥǂǐƬdzơȁ žƾƳȁ ǹƛ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǾƳȂŭơ
ƨºȀŪơ DzǠǧ ƽǁȁ žǹȐǟȍơ ȁƗ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ƾȈǬƬdzơ ȁƗ ǀȈǨǼƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ
ǀºȈǨǼƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ȁƗ ǀȈǨǼƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǾƳȂŭơ ƩƢȀŪơ ȁƗ
DzǸnjºƬLJ ƢǸǯ .ǁƾǐŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ƾȈǬƬdzơ ȁƗ
Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǥǂǐƫ ȁƗ DzǠǧ ƽǁ ȅƗ ƨnjǫƢǼŭơ
ƩȏƢūơ ƔƢǼưƬLJƢƥ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǾƳȂȇ Ńȁ DzǠǨdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ǭǁƢnjƫ Ń
.ƨǧƢǰdzơ ǽƢš ƨȈƴƷ Ʃơƿ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ
DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơ
DZȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢŲ DzưŤ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơȁ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ȆȈƟƢǐƻƗ ƾƷƗ Ȃǿȁ) (ÎÑ)Suy ǶȀǼǷȁ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻơ ƽȂǟȁ
Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƨȈŻƽƢǯƗ Ŀ ƨǷƢǟ ƢƆLJȁǁƽ ơȂǬdzƗ Ǻȇǀdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ
ǞƥƢºǘdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ Ŀ ơȁƽƽǂƫ ƾǬǧ (ÎÒ)(ƧǂƬǨdzơ džǨǻ Ŀ ȅƢǿȐƥ
ǩƢºǨƫơ Ŀ Ʊǁƾŭơ Śǣ ȁƗ ǾdzȂƦǫ Ƨǁȁǂǔƥ ǹǂƬǬŭơ Śǣ ƾǟȂǴdz ǵDŽǴŭơ
Ȃǿ ƢǸǯ ƨȈǸȈǰŢ Ʃơǁơǂǫ Ŀ ǾǻƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .Ȇũǁ
__________
(ÎÑ)
Les actes juridiques unilatéraux en droit international
Śnjȇȁ ž(ǵƢǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ) pubic, p. 110
ǂǷƗ ȂȀǧ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ơƆƽȂƳȂǷ Ǿƫơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ƾǟȂdzơ ǹȂǯ ǹƗ ńƛ ƤƫƢǰdzơ
ƿƛ ƢȀȈǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƥȂǠǐdzơ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿȁ ơƆƾǯƚǷ ǽǁƢƦƬǟơ ƤŸ
:ǹƗ ÎÎÎ ƨƸǨǐdzơ Ŀ ƾǯƗ
Ƕºǣǁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂǷ ǒƄơ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ ƽȂǟȂdzơ"
ƨºdzȁƽ ȅƗ ƨºť džȈdz Ǿǻȋ ƧǁƾǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ŚLjǨƫ DzȀLjȇȁ .Ƣēǁƾǻ ƧƾNj
ǽǀºǿ Ǧnjǯȁ .ƨȈǻƢůȁ ƨȈƟƢǬǴƫ ƩȏǃƢǼƫ ʼnƾǬƬdz ƨȈǟơȂǗ Ǻǟ ƧƾǠƬLjǷ
ǪȈǫƾºdzơ ƮºƸƦdzơ ǺºǷ ƾȀƳ DZǀƥ ƤǴǘƬȇ ǒƄơ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ ƽȂǟȂdzơ
ƨȈǴǰnjºdzơ ƨºȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ ƨºȀƳơȂdzơ Ɣơǁȁ ǺǸǰƫ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƾȇƾƸƬdz
."ƨȇǂǿȂƳ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ǹȐǟȎdz
Reuter, “Principes :ƢǸȀLJǁƽ ǹơǀǴdzơ ǹƢǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǺǷȁ (ÎÒ)
Quadri, “Cours général de droit ȁ de droit international public", p. 532
.international public”, pp. 364–365
ƨLJǁƢǸŭ ǶǜǼǷȁ DzǷƢNj Ǒǂǟ ȄǴǟ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ DŽǯŚLJȁ -Ö
ƽȁƽǁ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ DzƦǫ Ʃƽǁȁ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƢȀǸǸƬƫ Ŗdzơȁ DZȁƾdzơ
ǹƗ DzºǷƚȇȁ .(ÎÎ)ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ƢēƾǟƗ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦƬLJȏơ ȄǴǟ DZȁƾdzơ
ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǺǰŤ Ŗdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ ǒǠƥ ǍȐƼƬLJơ ńƛ ǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ȅƽƚȇ
Ŀǂǟ ǁƾǐǷ Ʃơƿ ƾǟơȂǫ ȁƗ ƝƽƢƦǷ ƨť ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƾȇƾŢ ǺǷ
.ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǶǜǼƫ
ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀǠȈǸš Ļ Ŗdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǑǂǠdz ƾċȀǸĄȈLJȁ -ÎÍ
ǹƗ ǶºǴǠdzơ ǞºǷ ƢȀǴȈǴŢ Ļ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ŕnjdz ƨȇƢǤǴdz ŅȁƗ ǑǂǠƥ
DZƢǠǧȋơȁ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ƨLJơǁƽ DzȈȀLjƫ Ȃǿ ǦȈǼǐƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ǑǂǤdzơ
ǶȀȇ ȅǀdzơ ǵȂȀǨŭƢƥ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻơ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟơ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơȁ DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ
DzǠǧ ƨǠȈƦǗ ƾȇƾŢ DzȀLjȇ ȏ ǾǻƜǧ ǾȈdzƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǪƦLJ ƢǸǯȁ .ƨǼƴǴdzơ
ǹƗ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơȁ ǾǬǨdzơ ǺǷ śƦƬȇ ƿƛ .ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǾƴƟƢƬǻ ǍȐƼƬLJơȁ ƢǷ
DzºǠǧ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ Dzǰnjȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȅƽơǂǨǻơ DzǠǨdz ƢƆǼǸǔƬǷ ƢǷ ƢƆǻȐǟƛ
ƨȈƴȀǼǷ ƨLJơǁƾƥ ǵƢȈǬǴdz ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ǾǬǨdzơ Ƣđ ǾǨǐȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǬȇǂǘǴdz ƢƆǠƦƫ
ǥǂƬǠǷ ƩƢƠǧ Ƨƾǟ Ŀ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǽǀǿ DzưǷ ǞȈǸš śǠƬȇ ƨLJǁƢǸǸǴdz
.ƣƢƬǰdzơ ƨȈƦdzƢǣ ȃƾdz ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁ Ƣđ
__________
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÍ ƨȈdzȂƷ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÎ)
(DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÏ ƨȈdzȂƷȁ ÐÐÒ Ǎ A/CN.4/511
.ÎÍÒ Ǎ A/CN.4/524 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ
ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƢȀƦƳȂŠ DzǸƸƬƫ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ -ǦdzƗ
ƾǟȂdzơ -Î
Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƾǟȂdzơ ǵȂȀǨǷ (Ɨ)
DZƢºǠǧȋơ ǺºǷ DzºǠǧ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ǶȀǨȇ ƾǟȂdzơ ǹƗ Ƕǣǁ -ÎÐ
(Ô ) (Ó ) (Ò ) (Ñ ) (Ð ) (Ï ) (Î )
ȅǀºdzơ ǵȂȀǨŭơ ǹƗ řǠȇ ȏ ơǀǿ ǹƜǧ ńȁȋơ ƨƳǁƾdzƢƥ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ
DzºȈƦǫ ǺºǷ ƣƢºƬǯ ǖƥǁ ƾǬǧ žƆƢƬƥƢƯ Dzǜȇ ƾǟȂdzơ ǾȈǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ
(ÎÎ ) (ÎÍ ) (Ö ) (Õ )
Ƨǁȁǂǔºƥ ƾǟȂǴdz ȆǷơDŽdzȍơ ǞƥƢǘdzơ (ÎÐ)Pufendorfȁ (ÎÏ)Grotius
ȏ ƨǴºǏ Ǯdzǀƥ ƢǷƢǫƘǧ DzǠǨdzơ ơǀǿ ǾȈdzƛ ǾƳȁ ȅǀdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ DZȂƦǫ
ƆơƾºȀǟ ƣǂºǫƗ ǁȂǐǟ Ŀ ŕƷȁ .Ȇũǁ ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ơƆŚưǯ ǽƾǠƦƫ
ƽȂºƳȁ ǾºȈǧ ơȁǃǂƥƗ DZȂǫ ǺǷ ƔƢȀǬǨdzơ ǒǠƥ ǾȈdzƛ Ƥǿƿ ƢǷ Ƕǣǁȁ
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“[u]t autem promissio jus transferat, ƤƫƢǰdzơ ơǀŮ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ (ÎÏ)
acceptatio hic non minus quam in dominii translatione requiritur”
De Jure .(ƨºȈǰǴŭơ DzǬǻ Ŀ ǾǷȁDŽdz ǵǃȏ ǾdzȂƦǫ ǹƜǧ ƆƢǬƷ ƾǟȂdzơ DzǬǼȇ Ȇǰdz)
.book II, chap. XI, p. 224 (ǶǴLjdzơȁ ƣǂūơ ǹȂǻƢǫ) Belli ac Pacis
Elementorum Jurisprudentiae Universalis: Libri Duo, (ÎÐ)
.definition XII, para. 10
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƨºȈƥȂǼŪơ ƢºȈǬȇǂǧƗ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ Jessup ȆǓƢǬdzơ ǽơƾƥƗ ȅǀdzơ DzǬƬLjŭơ
:DZƢǫ ƮȈƷ (ÏÍ)ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ
ƨȇƽơǂǨǻơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƨť ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ ǾǻƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǠŭơ ǺǷ ǹƛ
ƾºǫȁ ơƆƾǟơȁ ƾƷơȁ ǥǂǗ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻơ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼƫ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŘǠŠ
ǞƥƢǘdzơ džǨǻ ƢŮ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻơ ƽȂǬǟ ƩǂǫƗ ƾǫȁ .ǵDŽǴŭơ ƾȈƷȂdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ Ȃǿ ǹȂǰȇ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ" ƆȐưǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀȁ .ƨȈǴƄơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǶǜǼdzơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ
Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨƴȈƬǼdzơȁ žƾƷơȁ ƾǟơȁ ȏƛ ƨť ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ
.ǀȈǨǼƬǴdz DzƥƢǫ ňȂǻƢǫ ƤƳơȁ ǾǬƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ǞǬȇ ȅǀdzơ ƾȈƷȂdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ Ȃǿ ǾǻƗ Ȃǿ
ƢƆǬƷ ǾƫƾƟƢǨdz ƾǬǠdzơ ƞnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ȂȀǧ ƾǬǠdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǂƻȉơ ǥǂǘdzơ ƢǷƗ
.(ÏÎ)"ƢƆǸƟơƽ ƢƆȇǁȁǂǓ džȈdz ƽȂǟȂŭơ DZȂƦǬǧ ."ǀȈǨǼƬǴdz ȐƆ ƥƢǫ ƢƆȈǻȂǻƢǫ
ƨǤȈǏ ƢĔƗ Śǣ ƾǟȂdzơ ǺǷ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨǤȈǐƥ ƢǼǿ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǂǷȋơ ǹƗ ǞǫơȂdzơȁ
ƘnjºǼȇ Ȇºǰdz ƨđƢnjǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzƢƷ ȁƗ ȏƆ ȂƦǫ ƢǷ Dzǰnjƥ ǵDŽǴƬLjƫ ȏ
.(ÏÏ)Ǿƫơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ DzǠǨdzơ
ƗƾºƦǷȁ ƾºǟȂdzơ ǹƢºǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǾǬǨdzơ ƵǂǗȁ -ÎÔ
ƢǸȀǼǟ ƾdzȂƬȇȁ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ńƛ ǹơƾǼƬLjȇ ǹơǀǴdzơ ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ
śǷȂȀǨŭơ śƥ ǩǂǨdzơ ǺǸǰȇ Jacqué ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJƢǧ .ǹƢǬƥƢǘƬȇ ǞǫȂƫ
ǾȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ ƢƆȈǻȂǻƢǫ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǡǧ ƾǟȂdzơ ƾǠȇ ƢǸǼȈƦǧ :ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ƔƢnjǻƛ ƨǬȇǂǗ Ŀ
ȆºǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ ǹƜǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƾǐǷ ǾƦƷƢǏ Ƨƽơǁƛ Ǻǟ ŚƦǠƬdzơ
ȅǀºdzơ ǁȂǐƬdzƢƥ ǾƦLjƬǰȇ ƢǷ ǁƾǬƥ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǠǨƥ ơƆǂƯƗ ƤLjƬǰȇ ȏ
ơǀºǿ ǽƾºǯƗ ƢºǸǯȁ .ǾƦƷƢǏ Ƨƽơǁƛ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻ ǺLjŞ ŚǤdzơ ǾǻȂǰȇ
DzºǠǨdzơ ǾȈdzƛ ǾƳȁ ǺǷ ǥǂǐƫ ǹȂǰȇ ƤƦLjdzơ ơǀŮ ǾǻƜǧ ƤƫƢǰdzơ
Ȃºǿ ǽƾºƷȁ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ơǀȀǧ .ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƢƆȈLJƢLJƗ
ǥȐşȁ ǁȂǐƬdzơ ơǀǿ ńƛ ƩƾǼƬLJơ ƾǫ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹƗ ƩƢƦƯƛ ƶȈƬȇ ȅǀdzơ
ƧȂºǬdzơ ńƛ ƢƆƠȈºNj ǦȈǔȇ ȏ ǾȈdzƛ ǾƳȁ ǺǷ ǥǂǐƫ ǹƜǧ ƾǟȂdzơ
.(ÏÐ)ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ ǹȐǟȎdz ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ (ƣ)
ǾºƳȂŭơ ƨȀŪơ ƪǻƢǯ ƾǟȂdzơ ƩȏƢū ƨǸȀŭơ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǺǷ -ÎÕ
ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ DZȐƼǧ :ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ȇǿ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƢȀȈdzƛ
ƨȇǂLjºȇȂLjdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȅȂǼƫ Ŗdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ DŽǯǂŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ ńƛ ƨȈǷơǂdzơ
ƾºƷƗ (Perréard) ƾȈLjºdzơ ǺǴǟƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ȆǨǛȂŭ ǾǴȇȂţ
ǦºȈǼƳ ƩƢǘǴºLJ" ǹƗ ǦȈǼƳ ǹȂƬǻƢǯ Ŀ ƨdzȁƾdzơ džǴů ƔƢǔǟƗ
džºǨǻȁ ƩơƔƢºǨǟȍơ džºǨǻ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz DZȂţ ǹȋ ƧƾǠƬLjǷ
__________
South West Africa, Preliminary Objections, Judgment, (ÏÍ)
.I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 319
.ÑÍÐȁ ÑÍÏ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÎ)
ȅǀºdzơ ƾǟȂdzơ DŽȈȈŤ ƣȂƳȁ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƾǯƗ (ÏÏ)
ƨºdzȁƽ ǺǷ ƤǴǘdz ƨȈƦǴƫ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǽǁƾǐƫ ȅǀdzơ ƾǟȂdzơ Ǻǟ ƢƆǧǂǏ ƢƆȇƽơǂǨǻơ ǹȂǰȇ
ȃǂºƻƗ ƨºdzȁƽ DZȂƦǫ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ ǾǼǷ ǥƾȀƬLjĄȇ ȅǀdzơ ƾǟȂdzơ Ǻǟ ȃǂƻƗ
ƾǴĐơ ÎÖÖÕ ƨȈdzȂƷ) DzưŭƢƥ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ ǕǂNj DzǛ Ŀ ǁƾǐȇ ȅǀdzơ ƾǟȂdzơ Ǻǟȁ
.(ÎÓÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÑÏÐ Ǎ A/CN.4/486 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ
.Jacqué, “A propos de la promesse unilatérale”, p. 339 (ÏÐ)
274
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ śƥ (Lamu) ȂǷȏ ƧǂȇDŽƳ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ǂǷȋơ
Ǻºǟ ǁƽƢºǏ ƾǟȁ ƽȂƳȂƥ ǂǫƗ ǶǰƄơ ǹƗ Ƕǣǁ ÎÕÕÖ ǵƢǟ Ŀ
ǾǻƗ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǷDŽǴǷ ǽŐƬǠȇ Ń ǾǻƜǧ śǗȐLjdzơ
DZȂºƦǬdzơ ǹƜǧ Ȇũǁ ǩƢǨƫȏ DzƯƢŲ ȅƽơǂǨǻơ ƾǟȁ ńƛ ƨȈǼdzơ ǽǀǿ DZȂƸƬƫ Ȇǰdz
ǹǂƬǬǷ śǧǂǘdzơ ƾƷƗ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ ƶȇǂǏ ƾǟȁ Ŀ ƾLjƴƬȇ ǹƗȁ ƾƥ ȏ DZƽƢƦƬŭơ
Dzǰnjºƫ ƨȈLJƢLJƗ ǂǏƢǼǠƥ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ơǀǿ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǹƗȁ ǂƻȉơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǺǷ DZȂƦǬƥ
.(ÎÓ)ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǝȂǓȂǷ
ǁƢºNjƗ ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢºƴƬdzơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǾȇƗǁ Ŀȁ -ÎÑ
ƔƢǼưƬºLJƢƥ) ƾºǟȁ Dzǯ" ǹƗ ńƛ (de Castro) ȁǂƬLJƢǯ ȅƽ ȆǓƢǬdzơ
DZȂºƦǫ DzºƦǫ ƪºǫȁ ȅƗ Ŀ ǾƦƸLJ ǺǰŻ (”pollicitatio” ƣƢŸȍơ
ante acceptationem, quippe ) "ƢƆǸȈǴLJ ȏ
Ɔ ȂƦǫ Ǿdz Ǟǘǫ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ
(ÎÔ)
Śǣ . (jure nondum translatum, revocari posse sine iniustitia
ǦdzƢºű ȅƗǁ ńƛ ƵȂǓȂƥ Ƥǿƿ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǶǰƷ ǹƗ
:ƾǯƗ ƢǷƾǼǟ
Ŀ ǶƬºȇ Ń ǹƛȁ ŕƷ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ƨȈǼƥȁ ƆƢǼǴǟ Ǟǘǫ ơƿƛ DzȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ơƆƾȀǠƫ ǹƗ
Ǯdzǀdz ǵDŽǴȇ ȏ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ .ǵDŽǴǷ ƾȀǠƫ ǾǻƜǧ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ ǩƢȈLJ
ȁƗ ƣơȂƳ ȅƗ ȏȁ Dzƥ ǹȐǟȎdz ǪƷȏ DZȂƦǫ ȅƗ ȁƗ ǑȂǠdzơ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ȆNj ȅƗ
ơǀºǿ ǵơƽ ƢºǷ ǾdzȂǠǨǷ ǹȐǟȍơ ơǀǿ ƲƬǼȇ Ȇǰdz ȃǂƻȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ DzǠǧ ƽǁ
ǽƢǔºƬǬŠ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ DzǠǨǴdz ǥǂǐdzơ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ ƨǠȈƦǘdzơ ǞǷ ľƢǼƬȇ Ǖǂnjdzơ
.(ÎÕ)ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƪǧǂǐƫ
ƾǟȁ ƨǸưǧ :śǨǴƬű śǴǰNj ƢƆȈƟƾƦǷ ƾǟȂdzơ ǀƼƬȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ -ÎÒ
ǵƢȈǬdzơ ǵƾǠƥ ƾǟȂdzơ) œǴLJ ƾǟȁ DzƥƢǬǷ (ƔȆnjƥ ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥ ƾǟȂdzơ) ĺƢŸƛ
Śƻȋơ Dzǰnjdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƜǧ Sicault Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ǁƢNjƗ ƢǸǯȁ .(ƔȆnjƥ
ȄºǴǟ ƢǸȀǼȈƥ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ȆLJƢLJȋơ ǺǷ ǾǻƗ Ƕǣǁ DZǃƢǼƬdzƢƥ ǖǴƬź ƾǫ
Dzǰnjºdzơ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ƔƢnjǻȍ ƨǴȈLJȁ Ȃǿ DZȁȋơ Dzǰnjdzơ ǹƗ ǁƢƦƬǟơ
.(ÎÖ)Ǫūơ ȁƗ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ƔƢĔȍ ƨǴȈLJȁ Ȃǿ ňƢưdzơ
ƩƢºǫƢǨƫȏơ" ƥ ȄǸLjȇ ƢŠ ƾǟȂdzơ ǖƥǁ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀȁ -ÎÓ
ƨºǸǜǻƗ Ŀ ƧǂƫơȂƬǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƧƽƢǟ ƽǂƫ Ŗdzơ "ƽȂǬǠdzơ" ȁƗ "ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ
ȅƗǂºdzơ ńƛ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǺǰŻȁ .ƧƽƾŰ ƨȈǴƻơƽ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ
__________
ǹȂºǷŐǷȏ ǹȁǁƢºƦdzơ ǶȈǰŢ ǁơǂǫ ǂǜǻơ .ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬǸǴdz ƨŦǂƫ (ÎÓ)
ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǝơŗdzơ Ŀ ÎÕÕÖ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ ÎÔ ƹǁƚŭơ (Baron Lambermont)
(De Martens, Nouveau Recueil Général de Traités et Autres ȂǷȏ ƧǂȇDŽŝ
ƢƆǔȇƗ ƽǂƫȁ žActes Relatifs aux Rapports de Droit International, p. 101)
:Ŀ ƽǂºƫ ƢǸǯ žÎÏÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Suy Ŀ ǽȐǟƗ ƨLjƦƬǬŭơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
Coussirat-Coustère and Eisemann, Repertory of International Arbitral
.Jurisprudence, p. 47
Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. (ÎÔ)
ơǀºǿ ǹƗ DZơȂƷȋơ ǺǷ DZƢƷ ȅƘƥ ȁƾƦȇ ȏȁ .Reports 1974, p. 374, para. 3
ǶƬȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ – ǾǔǬǻ ǃȂŸ ȏ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ - DzǸƬǰȇ ƾǟȂdzơ ǹƗ ƢƆǼǸǓ ƾȈǨȇ DzȈǴǠƬdzơ
.ǂǯǀdzơ ǦdzƢLjdzơ DZȂƦǬdzơ
.ÑÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÓÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÕ)
Sicault, “Du caractère obligatoire des engagements (ÎÖ)
.unilatéraux en droit international public”, p. 639
275 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơ Ǿƫơƿ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƪƷƢƫƗȁ džȇȂLjdzơ ƧƢǼǫ ǹƘnjƥ ǞǓȂdzơ ƪǠċƦǗȁ ǂǐǷ
.(ÏÖ)ƢȀƬƸǴǐŭ ƧƢǼǬǴdz DZƢǠǨdzơ
ƢƆºǠƦǗȁ žDzǠǧ ƽȁƽǁ Ƨƾǟ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷ ǹȐǟȍơ ơǀǿ ǁƢƯƗȁ -ÏÍ
ƨǨºǏƢǠdzơ ƤƦLjƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƢǷ ƾƷ ńƛ ƾǷƢƳ ǞƥƢǗ ƢȀǸǜǠŭ ǹƢǯ
DZƢºưŭơ DzȈƦºLJ ȄǴǟȁ .ƢǿŚưƫ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ
ƨȈǟǂNj ȃƾǷ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋƢƥ ǺǷȋơ džǴů Dzƻơƽ ǒǠƦdzơ DZƽƢƳ
Ȃºǿ ƢǷ DzȇƾǠƫ ǃȂŸ ȏ Ǿǻƛ DZȂǬdzơ ńƛ śƦǿơƿ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǹȐǟȍơ
.(ÐÍ)ȅƽơǂǨǻơ DzǠǨƥ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼǷ
ǑȁǂǬdzơ ȁƗ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ ʼnƾǬƫ ƶƦǏƗ ƧŚƻȋơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ Ŀȁ -ÏÎ
ƧǂǿƢºǛ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻơ ƽȂǟȁ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ƧǂLjȈǷ Ǖȁǂnjƥ
śºƥ ȁƗ ƧǁȁƢĐơ DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ƧǂƫơȂƬǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ Ǯdzƿ ǶƬȇȁ .ƨǧȂdzƘǷ
.(ÐÎ)ƨLjǴLJ ƩƢǫȐǟ ƢŮ DZȁƽ
ȆƟƢǔºǬdzơ ƽƢȀƬƳȏơ ƢȀǷƾǬȇ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǺǷȁ -ÏÏ
ơƾǼdzȂƥ DzưŲ ǹȐǟƛ :(ÐÏ)(Barberis) džȇǂƥǁƢƥ ǽƽǁȁƗ ƢǷ ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟ
ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ŁƢǐŭơ ǒǠƥ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ DZƾǠǴdz ƨǸƟơƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǵƢǷƗ
Ŀ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƢȀƬƸǼǷ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơȁ (ÐÐ)ƨȇƾǼdzȂƦdzơ ƢȈǴǠdzơ ƢȈLjǴȈLJ Ŀ
ƢLjǸǼǴdz ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨǷȐLjdzơ ǵơǂƬƷƢƥ ÎÖÐÖȁ ÎÖÐÒ śƥ ƢǷ ƧǂƬǨdzơ
__________
.ÐÍÎ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÖ)
ǺºǷȋơ džºǴů Ŀ ǒǠƦdzơ ǾȈdzƛ Ƥǿƿ ȅǀdzơ ȅƗǂdzơ Ȃǿ ơǀǿȁ (ÐÍ)
ǹƗ ƢLjǻǂǧ DzưŲ ǺǴǟƗ ƮȈƷ ÎÖÒÔ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÓ Ŀ
ƶǼºǷ ȅǀdzơ ǃƢȈƬǷȏơ ǀǼǷ ǶƟƢǫ Ȃǿ ƢǸǯ džȇȂLjdzơ ƧƢǼǫ ǵƢǜǻ"
.ÎÕÕÕ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǾƫƾǯƗ ƾǫ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨȈƷȐŭơ džȇȂLjdzơ ƧƢǼǫ ƨǯǂnjdz
ǩƢºǨƫƢƥ ȏƛ ǾǴȇƾǠƫ ǺǰŻ ȏȁ .ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƞNjƢǻ ǵƢǜǻ ȂȀǧ
ƨǸǜǼǷ ȃƾdz Ȑ Ɔ ƴLjǷ ǹƢǯ Ȃdzȁ ŕƷ ȅƽơǂǨǻơ ǹȐǟƜƥ džȈdzȁ ƾȇƾƳ
Ƨǂnjºǟ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨǼLjdzơ ǺǷȋơ džǴĐ ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ) "ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
.(ÑÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÔÔÓ ƨLjǴŪơ
śƬǼƳǁȌdz ƨƬǫƚŭơ (Raul Lastiri) ȅŚƬLJȏ DZȁȁơǁ ƨLJƢƟǁ DZȐƻ (ÐÎ)
Ǒǂºǫ ƶǼºǷ ÎÖÔÐ džǘLjºǣƗ/ƣƕ Ñ Ŀ Gelbard ƾȈLjºdzơ ǂȇǃȂdzơ ǺǴǟƗ
ƨºLJƢȈLJ džȇǂºǰƫ ǽƢºšơ Ŀ ńȁƗ ƧȂǘƼǯ" :ƢƥȂǰdz ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÏÍÍ ǢǴŠ
ǹȂºȈǴǷ ÏÍÍ ǽǁƾºǫ ƢƆºǓǂǫ ƢºƥȂǰdz śƬǼƳǁȋơ ƪƸǼǷ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ
La Opinión ƨǨȈƸǏ) ."DŽȇƾǻȋơ ƨǟȂǸů ńƛ ƢȀǷƢǸǔǻơ ǪȇǂǗ Ŀ Ȇǿȁ ǁȏȁƽ
džºȇŚǷơǁ .ǥ ǶǴǬƥ DZƢǬŭơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂºǜǻơȁ .Î Ǎ ÎÖÔÐ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ Ô
.(ÎÏ Ǎ ÎÖÔÐ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ Ö ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (F. Ramírez)
“Los actos jurídicos unilaterales como fuente del derecho (ÐÏ)
.internacional público”, p. 108.
Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia, Merit, (ÐÐ)
Ƕºǰūơ Ǯºdzƿ Ŀȁ .Judgment No. 7, 1926, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 7
ǹƗ ńƛ Ņȁƾdzơ DZƾǠǴdz ƨǸƟơƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩǁƢNjƗ
Ǻºǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥȁ ƨǸǰƄơ ǵƢǷƗ ƢȀȈǴǟ Ȅǟƾŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ DzưŲ"
ǝDŽºǻ ǵƾºǟ ǾƬǷȂǰƷ ǵơDŽƬǟƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơȁ ǽȐǟƗ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ
ƾºǫ ǁƢǠNjƛ ǝȂǓȂǷ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƩơǁƢǬǠdzơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƔơDŽƳƗ ƨȈǰǴǷ
ǹƗ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz ǺǰŻ ȏȁ ƆƢǬƷȏ ƢŮȁƢǼƫ ǶƬȈLJ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƩƢǻȐǟƛ ǁƾǏƗ
."ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ǽǀŮ ȆǷơDŽdzȍơ ǞƥƢǘdzơ Ŀ Ǯǰnjƫ
.(ÎÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ǽǀǿȁ .(ÏÑ)"ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǸǜǼŭ ƢȀƸǼǷ ǪƦLJ Ŗdzơ ƩơǃƢȈƬǷȏơ
ƨºǸǜǼǷȁ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ DzǸǠdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ƣŷ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ
Ƨǁơƽƛ džȈƟǁ ƨǧƢƸǐdzơ ńƛ ǾȀƳȁ Ȇũǁ ǡȐƥ Ŀȁ .ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ǞǷ ƔƢǬdz ƤǬǟ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ
ƧƾǠƬLjǷ ƨȇǂLjȇȂLjdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǹƛ":ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƽǁȁ Ņ Ǧȇǂƫ ƾȈLjdzơ
Ǻºǟ Ȑ Ɔ ȈǔºǨƫ DzǬƫ ȏ ƨǴǷƢǠǷ ƢȀȈǨǛȂǷȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ DzȇȂƼƬdz
ȆºǓơǁȋơ ȄºǴǟ ȃǂºƻƗ ƨºȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ Dzǰdz ƨdzȂƼŭơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ
ȅǂLjȇȂLjdzơ ȅƽƢŢȏơ džǴĐơ ǹȐǟȍơ ơǀǿ ǁǂǯȁ .(ÏÒ)"ƨȇǂLjȇȂLjdzơ
ÎÖÒÒ ǾºȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÏÕ ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ńƛ ƨdzƢLJǁ Ŀ
ƩŚºƯƗ ƾǫȁ ."ƨȇƢǟǁ ǂưǯȋơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǕǂNj" ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ȏƆ Ȃű
ǹȂƬǻƢǯ Ŀ ƨȈƦȇǂǔdzơ Ƨǁơƽȍơ ƪǠLJ ƢǷƾǼǟ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǂǷ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ
ǂǯǀǧ ƨǬǨǼdzơ Ǟǧƽ ȄǴǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ǦǛȂǷ ǁƢƦƳƛ ńƛ ǦȈǼƳ
DZƢǠǧƗ Ȇǿ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ǽǀđ ǦȈǼƳ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƤƬǰǷ
.(ÏÓ)ȅǂLjȇȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƢȀǣƢǏ ƨȈǬȈǬƷ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻơ
ƨºȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǁƢƯƕ ƤȈƫǂƫ ȄƻȂƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟȂdzơ ƨǴưǷƗ ǺǷ DzǠdzȁ -ÎÖ
ǹȉơ ŕƷ Ǣǐȇ Ń (Degan) ǹƢǤȇƽ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơȁ) ƢƆƷȂǓȁ ǂưǯƗ
ƧƢǼǫ ǹƘnjƥ ǂǐǷ ǹȐǟƛ Ȃǿ (ǾǼǷ ƢƆƷȂǓȁȁ ƨƷơǂǏ ǂưǯƗ DzǸǟ ȅƗ
ǩȂºǬūơ ǵơǂƬƷơ ƾǯƗ ȅǀdzơ (ÏÔ)ƢȀǴȈǤnjƬdz ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬdzơȁ džȇȂLjdzơ
ǺǷ ƔÅ ơƾƬƥơ ƧƢǼǬdzơ Őǟ ǁȁǂŭơ ƨȇǂƷ ǹƢǸǓȁ ǾȈǧ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁ
ŐǸǧȂºǻ/ňƢºưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjºƫ DzƟơȁƗȁ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǂƻơȁƗ
ǢȈºǏ ƆơǁȂºǘƫ ǂưǯƗ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ǵƢǜǼƥ ƢǼǿ ǂǷȋơ ǪǴǠƫȁ .(ÏÕ)ÎÖÒÓ
.ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ ȃƾdz ǾǴȈƴLjƫȁ Ǿǟơƾȇƛ Ļȁ ƨƥƢƬǯ
ǹƜǧ ǂǯǀdzơ ǦdzƢLjdzơ Ǧdzƚŭơ ǽƾǯƗ ƢǸǯȁ
ǽǀºǿ DzºǸƸƬƫ ǹƗ Ŀ ǂǐǷ ȃƾdz ƨȇȂǫ ƨȈLJƢȈLJ ƨƸǴǐǷ ƢƆǠǘǫ ƨť
Ŀ ƶȇǂǏ ȅƽơǂǨǻơ ǹȐǟƜƥ ƨǫƾdzơ ƨǤdzƢƦdzơȁ ǩƢǘǼdzơ ƨǠLJơȂdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ
ǺǷ ǹƢǯ džȇȂLjdzơ ƧƢǼǫ ǹƘnjƥ Ņȁƽ ǂŤƚǷ ƾǬǟ Ǯdzǀƥ ƩƽƢǨƫȁ .Ȇǘƻ DzǰNj
ƩƗƾǿ ǹȐǟȍơ Ǯdzǀƥȁ .ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƬdz ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ Ŀ ǪǨź ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ
__________
Caflisch, “La pratique suisse en matière de droit (ÏÑ)
.international public 1982”, p. 182
.ÎÕÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÒ)
Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ƨǁơƽƛ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ǺǷ śƦƬȇ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ (ÏÓ)
DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ Ï ƨƻǁƚŭơȁ ƨȇǂLjȇȂLjdzơ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ƧǁơƽȎdz ǞƥƢƬdzơ ǵƢǠdzơ
džǘLjºǣƗ/ƣƕ Ò Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǹȐǟȎdz ȆǷơDŽdzȍơ ǞƥƢǘdzơ ǂǫƗ ƮȈƷ ÎÖÔÖ
ƾȈǨƬLjƫ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ Ƨǁơƽȍơ džȈƟǁ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǹȐǟȍơ ơǀǿ ȄǔƬǬŠȁ .ÎÖÑÓ
ȃǂºƻƗ ƩƢǸǜǼǷ ǞƬǸƬƫȁ ."ƨȇƢǟǁ ǂưǯȋơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǕǂNj" ǺǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
ǂºưǯƗ œȇǂǓ ǵƢǜǼƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DzǸǠdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷȁ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ
ǶǷȋơ ǹƗ ǪƦLJ ƢŲ śƦƬȇȁ .ÎÖÏÓ/ÎÖÏÎ ȆǷƢǠdz ǂǬŭơ ȆǫƢǨƫȏ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨȇƢǟǁ
ǞƬǸƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩơǃƢȈƬǷȏơ džǨǼƥ ƢȀȈǨǛȂǷ ǞƬŤ ǕǂƬnjƫ ǹƗ ƢŮ ǪŹ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) .ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DzǸǠdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȂǨǛȂǷ Ƣđ
.(ÎÕÓ-ÎÕÐ Ǎ
ƧǂǿƢǬdzơ) ƢȀǴȈǤnjƬdz ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬdzơȁ džȇȂLjdzơ ƧƢǼǫ ǹƘnjƥ ǂǐǷ ǹȐǟƛ (ÏÔ)
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 265, No. (ÎÖÒÔ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÑ
.3821, p. 299
.Degan, Sources of International Law, p. 300 ǂǜǻơ (ÏÕ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƨºȇƾǬǼdzơ DzƟƢLjºŭơ DzºƷ ȁƗ ž(ÐÔ)ƢĔƘnjºƥ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ Ɣơƾƥƛ ǵDŽǴƬLjƫ
ȁƗ ž(ÐÖ)ƨǼȈǠǷ ǪǗƢǼǷ ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬǷ ǎƻǁ ƶǼǷ ȁƗ ž(ÐÕ)ƨǬǴǠŭơ
ž(ÑÍ)ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ǵƾǟ ǹƘnjƥ ȅƽơǂǨǻơ ȅǁƢȈƬƻơ Ǧǫȁ ƿƢţơ
_________________________________________
Śǣ ƢǼƫƢǸǜǼǷ ȄǴǟ DzȇȂǸƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǝǃȂȈLJȁ .ƔƢȇǂƥȋơ śȈǫơǂǠdzơ śȈǻƾŭơ ƧƢǻƢǠǷ
ȅƾǐºƬdzơ ȄǴǟ Ƨǁƾǫ ƢŮ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩȏƢǯȂdzơ ȄǴǟȁ ƨǰȇǂnjdzơ ƨȈǷȂǰūơ
.(http://www.foreignaffairs.irlgov.ie) "ƨȈdzƢūơ ƨǷǃȌdz ƨȈdzƢǠǨƥ
ÎÎ Ŀ ƢºƥȂǯ ƨºȈƳǁƢƻ Ƨǁơǃȁ ǾºƬǟơƿƗ ȅǀdzơ ǡȐƦdzơ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÔ)
:ÏÍÍÎ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ
Ǻǟ ƢǼƦǠNj ƣǂǠȇ śȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǞȈǸŪ ƤȈǐǠdzơ ǥǂǜdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ"
Ŀ ǹȁƢºǠƬǴdz ǽƽơƾǠƬLJơ DzǷƢǯ Ǻǟȁ ȆǰȇǂǷȋơ ƤǠnjdzơ ǞǷ ǾǼǷƢǔƫ
ƨLjLJƚǷ ȅƗ ǞǷȁ ƨȈƸǐdzơ ƩƢLjLJƚŭơ ǞǷ ƨǠǓơȂƬŭơ ǾƫƢȈǻƢǰǷƛ ƽȁƾƷ
ljƢǠǻȍơȁ ƨȇƢǟǂdzơȁ ƨȇƢǼǠdzơ ŚǧȂƬdz ƾǴƦdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢLjǻƛ ȁƗ ƨȈƦǗ ȃǂƻƗ
."ǵȂȈdzơ ƵƢƦǏ ƪǠǫȁ Ŗdzơ ƭơƾƷȋơ ƢȇƢƸǔdz
.(http:// cuba.cu/gobierno/discursos)
ǹȐºǟƛ Ŀ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǑơǂǷƗ ƨŪƢǠŭ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ ʼnƾǬƫ DZƢưǷ ƶǔƬȇȁ
:ŅƢƬdzơ ƢƥȂǯ
DzºƟơȁƗ Ŀ DzºLJǂƬLJȁ ƢǿƾºǟȂƥ ȆǨƬºLJ ƢƥȂǯ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǹƛ"
DzºǏƗ ǺºǷ ƨȈǬƦƬǷ ƨǟǂƳ ǦdzƗ ÕÍÍ ȅơȂǣȁǁȁƗ ńƛ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ
ƾºǫ ƪºǻƢǯ ƢȇƢƸLjdzơ ƣƢȀƬdzơ ƾǓ ƵƢǬdz ƨǟǂƳ ǦdzƗ ÏÍÍȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ
."ƢȀŻƾǬƬƥ ƩƾȀǠƫ
.(http://europa.cubaminrex.cu)
ƨºǷȂǰūơ ƪǼǴǟƗ džǻȂƬdz ƢLjǻǂǧ Ɣơǁǃȁ džȈƟǁ ƧǁƢȇǃ ƨƦLJƢǼŠ (ÐÕ)
ǝȁǂnjºdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǷDŽǟ ÎÖÕÍ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÓ Ŀ ƢƆȈũǁ ƨȈLjǻȂƬdzơ
Ŗºdzơ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ Ǻǟ DŽƴūơ Ǟǧǁ Ŀ ƢƆȈƦLjǻ ƧŚǐǫ ƧǂƬǧ DZȐƻȁ ƆơǁȂǧ
ơǀǿ DzƻƾȈLJȁ .ÎÖÒÓ Ŀ DZȐǬƬLJȏơ ȄǴǟ ƾǴƦdzơ DZȂǐƷ ƣƢǬǟƗ Ŀ ƩDŽƴƷ
ǞºƳǂŭơ Rousseau) ÎÖÕÎ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Î Ŀ ƿƢǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ ƔơǂƳȍơ
.(ÐÖÓ-ÐÖÒ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÎ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ
ƧƾƟƢǨdz ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ Ǻǟ ÎÖÕÏ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ƾǟȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƨǴưǷƗ ǺǷȁ (ÐÖ)
ǵơƾƼƬºLJơ ƨºȈǻƢǰǷƛ ƾȈǯƘƫ Ļ ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ǞºƳǂŭơ Rousseau).ơƾºǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ƞǻơȂŭ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨȈƥǂūơ ƱǁơȂƦdzơ
.(ÑÍÒ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÐ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ
ǕȁǂºNj ȄºǴǟ ƆƢǻƢȈƷƗ ȅȂǘǼƫ "ƽȂǟȂdzơ" ǽǀǿ ǒǠƥ ǹƗ Śǣ (ÑÍ)
śƦƬȇ ȏȁ ƨȈǬȈǬūơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ ƢēȂǫ ȄǴǟ Ǯnjdzơ ǺǷ DZȐǜƥ ȆǬǴƫ ƢŮ ƨǷǃȐǷ
ȄǴǟȁ .DZǃƢǼƬƥ ǵƗ ȆǬȈǬƷ ƾǟȂƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǂǷȋơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ
ǹƗ ÎÖÕÑ džǘLjºǣƗ/ƣƕ Î Ŀ ǹȂȈǻƢƥƢȈdzơ ǹȂdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǴǟƗ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ
ƨºǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ƩȂºūơ ǮǸLjºdz ȅǁƢºƴƬdzơ ƾȈǐdzơ ǦǫȂdz ƧƾǠƬLjǷ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ
Ǒơǂǣȋ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ǽƾȈǏ ƨǴǏơȂŠ ƢŮ ƶǸLjȇ ǹƗ ƨǘȇǂNj ƢǰȈƬǯǁƢƬǻƗ
.(ÎÓÒ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÒ) ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Rousseau) .ȆǸǴǠdzơ ƮƸƦdzơ
ÎÖÕÔ DžǁƢºǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÎÒ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢƥƢȈdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ Ǻǟ Ȇũǁ ǹȐǟƛ ǁƾǏȁ
Ǯdzǀºƥ ƆơƾºƷ ƆƢǠǓơȁ ƩȂūơ ǮǸLjdz ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ƾȈǐdzơ Ǧǫȁ ǁơǂǫ ƾǯƚȇ
.(ÖÓÏ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÔ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ƩȂūơ Ǯũ ƾȈǏ ǺǷ ǹȁǂǫ ƨǠƥǁȋ
ǑǂºǠǷ Ŀ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ Ŀ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ŚǨLJ ƢȀȈǧ ǺǴǟƗ ƶǓȁƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzƢƷ ƨťȁ
ǹƗ ÎÖÖÍ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÎÔ ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ƨȈǻƢƥƢȈdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƧǁơǃȂdz ǡȐƦdz ǾƫǁƢNjƛ
ƝƽƢºŮơ ǖȈƄơ Ŀ ƨǸƟƢǠdzơ ǭƢƦnjdzƢƥ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǏ ƨǘnjǻƗ ƪǬǴǟ ƾǫ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ
ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƾǟȂŭơ DzƦǫ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨǼLjƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ÎÖÖÎ-ÎÖÖÍ ƧǂƬǨdzơ DZȐƻ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
276
ǺǰŻ ȏ DZƢūơ ƨǠȈƦǘƥȁ ž(ÐÑ)ơƾǼdzȂǿȁ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƫȁ ƢǰȈƴǴƥȁ
ƨȈLjºǻǂǨdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjºdzơ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ƧǁȂȀnjŭơ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ DZƢǨǣƛ
.(ÐÒ)ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơ Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơȁ
ƩȏƢºƷ ǺºǷ ÅƆơƽƾǟ ƨưȇƾūơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƽǁȂƫȁ -ÏÐ
ǥȂºǫȂdzơ ǹƢǰǷȍƢƥ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ƾǟȂdzơ
ƽȂºǟȂdzơ Śnjºƫȁ .Ǻǿơǂdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ ńƛȁ ƩƢǼȈǻƢǸưdzơ ǀǼǷ ƢȀȈǴǟ
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽȂǟȂdzơ :ȆǴȇ ƢǷ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ƧƽƾǠƬǷ ƩȏƢů ńƛ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ
ƨºƳǂƷ ƩȏƢƷ ȁƗ (ÐÓ)ňƢLjǻƛ ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿ ƨǷǃƗ ƨȀƳơȂǷ ƨȈǼƥ
__________
Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International (ÐÑ)
.Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, 1947), vol. I, pp.90-91
ÏÒÖ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ ÎÔ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1974 (ÐÒ)
Nuclear Tests (New ȁ žÑÎ-ÐÑ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ÏÓÔ-ÏÓÒ Ǎȁ ÏÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
Zealand v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 462, para. 20
.ÑÑ-ÐÒ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ÑÔÏ-ÑÓÖ Ǎȁ
ƔƢnjǻƛ Ǻǟ ƾǼǴȇƢƫ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ Ƨǁơǃȁ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǹȐǟȍơ Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ ƢȀǼǷ (ÐÓ)
(ÎÖÕÍ DzºȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ Ñ) ƢȇƽȂƦǸǯȁ ƾǼǴȇƢƫ śƥ ƽȁƾūơ ȄǴǟ ƔȂŪ ƨǬǘǼǷ
ƪºȈȈǨdz ŅơȂŭơ ǾǼȈƥ ǵȂǼƥ ǵƢǜǻȁ ƨǟƢĐơȁ DZƢƬǬdzơ ǺǷ ǺȇǁƢǨdzơ śȇƽȂƦǸǰǴdz ƶȈƬƫ
.ƾºǼǴȇƢƫ DZȂºƻƽ ńƛ ƨºƳƢƷ ƢŶȁƽ ƨȈƦǘdzơ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơȁ ƔơǀǤdzơȁ ǹƢǷȋơ ǵƢǻ
.(Rousseau, “Chronique des faits internationaux” (1980), p. 1081)
ǹȂǻƢºǯ Õ Ŀ ƩƢǘǴLjºdzơ ƪǼǴǟƗ ƮȈƷ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzƢƷ ƨťȁ
ƾǴƦdzơ ơȂǴƻƽ Ǻȇǀdzơ śȈǼȈǐdzơ śǼǗơȂŭơ ƽǂǘƫ Ǻdz ƢĔƗ ÎÖÕÖ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ
ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǂȀnjdzơ śǐdzơ Ŀ ƭƾƷ ȅǀdzơ ǞǸǬdzơ ƾǠƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ
ƨºdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ ǽŚưƫ ȅǀdzơ ǑȂǸǤdzơȁ .(ÑÕÎ Ǎ (ÎÖÖÍ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ơǀǿ ǵơƽ ƢǷ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ơǀđ ƢēƾƟƢǨdz ǵDŽƬǴȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȀŪơ ƾȇƾŢ Ŀ ǺǸǰȇ
ǂȇƢºǤǷ ǵȂȀǨŠȁ .ƨưdzƢƯ DZȁƽ ǽƢš ȏ śǐdzơ ơȁǂƴǿ ǍƢƼNjƗ ƧƾƟƢǨdz Ȃǿ
ÎÐ ƹǁƚŭơ ňƢƦLJȍơ ƔơǁǃȂdzơ džǴů ǩƢǨƫơ ńƛ ƣƢƦdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǺǰŻ
ƧƾǟƢLjºǷ ʼnƾǬƫ ȄǴǟ Ǫǧơȁ ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ȅǀdzơȁ ÎÖÖÕ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ
ƢºȀȈǧ ƤƦLjºƫ Ŗdzơ ǂƟƢLjŬơ ƨȈǘǤƬdz ƢƬȈLjƥ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÕ ÎÖÏ Ƣǿǁƾǫ ƨȈdzȁƗ
ƽơƾºLJ Ǧǫȁ Ǻǟ Ǯdzǀǯ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ džȈƟǁ ǺǴǟƗȁ .NJƬȈǷ ǁƢǐǟƛ
Ǯdzƿȁ ƧǂºǿƢǜdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ƧǁǂǔƬŭơ ƨǠƥǁȋơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǸǯơǂƬŭơ ǹȂȇƾdzơ
ÎÐ Ŀȁ .(REDI., vol. LI, No. 2 (1999), p. 497) ƩơȂǼLJ ƭȐƯ Ƨƾºŭ
ƨºdzƢǯȂdzơ ǁơǂǫ Ǻǟ ȆLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ǵȐǟȍơ ƤƬǰǷ ǺǴǟƗ ÏÍÍÎ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ
ƲǷƢºǻŐdzơ ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ ƢȀºǴȇȂŤ ƧƽƢȇǃ (AECI) Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬǴdz ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ
ǹƘnjºƥ ƧƽǁơȂºdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƔȂǓ ȄǴǟ ǪȈƦǷơǃȂǷ ƧƾƟƢǨdz ƨȇǀǣȌdz ȆŭƢǠdzơ
ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪȀƳȁ ƾȇƾƸƬdzơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟȁ .ƾǴƦdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƩƢǻƢǔȈǨdzơ ƩƢǨǴű
ƨºdzƢǯȂdzơ ǪºȇǂǗ Ǻǟ (ƢƬȈLjƥ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÒÏ,Ò) ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ǁȏȁƽ ÐÍÍ ÍÍÍ
ǦȈdzƢºǰƫ ƨºȈǘǤƬdz ȆŭƢǠdzơ ƨȇǀǣȋơ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ńƛ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬǴdz ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ
(ibid., vol. LIII, Nos. ǪȈƦǷơǃȂǷ Ŀ ǂƬƥȂǰȈǴȈŮơ ƩơǂƟƢǘƥ ƿƢǬǻȍơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ
ƪºǼǴǟƗ ƢȈǻƢƦdzƗ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢǧȂǘdzơ ǁƢǘǷȋơ ƣƢǬǟƗ Ŀȁ .1-2 (2001), p. 628)
ǹƘºƥ ƪƷǂǏȁ ÏÍÍÏ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÐÍ Ŀ ƧƾǟƢLjǷ ʼnƾǬƫ Ǻǟ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ
ǺºǷ Ñ ÍÓÒ ƨǸȈƻ ÏÍ) ƨƟǁƢǗ ƧƾǟƢLjǷ ʼnƾǬƫ Ʃǁǂǫ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ"
ǺǷ Ʃơǂǰƥ ÎÏȁ ƔƢƥǂȀǰǴdz ƆơƾdzȂǷ ÎÏȁ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨȈǬǼƬdz ƧDŽȀƳƗ ÎÍ ƨȈǘǣȋơ
Ŗºdzơ ƢȈǻƢƦdzƗ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪ (Ǻȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÑ ƣǁƢǬƫ ƨǸȈǬƥ ƨȈƟƢƥǂȀǰdzơ DZƢƦūơ
.(http://www.mofa.go.jp) ."ƧŚºƻȋơ ƩƢǻƢǔȈǨdzơ ƤƦLjƥ ǁơǂǓƗ ƢȀƬǬū
ȅƾǼdzǂȇȉơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǂȇǃȂdz ǡȐƥ ÏÍÍÐ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÏÒ Ŀ ǂnjĄǻ ƆơǂƻƚǷȁ
ǵȂȈdzơ ơǀǿ ƪǼǴǟƗ":ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǾȈǧ ƔƢƳ ǺǘǼNjơȁ Ŀ ơƾǼdzǂȇƕ ƧǁƢǨLJ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ
ǦºȈǨƼƬdz ƨȈǻƢLjǻȍơ ƧƾǟƢLjǸǴdz ȁǁȂȇ śȇȐǷ Ò ƪǐǐƻ ƾǫ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƗ
277 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
_________________________________________
ÎÖÖÕ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÏ Ŀȁ .ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ȃȂǬdzơ ƵơǂƬǫȏơ
ǺºǷ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ȏƆ ơȂǷƗ ǽƢǔƬǬŠ Ʃǂǧȁ ƢƆȈǴƻơƽ ƢƆǠȇǂnjƫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƪǼLJ
Ņȁƾºdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ DzȇȂǸƬdz ǁȏȁƽ ǁƢȈǴǷ ÎÔ,Ö ǢǴƦŠ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
Murphy, "Contemporary practice of the United States relating to )
.(international law", p. 191
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ džȈƟǁ ǺǴǟƗ ÏÍÍÍ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ Ñ Ŀȁ
ǺºǷ ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂºȈǴǷ ÏÍÍ ƤǘºNj Ǻǟ ƪǼǴǟƗ řǻƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǶǰǤǴƥƗ ǹƗ ƽȁƗ"
ƧƾǟƢLjºǸǴdz ƨºȈũǂdzơ ǑȁǂºǬdzơ ǺǷ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ʃơǁȏȁƽ
ƨȈLjºȈƟǂdzơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdzȁ ȃŐǰdzơ ƔơǂƸǐdzơ ƣȂǼƳ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ ǹơƾǴƥ ƧƾƟƢǨdz ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ
ÏÍÍ ƤǘºNj Ǻǟ ǺǴǠƫ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǹƗ ȅƗ žȃŐǰdzơ ƔơǂƸǐdzơ ƣȂǼƳ ƢȈǬȇǂǧȋ
ƔơǂƸǐºdzơ ƣȂºǼƳ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǬƸƬLjŭơ ǹȂȇƾdzơ ǺǷ ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ
Actividades, Textos y Documentos de la Política ) "ƢǻƾǴƥ ƧƾƟƢǨdz ȃŐǰdzơ
Exterior Española (Madrid, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and
.(Cooperation, 2000), p. 102
ǕȁǂNj ƔƢǨȈƬLJƢƥ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǖƥǂƫ ƢǷ ơƆŚưǯȁ
ǁƢǠºNjƜƥ ƢºǼǿ ǂǷȋơ ǪǴǠƬȇ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ DzǠǨdzơ DZƾƥ Ǿǻƛ DZȂǬdzơ ǺǰŻȁ .ƨǼȈǠǷ
Ǿǻƛ .Ǿƫơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ƾǟȂƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢŲ ǂưǯƗ ƧƾǟƢLjǷ ʼnƾǬƫ ǹƘnjƥ œǴLJ ƪȇȂǐƬƥ
ƶȈƳǂƫ ǵƗ ƾǟȂdzơ ƨǨǯ ƶȈƳǂƫ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸǟ ƨƥƢƳȍơ DzȀLjdzơ ǺǷ džȈdz
Ʈȇƾºūơ ǹȁƽ DZȂŹ śƬdzƢūơ śƥ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǖƥǂdzƢǧ :ǑȁǂǨŭơ Ǖǂnjdzơ ƨǨǯ
ǞƥƢºǗ ǺǷ Ǿƥ ǶLjƬȇ ƢŠ Ǖǂnjdzơ ǵơƽ ƢǷ ǪȈǫƾdzơ ǽƢǼǠŠ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ DzǠǨdzơ Ǻǟ
ǵDŽºǴȇ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǽǀǿ ǹƛ .ƧƽȂǟȂŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧƽƾŰ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ǑǂǨȇ ȅǂLjǫ
ǹƗ ƢºǿƽƢǨǷ ƨºȈǨǴƻ ǺǷ ǩȐǘǻȏơ śǠƬŭơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ ƢȀȈǧ ǂǜǼdzơ ǹƢǠǷƛ
.ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƧǂƫơȂƬǷ ƪƸƦǏƗ Ǖȁǂnjŭơ ǞƥƢǘdzơ ơǀđ ǶLjƬƫ Ŗdzơ DZƢǸǟȋơ
ƨǸƴLjǼǷ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ǹȂǰƫ ȏ DZȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ǹƗ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ śǠƬƫ ǾǻƗ Śǣ
ǹƢLjºǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ DZƢů Ŀ ƔƢǧȂdzơ ǕơǂƬNjƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƣȂǴǘŭơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
DzºȇȂţ ƨºdzƢƷ ńƛ ƢǼǿ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǺǰŻȁ žŚǤǴdz ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ ʼnƾǬƬdz
ƨȈǨƸǏ Ƨȁƾǻ ȆǨǧ :śǐdzơ ńƛ ƨȇƢǟǁ ǂưǯȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ǖǂnjdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ džȈƟǁ ǺǴǟƗ ÎÖÖÑ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÏÓ Ŀ ǺǘǼNjơȁ Ŀ ƪǸȈǫƗ
.śǐºdzơ ƧƾƟƢǨdz ƨȇƢǟǁ ǂưǯȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ǖǂnjdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƾȇƾš ǽǁơǂǫ
Ŗdzơȁ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǎǴƻ Ŗdzơ ƨƴȈƬǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ǾƬǬǧơȂǷ džȈƟǂdzơ ȃƾƥƗȁ
Ŀ ƨǼȈƦŭơ ƩȏƢĐơ ǞȈŦ Ŀ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ƢƆLJȂǸǴǷ ƢƆǷƾǬƫ" ǃǂŢ Ń śǐdzơ ǹƗ ƢǿƽƢǨǷ
ǩȂºǬū ƨǸȈLjºƳ ƩƢǯƢȀºƬǻơ ǹƗȁ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬŞ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ȆLJƢƟǂdzơ ǂǷȋơ
ƾȇƾš ƶȈƬȈLJ džȈƟǂdzơ ǂȇƾǬƫ Ŀ ǾǻƗ Śǣ ."śǐdzơ Ŀ Ƥǰƫǂƫ DZơDŽƫ ȏ ǹƢLjǻȍơ
ǵƾºǬƫ ǪºȈǬƸƬdz DžƢLJȋơ ƔƢLJǁȍ ƨǏǂǧ DzǔǧƗ" ƨȇƢǟǁ ǂưǯȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǕǂNj
ŁƢǐºŭơ ... DŽºȇDŽǠƫȁ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ DZƢů Ŀ ƾȈǠƦdzơ ƾǷȋơ ȄǴǟ DzǏơȂƬǷ
Nash Leich, “Contemporary ) "śǐºdzơ ǞǷ [ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz] ȃǂƻȋơ
.(practice of the United States relating to international law", p. 745
ƨȈǻƢƦºLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǦǫȂǷ ƢǷ ƾƷ ńƛ ƢƆƷȂǓȁ ǂưǯȋơ ƩȏƢūơ ǺǷȁ
ǑǂºǤƥ ȅơȂǣơǁƢƦdz ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ ʼnƾǬƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ǽǃǂƥƗ ȅǀdzơ
:DZƢǫ ƮȈƷ ǽǂȇȂǘƫȁ ȆLJƢȈLjdzơ ǁơǂǬƬLJȏơ ƺȈLJǂƫ
ǺºǷ ƧǀƼƬŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǮǴƫ Dzǯ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƛ"
ƨºȇǁȂƫƢƬǰȇƾdzƢƥ ƨºƷƢǗȍơ ƾǠƥ ȅơȂǣơǁƢƥ ǞǷ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǞȈƦǘƫ DzƳƗ
ƩƢºǷȂǰūơ ƧƾǻƢLjºǷ Ŀ ƨƸºǓơȂdzơ ƢȀƬȈǻ ƩǂȀǛƗ ƾǫ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ
ǩȂºǬū ǵƢƬdzơ ǵơǂƬƷȏơ ǪȈǬŢȁ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ ƧƽƢǠƬLJơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzƢǬƬǻȏơ
ǞºȇǃȂƬdzơȁ ƨǷơƾƬLjºŭơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ DŽȇDŽǠƫ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ Ŀȁ ǹƢLjǻȍơ
.ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ƨdzơƾǠǴdz ȆǬȈǬūơ ǁơǂǫȍơȁ ƧȁǂưǴdz DZƽƢǠdzơ
...."
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
ƨǷƾƼƬLjºǷ ȁƗ (ÑÎ)ƆƢȇǂǰLjºǟ ƨǴƬŰ ǶȈdzƢǫƗ ǺǷ ƣƢƸLjǻȏơ ȁƗ
ž(ÑÐ)ȆƳǁƢºŬơ Ǻȇƾºdzơ ƔƢºǤdzƛ ȁƗ ž(ÑÏ)ƨȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJơ ǪǗƢǼǸǯ
_________________________________________
(ǞƥƢƫ (ÑÍ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
(ÎÖÖÎ) ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ) ƨdzƘLjºŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ Ʃơǁơǂǫ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ
ƣǁƢš ƔơǂƳƛ Ǻǟ ȆǴƼƬdzơ ƩƢǻȐǟƛ ƢƆȈƦLjǻ ǁǂǰƬƫ ƢǷ ƧƽƢǟ ǾǻƗ ƢǸǯ .(ÎÒÒ Ǎ
ÏÍÍÍ DžǁƢºǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÏÎ Ŀ ƾºǼŮơ Ɣơǁǃȁ džȈºƟǁ ǹȐǟƛ ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟ) ƨȇȁȂǻ
Poulain, "Chronologie des faits internationaux d'intérêt juridique )
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ǮǴƫ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǽƢƦƬǻȐdz ƧŚưŭơ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǺǷȁ .((2000),", p. 848
ƢȀǼǷȁ śƬdzȁƽ śƥ ǝơDŽǻ ƨȇȂLjƫ ǑǂǤƥ ƩơǁƽƢƦŭơȁ ƧǁȁƢĐơ DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ǹȁƢǠƬdzƢƥ
ŐǸǧȂºǻ/ňƢºưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjºƫ DzƟơȁƗ ȆǨǧ :ŚǸnjǯ ǝơDŽǻ Ŀ ǹƢƬLjǯƢƥȁ ƾǼŮơ DZƢưǷ
ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ȁƗ ƾǼŮơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƔơȂLJ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ǺǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ ƩǁƾǏ ÏÍÍÐ
ǾºǴƦǫ (ƾǼŮơ ǺǷ) Ǒǂǟ ǵƾǫ ƢǿơƾƷƛ Ŀȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǧƢƸǐdzơ Ƣēƽƽǁȁ ǹƢƬLjǯƢƥ
.ƣǁƢǬƬdzơ Śƥơƾƫ ǺǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ ǹƘnjƥ (ǹƢƬLjǯƢƥ) ǂƻȉơ ǥǂǘdzơ
ÎÍ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐºdzơ ǹȐǟȍơ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀŮ ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǺǷ DzǠdz (ÑÎ)
ƣȂǼƳ ǺǷ ƣƢƸLjǻȏơ ǹƘnjƥ DzȈƟơǂLJƛ Ɣơǁǃȁ džȈƟǁ Ǻǟ ÎÖÕÒ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ
ǞºƳǂŭơ Rousseau) ÎÖÔÕ DžǁƢºǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÎÕ ńƛ ǾdzȐƬƷơ ƽȂǠȇ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢǼƦdz
ƪº ºǼǴǟƗ ÏÍÍÍ DžǁƢº ºǷ/ǁơƿƕ Ò Ŀȁ .(ÎÍÐÕ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÒ) ǁȂǯǀº ºŭơ
ǂȀºNj ǽƢǐǫƗ ƾǟȂǷ Ŀ ƤƸLjǼƬLJ ǹƢǼƦdz ƣȂǼƳ Ŀ ƨǘƥơǂŭơ ƢēơȂǫ ǹƗ DzȈƟơǂLJƛ
ǞºƳǂŭơ Poulain) ȏ ǵƗ ƢȇǁȂºLJ ǞǷ ǵȐLJ ǩƢǨƫơ DzǐƷ ƔơȂLJ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ
ƨºȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂºȇǃȁ ƤºƟƢǻ ǁƢºƯƗ DZơȂǼŭơ džǨǻ ȄǴǟȁ .(ÕÒÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ
ÎÒ Ŀ Ʃǂnjºǻ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ńƛ ƨȀƳȂǷ ƨdzƢLJǁ Ŀ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ
ǞºȈǸŪ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ ƤƸLjdzơ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ÎÖÕÖ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
ƢƆºźǁƢƫ ƽƾºŹ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƱǁƢƻ ƨǘƥơǂŭơ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƩơȂǬdzơ
ƢºǷ ƾºƷ ńƛ ǒǷƢǣ ƾǟȂƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǂǷȋơ DzǠdz ƧŚƻȋơ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ .Ǯdzǀdz
.(ÒÎÔ Ǎ (ÎÖÖÍ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rousseau)
ǂnjºǻ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀǿ ǹƘnjƥ ƩŚƯƗ Ŗdzơ ƨǴƠLJȋơ ŕNj ȄǴǟ ƢƆƥơȂƳ (ÑÏ)
DžȂǣƢnjºƫ ǁDŽƳ Ǻǟ DZǃƢǼƬdzƢƥ ơƆƾǟȁ ǺǸǔƬȇ ƢƆǻƢȈƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ Ŀ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǂȇǃȁ
:ǝƢǧƾdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋ ƨȇǁȁǂǓ ǁDŽŪơ ǽǀǿ ƶƦǐƫ ȏ ƢǷƾǼǟ DžȂȈnjȇǁȂŭ (Chagos)
ńƛ ǾƬdzƢºLJǁ Ŀ ƔơȂLJ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁȁ ǵǂƬƄơ Ǫȇƾǐdzơ ƶǓȁƗ"
ǹȂǻƢºǯ Ŀ ƾºǬǟ ǝƢºǸƬƳơ DZȐƻ ȁƗ DžȂȈnjȇǁȂǷ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ǂȇǃȁ
ƢēƽƢȈLJ DžǁƢŤ DzǜƬLJ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǹƗ ƨǼLjdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ
Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨȇǁȁǂºǓ ƽȂǠƫ ȏ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƢĔƗ Śǣ DžȂǣƢnjƫ ǁDŽƳ ȄǴǟ
ƢƆºǼǿǁ DžȂȈnjºȇǁȂŭ ƢȀǼǟ DZǃƢǼƬǴdz ǺȇƾǠƬLjǷ ǹȂǰǼLJ ƢǼǻƜǧ ǝƢǧƾdzơ
."Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩƢȈǔƬǬŠ
.(Marston, "United Kingdom materials on international law 2001", p. 633)
ǾƫǁƢȇǃ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǭơŚNj ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ džȈƟǂdzơ ǺǴǟƗ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ (ÑÐ)
ƨºȈƟƢŶƛ ƧƾǟƢLjºǸǯ ȆƟƢºǼưdzơ Ǻȇƾdzơ ȆǤǴƬLJ ƢLjǻǂǧ ǹƗ ȄǘLJȂdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷȋ
ǹȂºȈǴǷ ÔÐÖ ǾºǟȂǸů ƢǷ) DžơǁȁƾǼǿȁ ơȂǣơǁƢǰȈǻȁ ȏƢǸȈƫơȂǣȁ ǁȁƽƢǨǴLjǴdz
ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ NJƬȈǷ ǁƢǐǟƛ ƢđƢǏƗ Ŗdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ǯdzƿȁ (Ǯǻǂǧ
ŅƢƬdzơ ǝƢǸƬƳȏơ DZȐƻ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ Ǻȇƾdzơ ǒȈǨţ ǹƘnjƥ ǑȁƢǨƬdzƢƥ ƾȀǠƫ Ǯdzƿ
ƩƘnjǻ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzƢƷ ƨťȁ .(RGDIP, vol.CIII (1999), p. 195) džȇǁƢƥ ȅƽƢǼdz
ȆǨǧ :ÎÖÖÔ ƨǼLJ ǖLJơȁƗ Ŀ ƢȈLJƕ ǩǂNj ƣȂǼƳ ƪƥǂǓ Ŗdzơ ƨǷǃȌdz ƨƴȈƬǻ
ǵƾºǬȇ ǹƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ džȈƟǁ ƵǂƬǫơ ÎÖÖÕ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ï
ƤƸLJ ǺǷ ňƢǠƫ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ńƛ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ DZȁƾǴdz ƔƢŶȍơ ǮǼƥȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǮǼƦdzơ
ƵǂºƬǫơ ƢǸǯ .ƨƟǁƢǗ Ǒȁǂǫ ƩơƽƢǸƬǟơȁ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƩƢǻƢǸǓ DZơȂǷȋơ Džȁƙǁ
Ŗdzơ DZȁƾǴdz ƩơƽƢǸƬǟơ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ǵƾǬȇ ǹƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ džȈƟǁ
ơǀºǿ ƩƾȇƗȁ .ƨǴǷƢNj ƨǷǃƗ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ Ǻǰƫ Ń ǹƛȁ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫơ ƩƢƥȂǠǏ ǾƳơȂƫ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƾºƷ Ŀ ƢƆȈǷơDŽdzƛ ƢƆǠƥƢǗ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǽǀǿ ȆLjƬǰƫ ȏ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƧƽƾŰ
.ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǝơȂǻƗ ŚǷƾƫ ǹƘnjƥ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ȁƗ ž(ÑÓ)Ƣēơƿ
ǺǰŻȁ ƨLjƦƬǴǷ ƩȏƢƷ ƢĔƘƥ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ ǦǏȁ ǺǰŻȁ -ÏÑ
ž(ÑÔ)ǝơŗºdzơ ǥơǂǗƗ śƥ ƨǗƢLJȂdzơ Ǒȁǂǟ Ŀ ƆȐưǷ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǥȂǫȂdzơ
_________________________________________
ǶȈǟDŽºdzơ ǁƾºǏƗȁ ."ƨȈǫǂnjºdzơ ǁȂǸȈƫ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ơƆȂŶ Dzǫȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ Dzǫȋơ
ƔƢºǸǟDŽdz ǂºNjƢǠdzơ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǝƢǸƬƳȏơ ƾǬǟ ƨȈnjǟ ǹȐǟȍơ ơǀǿ ŅơǂƬLJȋơ
Ȃºdz ǞºƴƬǼǷ Ŀ ƽȂºǬǠŭơ ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơȁ ƢȈLJȉ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ȃƾƬǼǷ
"Tariff-free access for the world's poorest ) ǮȈLjǰŭơ ǩǂNj DZƢſ DžȂƥƢǯ
.(countries", Media Release, 25 October 2002
ǽǀºŮ ƢƆƸȈǓȂƫ Ƣǿƽơǂȇƛ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƨǴưǷƗ ǺǷ (ÑÓ)
ȅǀºdzơ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ǂnjǻ Ŀ ǺȇƽơǂǗȁ ƨƳǁƢƦƥ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƨdzƢūơ
/ƣƕ ǂȀNj ǺǷ ňƢưdzơ ǦǐǼdzơ DZȐƻ ƲȈǴŬơ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ƨȈƥǂǣ DZȁƽ Ƨƾǟ Ǿƥ ƪǷƢǫ
.ƪºȇȂǰǴdz ǩơǂǠdzơ ȁDŽǣ ƤǬǟ ǺǷȋơ džǴů ƩơǁơǂǬƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ÎÖÖÍ džǘLjǣƗ
:ȏƆ ȁƗ Ȃǿ ǁơǂǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ ÏÕ Ŀ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǴǟƗ ƾǬǧ
ƨºƦǫƢǠƬŭơ ƩơǁơǂºǬdzơ ƤºƳȂŠ ƧǀƼƬŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳȎdz ƨƴȈƬǻ"
ǹȁƢºǠƬdzơ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ ƱǁƾǼȇȁ ƨƷơǂǏ ƢȀȈdzƛ Ȃǟƾƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz
ȆºLJƢȈLJ ȏȁ ňȂǻƢǫ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȅƗ ƨť ƾƳȂȇ ȏ ƢƆȈǻƢƯȁ ... ĺȁǁȁȋơ
ƨǸǜǼǷ Ŀ Ȃǔǟ ƢĔƗ ƽǂĐ ǁơǂǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǀƼƬƫ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ DzǠŸ
ƣǂºǣ ƽƢºŢơ ȁƗ ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ȁƗ ȆLjǴǗȋơ DZƢſ ǦǴƷ
.ƨȈƳȂǣƢŻƽ ƽǂů Ȃǿ ƩƢȈǓǂǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ǪǴǘǼȇ śǸţ Dzǯȁ .ƢƥȁǁȁƗ
DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ Ǯdzǀƥ ǶǬƫ Ń ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ƨǸǜǼǷ Dzǯ Ŀ ǹơƾǴƥ ƨǸưǧ
ǍƢºƻ ǁơǂºǫ ơǀǿ ǹƗ řǠȇ ơǀǿȁ .ơƾǼdzǂȇƕ ȁƗ ơƾǼǴLjȇƕ ȁƗ DZƢǤƫŐdzơ
Dzºƥ ƤLjºƸǧ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ŁƢǐŭơ ƨȇƢŧ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ȏ Ǿƫǀţơ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƜƥ
."ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩơǁơǂǬƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ƨǏƢŬơ ƢǼūƢǐǷ ƨȇƢǸū
(Diario de sesiones del Congreso de los Diputados, Committees,
REDI, vol. ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ žFourth Legislature (1990), No. 126, p. 3722)
.(XLIII, No. 1 (1991), p. 135
/ǕƢƦNj Ŀ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ƢȀƬǓǂǟ Ŗdzơ ƨǗƢLJȂdzơ ƆȐưǷ (ÑÔ)
ǺºǷ ƨºȇǁȂưdzơ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ ƨȀƦŪơ ȅƽǂǸƬǷȁ ǁȁƽƢǨǴLjdzơ śƥ ÎÖÕÎ ǂȇơŐǧ
(ÎÖÕÎ) ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Rousseau) ƨºȈǴǿȋơ ƣǂºūơ ƔƢĔƛ DzƳƗ
.(ÒÖÏ-ÒÖÎ Ǎ
ȄǴǟ ƧƽƢȈLjdzơ DZȂƷ Ƨǂȇǂŭơ ǝơŗdzơ ƩȏƢƷ Ƕǔƻ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ǾȇȂǼƬdzơ śǠƬȇȁ
ǺºǷ DzǠdzȁ žƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ǺǷ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ Ŀ Ƨƽơǁȍơ ǞƦǼƫ ƢǷ ƢƆƦdzƢǣ Ǒǁȋơ
ǁơǂǸƬºLJơȁ ǩǁƢºǗ DzºƦƳ ǹƘnjºƥ ňƢƦLJȍơ ǦǫȂŭơ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀđ ƩȏƢūơ
ƨºȈǠǸŪơ ǵƢºǷƗ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ǾǼǴǟƗ ƢǷ ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟ ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀđ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ
:DZƢǫ ƮȈƷ ƨǷƢǠdzơ
ǞºǷ ǑȁƢºǨƬdzơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƨǴǏơȂŠ ƺLJơǂdzơ ŖǷȂǰƷ ǁơǂǫ ƾǯƙƗ ǹƗ ƽȁƗ"
ÏÔ ǹȐǟƛ ƢǿƢLJǁƗ Ŗdzơ džLJȋơ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơȁ ƧƔƢǼƥ Ƶȁǂƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ
."ÎÖÕÑ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢLjǴŪơ ǹȂǠƥǁȋơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ)
.(REDI, vol. XLVI, No. 1 (1994), p. 159 ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ žÎÎ ƨLjǴŪơ
ȄǴǟ ƨȇƢǤǴdz ƨđƢnjƬǷ ǹȂǰƫ ƢǷ ƧƽƢǟ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ǽǀǿ Ƣđ ǶƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǤȈǐdzơȁ
ƽǁơȂºdzơȁ ƨȈƟơȂƬLJȏơ ƢȈǼȈǣ Ŀ ƨdzƢūƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ŅƢƬdzơ ǞǘǬŭơ ǺǷ śƦƬȇ ƢǷ ǁơǂǣ
ƣơȂǼdzơ džǴĐ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ƨǼŪ ǵƢǷƗ ňƢƦLJȍơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ƨǸǴǯ Ŀ
:DZƢǫ ƮȈƷ ÎÖÖÑ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ Î ƺȇǁƢƬƥ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
278
(ÑÒ)ƨȈǯǂǸŪơ ǵȂLJǂdzơ ƔƢǤdzƛ ȁƗ ž(ÑÑ)ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫơ ƧƾǟƢLjǷ ʼnƾǬƫ ȁƗ
ƨºȈdzȁƽ ƩơƔơǂºƳƛ Ŀ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ȁƗ žǪƦLJ ƢŠ ǖƦƫǂǷ ƔơǂƳƛ Ȃǿȁ
_________________________________________
(ǞƥƢƫ (ÑÐ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
ǞƥƢºƬƫ DzǜƬLJȁ ǞƥƢƬƫ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƜǧ DZƢūơ ƨǠȈƦǘƥȁ"
ƨǨǐƥ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷȁ ƨȈǫǂǠdzơ ƩƢȈǴǫȋơ ǩȂǬƷ ƨdzƢƷ ǢdzƢƥ ǵƢǸƬǿƢƥ
ƣǂǠƫ ǁȂǘƬdzơ ơǀđ ǵƢǸƬǿȏơ ƤǻƢƳ ńƛ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ȅơȂǣơǁƢƥ Ŀ ƨǷƢǟ
ȄºǴǟ ȅơȂǣơǁƢƥ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƧƾǟƢLjŭ ƢǿƽơƾǠƬLJơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ
Ŀ ƪǟǂºNj ƢºĔƜǧ ƨȇƢǤdzơ ǽǀŮȁ .ǩȂǬūơ ǽǀŮ ǵƢƬdzơ ǵơǂƬƷȏơ ǁơǂǫƛ
ȅǁȁǂǔºdzơ ǺǷȁ .ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǑǂǬdzơ ƪƸǼǷȁ ƆƢLJƢLJƗ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ƨǘƻ
."DzǸǠǴdz ƨǏǂǧ ȅơȂǣơǁƢƥ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƔƢǘǟȍ Ƥǫǂƫ ƧǂƬǨdz ƮȇǂƬdzơ ŅƢƬdzƢƥ
Boletín Oficial de las Cortes Generales, Congress, Fifth Legislature, )
REDI, vol. XLVII, No. 2 ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .series D (1994) No. 173, p. 259)
.((1995), p. 170
ÎÖ ƹǁƚºŭơ ÏÍÍÎ/Î Ƕǫǁ ȆǰǴŭơ ǵȂLJǂŭơ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǂǜǻơ (ÑÑ)
(ÎÕ ƽƾǠdzơ) ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨȈũǂdzơ ƧƾȇǂŪơ Ŀ ǁȂnjǼŭơȁ) ÏÍÍÎ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
(ÏÍÍÎ ǂȇƢºǼȇ/ňƢºưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÍ ƺȇǁƢƬƥ (Boletin Oficial del Estado)
śƬºǼƳǁȋơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪ Ǒǂǫ ǹƢǸǓ ƶǼǷ ȄǴǟ ƨǬǧơȂŭơ ƪŤ ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ȅǀdzơȁ
ǩȁƾǼǏ ƢŮȂŻ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǬǧơȂǸǴdz ǞLJȁƗ ƨǘǴLJ ƔơǁǃȂdzơ džǴů ƶǼǷȁ
ȄºǴǟ śƬºǼƳǁȋơ ƧƾǟƢLjŭ ƨǴȈLJȂǯ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǾƫƘnjǻƗ ȅǀdzơ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ
ǹƗ ńƛ ŚNjƗ (ÏÒÍÒ Ǎ) ǵȂLJǂŭơ ƨƳƢƦȇƽ Ŀȁ :ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƢȀƬǷǃƗ ƨȀƳơȂǷ
ŅƢºŭơ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ Ƕǟƽ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ƶȈƬƫ ƨȈdzƕ ȄƻȂƬȇ ơǀǿ ȆǰǴŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵȂLJǂǷ"
ƢºǷ ǃơǂƷƜºƥ ƢƆǼǿǁȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ǞǷ ǹȁƢǠƫ ǪƯȁƗ Ŀ śƬǼƳǁȌdz
."śȇƽƢǐƬǫơ ƵȐǏƛȁ ǵƾǬƫ ǺǷ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ǾǗǂƬnjȇ
ÏÍÍÏ ǂƥȂºƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÖ ƹǁƚŭơ ǡȐƦdzơ Ŀ ƽǁȁ ǂƻƕ DZƢưǷ ƨťȁ
ǹƢºƥƢȈdzơ ƢȀǷƾǬƬºLJ Ŗºdzơ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈǻƢƥƢȈdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơȁ
ǺǷȁ .ƩƢƷȐǏȍơ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣȁ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ƩƢƷȐǏȍơ ǃƢųƛ DzƳƗ ǺǷ śǘLjǴǨdz
:ǹƢƬLjǻƢǤǧƗ ǁƢǸǟƛ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ ʼnƾǬƫ DZƢưǷ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǺǰŻ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ
ǩȂºǨȇ ƩơƾǟƢLjŭơ ǺǷ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƨǟȂǸů ʼnƾǬƫ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ Ʃǁǂǫ"
(Ǻºȇ ǹȂºȈǴǷ ÎÓ ÔÍÍ ŅơȂºƷ) ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÐÓ ƢȀǟȂǸů
Ƕǟƾºdz ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣȁ ƨǻȂǠŭơ ƶǼŠ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ
ȅơǃǂºƻ ƾºȈŧ džȈƟǂdzơ ƨLJƢƟǂƥ ǹƢƬLjǻƢǤǧƗ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢǬƬǻȏơ Ƨǁơƽȍơ
.ƾǴƦdzơ Ŀ ǁƢǸǟȍơȁ ǵȐLjdzơ ƨȈǴǸǟ DŽȇDŽǠƫȁ
DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ ʼnƾǬƬƥ řǠŭơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǂŤƚŭơ Ŀ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ƪǼǴǟƗȁ"
ǹȂȈǴǷ ÒÍÍ ńƛ Dzǐȇ ƢǷ ǵƾǬƬLJ ƢĔƗ (ȂȈǯȂǗ ǂŤƚǷ) ǹƢƬLjǻƢǤǧƗ ǁƢǸǟƛ
ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂºȈǴǷ ÏÒÍ ƢȀǼǷ ǵƾǬƬLJȁ Ǧǐǻȁ śƬǼLJ ȃƾǷ ȄǴǟ ǁȏȁƽ
ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ƢȀƬǷƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ ǢǴƦƫ ƨǟȂǸĐơ ǽǀđȁ .ńȁȋơ ƨǼLjdzơ DZȐƻ
ƪºǧȁƗ Ǯdzǀºƥȁ ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÏÕÏ ƣǁƢǬȇ ƢǷ ǁƢǸǟȍơȁ ljƢǠǻȎdz
ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ ǞǸŝȁ .ȂȈǯȂǗ ǂŤƚǷ Ŀ ǺǴǠŭơ ńȁȋơ ƨǼLjǴdz ƢȀǷơDŽƬdzƢƥ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ
ƩƢºǸƴŮơ ǀºǼǷ ƢȀǤǴƦǷ ǹƜǧ ǁƢǸǟȍơȁ ljƢǠǻȍƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơȁ ƨȈǻƢLjǻȍơ
."ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÐÔÒ ƣǁƢǬȇ ÏÍÍÎ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ǂȀnjdz ƨȈƥƢǿǁȍơ
.(http://www.mofa.go.jp)
Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÕ ƹǁƚǷ ǡȐƥ Ŀ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ƪǼǴǟƗ ǩơǂǠdzơ ǁƢǸǟƛ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀȁ
ǹȂºȈǴǷ ÎÎÍ Ƣǿǁƾǫ ȆǫơǂǠdzơ ƤǠnjǴdz ƧƾǟƢLjǷ ʼnƾǬƫ ÏÍÍÐ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ
.(http://www.ausai.gov.au) ǁȏȁƽ
ƩƢºǨȇǂǠƬdzơ Dzǯ ȆǤǴȈLJ ǽƾǴƥ ǹƗ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ Ɣơǁǃȁ džȈƟǁ ǺǴǟƗ (ÑÒ)
śLjºǸŬơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǨŭơ ƨȈǯǂǸŪơ ǵȂLJǂdzơȁ
ƢȈdzơǂƬºLJƗ ǹƗ ǺǴǟƗ ǹƗ ňǂLjȇ":ǹȐǟȍơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƽǁȁȁ .ŃƢǠdzơ Ŀ ơƆǂǬǧ ƾNjȋơ
ȄǴǟ ƨdzȁƽ ÑÖ ƩƢƴƬǼŭ ƨȈǯǂŦ ǵȂLJǁ ȁƗ ƩƢǨȇǂǠƫ ǹȁƽ DZȂƻƾdzơ ǺǸǔƬLJ
279 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ƨǘnjºǻƗ ǁƢƯƕ ǺǷ ƾūƢƥ ƨdzȁƽ ƢȀȈǧ ƾǠƫ ƨǴưǷƗ ƾƳȂƫ Dzƥ ž(ÑÖ)ǹƘnjdzơ
ƾƳȂƫ ƢǸǯ .(ÒÍ)ȅƾǿƢǠƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿ ȅȂǘǼȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ƧǂǔǷ
__________
ơƾǼǯȁ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ śƥ ƾȇƾnjdzơ ǂƫȂƬdzơ ƣƢǬǟƗ Ŀ ƆȐưǷ ơǀǿ ƭƾƷ (ÑÖ)
ƧƾƟƢǨdz ơƆƾǟȁ ơƾǼǯ ƩǁƾǏƗ ƿƛ "ƽȂLJȋơ ƩȂƦǴŮơ Ǯũ" ǝơŗƥ Ȇũ ƢǷ ǹƘnjƥ
ňƢºŭŐdzơ ǪȇǂǨdzơ ǾƷǂǗ DZơƚLJ ȄǴǟ ƢƆƥơȂƴǧ .ǭƢũȋơ ƾƟƢǐǷ DZƢů Ŀ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ
ǭƢũȋơ ƾƟƢǐǷ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƘnjƥ ÎÖÖÖ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÒ Ŀ ȆǯơǂƬNjȏơ
ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬºLJơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀđ ƣơȂǼdzơ džǴů ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪǤǴƥƗ ȅƾǼǰdzơ ƾȇƾŪơ
Spanish Yearbook ) Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨȈdzȂūơ ǺǷ ƧƢǬƬLjŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
ǹƗ ƢȀȈǧ ƽǁȁȁ (of International Law, vol. VII (1999-2000), p. 107
... DzLjºǯȁǂƥ Ŀ ȅƾǼǰdzơ ŚǨLjdzơ ǺǷ ƨdzƢLJǁ ƪǬǴƫ ƨǼƴǴdzơ"
ƱǁƢºƻ ȅƾǼǰdzơ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ ǪƦǘƫ Ǻdz ƢĔƗ ńƛ ƨǏƢƻ ƨǨǐƥ ƩǁƢNjƗȁ
.ƨȈdzƢǤƫŐdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ǺǨLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ
ơƾºǼǯ ǵDŽºǴƫ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ Ȇũǁ ǞƥƢǗ ƔƢǨǓȍȁ
ƨȇȂǨNj ƧǂǯǀŠ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ơǀǿ ơƾǼǯ ƾǯƚƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ƪūƗ ƆƢǻȂǻƢǫ
ńȂƬƫ Ŗdzơ ȂǔǠdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǏƢǟ ȆǰǼLjǴǿ Ŀ ƨȇƾǼǰdzơ ƧǁƢǨLjdzơ ǺǷ
... ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƨLJƢƟǁ ƢƆȈdzƢƷ
ǺºǷ ƨȇȂǨNj ƧǂǯǀǷ DzǰNj Ŀ ƽǁ ƽǁȁ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÐÍ Ŀȁ
ơƆǁơǂºǫƛ (ƨºǼƴǴdzơ džǴů) ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ Ŀ śƬǐƬƼŭơ śƬLjLJƚŭơ
ơƾǼǯ ƢȀƬǷƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢǸȀƬǬǧơȂŭ ƢƆȈũǁ ƢƆƫƢƦƯƛȁ ǵȐƬLJȏƢƥ
ƨƳǁƢŬơ ƤǻơȂŪơ ǒǠƥ ǹƘnjƥ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ȃȂƬǨƥ DZȐƻƛ ǹȁƽ
ǀǧƢǼdzơ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ ǩƢǨƫƢƥ ƧƾȈǬƬŭơ Śǣ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ Ǻǟ
."ƨȇƾǼǰdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǞǷ ƤLJƢǼŭơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƢŮȁƢǼƫ ǶƬȈLJ Ŗdzơȁ
ƩƢƯƢǠƦǻơ ȃȂƬLjǷ ǒȈǨƼƬƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ȆǰȇǂǷȋơ ƾǟȂdzơ ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟ (ÒÍ)
ƨȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ ǪƸǴŭơ ȂƫȂȈǯ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ DZȂƦǫ ǵƾǠdz Ȑ Ɔ ȇƾƥ ƔÅ ơǂƳƛ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƩơǃƢǤdzơ
ǺºǴǟƗ ÏÍÍÏ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ȆǨǧ žƹƢǼŭơ ŚǤƫ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȇǁƢǗȍơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
Ȇǿȁ ƹƢǼŭơ ŚǤƫ ǁƢƯƕ ƨŪƢǠŭ ƨǴȇƾƥ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ džȈƟǁ
:ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ȃȂƸǨdzƢƥ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǹȐǟȍơ ƔƢƳȁ ƨȈǟȂǗ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ
Ŀ ƨºƠȈǧƾdzơ ƩơǃƢºǣ ƩƢƯƢǠƦǻơ ǒȈǨţ Ȃǿ ǂNjƢƦŭơ ƢǼǧƾǿ ǹƛ"
.ƢǻƽƢǐƬǫơ Ƕƴū ƢƆǠƦƫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ƨƠȈǧƾdzơ ƩơǃƢǣ ƨǧƢưǯ ǒȈǨƼƬƥ ƨǷDŽƬǴŭ ļǁơƽƛ ǹƛȁ"
ǕƢnjºǼdzơ ǺºǷ ƧƾƷơȂdzơ ƧƾƷȂdzơ Ŀ ƩơǃƢǣ ǺǷ ǽǁƾǐǻ ƢǷ ǁơƾǬǷȁ
.ƨǷƽƢǬdzơ ǂnjǠdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ ȃƾǷ ȄǴǟ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÎÕ DZƾǠŠ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ
ƩƢºƯƢǠƦǻơ ȂŶ ǒȈǨţ ńƛ ȆǔǨŭơ ǁƢLjŭơ Ŀ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ ǞǔȈLJ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ
ƩƢºƯƢǠƦǻȏơ ƾºȇơDŽƫ ǽƢšơ džǰǟ Ľ ǥƢǬȇƛȁ ƢǼȇƾdz ƨƠȈǧƾdzơ ƩơǃƢǣ
.ǶǴǠdzơ ǽǁŐȇ ƢǸƦLjƷ
ƨǴºǏơȂŠ ƨºȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƨºȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢLjLJƚŭơ ƤdzƢǘǼLJȁ ..."
ǞºǷ ƪºǷǂƥƗ Ŗºdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ƩƽƗ DzǠǨdzƢƥȁ .ƩƢƯƢǠƦǻȏơ ǒȈǨţ
Ŀ ƾȇƾºNj ǒȈǨţ ńƛ ƢǿŚǣȁ ǵȂȈǼŭȋơȁ ƩȐǏȂŭơ ǾƦNj ƩƢǟƢǼǏ
ǽǀºǿ ȄºǴǟ řƦǼLJȁ .ȏƆ ȂǠǨǷ ƾNjȋơ ƨƠȈǧƾdzơ ƩơǃƢǣ ǒǠƥ ƩƢƯƢǠƦǻơ
.ƩƢǔȈǨƼƬdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭƢƥȁ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵơǂƥƜƥ ƩơǃƢųȍơ
DžƢȈǬdz ƨȈŭƢǟ ŚȇƢǠǷ ƭơƾƷƛ ńƛ ơƆǁȂǧ ƢǼƬǷȂǰƷ ƾǸǠƬLJ ƢǸǯ"
DzȇȂƸƬǴdz ƨǴƥƢǫ ƩơƽƢǸƬǟơ ƶǼǸǼLJȁ .ƩƢƯƢǠƦǻȏơ ƩƢǔȈǨţ DzȈƴLjƫȁ
.ƩƢºƯƢǠƦǻȐdz ƨȈǬȈǬƷ ƩƢǔȈǨƼƬƥ ƪǷƢǫ ƢĔƗ ƪƦưƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǯǂnjǴdz
ȐƆ ǔǧ ƨǨȈǜǼdzơ ǶƸǨdzơ ƢȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƫȁ ƧƽƾƴƬŭơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ƱƢƬǻƛ ǞƴnjǼLJȁ
.ƨƠȈǧƾdzơ ƩơǃƢǤdz ƩƢƯƢǠƦǻơ ȅƗ ƢȀǼǟ ǁƾǐƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǫƢǘdzơ Ǻǟ
ƢǼƫơǁƢȈLjºdz ƽȂºǫȂdzơ ƽƢǐºƬǫȏ ǹȂǷƘŭơ śLjƸƬdzơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ DzǸǠǼLJȁ
."ƢǼƫƢǼƷƢNjȁ
.(ÑÕÕ-ÑÕÔ Ǎ (ÏÍÍÏ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Murphy)
ǹƛȁ ƆơǁƢºƯƕ ƲƬǼȇ ȏ Ņȁȋơ DzǠǨdzơ ǹƜǧ ǑǂǠdzơ Ǯdzƿ DzƦǬȇ ȏ ƢǷƾǼǠǧ
.(ÑÕ)ȆǬȈǬƷ ƾǟȂƥ ƢǼǿ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǂǷȋơ ǹƢǯ
ƨȈǴƻơƽ ƨǸǜǻƗ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǵƾǠƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ Ǯdzƿ ƾǟȂdzơ ƨǴưǷƗ ǺǷȁ - ÏÒ
ƮdzƢƯ ƾǴƥ Ŀ ƨȈƦǴLJ ǁƢƯƕ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬƫ ȁƗ ƩơƽƢǬƬǻơ Śưƫ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ
ơǀºđ ǹȐºǟƛ ǁơƾǏƛ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƧƾǟơȂdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǵDŽǴȇ ƾǟȁ Ȃǿȁ
_________________________________________
(ǞƥƢƫ (ÑÔ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
- ļƽƢºLJȁ ļơƾȈºLJ ǹȂǸǴǠƫ ƢǸǯ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƛ"
ƾºǫ - ƨdzƘLjºŭơ ǽǀǿ ƢƆǠȈŦ ǹȂǸǴǠƫ Ƕǰǻȋ ǵƢǬŭơ ơǀǿ Ŀ DŽƳȁƘLJȁ
ǵƢºǠdzơ ȅƗǂºdzơ ǵƢǷƗȁ ƨȈƟơȂƬLJȏơ ƢȈǼȈǣ Ŀ ǵƢǠdzơ ȅƗǂdzơ ǵƢǷƗ ƪǷDŽƬdzơ
Ŀ ƨȈǬȈǬƷ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƽ ǪȈǬŢ ƨȈǴǸǠdz ƢēƾǟƢLjǷ ʼnƾǬƬƥ Ņȁƾdzơȁ ňƢƦLJȍơ
ƪǐºǴƼƬLJơ ƩƢƥƢƼƬǻȐdz ŅƢƬdzơ ǵȂȈdzơ Ŀ ƢƆǷƢǟ ƢƆǻƢȈƥ ƩǁƾǏƗȁ .ƾǴƦdzơ
ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ ƨǓǁƢǠŭơ ƨȈƦǴǣƗ ƢȀȈǧ ƢǿǂǗƢnjƫ Ŗdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ ǾȈǧ
ƢƆºȈǬǘǼǷ Ǿdz ǹȂǰƬLJ ȅǀdzơ ǂǷȋơ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ ƨȈǟȁǂnjŭơ ǵơƾǠǻơ ǹƘnjƥ
Ŀ ƢºǼǴǟƗȁ Ȑ Ɔ ƦǬƬLjºǷ ƨȈƟơȂƬLJȏơ ƢȈǼȈǣ ǽƢš ƢǼƬLJƢȈLJ ǶLJǁ Ŀ ƲƟƢƬǻ
ǽǀºǿ Ŀ ǶƬºƫ Ń ȆǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ DZƢǬƬǻȏơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ŐƬǠǻ ƢǼǻƗ Ǿƫơƿ ƪǫȂdzơ
ǞȈƴnjƫ ƢǼȇƾȇƗ śƥ Ŗdzơ DzƟƢLJȂdzơ ƨǧƢǰƥ DzǏơȂǼLJ ƢǼǻƗȁ ƩƢƥƢƼƬǻȏơ
ƨǴºǏơȂǷ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ȃȂǬdzơȁ ƨǷȂǰūơ śƥ ǁơȂūơ ǥƢǼƠƬLJơ
."ȆǬȈǬƷ ȆǗơǂǬŻƽ ǵƢǜǻ ȂŴ DZƢǬƬǻȏơ ƨȈǴǸǟ
Diario de sesiones del Congreso de los Disputados, Committees, Fifth )
ƢƆºǔºȇƗ ǂººǜǻơȁ ž(Legislature (1994), Congress, No. 225, p. 6818
.(REDI, vol. XLVI, No. 2 (1994), p. 656)
ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǹƢŭǂƥ Ŀ ƵǂǗ DZơƚLJ ȄǴǟ ƣơȂƳ Ŀ DzưǸƬƫ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzƢƷ ƨťȁ
ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ǂȇǃȁ ǾȈǧ ǺǴǟƗ ȏƢǸȈƫơȂǣȁ DŽȈǴƥ śƥ ƽȁƾūơ ǹƘnjƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
:DZƢǬǧ ǝơŗdzơ DzƷ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ǹȁƢǠƬǴdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ƽơƾǠƬLJơ
ƩƢȈdzȁƚLjºǷ ȅƗ ƢŮ ƪLjȈdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǹƗ ƾǯƙƗ ǹƗ ƽȁƗ"
ńƛ ƽȂºǠȇ ȅǀdzơ DŽȈǴƥȁ ȏƢǸȈƫơȂǣ śƥ ȅƽȁƾūơ ǝơŗdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ
śǧǂǘǴdz ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƧƾǟƢLjǷ ʼnƾǬƬdz ǹȁƾǠƬLjǷ ƢǼǻƗ Śǣ .ÎÕÒÖ ǵƢǟ
DzǸǠdzơ DzǏơȂǼLJȁ Ƣǻǁȁƽ Ȃǿ ơǀǿȁ .ȆǸǴLJ DzƷ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ
.*"ǾǴƳƗ ǺǷ
.(Marston, "United Kingdom…2000", p. 539)
ƨȈǻƢƦºLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƶǼǷ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƜƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǴƯƢŲ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzƢƷ ƨť (ÑÕ)
:ȆǸǼƦdzơ ƢǤȈȇǁȂǻ .Ɨ DzȇȂǻƢŭ ƔȂƴǴdzơ ǪƷ
ÎÖÕÕ ǂºȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÏÔ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪǼǴǟƗ ƾǬǧ"
DzƷ Ŀ ƢȀƬƦǣǁ Ǻǟ ȆLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ǵȐǟȍơ ƤƬǰǷ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ ǡȐƥ Ŀ
."œǼƳƗ Dzƻƾƫ ǹȁƽȁ ƢēƽƢȈLJ ǵơǂƬƷơ DzǛ Ŀ ƢǸǼƥ DzǯƢnjǷ
Boletín Oficial de las Cortes Generales, Senate, Third Legislature )
.((1988), Series I, No. 185, p. 7705
ƨºȈƳǁƢƻ Ɣơǁǃȁȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǺǷ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƩƢǻȐǟƛ ƩǁƾǏ ƾǫȁ
ƢĔƗ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪǼǴǟƗ ǩƢȈLjdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .ƨȇŚƦȇȍơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ ǹơƾǴƥ ŕNj
ǂǷȋƢƥ řǠŭơ ƤǴǗ ơƿƛ ƢǤȈȇǁȂǻ DZơǂǼŪơ ƔơȂȇȍ ȆǸǼƥ DzƷ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƧƾǠƬLjǷ
ǹƢǯǁƗ ƾȈǗȂƫȁ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǖLjƥ Ŀ ǶȀLjȇ Ǯdzƿ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢƆǸƟơƽȁ Ǯdzƿ
ǺǸǔºȇ DzƷ ǁƢǗƛ ǞȈƴnjƫ ńƛ ȄǠLjƫ ƢĔƗȁ .ƢǸǼƥ ƤǠNj ƨǷơǂǯȁ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ
.ƢǸǼƦdz ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ȃȂǬdzơ śƥ ƢƆȈǓȁƢǨƫ ƢƆƳǂű
REDI, col. XLI, No. 1 (1989), ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ žÔÔÍÑ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ)
.(p. 163
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǵƾºǠƥ ǺºǠǗ ƤǴǗ ʼnƾǬƫ ńƛ ȆLJƢƟǂdzơ ǹȐǟȍơ ȃƽƗȁ - ÏÕ
ÏÒ Ŀ ȐºȇȁŗǨdz ƢºȈǴǠdzơ ƨºǸǰƄơ ǵƢºǷƗ ǹȐǘƦdzơȁ ƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơ
ƨdzƘLjºŭơ ǽǀºǿ ƢȈǴǠdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪdzȁƢǼƫ Ȃdzȁ .ÏÍÍÑ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj
Ń ƨǸǰƄơ ǹƗ Śǣ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀŮ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨǸȈǜǟ ƨȈŷƗ ƢŮ ƪǻƢǰdz
ǪƟƢƯȂdzƢƥ" ƢƆǟȂǨnjǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǾǻȂǰdz ƤǴǘdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƪǔǧǁ ƿƛ DzǠǨƫ
.(ÒÒ)"ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƨȈdzȂƦǬǷ ǺǷ ƾǯƘƬǴdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ
ǒǠƥ Ŀ Ǟǧƾƫ ƾǫ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ Ŀ ƨȇȂǔǠdzơȁ - ÏÖ
ƢƆǻȂǿǂǷ ƢȀȈǧ Ǿƥ ƽȂǟȂŭơ ƔȆnjdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ƽȂǟȁ ǁơƾǏƛ ńƛ ƩȏƢūơ
ƩơƔơǂºƳƛ ǪȈLjºǼƫ ńƛ ȆºǷǂȇ ƨºȈǼǠŭơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǽǀƼƬƫ ǁơǂǬƥ
Ǖǂnjdz ƨǠǓƢƻ ǽǀǿȁ - ƾǟȂǴdz ƨưȇƾƷ ƨǴưǷƗ ǭƢǼǿȁ .(ÒÓ)ƢȀƟƢǔǟƗ
ƨºȇŚǿƢǸŪơ DZƢºƷ Ȇǿ ƢǸǯ ƩơƔơDŽŪơ Ǟǧǂƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ - Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ
(ÒÔ)
śƦƬȇȁ . ǺǷȋơ džǴů ƢȀȈǴǟ ƢȀǓǂǧ Ŗdzơ ƩơƔơDŽŪơȁ ƨȈƦȈǴdzơ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ
.(ÒÕ)ǝơŗºdzơ ơǀºǿ Ŀ ƢƆȈƥƢŸƛ ơƆǁȂǘƫ ƨť ǹƗ ƨǬƷȐdzơ ƭơƾƷȋơ ǺǷ
__________
ǺºǰŻȁ ÏÍÍÑ DžǁƢºǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÏÒ ƹǁƚŭơ DZȂƦǬdzơ ǵƾǟ ǁơǂǫ (ÒÒ)
.http://www.tsj.gov.ve :ŅƢƬdzơ ǞǫȂŭơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǝȐǗȏơ
DzºȈƟƢƼȈǷ džȈƟǂºdzơ ǞºǴƻ Ǻºǟ ȂǰLJȂǷ ƨǟơƿƛ ǹȐǟƛ ƾǼǟ (ÒÓ)
ƨºȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂºȇǃȁ ƾºǯƗ ÎÖÖÎ džǘLjºǣƗ/ƣƕ ÎÖ Ŀ ǥȂnjƫƢƥǁȂǣ
ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ňƢƦLJȍơ
ǹƘnjºƥ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹơƾǴƥ ƨȈǬƥ ǞǷ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ǀƼƬƬLJ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǹƛ"
."ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȐdz ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƩơƾǟƢLjǷȁ Ǒȁǂǫ
.(REDI, vol. XLIII, No. 2 (1991), pp. 415-416)
ƨȇŚǿƢǸŪƢƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ƩƢǫȐǟ ǹƘnjƥ ňƢŭǂƥ ljƢǬǻ DZȐƻ (ÒÔ)
ǹƗ ńƛ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǁƢNjƗ ƨȈƦȈǴdzơ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ
ǽǀºǿ Ǒǂºǧ ȅǀdzơ Ȃǿ ǺǷȋơ džǴů ǹƗ ƾǯƙƗȁ - ǺǷȋơ džǴů"
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºǷ DzǸŢ ƢȈƦȈdz DzƦǬƫ ǹƗ ǕǂƬnjȇ - ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ȃƽơǂǧ džȈdzȁ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ
ƢĔƘƥ ƢȈƦȈdz ƢǼǠǼǬƫ ǹƗ ǵDŽǴȇ ƢǸǯ .ǶƟȐŭơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ Ǟǧƾƫ ǹƗȁ ƢȀȈǨǛȂǷ DZƢǠǧƗ
.ĺǂǯȂdz ƨŻǂƳ Ǻǟ ǾǧǂǠƫ ƢǷ Dzǯ Ǻǟ Ǧnjǰƫȁ ƣƢǿǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƪǴţ
Ǖȁǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ ĿȂƬLjǻ ǹƗ ƢǼǼǰŻ ǦȈǯ ƢȈƦȈdz ǞǷ NJǫƢǼǼLJȁ ...
ǪǧơȂǼLJ ƨȈǓǂǷ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƫ ǞǓȂƫ ƢǷ ƽǂƴŠ ǾǻƗ Ƕǰdz ƾǯƙƗ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ
."ƩơƔơDŽŪơ Ǟǧǁ ȄǴǟ
.(Marston, "United Kingdom…2001, pp. 643-644)
ƨºȈƦȈǴdzơ ƨºȈƥǂǠdzơ ƨȇŚǿƢǸŪơ śƥ ƨȈũǂdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǥƢǼƠƬLJơ Ļ (ÒÕ)
ǂºȇǃȁ śºƥ ƔƢǬdz ƣƢǬǟƗ Ŀ ÏÍÍÏ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ Ô Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ
ƔƢºǬǴdzơ ơǀǿ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀȁ .ƨȈƦȈǴdzơ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ ƨȇŚǿƢǸŪơ džȈƟǁȁ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ
ƔơƾºƬǟơ ƢȇƢƸºǓ ǒȇȂºǠƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈƦȈǴdzơ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ ƨȇŚǿƢǸŪơ ƪǼǴǟƗ
ǹȁƾǠƬLjºǷ ǺŴȁ ƨƷȁǂǘǷ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǹƛ ƗƾƦŭơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ" :ĺǂǯȂdz
ǂǜǻơȁ žÏÍÍÏ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ Õ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ ƣȂǼƳ Cape Argus) "ƢȀƬnjǫƢǼŭ
Ŀȁ Ǿƫơƿ ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .(RGDIP, vol. CVI (2002), p. 939 ƢƆǔȇƗ
Ŀ DžȂºǸǴǷ ǵƾǬƫ ǃǂƷƗ džǴƥơǂǘdz ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ƧǁƢȇǃ ƣƢǬǟƗ
ƨǯǂnjºdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ÎÍ ȆLJ ȅƽ ƧǂƟƢǗ ȄǴǟ ƔơƾƬǟȏơ ƢȇƢƸǓ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ ƨdzƘLjǷ
ǒȇȂºǠƫ Ǟºǧƽ ƢǿƽơƾǠƬºLJơ Ǻǟ ƨȈƦȈǴdzơ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ ƨȇŚǿƢǸŪơ ƪƥǂǟƗȁ .UTA
ƨȈǴȈǸǰƫ ƩƢǔȇȂǠƫ Ǟǧƽȁ ǒȇȂǠƫ ȄǴǟ ơȂǴǐŹ Ń Ǻȇǀdzơ śȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƢȇƢƸǔǴdz
ƨȈƦȈǴdzơ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ ƨȇŚǿƢǸŪơ ƪdzȂƷ ƾǫȁ .Ɣȏƚǿ ƧƾƟƢǨdz ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ ƔƢǔǬdzơ ƢǿǁǂǬȇ
ǺºǷ ǁȏȁƽ ǹȂºȈǴǷ ÏÎÍ ǽǁƾǫ ƢƆǤǴƦǷ ÎÖÖÖ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ Ŀ ƢLjǻǂǧ ńƛ
ǢdzƢºƦdzơ ƔơƾƬǟȏơ ƢȇƢƸǓ ǂLJƗ ǒȇȂǠƬdz ƨǐǐű ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ʃơǁȏȁƽ
śǨǛȂºŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ǥơǂƬǟơ ƨƥƢưŠ Ȃǿ DzȇȂƸƬdzơ ơǀǿȁ .ƨȈƸǓ ÎÔÍ Ƕǿƽƾǟ
.(ÎÑÍ Ǎ (ÏÍÍÐ) CVII ƾǴĐơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ƔơƾƬǟȏơ Ǻǟ śȈƦȈǴdzơ
280
Ǟǫơȁ ǵơDŽƬdzȏ ȆǬȈǬƷ ǑơǂƬǧơ ƢēƢȈǔƬǬǷ ȃȂƬŰ ǺǷ śƦƬȇ ȏ ƩƢǻȐǟƛ
.ǂǿƢǜdzơ Ŀ ơƆƽȂǟȁ ȁƾƦƫ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƛȁ (ÒÎ)ƢēǁƾǏƗ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ
ơƆƾºǟȁ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟơ ǺǰŻ ƨưȇƾƷ ƨdzƢƷ ƨť Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ -ÏÓ
ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ǵƢȈǫ ƨǴǫǂǟ ǵƾǟ ȅƗ "ƔȆnjƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ǵƾǟ" ƥ
ƢǼǿ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǺǰŻȁ .ǾȈǴǟ ǝǃƢǼƬǷ ǶȈǴǫƜƥ ƆȐưǷ ǂǷȋơ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ
ǾºȈǧ ǵDŽƬdzơ Ȑȇȁŗǧ džȈƟǁ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ ǹȐǟƛ ńƛ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ
ƨǬǘǼǷ Ƣđ ƽȂǐǬŭơȁ] ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ǝȁǂnjǷ ȅƗ ǃƢųƛ ƨǴǫǂǟ ǵƾǠƥ"
ǞºǷ ȆǸȈǴǫƛ ǝơDŽǻ ǝȂǓȂǷ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ȇǿȁ (Essequibo) ȂƦȈǰȈLJƛ
.(ÒÏ)"ƨºǬǘǼŭơ ǮǴƫ ǹƢǰLjdz ǞǨǻ ǪȈǬŢ ǾǼǷ ǑǂǤdzơ ǹȂǰȇ [ƢǻƢȈǣ
śºƥ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƱǁƾǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ ǹȐǟȍơ ơǀȀǧ
:ƨǬƥƢºLJ ƨȇƾǿƢǠƫ ƨǫȐǟ ȄǴǟ ŕƷ ǂƯƚȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ȑȇȁŗǧȁ ƢǻƢȈǣ
ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƢǻƢȈǣȁ Ȑȇȁŗǧ śƥ ƽȁƾūơ DZȂƷ ǥȐŬơ DzƷ ǩƢǨƫơ ȅƗ
.(ÒÐ)(ÎÖÓÓ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÎÔ ǦȈǼƳ)
ǢȈǐºƥ ǹƛȁ ƨǧƢƸǐdzơ ǵƢǷƗ Ȑȇȁŗǧ džȈƟǁ ǹȐǟƛ ƽƽǁȁ -ÏÔ
ǹȐºǟȍơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .ƾǴƦdzơ ơǀǿ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ǂȇǃȁ ǹƢLjdz ȄǴǟ ƨǨǴƬű
ǑǂƬǠƫ Ǻdz Ȑȇȁŗǧ" ǹƗ ƨǧƢƸǐǴdz ȆǴȇȁŗǨdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ƶǓȁƗ
ƢǻƢȈǣ ǹƢǰLJ ȄǴǟ ǞǨǼdzƢƥ ƽȂǠƫ ȂƦȈǰȈLJƛ Ŀ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǂȇȂǘƫ ȄǴǟ
."ƢºȀȈǧ ǂǜǼǼLJ ƢǼūƢǐŠ džŤ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ Ŗdzơ ǞȇǁƢnjŭơ ǹƗ Śǣ
ǕǂNj DZȂƦǫ řǠȇ ǾȈǴǟ Ȇǿ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǽǀǿ ƔƢǬƥƛ ǹƛ" ǥƢǓƗȁ
ǁơǂºǬdzơ ơǀºǿ" ǹƗ Ǿƫơƿ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƾǯƗȁ "ƢŮ ǮdzƢǷ ȏ ǑǁƗ ƢĔƗ
.(ÒÑ)"Ȑȇȁŗǧ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ Ǻǟ ƢƆȈǴţ Dzǰnjȇ ȏ
__________
ƪǸǜǻ ƨȈǨƸǏ Ƨȁƾǻ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǁƽƢǏ ǹȐǟƛ Ŀ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ (ÒÎ)
ǁȁƽơȂǯȍ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ƣǂǟƗ DZȂȈLJ Ŀ
ǪºǬŢ ǹƗ ȄºǴǟ DzºǸǠdzơ Ŀ ǁȁƽơȂºǯȍơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƨƦǣǁ Ǻǟ"
ƢºĔƗȁ ƨȈƥȂǼŪơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ ǩȂLJ Ŀ ƢƆǷƾǬƫ ƾǴƦdzơ ơǀŮ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢLjLJƚŭơ
Ŗdzơ ƨȇǁȂǰdzơ ƩƢǯǂnjǴdz Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬǴdz ƨǬǘǼǷ ƔƢnjǻƛ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ Ŀ ǂǜǼƬLJ
."ƨưdzƢƯ ǹơƾǴƥ ńƛ ƢȀȇǁƾǐƫȁ ƢƆȈǴŰ ƢēƢƴƬǼǷ ǞǼǏ ƢĔƢǰǷƜƥ ǹȂǰȈLJ
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Newsletter, No. 11/85, p. 6, quoted in Lira B., )
"La politica exterior de Educador: del multilateralismo al bilateralismo",
.(p. 242
"De Rangel a Chávez", El Universal (Caracas), 23 (ÒÏ)
.February 2004
.United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 561, No. 8192, p. 321 (ÒÐ)
Ŗºdzơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ƨLjǷƢŬơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋ ƢƆǬƦǗ ƾȇƾƸƬdzơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟȁ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ
ơǀǿ Ŀ džȈdz ǶǿƢǨƬdzơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ǺǷ ǁƾǫ Őǯȋ DzȈȀLjƫ ǑǂǤdz"
ƤºǻƢƳ ǺºǷ ȆƟDŽƳ ȁƗ ȆǴǯ DZǃƢǼƫ ǾǻƘƥ ǽŚLjǨƫ ǺǰŻ ƢǷ ǩƢǨƫȏơ
ǾȈdzƛ ƾǼƬLjƫ ƗƾƦǷ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƢǻƢȈǣ ȁƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ȁƗ Ȑȇȁŗǧ
ƢºǻƢȈǣ ȁƗ Ȑºȇȁŗǧ Ŀ ȆºǓơǁƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƧƽƢȈLjdzƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ Ŀ
Ǻºǟ ȁƗ Ǿƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ńƛ ȆǓƢŭơ Ŀ ƪǠLJ ǪƷ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ȁƗ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ
ǪƦLjºǷ ǶǰƷ ǾǻƘƥ ǽŚLjǨƫ ȁƗ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƧƽƢȈLjdzơ ǮǴƬƥ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ȅƗ
ƗƾƦǷ ȁƗ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ȁƗ ǪŞ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǵƾǟ ȁƗ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǺǷ ƢȀǨǫȂǷ ȄǴǟ
."ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƧƽƢȈLjdzơ ǮǴƬƥ ƢȀǼǷ ȅƗ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƨƦdzƢǘǸǴdz
.ÏÍÍÑ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÏÑ DžƢǯơǁƢǯ El Universal ƨǨȈƸǏ (ÒÑ)
281 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ƾǟȂǴdz ƨǴưǷƗ ơƆƾȀǟ ƭƾƷȋơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǵƾǬƫ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗȁ -ÐÏ
ńƛ ȅƽƚºȇ ƾºǟȁ :Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ) ƨưdzƢƯ ǥơǂǗƗ ǺǷ DzǠǧ ƽȁƽǁ ńƛ ȅƽƚƫ
ȆǨǔȇ ƢŲ  śǠǷ ǞǓȂƥ ƢƆǧơǂƬǟơ ǺǸǔƬƫ ƾǫ Dzƥ (ÓÑ)(ƱƢƴƬƷơ
(ÓÒ)
ńƛ ƨǧƢºǓȍƢƥȁ .ƢºǷ ƾƷ ńƛ ƾȈǬǠƬdzơ ǺǷ ŐǯƗ ơƆǁƾǫ ƢȀǴȈǴŢ ȄǴǟ
- ƨȇƽƢǐºƬǫȏơ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ ǑǂǠƫ ƢǷ ơƆŚưǯ ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƧǁȂǐƥȁ Ǯdzƿ
Ŀ ƢǸȈLJ ȏ ƨǼȈǠǷ Ǖȁǂnjdz Ǟǔź ƢȀŻƾǬƫ ǹƗ Śǣ - ȏƆ ƢŦƛ ƾǟȂǯ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ DzȀǧ .(ÓÓ)ǂǬƬLjǷ Śǣ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǞǓȁ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢūơ
ƢƆǠǓƢƻ DzǸǠdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ǪȈǫƾƥ ȅƽơǂǨǻơ DzǠǨƥ ƢǼǿ ǂǷȋơ
ƨƸǓơȁ ƩơǂNjƚǷ ƽǁȂƫ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǹȋ ǂǜǻ ƢȀȈǧ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƛ ŸǕǂnjdz
.ǂƫơȂƬdzơ ǺǷ ǁƾǬƥ ƭƾŢ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ DZƾƫ
ǝDŽǻ DZƢů DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ơƆƽƾŰ ȏƆ Ƣů ǹƜǧ ƾȇƾƸƬdzơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟȁ -ÐÐ
ǺºǷ ƾºȇƾǠdzơ ǞƦǘƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǗǂnjdzơ ǹƗ ǺǷ ƾǯƘƬdzơ ƶȈƬȇ ƵȐLjdzơ
Ŀ Ǿǻƛ ŅƢƬdzƢƥ DZȂǬdzơ ǺǰŻ DzȀǧ .ƪƥơȂưdzơ ǺǷ ƨƬƥƢƯ Ȇǿ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ
śǠƬȇȁ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ǪȈǫƾƥ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻơ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ŐƬǠƫ ȏ ƨǏƢş DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ
ơǀºǿ ƨȈǏȂǐŬ ơƆǂǜǻ ǾǻƗ ǵƗ Ÿ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ ǩƢǘǻ ǺǷ ƢǿƽƢǠƦƬLJơ
ǹƗ ƨºLJǁƢǸŭơ ǺºǷ śƦºƬȇ ƨǏƢƻ ƨȈŷƗ ơƿ ȏƆ Ƣů ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ DZƢĐơ
ƾºȀǠƬdzơ DŽºǨŢ Ŗºdzơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ ǺǷ ƨȈǏƢƻ Ȇǿ ƧƽƢǟ ƨȈǗǂnjdzơ
ǂǜǼdzơ ȅƾĐơ ǺǷ ǾǻƜǧ ŸƢđ ƾȀǠƬdzơ Ļ Ƣŭ ƢǿȏȂdz ǾǻƗ ƮȈŞ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏƢƥ
ȁƗ ƵȐLjºdzơ ǝŗƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨLJǁƢǸǸǴdz ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ
.ƽƾŰ Dzǰnjƥ (ÓÔ)ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǺǷ śǠǷ ǝȂǻ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǵƾǠƥ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ
__________
Ŀ ƨȈºLJȁǁ ƪǐºǼƫ ƨǘŰ ǮȈǰǨƫ ƾǼǟ ƭƾƷ ƢǷ ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟ (ÓÑ)
ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ƢƥȂǯ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƨƥǁƢǔƬǷȁ ƨǨǴƬű DzǠǧ ƽȁƽǁ ńƛ ȃƽƗ ƢŲ ƢƥȂǯ
DZǃƢºǼƫ ƨºƥƢưŠ ƨǘƄơ ƤƸLJ Ǻǟ ȆLJȁǂdzơ ǹȐǟȍơ ƩŐƬǟơ ƢƥȂǰǧ žƧƾƸƬŭơ
.(RGDIP, vol. CVI (2002), p. 149) ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰū
ǂºȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj Ò Ŀ ƢƆȈũǁ ơƆǁơǀƬǟơ ȆǰȈƴǴƦdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ǵƾǫ (ÓÒ)
:ÎÖÓÎ ǵƢºǟ ƢºƦǷȂǷȂdz džȇǂƫƢºƥ DZƢȈƬǣơ Ŀ ǽƾǴƥ Ǿƥ ǵƢǫ ȅǀdzơ ǁȁƾǴdz ÏÍÍÏ
ǂºǏƢǼǠdzơ ǒºǠƥ ǹƜºǧ (...) ǂºǓƢūơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƨǬƦǘŭơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ƔȂǓ ȄǴǟȁ"
ƭơƾºƷȋơ Ŀ ǽǁƢǰǻƛ ńƛ DzȈƦLJ ȏ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƢƆǘLjǫ ǭơǀǻƕ DzǸƸƬƫ ƨȈǰȈƴǴƦdzơ
ǹƗ DzLjºǯȁǂƥ Ŀ ǂȇǃȂºdzơ ǺºǴǟƗ ƢºǸǯ ."ƢƦǷȂǷȂdz džȇǂƫƢƥ ƧƢǧȁ ńƛ ƩƽƗ Ŗdzơ
DŽºȇDŽǠƬdz ƪƠnjºǻƗ Ŗºdzơ ƢºƦǷȂǷȂdz ƨLjLJƚŭ ȁǁȂȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ Ð,ÔÒ ǵƾǬƬLJ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ
.(RGDIP, vol. CVI (2002), p.377) ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƨȈǰȈƴǴƦdzơ ƧǂǸǠƬLjŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ
DzºȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÔ ƹǁƚŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ Ǒǂǟ ǂǷƗ Ȃǿ ƢǸǯ (ÓÓ)
ƨǘȇǂºNj ȅȂƥƢƦǷǃ Ŀ ȆǟơǁDŽdzơ ƵȐǏȍơ ƨȈǴǸǠdz ƨȈdzƢǷ ƧƾǟƢLjǷ ʼnƾǬƬƥ ÏÍÍÍ
Beukes, ) ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ƨǓǁƢǠŭơ ƾǓ Ƥǰƫǂŭơ ǦǼǠdzơȁ ȆǓơǁȋơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǝDŽǻ Ǧǫȁ
.("Southern African events of international significance: 2000", p. 314
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƢȀƬǓǂǟ ƧƾǟƢLjǷ ƨǬǨǏ ǹƘnjƥ DzƯƢŲ ǂǷƗ ƭƾƷȁ
DZƢºǸǟƗ ǦǫȂƫ ƨǘȇǂNj ÏÍÍÎ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ò Ŀ ȅȂƥƢƦǷǃ ȄǴǟ
ÎÕ Ŀ ȅƗ DzºƟȐǫ ǵƢºȇƘƥ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥȁ .DZƽƢǟ Ȇǟơǁǃ ƵȐǏƛ ƔơǂƳƛȁ ǦǼǠdzơ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ǾƬǼºLJ ȅǀdzơ ǎǼdzơ ȅȂƥƢƦǷǃ džȈƟǁ ŐƬǟơ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
.(ÐÓÒ Ǎ (ÏÍÍÏ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) "ȅȂƥƢƦǷǃ ƤǠnjdz ƧǂǧƢLJ ƨǻƢǿƛ" ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ǍƢºŬơ ǁǂºǬǸǴdz ƶȈƫƗ ǽƢǻƽƗ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǦǼǏ (ÓÔ)
Ȃºǰȇǁ ƢȈºLJǁƢǣ ǁƢǷ Dzȇƽ ƢǼȈǴȇȍ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ƩƢǛȂǨƄơ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǝȐǗȏơ
ǵƢºǠdzơ Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ȆLJǂǯ ƿƢƬLJƗ (Elena del Mar García Rico)
.ƢǣȏƢǷ ƨǠǷƢŝ
ƽȂºǟȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǩƢȈLJ NJǷƢǿ ȄǴǟ ƢƆÅǻƢȈƷƗ ǁƾǐƫ ƢǸǯ
.(ÒÖ)ƨdzȁƽ ȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǨŭơ ƩơƔơDŽŪơ Ǟǧǁ ńƛ ȆǷǂƫ
ƨºǴưǷƗ ƾƳȂƫ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨǘnjǻƗ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀȁ -ÐÍ
ƨºǸǜǼǷ Ŀ ƨȇȂǔǠdzơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ ƾȈȇƘƫ ǹƘnjƥ ƽȂǟȁ Ǻǟ ƨưȇƾƷ
ǁƽƢǐdzơ ƾǟȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ (ÓÎ)ƢēDŽȀƳƗ ǺǷ ǃƢȀƳ Ŀ ȁƗ (ÓÍ)ƢǷ
śºƥ ǺºǷ (ÓÏ)ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ńƛ ƢǷ ǵƢǸǔǻơ Ƕǟƾdz DzƥƢǬǸǯ
.ƨȈŷȋơ ƨǤdzƢƥ ȃǂƻƗ ƩȏƢƷ
ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƩƢǟƢǸƬƳȏơ Ŀ ŕƷ ǾǻƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ -ÐÎ
ǒºǠƥ ǺǸǔºƬƫ ƾºǫ ȃȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟƗ ȄǴǟ ƧƽȂǬǠŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ
Ŀ ǁƾǐƫ ƆơƽȂǟȁ ƢȀǼǟ ƨǔƼǸƬŭơ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ȁƗ ƩƢǣȐƦdzơ
DZƢºǠǧȋơ ǞƥƢǗ Ǯdzǀƥ ƾǬǨƫ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬǷ ƩƢȇƾƬǼǷ
Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǡȐƦdzơ ńƛ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǺǰŻȁ .ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ
ȅǀdzơ ĿȐŬơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥ) ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ǹơȂȇƢƫ ƨǠǗƢǬǷ
.(ÓÐ)(ǹƢȈǰdzơ Ǯdzƿ DŽǯǂǷ ǹƘnjƥ ǁȂưȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ
__________
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƪǼǴǟƗ ÏÍÍÍ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÎÖ Ŀ ƆȐưǷ (ÒÖ)
ƤǬǟ ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ƢȇǁȂǯ ȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǨŭơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƩơƔơDŽŪơ Ǟǧǁ ƢȀǷơDŽƬǟơ Ǻǟ
.(ÕÓÍ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Poulain) ÎÖÒÐ ǵƢǟ ƢȇǁȂǯ ƣǂƷ ƔƢȀƬǻơ
ŐǸƬƦºLJ/DZȂºǴȇƗ Ò ƹǁƚºǷ ǭǂƬnjǷ ǡȐƥ ǺǷ śƦƬȇ ƢǷ ơǀǿ (ÓÍ)
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǾȈǧ ƽǁȁ ƢȈǨƫȏȁ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ȅǂȇǃȁ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ ÎÖÖÎ
ńƛ ƢºȈǨƫȐdz DzºƳƢǠdzơȁ DzǷƢǰdzơ ǵƢǸǔǻȏơ ƾȇƚƫ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ ǹƛ"
ơƆȂǔǟ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ DzȀLjƬLJȁ .ƨǸǜǼǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ
."ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ńƛ ƢȈǨƫȏ ǵƢǸǔǻơ ǺǷȋơ džǴů Ŀ
Klabbers and others, State Practice Regarding State Succession and )
Issues of Recognition: the Pilot Project of the Council of Europe,
.(p. 177
ƨºǷȂǰƷ džȈƟǁ ƾȀǠƫ ƾȇǁƾŠ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ǞǷ ǝƢǸƬƳơ Ŀ (ÓÎ)
ǺºǷȋơ džºǴů Ŀ ǶºƟơƽ Śǣ ơƆȂǔǟ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ƨȇȂǔǟ ƾȈȇƘƬƥ ơǁȁƾǻƗ
.(REDI, vol. LIII, Nos. 1-2 (2001), p. 608)
ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÏÏ Ŀ ƾºȇǁƾŭ ƧǁƢºȇDŽƥ ǍŐǫ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ǂȇǃȁ ǵƢǫ (ÓÏ)
ƨºǏƢƻ ƨǨǐƥ ƢLJǁơƾƫȁ ňƢƦLJȍơ ǽŚǜǼƥ ƢŮȐƻ ǞǸƬƳơ ÏÍÍÎ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ
ǹƘºƥ ǾǨȈǓ ňƢƦLJȍơ ǂȇǃȂdzơ ǢǴƥƗ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǞȈLJȂƫ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ǵƢƬƬƻơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ Dzƻơƽ DzǸǠƫ ǾƬǷȂǰƷ
ƨºLJƢƟǂdzơ ƔƢºǼƯƗ ÏÍÍÏ ǵƢºǟ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ ǦǐǼdzơ DZȐƻ ǍŐǫ ǵƢǸǔǻƢƥ
ȄºǴǟ DZȂºǠƫ ǹƗ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǹƢǰǷƜƥ ǹƗ ƢȀƬȀƳ ǺǷ ǍŐǫ ƪǼǴǟƗȁ .ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ
.(ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ǺǷȋơ džǴĐ ƢȀƸȈNjǂƬdz ǍŐǫ ƧƾǻƢLjǷ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǹȁƚnjºdzơȁ Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ƨȈdzȂūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÓÐ)
:(ÑÏ-ÑÎ Ǎ (ÏÍÍÍ-ÎÖÖÖ) ÎÕ ƾǴĐơ
ƩȏƢĐơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ DŽȇDŽǠƬƥ śǐdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ džȈƟǁ ƾǟȁ"
ǁƢǸưƬºLJơ DŽȇDŽǠƫ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ǞȈǓơȂǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨǬǘǼǸǴdz ƢƆǸǟƽ
Ǎǂºǧ ǪǴƻ Ŀ ǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz ƨȇȂȈūơ ƨȈŷȌdz ơƆǂǜǻ ƹǃŐdzơ Ŀ ǹơȂȇƢƫ
ƨºǬǘǼǷ ƩơƽƢǐƬǫơ ƨȈƳƢƬǻƛ ƧƽƢȇǃȁ ȆƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơ ƮȇƾƸƬdzơȁ DzǸǠdzơ
ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ǞȇȂǼƫȁ DŽȇDŽǠƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩȏƢĐơ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ȄǘLJȂdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ
DZȁƽ ƩƢǟƢǼºǏ śºƥ DzǷƢǰƬŭơ ƱƢƬǻȍơȁ ƨǷơƾƬLjŭơ ƨƷƢȈLjdzơ ƨȈǸǼƫȁ
."śǐdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀŦȁ ȄǘLJȂdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǮǴƫ ƤƸLjƫ ǹƗȁ .ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȌdz ƧDŽƟƢūơ Śǣ ǪǗƢǼŭơȁ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƾǓ ƨǏƢƻ
ǹơƾºǴƥ ȆǓơǁƗ Ŀ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǦƟơǀǬdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ ƨƸǴLjŭơ ƢēơȂǫ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ
ƢºȀȈǧ ƢºŠ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǞȈŦ DZơDŽĄƫ ǹƗȁ .ƨȈǴǏȋơ ƢĔơƾǴƥ ńƛ ȃǂƻƗ
.(ÔÎ)ȃǂƻƗ ǹơƾǴƥ ȆǓơǁƗ Ŀ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ
ǦǫȂŭƢƥ ǹǁȂǫ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƾƷ ńƛ ǁȂǘƫ ƾǫ ǞǓȂdzơ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ
ÎÖÖÓ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÏÖ ȆǨǧ .ƩƢǼȈǠLjƬdzơ Ŀ śǐdzơ Ǿƫǀţơ ȅǀdzơ
ǹȂºǠƥǁȋơȁ ƨºǠƥơǂdzơ ƨƥǂƴƬdzơ Ȇǿȁ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƥǂš śǐdzơ ƩǂƳƗ
ƢƆºǨǫȁ ƨǼǴǠǷ ƧŚƻȋơ ƨƥǂƴƬdzơ Ȇǿ ƢĔƘƥ Ʃƾǟȁȁ ÎÖÓÑ ǀǼǷ
.(ÔÏ)ÎÖÖÓ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÐÍ ǺǷ ƔÅ ơƾƬƥơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ ǽǀŮ ƢƆȇǁƢȈƬƻơ
ƢȀƬǣƢǏ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ƨǏƢƻ ƨȈŷƗ ȆLjƬǰƫȁ -ÐÔ
ÎÖÖÒ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ Óȁ Ò Ŀ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȌdz ƧDŽƟƢūơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ
ǁƢnjƬǻơ ǵƾǟ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ƾȇƾŤ Ǻǟ ƩǂǨLJƗ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ
Ǯºdzƿ ńƛ ƩǁƢNjƗ ƢǸǯȁ .ȄǸLjǷ Śǣ DzƳƗ ńƛ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ
ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ǽǀǿ ǹƜǧ Ȃǰȇǁ ƢȈLJǁƢǣ ƿƢƬLJȋơ
ǽǀǿ ƾǓ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǵƾǠƥ ǵơDŽƬdzơ DZȂƦǫ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬȇ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ
śǐdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ơƾǟ) ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơ ǾȈǴǟ ƽǂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ơǀǿ ǹƜǧ DZȁƾdzơ
ȁƗ ƨºȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȌdz ƧDŽƟƢūơ DZȁƾdzơ ƾǓ ǵȂƴǿ ȁƗ ȁDŽǣ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ (ƨȈƦǠnjdzơ
ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ řǷƗ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ƢȀǠǷ ƢŮ ǹȂǰȇ ƨdzȁƽ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƢȀƟƢǨǴƷ ȁƗ ƨƸǴLjŭơ ƢēơȂǫ
ƧDŽƟƢºƷ ƨdzȁƽ ǞǷ ǦdzƢŢ ȁƗ ƨǯơǂNj ƢŮȁ ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƸǴLJȌdz ƧDŽƟƢƷ ƪLjȈdz ƨdzȁƽ
.(ÔÐ)ƨȇȁȂǻ ƨƸǴLJȋ
ǶºȀǨȇ ǹȐǟƜƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǼǿ ǂǷȋơ ǹƜǧ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȅƗǁ ƤLjƷȁ
ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǞǷ Ǻǰdz ǾƬǣƢǏ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǵDŽǴǷ ȅƽơǂǨǻơ DzǸǟ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ
.(ÔÑ)ǾǬȈƦǘƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǿƾȇƾŢ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ƽȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơǂƬǷơǁƢƦdzơ
DzºǸǠƥ - ȆǨºǏȁ ŚƦºǠƫ ǵƾƼƬLJơ ƢǷ ơƿƛ - ǪǴǠƬȇ ǂǷȋơ DzǠdzȁ
Ƨƽơǁƛ Ǻǟ ƢƆǏƢƻ ơƆŚƦǠƫ Dzǰnjȇ "Ǖǂnjdz ǞǓƢƻ ȁƗ ƽȁƾŰ" ȅƽơǂǨǻơ
.ƽƾƄơ DZƢĐơ ơǀđ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀǨǫȂǷ džǰǠȇȁ ǾƬǣƢǏ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
__________
ǹȁǂnjºǠdzơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ (ÔÎ)
Focsaneanu ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .ÑÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÎÐÔ ƨLjǴŪơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢLjǴŪơ
.ÎÐÔ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ
Asian Yearbook of :ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ žǪǧǂŭơ A/51/262 :ǂǜǻơ (ÔÏ)
.International Law, vol. 7 (1997), p. 410
García Rico, El Uso de las Armas Nucleares y el :ǂºǜǻơ (ÔÐ)
.Derecho Internacional: Análisis sobre la Legalidad de su Empleo, p. 127
ÏÔ Ŀ ȆºǰȇǂǷȋơ džȈƟǂºdzơ ǹȐºǟƛ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǺǷȁ (ÔÑ)
ǒȈǨƼƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ǺǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ Ǻǟ ÎÖÖÎ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ
ơǀºǿ Ŀ ǂºǜǻơ) ȂLJǁơȁ ǦǴƷ ƔƢȀƬǻƢƥ ƧǁŐŭơȁ ƨȈǰȈƬǰƬdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ
Furet, “Limitation et réduction des armements stratégiques en :ƽƾǐdzơ
ƽƢºŢȏơ džȈƟǁ ơǀƷ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ò Ŀȁ .(1992”, pp. 612 - 619
ǹƢºǨǫȂŭơ ǹȂǰȈLJ (RGDIP, vol. (XCVI (1992), p. 128 ǽȁǀƷ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ
ǂȇƢºǼȇ/ňƢºưdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÏÕ ƹǁƚŭơ ƨǷȋơ ƨdzƢƷ ƣƢǘƻ Ŀ ƢƆƷȂǓȁ ǂưǯƗ ƢǠǷ
ƢǼǴǠǷ ǾƬǷȂǰƷ ƢȇơȂǻ Ǻǟ ƵȂǓȂƥ ȆǰȇǂǷȋơ džȈƟǂdzơ ǾȈǧ ƣǂǟƗ ȅǀdzơ ÎÖÖÏ
ǑȁƢºǨƬǴdz ƩƢºƷơǂƬǫƢƥ ƨǟȂǨnjǷ ƵȐLjdzơ ǝŗdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ Ƨƾǟ Ǻǟ
ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ džȈƟǁ Ǒǂǟ ŅƢƬdzơ ǵȂȈdzơ Ŀȁ .ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǘƥơǂdz ƨȀƳȂǷ
.ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ǪǧƗ Ŀ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƩƢƷơǂƬǫơ Ƨƾǟ ƨȈǻȂȇDŽǨǴƫ ƨǴƥƢǬǷ Ŀ
282
ńƛ ǪƦLjºdzơ ǵƾǠƥ śǐǴdz ǵDŽǴŭơ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ ǹȐǟȍƢƥ ƗƾƦǼdz -ÐÑ
/ňƢºưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÎÒ ƺȇǁƢºƬƥ (ÓÕ)ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ
ƾǧȂdzơ džȈƟǁȁ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ƤƟƢǻ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơȁ ÎÖÔÎ ŐǸǧȂǻ
ƽƾƷ Ŗdzơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ǺȇǂnjǠdzơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ Ŀ řȈǐdzơ
ǕƢºǬǼdzơ ƩƽƾºƷȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ŕNj ǺǷ ǽƾǴƥ ǦǫȂǷ ǾȈǧ
ǺǷ DZƢƷ ȅƘƥ ǭǁƢnjƫ Ǻdz śǐdzơ ǹƛ :ŅƢƬdzƢǯ ǾƥƢǘƻ Ŀ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ
ǝDŽºǻ ǹƘnjºƥ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ȃȂǬǴdz ƨǷȂǟDŽŭơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ Ŀ DZơȂƷȋơ
ǹƗȁ .ƨºȈƦȇǂš ƨºǴƷǂǷ Ŀ DZơDŽƫ ȏ ƢȀƬƸǴLJƘǧ .ȅȁȂǼdzơ ƵȐLjdzơ
ƪƠƬǧ ƢǷȁ .ƨǔŰ ƨȈǟƢǧƽ Ǒơǂǣȋ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ƢȀƷȐLJ ǁȂǘƫ śǐdzơ
DzºǷƢǰdzơ ŚǷƾºƬdzơȁ DzǷƢnjºdzơ ǂǜūơ ńƛ Ȃǟƾƫ ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ
ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ƨnjǫƢǼŭ ȆŭƢǟ ǂŤƚǷ ƾǬǟ ƪƷǂƬǫơȁ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȌdz
ƨƸǴºLJȋơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǵƾǟ ǹƘnjƥ ǩƢǨƫơ ńƛ ńȁƗ ƧȂǘƼǯ DzǏȂƬdzơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ
ǹȂºǰƫ Ǻdz ƢĔƗ ƨȈũǁ ƨǨǐƥ ƩƾǯƗȁ ơƆǁơǂǷ ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪǼǴǟƗȁ .ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ
śǐdzơ ǒŢȁ .ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ńƛ ƨǫƢƦLjdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ƢȇƗȁ ơĆƾƥƗ
.(ÓÖ)*ƨǴƯƢŲ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzƢƥ ƾȀǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ljƢºǬǻ ȃǂºƳ ÎÖÔÏ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÐ Ŀȁ -ÐÒ
ǵȂȈdzơ Ŀȁ žƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ńȁȋơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ ƵȐLjdzơ ǝDŽǻ ǹƘnjƥ
ƢºȀȈdzƛ Ȃǟƾºƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ śǐdzơ DzưŲ ƶǓȁƗ ŅƢƬdzơ
:DZƢǫȁ .ƵȐLjdzơ ǝDŽǻ ƨdzƘLjŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǐdzơ
DzǷƢnjºdzơ ŚǷƾºƬdzơȁ ǵƢºƬdzơ ǂǜūơ ńƛ Ȃǟƾƫ ƪƠƬǧ ƢǷ ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƛ
Ņȁƽ ǂŤƚºǷ ƾǬǟ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ȆǴǠǨdzơ DzǸǠǴdz ƧƾǠƬLjǷ ƢĔƛȁ .*ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȌdz
ǺǷ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .ǾdzƢǸǟƗ ŚLJ ǺLjƷ ȄǴǟ Ǎǂūơȁ ƵȐLjdzơ ǝơDŽǻ ǹƘnjƥ
:Ȇǿȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǬƦLjǷ ǕȁǂNj ľȂƬLjƫ ǹƗ ȆLJƢLJȋơ
ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǞȈŦ ǵDŽƬǴƫ ǹƗ (Ɨ)
ƢƆºȇƗ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ńƛ ƨǫƢƦLjdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ȏƘƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ
ƾǴƥ ƾǓ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǵƾǠƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǵDŽƬǴƫ ǹƗȁ .ǥȁǂǜdzơ ƪǻƢǯ
žȅȁȂǻ Śǣ
ńƛ ƨƸǴLjºŭơ ƢēơȂǫ ǞȈŦ ƧƽƢǟƜƥ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǞȈŦ ǵDŽƬǴƫ ǹƗ (ƣ)
ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǞȈŦ ǮȈǰǨƫȁ ǺǗȂdzơ
.(ÔÍ)ƨȈƦǼƳȋơ ȆǓơǁȋơ Ŀ
ƾºǧȂdzơ džȈƟǁ ȄǬdzƗ ÎÖÔÐ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ï Ŀȁ -ÐÓ
śǐdzơ ǦǫȂǷ ǾȈǧ ǑǂǠƬLJơ ƢƆǷƢǿ ƢƆƥƢǘƻ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ǵƢǷƗ řȈǐdzơ
:ƵȐLjdzơ ǝDŽǻ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƢȀǼȈƥ ǺǷȁ ȃŐǰdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DzǯƢnjŭơ ǺǷ
ǹƗ Śǣ ƵȐLjǴdz ȆǬȈǬƷ ǝDŽǻ ǂŤƚǷ ƾǬǟ ƾȇƚƫ ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƛ
ǞºȈŦ ƾºȀǠƬƫ ǹƗ :Ȇǿȁ ƨǬƦLjŭơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ ǒǠƦƥ ǖƦƫǂǷ ǂŤƚŭơ ơǀǿ ƾǬǟ
ńƛ ǪƦLjdzơ ǵƾǠƥ ǾȈǧ džƦdz ȏ Dzǰnjƥ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȌdz ƧDŽƟƢūơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ
ƢȀǷơƾƼƬºLJơ ǵƾǟȁ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ȁƗ ǺǷDŽdzơ ǹƢǯ ƢƆȇƗ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ
__________
:ǺºǷ ǦǘƬǬǷ :Ǖȁǂnjŭơ ƾǟȂdzơ - ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ (ÓÕ)
Focsaneanu, “La
.République populaire de Chine à l’ONU”, pp. 118 - 119
ǹȁǂnjǠdzơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ (ÓÖ)
.ÏÎÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÖÕÐ ƨLjǴŪơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢLjǴŪơ
.ÎÏÓ-ÎÏÒ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Focsaneanu (ÔÍ)
283 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
DZŗºƫ śǠǷ ǞǓȂƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ƨǠȈƦǘdzơ
ƢȀǼǸǔƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǸȀŭơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ ƧǁƢNjȍƢƥ ǁƾš ǾǻƗ Śǣ ƢȀǴǬưƥ
ǥơǂƬǟȏơ" ǹƘƥ DZȂǬdzơ ńƛ ǾǬǨdzơ Ǟǧƽ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ .DzȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ DzǠǧ
DzǠǧ ƽǂů ǺǷ - ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȅƗǂƥ ŐǯƗ ǁƾǬƥ ǂưǯƗȁ - ǂưǯƗ Ȃǿ
ǺǷ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬǷ ƩƢLJơǁƽ Ƨƾǟ ǃŐƫȁ .(ÔÕ)"ȆLJƢȈLJ
ǵƢºŮơ ǵȂºȀǨŭơ ơǀºǿ ǎƟƢǐƻ Suy Ƣđ ǵƢǫ Ŗdzơ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ DzȈƦǫ
ƢºǿǁƢƦƬǟơ ȄºǴǟ ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞŦƗ ƨǷƢǟ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨLjLJƚǷ ǾǻƘƥ ǾƬǧǂǟȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǍƢƼNjƗ ǺǷ ǎƼNj Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ƧƽǂǨǼŭơ ƧƽơǁȎdz ơƆǂȀǜǷ
ǽǁƢºƦƬǟơ Ŀ ǾƬȈǻ Ǻǟ ƣǂǠȇȁ ƢƆǸƟƢǫ ƢƆǠǓȁ ȏƆ ȁƗ Śƻȋơ ơǀǿ Ƣđ ǂǬȇ
ǶƼǔºdzơ ƽƾǠdzơ Ƕǣǁ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .(ÔÖ)ƢƆȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƆƢǟȁǂnjǷ ƢƆǠǓȁ
ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢNjƗ ƢǷ ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟ ǥơǂƬǟȐdz ǾǬǨdzơ ƢȀǐǐƻ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǺǷ
Ŀ ơƆƾºȇƾŢ ǞȈǓơȂŭơ ƤǠǏƗ ǺǷ ǝȂǓȂǷ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ" ǹƜǧ Ruda
ǶLjǬǼƫȁ ƨƸǓơȁ ƨȈǧǂǟ ƾǟơȂǫ ǾǸǰŢ ȏ ƪǷơƽ ƢǷ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
.(ÕÍ)"ǾȈǧ ƨȈLJƢLJƗ DzƟƢLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ Ɣơǁȉơ
ƨȇǂǐºƷ ƨLJơǁƾƥ ǵƢǬŭơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǵƢȈǬǴdz ƨdzȁƢŰ ƨť džȈdzȁ -ÑÎ
Śºǣ ƨǸȀǷ Ȇǿȁ -Ƣđ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ DZƢǠǧȌdz ȏȁ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƨLjLJƚŭ
ńƛ ȄǠLjºȈLJ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǹƗ Śǣ - .DZƢƷ Dzǯ ȄǴǟ ƨǸƟȐǷ
ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ ǵȂȀǨŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƆơƾȀǟ ƭƾƷȋơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ DzȈǴŢ
ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƢȀǼǸǔƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƤǻơȂŪơ ƭƾƷƗ ƆơDŽƳȂǷ ǾƫƢǟǂǨƫ ŕnjƥ
ǂºȇǂǬƬdzơ ǹƗ Ǯdzǀºǯ ǁƢºƦƬǟȏơ śǠƥ ǀƻȋơ ƤŸȁ .ƧǂǏƢǠŭơ
DzºǠǨdzơ ƨºLJơǁƾdz Džǂǯ ƾǫ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǾǷƾǫ ȅǀdzơ DžƽƢLjdzơ
.(ÕÎ)ǥơǂƬǟȐdz ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ
- ƤǠnjºƬŭơ DZƾŪơ Ŀ ȏƆ ȂǘǷ ǂǜǼdzơ ǑȁǂǨŭơ ǺǷ džȈdzȁ -ÑÏ
ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ ƨȇǂǜǻ ȄǸLjȇ ƢǷ śƥ - Ǻǿơǂdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ȆŻƽƢǯȋơ
ƨǬƥƢLJ ƩơƽƢȀƬƳơ ƨť ǾǻƗ ǞǫơȂdzƢǧ .ƞnjǼŭơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƨȇǂǜǻȁ ǺǴǠŭơ
ńƛ ƾǼƬLjȇ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ" ǹƗ ǂnjǟ ǞLJƢƬdzơ ǹǂǬdzơ ǀǼǷ ƆơƾȇƾŢ ƩƾǯƗ
ơǀºǿ Ǻºǰȇ Ń ơƿƜǧ .ǞǫơȂdzơ ơǀǿ ƞnjǼȇ ȏȁ žƽȂƳȂdzơ ǪƥƢLJ Ǟǫơȁ
__________
:ńƛ Duculesco ǁƢNjƗ (ÔÕ)
ơǀºǿ ǹƢǯ ƢƆȇƗ - ǥơǂƬǟȏơ DzǠǧ ǹƗ ƢǿƽƢǨǷ ƨƴȈƬǻ ńƛ Dzǐǻ ƢǼǻƗ"
Ɔ Ǡǧ ǾǻȂǸǔŠ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ - ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
ǽǁƢºƦƬǟơ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǾǻƜǧ ƆƢȈLJƢȈLJ Ȑ
ȃȂƬLjºǷ ȄǴǟ ǁƢƯƕ ǺǷ Ǿdz Ƣŭ Ǯdzƿȁ ‘ơƆǂǐƷ ƢƆȈLJƢȈLJ‘ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷ
."ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
)
“Effet de la reconnaissance de l’état de belligérance par les tiers, y
compris les organisations internationales, sur le statut juridique des
.(conflits armés à caractère non-international”, p. 127
.ÎÖÎ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Suy (ÔÖ)
ǾºȈǧȁ . "Recognition of States and Governments", p. 449 (ÕÍ)
ƽȂºƳȂƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾƦƳȂŠ ǂǬƫ ƢƆȇƽơǂǨǻơ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ" ǾǻȂǰƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƤƫƢǰdzơ ǥĈǂǠȇ
ŐǠƫȁ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ƢȀūƢǐǷ ȁƗ ƢēƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ȁƗ ƢȀǫȂǬƷ ȄǴǟ ǂƯƚƫ ƾǫ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǪƟƢǬƷ
ƾǼǟ ƧƽďƾŰ DzǷơȂǟ ǹȂǰƬLJ ǞƟƢǫȂdzơ ǮǴƫ ǹƘƥ ǾdzȐƻ ǺǷ ƢƆǼǸǓ ǂǬƫ ȁƗ ƨƷơǂǏ
."Ǿƫơƿ DzǠǨdzơ ƽƾŹ ȅǀdzơ DZơȂǼŭơ ȄǴǟ ƆȐƦǬƬLjǷ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƩƢǫȐǟ ƨǷƢǫƛ
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÕÎ)
.ÓÔ Ǎ A/CN.4/534
ǥƢǼƠƬºLJơ ƣƢǬǟƗ Ŀ ƭƾƷ ơƾȀǟ ƭƾƷƗ ǂƻƕ DZƢưǷ ƨťȁ -ÐÕ
ǺǸǔƫȁ (ÔÒ)ȅȁȂǼdzơ ƢȀůƢǻŐdz ƨȈƦǠnjdzơ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ ƢȇǁȂǯ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ
ÏÍÍÐ ǂȇƢǼȇ /ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÖ ȆǨǧ :ǾƬǤȈǏ Ŀ ƨƸǓơȁ ƨȈǗǂNj
ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ƾǠƫ ƢƆǻƢȈƥ ȆǰȇǂǷȋơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ƤƟƢǻ ǁƾǏƗ
ǢǻƢºȈǤǻȂȈƥ ƪºǴƦǫ ơƿƛ ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ƢȇǁȂǯ ǵƢǜǻ ǺǷƗ ǹƢǸǔƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ơǀºǿ ǒǧǁ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÎÒ Ŀȁ .ȅȁȂǼdzơ ƢȀůƢǻǂƥ Ǻǟ ȆǴƼƬdzơ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǴǟƗ ƨȈƟƢǓǂƬLJơ ƧǁƽƢƦǷ Ŀȁ .ǑǂǠdzơ
ǦǻƘƬLjºƬLJ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǹƗ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÏÒ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
.ƨȈƦǠnjdzơ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ ƢȇǁȂǯ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪ ƨȈƟơǀǤdzơ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ
ƪƴƬǻ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫ Ǯdzǀǯ ơƆƾȀǟ ƭƾƷȋơ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ǺǷȁ -ÐÖ
ƨºȇǁȂȀŦ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƪǬǧơȁ Ŗdzơȁ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ śƥ ǁȁƢnjƬdzơ Ǻǟ
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ ǵƢȈǫ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ DZȂƦǬƥ ƪǬǴǠƫȁ ƨȈǷȐLJȍơ ǹơǂȇƛ
ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǹƘnjƥ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ DzǸŢȁ NJȈƬǨƫ ƩƢȈǴǸǠƥ ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz
.(ÔÓ)ƨȈǸǴLjdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋơ Ŀ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǮǴƫ
ǥơǂƬǟȏơ -Ï
Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǵȂȀǨǷ (Ɨ)
ƽȂºǬǟ Ƨƾǟ ǀǼǷ (Schwarzenberger) ǂǣŐǻǃǁơȂNj ǥĈǂǟ -ÑÍ
ƨȈƴūơ ƔƢǨǓƛ ƢȀǓǂǣ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƨǷƢǟ ƧơƽƗ" ǾǻƘƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
ǹƗ ǾȈǧ ǮNj ȏ ƢŲȁ ž(ÔÔ)"ǥƎǂƬǠŭơ ǹƢȈǰdzơ ǽƢš ƨǴǷƢǠǷ ȁƗ ƨdzƢƷ ȄǴǟ
__________
.RGDIP, vol. CVII (2003), pp. 440-442 ǂǜǻơ (ÔÒ)
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ ƢLjǻǂǧȁ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ Ɣơǁǃȁ ƧǁƢȇǃ ƨƦLJƢǼŠ (ÔÓ)
ňƢºƷȁǁ ǺLjºƷ ǺºǴǟƗ ÏÍÍÐ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÎ Ŀ ǹơǂȀǘdz
ǞºȈǫȂƬdz ǵDŽºǴȇ ƢŠ ǵƢȈǬǴdz ƧƾǠƬLjǷ ǽƽȐƥ ǹƗ ƨȈǻơǂȇȍơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭƢƥ ǦǴǰŭơ
ƩƢǻƢǸǓ ǪȈƦǘƬdz ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ ǩƢǨƫȏ ĿƢǓȍơ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ
ƨdzƢǯȂǴdz ƶǸLjȇ ȅǀdzơ] ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǁƢnjƬǻơ ǵƾǟ ƧƾǿƢǠŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǷȐLjdzơ
ȅƽƢºūơ ǞǫȂŭơ ƾǴƦdzơ ƶƦǐƫȁ [NJȈƬǨƫ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ƔơǂƳƜƥ ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ǹƛ ȐƆ ƟƢºǫ ňƢºƷȁǁ ǭǁƾƬºLJơȁ .ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÍ DzƦǫ śǻƢǸưdzơȁ
ƩƘƫǁơ ơƿƛ ǵȂȈǻơǁȁȋơ ƔơǂƯƛ DZƢǸǟƗ ǥƢǼƠƬLJơ ǪŞ ǚǨƬŢ ƨȈǻơǂȇȍơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ"
ǁơǂǬdzƢǧ .DZȂǗƗ ƧǂƬǧ ȁƗ ƨǼLJ ȁƗ ǵȂȇ DZȐƻ ƭƾŹ ƾǫ ǂǷƗ Ȃǿȁ Ǯdzƿ ƧǁȁǂǓ
ƢºǷ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǽǀŮ ȆǸǴLjdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ DzǏơȂƬLJ ƢǸǯ .ƢȀūƢǐǷ ȄǴǟ ǦǫȂƬȇ
ǪºƷ Ȇǿ ǵȂȈǻơǁȂȈdzơ ƔơǂƯƛ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ ƨȈǸǴLjdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƢȀƬǘnjǻƗ ǞȈŦ ƪǷơƽ
ƾºȈǫȁ .Ǫºūơ ơǀºǿ ǺǷ ƢȀǷǂŹ ǹƗ ǾǻƢǰǷƜƥ ƾƷƗ ȏȁ ǾȈǧ DZơƾƳ ȏ řǗȁ
ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǽǀŮ ȆǸǴLjdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ ƨȈǓǂǧ ƔƢǼưƬLJƢƥ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ƾǟȂdzơ ňƢưdzơ ǹȐǟȍơ
Le ƨǨȈƸºǏ) ƤºLJƢǼŭơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ƾǟȂdzơ ǒǬǻ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ǹȐǟƛȁ
ƔƢƦǻȋơ ƨdzƢǯȁ ǞǷ ƨǴƥƢǬǷ Ŀȁ .(ÏÍÍÐ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÐ Monde
ǽƽȐºƥ ǹƗ ȅǃơǂƻ DZƢǸǯ ňơǂȇȍơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǴǟƗ "ȁƽȂȈǯ" ƨȈǻƢƥƢȈdzơ
ǪǴǫ ƾȇƾƦƫȁ ƨȇǁǀdzơ ƨǫƢǘǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ ǞǷ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ DŽȇDŽǠƫ ȄǴǟ ǵDŽǠdzơ ƧƾǫƢǟ
ǵDŽºƬdzơȁ .ƨȈǷȐLJȍơ ǹơǂȇƛ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ƲǷƢǻŐdzơ ǹƘnjƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ǞǸƬĐơ
ǹȁƢǠƫ ƨǴǏơȂŠ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÏ Ŀ ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ǂȇǃȁ
ȆºLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǹƗ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ Ŀ ƽǁȁȁ .ƨȈǷȐLJȍơ ǹơǂȇƛ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ǞǷ ǽƽȐƥ
ƾºȈǬƬdzơ ǞǷ ȅȁȂǼdzơ DZƢĐơ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǹơǂȇƛ ǞǷ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ƨǴǏơȂŭ ƾǠƬLjǷ
.(http://www.mid.ru) ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏƢƥ ǵƢƬdzơ
.International Law, p. 549 (ÔÔ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǹƗ Śºǣ .(ÕÓ)ƶºǓơȁ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ DzǠǨdzơ ǞƥƢǘƥ ƢǸȀǷƢLjƫơ Ǻǰdz
ǵȂºȀǨǷ ǺºǷ ƢºǷ ƾƷ ńƛ ƶǓȁƗ ǵȂȀǨǷ DZȁƾdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
ƩƢºȇǂǜǻ Ƨƾºǟ ǾǻƘnjƥ DzƻơƾƬƫ ȅǀdzơ ƩƢǷȂǰūƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
śºǠƥ ǽǀºƻƗ śǠƬȇ ơƆƾȈǬǠƫ ǞǓȂdzơ ȄǴǟ ȆǨǔȇ ƢŲ (ÕÔ)ƨƥǁƢǔƬǷ
Dzǰnjdzơ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .(ÕÕ)ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ DzȈǴŢ Ŀ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ
__________
ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ DzǠǨdzơ ǞƥƢǗ ȆLjƬǰȇ ƩƢǷȂǰūƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǹȂǯ ǹƛ (ÕÓ)
ÏÎ Ŀ ƧƽȂºǬǠŭơ ƨLjºǴŪơ Ŀ ȆLjºǻǂǨdzơ ƽƢºŢȏơ ƨȈǠŦ Ŀ ƩǃǂƥƗ ƨdzƘLjǷ
ƨºǷȂǰŞ ƾǴƥ ǥǂƬǠȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ" ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ Ļ ƮȈƷ ÎÖÒÍ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ
ǵŐȇ ȏ ǾǼǰdz ƆƢȇƽơǂǨǻơ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǡǧ ǁƾǐȇ ǾǻƜǧ ƨǷȂǰƷ Dzǰnjƫ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ƨǘǴLjƥ ȁƗ
.(ÐÐ Ǎ ƮdzƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Kiss) "ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǽǀǿ ǞǷ ơƆƾǬǟ
ǂºȇǃȁ ǾǣƢºǏ ȅǀºdzơ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ ƨȈǟȁǂnjŭơ ƗƾƦǷ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǹƛ (ÕÔ)
ȅǀºdzơ ƨºȈǴǠǨdzơ ƗƾƦǷ ǪȈƦǘƫ Ɣơǃƛ (Tobar) ǁƢƥȂƫ ƾȈLjdzơ ǁȁƽơȂǯƛ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ
(Genaro Estrada) ơƽơǂƬºLJƛ ȁǁƢǼȈƻ ƾȈLjdzơ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ǂȇǃȁ ǾǠǓȁ
ǽǀºǿ ƪǼȈƥ ƾǫȁ .Ǻǿơǂdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƢȀǬȈƦǘƫ ǞƟƢnjdzơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǺǷ ǹơǁƢȈǠǷ Ƣŷ
ƾȈLjdzơ ÎÖÐÍ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÔ Ŀ ǽǁƾǏƗ ȅǀdzơ ǹȐǟȍơ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨȇǂǜǼdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǾȈǧ ƽǁȁ ȅǀdzơȁ ơƽơǂƬLJƛ
ƨºǷȂǰƷ ƪºȀƳȁ ǝȂǓȂǸǴdz ƨǼǠǸƬǷ ƨLJơǁƽ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ"
ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ Ŀ DZƢºǸǟȋƢƥ śǸƟƢǬdzơ ȁƗ ƢȀƟơǁǃȁ ńƛ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƫ ǮȈLjǰŭơ
ƨºǷȂǰūơ ǹƘºƥ ƢȀȈǧ ǶȀƬǤǴƥƗ ƧŚƻȋơ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ƩƢǷǃȋƢƥ ƧǂƯƘƬŭơ
ǹƗ ȃǂºƫ ƢĔȋ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ŘǠŠ ƩƢǻȐǟƛ ȅƗ ǁƾǐƫ Ǻdz ƨȈǰȈLjǰŭơ
ƢȀLjǷ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ ǶLjƬƫ ƨȇŚǬŢ ƨLJǁƢŲ ƨƥƢưŠ Ǯdzƿ ŐƬǠƫ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ
ȄǴǟ Ƕǰūơ ǺǷ ǝȂǻ ǁơƾǏƛ ǺǰŻ ǾǻƗ ƢƆǼǸǓ řǠƫ ȃǂƻƗ DZȁƽ ƧƽƢȈLjƥ
ơƆǂºǜǻ ȃǂºƻƗ ƩƢǷȂǰƷ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZȁƾdzơ ǮǴƬdz ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȁƚnjdzơ
ƨȈǴǿȋơ Ŀ ƆƢƦǴLJ ȁƗ ƢƆƥƢŸƛ ǁǂǬƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ȅƽƢǬƬǻȏơ ƧŚƻȋơ ǽǀǿ ǦǫȂŭ
.ƨȈƦǼƳȋơ ƨǸǜǻȌdz ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȁƗ ȆǬƦƬLjƫ ǹƘƥ ȆǨƬǰƬLJ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǹƜǧ ǾȈǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥȁ"
ƔƢǬƦƬºLJơȁ śȈºLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƢºȀȈǴưǸŭ ƆƢǸƟȐǷ ǽơǂƫ ƢǸƦLjƷ ƤƸLjƫ
ǮȈLjºǰŭơ ȃƾºdz DZȁƾdzơ ǮǴƬdz ǺȇƾǸƬǠŭơ śȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ śǓȂǨŭơ
ȏȁ ƨǬƦLjºǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ȏ ǶǰŢ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ Ǯdzƿȁ ƆƢǸƟȐǷ ǽơǂƫ ƢǸƦLjƷ
DZƾƦƬLjƫ ȁƗ ȆǬƦƫ ȁƗ DzƦǬƫ ǹƗ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ǪƷ ȄǴǟ ƨǬƷȏ ƧǁȂǐƥ
."ƢēƢǘǴLJ ȁƗ ƢēƢǷȂǰƷ
"Estrada doctrine of recognition", Supplement to AJIL, vol. 25, No. 4 )
Seara Vázquez, La paz precaria: de ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂºǜǻơȁ .(October 1931)
.(Versalles a Danzig,p. 377
ȅǀºdzơ ǦºǫȂŭơ ơƽơǂƬLJƛ ƗƾƦŭ ƶǓơȁ DZƢưǸǯ ƧǁƢNjȍƢƥ ǁƾŸ (ÕÕ)
ǩơǂǠdzơ Ŀ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƪdzȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǷȂǰūƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ Ŀ DzưǸƬŭơȁ ơƾǼdzȂǿ Ǿƫǀţơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ơƾǼdzȂǿ ƪǼǴǟƗ ƢǷƾǼǟ ÎÖÒÕ ǵƢǟ Ŀ
Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǾǻƗ ńƛ Ǯdzǀǯ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǺǰŻȁ"
DZơȂºƷȋơ ǺǷ DZƢƷ ȅƘƥ ȅȂǘǼȇ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƨǷȂǰŞ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ŐƬǠȇ ȏ
ƨºǷȂǰūơ ǽǀºǿ ƢȀȈǧ ƪdzȂƫ Ŗdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ȁƗ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ Ƕǰūơ
."ƨǘǴLjdzơ
.(Panhuys and others, International Law in the Netherlands, p. 379)
ǺǷ śƦƬȈLJ ƢǸǯ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƩƢǷȂǰūƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǺǷ ơƾǼdzȂǿ ǦǫȂǷ ŚǤƬȈLJȁ
.ŅƢƬdzơ ǝǂǨdzơ
284
ǞǼŻ Ń ơǀǿ DZƢūơ ƨǠȈƦǘƥȁ .(ÕÏ)"ǪǴƬű ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǹƜǧ ƆƢǸƟƢǫ ǞǫơȂdzơ
ƭƾƷȋơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǞǫơȂdzơ Ǻǟ Ƕǿǂǜǻ ơȂǧǂǐȇ ǹƗ ǺǷ ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǒǠƥ
Ʃǁǂºǫ ƢǷƾǼǟ DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƥ ǹƗ ƢȀȈǧ śƦƬȇ ƩȏƢŞ ǂƻơDŽdzơȁ ơƆƾȀǟ
ȁƗ ŚȇƢºǠŭ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ Ǯdzƿ ƪǠǔƻƗ ƢĔƜǧ ƨdzȁƽ ǹƢȈǰƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
ƨºȇǂǜǻ ǺºǷ ƢǷ ƾƷ ńƛ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ơǀǿ ƣǂǬȇ ƢŲ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǕȁǂNj
ƲƟƢºƬǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨȇƾȈǴǬƬdzơ ƞnjǼŭơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
.(ÕÐ)ǹƢȈǰdzơ Ǯdzǀƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǵƾǟ ȁƗ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ȄǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ
(ÕÑ)
ǥơǂƬǟȏơ DZƢů Ŀ ƨŻƾǬdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ (ƣ)
ǥơǂºƬǟȏơȁ DZȁƾdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ȆǷȂȀǨǷ ǹƗ ǾȈǧ ǮNj ȏ ƢŲ -ÑÐ
ƨȈȀǬǨdzơ ƩȐȈǴƸƬdzơ Ŀ ƨȈLjȈƟǁ ƨǻƢǰǷ ƢƆȇƾȈǴǬƫ ǹȐƬŹ ȐǛ ƩƢǷȂǰūƢƥ
ƢºŷǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƨLJơǁƾdzƢƥ śǷȂȀǨŭơ Ǻȇǀǿ DZȁƢǼƫ Ļ ƢǸǯ .ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ Ŀȁ
(ÕÒ)ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ ǺǷ ƨǠLJơȁ ƨǨƟƢǗ ƧƽƢǟ ƢǸȀȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ śǷȂȀǨǷ
__________
ǁȂǯǀººŭơ ǞººƳǂŭơ Coussirat-Coustère and Eisemann (ÕÏ)
Joseph Cuculla ) ǮȈLjǰŭơ ƾǓ ȏȂǯȂǯ ǦȇǃȂƳ ƨȈǔǫ ǂǜǻơȁ .ÎÍÕ Ǎ
ƨºǼŪ ƢºȀȈǧ ƪºƬƥ Ŗdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ǮȈLjǰŭơ śƥ (v. Mexico
.(ÑÕÍ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ÎÕÔÓ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÍ Ŀ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ
ƩȏƢƷ ǹƛ DZȂǬdzơ ǺǰŻ ǾǻƜǧ Ribbelink Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ǁƢNjƗ ƢǸǯ (ÕÐ)
ńƛ ƢǷ ƧƽȂǠƥ ȆƷȂƫ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Ŀ ƩƢǼȈǠLjƬdzơ ƾǬǟ Ŀ ƪƯƾƷ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǧȐƻ
ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ ơǀǿ DŽǰƫǂȇȁ ."ƞnjǼŭơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƨȇǂǜǻ"
ƝƽƢºƦŭơ džºǨǻ ƪǠƦƫơ Ŗdzơ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƢȀȈǧ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơȁ
ƢŮȂƦǬdz ƧƾȇƾŪơ DZȁƾdzơ ƢȀȈǧȂƬLjƫ ǹƗ śǠƬȇ Ŗdzơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ ƩƽƾƷȁ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ
“State Succession and the Recognition of ) .ƨºǸƟƢǬdzơ DZȁƾºdzơ ǞǸƬů Ŀ
ơǀºǿ ȄǴǟ ȅȂƬŹ ȅǀdzơ ƣƢƬǰdzơ ơǀǿȁ .(States and Governments”, p.44
.ƨưȇƾūơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ Ŀ ƨȇƢǤǴdz ƾȈǨǷ DzƴLJ Ȃǿ DZƢǬŭơ
ȄºǴǟ DŽºȈǯǂƬdzơ Dzǔǧȋơ ǺǷ ƿƛ ƆơƾƳ DŽȈƳȁ Ņȁȋơ ƔDŽŪơ ơǀǿ (ÕÑ)
ǺºǰŻȁ .(ƨºǏƢƻ ƨǨǐƥ ƩƢǼȈǻƢǸưdzơ ƾǬǟ ƾǠƥ) ƨưȇƾūơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƨLJǁƢŲ
ǽǀǿ ƩȐƴLJ Ŀ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨŻƾǬdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸǸǴdz ǞȈǸš ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȏơ
Castel, International :ƢȀǼǷȁ ǾǼȈƷ Ŀ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬǸǴdz ƪƸȈƫƗ Ŗdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ
Law Chiefly as Interpreted and Applied in Canada; Lapradelle &
Niboyet, Répertoire de droit international; Hackworth, Digest of
International Law; Moore, A Digest of International Law, and History
and Digest of the International Arbitrations to which the United States
has been a Party; Parry, A British Digest of International
Law;Wharton, A Digest of the International Law of the United States;
.M. Whiteman, Digest of International Law
ƨȈLjºǻǂǨdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ DzưŲ ƶǓơȁ Dzǰnjƥ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ńƛ ǁƢNjƗ (ÕÒ)
Ñ Ŀ ƧƽȂºǬǠŭơ ƨºȈǼǴǠdzơ ƨLjºǴŪơ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ DZƾǠǴdz ƨǸƟơƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ȃƾdz
ƤƫǂƬȇ (ƢǷ ƨdzȁƽ) DZȐǬƬLJƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ" ǹƗ ƾǯƗ ƮȈƷ ÎÖÐÎ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ
Ƣºđ ǥǂºƬǠŭơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨǷDŽǴǷ ȏƆ ƢǠǧƗ ƢȀƬǷȂǰƷ DZƢǠǧƗ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ƨȀƳ ǺǷ ǾȈǴǟ
ƾºǟơȂǫ ǪºȈƦǘƫ ǾºȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬȇ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ
(Customs Régime between Germany and "ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
Kiss, Répertoire ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .Austria, P.C.I.J., Series C, No. 53, p. 569)
.française en matière de droit international public, vol. III, p. 15
285 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ƆƢȈƟƢǬǴƫ ƆƢǧơǂƬǟơ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ƱƢƬdzơ ǥơǂƬǟơ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ȄǴǟ ƧƽƢǠdzơ ƩǂƳ
ƢºȀǨǫȂǷ ƾǯƚƫ ƧŚƻȋơ ǽǀǿ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƛȁ ȃǂƻȋơ ǶȈdzƢǫȋơ ǺǷ
ƽǂƴŠ ǪǴǠƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ (ÖÑ)ǡȐƦƥ ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀđ
.(ÖÒ)ǶȈdzƢǫȌdz ǶǓ
ƩƢǧǂǐºƫ ǒºǠƥ ǵƢǬŭơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǽƢƦƬǻȐdz Śưŭơ ǺǷ DzǠdzȁ -ÑÒ
Ŀ ǥơǂºƬǟȐdz ƨǴƯƢŲ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƲƟƢƬǻ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ ƾǫ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ
DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷȁ :ƨdzȁƾdzơ DŽǯǂŠ ƢȀǠƬŤ Ŀ ǾƦƬnjŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈǰdzơ ƨdzƢƷ
ǂºȇǂƸƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǞǷ ƨȈũǁ ƩƢǫȐǠdz ƢǰȈƴǴƥȁ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ ƨǷƢǫƛ DZƢưŭơ
ȄºǴǟ ÎÖÔÖ ǂƥȂºƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÖȁ ÏÔ Ŀ ƨȈǼȈǘLjǴǨdzơ
džȈƟǂºdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ƧǁƢȇDŽdzơ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ǂȇǃȁ ŐƬǟơ ƾǬǧ .ŅơȂƬdzơ
ƨºȈƥƢŸƛ ƧȂºǘƻ ƨȈǼȈǘLjǴǨdzơ ǂȇǂƸƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ŀ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ƧǂƟơƾdzơ
ǂºǷƗ ƭƾƷȁ .ƨǸǜǼŭƢƥ ƢƆȈũǁ ƢƆǧơǂƬǟơ Dzǰnjƫ ȏ ƢĔƗ Ƕǣǁ ƨȇƢǤǴdz
ƢŲ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ǂȇǃȁ ǾǴƦǬƬLJơ ƿƛ ƢǰȈƴǴƦdz ǾƫǁƢȇǃ Ŀ DzƯƢŲ
ǽƾǯƚƫ Ń ƢǷ Ȃǿȁ ȆǴǠǧ ǥơǂƬǟơ ǞƥƢǗ ƧǁƢȇDŽdzơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ȄǨǓƗ
.(ÖÓ)DzLjǯȁǂƥ ǾǨǼƫ ȁƗ
ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ ǹƗ ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǁƢºƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ǀƻƚȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ -ÑÓ
ǹƢºȈǰdzơ ǞƬŤ ǹƘnjƥ ǥȐƻ ƨť ǹȂǰȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢūơ Ŀ ƩƢǷȂǰūƢƥ
DzºƦǫ ǺºǷ ƱƢƴƬƷơ DZƢǸǟƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ƢǷ ơƆŚưǯ ƨdzȁƾdzơ DŽǯǂŠ
.ǥơǂƬǟȏơ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ƧǁǂǔƬǷ ƢȀLjǨǻ ŐƬǠƫ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ƨȇȁƢLjǸǼdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǹȐǟȍơ ǹƜǧ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟȁ
ǺǷ ȆLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdz ǾȈǧ ǥǂƬǠƫ ȅǀdzơȁ ÎÖÕÍ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÎÐ Ŀ
Ŀ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǮǴƬdz Ȇũǂdzơ DzưǸŭơ ƨǨǐƥ ƨȈǼȈǘLjǴǨdzơ ǂȇǂƸƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ
ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ǂȇǃȁ ȄǟƾƬLJơ ƾǬǧ .ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀđ DzǠǧ ƽǁ ńƛ ȃƽƗ ƢLjǸǼdzơ
ƤȈƥƗ Dzƫ Ŀ ȅȁƢLjǸǼdzơ DZƢǸǟȋƢƥ ǶƟƢǬdzơ ŚǷƢNj ƾȈLjdzơ DzȈƟơǂLJƛ
ƨºƴȀǴdzơ ƾȇƾºNj ƢƆȇȂǨNj ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷơ ǾǸǴLJȁ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÎÑ Ŀ
__________
ƨLJǁƢŲ ńƛ ƶȈǓȂƬdzơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǺǰŻ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ (ÖÑ)
DZƢºưǷ ńƛ ƧǁƢºNjȍơ ǺºǰŻ ƾȇƾƸƬdzơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟȁ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ Ƨǁơǃȁ
Documentation on ǂºǜǻơ .ƢȈǻƢƦºLJƛ Ŀ Ȃǰǻơǂǧ DZơŗŪơ ǵƢǜǼƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
Australian Foreign Policy (Canberra, Australian Government
ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .Publishing Service, 1976), vol. 2 (1939), document 30)
.ƨȈźǁƢƬdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂǴdz ǎǐƼŭơ ǶLjǬdzơ http://www.info.dfat.gov.au
ƪưǠƥ ƨnjƦƸǴdz ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ Ƕǔƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ƪǧǂƬǟơ ƢǷ ƽǂƴŠ (ÖÒ)
ƽǁȁ ÎÖÐÕ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ńƛ ƨȈǫǂƥ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƢȀȈǧ
Ŀ ƢƆǷƢȀLJƛ ǾǻƗ ƢƆƼLJơǁ ơƆƽƢǬƬǟơ ƾǬƬǠƫ ƮdzȂǼǷȂǰdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǹƛ"
ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƶǼǷȁ ơƆǁȂǧ ŅƢǘȇȍơ ȅDŽȈǴǰǻȍơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ƿƢǨǻƛ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǵȐLjdzơ
ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƶǼǷ ǒǧǁ ǹƛȁ .ƨnjƦūơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢǘȇȍơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȎdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨdzƘLjǷ Ŀ ǂǗƢű Ǻǟ ǶǼƫ ƨǧǃƢůȁ ǞǫơȂǴdz Ȑ Ɔ ǿƢš Ƣǻǂǜǻ Ŀ ȁƾƦȇ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ
."Ǻǿơǂdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƨȇǂǿȂƳ ƪLjȈdz
Documents on Australian Foreign Policy (Canberra, Australian )
Government Publishing Service, 1975), vol. I (1937-1938), document
.http://www.info.dfat.gov.au ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .(317
.ÓÓÑ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÍ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rousseau ǂǜǻơ (ÖÓ)
(ÖÍ)
řǸǔºdzơ ȁƗ (ÕÖ)ƶȇǂǐdzơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǽǀƼƬȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ
Ɔơǁƾǫ ȆǨǔƫ (ȆǴǠǨdzơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơȁ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ) ǾǬƟơǂǗȁ
ƲƬǼȇ ƨǷƢǟ ƧƾǟƢǬǯȁ .ǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿ DzȈǴŢ ȄǴǟ ƾȈǬǠƬdzơ ǺǷ ŐǯƗ
ǀºǼǷ ƨǴǷƢǰdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǽǁƢƯƕ ȅƽƢȈƬǟȏơ ǾǴǰNj Ŀ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
ƨdzƘLjǷ Ȇǿȁ ȆǠƳǁ ǂƯƗ Ǿdz ǹȂǰȇ ȏȁ ƢȀȈǧ ƭƾŹ Ŗdzơ ƨǜƸǴdzơ
ǺǷ džȈdz ..." ǾǻƗ ńƛ ǁƢNjƗ ƢǷƾǼǟ ȆƟƢǔǬdzơ ƽƢȀƬƳȏơ ƢȀƸǓȁƗ
ƽȂǠȇ ǹƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƔƢȀǬǨdzơ ǁȂȀŦ ƢǿǂǫƗ Ŗdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ
ȄǴǟ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ Ǯdzǀdz ƨǬƥƢLJ ƧǂƬǧ ńƛ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƨdzȁƾƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
.(ÖÎ)"ǶǟĄǃ ƢǷ ǁơǂǣ
ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ Ǻǰƫ Ń ƩƢǷȂǰūƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÑÑ
ƧƾȇƾƳ ƨǷȂǰŞ ǥơǂƬǟȐdz ǕǂƬnjƫ ǂnjǟ ǞLJƢƬdzơ ǹǂǬdzơ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ
ž(ÖÏ)ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƽ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƪdzȂƫ ƾǫ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǽǀǿ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ
Ŀ ȏƛ ƧȂºǬƥ Ƶǂºǘƫ Ń Ƣēơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ ƨȈǟȁǂnjŭƢǧ
ƧƾƷȂǷ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ Ǻǰƫ Ń ǹƛȁ ƆƢƦȇǂǬƫ ǂnjǟ ǞLJƢƬdzơ ǹǂǬdzơ ǖLJơȁƗ
ƆȐưǷ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ƮdzȂǼǷȂǰdzơ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀȁ .(ÖÐ)ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀđ ƆƢǸƟơƽ
__________
džǘLjºǣƗ/ƣƕ ÎÏ ƹǁƚºŭơ ǹƢºȈƦdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÕÖ)
ƨƷơǂǏ ƢLjǻǂǧ ǾȈǧ ƪǧǂƬǟơ ȅǀdzơȁ ƢLjǻǂǧ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ Ƨǁơǃȁ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ÎÖÔÑ
:ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ńƛ ǵƢǸǔǻȐdz ƢȀƦǴǗ ƩƾȇƗȁ ȁƢLjȈƥ ƢȈǼȈǤƥ
:ǁƢLJ ǁȂǘƫ ǪȈǬƸƬƥ ƩƢȈǼǸƬdzơȁ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ"
Ƣēǀºţơ Ŗºdzơ ƩơǁơǂºǬǴdz ƲȀƬƦƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƛ
ƢȀƸȈºNjǂƫ ƾǻƢLjºƫȁ ȁƢLjȈƥ - ƢȈǼȈǣ ƨdzȁƾƥ ƢȀǧơǂƬǟơ ǺǴǠƫ DZƢǤƫŐdzơ
."ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨǸǜǼŭ
La politique étrangère de la France: textes et documents 1974 (Paris, )
.(Ministry for Foreign Affairs), p. 58
ƽƢŢȏơ Ƕǔƥ ƨǬǴǠƬǷ ƩȏƢƷ Ƨƾǟ řǸǔdzơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƨǴưǷƗ ǺǷ (ÖÍ)
ƽƢºŢȏƢƥ ơƾºǼdzȂǿ ƪǧǂƬǟơ ƢǷƾǼǠǧ .ƢȈǻơȂƬȈdzȁ ƢȈǨƫȏȁ ƢȈǻȂƬLJȍ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ
ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ DZȁƽ ǹƘnjƥ ǚǨŢ ȅƗ ƾƦƫ Ń ÎÖÑÏ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÎÍ Ŀ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ
ǂºǷƗ ƭƾƷ ƩơȂǼLjƥ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥȁ .ƢȈǻƢŭƗ DZȐƬƷơ ƪŢ ǭơǀǻƕ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ
ƽƢºŢȏơ ǞºǷ ƨȈºLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƢēƢǫȐǟ ƨǷƢǫƛ ƩƽƢǟƗ Ŗdzơ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǞǷ DzƯƢŲ
ƆƢȈǼǸºǓ ƪǧǂƬǟơȁ ǚǨŢ ȅƗ ȅƾƦƫ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ÎÖÔÔ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ
Ǿƫǀţơ ȅǀdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ ǥȐş .ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǮǴƬdz ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ Ƕǔƥ ŅƢƬdzƢƥ
ÎÖÔÐ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǞǷ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƩƢǫȐǟ ƪǷƢǫƗ Ŗdzơ DZƢǤƫŐdzơ
ǂºǜǻơ) ǪºȈǘǴƦdzơ ǹơƾǴƥ Ƕǔƥ ǥǂƬǠƫ ȏ ƢĔƗ Ǿƫơƿ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƪǼǴǟƗ ƢȀǼǰdz
.(ÏÕÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Klabbers and others
.ÒÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Coussirat-Coustère and Eisemann (ÖÎ)
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơȁ ȆǴȈNj śƥ Eugène L. Didier, adm. et al. v. Chile ƨȈǔǫ ǂǜǻơȁ
.ÑÖÍ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ Ŀ ƽǂƫȁ (ÎÕÖÑ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ Ö) ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƨºȈƳǁƢƻ ǂȇǃȁ ƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơ Ŗdzơ ƨƴūơ Ȇǿ ǽǀǿ (ÖÏ)
:ÎÕÐÐ ǵƢǟ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ŚǨLjdzơ ǵƢǷƗ ƵǂǏ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ǥǂºƬǠƫ ǹƗ ƨºƥȁƙƾdzơ ƢȀƬLJǁƢŲȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƗƾƦǷ ǺǷ ǹƛ"
ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭ ƢȀƦȈǐǼƫ ǹƗ ǑǂƬǨȇ ƨȈǟǂNj ƨǷȂǰƷ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ƨǷȂǰŞ
."ƤǠnjǴdz ƨȈǼǸǔdzơ ȁƗ ƨŹǂǐdzơ ƨǬǧơȂŭƢƥ ȆǜƷ ƾǫ ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ
.(ÒÐÍ Ǎ DZȁȋơ ƾǴĐơ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Wharton)
Peterson, Recognition of Governments: Legal Doctrine (ÖÐ)
.and State Practice 1815-1995, pp. 53 - 55
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƢºĔƜǧ ƆƢȈǼǸǓ ƢƆǧơǂƬǟơ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟơ ǺǰǷƗ ǹƛȁ Ŗdzơ (ÎÍÍ)ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
.ƢȀƴƟƢƬǻ Ǯnjdzơ DZƢǘȇ ƢǸǴǫ Ŗdzơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǪƟơǂǗ śƥ ǺǷ ƨǬȇǂǗ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǵƾǬƫ DZȁƾdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ - ÑÕ
ńƛ ƢƆºLJƢLJƗ ƽȂºǠƫ ƩȏƢºūơ ǺǷ ƧŚǧȁ ƨǟȂǸů Śƻȋơ ƾǬǠǴdz
ǚºăƷȐĄƫ ƢǸǯ žƨȈǫǂnjdzơȁ ȄǘLJȂdzơ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƢēƾȀNj Ŗdzơ ƭơƾƷȋơ
ƢǷ ǁȂȀǛ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƣȂǴLJƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǸȀǷ ƩȏȂŢ
ƔƢǔºǟƗ ǩƢȈºLJ Ŀ Ƙnjºǻ ȅǀdzơ "Ǖȁǂnjŭơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ" ƥ ȄǸLjȇ
ĿơǂºǤŪơ ǖȈºƄơ Ŀ ȃǂƻȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƥȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
ǺºǷ ƨºǟȂǸƴŠ ƧƾȇƾŪơ DZȁƾdzơ ƾȈǬƫ Ƨǁȁǂǔǧ .(ÎÍÎ)ĺȁǁȁȋơ
ƨºȇƢǸūơ DzºȈƦǫ ǺǷ śǠǷ ǁơǂǬƬLJơ ǕȁǂNj ǺǸǔƫ Ŗdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ
ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ ȄǴǟ ȄǨǓƗ ȅǀdzơ ǂNjƚŭơ Ȃǿ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǩȂǬū ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ
ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơȁ ȆLJƢȈLjdzơ ǾȈǠƥƢǗ ǺǷ ǽƽǂŸ Ń ǹƛȁ ƧƾȇƾƳ ǎƟƢǐƻ
.ƢƆȇƾȈǴǬƫ ǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿ ơƽƾƷ ǹƢǠƥƢǗ Ƣŷȁ ƆƢLJƢLJƗ
_________________________________________
džȈºƟǁ ƮºǠƥ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǀƼƬŭơ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ ǍȂǐşȁ
ƔơǁǃȂºdzơ džȈºƟǁ ńƛ ÎÖÖÐ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Î ƨƻǁƚǷ ƨdzƢLJǁ ƔơǁǃȂdzơ
ƺȇǁƢºƬdzơ džǨǼºƥ ȆǯƢǧȂǴLjdzơ ƔơǁǃȂdzơ džȈƟǁ ńƛ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzƢLJǁȁ ȆǰȈnjƬdzơ
ƽƢºǰƫ ƩơǁƢƦǟ ǽƢǻƽƗ ƽǁơȂdzơ ǞǘǬŭơ Ŀȁ žśƬȇǁȂȀǸŪƢƥ ǥǂƬǟơ ƢŷƢǔƬǬŠȁ
:śƬdzƢLJǂdzơ Ŀ ƨǬƥƢǘƬǷ ǹȂǰƫ
ƢƆºȈũǁ ǥǂºƬǠƫ ƨºȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƗ DzƴLJȋ ǶǰƦƫƢǯƗ"
.ƧƽƢȈLJ Ʃơƿ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȈǰȈnjƬdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪƢƥ
ƩƢƦȈƫǂƫ ȄǔƬǬŠ ƪǴǸŢ ƾǫ ƨȈǰȈnjƬdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ǹƗ ƢǼǜƷȏȁ"
ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǺǷ ƢȀƦȈǐǻ ƨȈǯƢǧȂǴLjdzơȁ ƨȈǰȈnjƬdzơ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơ DzƷ
."ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƨȈǯƢǧȂǴLjdzơȁ ƨȈǰȈnjƬdzơ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸƴǴdz ƨȈdzƢŭơ
.(Ibid., "United Kingdom…1994"), p. 587)
ÏÔ Ŀ ƨºȇǂƬȇǁȍơ ƩƢǘǴLjºǴdz Ȇºũǂdzơ ǹȐǟȍơ ƣƢǬǟƗ Ŀ (ÎÍÍ)
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ DZȐǬƬLJơ ŁƢǐdz ƢȇǂƬȇǁƛ ƤǠNj ƪȇȂǐƫ Ǻǟ ÎÖÖÐ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ
ÎÖÖÐ DzºȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÒ ńƛ ÏÐ ǺǷ ƧǂƬǨdzơ Ŀ ȅǂƳƗ ȅǀdzơ ƔƢƬǨƬLJȏơ Ŀ
ǥơǂºƬǟơ ƨºȈũǁ Śǣ ƩƢƯƽƢŰ Ŀ ƧǂũƗ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ DzǐǼǫ ƾǯƗ
Ƨǁơǃȁ DzưŲ ǺǴǟƗ ÎÖÖÐ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÕ Ŀȁ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǽǀđ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ƨȇǁƢƳ ƢȇǂƬȇǁƛ ǞǷ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƩƢǫȐǟ ƨǷƢǫƛ ńƛ ƨȈǔǨŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǹƗ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ
ƩƢºǫȐǠdzơ ƨºǷƢǫƛ Ǻºǟ ƨºǬȈǬƷ ƘnjºǼȇ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ DzǠdzȁ .ǩƢLJȁ ǵƾǫ ȄǴǟ
ƢºȇǂƬȇǁƛ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ǂȇǃȁ ńƛ ƢȀǴLJǁƗ ƧǂǯǀǷ ǺǷ Ǯdzƿ śƦƬȇ ƢǸǯ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
(ÎÖÖÐ) ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Nash Leich) ƢȈƥȂȈƯƛ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ŚǨLJ
ǪºǴǠƬƫȁ ǹƘnjºdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƾȀǠdzơ ƨưȇƾƷ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzƢƷ ƨťȁ .(ÒÖÕ-ÒÖÔ Ǎ
ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ ǹƗ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ƢĔƘnjƥ ƾǯƗ Ŗdzơ ƢȈƦȈǷƢǼƥ
ƢƆȈǼǸºǓ ƢƆºǧơǂƬǟơ řǠȇ ƢǷ ǁƾǬƥ ƆƢȈũǁ ƢƆǧơǂƬǟơ řǠȇ ȏ ÎÖÖÍ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ Ŀ
.(Marston, "United Kingdom…1992, pp. 642-643)
ơǂLjºȇȂLJ Ǿƫǀţơ ȅǀdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƢNjȍƢƥ ǁƾŸ (ÎÍÎ)
ǺǴǟƗ ƢǷ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ (ƢȈǻơȂƬȈdzȁ ƢȈǨƫȏȁ ƢȈǻȂƬLJƛ) ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ DZȁƾƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǹƘnjƥ
ǹŚºƥ Ŀ ƨºȇƽƢŢȏơ ƨºȈƳǁƢŬơ ǹȁƚnjdzơ Ƨǁơƽƛ džȈƟǂdz ƨȈǨƸǏ Ƨȁƾǻ Ŀ ǾǼǟ
ǞƳǂŭơ Klabbers and others ƢȀǐǻ ƽǁȁƗ) ÎÖÖÎ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ ÏÕ ƺȇǁƢƬƥ
ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ ǵƾǟ ȆLJƢLJȋơ ǺǷ ǹƗ ƢȀȈǧ ƾǯƗ Ŗdzơȁ (ÐÑÕ-ÐÑÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ
... ǺºǰŲ ƾºƷ ȄǐºǫƗ ńƛ ƢƆǻȂǸǔǷȁ ơƆƾǯƚǷ ƢȀǼǷƗ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ȏƛ ƢǷ ƨdzȁƾƥ
ȄǴǟ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǺǷ ǥǂǗ ǽơǂǯȍ ȆLJƢȈLJ ƵȐLjǯ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢǧ
.ǪǸǠƬǷ DzȈǴƸƬƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ƢƆǫȐǗƛ śǠƬȇ ơǀdz .śǠǷ ǝơDŽǻ ǺǷ ƣƢƸLjǻȏơ
286
ơƆƾȇƾē Dzǰnjƫ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀđ ƢLjǸǼǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ǹƗ ǾȈǧ ƾǯƗȁ
ƲȀºǼdzơ ǂLjǨƫ ƭơƾƷȋơ ǽǀȀǧ .(ÖÔ)DzȈƟơǂLJƛ ƨdzȁƽ ƽȂƳȁȁ ǺǷȋ
ƨºǷƢǫƛ ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǟ Ŀ Ʃǁǂǫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǾƬǠƦƫơ ȅǀdzơ ǁǀūơ
ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ džȈƟǁ DzLJǁƘǧ DzȈƟơǂLJƛ ǞǷ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƩƢǫȐǟ
.(ÖÕ)ǾǨǫȂǷ ƢȀȈǧ Ƶǂnjȇ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ƧƽƢǫ ńƛ DzƟƢLJǁ
ǥơǂƬǟȏơ DZƢů Ŀ ơƆƾȀǟ ƭƾƷȋơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ (Ʊ)
ƨǤȈǐºdzơ Ȃºǿ ƨºȈũǁ ǥơǂƬǟơ ƧǂǯǀǷ DZƢLJǁƛ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ -ÑÔ
ǹƜǧ ƨǴǷƢǰdzơ ǽǁƢƯƕ DzǠǨdzơ ơǀǿ ƭƾŹ Ȇǰdz ƧƽƢǟ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƨȇƾȈǴǬƬdzơ
ƢºǿƙƢȈƷƛ ƾºȈǟƗȁ ƨºǼȈǠǷ ƧǂƬǧ ƨǴȈǗ DzǸǠƬLjƫ Ń ƨǤȈǐdzơ ǽǀǿ
ƩƢºǫȐǠdzơ ƨºǷƢǫƛ Ȃºǿ Ƨǂºưǰƥ DzǸǠƬLjºȇ ƢǷȁ .(ÖÖ)ơƆǂƻƚǷ
__________
.ÎÍÔÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÖÔ)
Sagarra Trías,"El :ŅƢƬdzơ Ǧdzƚŭơ Ŀ DzƟƢLJǂdzơ ǽǀǿ Dzǯ Ʃƽǁȁ (ÖÕ)
.reconocimiento de Estados y de gobiernos", pp. 258 – 259
ƽƢºŢȏơ) DZȁƾºdzơ ƨºǧȐş ǪǴǠƬƫ ơƆƾȀǟ ƭƾƷƗ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ (ÖÖ)
ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƔơǂƳƛ ǞƦƫơ (ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇȁ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƫȁ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ
Ɣơǁǃȁ džȈƟǁ ƢȀưǠƥ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢLJǂdzơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǺǰŻȁ :ƧǂƫơȂƬǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƶȇǂǐdzơ
.ÎÖÖÏ ǂȇƢºǼȇ/ňƢºưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÒ Ŀ ƢȈƫơȁǂǯ džȈƟǁ ńƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ
ńƛ ƨdzƢLJǁ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ƔơǁǃȂdzơ džȈƟǁ ƮǠƥ ƮȈƷ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƢȈǼȈǧȂǴLJ ƨdzƢƷ ƪǻƢǯȁ
ȃȂºƬƄ ƢƆºǬƥƢǘǷ ǹȂºǰȇ ƽƢǰȇ ȃȂƬƸŠȁ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ džǨǻ Ŀ ƢȈǼȈǧȂǴLJ džȈƟǁ
ǺǷȁ .(Marston, "United Kingdom…1992, pp. 636-637) ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƨdzƢLJǂdzơ
ƢȀȈǧ ǥǂƬǟơȁ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ƔơǁǃȂdzơ džȈƟǁ ƢȀưǠƥ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢLJǂdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨǼĈȈƦdzơ ƨǴưǷȋơ
Ǻºǟ ǶǼȇ ȏ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǹƗ ńƛ Śnjƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƨdzƢLJǂdzơ ƪǏǂƷ ǹƛȁ) ƢȈƳǁȂŝ
:(ƨȈǸȈǴǫƛ ƩƢǟơŗƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȃǂƻƗ ƩȏƢƷ ȅƗ ǺǷ ǦǫȂǷ ȅƗ
ǾºȈǧ ǚºƷȐƫ ƢƆǻƢȈƥ ǵȂȈdzơ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƨLJƢƟǁ ƩǁƾǏƗ"
Ǻºǟ ƣǂºǠƫ ƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ Ŗdzơȁ ƢȈƳǁȂƳ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƢȀƬǷƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƨǻƢǸǔdzơ
ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ ǹƘnjºƥ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ‘ ǕȁǂNj ƔƢǨȈƬLJȏ ƢǿƽơƾǠƬLJơ
ƢºǿǂǫƗ Ŗdzơȁ ‘ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơȁ ƨȈǫǂnjdzơ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Ŀ ƧƾȇƾŪơ DZȁƾdzƢƥ
.ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ɣơǁǃȁ džǴů
ƪºǧǂƬǟơ ƾǫ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƘƥ DzƴLJȋ ǶǰƦƫƢǯƗ ňƛȁ"
ƢºǼǻƗ ƾǯƙƗ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ ... ƧƽƢȈLJ Ʃơƿ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ƨdzȁƽ ƢȈƳǁȂŝ ƢƆȈũǁ
ƨºǰǴǸŭơ ƢºȀȈǧ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơȁ ƧǀǧƢǼdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơȁ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǹƗ ŐƬǠǻ
Dzºǜƫ śǧǂºǗ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨȈǯơǂƬNjȏơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƽƢŢơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
.ƢȈƳǁȂƳȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ śƥ ƨȇǁƢLJ ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ ƤLjƷ
ƨƦƷƢǏ ƨǷȂǰƷ DZȂƦǫ ƢƆǼǸǓ ƾȈǨȇ ǾǻȂǰƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǂLjǨȇ Ǻdzȁ"
śƬȇǁȂºȀŦ śƥ ǝơDŽǻ DzŰ ǶȈǴǫƛ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ȅƗ ǦǫȂŭ ƨdzȐŪơ
."ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ
.(ÓÑÎ-ÓÑÍ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ƧǁƢºNjȍơ ǺǰŻ Dzƥ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ǩƢȈLjdzơ Ŀ ǖǬǧ ƭƾŹ Ń ơǀǿ ǹƗ Śǣ
ƔơǁǃȂdzơ džȈƟǁ ƢȀȀƳȁ Ŗdzơ ÎÖÖÐ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÎÑ ƨƻǁƚŭơ ƨdzƢLJǂdzơ ńƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ
ǥơǂƬǟơ Ǻǟ ƢȀȈǧ ƢƆƥǂǠǷ ƢȇǂƬȇǁȍ ƨƬǫƚŭơ ƨǷȂǰƸǴdz ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ńƛ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ
:ƢȀȈǧ ƽǁȁȁ ƢȇǂƬȇǁƛ ƨdzȁƾƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ
ƢȇǂƬȇǁƜƥ ƢƆȈũǁ ǥǂƬǠƫ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƗ DzƴLJȋ ǶǰƦƫƢǯƗ"
Ŀ ǽŚºǜǻ ƨºȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ƤƫƢǰȈLJȁ .ƧƽƢȈLJ Ʃơƿ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ƨdzȁƽ
."ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ ǹƘnjƥ ǶǰƬǷȂǰƷ
.(ÓÍÏ Ǎ ÎÖÖÐ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
287 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ȃǂºƻƗ DZȁƽ Ʃǀºţơȁ .(ÎÍÑ)ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ DzǷƢǯ ǝƢŦƜƥ
(ÎÍÒ)ƮȇǂƬdzơ ǦǫȂǷ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟƗ Śǣ ƨȈƥȁǁȁƗ
ƭơƾƷȋơ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǦǫȂǷ ƣǂǫ Ǻǟ ƧƾǏơǁ
.ƨȇơƾƦdzơ Ŀ ȄƻȂƬǷ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ƔȆǘƥ Dzǰnjƥ ǁȂǘƬƫ Ń
ƢȈǼȈǧȂǴLJȁ ƢȈƫơȁǂǰƥ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ȃȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢǧ
DzǫƗ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǠǫȂƬǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń ÎÖÖÏ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÒ Ŀ
ǁƢnjºƬLjǷ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǹƢȈƦdzơ ǩȐǘǻȏơ ƨǘǬǻ ƪǻƢǯȁ žǂȇƾǬƫ
ƢºȈǻƢŭƗ ǹƗ ǺǴǟƘºǧ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƩƢȈǏȂƫ ǾȈǧ DzǿƢš ȅǀdzơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǍƢƼNjƗ ǺǷ śǐƼNj ƢȈǼȈǧȂǴLJȁ ƢȈƫơȁǂǰƥ ǥǂƬǠƬLJ
ĺȁǁȁȋơ ȆLJƢȈLjdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀȁ Ǿƫơƿ ǵȂȈdzơ Ŀȁ .Ņȁƾdzơ
śƫƢºđ ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ ǹƘnjºƥ ƨºLJƢƟǂǴdz ǭǂƬnjŭơ ǹƢȈƦdzơ ǁƾǏ
Ŗºdzơ ƩƢºȈdzȉơ ƪǟȂǼƫȁ .(ÎÍÓ)śƬȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȈdzơ śƬȇǁȂȀǸŪơ
__________
ǹƢǯ ƢȀǔǠƦǧ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƔƢǔǟƗ śƥ ǦǫơȂŭơ ƪǨǴƬƻơ (ÎÍÑ)
.(ƢȈǻƢŭƗ) ƧǂNjƢƦǷ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ȁƗ (ǹƢǻȂȈdzơ) ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ǝơŗdzơ Ŀ ǕǁȂƬdzơ ƢȀǯǂŹ
ƢºȇơȂǻ ȆȈŹ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ƾƷȂǷ ǦǫȂǷ ƿƢţơ ǵƾǟ ǹƢǯ ǞǓȂdzơ ơǀŮ ơƆǂǜǻȁ
ƨºǓǁƢǠŭơ ȁƗ ƧƾǻƢLjºŭƢƥ ƢǿŚƻƘƫ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȐǬƬLJȏơ ƩƢǯǂūơ ƧŚƫȁ ǞȇǂLjƫ
:Ŀ Quel López ǾºȈdzƛ ǁƢNjƗ ƢǷ ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƦdz ƧǂNjƢƦŭơ
“La actitud de España en el marco de la coordinación de la política
exterior comunitaria: el reconocimiento de los nuevos Estados surgidos
de la antigua URSS y de la República Socialista Federativa de
ǁƢnjŭơ ǭǂƬnjŭơ ǹƢȈƦdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǎǻ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȏơ ǺǰŻȁ .Yugoslavia”, p.707
Bulletin of the European Communities, vol. 24, Ŀ ƨȇDŽȈǴǰǻȍƢƥ ǽȐǟƗ ǾȈdzƛ
ǂºǜǻơȁ .IRL, vol. 92 (1993), p. 174 ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .No. 12 (1991) p. 119
Charpentier, “Les déclarations des Douze sur la reconnaissance Ǯdzǀǯ
.des nouveaux États”
ƢȀºƬȈƳǁƢƻ Ƨǁơǃȁ ƪǼǴǟƗ Ŗdzơ ƢLjǸǼdzơ ǂǷƗ ǾȈǴǟ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ơǀǿ (ÎÍÒ)
Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ŐƬǠƫ DzǜƬLJ ƢLjǸǼdzơ ǹƗ ÎÖÖÎ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÒ Ŀ
ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǞǷ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƨǧƢǯ ȄǴǟ ȅǂLjƫ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȈƥ ƢȀǘƥǂƫ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ƔƢǬƥƛ ƶȈƬȈLJ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ .DZƢūơ ǥȐƬƻơ ǾȈǔƬǬȇ ƢǷ
ƪƦȈºLJȁ .ƨºȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ DzƟƢLjŭơȁ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ƨǯǂŞ
Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƢȀǗǂƬnjȇ Ŗdzơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ ƔƢǨȈƬLJơ ƾǼǟ Ȇũǂdzơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ Ŀ
ƢƆǨǫȂǷ ơƾǼǴǼǧ Ʃǀţơȁ .(ÎÓÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Klabbers and others)
ÎÑ Ŀ ƪºȇǂƳƗ ƨȈǻƢŭǂƥ ƨnjǫƢǼǷ DZȐƻ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǴǟƗ ƢǷƾǼǟ Ȑ Ɔ ƯƢŲ
:ǹƗ ÎÖÖÎ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ
ƩȏȁơƾǷ ńƛ ƪǴȈƷƗ ƾǫ ƢȈƫơȁǂǯȁ ƢȈǼȈǧȂǴLjƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƨdzƘLjǷ"
ǺºǰŻ ȏ ƨdzƘLjºŭơ ǽǀȀǧ .ƢȀȈǧ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
."ƨȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȈdzơ ƨǷǃȌdz ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ƨȇȂLjƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƢȀǴǐǧ
.(ÎÕÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
:ǹƗ ǺǴǟƗ ǾȈǧȁ (ÎÍÓ)
ǁƽƢǐºdzơ ǹȐºǟȎdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǾǻƘƥ Ƶǂǐƫ ǹƗ ƽȂƫ ƨLJƢƟǂdzơ ƨƠȈǿ"
DZȁƾºdzƢƥ ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ ǹƘnjƥ ÎÖÖÎ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÓ Ŀ
ƨºǼŪ ƢēƾºLJƗ Ŗdzơ ƧǁȂnjŭơ ƔȂǓ ȄǴǟȁ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ ȄǴǟ ǾǬȈƦǘƫȁ
ƢƆºǬǧȁ ǹȉơ Ʃǁǂǫ ƾǫ ƢȀȈǧ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơȁ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹƜǧ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ
ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ńƛ ƾǸǠƫ ǹƗ Ƣđ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳȎdz ƢƆǬǧȁȁ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǽǀŮ
."ƢȈƫơȁǂǯȁ ƢȈǼȈǧȂǴLjƥ
(Bulletin of the European Communities, vol.25, Nos. 1/2 (1992),
.p. 108)
ơƿƛ ƢºǸǟ DZơƚLjdzơ ƵǂǗ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷ ǶƟȐŭơ ǺǷ ǾǴǠdzȁ -ÑÖ
ǵƗ ƆƢǬƷ ƆƢȇƽơǂǨǻơ ƆȐǠǧ "Ǖȁǂnjŭơ ǥơǂƬǟȏ ơ" ƥ ȄǸLjȇ ƢǷ ǹƢǯ
ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƔƢǨȈƬLJơ Ƨǁȁǂǔǧ .ǩƢǨƫơ ǵơǂƥȍ Ǒǂǟ ƽǂů ǾǻƗ
ƢǿƙƢǨȈƬºLJơ ȅǂºŸ Ŗdzơ ȁƗ ƨǓȁǂǨŭơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ ȁƗ ǕǂnjǴdz
ƨƸǐƥ Ǖǂnjdzơ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǂǬƫ ǹƗ ƧǁȁǂǓȁ
ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ƆƢǸƟơƽ ǦǫȂƬȇ ǂǷƗ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ Ŀ ƢȀƬƦǣǁ ȅƾƦƫȁ ǞǓȂdzơ
ǾºǠǷ ȆǨƬǼȇ ȏ ƢŲ Ƣđ ǥǂƬǠŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ǥƢǘŭơ
ƧǂȇƾºƳ ƨºǴưǷƗ ǭƢºǼȀǧ .(ÎÍÏ)DzǠǨdzơ Ǯdzǀdz ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ ǞƥƢǘdzơ
(ÎÍÐ)"Ǖȁǂnjŭơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǂƴǧ ƨȇơƾƦƥ" ȄǸLjȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǁƢƦƬǟȏƢƥ
Ŀ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ǽǂǿƢǜǷ Ʃǃǂƥ ƾǫȁ ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǒǠƥ DZȂǫ ƾƷ ȄǴǟ
ƨǬƥƢLjºdzơ ƢȈǧȐºLJȂǣȂȇ Ŀ ƩƢǼȈǠLjƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ƢǿƾȀNj Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢūơ
.ǪƥƢLjdzơ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơȁ
ǹƢºȈƦdzơ DZȐºƻ ǺǷ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƪǠLJ ƾǫȁ -ÒÍ
/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÎÓ ƺȇǁƢºƬƥ DzLjǯȁǂƥ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǭǂƬnjŭơ
ƶǸLjºƫ ƧƾƷȂǷ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƫ ƝƽƢƦǷ ƾȇƾŢ ńƛ ÎÖÖÎ ŐǸLjȇƽ
ƨǬƥƢLjºdzơ ƢȈǧȐºLJȂǣȂȇ Ǻǟ ƨǴǐǨǼŭơ ǶȈdzƢǫȌdz ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƶǼŠ
__________
ǹƘnjºƥ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ȄǴǟ ƵǂǗ DZơƚLJ ȄǴǟ ƨƥƢƳȍƢƥ (ÎÍÏ)
:ǂȇǃȂdzơ DZƢǫ ÎÖÖÏ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj Ò Ŀ ƢȈƫơȁǂǰƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
ǹƗȁ ƵȂǓȂƥ ƨǷȂLJǂǷ ƽȁƾƷ ƾǴƦǴdz ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ Ȇǿ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǹƛ"
ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗȁ ƨǘǴLjdzơ DžǁƢŤ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ƨǷȂǰƷȁ ǹƢǰLJ Ǿdz ǹȂǰȇ
ŚLjǨƬǴdz ƆƢǸƟơƽ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǽǀǿ Ǟǔţȁ .ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǾƬǫȐǟ Ŀ DZȐǬƬLJơ Ǿdz
ǺŴ ƢǼǧǂƬǟơ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ .ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ƔȂǓ ȄǴǟ
ǺºǷ ƧǁȂnjǷ ńƛ ƆơƽƢǼƬLJơ ƢȈƫơȁǂǰƥ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ƢǻƙƢǯǂNjȁ
ƝƽƢºƦŭơ ƪǧȂƬºLJơ ƾºǫ ƢȈƫơȁǂǯ ǹƘƥ ƩǁƢNjƗ Ŗdzơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨǼŪ
.ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ŀ ƧƾǸƬǠŭơȁ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ
ǹƗ ƢºȀȈǴǟ Ƣđ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǞǷDŽŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǽǀǿ ǎǼƫȁ
ƨǷǂƷ ǵǂƬŢȁ žƩƢȈǴǫȋơ ǩȂǬƷ ǺǸǔƫȁ žƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǩƢưȈǷ ǵǂƬŢ
ƵȐLjdzơ ǝŗƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ DzƦǬƫȁ žȆǸǴLJ ǩƢǨƫƢƥ ȏƛ ƽȁƾūơ
ƾºǠƫ ǹƗȁ žȆºǸȈǴǫȍơ ǁơǂǬƬLJȏơȁ ǺǷȋơȁ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁƢnjƬǻȏơ ǵƾǟȁ
ƢºǸǯ .ǩƢǨƫƢƥ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơȁ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǧȐƻ DzƟƢLjǷ ƨȇȂLjƬƥ
ǹƘnjºƥ ƢºȈƫơȁǂǯ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǺǷ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƩơƾȀǠƫ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ƢǼǠǓȁ
."ƩƢȈǴǫȋƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơ
DžǁƢººǷ/ǁơƿƕ Ò Ŀȁ .(Marston, "United Kingdom…1992, p. 639)
ǹƢºǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸǟ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǂȇǃȁ DZƘLJ ƨdzƘLjŭơ džǨǻ ǹƘnjƥ ljƢǬǻ DZȐƻ ÎÖÖÏ
:Ȑ
Ɔ ƟƢǫ ƣƢƳƘǧ "Ǿǻơȁȋ ƢƆǬƥƢLJ ƢƆǧơǂƬǟơ" ƢȈƫơȁǂǰƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
ƢƆǬƥƢLJ ǹƢǯ ƢȈƫơȁǂǰƥ ƢǼǧơǂƬǟơ ǹƛ ǹȂdzȂǬȇ ǺǷ ƨƴƷ ǶȀǨƫƗ řǻƛ"
ƶƦºǏƗ ƨǼLjdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ DZȂǴŞ ǾǻƗ Śǣ ... Ǿǻơȁȋ
ȄºǴǟ ƨǸǸǐǷ ƪǻƢǯ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Dzƻơƽ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠdzơ ǹƗ ƢƆƸǓơȁ
ƣơȂǐdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯȁ .ǾǼǟ ƾȈŰ ȏ ơƆǂǷƗ ǹƢǯȁ ... ƢȈƫơȁǂǰƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
."ƢǼǧơǂƬǟơ ƔƢƳǁƛ ǺǷ ƢƆƠȈNj řų Ǻdzȁ ǭơǀǻƕ Ǯdzǀƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ
.(ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
González Campos, Sánchez Rodríguez, & Sáenz de Santa (ÎÍÐ)
.María, Curso de Derecho Internacional Público, p. 494
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Ǻǟ ƩƘnjǻ Ŗdzơ ƧƾȇƾŪơ DZȁƾdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÒÏ
ƩƢºǫƢǨƫȏƢƥ ƢƆºǷƢƫ ơƆƾºȈǬƫ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ƩƾȈǬƫ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ
ǦǫȂŭơ ǹƢǯȁ .(ÎÎÎ)ĺȁǁȁȋơ ȆLJƢȈLjdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƧƾǸƬǠŭơ
ǕȁǂºNj ǞºǓȁ ǺǷ ǪǴǘǼŭơ ƢLjǻǂǧ ǦǫȂǷ ńƛ ƣǂǫƗ ňƢƦLJȍơ
ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ ńƛ DzºȈŻ ȅǀºdzơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǦǫȂǷ ńƛ ǾǼǷ ǥơǂƬǟȐdz
ƾºƷȂŭơ ǦºǫȂŭơ Ǻǟ ƽƢƷ ǹƛȁ ŕƷ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơȁ Dzƥ ȅǁȂǨdzơ
Ȇũǂdzơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ Ļȁ .(ÎÎÏ)ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz
ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨºǟƢǸŪơ ƿƢţơ ƤǬǟ ƢȈƫơȁǂǯȁ ƢȈǼȈǧȂǴLjƥ ňƢƦLJȍơ
ǂȀNj Ŀ ƢȈǼȈǧȂǴLJ ǞǷ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƩƢǫȐǟ ƪǷƢǫƗ ƮȈƷ ƢȀǨǫȂŭ
ǥơǂƬǟƢƥ ƪȈǜƷ ǮLJǂŮơȁ ƨǼLJȂƦdzơ ǹƗ Śǣ .ÎÖÖÏ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ
ƢȈǼȈǧȂǴºLJȁ ƢȈƫơȁǂǯ ƾǠƥ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ
Ȃºǿ ơǀǿȁ (ÎÎÐ)ÎÖÖÏ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ Ô Ŀ ǁƾǏ ǁơǂǬƥ Ǯdzƿȁ
.(ÎÎÑ)ȃǂƻƗ DZȁƽ ƤǻƢƳ ńƛ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ Ǿƫǀţơ ȅǀdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ
Ǻǟ ÎÖÖÏ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÔ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǹȐǟȍơ ȄǠLJȁ -ÒÐ
ƨǘƻ ǪǬŹ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨȈǯơǂƬNjȏơ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ƨȈǠŦ
ƨǨdzƚǷ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƨdzȁƽ ńƛ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ "DzȇȂŢ" Ȇǿ ƨƷȂǸǗ
ǞǸƬĐơ ǹƗ ǹƢȈƦdzơ Ǻǟ řǣȁ ž(ƽȂLJȋơ DzƦŪơȁ ƢȈƥǂǏ) śƬȇǁȂȀŦ ǺǷ
_________________________________________
Ǯdzƿ ǃǂƥƗ ƢǸǯ śūơ Ǯdzƿ ǀǼǷ ơƆŚưǯ ŚǤƬȇ Ń ǞǓȂdzơ ǹƗ ǵȂǴǠŭơ ǺǷȁ
ǺºǷ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ǹƘnjƥ DZơƚLJ ȄǴǟ ǾƬƥƢƳƛ ǑǂǠǷ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǂȇǃȁ
:DZƢǫ ƮȈƷ ȏ ǵƗ ƢȈǻȁƾǬŠ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ śǠƬŭơ
Ŀ ƨȇȂǔºǠdzơ ƤǴǘdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ƾȈȇƘƬǧ .Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ Ƣđ ƢǼǧǂƬǟơ ƢǼǻƛ"
ƤºǴǘdzơ ƨºǷƾǬǷ ǹƘƥ ǥǂƬǠƫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǹƗ řǠȇ ƢŶƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
."DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ Õ Ŀ ƢȈǻȁƾǬǷ ƤǴǗ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ƪǴƦǫ ƾǫȁ .ƨdzȁƽ
.(Ibid., "United Kingdom…1993", p. 601)
Rodríguez-Ponga y Salamanca, “La Comisión de ǂºǜǻơ (ÎÎÎ)
.Arbitraje de la Comunidad Europea sobre Yugoslavia”, pp. 255-256
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǥơǂƬǟơ ƤǬǟƗ ƾǫȁ
ƾºǫȁ) ȃǂƻƗ DZȁƽ ǥơǂƬǟơ ÎÖÖÏ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ Ô ǺǷ ơƆǁƢƦƬǟơ ǀǧƢǻ ǂƯƘƥ
Ó Ŀ ƢºȈǯǂƫȁ ÎÖÖÏ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÒ Ŀ ƢȇǁƢǤǴƥ ǥơǂƬǟơ ƢȀǬƦLJ
Õ) ơƾºǼǴȇǃȂȈǻȁ ơƾǼǯȁ (DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ Ô) ƢȈƫơȁǂǯȁ ž(ÎÖÖÏ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj
(DzºȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjºȈǻ Ö) ơƾǼdzȂƥȁ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿȁ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƫȁ (DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ
(DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÎÔ) ƨȇƽȂǠLjdzơ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ (DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÎÓ) ǂǐǷȁ
Rich, “Recognition of States: The ) (ÎÖÖÏ ȂȇƢºǷ/ǁƢºȇƗ Î) ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗȁ
.(collapse of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union”, pp. 49 – 51
"La práctica reciente Ŀ Quel López ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢNjƗ ƢǷ ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟ (ÎÎÏ)
en materia de reconocimiento de Estados: problemas en presencia"
.ÔÕ Ǎ
ǡŐǸLjºǰdzȁ ƨǻȂƦnjºdzȁ DzLjǯȁǂƥ Ŀ ǁƾǏ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ (ÎÎÐ)
(Bulletin of the European ƢȈǧȐºLJȂǣȂȈƥ ǪºǴǠƬŭơ ǭǂƬnjºŭơ ǹȐºǟȍơ
.(Communities, vol. 25, No. 4 (1992), p. 81
ÎÖÖÏ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÎÍ ƨƻǁƚǷ ƨȇȂǨNj ƧǂǯǀǷ ǺǷ śƦƬȇ ƢǸǯ (ÎÎÑ)
Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȁƢºǠƬdzơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ńƛ ƨȀƳȂǷȁ ƨȈǰȈƴǴƦdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǏ
Klabbers and others ƢƆºȈƟDŽƳ ǽƽǁȁƗ ǁȂnjºǼǷ Śǣ ǎǻ) ǮLJǂŮơȁ ƨǼLJȂƦǴdz
ǥǂºƬǠƫ ƢºǰȈƴǴƥ ƨºǰǴŲ ǹƛ ..." ǾȈǧ ƔƢƳȁ ÎÕÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ
Ņȁƾdzơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ ƨdzȁƾdz ƢƆǨǴƻ ƨdzȁƽ ǮLJǂŮơȁ ƨǼLJȂƦdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŝ
."(ÎÖÖÏ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÎÍ ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ ƽȁƾƷ Ŀȁ Ƣđ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
288
ǥơǂƬǟȐdz ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƢȀƬǷƾƼƬLJơ
.(ÎÍÔ)ƢȈǼȈǧȂǴLJȁ ƢȈƫơȁǂǰƥ
ƨǓǁƢǠǷ ƤƦLjƥ ƢȈǻȁƾǬǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈLjȈƟǁ ƩƢƥȂǠǏ ƩƘnjǻȁ -ÒÎ
ƨºȈǫǂǠdzơ ƩƢºȈǴǫȌdz ƨºȈǧƢǯ ƨȇƢŧ ŚǧȂƫ ǵƾǠƥ Ʃƽƾǻ Ŗdzơ ǹƢǻȂȈdzơ
ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ǶLJơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƪǔǧǁȁ ǶȈǴǫȍơ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
Ŀ ƪºƦdzơ DzºȈƳƘƫ ńƛ ȃƽƗ ƢŲ ƢȀǸȈdzƢǫƗ ǺǷ ǶȈǴǫƛ ǶLJȏ ƢǬƥƢǘǷ
ƨȈǧȐºLJȂǣȂȈdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ǽǀǿ śƥ DzǯƢnjŭơ ǾƬǼƫ Ńȁ .(ÎÍÕ)ƨdzƘLjŭơ
Õ Ŀ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ńƛ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǵƢǸǔǻƢƥ ǹƢǻȂȈdzơȁ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ
ƢȈǻȁƾºǬǷ ƨºȇǁȂȀŦ Ȃǿ Ƥȇǂǣ ǶLJơ ƪŢ ÎÖÖÐ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ
ǶºǷȋơ Ŀ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ DZȂƦǫ ȃƽƗ ƾǫȁ .(ÎÍÖ)ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƨȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȈdzơ
.(ÎÎÍ)Ƣđ Ņȁƾdzơ ǞǸƬĐơ ǺǷ ŚƦǯ ƔDŽƳ ǥơǂƬǟơ ńƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
__________
ƩƢºǫȐǠdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ ǹƘnjƥ ǭǂƬnjŭơ ǹƢȈƦdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÍÔ)
ÎÖÖÏ ǂȇƢºǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÔ ƹǁƚŭơ ƢȈǼȈǧȂǴLJȁ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ śƥ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢŠ DzȀƬLjȇ ȅǀdzơȁ
ƢȈǼȈǧȂǴºLJ ƨºȇǁȂȀǸŪ ǵƢƬdzơ DZȐǬƬLJȏƢƥ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ ǥơǂƬǟơ ƾǠƥ"
ƨȇǁȂȀŦȁ ƨȈdzƢǘȇȍơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƪǬǨƫơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƢȀƬȈǐƼNjȁ ƢēƽƢȈLJȁ
."ǵȂȈdzơ ǺǷ ƔÅ ơƾƬƥơ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƩƢǫȐǟ ƨǷƢǫƛ ȄǴǟ ƢȈǼȈǧȂǴLJ
.(ÏÓÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Klabbers and others)
ƔơǁǃȂºdz Ȇºũǁ Śºǣ ǝƢǸƬƳơ DZȐƻ ÎÖÖÏ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ Ï Ŀ (ÎÍÕ)
ǁƾºǏ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ȆLJƢȈLjdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƽȂǬǠŭơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ
ƔƢǔºǟƗ ǾºȈǧ ǺǴǟƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƨȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȈdzơ ƢȈǻȁƾǬǷ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ǹƘnjƥ ǭǂƬnjǷ ǹƢȈƥ
Ʃơƿ ƨǴǬƬLjºǷ ƨdzȁƽ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƬƥ ǥơǂƬǟȐdz ǹȁƾǠƬLjǷ ǶĔƗ" ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
"ƨºȈǼǠŭơ ǥơǂºǗȋơ ǞºȈŦ ǾǴƦǬƫ ǶLJơ ƪŢȁ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƢǿƽȁƾƷ Dzƻơƽ ƧƽƢȈLJ
.(Bulletin of the European Communities, vol. 25, No. 5 (1992), p. 103)
/ǹơǂºȇDŽƷ ÏÔȁ ÏÓ Ŀ ƨǻȂƦnjºdz Ŀ ƽȂǬǠŭơ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ džǴů ǝƢǸƬƳơ Ŀ ǾǻƗ Śǣ
ǺǸǔºƬȇ ȏ ǶºLJơ ƪŢ Ƣđ ǥǂƬǠȇ ǥȂLJ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ǹƗ ǁǂǬƫ ÎÖÖÏ ǾȈǻȂȇ
.Ǯdzƿ ǥȐƻ ƪƦƯƗ ǞǫơȂdzơ ǹƗ Śǣ (ibid. ,No. 6, p. 22) ƢȈǻȁƾǬǷ ƨǸǴǯ
vol. IC (1995), ȁ RGDIP, vol. XCVII (1993), p. 1010 ǂºǜǻơ (ÎÍÖ)
ǹƘnjºƥ ƪºǫƚǷ ǩƢǨƫơ ȄǴǟ ǞȈǫȂƬdzơ Ļ ÎÖÖÒ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÎÐ Ŀȁ .p. 679
ǹƢºǻȂȈdzơ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ǑȁǂǨŭơ ǂǜūơ ǞǧǂĄȇ ǽƢǔƬǬŠȁ ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ Ŀ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ƢǸēƢǫȐǟ
ǶƬºȇȁ ȆLJƢȈLjºdzơ ƢǸŮȐǬƬLJơȁ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢǸȀƬǷȐLJȁ śƬdzȁƾdzơ ƧƽƢȈLJ ǵǂƬƸĄƫȁ
ǪȇƾǐºƬdzơ Ļȁ .ƽȁƾūơ ǮǴƫ ƨǷǂƷ Ǯdzǀǯȁ śƬdzȁƾdzơ śƥ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ǶȈLJǂƫ
Keesing's ) ĺȂǰºLJ ƨǼȇƾǷ Ŀ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÒ Ŀ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ
Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .(Record of World Events, vol. 41 (1995), pp. 40737 - 40783
Pazartzis, "La reconnaissance ‘d'une République yougoslave’: :ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀđ
.la question de l'ancienne République yougoslave de Macédoine (ARYM)"
Arcos Vargas, "El reconocimiento de Estados Nuevos: (ÎÎÍ)
aspectos de la institución tras las declaraciones de los doce respecto a
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǍȂǐşȁ .las antiguas repúblicas yugoslavas", p. 118
džǴů ǵƢǷƗ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǶLJƢƥ ƨȈũǂdzơ ƨƯƾƸƬŭơ ƩƾǯƗ ƢȈǻȁƾǬŠ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨnjǫƢǼǷ Ŀ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƩơƽǁȂǴdzơ
ǮºǴƫ DzǐŢ ǹƗ DzƳƗ ǺǷ śǷƗ ǖȈLJȂǯ DzǸǠdzơ DzǏơȂǼLJ ƢǼǻƛ"
ƾºǫȁ ... ƢȈǻȁƾºǬǷ ǶºLJơ Śǣ ǶLJơ ȅƗ ƪŢ ǥơǂƬǟơ ȄǴǟ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ƨºȇǁȂȀǸŝ ƢȈƫơȁǂǯȁ śƦǴǨdzơȁ ƢȈLJȁǁȁ ƢȈǯǂƫȁ ƢȇǁƢǤǴƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ ƪǧǂƬǟơ
DzǜƬLJ ǶLJȏơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ȃȂLjƫ ǹƗ ńƛȁ .ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƨȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȈdzơ ƢȈǻȁƾǬǷ
."ƢƆǨǻƕ ǾƬǼȈƥ ƢǷ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ƢǼƬLJƢȈLJ
.(Marston, "United Kingdom…1992", p. 648)
289 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
Ŀ ǞºǫȂŭơ ǭǂƬnjºŭơ ǹȐǟȍơ ǺǷ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƪǐǻȁ -ÒÑ
ǥơƾºǿƗ ǹƗ ȄºǴǟ ÎÖÖÓ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ð Ŀ džȇǁƢƥ
ƨǼºLJȂƦdzơ DZȂºƦǫȁ śƬdzȁƾdzơ śƥ DZƽƢƦƬŭơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ Ȇǿ ǹȐǟȍơ
ƾºȈǯƘƫȁ ƨºȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ƨȇǁơǂǸƬLJȏ ǮLJǂŮơȁ
ƢȀȈǴǟ ǪǨƬŭơ ƝƽƢƦǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǽǀŮ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨǷȐLjdzơ ǵơǂƬƷơ
ǪǴǠƬǷ ǩƢǨƫơ ǵǂƥƗ ÎÖÖÓ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ ÏÐ Ŀȁ .(ÎÎÕ)ǹȂƬȇƽ Ŀ
žƨºȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ ƨȇǁȂȀŦȁ ƢȈƫơȁǂǯ śƥ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǞȈƦǘƬƥ
ƪǧǂƬǟơ ƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ Ŗdzơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ Ò ƧƽƢŭơ ƧǁƢNjȍƢƥ ǁƾšȁ
.(ÎÎÖ)ȃǂƻȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥ śƬdzȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ
ǹƘnjºƥ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƔƢǔǟƗ śƥ ǥȐŬơ ȃƽƗ ƾǫȁ -ÒÒ
Ǯdzǀºǯȁ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƨȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȈdzơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸƴǴdz ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƶǼǷ
ơƆǂºǜǻ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ƨdzƘLjŭơ NJȈǸē ńƛ ǂƬǻơƽƢƥ ƨǼŪ ǞǷ ǪȈLjǼƬdzơ ǵƾǟ
DZȁƾºdzơ ǀƼƬƫ ǹƗ ǽƢƦƬǻȐdz Śưŭơ ǺǷ ǹƜǧ ƧƾǸƬǠŭơ DZȂǴūơ ƽƾǠƬdz
ǹƢȈƦdzơ ǁȁƾǏ ƤǬǟ ơƆƾƷȂǷ ƢƆǨǫȂǷ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ
ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ ǹƘnjºƥ ÎÖÖÓ DzºȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ Ö ƹǁƚŭơ ǭǂƬnjŭơ
.(ÎÏÍ)ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŝ
Ŀ ƨǷȂǰūơ ŚȈǤƫ ȃƽƗ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨȇǂǿƢǜdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷȁ -ÒÓ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǽǀđ DzȀLJƗ DZȂƦǫ ńƛ ÏÍÍÍ ǵƢǟ ǂƻơȁƗ Ŀ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ
ȂºƸǼdzơ ȄºǴǟ - ƢƆºƦǴǗ ƪǷƾǫ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ Ǻǰdz Ņȁƾdzơ ǞǸƬĐơ Ŀ
ȄǴǟ ƪŤ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ Ŀ DZȂƦǬǴdz - ƣȂǴǘŭơ
ȆǷǂȇ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ńƛ ƤǴǗ ʼnƾǬƫ ƢȀǼǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƩƢȀƦƳ
řǸǓ Dzǰnjƥ Ȃdzȁ) ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ǹƗ ǁơǂǫƛ ńƛ
ǞǼǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ǂǸƬLjǷ ǥǂǗ (ƨǘǬǼdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƪƦƫ Ń ƨǸǰƄơ ǹȋ
ǁȁǂǷ ƾǠƥȁ Ǯdzǀdz ƨƴȈƬǻȁ .ƢȀȈǴǟ ƨƦǫƢǠŭơȁ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƨŻǂƳ
ƨǸƟƢǫ ńƛ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ǵƢǸǔǻơ ȄǴǟ ǂȀNjƗ Ƨƾǟ
ƪŢ ơƆƾƥƗ ƢȀǼǷ Ƥǘnjƫ Ń Ŗdzơ) ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ
ƨºǸǰƄơ ǺºǷ ƪLjǸƬdzơ (ƨǫǁƢǨŭơ śǟ ơǀǿȁ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ ǶLJơ
ÎÖÖÓ ǾºȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂºŤ ÎÎ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ƢȀǸǰƷ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ
__________
.A/51/461-S/1996/830, annex (ÎÎÕ)
Agreement on Normalization of Relations between the (ÎÎÖ)
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Republic of Croatia (Belgrade,
ILM, vol. ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .23 August 1996), A/51/318-S/1996/706, annex
.XXXV, No. 5 (September 1996), p. 1221
Bühler, State Succession, identity/continuity and :ǂºǜǻơ (ÎÏÍ)
ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȏơ ǺǰŻȁ .membership in the United Nations”, pp. 301-302
ƨºȇǁȂȀǸŝ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢºŢȏơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǥơǂƬǟƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǹȐǟȍơ
Bulletin of the European Union, No. 4 (1996), p. Ŀ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ
ÏÏ Ŀ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƨºǰǴǸŭơ ƨºȈƳǁƢƻ ǂºȇǃȁ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ǁƢNjƗ ƢǸǯȁ .58
ǹƜǧ ÎÖÖÖ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ
ƨºȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǧȐºLJȂǣȂȇ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŝ ƪǧǂƬǟơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ"
ƣƢǬǟƗ Ŀ ÎÖÖÓ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ Ö Ŀ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƔƢǯǂnjƥ ƧȂLJƛ
."ǹȂƬȇƽ ǩƢǨƫơ ƾǠƥ Ƣŭ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ŚǤƫ
.(Marston, "United Kingdom…1999, p. 424)
ƨȇǁơǂǸƬºLJơ Dzǰnjºƫ Ŗºdzơ ƧƾƷơȂdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ƨǂǰǧ DzƦǬƬȇ Ń Ņȁƾdzơ
ƨºǬƷȏ ƩơŚLjǨƫ ǺǷ ƽǂȇ ƾǫ ƢǷ Ƕǣǁ (ÎÎÒ)ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȈdz
DZƢºǠǧȋơ ǺºǷ ƽƾǠƥ ƢǼǿ ǂǷȋơ ǪǴǠƬȇ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ .ǝơŗdzơ ƔƢȀƬǻơ ƤǬǟ
ȅƽơǂºǨǻȏơ ǹȐºǟȍơ :ǹƢƦLjūơ śǠƥ ƢǿǀƻƗ śǠƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ
Ǯdzƿ DZȂƦǫ ǵƾǠƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ŕNj ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷơ ǾƬƦǬǟƗ ȅǀdzơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȈdz
(Badinter Commission) ǂƬǻơƽƢºƥ ƨºǼƴǴdz ƪƸȈƫƗ ƢǸǯȁ .ǦǫȂŭơ
ƨºdzȁƽ Ȇºǿ ƨºȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ǹƜǧ ǾǓǂǟ ƨǏǂǧ
Ŀ ƨȇȂǔºǠdzơ ƤǴǘƫ ǹƗ ƢȀȈǴǟ śǠƬȇ ǾǻƜǧ ǮǴƫ ƢȀƬǨǐƥȁ ƧƾȇƾƳ
śºƥ DZƽƢƦƬŭơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǪǬŢȁ .(ÎÎÓ)ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ
ǮºLJǂŮơȁ ƨǼºLJȂƦdzơ śƬǬƥƢLjºdzơ śƬȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȈdzơ śƬȇǁȂȀǸŪơ
Ŀ ǵŐºŭơ ǵȐLjdzơ ǩƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ ƨȇǁȂȀŦȁ
ƢȈǧȐºLJȂǣȂȇ ƨºȇǁȂȀŦ ǺǷ Dzǯ ǥǂƬǠƫ" :ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨǤȈǐdzƢƥ ǹȂƬȇƽ
ƨºdzȁƽ ƢȀǨºǏȂƥ ȃǂƻȋƢƥ ǮLJǂŮơȁ ƨǼLJȂƦdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀŦȁ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ
ƤºǻơȂŪơ ǹȂºǰƫȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƢǿƽȁƾƷ Dzƻơƽ ƧƽƢȈLJ Ʃơƿ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ
.(ÎÎÔ)"ƨǬƷȏ ƩƢnjǫƢǼǷ Ǻǿǁ DZƽƢƦƬŭơ ƢȀǧơǂƬǟơ ǺǷ ȃǂƻȋơ
__________
ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǵƾǟ ǹƘnjƥ ŅƢƬdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ Ʃǀţơ (ÎÎÒ)
ơƆǁơǂǸƬºLJơ (ƽȂºLJȋơ DzƦŪơȁ ƢȈƥǂǏ) ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ǹȂǰƥ
ǵƢǠdzơ DzȈǯȂdzơ ƶȈǓȂƫ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ǢȈǐdzơ Ŀ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȈdz
:ǹƢŭŐǴdz ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǹȁƚnjdzơ ƨǼŪ Ŀ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ƧǁơǃȂdz
ƨȇǁơǂǸƬºLJơȁ ƢƆǨǴƻ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ǽǀǿ ƪǼǴǟƗ ƾǬdz"
ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ǾǴƦǬƫ Ń ƢǸǯ ǾdzȂƦǫ ƢǼǼǰŻ ȏ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ .ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȈdz
ǹȂºǰƫ ǹƗ DZơȂºƷȋơ ǞºȈŦ Ŀ ǞǫȂƬǻȁ ƨǬǴǠǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƢĔȋ ȃǂƻȋơ
ǾºȈdzƛ DzǏȂƬƫ ƾǫ ȅǀdzơ DzūƢƥ ƾȈǬƬǻ ǹƗ ƢǼȈǴǟ śǠƬȇȁ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ ǝȂǓȂǷ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǾȈdzƛ ƪǴǏȂƫ ǹƛ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȈdz ǦǴŬơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ǞȈŦ
ǂºǷȋơ ǹƢǯ ƢƆȇƗȁ .ǹȂƬǤǼȇǁƢǯ ƽǁȂǴdzơ ǾLJƗǂȇ ȅǀdzơ ǵȐLjdzơ ǂŤƚǷ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ
ƢºĔƘƥ ƧƾºȇƾŪơ ƢȈǧȐºLJȂǣȂȇ ƔƢǟƽơ DzƦǬǻ Ǻdz ƢǼǻƗ ƶǓȁƗ ǹƗ ƽȁƗ řǻƜǧ
."ƨŻƾǬdzơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȈdz ȆƟƢǬǴƫ ǦǴƻȁ ƨȇǁơǂǸƬLJơ
Boletín Oficial de las Cortes Generales, Committees, Fourth
ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .Legislature, Foreign Affairs, No. 499 (1992), p. 14661.)
.(REDI, vol. XLIV, No. 2 (1992), p. 558
ǵƢǟ ǝƢǸƬƳơ Ŀ ŅƢƬdzơ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ DzưŲ ƽǁȁƗ ƆƢƦȇǂǬƫ DzƯƢŲ ŘǠŠȁ
ńƛ ǾƫǁƢNjƛ ǑǂǠǷ Ŀ ÎÖÖÏ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÎÑ Ŀ ǦȈǼŝ ƵȐLjdzơ ǝDŽǻ ǂŤƚŭ
:DZƢǫ ƮȈƷ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ ƨȇǁơǂǸƬLJƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǵƾǟ
ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ ƢLjǻǂǧȁ ƢǰȈƴǴƥȁ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛȁ ƢȈǻƢŭƗȁ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ǹƗ ǞǫơȂdzơȁ"
ƨºȈƟƢǬǴƬdzơ ƨȇǁơǂǸƬºLJȏơ DzƦǬƫ Ń ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ơƾǼdzȂǿȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩơǂŤƚŭơȁ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ Ŀ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪ
.ƵȐLjdzơ ǝDŽǻ ǂŤƚǷ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ
ƨǯǁƢnjǷ ǹƗ ŐƬǠƫȁ ƢȀǨǫȂǷ Ŀ ƢƆǜǨŢ ȅƾƦƫ ƢĔƜǧ ƨǴƷǂŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ"
ǺǰǸŭơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǬƦLjǷ ǶǰŢ ȏ ƵȐLjdzơ ǝDŽǻ ǂŤƚǷ Ŀ řǠŭơ ƾǧȂdzơ
."Ƣđ ƨǴǐƬŭơ DzƟƢLjŭơȁ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘnjƥ Ȑ
Ɔ ƦǬƬLjǷ ƢǿƿƢţơ
Marston, "United Kingdom…1992", pp. ƢƆºǔȇƗ ǂºǜǻơȁ .CD/PV.620)
.(655-656
Hille, "Mutual ȁ ÒÑ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Rich ǂǜǻơ (ÎÎÓ)
.recognition of Croatia and Serbia Montenegro", p. 610
ƧƽƢºŭơ ǮLJǂŮơȁ ƨǼLJȂƦdzơ Ŀ ǵȐLjǴdz ǵƢǠdzơ ȅǁƢǗȍơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ (ÎÎÔ)
.ƧǂNjƢǠdzơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ DZȁƽ ƧƽƢǠƬLJƢƥ ƧǁơǂŞ ƤƷǂƫ ƢȀȈǧ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơȁ [ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ] ƨǟƢǸŪơ
ƩƢǻƢŭǂƥ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ǪLjƬǷ Dzǰnjƥ ƩŐƬǟơȁ .ÎÖÑÍ Ŀ ǺȇƽȂǬǨŭơ ƢŮȐǬƬLJơȁ ƢēƽƢȈLjdz
… ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ƣȂǠnjdz ƨȈǟǂNj ƨǴưŲ ƢƆȈǗơǂǬŻƽ ƨƦƼƬǼŭơ ƢēƢǷȂǰƷȁ DZȁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ
DZȁƽ ƾȈǠƬLjºƫ Ȇºǰdz ƨǼLJ śLjŨ ȄǴǟ ƾȇDŽȇ ƢǷ ȆǔǷ ƾǠƥ ǹơȁȋơ ǹƕ ƾǫȁ
.(ÎÏÐ)ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ǶǷƗ śƥ ƢȀƬǻƢǰǷ ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ
ǽǀđ ȆŸǁƾƬdzơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ńƛ ƢȀƬǷǂƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ƪǔǧƗȁ -ÒÖ
ǞºǸƬĐơ ƔƢǔºǟƗ ǺǷ ŚƦǯ ƽƾǟ ǥǂǗ ǺǷ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ȏƆ ȁƽ DZȁƾdzơ
śǠƬȇ ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŝ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƧƽƾƄơ ƨdzƢūơ ȆǨǧ .(ÎÏÑ)Ņȁƾdzơ
Ƕǔƥ ơƆƾƥƗ ǥǂƬǠƫ Ń Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ Ǿƫǀţơ ȅǀdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ ƾȈǯƘƫ ƢƆǔȇƗ
ǶºȀŭơ ǺºǷ ȁƾºƦȇȁ .(ÎÏÒ)ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ǽǀŮ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ
__________
Bulletin of the European Communities, vol. 24, Nos. 7/8 (ÎÏÐ)
ńƛ ƽȂºǠƫ ƩƢȈǏȂǐºş ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ǹơƾǴƥ ǹƘnjƥ ǹƢȈƦdzơ ǶLjƬȇȁ .(1991), p. 115
ƶǴǘǐºǷ ńƛ ƧǁƢºNjƛ ȅƗ ǹƢȈƦdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƽǂȇ Ń ơǀǰǿȁ žǶȈdzƢǫȋơ ǽǀǿ ƨȈǏȂǐƻ
ǹƢºǯ Dzƥ ǹƢȈƦǴdz ƢƆǟȂǓȂǷ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ - ȆLJƢȈLjdzơ DzǠǨdzơ ơǀǿ ŐƬǠȇ Ńȁ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨƴȈƬǼǯ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƩƢǫȐǟ ƨǷƢǫƛ ȄǴǟ ǝƢŦȍƢƥ ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ơƆŚƦǠƫ ǹƢȈƦdzơ
Ŀ Quel López ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢNjƗ ƢǸƦLjƷ ǪƷȏ ǥơǂƬǟȏ ƨƴȈƬǻ ȏ ǪƥƢLJ ǥơǂƬǟȏ
."La actitud de España…", p. 705
ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ Ŀ ǁȁƽ ƢºŮ ǹƢǯ ƨȈLJƢȈLJ DzǷơȂǟ Ƨƾǟ ƨť ƪǻƢǯ (ÎÏÑ)
DžǁƢºǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÏÏ Ŀ ǥǂºƬǠȇ ƾǴƥ DZȁƗ ơƾǼǴLjȇƕ ƪǻƢǯ ƾǬǧ :ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ DZȁƾƥ
DZȐǬƬLJƢƥ ƪǧǂƬǟơ ÎÖÖÎ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ ÏÏ Ŀȁ ƢȈǻơȂƬȈdz DZȐǬƬLJƢƥ ÎÖÖÍ
ƲȇȁǂǼdzơȁ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ ÏÑ Ŀ ǭǂŶơƾdzơ ƢǿȁǀƷ ƩǀƷȁ žƢȈǻȂƬLJƛȁ ƢȈǨƫȏ
ƨºǟƢǸŪơ ƔƢǔºǟƗ ǶºǜǠǷ ǥǂƬǟơ džǘLjǣƗ/ȅƕ ÏÔ Ŀȁ .ŅƢƬdzơ ǵȂȈdzơ Ŀ
ƢȇǁƢǤǴƥ DZȁƾdzơ ǽǀđ ƪǧǂƬǟơ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ Î Ŀȁ žǪȈǘǴƦdzơ DZȁƾƥ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
ƪºǧǂƬǟơ ŐǸƬƦºLJ/DZȂºǴȇƗ Ï Ŀȁ žƢȇǁƢǤǼǿȁ ƢȈǻƢǷȁǁȁ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƫȁ
ȐƆ ƯƢºŲ ơƆǁơǂºǫ ǀţơ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ Ó Ŀȁ Ƣđ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
Ô Ŀȁ žƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjºdzơ ƨȈǯơǂƬºNjȏơ ƩƢºȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƽƢºŢơ Ŀ ƨdzȁƾdzơ džǴů
ƨȈdzƢǸnjºdzơ ƢȇǁȂǯȁ ǵƢǻ ƪȈȈǧȁ ǹƢƬLjǯƢƥȁ ǹƢƬLjǻƢǤǧƗ ƪǧǂƬǟơ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ
(ÎÖÖÏ) ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Rousseau) ȃǂƻƗ DZȁƽ ƨǴŦ Ŀ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơȁ
ȅǀºdzơ ǦºǫȂŭơ ńƛ ƾȇƾƸƬdzơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ȆǤƦǼƫȁ .(ÎÏÓ-ÎÏÒ Ǎ
ƢǰȈƴǴƥ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ơǂȇǃȁ ǾǠǫȁ ȅǀdzơ ǭǂƬnjŭơ ǹƢȈƦdzơ ǁƢNjƗ ƮȈƷ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ Ǿƫǀţơ
śƥ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ ƧƽƢǟƛ ńƛ ÎÖÖÎ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ Ò Ŀ ƢȈǨƫȏȁ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ƨǴǏ ǂưǯȋơ ƩơǁƢƦǠdzơ ǺǷȁ .ƢȈǨƫȏȁ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ
ÏÓ Ŀ ƢºȈǨƫȏ ƨºȇǁȂȀǸŝ ƢƆȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƢƆǧơǂƬǟơ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ ƪǧǂƬǟơ"
ÎÖÖÎ džǘLjºǣƗ/ƣƕ ÏÔ Ŀȁ . ... ÎÖÏÎ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
DZȁƽ ƤºdzƢǘŭ ƨƥƢƴƬºLJȏơ śȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƢȀƟƢǯǂNj ǞǷ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ Ʃǁǂǫ
ƨºǷƢǫƛ ƾȈǠǻ ǵȂȈdzơȁ ... ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ƧƽƢǟƜƥ ƭȐưdzơ ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ
."ƨȇȂǨNj ƩơǂǯǀǷ DZƽƢƦƬƥ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ
.(ÎÔÓ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Klabbers and others)
Ŀ ƾºǯƗ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǦǫȂǷ ƔơǁǃȂdzơ džȈƟǁ ǃǂƥƗ (ÎÏÒ)
:ÎÖÖÍ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ Î Ŀ ȅȂǨNj DZơƚLJ ȄǴǟ ǾƥơȂƳ ǑǂǠǷ
ơƆƾƥƗ ǥǂƬǠȇ Ń ƾǴƦdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ǵȂǸǠdzơ džǴů Ŀ ƪƸǓȁƗ řǻƛ"
Ń ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ .ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȐdz ƢȈǻȂƬLJƛȁ ƢȈǨƫȏȁ ƢȈǻơȂƬȈdz ǶǓ ƨȈǟǂnjƥ
ƢȀǸǓ ƨȈǟǂnjƥ ǥǂƬǠǻ ȏȁ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ DzȈưŤ ȅƗ ơƆƾƥƗ ƢǼȇƾdz Ǻǰȇ
ƮºȈƷ ǺǷ ƽȁƾūƢƥ ȆǰǼȈLjǴǿ ǩƢǨƫơ ǥǂƬǟơ ƾǫȁ .Ǻǿơǂdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ
."ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ȏ ǞǫơȂdzơ
.(Marston, "United Kingdom… 1990", p. 497)
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
290
ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .(ÎÏÎ)ƵƢƴǼdzƢƥ ƤǴǘdzơ Ǯdzƿ DzǴǰȇ Ń ǹƛȁ
/ǕƢƦºNj Ñ Ŀ ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǽǀºǿ ǾƫƾȀºNj ȅǀdzơ Śƻȋơ ŚȈǤƬdzơ
Ń ƽȂºLJȋơ DzƦŪơȁ ƢȈƥǂǏ ƽƢŢơ ƪƸƦǏƗ ƢǷƾǼǟ ÏÍÍÐ ǂȇơŐǧ
.ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ƕē Ŗdzơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƨLjLJƚǷ ȄǴǟ ǂƯƗ Ǿdz Ǻǰȇ
ǦºǫơȂŭơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƧǁƢNjȍƢƥ ǁƾš ǂƻƕ ĿơǂǤƳ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀȁ -ÒÔ
śǠƬºȇ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ǹƘnjƥ ƧǀƼƬŭơ
Ŀ ƭƾºƷ ƢºǷȁ ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀŦ Ŀ ƭƾƷ ƢǷ śƥ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ
Ǻºǟ ƨƠºNjƢǼdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ Ŀȁ (ÎÏÏ)ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ
.ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǮǰǨƫ
Ŀ ǁƽƢǐºdzơȁ ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ DZȁƽ ǹƘnjƥ ǭǂƬnjŭơ ǹȐǟȍơ ȆǨǧ -ÒÕ
ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƩƢǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ Ǻǟ ȅƢǿȏȁ DzLjǯȁǂƥ
ǁȂǷƗ ƨǴŦ Ŀ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ƪŤ ÎÖÖÎ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ ÏÕ ƺȇǁƢƬƥ
:ǹƗ ńƛ
__________
ÏÍÍÎ DzºȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjºȈǻ ÏÑ Ŀ ǵƾºǬŭơ ǂǜǼdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ƤǴǗ (ÎÏÎ)
I.C.J. Pleadings, Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July )
ƢȀȈǴǟ ƨƦǫƢǠŭơȁ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƨŻǂƳ ǞǼǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ 1996
Preliminary Objections (ƢȈǧȐº
ºLJȂǣȂȇ ƾº ºǓ Ǯº ºLJǂŮơȁ ƨǼº ºLJȂƦdzơ)
ƩƾǼƬºLJơ ƾǫȁ .(ƾǠƥ ǂnjǼƫ Ń) (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina)
ǵƢºǜǼdzơ ǺºǷ Î ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ÓÎ ƧƽƢŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ƢȀƦǴǗ Ŀ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ Î DzºƦǫ ǾºǻƗ ƵȂǓȂƥ śƦƫ ǾǻƗ ƪƴƬǼƬLJơȁ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz ȆLJƢLJȋơ
Ǻºǰƫ Ń (ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ Ŀ ȂǔǠǯ ƢŮȂƦǫ ƺȇǁƢƫ) ÏÍÍÍ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ
ƨºȇǁȂȀǸŪ ƨȈLJƢȈLjºdzơȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈǐƼnjǴdz ƨȇǁơǂǸƬLJơ Dzǰnjƫ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ
Ŀ ƢƆºǧǂǗ ȏȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ Ŀ ơƆȂǔǟ Ǻǰƫ Ń ƢĔƗȁ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ
ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƨŻǂƳ ǞǼǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƢƆǧǂǗ Ǻǰƫ Ń ƢǸǯ ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz ȆLJƢLJȋơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ
.(www.icj.cij.org ǂǜǻơ) ƢȀȈǴǟ ƨƦǫƢǠŭơȁ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ
ÏÕ Ŀ ơƾǼǴǼǧ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ǾƫƽǁȁƗ ƢǷ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ DzȈdzƽ (ÎÏÏ)
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ÎÖÖÏ/Õ ƨºȈǷȂǰūơ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ" ǹơȂǼǟ ƪŢ) ÎÖÖÏ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj
Ŗºdzơȁ "ȆºLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơȁ ơƾǼǴǼǧ śƥ ƩƢǫȐǟ ƨǷƢǫƛ ǹƘnjƥ ǩƢǨƫȏơ DZȂƦǬƥ
(FIN/23) ÎÖÍ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Klabbers and others Ŀ Ʃƽǁȁ
:ƢȀȈǧ ƔƢƳȁ
ÎÖÖÎ ŐǸLjºȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÐÍ Ŀ ƪǴƦǫ ƾǫ ơƾǼǴǼǧ ǹƛ"
ƨȈǯơǂƬºNjȏơ ƩƢºȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƽƢŢȏ ơƆǁơǂǸƬLJơ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƢȈLJȁǁ DŽǯǂǷ
ǂnjºǠdzơ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪƢƥ Ǿƫơƿ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǥǂƬǠƫȁ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ
."ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ȏƆ ȁƽ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ
ǾǻƘƥ ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǹȁƚnjdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǦǏȁ ƢLjǻǂǧ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ
ƨnjºǫƢǼǷ DZȐƻ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨȈǯơǂƬNjȏơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƽƢŢȏ ǁơǂǸƬLJơ
ǪȇƾǐƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ÎÖÖÏ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÐ Ŀ ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ ƹȂȈnjdzơ džǴĐ
:ǹƗ ǾƬǴƻƾǷ Ŀ ƔƢƳȁ ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơȁ ƢLjǻǂǧ śƥ ƨǷŐŭơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ȄǴǟ
ƩƢºȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƽƢŢȏ ǁơǂǸƬLJơ ƢȈLJȁǁ ƨdzȁƽ ǹƘƥ ǂǬƫ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ"
ƨºǫǁƢǨǷ ƔȐŝ ƨȈLJȁǂdzơ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ DzưŤȁ ...ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨȈǯơǂƬNjȏơ
ƽƢºŢȏ ƨȇǁơǂǸƬºLJơ Dzǰnjƫ ƨdzȁƽ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ‘ ǒǧǂȇ ȅǀdzơ ƾǴƦdzơ ơǀǿ
ǵƾǟ ǺǷ ƩƘnjǻ ƨdzȁƽ ŐƬǠȇ ǹƗ ’ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨȈǯơǂƬNjȏơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ
Ŗºdzơ ƢȀƬȇȂǿ ƾȇƾŢ śǠƬȇ ƨȈƬǧ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǰnjȇ Ǿƫơƿ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǾǻƗ Śǣ
."ƨǼLJ śǠƦLJ ƨǴȈǗ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨǬƫȂƦdzơ Ŀ ƪƥơƿ
.(ÏÍÏ-ÏÍÎ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
291 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ǩƢºǘǻ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐºdzơ ÎÖÖÎ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ ÏÕ ƹǁƚŭơ ǹƢȈƦdzơ
Ŀ DzºưǸƬƫ ƨºƦǬǟ ƢȈǻƢƦºLJƛ DzȈƦLJ ƪǓǂƬǟơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
ƽƢºŢơȁ ƢȈǻƢƦºLJƛ śºƥ ÎÖÔÔ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ Ŀ ƨdzƽƢƦƬŭơ Ʃơǂǯǀŭơ
ƩƢºǫȐǠdzơ ƨºǷƢǫƛ ǹƘnjºƥ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjºdzơ ƨȈǯơǂƬNjȏơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ
ƨǷȐLjºdzƢƥ ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ ńƛ ƨƷơǂǏ ƢȀȈǧ ŚNjƗ Ŗdzơȁ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
Ŀ ƢºŠȁ Dzƥ ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀŦ ƔƢǼưƬLJơ ǹȁƽ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ
ǁǀǠƬȇ ƢŲ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨǷȐLjdzơ ǮǴƫ ǵơǂƬƷơȁ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ǽǀǿ Ǯdzƿ
ǾȈǧ ƪƦȇ ǹƗ ńƛ ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŝ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ Ŀ ƪƦdzơ ƢƆȈƟƢǬǴƫ ǾǠǷ
ǥơǂºƬǟơ ǁơƾºǏƛ Ŀ ƾǸƬǠŭơ Dzūơ DzưŤȁ .(ÎÏÔ)ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ
ńƛ ƨºȀƳȂǷ ƨȈũǁ DzƟƢLJǁ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŝ ňȂǻƢǫ
:ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ȃȂƸǨdzƢƥ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ Ɣơǁǃȁ
ƨºǟƢǸŪơ ƨºȈƳǁƢƻ Ɣơǁǃȁ ǵȂºȈdzơ ǽǁƾǏƗ ȅǀdzơ ǡȐƦdzơ ƨƦLJƢǼŠ"
ƨºǷȂǰūơ ǹƘƥ ǶǰǤǴƥƗȁ ȆƠǻƢē ǶǰȈdzƛ ǵƾǫȋ ǶǰƦƫƢǯƗ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ
ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ńƛ ƨȈǔǨŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ Ŀ ơƆǁȂǧ ǝȁǂnjǴdz ƧƾǠƬLjǷ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ
.(ÎÏÕ)"ƢǼȇƾǴƥ śƥ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
džǴů ǁƾǏƗ DzƟȐǫ ǵƢȇƗ ƾǠƦǧ :ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DzǠǨdzơ ƽȁƽǁ ǂƻƘƬƫ Ńȁ -ÓÍ
ƢƆǣȐƥ (ÎÖÖÎ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÍ-Ö ƪƻǂƬLJƢǷ) ƢƥȁǁȁƗ
ƢȀºǼǷ ǁȂºǷƗ ƽơƾºǠƫ ƾǠƥȁ .ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ Ŀ ƩơǁȂǘƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ
ǂºǯƿ ƨȈǸǴLjdzơ DzƟƢLJȂdzƢƥ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǞȈŦ DzƷ ƧǁȁǂǓȁ ƽȁƾūơ ƨǷǂƷ
:ǹƗ ǡȐƦdzơ
_________________________________________
Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƧƾȇƾŪơ DZȁƾdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢƥ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ƨť džȈdz"
ńƛ ƢǿȂǟƾºƫ ƨȈºLJƢȈLJ ƣƢƦLJƗ ƾȇȂLjǴdz ǹȂǰƫ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀȁ
ƤºǼƴƬƫ ƾȇȂLjºdzơ ƪƠƬǧ ƢǷ ƨǷƢǟ ƨǨǐƥ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƔƢƳǁƛ
."ƨƯȐưdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ŚȇƢǠǸǴdz ƨǬƦLjǷ ǕȁǂNj ȁƗ ƨȈLJƢȈLJ ǕȁǂNj ƨǧƢǓƛ
.(ÐÍÖ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ÎÓ ƺȇǁƢºƬƥ džȇǁƢƥ Ŀ ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǴǟƗ ǾƬȀƳ ǺǷȁ
ƢºȀȈǧ ƔƢǔºǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹƗ ÎÖÖÏ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
ǵơǂºƬƷơ ƢǸȀǷơDŽƬǟȏ ǹƢƬLJDŽȈǣŚǫȁ ǹƢƬLjǰȈƳƢǗ ŖȇǁȂȀŦ ǺǷ ơƆƾȈǯƘƫ ƪǬǴƫ
"ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ Ŀȁ ƨȈǫǂnjdzơ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Ŀ ƧƾȇƾŪơ DZȁƾdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ŚȇƢǠǷ"
.ÎÖÖÎ ŐǸLjºȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÎÓ Ŀ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƢēƽƾƷ Ŗdzơȁ
śƬȇǁȂȀǸŪơ śƫƢđ ƢLjǻǂǧ ǥǂƬǠƫ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ƢȀƟƢǯǂnjƥ ƧȂLJƛȁ
ƩƢºȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƽƢºŢơ ǺºǷ ȃǂºƻƗ ƧƾȇƾƳ DZȁƽ ňƢǸưƥ ƪǧǂƬǟơ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ
La politique étrangère de la France: ) ǪƥƢLjºdzơ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjºdzơ ƨȈǯơǂƬNjȏơ
textes et documents 1992 (Paris, Documentation française, Ministry for
.(Foreign Affairs), p.57
Ŀ ƢȈǻƢƦºLJƛ ƨºȈƳǁƢƻ ǂȇǃȁ ƩƢǜƷȐǷ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÏÔ)
ǦºǫȂŭơ ƢºȀȈǧ Ǒǂǟ ƮȈƷ ƣơȂǼdzơ džǴĐ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ƨǼŪ ƨLjǴƳ
ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ ƧƽƢǟƛ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŝ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǺǷ ňƢƦLJȍơ
Ŗdzơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǾȈǴŤ ȅǀdzơ ǍƢŬơ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǦǫȂǷ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǞǷ ƢȀǠǷ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
Ŀ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjºdzơ ƨȈǯơǂƬºNjȏơ ƩƢºȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƽƢŢơ ǞǷ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ Ƣđ ƪǸȈǫƗ
(Spanish Yearbook of International Law, vol. I ÎÖÔÔ DžǁƢºǷ/ǁơƿƕ
Diario de Sesiones del Congreso de los ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .(1991), pp.48-49)
.Diputados (1991), Fourth Legislature, No. 294, pp. 8418-9419
ƢºȈǻơȂƬȈdz Ɣơǁǃȁ ńƛ ƨºȀƳȂŭơ 2180ȁ 2179ȁ 2178 DzƟƢLJǂdzơ (ÎÏÕ)
ǞƳǂŭơ "La actitud de España Ŀ Quel López ƢǿƽǁȁƗ ƢȈǻȂƬLJƛȁ ƢȈǨƫȏȁ
.ÔÍÒ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ
ƢºǷ ƨºǬȇǂǘƥ ǖƥǁ ƿƛ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ Ǿƫǀţơ ȅǀdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ
ƣƢºǬǟƗ ȆǨǧ .(ÎÏÓ)ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǥơǂƬǟƢƥ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǥơǂƬǟơ
_________________________________________
(ǞƥƢƫ (ÎÏÒ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
ǂƥȂºƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÎÓ Ŀ ƨºȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ƪǼǴǟƗȁ
:ǹƗ ÎÖÖÍ
Ǯdzǀdzȁ .ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ DZȁƽ Ƕǔƥ ơƆƾƥƗ ǥǂƬǠƫ Ń ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƨǷȂǰūơ"
ƩƢºȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƽƢºŢơ ǞºǷ ƨȈºLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƩƢǫȐǠdz ƢȀƬǷƢǫƛ ƾǼǟ ƢĔƜǧ
ƢƆºǜǨŢ ƩƾƥƗ ÎÖÒÒ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÎÐ Ŀ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨȈǯơǂƬNjȏơ
ǚǨƸƬdzơ ơǀǿ ƪǟơǁȁ śǧǂǘǴdz ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǹƘnjƥ
."śūơ Ǯdzƿ ǀǼǷ
.(ÏÎÎ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Klabbers and others)
ŐǸƬƦºLJ/DZȂºǴȇƗ ÏÐ Ŀ ǁƾǏ ǶǔdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǵƾǟ ǞǷ ƢƆǷƢƴLjǻơȁ
ŘƦºǷ ƨºȈǰǴǷ ǹƘnjƥ Amtsgericht Berlin Tiergarten ƨǸǰƄ ǶǰƷ ÎÖÖÎ
:ǾǻƗ ńƛ ǁƢNjƗȁ ƧŚƻȋơ ǽǀŮ ƧǁƢǨLJ ƢȈǻȂƬLJȍ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǶǓ DzƦǫ ǹƢǯ
ƪŢ ƢȈǻȂƬLJƛ ƧǁƢǨLJ ƪǠǓȁ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƣǂūơ ƨȇƢĔ ƾǠƥ"
ǶºǷȋơ ńƛ ƢȀǷƢǸǔºǻơȁ ƢȈǻȂƬLJƛ DZȐǬƬLJơ ƾǠƥȁ .ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƨLJơǂūơ
ƨºLJơǂūơ ǽǀǿ ƪǠǧǁ Ƣđ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ǥơǂƬǟơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
."ƢȈǻȂƬLJƛ ńƛ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƩƾȈǟƗȁ
.(ÏÏÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ǡȐƦºdzơ Ŀ ǃŐºȇȁ ļƢȈǧȂLjºdzơ ǶǔdzƢƥ ǥǂƬǠƫ Ń Ƣǿǁȁƾƥ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛȁ
ƨºȇǁȂȀǸŪơ śƥ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ƩƾȈǟƗ ȅǀdzơ ǭǂƬnjŭơ
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ÎÖÖÎ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ ÐÍ Ŀ ƢȈǨƫȏ ƨȇǁȂȀŦȁ ƨȈdzƢǘȇȍơ
ƨºǴŦ Ŀ ƽǁȁ ƮºȈƷ Ȑ Ɔ ƯƢŲ ƢƆǨǫȂǷ ƲȇȁǂǼdzơ Ʃǀţơȁ .(ÏÓÍȁ ÏÒÖ Ǎ
ƲȇȁǂºǼdzơȁ ƢºȈǻơȂƬȈdz śƥ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǩƢǨƫơ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ Ŀ ǁȂǷƗ
:ǾǻƗ ÎÖÖÑ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÍ ƺȇǁƢƬƥ
ńƛ ƢºȈǻơȂƬȈǴdz ňȂǻƢºǬdzơ Śǣ ǶǔdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥ"
ƩơƾºǿƢǠŭơ ƨƸǏ ǁơǂǸƬLJƢƥ ƢƆǧơǂƬǟơȁ ... žǪƥƢLjdzơ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ
ȆǷƢºǟ śºƥ ƨǴǏƢǨdzơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ Ŀ ƢȈǻơȂƬȈdzȁ ƲȇȁǂǼdzơ śƥ ƨǷŐŭơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ
."ÎÖÑÍȁ ÎÖÏÍ
.(ÏÖÖ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ƩǁƾºǏƗ ƿƛ ƆƢǸLjƷ ǂưǯƗ ǹƢǯ ƢȈǯǂƫ Ǿƫǀţơ ȅǀdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ ǹƗ Śǣ
:ǹƗ ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǺǴǠƫ ÎÖÖÎ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ Ð ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ƢƆǻƢȈƥ ƢȀƬȈƳǁƢƻ Ƨǁơǃȁ
ƧƽƢºǟƛ ǹƘnjºƥ ƢȈǻȂƬLJƛȁ ƢȈǨƫȏȁ ƢȈǻơȂƬȈdz ǹƢȈƦƥ ƤƷǂƫ ƢȈǯǂƫ"
ǞºǷ ƨȈºLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǁǂǬƫȁ DZȐǬƬLJȏơ DŽǯǂǷ ǁơǂǫƛ
."ǽȐǟƗ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ
.(ÐÒÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ƨȈºLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ȃȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȈũǁ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǮǴƫ ƩƾȈǟƗȁ
ȄǔºƬǬŠ Ǯdzƿȁ ÎÖÖÎ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÏ Ŀ ƢȈǨƫȏȁ ƢȈǯǂƫ śƥ
.(ÐÒÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) śƬdzȁƾdzơ śƥ ǭǂƬnjǷ ǡȐƥ
ńƛ ƢȀºƬǷȂǰƷ ƩƾǸǟ Ŗdzơ ƾȇȂLjdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ DzƯƢŲ ǂǷƗ ƭƾƷ (ÎÏÓ)
ƽǂƴŠ ÎÖÖÎ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ ÏÔ Ŀ ƭȐưdzơ ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŝ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Klabbers and others) ȆºLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ Ƣđ ǥǂƬǟơ ƢǷ
ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÎÓ Ŀ ƾȇȂLjºdzơ ƪǼǴǟƗ DZơȂǼŭơ džǨǻ ȄǴǟȁ .(ÐÍÑȁ ÐÍÐ Ǎ
ǹƢƬLjºǻƢǸǯǂƫȁ ǹƢƬLjǰƥǃȁƗȁ ƢȈǼȈǷǁƗȁ ǹƢƴȈƥǁƿƘƥ ƢȀǧơǂƬǟơ ÎÖÖÏ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ
ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ƢǧȁƾdzȂǷ ƨȇǁȂȀŦȁ ǹƢƬLjƻơǃƢǯȁ ǹƢƬLJDŽȈǣŚǫȁ ǹƢƬLjǰȈƳƢǗȁ
ƣơȂºƳ Ŀ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǹƘnjƥ ƾȇȂLjdzơ Ǿƫǀţơ ȅǀdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ ƾǯƗȁ .(ÐÍÓ Ǎ
:ǾǻƗ ƩƾǯƗ ƮȈƷ ȅƾȇȂLjdzơ ǹƢŭŐdzơ ǵƢǷƗ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ǾƬǷƾǫ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ȄºǴǟ ƢēƢLJƢǰǠǻȏ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ǁȂǘƬdz ơƆÅǂǜǻȁ -ÓÏ
śƬdzƘLjǷ Ŀ ȅǁǀƳ DZȂŢ ƭƾƷ Ǿǻƛ DZȂǬdzơ ǺǰŻ Ņȁƾdzơ ǞǸƬĐơ
ƽƢŢȏơ Ŀ ƪƦǫƢǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơŚǤƬdzơ Ŀ ƨũƢƷ ƨǬȇǂǘǯ ǩƢǨƫȏơ :Ƣŷ
ƢēǃDŽǟ Ƨǂǰǧ Ȇǿȁ .(ÎÐÑ)Ǖȁǂnjŭơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƣȂǴLJƗȁ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ
ǃǂºƥƗ ƢȀȈǧȁ ƆƢǨǻƕ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ Ribbelink Ƣđ ǵƢǫ Ŗdzơ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ
ƧŚƻȋơ ƨǻȁȉơ Ŀ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƢǸđ ǶLjƬȇ ǺȇǀǴdzơ ǺȇƾȇƾŪơ śƦǻƢŪơ
ƾºǠƥ ƢǷ ƨLJǁƢŲ ǞǷ ƨǻǁƢǬŭƢƥ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ƾȇƾŪơȁ" :DZƢǫ ƮȈƷ
ȆǟƢǸŪơ ǞǼǐdzơ ƔƢȈƷƛ ȏƆ ȁƗ Ȃǿ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƣǂūơ
ƪºǷƢǫ ƾǫȁ .ƞnjǼŭơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƲȀǼdz ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ƽǁ ƆƢȈǻƢƯȁ ǁơǂǬǴdz
.(ÎÐÒ)"ƢƆǠǷ ƢǸȀȈǧ ȅȂȈƷ ǁȁƾƥ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
DzȇȂǗ ǺǷǃ ǀǼǷ ƨǴǸȀŭơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǽǀǿ ƔƢȈƷƜƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÓÐ
Concert of ) "ĺȁǁȁȋơ ǩƢºǧȂdzơ" ƨºƦǬƷ DZȐºƻ ƩǁȂǴƦƫ Ŗdzơȁ
ȄǴǟ ơƾǼdzȂǿ ƽǁ ńƛ Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ȆǨǰƫȁ ƨǬȈǬƷ ȂȀǧ (Europe
(ÎÐÓ)
ƢºđơȂƳ ȆºǨǧ . Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ńƛ ǵƾǬŭơ ǹƢȈƦƬLJȏơ
:ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ǞƟƢǫȂdzơ ƔȂǓ ȄǴǟ ǁơǂǬǴdz ȆǟƢǸŪơ ƿƢţȏơ Ƨǂǰǧ ƩƾǯƗ
ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơȁ ƨȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȈdzơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪƢƥ ƩƢǧơǂƬǟȏơ ǹƛ
ƨºǟƢǸŪơ DZȁƽ ǺºǷ ƨºdzȁƽ Dzǯ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ȅƽǂǧ Dzǰnjƥ ƪŤ
ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ Ȇǟơǂƫ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ƆƢǸƟȐǷ ǾƫƘƫǁơ ƢǸƦLjƷ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
ơƾºǼdzȂǿ ƪºǧǂƬǟơ ƾǫȁ .ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁȁƢnjƬdzơ ƨƳǁƽ ƞǧƢǰƬǷ Dzǰnjƥ
ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŝ ƪǧǂƬǟơ ÎÖÖÏ Ŀȁ ÎÖÖÎ Ŀ ƢȈƫơȁǂǯȁ ƢȈǼȈǧȂǴLjƥ
ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ ƧƽƾºƄơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ ĿȂƬLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǟƢŦ
.ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
_________________________________________
Ʃǁǂºǫ ƨºȈǯǂƬdzơ ƨºǷȂǰūơ ǹƘºƥ ǶǰǤǴƥƗ ǹƘƥ ǥǂnjƫƗ"
džǴĐ ÎÖÖÎ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÓ ƹǁƚŭơ ǁơǂǬdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
DZȐǬƬºLJƢƥ ǪºǴǠƬŭơ ǹƢƬLjºƻơǃƢǯ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪ ȄǴǟȋơ ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ
.ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ džǨǼƥ ǹƢƬLjƻơǃƢǯ
ǹȂǰǻ ǹƘƥ ǥǂnjƬǻ ƢǼǻƗ ǶǰǸǴǟ ńƛ ȆĔƗ ƽȁƗ ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ ǽǀđȁ"
."ǹƢƬLjƻơǃƢǯ DZȐǬƬLJƢƥ ǥǂƬǠƫ ƨdzȁƽ DZȁƗ
.(ÐÒÔ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Klabbers and others)
ƢºȈǯǂƫ Ɣơǁǃȁ džºǴů ǁǂǫ ÎÖÖÎ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÓ Ŀȁ
ǹƢƬLjºǰȈƳƢǗȁ ǹƢƬLjºǻƢǸǯǂƫȁ ǹƢƬLjºǰƥǃȁƗ Ŀ ƨºǷƢǟ ƩƢȈǴǐǼǫ ƔƢnjǻƛ
.(ÐÒÖ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ǹƢƬLjƻơǃƢǯȁ ǹƢƬLJDŽȈǣŚǫȁ
Türk, "Recognition of States: a ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rich (ÎÐÑ)
.comment", pp. 66 - 71
ǹƘƥ (ÔÕ Ǎ) DZȂǬdzơ Ǧdzƚŭơ ǞƥƢƫȁ .ÔÓ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÐÒ)
ƩơȂǼLjºdzơ Ŀ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǾƬŴ ȅǀdzơ ǽƢšȏơ Ȃǿȁ - ǥơǂƬǟȐdz ƞnjǼŭơ ǞƥƢǘdzơ
DzǸůȁ .ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ŚȇƢǠǷ Ȇǿ ƢƆǬƥƢLJ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǹȂǯ ǺǷ śƦƬȇ - ƧŚƻȋơ
ǁǂºǬƫ Dzƥ ƩƢǻƢȈǰdzơ ǮǴƬdz Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǞƥƢǗ Ŀ ǮȈǰnjƬdzơ ǶƬȇ Ń ǾǻƗ DZȂǬdzơ
ŚȇƢºǠŭơȁ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ DzƦǬƫ ǹƗ ƢȀȈǴǟ śǠƬȇ ƧƾȇƾŪơ DZȁƾdzơ ǽǀđ ǥơǂƬǟȐdz ǾǻƗ
ǹƗ Śǣ .(ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ) DZȁƾdzơ ƨǟƢǸŪ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȇȂȈƷ ŚȇƢǠǷȁ ƾǟơȂǫ ŐƬǠƫ Ŗdzơ
ƧǁȁǂǔºdzƢƥ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǵDŽǴȇ ȏ Ŗdzơ - ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǺǷ ƨǴLjǴLjdz ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǝƢǔƻƛ
.ǑȂǸǤdzơȁ ǦLjǠƬǴdz ƣƢƦdzơ ƶƬǨȇ ƾǫ - ƨdzƢƷ Dzǯ Ŀ ŚȇƢǠŭơ džǨǻ
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÍ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÐÓ)
.ÐÐÖ-ÐÐÕ Ǎ A.CN.4/511
292
ŚƥơƾºƬdzơ ƿƢºţȏ ƨȈŷƗ ŅȂƫ ƢȀȈǧ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
DZƢºů Ŀ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ƿƢǨǻȍ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ȃȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȇǁȁǂǔdzơ
ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȌdz ƨdzƢǠǨdzơ ƨƦǫơǂŭơȁ ȅȁȂǼdzơ ǁƢnjƬǻȏơ ǵƾǟȁ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ƾȇƾŢ
.(ÎÏÖ)ƢȀǼǷƗ ǹƢǸǓȁ
ƝƽƢƦŭơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ džǴů ǁƾǏƗ ǵƢȇƗ ƨƬLjƥ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥȁ
ƢºƥȁǁȁƗ Ŀ ƧƾºȇƾŪơ DZȁƾdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ
ƾºūơ džLJƗ ƪLJǁƗ Ŗdzơȁ (ÎÐÍ)ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơȁ ƨȈǫǂnjdzơ
ƨºǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǥơǂƬǟơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz Ňƽȋơ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ ǵơǂƬƷơȁ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ ƨȇƢŧ) ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
.(DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ
/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÐÎ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǹƢȈƦdzơ ǪǴǣƗ ơǀǰǿȁ -ÓÎ
ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ Ƨǂnjǟ ŖǼƯȏơ DZȁƾdzơ Ǻǟ ÎÖÖÎ ŐǸLjȇƽ
ǂƻƕ ƆƢƥƢƥ ƶƬǧȁ (ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƽȂƳȁ ƣƢƥ) ƆƢƥƢƥ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
ƆơŐǠǷ (ǾǼǟ ƨǴǐǨǼŭơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ƣƢƥ)
:ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƩơǁƢƦǠdzƢƥ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ
ǺǷ ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzƢƥ ƤƷǂƫ ƢȀȈǧ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ǹƛ
ǹƢƬLjºǻƢǸǯǂƫȁ DžȁǁȐȈºƥȁ ƢºȈǻơǂǯȁƗȁ ǹƢƬLjǰƥǃȁƗȁ ƢȈǼȈǷǁƗȁ ǹƢƴȈƥǁƿƗ
ǕȁǂnjºdzƢƥ ƔƢǧȂǴdz ƢǿƽơƾǠƬLJơ Ǻǟ ƢȀȈǧ ƣǂǠƫ Ŗdzơȁ ƢǧȁƾdzȂǷȁ ǹƢƬLjƻơǃƢǯȁ
Ŀ ƧƾºȇƾŪơ DZȁƾºdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢºƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ" Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ
ǥơǂºƬǟȐdz ƧƾǠƬLjºǷ ƢĔƜǧ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ ."ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơȁ ƨȈǫǂnjdzơ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ
.ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ǽǀđ
ƽǂºƴŠ ǹƢƬLJDŽȈǣŚǫȁ ǹƢƬLjǰȈƳƢǘƥ ǥơǂƬǟȐdz ƆƢǔȇƗ ƢǿƽơƾǠƬLJơ ƾǯƚƫȁ
(ÎÐÎ)
. ƨǴƯƢŲ ƩƢǻƢǸǔdz ƢȀȈǬǴƫ
ƢǸǼȈƥ (ÎÐÏ)ǹƢƬLjǰȈƳƢǘƥ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ ƪǧǂƬǟơ ƧDŽȈƳȁ ƧǂƬǧ ƾǠƥȁ
ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǁơƾǏƛ DzƦǫ ŕƷ ǹƢƬLjƻơǃƢǰƥ ƪǧǂƬǟơ ƾǫ ƢȈǯǂƫ ƪǻƢǯ
.(ÎÐÐ)ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz ƨȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ
__________
Bulletin of the European Communities, vol. 24, No. 12 (ÎÏÖ)
.(1991), p. 11
ÎÖÖÏ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Õ Ŀȁ .ÎÎÖ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÐÍ)
Ibid., vol. ) ĺȁǁȁȋơ ȆLJƢȈLjdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ ƢȈƳǁȂƳ ǹƘnjƥ ǹƢȈƥ ǁƾǏ
.(25, Nos. 1/2 (1992), p. 107
Dehouse, ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .Ibid., vol. 24, No. 12 (1991), p. 123 (ÎÐÎ)
"The international practice of the European Communities – current
.survey: European political cooperation in 1991", p. 143
Śºǣ ÎÖÖÏ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÍ ƨƻǁƚǷ ƨȇȂǨNj ƧǂǯǀǷ (ÎÐÏ)
ƨºȈƳǁƢƻ Ƨǁơǃȁ ńƛ ƨºȀƳȂǷ ȂǰºLJȂǷ Ŀ ƢºǰȈƴǴƥ ƧǁƢǨLjdz ƧǁȂnjǼǷ
ȅǂŤƚºǷ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ Ʃǂǜǻ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ ǹƗ ƢȀȈǧ ƔƢƳȁ ǹƢƬLjǰȈƳƢǗ
ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÎ ƹǁƚŭơ ƢƫƗ ƢŭƗȁ ÎÖÖÎ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Õ ƹǁƚŭơ ǮLjǼȈǷ
ƽƢºŢȏ ƢƆºǨǴƻ ƨºdzȁƽ ǹƢƬLjºǰȈƳƢǘƥ ǥǂºƬǠƫ ÎÖÖÎ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ
Ŀȁ Ƣđ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨȈǯơǂƬNjȏơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ
.(ÎÕÒ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Klabbers and others) ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ ƽȁƾƷ
džȈƟǁ ńƛ ȆǯǂƬdzơ ƔơǁǃȂdzơ džȈƟǁ ƢȀȀƳȁ ƨdzƢLJǁ ǺǷ śƦƬȇ ƢǸǯ (ÎÐÐ)
ƨdzȁƽ DZȁƗ ƢȈǯǂƫ ǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ÎÖÖÎ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÑ Ŀ ǹƢƬLjƻơǃƢǯ
:ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ơǀǿ ǁƾǐƫ
293 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ƨºLJǁƢǸǸǴdz ƢƆºǬǧȁȁ Ņȁƾºdzơ ǾǬǨdzơ ƨȈƦdzƢǣ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơȁ -ÓÓ
ǺºǷ ƪȇȂǐƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǁƢƦƬǟơ śǠƬȇ ƧǂǏƢǠŭơ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
ǁơƾǏƛ Ǯdzǀdz ǵDŽǴȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǥơǂƬǟơ DzǠǧ ǽƾǏƢǬǷȁ ǾǓơǂǣƗ ǞȈŦ
Ń Ǯºdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .ǁơǂǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǃDŽǠȇ ȁƗ Ƕǟƾȇ ǪƷȏ ǹȐǟƛ
ǾºƬǴǠƳ Dzƥ DZơȂƷȋơ ǺǷ DZƢƷ ȅƘƥ ƢȀǧơǂƬǟơ Ŀ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǚǨƸƬƫ
ǶºǷȋơ Ŀ ƧƾºȇƾŪơ ƨºȇǁȂȀǸƴǴdz DzºǷƢǰdzơ DZȂƦǬdzơ ǞǷ ƢƆǼǷơDŽƬǷ
ǾǻƗ Ƕǣǁ ƨƸǓơȁ ǎƟƢǐş ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ ǶLjƬƫ ȏȁ .(ÎÑÎ)ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƩŐºǟȁ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǦǫȂǷ ǝƢƦƫơ ńƛ DzȈŻ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭơ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇ
.(ÎÑÏ)ǂǜǼdzơ ƾȈǫ ƨdzƢūơ Ŀ ǾǼǟ
ƨºLJơǁƽ DZȐºƻ ǺǷ ǵƢǬŭơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƧǁƢNjȍƢƥ ǂȇƾŪơȁ -ÓÔ
Ŗdzơ ǶȈǿƢǨŭơ ǒǠƥ ǁȂȀǛ ƧŚƻȋơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢŲ
Ŀ Ȇũ ƢǷ ƢȀǼǷȁ žƢȀȈǴǟ ǥǁƢǠƬŭơ ǕƢŶȋơ Ŀ ƢȀǴǯ ƱǁƾǼƫ ȏ
ŚLjǨƫ ȆǨǧ ."ǞǗƢǬƬŭơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ" ƥ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǒǠƥ
ƨºLJƢȈLJ ǹƘnjºƥ ƨȈǻƢƦºLJȍơ ƨºȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ DzȈǯȁ ǾǷƾǫ
ƢºȇǁȂǯ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ƨdzȁƾƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǪȈǴǠƫ Ŀ ƨǴưǸƬŭơ ƨǷȂǰūơ
ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ" ƥ Ȇũ ǥơǂƬǟơ ƭȁƾƷ ǕǂNj ȄǴǟ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƾǯƗ "ǞǗƢǬƬŭơ
ƢºȇǁȂǰƥ ȂȈǯȂǗȁ ǺǘǼNjơȁ ƢȀLJƗǁ ȄǴǟȁ ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƪǧǂƬǟơ ƢǷƾǼǟ
ȂǰºLJȂǷ ƢȀLJƗǁ ȄǴǟȁ ƨȈǫǂnjdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƨȇǃơȂǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƪǧǂƬǟơ ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ
ƆƢǷƢŤ ŅƢǸƬƷơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǦǫȂǷ ǹƜǧ ŘǠŭơ ơǀđȁ .ƨȈƥȂǼŪơ ƢȇǁȂǰƥ śƴȈƥȁ
ơǀǿ Ŀ ƱǁƾǼȇ ƨǜƸǴdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ DZȁDŽǠǷ ǥơǂƬǟƢƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ǹƗ ƾǬƬǠǻ ȏ ƢǼǻƗ Śǣ
.(ÎÑÐ)ǾȈǴǟ ƔƢǬƥȍơ ƨȈŷƗ ƢǼdz ȁƾƦƫ ȅǀdzơ ǹǃơȂƬŭơ ǩƢȈLjdzơ
ƨºǴĐơ Ŀ ƨºLJǁƢǸŭơ ǞȈǸƴƬƥ ǹȂǸƟƢǬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ǁƢNjƗ ƢǸǯȁ
ǥơǂƬǟȏơ" ƥ ȄǸLjȇ ƢǷ ǹƜǧ (REDI) Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ
ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ Ŀ ƤLjƬǯơ ǾǻƘǯȁ ȁƾƦȇ "ǞǗƢǬƬŭơ
ƾǬƬǠŭơ Ŀ ƧŚƦǯ ǁƢƯƕ ȅƗ Ǿdz ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ Ƥȇǂǣ ƽȂƳȁ ǪƷ
__________
Actividades, Textos y Documentos de la Política :ǂºǜǻơ (ÎÑÎ)
Ŗºdzơ ƾȇȂLjdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzƢƷ ƨťȁ .Exterior Española (1994), p. 676
ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƨºȈǠǸŪơ ǁơǂǫ ŁƢǐdz ƪƫȂǏ ƢĔƗ ÎÖÖÏ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÏÏ Ŀ ƪǼǴǟƗ
Ŀ ƔƢǔºǟƗ ƢºȈƫơȁǂǯȁ ƢȈǼȈǧȂǴLJȁ ǮLJǂŮơȁ ƨǼLJȂƦdzơ ƶƦǐƫ ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ȅǀdzơ
:ƶȇǂǏ Dzǰnjƥ ǹȐǟȍơ ǥƢǓƗȁ .ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ƪǧǂƬǟơ ƾȇȂLjdzơ ǹƗ řǠȇ ơǀǿ ǹƜǧ ƨȇƾȇȂLjdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ"
ƪºǧǂƬǟơ ǹƗ ƾȇȂLjǴdz ǪƦLJ ƾǫȁ .ǮLJǂŮơȁ ƨǼLJȂƦdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŝ ƢƆǔȇƗ
."ƢȈƫơȁǂǯȁ ƢȈǼȈǧȂǴLjƥ
.(ÐÎÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Klabbers and others)
DzºƯƢŲ ĺƢºŸȍơ ƪȇȂǐºƬdzơ ǹƗ Ƨǂǰǧ ơƆǂƻƚǷ ƾȇȂLjdzơ ƩƾȇƗ (ÎÑÏ)
ƢºƬǟƽ ơƾǼǴǼǧȁ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ ǹƗ Śǣ žƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƢēƾȇƗ ƢǸǯ ǥơǂƬǟȐdz
ȆǴǠǧ ǥơǂƬǟơ ƨƥƢưŠ ĺƢŸȍơ ƪȇȂǐƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ǺǷ ǪǴǘǼȇ ǩƽƗ ǦǫȂǷ ńƛ
.Ȇũǁ ǥơǂƬǟơ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǾƦǬǠȇ
Diario de Sesiones del Congreso de los Diputados (1988), (ÎÑÐ)
REDI, vol. XLI, No. 1 ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .Third Legislature, No. 282, p. 9725
ƨȈdzƢǸnjºdzơ ƢȇǁȂǰƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƪǧǂƬǟơȁ .(1989), pp. 190-191
.(ÕÒÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Poulain) ÏÍÍÍ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÖ Ŀ
DZȁƽ ƧŚºƻȋơ ƩơǂºƬǨdzơ Ŀ DZƢūơ ƨǠȈƦǘƥ ƩǂȀǛ ƾǫȁ -ÓÑ
Ļ Ŗºdzơ ƩȏƢūơ ǮǴƫ ǖǬǧ ƪLjȈdzȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾȀnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ȃǂƻƗ
ȃƽƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƾǯƚŭơ ǺǷ ǾǻƗ Śǣ ǽȐǟƗ ƢŮȁƢǼƫ
ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ DzǯƢnjŭơ ǺǷ DzȈǴǬƬdzơ ńƛ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ śƥ ǩƢǨƫȏơ
(ÎÐÔ)śƬȈǻƢŭȋơ ƾȈƷȂƫ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƭƾƷ ƢǷ ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢƥ
.(ÎÐÕ)ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƫ DZȐŴơ ȁƗ
ƨºǼȈǠǷ ƨºȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ŀ ƨȇȂǔǠdzơ ȅȂǘǼƫ ȏ ƆƢȇƾȈǴǬƫȁ -ÓÒ
.(ÎÐÖ)ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǮǴƫ Dzǰnjƫ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzƢƥ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ ǥơǂƬǟơ ȄǴǟ
ƨȈǓǂǧ ǞǷ ƨƻǁƢǏ ƨǫǁƢǨŠ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǶLjƬȇ ƾȈǴǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ Śǣ
ǂȇǃȁ DZƢǫ ƾǬǧ žƆƢȈƦLjǻ ƨưȇƾūơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ Ŀ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǒǠƥ ƢȀǷƾǬƫ
ƣơȂǼdzơ ƾƷƗ DZơƚLJ ȄǴǟ ƨƥƢƳȍơ ǑǂǠǷ Ŀ ňƢƦLJȍơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ
ƢǼǻƛ" :ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƨȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȈdzơ ƢȈǻȁƾǬǷ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŝ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǹƘnjƥ
Õ Ŀ ƆȐǠǧ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƨȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȈdzơ ƢȈǻȁƾǬǷ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŝ ƢǼǧǂƬǟơ ƾǫ
ǺºǷȋơ džºǴů ƩȂǏ ƢǷƾǼǟ Śƻȋơ ÎÖÖÐ DzȇǂƥƗ /ǹƢLjȈǻ
Ŀ ƨȇȂǔºǠdzơ DzºǷƢǯ ƆơȂǔǟ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ DZȂƦǫ ŁƢǐdz
.(ÎÑÍ)"ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
__________
ǵƾºǫ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭƢƥ ƢȈǴǠdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǵƢǷƗ ȃȂǟƽ Ŀ (ÎÐÔ)
ƮdzȂǼǷȂǰdzơȁ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ǑȂǨŭơ ȆǷȂǰūơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢnjƬLjŭơ
ǹƘºƥ ǥǂƬǠƫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ" ǹƘƥ ÎÖÖÒ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÏÑ ƨƻǁƚǷ ƧƽƢǧƛ
ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪ ǁơǂǸƬLJơ Ȇǿ ƢƆȈdzƢƷ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ
ƢºȈǻƢŭƗ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ǹƗȁ ÎÖÖÍ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ð DzƦǫ ƨǸƟƢǫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ Ð DzºƦǫ ǹƢºǯ ȅǀdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ džǨǻ Ȇǿ Dzǜƫ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ
.(Marston, "United Kingdom…1997", p. 522) "ÎÖÖÍ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ
ƪǠǫȁ ÎÖÖÐ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÎ Ŀ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ (ÎÐÕ)
ƩƢǫȐǠǴdz ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȐdz DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǰȈnjƬdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơȁ ƲȇȁǂǼdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ Ŀ ƔƢƳȁ .ƨȈǰȈnjƬdzơ ƨȈŸȁǂǼdzơ
ƨȈǰȈnjƬdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƨǷȂǰƷȁ ƲȇȁǂǼdzơ ƨǰǴŲ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǹƛ"
ƨºȇǁȂȀǸƴǴdz ǦºǴƻ ƨȈǰȈnjºƬdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ǹƗ ǹơƾǯƚƫ ƿƛ
."... ƨȈǯƢǧȂǴLjdzơȁ ƨȈǰȈnjƬdzơ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ
.(ÏÖÒ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Klabbers and others)
ƨºȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧǂƟơƾdzơ ƧǂǯǀǷ ǂǜǻơ ȆƸȈǓȂƫ DZƢưǷ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȎdz (ÎÐÖ)
Ƨǁơǃȁ ƢºȀȈǧ ƪºǼǴǟƗ Ŗºdzơȁ ÎÖÐÑ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÒ ƨƻǁƚŭơ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ
:ǹƗ ǽƽƢǨǷȁ ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǀƼƬŭơ ǦǫȂŭơ ƢLjǻǂǧ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ
ƨƦǐºǟ ńƛ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨȈǯơǂƬNjȏơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƽƢŢơ DZȂƻƽ"
ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjºdzơ ƨºǷȂǰūơ śºƥ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ DzȀLjȇ ǹƗ ȏƛ ǾǼǰŻ ȏ ǶǷȋơ
ƩƢºǫȐǠdzơ ƧƽƢºǟƛȁ ƨƦǐºǠdzơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǞȈŦ ƩƢǷȂǰƷȁ
ǹȂºǯ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƢȀǼȈƥ ƨǟȂǘǬǷ DZơDŽƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ śƥ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
ƢǸȈǬȇ ǹƗ ƢǸȀȈǴǟ ǹƗ ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ ƢƆǼǸǓ řǠȇ ȏ ƨƦǐǠdzơ Ŀ ǺȇȂǔǟ śƬdzȁƽ
."ǥȁǂǛ ƨdzƘLjǷȁ ƨǷÈƔȐǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǽǀȀǧ :ƢǸȀǼȈƥ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƩƢǫȐǟ
.(ÎÒÔ Ǎ ƮdzƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Kiss)
Diario de Sesiones del Congreso de los Diputados (1994), (ÎÑÍ)
.Fifth Legislature, No. 110, p. 3507
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƢȀǟƢƦƫơ ǵǃȐdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Dzǯ Ŀ ƽƾŢ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǕȁǂNj ƧƢǟơǂǷ
.(ÎÑÔ)řǠŭơ ǹƢȈǰdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
ƢºǸǯ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨƸǓơȁ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ȁƾƦƫȁ -ÓÖ
:DZƢǫ ƮȈƷ ƣơȂǼdzơ džǴů ǵƢǷƗ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ǁƢNjƗ
ǞºǷ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƩƢǫȐǟ ǶȈǬǻȁ .ƩƢǷȂǰūƢƥ ȏ DZȁƾdzƢƥ ǥǂƬǠƫ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǹƛ
.ȃǂƻȋơ ŃƢǠdzơ DZȁƽ ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟ DZȁƾdzơ
ƣȐǬǻơ ǂǬǻ ȁƗ ǭƢǼǿ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨdzƢūơ ǂǬǻ ƢǼǻƗ řǠȇ ȏ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ƾǯƚŭơ ǺǷȁ ...
.(Fujimori) ȅǁȂǸȈƳȂǧ
ȆºNjȂǼȈƥ ǞºǷ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ ƩƢǷȂǰūơ ƪnjȇƢǠƫ ƾǬǧ
(Pinochet)
Ǯdzƿ ŘǠȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ... (Estrada) ơƽơǂƬLJƛ ƗƾƦǷ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ (Videla) ȐȇƾȈǧȁ
.(ÎÑÕ)ƨǸǜǻȋơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ƢƆȇƗ ƪǴƦǫ ƢĔƗ
__________
ƧǁƽƢǐºdzơ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǁƢƦƬǟȏƢƥ ƧǂȇƾŪơ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǺǷ (ÎÑÔ)
Ŗdzơȁ ƨȇƾǼǰdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ Ƨǁơƽȍơ Ǻǟ ÎÖÖÕ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ö Ŀ
DZƢºů Ŀ śºūơ Ǯdzƿ ŕƷ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƨLJƢȈLjǴdz ƧǂȇƢǤǷ ƨLJƢȈLJ ǝƢƦƫơ ƢȀȈǧ ǁǂǬƫ
ńƛ Dzǐºƫ Ŗºdzơ ƩƢǷȂǰūƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǵƾǟ ńƛ ƢLJƢLJƗ ȆǷǂƫȁ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
Canadian Yearbook of International ) .ƨȇǁȂƬºLJƽ Śǣ DzƟƢLJȂƥ ƨǘǴLjdzơ
XXVI (1988), ƾǴĐơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ žLaw, vol. XXVII (1989), pp. 387-388
ǩƢȈLjdzơ Ŀ ƩƽƾºǠƫ DZơȂǼŭơ džǨǻ ȄǴǟȁ .ǁȂnjǼŭơ džǨǻ ǺǷ (pp. 324-326
ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǷȂǰūƢƥ ȏ DZȁƾdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ńƛ DzȈŤ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ĺȁǁȁȋơ
ƮǠƥ ơƾǼdzȂǿ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ .ơƾǼdzȂǿȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ ơǂLjȇȂLJȁ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǾƫƾǯƗ ƢǷ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƢȀȈǧ ƽǁȁ ǹƢŭŐdzơ ńƛ ƨdzƢLJǁ ȅƾǼdzȂŮơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ
ƢȀǠƦƬƬLJ Ŗdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭƢƥ ƨdzƢLJǂdzơ ǽǀǿ ȄǔƬǬŠ ǶǰǤǴƥƗ ǹƗ ƽȁƗ"
.ƩƢºǷȂǰūƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢºƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ȑ Ɔ ƦǬƬLjǷ ƨȇƾǼdzȂŮơ ƨǷȂǰūơ
ǥơǂƬǟȏƢƥ ƤƳơȁ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdz ǾǻƗ Ŀ ƨȇƾǼdzȂŮơ ǂǜǼdzơ ƨȀƳȁ DzưǸƬƫȁ"
ƨºǷȂǰŞ ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ Ŀ ǪƷ ȅƗ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdz ƢǸǯ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƨǷȂǰŞ
(...) ƧƾȇƾƳ
ȆLJƢȈLjdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ‘ ƔƢǯǂNj ǞȈŦ ȃƾǿ ȄǴǟ ŚLjdzơ ǀƦƄơ ǺǷȁ"
ƢºĔƗ ƢǿƽƢǨǷ ƨƴȈƬǻ ńƛ ƨȇƾǼdzȂŮơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪǐǴƻ ƾǫȁ ‘ĺȁǁȁȋơ
.ǀƟƾǠƥ ƩƢǷȂǰūƢƥ ǥǂƬǠƫ Ǻdz ǥȂLJ
..."
ƨºǷȂǰūơ ƪºǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢºŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǴƠLJȋơ ȄǴǟ ƣơȂŪơȁ"
ƨºǠȈƦǗ ǺºǷ ǾǗƢƦǼƬºLJơ ǺǰŻ ƨȈƦǼƳƗ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƢƆÅǻƢȈǯ ŐƬǠƫ ƨȇƾǼdzȂŮơ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ ȃǁơȂƬƫ Ǻdzȁ .ǹƢȈǰdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷ ƢŮ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ
ƢĔƛ Dzƥ ƨȇƾǼdzȂŮơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ Ŀ ǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ŚȈǤƬdz ƨƴȈƬǻ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǽǀđ
."ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ȄǴǟ DŽǯǂƬƬLJ
Siekmann, "Netherlands State practice for the parliamentary year )
.(1989-1990", pp. 237-238
ƨºȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ƩǁƾºǏƗ ȃǂºƻƗ ƨȈǧơǂǤƳ ƩȏƢů Ŀȁ
ƢƆºǣȐƥ ÎÖÕÕ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÖ Ŀ ƨȈdzơǂƬºLJȋơ ƧǁƢºƴƬdzơȁ
ƩƢºǷȂǰūƢƥ ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ ƨºLJǁƢŲ Ǻǟ ȆǴƼƬdzơ Ʃǁǂǫ ƢĔƗ ǾȈǧ ǺǴǠƫ
Bergin, “The new Australian policy on recognition of States )
.(only”, p. 150
Spanish Yearbook of International Law, vol. II (1992), (ÎÑÕ)
.p. 152
294
ǹƗ ǞǫơȂdzơȁ .(ÎÑÑ)ƾȇǂǨdzơ ǦǼǐdzơ ơǀǿ ƾȀnjȇ Ń ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƆƢǠƥƢǗ ȆLjƬǰȇ ǾǻƗ Śǣ ǕȁǂnjǷ ǥơǂƬǟơ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǂǷȋơ
.Ǯdzƿ ǞǷ ƆơƾȈǬǠƫ ǂưǯƗ
ƨȈdzƢǠǨdzơ ǵȂȀǨǷ ǹƜǧ ƩƢǷȂǰūƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÓÕ
ơǀºǿ ǹƜºǧ .ǾǼȈƦƫ ȃǂƳ ƢǸǯ ƾȈǠƥ ƾƷ ńƛ ǾƫƢǟơǂǷ ǵDŽǴƫ ǁƢȈǠǷ
Ŀ ǾǬȈƦǘƫ Ŀ ƧƽƾǠƬǷ ȏƆ ƢǰNjƗ ǀƼƬȇ ƢǷ ƧƽƢǟ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǺǷ ǝȂǼdzơ
ǞǓȂǴdz ŅƢǬƬǻȏơ ǞƥƢǘdzơ ȁƗ ǑȂǸǤdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƶǸLjȇ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ
DzȈƦºLJ ȄºǴǟȁ ž(ÎÑÒ)DzǷƢǯ Dzǰnjƥ ƨǸƟƢǫ ƨǷȂǰƷ Ǻǟ ƮȇƾūƢƥ
Ŀ ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ ǵƾºǟ ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ DzǔǨȇ DZƢưŭơ
.Ǿƫơƿ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǹƢƬLjǧƢǼƬǷ ǹƢƬǷȂǰƷ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǜƸǴdzơ
DzǔºǨƫ śƬǷȂǰūơ ǺǷ ƨǷȂǰŞ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ śƥ ǁƢȈƬƻȏơ DZƾƥȁ
ƪLJǂǰƫ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .(ÎÑÓ)ǞǓȂdzơ ǂǬƬLjȇ ƢǸưȇǁ ƮȇǂƬdzơ
ǦǫȂǷ ǺǷ ǪǴǘǼƫ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƥ ȃƾdz ƧǂƬǧ ǀǼǷ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǽǀǿ
ǞºǷ ƢǿƾƷȁ DZȁƾdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơȁ ƩƢǷȂǰūƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǵƾǟ
__________
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ Dzǰnjºdzơ ơǀǿ ńƛ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ǂȇǃȁ ǁƢNjƗ (ÎÑÑ)
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǂǯƿȁ ƨȈǼȈǘLjǴǨdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥ ǹƢǻȂȈdzơ ǥơǂƬǟƢƥ
ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ ƨȈǻƢǻȂȈdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǁǂǬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǷ ǾǻƗ ǞǫơȂdzơ"
ƢƆǧơǂƬǟơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ơǀǿ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǷȁ ƨȈǼȈǘLjǴǨdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥ
ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ƢǼȈdzƛ ƢŮƢƷƗ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ Ȃǿ ƢǼȇƾdz ƢǷ Dzǯȁ .ƢƆǠǗƢǬƬǷ
ȅƗ ǹȉơ ŕºƷ ǀºƼƬȇ Ń ǾǻƗ ƢǿƽƢǨǷ ƢǼǿ ǹȉơ Ȃǿȁ ƨƷǁƢƦdzơ ňƢǻȂȈdzơ
."ǞǗƢǬƬŭơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ǁơǂǫ ƿƢţơ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǷ ǾǻƗ Śǣ ǁơǂǫ
Diario de Sesiones del Senado, Foreign Affairs Committee (1988),
REDI, vol. XLI, No. 1 ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .Third Legislature, No. 136, p. 7)
.((1989), p. 191
ƾºǠƥ ƨºǷȂǰūơ Ŀ ŚȈǤƫ ƢȀȈǧ ƭƾŹ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ ǾǻƗ Śǣ (ÎÑÒ)
ǦºǫȂǷ ǺºǷ Ȑ Ɔ ưºǷ śƦƬȇ ƢǷ ơǀȀǧ žƆƢƦdzƢǣ ǒǧǂdzƢƥ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ DzƥƢǬƫ ƣȐǬǻơ
:ȅơȂǣơǁƢƥ ƢȀȈǧ ƩǂǷ Ŗdzơ ȆLJƢȈLjdzơ ǁơǂǬƬLJȏơ ǵƾǟ ƨdzƢƷ ǺǷ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ
ȁƾººȈȈǧȁƗ ȂºǼȈdz DZơǂºǼŪơ ƢǿƔơǁȁ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƭơƾƷȋơ ǹƛ"
DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÒ-ÏÏ ƧǂƬǨdzơ DZȐºƻ ǹȂȈLjǻȂLJƗ Ŀ (Lino Oviedo)
ȆºǠȈƦǘdzơ ŚLjdzơȁ ȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƤǴǬdz ƨdzȁƢŰ Dzǰnjƫ ǵƢǠdzơ ơǀǿ
.ƨȇǂǰLjǟȁ ƨȈLJƢȈLJ ƨǷǃƗ ƾǠĄƥ Ʃǀţơ ƢǷ ǹƢǟǂLJȁ ƩƢLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨƸºǓơȂdzơȁ ƨȇǁȂǨdzơ ƢȀƬǻơƽƛ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪƥǂǟƗȁ"
ÏÐ ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ȆLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ǵȐǟȍơ ƤƬǰǷ ǺǷ ȆǨƸǏ ǡȐƦƥ ƨǷƢƬdzơȁ
ƩƽƢǟƗȁ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾǴdz ǵǃƢūơ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ Ƕǟƽ ǾȈǧ ƩƾǯƗȁ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ
ƨdzȁƢŰ ȅƗ ƧȂǬƥ ǾȈǧ ƪǻơƽƗ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ Ȃũ ƾȈǯƘƫ
."ȆǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ ȆLjLJƚŭơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ŚȈǤƬdz
Boletín Oficial de las Cortes Generales, Senate, Series I, No. 51 (18 )
REDI, vol. XLIX, No. 2 (1997), ƆƢǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ žSeptember 1996), p. 59
.(p. 92
:ơƾǼdzȂǿ ǾƴĔ ȄǴǟ ƪƥƗƽ ȅǀdzơ ǭȂǴLjdzơ Ȃǿ Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ ơǀǿȁ (ÎÑÓ)
ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ DzºƟơȁƗ ǺǷ ơƾǼdzȂǿ ǹȂǰƫ ƢǷ ơƆǁƽƢǻ ƤƦLjdzơ Ǯdzǀdz"
."ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƩƢǷȂǰūƢƥ ƨǧǂƬǠŭơ
.(ÐÕÏ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Panhuys and others)
295 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
DZƢºů Ŀ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ džǨǼƥ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ǥǂǐƬƫ Ń DZȁƾdzơ ǹƗ Śǣ -ÔÎ
DZƢºưŭơ ǂǯǀdzƢƥ ǁƾŸ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟȁ žƩƢǷȂǰūƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
(ÎÒÏ)ÎÖÕÍ ǵƢºǟ ǺºǷ ƔÅ ơƾƬƥơ ƢƆǷƢǿ ơƆŚȈǤƫ ƾȀNj ȅǀdzơ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ
.(ÎÒÐ)ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǀǼǷ ƩƢǷȂǰūƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƣȂǏ DZȂŢ ƮȈƷ
_________________________________________
/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÎÑ Ŀ ƢƆºǻƢȈƥ Ǯdzǀºǯ śƬºǼƳǁȋơ ƩǁƾºǏƗȁ
ƢºȈǨȈdzȂƦdz ƨȇǁȁǂǔºdzơ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ ʼnƾǬƬdz ƢǿƽơƾǠƬLJơ ǾȈǧ ǺǴǠƫ ÏÍÍÐ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ
.ƨǷǃȋơ ǺǷ ƢȀƳơǂƻȍ
ƩƢǼȈǻƢǸưdzơ ŕƷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǾǼǟ ƪǠǧơƽ ȅǀdzơ ȅƗǂdzơ ǹƢǯ (ÎÒÏ)
Ǻºǟ Ǻȇǂƻƕȁ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƾǓ .ǁ ƨȈǔǫ ǾƫǃǂƥƗ ȅǀdzơ ŅƢƬdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ Ȃǿ
R. v. the Government of Spain and Others ) ļǁƢǣȁƗ ǾȈNjȂǼȈƥ ȂǘLJȂǣȁƗ
ȄºǴǟ ƨºƥƢƳȍơ ƢȀȈǧ ƪǼȈǠƫ Ŗdzơȁ (ex parte Augusto Pinochet Ugarte)
ǂȇƢºǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÎ ƨƻǁƚǷ ƨdzƢLJǁ Ȃǿ ǎǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ .ǽƢǻƽƗ ǺȇƽǁơȂdzơ śdzơƚLjdzơ
(Crown Prosecution Service) ƱƢƬǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨƥƢȈǼdzơ ƨƠȈǿ ńƛ ƨȀƳȂǷ ÎÖÖÖ
:ƮdzȂǼǷȂǰdzơȁ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ Ŀ DZȂǯȂƫȁŐdzơ Ƨǁơƽƛ džȈƟǁ ǺǷ
ǾºȈǴǟ ȄǟƾŭƢƥ ƨdzȐŪơ ƨƦƷƢǏ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƪǧǂƬǟơ Dzǿ -Î"
ŸȆǴȈNj ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ƨdzȁƾdz ƢƆLjȈƟǁ ļǁƢǣȁƗ ǾȈNjȂǼȈƥ ȂǘLJȂǣȁƗ
ŸƆƢLjȈƟǁ Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǟơ ŕǷ Ǯdzǀǯ ǂǷȋơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁ (Ï)"
ƨºdzȐŪơ ƨƦƷƢºǏ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƪǻƢǯ ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ -Ï"
Hansard HC ǂǜǻơ ÎÖÕÍ Ŀ ƢȀǼǟ ƪǴţ) ƨºLJƢȈLjƥ ǵDŽƬǴƫ DZơDŽƫ ȏ
ƧƾºȇƾŪơ ƩƢǷȂǰƸǴdz ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƶǼǷ Ŀ DzưǸƬƫ (Vol. 983 col. 277
ƢƆǗȁǂNj ĿȂƬLjƫ ǹƗ ƨǘȇǂNj ƨȇǁȂƬLJƽ Śǣ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ńȂƬƫ Ŗdzơ
ȄºǴǟ ƨȈǴǠǧ ƧǂǘȈLJ ƾȇƾŪơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ DžǁƢŻ ǹƗ ƢȀǼǷ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ
Ǻºǰȇ Ńȁ .Ȑ Ɔ ºǠǧ ǵƢºǜǼdzơ ǹƢǯǁƗ ƺLJǂƬƫ ǹƗȁ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶȈǴǫƛ ǶǜǠǷ
ȅƗ ȁƗ ƨȇǁȂƬºLJƾdzơ ƨȈǟǂnjºdzơ ȄǴǟ ǶǰƷ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ǶȀǨȇ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
ǁƢǠNjȍơ Ȃǿ ǾdzȂǠǨǷ ǹƢǯȁ .ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨǸǯƢūơ ƩƢǘǴLjǴdz ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈǟǂNj
ƨºȈǼǠŭơ ƩƢǘǴLjºdzơ ǞºǷ DzǷƢǠƬdzơ Ŀ ƨdzȐŪơ ƨƦƷƢǏ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƨƦǣǂƥ
ƶǼºǷ ȁƗ ƨºLJǁƢŲ ȅƗ ƨť Ǻǰƫ Ńȁ .ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ
.DZȁƾdzơ ƔƢLJƙǂƥ DzǬƬLjŭơ ȁƗ ƶȇǂǐdzơ ǥơǂƬǟȐdz
..."
ƨǘǴLjdzơ ńƛ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƨǸǤǘdzƢƥ ƔƢƳ ȅǀdzơ ƣȐǬǻȏơ ǹƛ -Ñ"
ƨƦƷƢºǏ ƨºǷȂǰƷ ƪǧǂƬǟơȁ .ÎÖÔÐ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÎÎ Ŀ ƭƾƷ
Ǻºǟ ƨǼLjdzơ džǨǻ ǺǷ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÏ Ŀ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƨǷȂǰūƢƥ ƨdzȐŪơ
ǺǷ ƧǂǯǀǷ ȄǴǟ ƢƆƥơȂƳ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƧǁƢǨLjdzơ ǺǷ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƧǂǯǀǷ ǪȇǂǗ
."ƣȐǬǻȏơ ǝȂǫȂdz ǪƷȐdzơ ǵȂȈdzơ Ŀ Ƨƽǁơȁ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ
.(Martson, "United Kingdom … 2000", p. 584)
ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ ƩơƽǁȂǴdzơ džǴƴŠ Ȇǘƻ ƣơȂƳ Ŀ (ÎÒÐ)
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƽǁȁ ÎÖÕÍ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÕ Ŀ ƮdzȂǼǷȂǰdzơ ǹȁƚNjȁ
.ƩƢºǷȂǰƸǴdz ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ ƶǼºǷ Ǻǟ Ǧǰǻ ǹƗ Ƣǻǁǂǫ ƾǬdz"
.ǵƢǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ƗƾƦǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ DZȁƾdzƢƥ ǥǂƬǠƫ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨǷȂǰūƢǧ
Ƣđ ǥǂƬǠǷ ƨdzȁƾƥ ǵƢǜǼǴdz ȅǁȂƬLJƽ Śǣ ŚȈǤƫ ƭƾŹ ƢǷƾǼǠǧ"
Ŗdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ Ŀ ǂǜǼƫ ǹƗ ƢȀȈǴǟ śǠƬȇ ȃǂƻȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢǷȂǰƷ ǹƜǧ
ƢȀºƬǴǷƢǠŭ ƨǴǿƚǷ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷȁ ƾȇƾŪơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǞǷ ƢȀǸȈǬƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ
.DžƢLJȋơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƢȀƬǴǷƢǠǷ ǺǰŻ ƾƷ ȅƗ ńƛȁ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨǷȂǰƸǯ
ǵƾºǟ Ŀ DzºưǸƬȇ ƢƆºǨǫȂǷ ǹȁǀƼƬȇ ƢǼƟƢǨǴƷȁ ƢǼƟƢǯǂNj ǺǷ Śưǰdzơȁ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
ƶºǓơȁ DZȂƦǫ ƭƾƷ ƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ Ŀ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀȁ -ÔÍ
ơƽơǂƬºLJƛ ƗƾºƦǷ ǪºƦǗȁ .(ÎÑÖ)ƨǘǴLjdzơ ńȂƫ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ȅǂǰLjǟ ǵƢǜǼdz
ǮȈLjǰŭơ Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ ǾƬǠƦƫơ ƿƛ ƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ Ŀ ơƆǂƻƚǷ ƩƘnjǻ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ
ƨºdzƢƷ Ŀȁ .(ÎÒÍ)ÏÍÍÏ ǵƢºǟ Ȑȇȁŗǧ Ŀ ƩǂƳ Ŗdzơ ƭơƾƷȋơ Ŀ
ƽȁƽǁ ńƛ ǪƷȐdzơ ŚȈǤƬdzơȁ ƢȈǨȈdzȂƥ Ŀ ƨLJƢƟǂdzơ ǁȂǤNj ȃƽƗ ƆơƾȀǟ ƭƾƷƗ
.(ÎÒÎ)ƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷȋ ĿơǂǤŪơ DZƢĐơ Ŀ ƢǸȈLJ ȏ ƨǨǴƬű DzǠǧ
__________
ƨºǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ƨǷȂǰƷ DZȁƗ śƬǼƳǁȋơ Ŀ ȐȇƾȈǧ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƪǻƢǯ (ÎÑÖ)
Ŀ ƨǘǴLjºdzơ ńȂºƫ ȅǀdzơ (Garcia Meza) ƢLjȈǷ ƢȈLJǁƢǣ ƨȇǁȂƫƢƬǯƾƥ ǥǂƬǠƫ
Ó (Džǂºȇƕ DžȂºǼȇȂƥ) Clarín ƨǨȈƸºǏ) ƢȈǨȈdzȂƥ Ŀ ÎÖÕÍ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ
.(Ðȁ Ï Ǎ ÎÖÕÍ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ
:ÏÍÍÏ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÎÏ Ŀ ŅƢƬdzơ ǹƢȈƦdzơ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ƩǁƾǏƗ (ÎÒÍ)
ƨȈǻƢLjºǻȍơ ƢºēƢǷơDŽƬdzơ Ǻǟ ȄǴƼƬƫ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ - ǮȈLjǰŭơ ǹƛ"
ơƽơǂƬLJƛ ƗƾƦŭ ǵǁƢǐdzơ ƢȀǬȈƦǘƫ Ŀ Ȑȇȁŗǧ ƤǠNj ǞǷ ƢȀǼǷƢǔƫ Ǻǟ ȏȁ
ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ ǵƾǟ ȁƗ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ Ǻǟ ǞǼƬŤ - ƾȈƷȂdzơȁ ǪȈǫƾdzơ ǾǷȂȀǨŠ
ǽǀºǿ ǞºǷ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ƔƢǬƥƜƥ ȆǨƬǰƫȁ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƨǷȂǰūƢƥ
ƨǸǜǼǷ ńƛ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƤǴǘƬLJ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .ƨǷȂǰūơ
ǩƢºưȈŭơ Ŀ ƢºȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐºǼŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ DZȁƾdzơ
Ŀ ȆǗơǂǬŻƾºdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǪȈǴǠƫ DzƦǫ ƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ ǹơƾǴƦdz ȆǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ
."Ǯǐdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƽơȂǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ Ǯdzƿȁ Ȑȇȁŗǧ
Revista Mexicana de Política Exterior, Nos. 67-68 (July 2002-)
.(February 2003), pp. 191-192
ơƆǂǜǻ ǾǻƗ ǮȈLjǰŭơ Ǿƫǀţơ ȅǀdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÒÎ)
džȈƟǂºdzơ ȆºƸǼƫ ńƛ ƩƽƗ Ŗdzơ ƢȈǨȈdzȂƥ Ŀ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ƩơǁȂǘƬǴdz
ǹƜºǧ (Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada) ơƽƢºLJȂdz ȅƽ džȈnjǻƢLJ ȂdzƢLjǻȂǣ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƧƽƢȈºLJȁ ȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǵơǂƬƷơ ńƛ Ȃǟƾƫ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ƨǷȂǰƷ
ǞǷ ǵƢƬdzơ ƢĔȁƢǠƫ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ǂǬƫȁ .ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ Ƕǰūơȁ ǵȐLjǴdz ǾǼǟ Řǣ ȏ Ǖǂnjǯ
ƾȈǗȂƫ ǥƾđ (Carlos Diego Mesa) ƢLjȈǷ ȂǤȈȇƽ DžȂdzǁƢǯ džȈƟǂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ
.ƢȈǨȈdzȂƦdz ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ ǪȈǬŢȁ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ
ÎÕ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐºdzơ ŅƢƬdzơ Ȇũǂdzơ ǹƢȈƦdzơ Ŀ ƢȀǨǫȂǷ Ǻǟ ȆǴȈNj ƪǼǴǟƗȁ
ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ƾǠƥ ƶǓȁƗ ȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈǓȂǨŭơ Ǻǟ ÏÍÍÐ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ
ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƨǷȂǰƸǴdz ƪƥǂǟƗ" ƢĔƗ ƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ ƨǬƦǘŭơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ
ƨºȈǸǼƬdzơȁ śƦǠnjdzơ ƨƸǴǐǷ ǾȈǧ Ƣŭ ƔƢǼƦdzơ ǁơȂūơ ƨǴǏơȂŭ ƢǿƽơƾǠƬLJơ DzǷƢǯ Ǻǟ
OAS Permanent Council, OEA/Ser.G., CP/ACTA ) "ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ DzǷƢǰƬdzơȁ
Ŀ ǁƾǐºƫ ȏ DzºȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơȁ .(1387/03, 22 October 2003
Ǻºǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǹƢȈƦdzơ ǺǷ śƦƬȇ ƢǸǯ ǽƾƷȁ ƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷȋ ĿơǂǤŪơ ǩƢǘǼdzơ
ǹƢºȈƦdzơ ƽƽǁ ȅǀdzơ ÏÍÍÐ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÕ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨLJƢƟǂdzơ
:ǾȈǧ ƔƢƳ ȅǀdzơȁ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ
DžȂdzǁƢǯ ƾȈLjdzơ śȈǠƬdz ǾǗƢƦƬǣơ Ǻǟ ƣǂǠȇ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȍơ ǹƛ"
ƢƆLjºȈƟǁ (Carlos Diego de Mesa Gisbert) ƩǂƥDŽǣ ƢLjȈǷ ȅƽ ȂǤȈȇƽ
.ƢȈǨȈdzȂƦdz ƢƆȇǁȂƬLJƽ
... ƢLjȈǷ džȈƟǂdzơ ńƛ ǾȈǻƢȀƬƥ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǵƾǬƬȇ"
ĺȁǁȁȋơ džºǴĐơ ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJƢƥ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǂǯǀȇ ƿƛȁ"
Ŗºdzơ ƨȇȂºLJƘŭơ ƭơƾƷȋơ ǹƘnjƥ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÔ ƨƻǁƚŭơ
ƨºǻȂǠŭơ ʼnƾºǬƫ DzºǏơȂȈLJ ǾǻƜǧ ƢȈǨȈdzȂƥ Ŀ ƨȇǂnjƥ ƢƆƷơȁǁƗ ƪǬǿǃƗ
ƧƽƢȈºLJȁ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ ƩƢLjLJƚŭơ ƾȈǗȂƫ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƢȈǨȈdzȂƦdz ƧƾǟƢLjŭơȁ
DZƢǠǧ ƹƢǼǷ ƨƠȈē ŚLjȈƫ DzƳƗ ǺǷȁ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ ǵơǂƬƷơȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
."ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ǵƾǬƬǴdz
.(Bulletin of the European Union, No. 10 (2003), p. 93)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ȄǴǟ ƩƢǷȂǰūƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǵƾǟ ƨǴưǷƗ ǺǷ ơƆŚƦǯ ơƆƽƾǟ ƧǂǷ Dzǯ Ŀ
ƩȏƢºŞ ƩƢȈǻƢǸưdzơȁ ƩƢǼȈǠƦLjdzơ ǂƻDŽƫȁ .ƶȇǂǐdzơ ǾǴǰNj Ŀ Dzǫȋơ
.(ÎÒÔ)ơȂǣơǁƢǰȈǻȁ (ÎÒÓ)ǹơǂȇƛ ƢƬdzƢƷ ƢȀǼǷȁ :DzȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ Ƨƾȇƾǟ
_________________________________________
ƨǨǐºƥ ǶǜǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ȅȋ ƢȀƦǻƢƳ ǺǷ Ƕǟƽ ȅƗ ƢƆǼǸǓ Ǯdzƿ řǠȇ ǹƗ
ȆºǷǂƫ Śƥơƾƫ ȅƗ ƿƢţơ ȅȂǼƫ ȏ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūƢǧ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .ƨǏƢƻ
."ȁŚƥ ǞǷ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƢēƢǫȐǟ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ńƛ
.(Spanish Yearbook of International Law, vol. II (1992), p. 153)
ǹƘnjºƥ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ǪȈǴǠƫ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǒǠƥ Ʃǀţơ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ
ƩȏƢǐƫȏơ Ǧǫȁȁ ƩơƾǟƢLjŭơ ƾȈǸšȁ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơȁ ƨǫơƾǐǴdz ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǵơǂƥƛ
Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƢǷȁ ȁŚƥ ƩƢǘǴLJ ǞǷ ƩȏƢǐƫȏơ ǺǷ DzȈǴǬƬdzơȁ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ƩơǁƢȇDŽdzơȁ
.(ÏÏÑ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ǵƢºǜǼdzơ ǕȂǬºLJ ƤǬǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƨdzƢūơ ǮǴƫ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǶȀŭơ ǺǷ (ÎÒÓ)
ȄºǴǟ ƪƦƫǂƫ Ŗdzơ DzǯƢnjŭơȁ ǹơǂȇƛ Ŀ ƨȈǷȐLJȍơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƔƢnjǻƛȁ ȅǁȂǗơŐǷȍơ
ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Rousseau) Ƣđ ǥơǂƬǟȏơȁ ƨǷȂǰūơ ŚȈǤƫ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ Ǯdzƿ
ȄºǴǟ DZȁƾdzơ ǞȈŦ ƪǬƥƗ ƨȈƟƾƦŭơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷȁ .(ÕÎÍ-ÕÍÔ Ǎ (ÎÖÔÖ)
ƶȇǂºǏ ǥơǂƬǟƢºƥ ƾȇƾŪơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƢȀǔǠƥ DzƦǫȁ .ǹơǂȇƛ ǞǷ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƢēƢǫȐǟ
ǾȈǴǟ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ .ÎÖÔÖ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj Ò Ŀ ǹƢǣǁơDŽƥ ƨǷȂǰƷ DzȈǰnjƫ ƽǂƴŠ
ǹƽǁȋơȁ ǂºȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦºNj ÎÏ Ŀ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨȈǯơǂƬNjȏơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƽƢŢơ ǂǷƗ
ƪºȇȂǰdzơȁ ƢȈƦȈdzȁ ǩơǂǠdzơȁ ǂƟơDŽŪơȁ ƨȈƦȈǴdzơ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ ƨȇŚǿƢǸŪơȁ džǻȂƫȁ ƢǰȈƴǴƥȁ
ǂºȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÎÐ Ŀ ǺǸȈdzơȁ ƾǼŮơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ ƨȇƽȂǠLjdzơ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ
ƨºȈƥǂǤdzơ DZȁƾºdzơ ǹƜǧ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ ƔƢǼưƬLJƢƥȁ .ǾǼǷ ÎÑ Ŀ śǐdzơȁ
ƨȈºLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƢēƢǫȐǟ ƔƢǬƥƜƥ ƪǨƬǯơ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƫȁ ơƾǼdzȂƥ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ȃǂƻȋơ
ȆǨƸǐºdzơ ǽǂŤƚºǷ Ŀȁ .Ǿƥ ƢƆȈǼǸǓ ƢƆǧơǂƬǟơ DzƯƢŻ ƢŲ ƾȇƾŪơ ňơǂȇȍơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǞǷ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǂƫǁƢǯ džȈƟǂdzơ ǺǴǟƗ ÎÖÔÖ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÎÐ Ŀ ƽȂǬǠŭơ
ƨºǴȈǗ ňơǂȇȍơ ƤǠnjdzơ ƪǫǂǧ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǧȐŬơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ DzǷƘǻ"
ǹȂǰLjºŻ ǺŠ DZƢǐƫơ ȄǴǟ ƢǼǯ Ƨƾŭơ ǽǀǿ DZȐƻȁ .ƪȀƬǻơ ƾǫ ǂȀNjƗ
."ǶȀǠǷ DzǸǠǴdz ǹȁƾǠƬLjǷ ǺŴȁ Ƕǰūơ ƾȈdzƢǬǷ
ƨǨȈƸǏȁ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÎÑ ƺȇǁƢƬƥ International Herald Tribune ƨǨȈƸǏ)
.(ÎÖÔÖ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÎÒ ƺȇǁƢƬƥ Le Monde
/ǕƢƦºNj ÎÐ ȆºǨǧ .ƾȇƾŪơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ƢƆȈǼǸǓ ƢƆǧơǂƬǟơ ƢLjǻǂǧ ƪǧǂƬǟơȁ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƧǁơǃȂdz ǹƢȈƥ Ŀ ƽǁȁ ÎÖÔÖ ǂȇơŐǧ
ƨǷǃȋơ ƩơǁȂǘƫ ƽȂȀǠŭơ ǵƢǸƬǿȏƢƥ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪǠƦƬƫ ƾǬdz"
ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÎÔ Ŀ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơ džȈƟǁ Ǯdzƿ ǺǴǟƗ ƢǸǯȁ .ǹơǂȇƛ Ŀ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ
DzƻƾƬƫ ǹƗ ȏȁ ƢƆǸǰƷ ǁƾǐƫ ǹƗ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨǷȂǰƸǴdz džȈdz ǾǻƜǧ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ
.ǶȀLjǨǻƗ śȈǻơǂȇȍơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǺǷ Dzǜƫ ǹƗ ƤŸȁ Dzǜƫ Ŗdzơ ƭơƾƷȋơ Ŀ
Ŀ DZơȂƷȋơ ǞȈŦ Ŀ ... DzưǸƬƫ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƨLJǁƢŲȁ"
ƢºĔȁƢǠƫ ƨǴǏơȂŭ ƧƾǠƬLjǷ ƢLjǻǂǧȁ .ƩƢǷȂǰūƢƥ ȏ DZȁƾdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
ƢǿŚǨLJ Dzǐƫơ ƾǫȁ .ǺȇƾǴƦǴdz ƨdzƽƢƦƬŭơ ŁƢǐŭơ ǵơǂƬƷơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ǹơǂȇƛ ǞǷ
Ŀ ȅȂºǫ DzǷƗ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ȁƾŹȁ .ǹƢǣǁơDŽƥ ƾȈLjdzƢƥ ǹơǂȀǗ Ŀ
ƨºǧƢǯ Ŀ ǺǷȋơȁ ňƾŭơ ǶǴLjdzơ ƧƽƢǠƬLJơ ńƛ ǞȈƦǘƬdzơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ȆǔǨƫ ǹƗ
."ǹơǂȇƛ ƔƢƳǁƗ
.(ÕÍÕ Ǎ (ÎÖÔÖ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rousseau)
ÎÔ Ŀ ơȂǣơǁƢºǰȈǻ Ŀ ơǃȂǷȂºLJ DZơǂǼŪơ ƨdzƢǬƬLJơ ƣƢǬǟƗ Ŀ (ÎÒÔ)
ǹƘnjºƥ DzǯƢnjºǷ Ƨƾǟ ƩƘnjǻ ƨǘǴLjǴdz ǁơȂưdzơ ŅȂƫȁ ÎÖÔÖ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ
ǾºȈdzȂƫ ƧƾºǷ ƪǷơƽ ƪǫƚǷ džȈƟǂdz DzƳȋơ ŚǐǬdzơ śȈǠƬdzơ ƾǠƦǧ .ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
296
ƨºǷȂǰūƢƥ ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ ńƛ ǝŗȇ DzǠǧ ȅƗ ǁƾǐȇ Ń ƩȏƢƷ Ŀȁ
Ŗdzơ ƨǬȇǂǘǴdz ƢȀƬǓǁƢǠǷ ƩƾƥƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǷȂǰƷ ǹƗ Śǣ ƧƾȇƾŪơ
Ǯºdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .(ÎÒÑ)ƨǘǴLjdzơ ńƛ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǮǴƫ Ƣđ ƪǴǏȁ
ŚȈºǤƬƥ ǥơǂºƬǟȏơȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƩƢǫȐǟ ǁơǂǸƬLJơ śƥ ƧƆ ƽƢǟ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ǶƬȇ
ȅȂºǘǼȇ ȏ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǁơǂǸƬLJơ ǹƗ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ȄǴǟ ƧȂǬdzƢƥ ƩƢǷȂǰūơ
ǵƾºǬƫ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǹƗ ǾȈǧ ǮNj ȏ ƢŲȁ .(ÎÒÒ)ǥơǂƬǟơ ȄǴǟ ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ
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(ǞƥƢƫ (ÎÒÐ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǥơǂƬǟơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ȅƗ Ƶǂǘƫ ȏ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ ƩƢǷȂǰūƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
ȄºǴǟ ƨƦǫƢǠƬŭơ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƩƢǷȂǰūơ ƪƥƗƽ Ǯdzƿ ǥȐşȁ .ƩȏƢūơ
ƢƆºȈũǁ ǺºǴǠǻȁ ơƆǁơǂºǫ ǁƾǐºǻ ǹƗ ƧǁȁǂǓ Ŀ DzưǸƬƫ ƨLJƢȈLJ ǝƢƦƫơ
.ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƨǷȂǰūƢƥ ‘ǥơǂƬǟȏơ‘
Ŗºdzơ Ƶȁǂnjdzơ Ƕǣǁȁ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗ ƢȀǸȀǧ ƔȆLJƗ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǽǀǿȁ"
DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟȁ .ƨǬǧơȂǷ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ ǾǻƘƥ ‘ƢǼǧơǂƬǟơ‘ ǂLjǧ džǰǠdzơ ƾȈǨƫ
ǭƢȀƬǻơ ǹƘnjƥ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǵƢǟ ǪǴǫ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ Ŗdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ Ŀ DZƢưŭơ
Ȃºǿ ‘ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ‘ ǹȐǟƛ ǹƘƥ DZȂǬdzơ ȆǨǰȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ
.ƧƾȇƢŰ ƨȈǴǰNj ƽǂů
ǝƢƦƫơ Ŀ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƾƟơȂǧ ƨť ǹƗ ƢǿƽƢǨǷ ƨƴȈƬǻ ńƛ ƢǼǐǴƻ Ǯdzǀdzȁ"
.ƩƢºǷȂǰūƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǵƾǟ Ŀ ƨǴưǸƬŭơȁ ȃǂƻƗ ǹơƾǴƥ Ƨƾǟ ƨLJƢȈLJ
ƨǘǴLjºdzơ ńȂƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǶǜǼdzơ ǞǷ ƢǼǴǷƢǠƫ ƨǠȈƦǗ ǁǂǬǻ DzǜǼLJ Ƣđ ƧȂLJƛȁ
ƧǁƽƢºǫ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨdzƘLjŭ ƢǼǸȈȈǬƫ ƔȂǓ ȄǴǟ ƨȇǁȂƬLJƽ Śǣ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ
ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷȁ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶȈǴǫƛ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ȄǴǟ
."Ǯdzǀǯ Dzǜƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ
.(Martson, "United Kingdom … 1980", p. 367)
ÎÎ Ŀ ƢºȇŚƦȈdz Ŀ ƭƾºƷ ȅǀºdzơ ƣȐǬǻȐdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƆȐưǷ (ÎÒÑ)
DZȁƽ ǞºǷ ƧƾºȇƾŪơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƨǫȐǟ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƪƷǂǗ ÎÖÕÍ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ
džǷƢºŬơ ǂŤƚºŭơ Ŀ ƨǯǁƢnjºŭƢƥ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ džȈƟǂdz ƶǸLjȇ Ńȁ .ƨưdzƢƯ
ÏÔ Ŀ ȆǷȂºdz Ŀ ƽȂºǬǠŭơ ƢºȈǬȇǂǧƗ ƣǂºǣ DZȁƾdz ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǟƢǸƴǴdz
ƢēƢǫȐǟ ƢȇŚƦȈdz ƪǠǘǫ ƔƢǐǫȍơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷơȁ .ÎÖÕÍ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ
ƾȇƾŪơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ .ƢȇŚƴȈǻȁ ǁơȂǨȇƽ ƩȂǯȁ DZƢǤǼLjdzơ ǞǷ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
ƢȀºǴȈưŤ ȄºǴǟ ƪºǬƥƗ ȃǂºƻƗ DZȁƽ ǥǂǗ ǺǷ ƾȇƾƳ ǥơǂƬǟơ ǝȂǓȂǷ
(ÎÖÕÍ) ǁȂǯǀº ºŭơ ǞººƳǂŭơ Rousseau) Ƣº ºȈǧȁǂǻȂǷ Ŀ Ȇº ºLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
ƢĔƘnjºƥ ǁƾǏƗ Ŗdzơȁ ȐȇȁŗǨƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǴƯƢŲ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ .(ÎÎÑÒ Ǎ
ǂȇơŐǧ /ǕƢƦNj Ñ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƧǁơǃȂdz ȆLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ǵȐǟȍơ ƤƬǰǷ
:ƾǴƦdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƭƾƷ ȅǀdzơ ƣȐǬǻȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ŅƢƬdzơ ǹƢȈƦdzơ ÎÖÖÏ
Ŗºdzơ ƨºȈƥȐǬǻȏơ ƨdzȁƢƄơ Ƨƾnjƥ Ǻȇƾƫ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƛ"
ƨǷȂǰƷ ƾǓ ƪȀƳȁ Ŗdzơȁ Ȑȇȁŗǧ Ŀ ƧŚƻȋơ ƩƢǟƢLjdzơ Ŀ ƪƯƾƷ
.ƨȈƦǠnjdzơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzưŻ ȆǗơǂǬŻƽ Dzǰnjƥ ƨƦƼƬǼǷ
ƨȇǁȂƬºLJƾdzơ ƨǷȂǰƸǴdz ƢēƾǻƢLjǷ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƾǯƚƫȁ"
ƨºȇǁȂȀǸŪơ džȈƟǁ Ƣǿǀţơ Ŗdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ƢƆǷƢƫ ơƆƾȈȇƘƫ ƾȇƚƫȁ ƨȈǴȇȁŗǨdzơ
ƨºdzȁƢƄơ DZƢnjǧȍ (Carlos Andrés Pérez) džȇŚƥ džȇǁƾǻƗ DžȂdzǁƢǯ
."ƨȈƥȐǬǻȏơ
.(Spanish Yearbook of International Law, vol. II (1992), pp. 144-145)
ƹȂȈnjdzơ džǴů Ŀ ƵǂǗ DZơƚLJ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪƥƢƳƗ (ÎÒÒ)
ǹȁƢǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ƧƽƢǟȍ ƢǿƿƢţơ ǞǷDŽŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƣơȂŪơ Ŀ ƔƢƳȁ ƢȀȈǧ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ ƔƢLJǁƛ ǶƬȇ Ń ơƿƛ ȁŚƥ ǞǷ ǵƢǠdzơ
ƢȈǻƢƦºLJƛ ǹƜǧ Ƨƾȇƾǟ ƩƢƦLJƢǼǷ Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ƪǬƦLJ ƢǸǯ"
ǹȁƽ ƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ ǹơƾǴƥ ǞȈŦ ǞǷ ƨȇƽƢǟ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƩƢǫȐǟ ǶȈǬƫ
297 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨǨǏ ƪǻƢǯ ƩƢǻƢȈǯ Dzſ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǹȋ ȁƗ ž(ÎÓÍ)"ƨdzȁƾǴdz
DZȁƾºdzơ ƪǷDŽƬdzơ ȃǂƻƗ ƩƢƦLJƢǼǷ Ŀȁ .(ÎÓÎ)DZƾƳ ǞǓȂǷ ƢȀȈǧ
__________
ȆºLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ DŽǯǂŭƢºƥ ǹƢǻȂȈdzơ ǥơǂƬǟơ ƾǼǟ ƭƾƷ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ (ÎÓÍ)
ƧŐºƬǠǷ ÎÖÕÎ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÓ Ŀ ƨȈǼȈǘLjǴǨdzơ ǂȇǂƸƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ
ƨȈǯơǂƬNjȏơ ƨǷȂǰūơ džȈƟǁ ǹƢǯȁ .řȈǘLjǴǨdzơ ƤǠnjǴdz ƾȈƷȂdzơ DzưǸŭơ ƢǿƢȇƛ
DzƦǫ ǁơǂǬdzơ ơǀǿ ƿƢţơ Ŀ ǾƬȈǻ Ǻǟ ƣǂǟƗ ƾǫ (Papandreou) ȂȇǁƾǻƢƥƢƥ ƾȈLjdzơ
ŅƢƬdzƢƥ ƨȈǻƢǻȂȈdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ Ʃǁǂǫȁ .ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÐ Ŀ ǞȈƥƢLJƗ Ƨƾǟ
ƶƬǧ ȅǀdzơ ƨȈǼȈǘLjǴǨdzơ ǂȇǂƸƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ DZƢǐƫȏơȁ ǵȐǟȍơ ƤƬǰǷ ƨƳǁƽ Ǟǧǁ
ƨǸǜǼŭ ǹȂǰȈLJȁ .ȆLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ DzȈưŤ ƨƦƫǂǷ ńƛ ÎÖÕÎ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj Ŀ ƢǼȈƯƗ Ŀ
DzȈƟơǂºLJƛ ȆȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƽƾǠdz DzƯƢŲ śȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ƨȈǼȈǘLjǴǨdzơ ǂȇǂƸƬdzơ
ƪºǻƢǯȁ .(ƢƆǐºƼNj ÎÏ ǺǷ DzȈưŤ ƽǂů ƢŮ Ǻǰdzȁ ƧǁƢǨLJ ƢŮ ƪLjȈdz Ŗdzơ)
ƪºƸǼǷ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ƧƾȈƷȂdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ȇǿ ǹƢǻȂȈdzơ
ǞºƳǂŭơ Rousseau) ƨȈǼȈǘLjǴǨdzơ ǂȇǂƸƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ ƨȈdzƢǠdzơ ƨƳǁƾdzơ ǽǀđ ơƆDŽǯǂǷ
ňƢƦºLJȍơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ Ǯdzƿ ƾǯƗ ƢǸǯ .(ÐÔÓ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÏ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǸǯ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀđ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǦǫȂǷ ǹƜǧ
ƢºĔƗ Śºǣ ƨºǻƢǻǁ ƨȈƳȂǣƢŻƽ ƩƢǻȐǟƛ ǁƾǐƫ Ń ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǹƛ"
ǂºȇǂƸƬdzơ ƨºǸǜǼǷ Ƣºǻǂǜǻ Ŀ Ƣđ ǞƬǸƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƤǗƢƼŭơ ƨǨǐƥ ƪǧǂƬǟơ
ƨȈǼȈǘLjǴǨdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Dzƻơƽȁ ƨǜƸǴdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ DžǁƢŤ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǼȈǘLjǴǨdzơ
.ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǽǀŮ ƨȈLJƢȈLJ ƨȈǴǿƗȁ Ƨǁơƽȍơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ǾǻȂǰƥ ǾƬǠǻ ǺǰŻ ƢǷ
džȈºƟǁ ńƛ ƢȀºƬưǠƥ ƨdzƢLJǁ Ŀ śƬǼLJ ǀǼǷ ŸǮdzǀƥ ƢǼǸǫ ǦȈǯ"
ƣơȂºƳ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƽǁȁ ƾǫȁ ƨȈǼȈǘLjǴǨdzơ ǂȇǂƸƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ƧǂƟơƾdzơ
ƪǴǫȁ .ƨǸǴǰǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ ǵȂȀǨŭƢƥ DzƟƢLJǂǴdz DZƽƢƦƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǹƢǯ ǂǷȋơ ǹƗ ȅƗ
ƨǫơƾǐºdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdz ƢȀǼǷ ơƆƾȈǯƘƫ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƛ ƨdzƢLJǂdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ
- śƬǼLJ ǀǼǷ ơǀǿ ƭƾƷȁ - řȈǘLjǴǨdzơ ƤǠnjdzơ ǞǷ ƨȇƾȈǴǬƬdzơ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơȁ
ǂȇǂƸƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ǿƥ ǵȂǬƫ ǹƗ śǠƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ȆLJƢLJȋơ ǁȁƾdzƢƥ ƢȀǼǷ ƢƆǟƢǼƬǫơȁ
ĺǂºǠdzơ ǝơǂǐºǴdz ǶºƟơƽȁ DZƽƢºǟȁ ȆǸǴLJ DzƷ ƽƢŸƛ Ŀ ƨȈǼȈǘLjǴǨdzơ
ơƆDŽºǯǂǷ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ Ŀ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǮǴƫ ƤƬǰǷ ȆǘǠƫ ǹƗ Ʃǁǂǫ ȆǴȈƟơǂLJȍơ
ǂºȇǂƸƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƤƬǰǷ ƽǂȇȁ .ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƔÅ ơƾƬƥơ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ Ŀ ƢƆȈũǁ
ǞºȈŦ Ŀ ƨť ǹƜǧ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƜƥ ƨȈǼȈǘLjǴǨdzơ
.ǂȇǂƸƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ǿƥ ǞƬǸƬƫ ȅǀdzơ ƤǗƢƼŭơ ǞƥƢǘƥ ǥơǂƬǟơ DZơȂƷȋơ
ǃƢȀŪƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟơ Ȇǿ Ŗdzơ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨǤȈǐdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƜǧ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ"
ƨȈǔºǬdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ DzǸǠdzơ ƢȈǻƢƦLJȍ ƶȈƬƫ ƨȈǼȈǘLjǴǨdzơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ȆLJƢLJȋơ
ǁơǂǸƬºLJƢƥȁ Ƥºưǯ Ǻǟ ǞƦƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƨǠȈǴǗ Ŀ ƾǬƬǟƗ ƢǸȈǧ ȁƗ
."ƨȈǼȈǘLjǴǨdzơ ƨȈǔǬdzơ
.(Diario de Sesiones del Senado (1988), Third Legislature, No.136, p. 7)
ǾȈǧ ƽǁȁ ƾǫȁ .ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀđ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ ƧǁƢNjȍƢƥ ǁƾŸȁ
ƨǷƢǫƛ Ŀ řȈǘLjǴǨdzơ ƤǠnjdzơ ǪƷ ƾȇƚƫ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƛ"
ǩƢºǬƷȍơ ńƛ ǞǴǘƬƫȁ ƔƢǬƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǬǷ ƢŮȁ ƧƽƢȈLJ Ʃơƿ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ƨdzȁƽ
DzȈƟơǂLJƛ ǪŞ ǺǷơDŽƬǷ ǥơǂƬǟơ ƨť ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƨǘȇǂNj Ǫūơ ơǀŮ ǂǰƦŭơ
."ǺǷƗȁ ǵȐLJ Ŀ NJȈǠdzơ Ŀ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷ ǩȂǬƷȁ ƨdzȁƾǯ
.(Marston, "United Kingdom … 2001", p. 596)
ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ƧǂƫơȂƬǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǞǓȂdzơ ơǀǿ Ƙnjǻ (ÎÓÎ)
ǹơȂȇƢºƫ ƨºǠǗƢǬŠ ȁƗ - ƨȈƦǠnjdzơ śǐdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀŦȁ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ ƨȇȁơǂƸǐdzơ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ
ƨȇȁơǂƸǐºdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ȃƽƗ ƢǷ ơƆŚưǯ ƩȏƢūơ ǽǀǿ ȆǨǧ .ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ
ȄºǴǟ ƨȈºLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǞǘǬƥ Śƻȋơ ơǀǿ ǵƢȈǫȁ Dzƥ ƣǂǤŭơ ƱƢƴƬƷơ ńƛ
ơĿȐLJȂǣȂȇ ǞǷ ƭƾƷ ƢǷ ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟ ȅƽȁ Śǣ DzǸǟ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ ǁƢƦƬǟơ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
ƶȇǂǐºdzơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǵƾǠdz ȃǂƻȋơ ƨưȇƾūơ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǺǷȁ -ÔÏ
ȅǀºdzơȁ ȐºȇȁŗǨdz ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǂȇǃȁ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǹƢȈƦdzơ
ŖȇƢǿ Ŀ ƨǘǴLjǴdz ƨȈdzȂƬŭơ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƨǷȂǰūƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǾȈǧ ǒǧǁ
Jean-Bertrand ) ƾȈƬLjȇǁƗ ƾǻơǂƫǂƥ ǹȂƳ ǪƥƢLjdzơ džȈƟǂdzơ DzȈƷǁ ƾǠƥ
.(ÎÒÕ)(Aristide
ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǵƾǟ DZƢǠǧƗ ƨưȇƾūơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǚƷȐƫȁ -ÔÐ
ǾȈǴǟ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ .ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǸǜǼǷ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƶȇǂǐdzơȁ Ȇũǂdzơ
ÏÍÍÑ Ŀ ǁơǂǬdz (CARICOM) ƨȈƦȇǁƢǰdzơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƿƢţơ ƾǼǟ ǂǷȋơ
džȈƟǂºdzơ DzºȈƷǁ ƾºǠƥ ŖȇƢºŮ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǾȈǧ Ƥƴnjȇ
.(ÎÒÖ)ƾȈƬLjȇǁƗ
ȅƗ ƢȀǼǷ ƽƢǨƬLjȇ ȏ ƧƽƾǠƬǷ ƨǴưǷƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǵƾǬƫȁ -ÔÑ
ǹȋ ƨºǸǴǰǴdz ǪȈǫƾºdzơ ŘǠŭƢƥ ƩƢǷȂǰūƢƥ ȏȁ DZȁƾdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟơ
ƨºǴǷƢǰdzơ ƨǨǐºdzơ" ǾƬȈǸLjƫ ǺǰŻ ƢǷ ǥȂƬLjƫ Ń ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈǰdzơ
_________________________________________
(ǞƥƢƫ (ÎÒÔ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
ǺǷ ƨǷȂǰƷȁ ǍƢƼNjƗ ƨLjŨ ǺǷ ƨǸǤǗ ńƛ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƪdzƕ ƨǟƢLJ ÏÑ ƨǘǴLjǴdz
žƧƾºȇƾŪơ ƨºǷȂǰūƢƥ DZȁƽ Ƨƾǟ ǥơǂƬǟơ Ļ ƢǷ ǹƢǟǂLJȁ .ơƆȂǔǟ ǂnjǟ ƨȈǻƢť
ǂȀnjdzơ džǨǻ ǺǷ ÏÏ Ŀ ơƽƢǼȇǂǣ Ľ ƢǸǼƥ Ƣđ ƪǧǂƬǟơ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÎÕ ȆǨǧ
ȁŚƥȁ ƢȈǨȈdzȂƥȁ ǁȁƽơȂǯƛȁȁ ǾǼǷ ÎÕ Ŀ ƢǰȇǁƢƬLJȂǯȁ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ Ò Ŀ ƢǻƢȈǣȁ
ơǀǯȁ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ǩǂNj DZȁƽȁ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơȁ ǾǼǷ ÎÖ Ŀ ƢȈƦǷȂdzȂǯȁ Ȑȇȁŗǧȁ
ÏÐ Ŀ DžơǁȁƾºǼǿȁ ƢƥȂǯȁ ƾȇȂLjdzơȁ ǭǂŶơƾdzơȁ DzȇǃơŐdzơȁ ǾǼǷ ÏÍ Ŀ ƢȈƥȂȈƯƛ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀƬǠƦƫơ Ŗdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟȁ ƢLjǻǂǨƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ǾǼǷ
ƾºǫ ƨȈLjºǻǂǨdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƗ ǮNj ȏ ǾǻƜǧ ƩƢǷȂǰūƢƥ ȏ DZȁƾdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢƥ
ƽƢºǨȇƛ :ƢȀǼǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǞƟƢǫȁ ǺǷ ƽƢǨƬLjȇ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ .ƨȇǁȂưdzơ ƨǸǤǘdzƢƥ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǡǧ ƪǧǂƬǟơ
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÏÐ Ŀ ơȂǣƢºǻƢǷ ńƛ ơƆŚǨºLJ (Paul Fauré) ǾºȇǁȂǧ DZȂºƥ ƾȈLjdzơ
ƨȈLjºǻǂǨdzơ ƨºǷȂǰūơ ǹƗ (Ɨ) :ǪƥƢLjdzơ Ŀ ǚƷȂdz ǹƛȁ ÎÖÔÖ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ
ǮȈLjºǰŭơ Ŀ ƢLjºǻǂǧ ŚǨLjdz ňƢưdzơ ŚƫǂǰLjdzơ ơȂǣƢǻƢǷ ńƛ ƩƾǧȁƗ ƾǫ ƪǻƢǯ
ǹƿƗ ƨºȈǼȈƫȐdzơ ƢºǰȇǂǷƗ ǶLjǫ ǂȇƾǷ ƤƟƢǻ ǹƗȁ (ƣ) žƨȇƽƢǠdzơ ǁȂǷȋơ ǦȇǂǐƬdz
ǹȂƥ Ŀ ǶȈǬŭơȁ ƨǸǤǘǴdz DzǬǼƬŭơ ŚǨLjdzơ (Eduardo Kuhl) DZȂǯ ȁƽǁơȁƽƛ ƾȈLjǴdz
ƢȀºǼǟ ȄºǴţ Ŗºdzơ džȇǁƢƥ Ŀ ơȂǣơǁƢǰȈǻ ƧǁƢǨLJ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÏÕ Ŀ ǶǴLjƬȇ ǹƗ
śĄǟ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ ÎÕ Ŀ ȅƗ ǞȈƥƢLJƘƥ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ǾǻƗȁ (Ʊ) žƢȀȈǴǟ ǹȂǸƟƢǬdzơ
ơȂǣơǁƢǰȈǼdz ơƆŚǨLJ (Alejandro Serrano Aldera) ơǂȇƾdzƗ ȂǻơŚLJ ȁǁƾǻƢƼȈdzƗ ƾȈLjdzơ
ƩƢȇȏȂdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ǽȐǟƗ ƽƢǨƬLjŭơ ŚLjǨƬdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǃDŽǠȇ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ džȇǁƢƥ Ŀ
Ǻºǟ ȆǓƢǤƬdzơ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȏ ǾǻƜǧ Ȇũǁ ǥơǂƬǟơ DzǸǟ ǁƾǐƫ Ń ƢĔƗ Ƕǣǁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
Ŀ ƧǂºǷ DZȁȋ ȄºǬƬdzơ (Cyrus Vance) džǻƢǧ DžȁǂȇƢLJ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ǹȂǯ
ǂºȇǃȁ ǶȀȈǧ ǺŠ ƾȇƾŪơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ȆǴưǸŠ ÎÖÔÖ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ ÎÍ Ŀ ȂƬȇȂǯ
.ǁȁƽơȂºǯȍ ƾºȇƾŪơ džȈƟǂdzơ ƤȈǐǼƫ ǶȈLJơǂǷ NJǷƢǿ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ
ǞºƳǂŭơ Rousseau ǂǜǻơ) řǸǓ ǥơǂƬǟƢƥ ƢǼǿ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǂǷȋơ ǹƛ DZȂǬdzơ ǺǰŻȁ
.(ÎÍÒÔ-ÎÍÒÓ Ǎ (ÎÖÔÖ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ
James Painter, "Dimisión bajo la lupa", ǂºººǜǻơ (ÎÒÕ)
.BBCMundo.com, 1 March 2004
ÏÍÍÑ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÎÎ ƨƻǁƚŭơ ƨdzƢLJǂdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÒÖ)
ǵƢºǠdzơ śºǷȋơ ńƛ ƨºȀƳȂǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ńƛ ƢǰȇƢǸŪ ǶƟơƾdzơ ƭȂǠƦŭơ ǺǷ
.(A/58/731-S/2004/191)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǺǷ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹȂǰȇȁ ǶǔǴdz Ǟǔƻ ƾǫ ǶȈǴǫȍơ ǹȂǯ ńƛ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
.(ÎÓÑ)Ƕǔdzơ ơǀǿ ƨǓǁƢǠǷ ǃơǂƥƛ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǵƾǟ
ơƆƔDŽºƳ ƣǂƷ ƨdzƢŞ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ Dzǰnjȇ ǂƻƕ ǁȂǜǼǷ ǺǷȁ -ÔÒ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƲƟƢƬǻ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǺǷ ƢƆǷƢǿ ǂƻƕ
ǝơDŽºǻ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟȁ .(ÎÓÒ)Ƣǿǃơǂƥƛ ȆǤƦǼȇ
ǁȁƾƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǵȂǬȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƨưdzƢƯ DZȁƽ řǗơȂŠ ǪƸǴƫ ǁơǂǓƗ
Śnjȇ ƿƛ ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ȆƟƢǔǬdzơ ƽƢȀƬƳȏơ ǑƢǧƗ ƾǫȁ žƨȇƢǤǴdz ǵƢǿ
ǥǂºǗ ǺǷ Ƣđ ǥǂƬǠǷ Śǣ ƣǂƷ ƨdzƢƷ ǹȂǰƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƨdzƢƷ ńƛ
ƩƢƥƢǏȍơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ DzǿƢǠdzơ" ǹƜǧ ƢǿƾȀnjƫ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
DZƢǸǟƗ ȁƗ ƣǂūơ DZƢǸǟƗ ƔơǂƳ ǺǷ ǾǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǪƸǴƫ Ŗdzơ
ƨǷȂǰūơ ǥǂƬǠƫ Ń Ǻȇǀdzơ ȁƗ ǶȀȈǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǁơȂưdzơ
ƾºȀǠdzơ ƨưȇƾƷ ƩȏƢƷ ƪǼȈƦƫ ƾǫȁ .(ÎÓÓ)"ǹȂƥǁƢŰ ǶĔƘƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ
.(ÎÓÔ)ƢȀǴƷȁ ƣǂūơ ƨdzƢŞ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩƢǻȐǟȍ
ƨºǸƟƢǫ ƾǨǼƬLJơ ǾǻƘƥ Ȇǟƾȇ ǹƗ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ ȏȁ -ÔÓ
ƢºǷ ǁơǂºǣ ȄǴǟ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƢȀȈǧ Ƶǂǘƫ ƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ
__________
ǹơȂººƻ džƫȂƫƢºǷ DzƥƗ ňƢƦLJȍơ ƨºȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ DzºưǷ (ÎÓÑ)
/DZȂºǴȇƗ ÎÑ Ŀ ňƢƦºLJȍơ ƣơȂºǼdzơ džºǴů ǵƢºǷƗ (Abel Matutes Juan)
ǁȂºǸȈƬdz ƢȈLjȈǻȁƾǻƛ Ƕǔƥ ơƆƾƥƗ ǥǂƬǠƫ Ń ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ" :ǹƗ ƾǯƗȁ ÎÖÖÖ ŐǸƬƦLJ
Ƕǔºƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ǞǸƬĐơ ȏȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǥǂƬǠƫ Ń ǶȈǴǫƛ Ȇǿȁ ... ƨȈǫǂnjdzơ
(Spanish Yearbook of International Law, vol. VII (1999- "Ǿdz ƢȈLjȈǻȁƾǻƛ
Ƕǔƥ ƪǧǂƬǟơ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ ǹƗ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ƤŸ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ .2000), pp. 84-85)
Rousseau) ÎÖÔÕ ǂȇƢºǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÍ Ŀ ƨȈǫǂnjdzơ ǁȂǸȈƬdz ƢȈLjȈǻȁƾǻƛ
.(ÎÍÕÒ Ǎ (ÎÖÔÕ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ
ƾºǫ ǵȂºȀǨŭơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ƶȈƸǏ ǾǻƜǧ Verhoeven ǽƾǯƗ ƢǸǯ (ÎÓÒ)
ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ơǀǿ ǵơƽ ƢǷ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ Ŀ ƽƽǂƬƫ ƢǷ ƧƽƢǟ DZȁƾdzơ ǹȋ ƆƢƦȇǂǬƫ ȄNjȐƫ
(“Relations internationales de droit privé DZƢƬǬdzơ DZƢǸǟȋ ơƆƾȈǠǐƫ ȁƾƦȇ ƾǫ
en l’absence de reconnaissance d’un État, d’un gouvernement ou d’une
.situation”, p. 21)
ǁȂǯǀº ºŭơ ǞººƳǂŭơ Coussirat-Coustère and Eisemann) (ÎÓÓ)
Ŗºdzơ Ȑºȇȁŗǧ/ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ Aroa Mines (Ltd.) ƨǯǂNj ƨȈǔǫ ÐÎÍ Ǎ
.(ÒÍÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ) ÎÖÍÐ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǸǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƢēȂLJ
ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ Ƨǁơǃȁ ƩǁƾǏƗ ÏÍÍÏ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ ÎÒ Ŀ (ÎÓÔ)
DzȈǷƢƫ ǁȂŶ ƨǯǂƷȁ Ƣǰǻȏ ȅǂLJ ƨǷȂǰƷ śƥ ǵȐLjdzơ ƩƢƯƽƢŰ Ɣƾƥ ǹƘnjƥ ƢƆǻƢȈƥ
:(Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)) ǂȇǂƸƬǴdz ǵȐȇƛ
ƨǯǂƷȁ Ƣǰǻȏ ȅǂLJ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǩƢǨƫƢƥ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƤƷǂƫ"
ȄºǴǟ ƲȇȁǂºǼdzơ ƨºǷȂǰƷ ǺǷ DzȈȀLjƬƥ ǂȇǂƸƬǴdz ǵȐȇƛ DzȈǷƢƫ ǁȂŶ
.Ƣǰǻȏ ȅǂLJ Ŀ ȆǫǂǠdzơ ǝơŗdzơ DzƷ ƨȈǤƥ ƨȈũǁ ƩƢƯƽƢŰ Ŀ ǝȁǂnjdzơ
...
ƢēƾǟƢLjºǷ ǹƢºƥƢȈdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƪǷƾǫ ǵȐLjdzơ ƨȈǴǸǠdz ơƆƾȈȇƘƫȁ"
ƨȈǻƢLjºǻȍơ ƧƾǟƢLjºŭơ DZƢů Ŀ ƢǸȈLJ ȏ ƨȈǫǂnjdzơȁ ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ǪǗƢǼǸǴdz
ƾºǯƚƫȁ .ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ ǮǴƫ ʼnƾǬƫ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ DzǏơȂƬLJȁ .ƨƟǁƢǘdzơ
ʼnƾºǬƫ Ŀ ƢƆǠºLJȁ ǂƻƾºƫ Ǻdz ƢĔƜǧ ǶƟơƽ ǵȐLJ ǂǫƗ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ
."ǪǗƢǼŭơ ǮǴƫ ljƢǠǻƛȁ ŚǸǠƫ Ŀ ƢēƾǟƢLjǷ
.(www.mofa.go.jp)
298
Śưºƫ Ŗºdzơ ƩƢºǻƢȈǰdzƢƥ ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ Ǻºǟ ƢȀǷƢƴƷƜƥ ǁǀūơ
Dzǰnjƫ ƩƢǻƢȈǰdzơ ǮǴƫ ǹƗ ńƛ ƵȂǓȂƥ ƩǁƢNjƗ ȁƗ (ÎÓÏ)DZƢǰNjȍơ
ǵƾºǟ ȃDŽºǠȇ ȃǂƻƗ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀȁ .(ÎÓÐ)ƨǸƟƢǫ ƨdzȁƽ ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ
_________________________________________
(ǞƥƢƫ (ÎÓÎ ƨȈNjƢūơ)
ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Rousseau) ÎÖÕÑ ŐǸǧȂºǻ/ňƢºưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÖ Ŀ
ơƽƢºǼȇǂǣȁ DŽºȈǴƥ ǥơǂƬǟơ ǹƜǧ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟȁ .(ÑÓÐ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÒ)
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÏÑȁ ÎÐ Ŀ ƨȈǼȈǐºdzơ ǹơȂȇƢºƫ ƨºǠǗƢǬŭ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨǨǐƥ ƢȇŚƦȈdzȁ
ƩƢºǫȐǠǴdz ƨȈƦǠnjdzơ śǐdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ Ǟǘǫ Ŀ ƤƦLjƫ ÎÖÕÖ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ) śźǁƢºƬdzơ Ǻȇǀǿ džǨǻ Ŀ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǮǴƫ ǞǷ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
ȄǴǟ ƶǓơȂǧ ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀđ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǦǫȂǷ ƢǷƗ .(ÑÕÑ Ǎ (ÎÖÖÍ)
:DZơƚLJ ȄǴǟ ƢƥơȂƳ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ǹƢŭŐdzơ Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ƪŤ ƢǷ ǁơǂǣ
.ƨǴǬƬLjºǷ ƨºdzȁƽ ǹơȂȇƢƬƥ ǥǂƬǠǻ ȏ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǶǜǠŠ ƧȂLJƛ ƢǼǻƛ"
ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ǺǷ ǶȈǴǫƛ ǹơȂȇƢƫ ǹƘƥ DzƟƢǬdzơ ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǦǫȂŠ ǶǴLjǻȁ
ƨȈǟǂnjdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ Ȇǿ ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƘƥ ǥǂƬǠǻȁ ƨȈƦǠnjdzơ śǐdzơ
ƩƢºǫȐǟ ǹƢǸȈǬƫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ ǹơȂȇƢƫ ǹƗ Śǣ .śǐǴdz ƧƾȈƷȂdzơ
Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ řƦǻ ǹƗ ƽȂǻȁ .ĿƢǬưdzơȁ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ śdzƢĐơ Ŀ ƢǸȈLJ ȏ ƧǃƢƬŲ
ǩǂǘdzƢƥ ƢȀǴƷ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǹơȂȇƢƫ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǹƗ ƾǬƬǠǻȁ .ƨdzƽƢƦƬŭơ ƢǼƬǠǨǼǷ ǾȈǧ Ƣŭ
ǪȈǔºǷ œǻƢºƳ ȄǴǟ řȈǐdzơ ƤǠnjdzơ śƥ ǁơȂūơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƨȈǸǴLjdzơ
ơǀǿ ƢǼƸǓȁƗȁ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ DzƟƢLJȂdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ Ƨƾnjƥ ǑǁƢǠǻȁ .ǹơȂȇƢƫ
."ƨƷƢƬǷ ƨƦLJƢǼǷ Dzǯ Ŀ śȈǼȈǐǴdz ȅƗǂdzơ
.(Marston, "United Kingdom … 2000", p. 538)
ƨdzƢƷ ƪǴǐƷȁ ƨdzȁƾǯ řȈǐdzơ ǹơȂȇƢƫ ǶȈǴǫƜƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǥǂƬǠƫ ȏ ƢLjǻǂǧȁ
ǹƗ ƨȈLjºǻǂǨdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ƾǯƗ śƷ ÎÖÔÕ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÑ Ŀ ƨƦȇǂǣ
ƣƢºǠdzƗ ƨºdzȂǘƥ Ǒơǂǣȋ ƢLjǻǂǧ ńƛ ǹơȂȇƢƫ ǺǷ śȈǓƢȇǁ DZȂƻƽ ƩơŚNjƘƫ
ǂƥȂºƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÏÖ ńƛ ÏÏ ǺºǷ ƢLjǻǂǨƥ ǡǁȂƦLJơǂƬLJ Ŀ ȃȂǬdzơ
ƢƆºǸƟơƽ ƪǔǧǁ ƾǫ ƢLjǻǂǧ ǹƛ" Ȇũǂdzơ ǪǗƢǼdzơ ǥƢǓƗȁ .ƪǔǧǁ ƾǫ ÎÖÔÕ
ƢºȀǧơǂƬǟơ ǹơȂȇƢƫ ƪƦƸLJ ǹƗ ǀǼǷ ǹơȂȇƢƫ ǺǷ ƾǧȁ Dzǰdz DZȂƻƾdzơ ƧŚNjƘƫ ƶǼǷ
."ƨºȇƽǂǨdzơ ǶȀƬǨǐºƥ ȏƛ ǹơȂȇƢƫ řǗơȂŭ DZȂƻƾdzơ ƧŚNjƘƫ ƶǼŤ ȏȁ .śƴȈƦƥ
ǹơȂȇƢºƫ ǶȈǴǫƛ ƽǂǗ ńƛ ǵƢȇƘƥ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ȃȂǬdzơ ƣƢǠdzȋ Ņȁƾdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƾǸǟȁ
ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rousseau) ƨȈƦǠnjdzơ śǐdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ DZȂƦǫ ƧƽƢǟƛȁ řȈǐdzơ
.(ÑÖÑ Ǎ (ÎÖÔÖ)
ǁƢºNjƗ ƨºȈƥǂǤdzơ ƔơǂƸǐdzơ ǶȈǴǫƛ DzƦǬƬLjǷ ǹƘnjƥ ljƢǬǻ DZȐƻ (ÎÓÏ)
ƢºǼǻƗ" ńƛ ƮºdzȂǼǷȂǰdzơȁ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǹȁƚnjdzơ ƤƬǰŭ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǂȇǃȁ
ƨºȇǁȂȀǸŪƢƥ ǥǂƬǠǻ ȏ ƢǸǯ ǶȈǴǫȍơ ȄǴǟ ƧƽƢȈLjdzƢƥ ƨȈƥǂǤŭơ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƾȇƚǻ ȏ
"ȂȇǁƢLjºȈdzȂƦdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƢƆȈƫơƿ ƢȀǼǟ ƪǼǴǟƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ ƨȇȁơǂƸǐdzơ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ
.(Marston, "United Kingdom…1998", p. 478)
ǹȁƚnjºdzơ ƤƬǰŭ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ƤƟƢǻ ƾǯƗ ƢǸǯ ƆȐưǷ (ÎÓÐ)
:ƮdzȂǼǷȂǰdzơȁ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ
ǂǗƢnjºȇȁ ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǺǷ ƔDŽƳ ǹƢnjȈnjdzơ ǹƗ ǥǂƬǠǻ ƢǼǻƛ"
džȈƟǂºdzơ ƤºƼƬǻơ ƾǫȁ .ǹȂȈdzȁƾdzơ ƢǻƙƢǯǂNj ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǦǫȂǷ
ƨºǸǜǼǷ ƪǧǂƬǟơ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ÎÖÖÔ Ŀ (Maskhadov) ǥȁƽƢƼLJƢǷ
."ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƽ ƢĔƘƥ ƢƥǁȁȁƗ Ŀ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơȁ ǺǷȋơ
.(Marston, "United Kingdom…2000", p. 536)
ňƢºǘȇŐdzơ ǦºǫȂŭơ DzºưǸƬȇ ǍŐǫ ǺǷ ŅƢǸnjdzơ ƔDŽŪơ ǍȂǐşȁ
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ Ð ƺȇǁƢºƬƥ ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǂȇǃȂºdz ƨȈǨƸǏ Ƨȁƾǻ DZȐƻ ǺǷ śƦƫ ƢǸǯ
ƨºȇǁȂȀǸŝ ǥǂǠȇ ƢŠ ơƆƾƥƗ ǥǂƬǠǻ Ń ƢǼǻƛ" :ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ ÏÍÍÍ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ
."Ǯdzǀƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ǵDŽƬǠǻ ȏȁ ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ǍŐǫ
.(ÒÐÖ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
299 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ǥơǂƬǟơȁ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨǫȐǠdzơ Ŀ ǥǂǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǥơǂƬǟơ ǭƢǼǿȁ -ÔÕ
ǶƳǂƬȇ ƢǷ Ȃǿȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǞǸƬĐơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǥơǂǗȋơ Śǣ DZȁƾdzơ
Dzƥ .ǥơǂƬǟȏơ Ǯdzƿ džǰǠƫ ǦǫơȂǷȁ ƩƢǧǂǐƬƥ ȁƗ ƨŹǂǏ DZƢǠǧƘƥ
ǶȈºǴǫƛ ǹƘnjƥ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ǞǷ ƢƆǫƢǨƫơ ǵŐƫ ƨdzȁƽ ƨdzƢƷ ƨǧƢǓƛ ǺǰŻ
ȆǨǧ .(ÎÔÎ)DzǿƢǠdzơ ȏƛ ǾȈǧ ǥǂǐƬȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǝȂǓȂŠ ǪǴǠƬƫȁ
ǥơǂƬǟơ ƨť ǹƢǯ (ÎÔÏ)Delagoa (Lourenço Marques) Bay ƨȈǔǫ
ƧƾºƟƢǨdz ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƨºǰǴǸŭơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ řǸǓ ǾǻƗ Śǣ Ȇũǁ
.(ÎÔÐ)ÎÕÎÔ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǵơǂƥƜƥ DZƢǤƫŐdzơ
ƶȇǂǐºdzơȁ Ȇºũǂdzơ ȅƽơǂºǨǻȏơ DzǠǨǴdz ƶǓơȂdzơ DZƢưŭơȁ -ÔÖ
ňȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǪūƢƥ ƢȈƦǷȂdzȂǯ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǥơǂƬǟơ Ŀ ƾƳȂȇ ǥơǂƬǟȐdz
(Los Monjes) džȈŵȂºǷ DžȂdz DzȈƦƻǁƗ ȄǴǟ ȐȇȁŗǨdz ȆźǁƢƬdzơȁ
Ƨǁơǃȁ ƢēƾǯƗ ÎÖÒÏ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÏ ƨƻǁƚǷ ƧǂǯǀŠ
ƧƽȂºǬǠǷ ƾǴƦdzơ ơǀđ ƹȂȈnjdzơ džǴĐ ƨLjǴƳ Ŀ ƢȈƦǷȂdzȂǯ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ
.(ÎÔÑ)ÎÖÔÎ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ Ð Ŀ
Ǻºǟ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ƣđ DZǃƢǼƬƫ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ -ƔƢƥ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ȁƗ ǪƷ
DZǃƢǼƬdzơ
ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ - ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏƢƥ ƾȈǬƬdzơ Ŀ ƧǂƷ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹƗ ƢǸǴưǷ -ÕÍ
ǹƗ Ǯdzǀºǯ ƢǿǁȁƾºǬŠ ǹƜǧ - ǥơǂƬǟȏơȁ ƾǟȂdzơ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ śƦŭơ
ǃȂŸ ȏƗ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ǺǷȁ .(ÎÔÒ)ƨǼȈǠǷ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ȁƗ ǩȂǬƷ Ǻǟ DZǃƢǼƬƫ
ƢºǷ ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟȁ .ƨȈǼȈǠdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ǩȂǬūơ Ǻǟ ȃȂLJ DZǃƢǼƬdzơ
(ÎÔÓ)ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ ŖȈǔǬƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ DzƟƢLjŭơ Ŀ ƾǟȂdzơ ǺǷ ƾǯƘƫ
ȄǴǟ ǁƢǘƻȍơ ƣȂƳȁ ǞǷ DZǃƢǼƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǼȇ ƔȆnjdzơ džǨǻ ǹƜǧ
__________
Kohen. Possession contestée et souveraineté territoriale, (ÎÔÎ)
.p. 327
ǒºǠƥ ǹƘnjƥ DZƢǤƫŐdzơȁ ȄǸǜǠdzơ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ Ŀ Ƕǰūơ (ÎÔÏ)
Ȇǫǂnjºdzơ DzƷƢLjdzơ ȄǴǟ Mapootaȁ Tembe ǭȂǴǷ ǎţ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ
Delagoa Bay or Lorenzo) Elephantȁ Inyack ļǂºȇDŽƳ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ ƢȈǬȇǂǧȋ
British and Foreign) ÎÕÔÒ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÏÑ ƹǁƚºŭơ ǁơǂǬdzơ (Marques
.(State Papers, 1874-1875, vol. LXVI, p.554
ƧǁƢºš ǞǼŭ DZƢǤƫŐdzơȁ ȄǸǜǠdzơ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ śƥ ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ (ÎÔÐ)
Ǟºƥơǂdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÕÎÔ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÏÕ ǹƾǼdz) ǪȈǫǂdzơ
.ÐÏÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Kohen ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .ÕÒ Ǎ
Rojas Cabot and Viña Laborde, Al otro lado del Golfo, (ÎÔÑ)
.Colombia refuta a Colombia, pp. 293, et seq
Jacqué (Élément pour une ǥǂººǟ DZƢºưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ (ÎÔÒ)
DZǃƢǼƬdzơ (théorie de l'acte juridique en droit international public, p. 342
ƨȈǟơȂǗ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǍƢƼNjƗ ǺǷ ǎƼNj Ǿƥ ȄǴƼƬȇ ȅǀdzơ DzǠǨdzơ" ǾǻƘƥ
."ȆǐƼNj ǪƷ Ǻǟ
Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. (ÎÔÓ)
.Reports 1974, p. 253; ibid., (New Zealand v. France), p. 457
DzȈƦºLJ ȄǴǟȁ .(ÎÓÕ)ƨưȇƾūơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƨǴưǷƗ Ŀ ǚƷȐȇ
Ŀȁ .(ÎÓÖ)śǠǷ ǭȂǴLJ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǁơǂǫƛ ǶƬȇ ƾǫ DZƢưŭơ
ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǝƢǔƻƛ ǃȂŸ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸǟ DZƙƢLjƬdzơ śǠƬȇ ƨdzƢūơ ǮǴƫ
.(ÎÔÍ)ƨǼȈǠǷ ƩȏƢƷ ǺǷ śƦƬȇ ƢǸǯ Ǖȁǂnjdz
ȄǴǟ ȁƗ DZȁƾdzơ ȁƗ ƩƢǷȂǰūơ ȄǴǟ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǂǐƬǬȇ ȏȁ -ÔÔ
ƤºǴǘǷ ńƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ DzȈŹ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǹƛ Dzƥ .śǠǷ ǞǓȁ
ƩƢǧǂǐºƫȁ ƨŹǂǏ DZƢǸǟƘƥ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ Ŀ ǡƢǐȇ ƢǷ Ȃǿȁ ňȂǻƢǫ
DZǃƢǼƬdzơ ǽǁƢƯƕ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ǾƦnjȇȁ DzȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƢƆǨǫȂǷ ƢƆǼǸǓ ƾȈǨƫ
.ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ ľȂƬLjƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ
__________
ŚƫǂǰLJ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ÏÍÍÐ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÏÏ ƹǁƚŭơ ǹƢȈƦdzơ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÓÕ)
ƨdzƢūơ ǹƘnjƥ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ƧǁơǃȂƥ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơȁ ƨǧƢƸǐǴdz ǵƢǠdzơ ǂȇƾŭơ
:ǹƢǸȈǴLJ ǁDŽƳ Ŀ
ƢƆȈũǁ ƢƆƦǴǗ ƪǷƾǫ ƾǫ ǹƢǸȈǴLJ ǁDŽƳ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǹƘƥ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ǂǬƫ"
ǖȈºƄơ ǁDŽºƳ ȃƾƬǼǷ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơȁ ƨȈdzơǂƬLJȋơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ńƛ
ǖLjºƥ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƨƸǴLjŭơ ƩơȂǬdzơȁ ƨǗǂnjdzơ ƽơǂǧƗ ǂnjǻ ǑǂǤƥ ƝƽƢŮơ
Ʃǁǂºǫ ƨȈdzơǂƬºLJȋơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƗȁ ƾǴƦdzơ Ŀ ǵƢǜǼdzơȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƽƢȈLJ
ƽơǂǧƗȁ ƨǗǂnjdzơ ƽơǂǧƗ ƽƢǨȇƛ ƤǴǘdzơ ơǀŮ ƨƥƢƴƬLJơ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÏÏ Ŀ
ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƧǁƽƢƦǷ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ƾȇƚƫȁ .ȃƾƬǼŭơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǞǷ Ǻȇǂƻƕ
ƢĔƢŭǂƥȁ ǹƢǸȈǴLJ ǁDŽƳ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƤǴǗ ńƛ ƧƾǼƬLjŭơ ȃƾƬǼŭơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ
ǹƢǸȈǴºLJ ǁDŽƳ Ŀ ǵƢǜǼdzơȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƽƢȈLJ ƧƽƢǠƬLJơ ƪǷơƽ ƢǷ řǗȂdzơ
."ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ǁơǂǬƬLJȏơȁ ǵȐLjǴdz ǶȀǷ
.(www.mofa.go.jp)
ơǃȂǼȈƦºLJƛ ƢȇǁȂºLJ ȂǴȈǷǁƢºǯ ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ ȆǴȈNj ǺǷ DZƢưǷ ƨť (ÎÓÖ)
ƨºȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƨǼŪ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ƪǤǴƥƗ :(Carmelo Soria Espinoza)
ƢȇǁȂºLJ ȂǴȈǷǁƢºǯ ƧǂLJƗ ǞǷ ǩƢǨƫơ ńƛ ƪǴǏȂƫ ƾǫ ȆǴȈNj ǹƗ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬū
ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ ƨºǼŪ ȄǴǟ ƧǂLJȋơ ƢȀƬǓǂǟ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ƔƢĔƛ ǶƬȇ ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ơǃȂǼȈƦLJƛ
DzǏȂƬdzơ Ļ ǥơǂǗȋơ śƥ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ ƣƢǬǟƗ ȆǨǧ .ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬū ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ
Ŗºdzơ ȅDŽºǷǂdzơ ŐŪơ Śƥơƾƫ ƧǂLJȋơ ƪǴƦǫ ƾǫȁ .ǥȐƼǴdz ơƆƾƷ Ǟǔȇ ǩƢǨƫơ ńƛ
ǾºȈǧ ǥǂºƬǠƫ ȆǴȈNj ƨǷȂǰƷ ǽǁƾǐƫ řǴǟ ǹȐǟƛ Ŀ ƨǴưǸƬŭơȁ ȆǴȈNj ƢȀƬǓǂǟ
ơǃȂǼȈƦLJƛ ƢȇǁȂLJ ȂǴȈǷǁƢǯ ƾȈLjdzơ DzƬǬǷ Ŀ ƢȀȇǁȂǷƘǷ DZƢǸǟƗ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ
ƢȇǁȂºLJ ȂǴȈǷǁƢºǯ ƾȈLjǴdz ȅǁƢǯǀƫ Ƥǐǻ ƨǷƢǫƛ ǑǂǠƫ ǾLjǨǻ ǹȐǟȍơ Ŀȁ
ǢºǴƦǷ Ǟǧƾºƥ ȆǴȈNj ƩƾȀǠƫȁ .ȂǣƢȈƬǻƢLJ Ŀ ǾƫǂLJƗ ǽƽƾŢ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ơǃȂǼȈƦLJƛ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ʃơǁȏȁƽ ǺǷ ǁȏȁƽ ǦdzƗ ƨƟƢǷ džŨȁ ǹȂȈǴǷ ǽǁƾǫ ǝȂǘǬǷ
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƨƦŮơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǾǠǧƽ ǶƬȇ ƨǴƟƢǠǴdz ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ
ƩƢLJƢǸƬdzơ ƨȈǴȈnjdzơ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǶǯƢƄơ ǵƢǷƗ ȆǴȈNj ƨǷȂǰƷ ǵƾǬƬLJȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz
ȂǴȈǷǁƢºǯ ƾȈLjdzơ DzƬǫ Ŀ ǕǁȂƫ ǺǷ Dzǯ ƨdzƔƢLjŭ ƨǟȂǧǂŭơ ƨȈƟƢǼŪơ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƶƬǨdz
Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on ) ơǃȂǼȈƦºLJƛ ƢȇǁȂLJ
Human Rights 2003, report No. 19/03, case 11.725 (Chile)
.((OEA/Ser.L/V/II..118, Doc. 5 rev.2)
ÏÍÍÏ ǵƢºǟ Ŀ DzȈƟơǂºLJȍ ƨȇƽȂǠLjdzơ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ƾǟȁ (ÎÔÍ)
ƣƢƸLjǻȏƢƥ ƢƆǗȁǂnjǷ ơƆƾǟȁ ǹƢǯ DzȈƟơǂLJƛ ǞǷ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǞȈƦǘƫȁ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢƥ
ƾºƦǟ Ǻºƥ ƅơ ƾƦǟ ŚǷȋơ ǺǴǟƗ ƾǫȁ .ƨǴƬƄơ ȆǓơǁȋơ ǺǷ DzȈƟơǂLJȍ ȆǴǠǨdzơ
ơƿƛ DzȈƟơǂLJƛ ƨdzȁƾƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǾȈǧ ƢŠ ƩƢǫȐǠǴdz ƢƆǷƢƫ ƢƆǠȈƦǘƫ ǑǂǠȇ ǾǻƗ DŽȇDŽǠdzơ
DžƾǬdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ ƨǴƬƄơ ȆǓơǁȋơ ǞȈŦ ǺǷ Ȑ Ɔ ǷƢǯ ƢƆƥƢƸLjǻơ DzȈƟơǂLJƛ ƪƦƸLjǻơ
.ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩơǁơǂǬdz ƢƆǬǧȁ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƨȈǨȈǼǐºƫ ƨdzȁƢŰ ȅƗ ǺǷ ƔơǂƯ ǂưǯƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ǞǫơȂdzơ ǹƗ Śǣ -ÕÏ
ȄǴƴƬȇ ƢǸǯ Ǯdzƿȁ DzǫƢǼdzơ DZǃƢǼƬdzơȁ DzǫƢǼdzơ Śǣ DZǃƢǼƬdzơ śƥ DŽȈȈǸƬǴdz
śLjƷ ǮǴŭơ ǺǴǟƗ ÎÖÕÕ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÐÎ ȆǨǧ :ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ Ŀ
ƨǨǔdzơȁ ǹƽǁȋơ śƥ ňȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ȅǁơƽȍơ ǕƢƦƫǁȏơ Ǯǧ ǹƽǁȋơ ǮǴǷ
ǹƢǟƿȍơ Ŀ ǾƬƦǣǁ ƧƽƢȈLjdzơ ȁƿ ȆſƢŮơ ǮǴŭơ ƾǯƗ Ǯdzǀƥȁ .ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ
ƤǠnjǴdz ƾȈƷȂdzơ Ȇǟǂnjdzơ DzưǸŭơ ƨȈǼȈǘLjǴǨdzơ ǂȇǂƸƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƨƦǣǂdz
ǹƗ Ŀ ƨƦǣǁ ǺǷ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ƔƢºLJƙǁ ǾǼǟ ƣǂǟƗ Ƣŭȁ řȈǘLjǴǨdzơ
Ò ÕÔÕ) ƨººȈƥǂǤdzơ ƨºǨǔºdzơ ƢǷƗ .ƢȀƬȇȂǿ śǘºLjǴǨdz ǹȂǰƫ
ƪǻƢǰǧ (ƽơƾǠƬdzơ Ŀ ƨǸLjǻ ǦdzƗ ÖÍÍȁ ƨƷƢLjŭơ Ŀ ǞƥǂǷ ǂƬǷȂǴȈǯ
ƢŮȐƬƷơ ŕƷȁ ÎÖÒÍ ǵƢǟ ǀǼǷ ƨȈſƢŮơ ƨȈǻƽǁȋơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ
ǹƽǁȋơ ǹƗ ƢºǼǿ ǂǷȋơ ƨǬȈǬƷȁ .ÎÖÓÔ ǵƢǟ Ŀ DzȈƟơǂLJƛ ƾȇ ȄǴǟ
ƤºǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƨǴƬŰ ƢĔȂǯ ǞǫơȂdzơ ǶǰŞ ƢȀǰǴŻ ȏ ǑơǁƗ Ǻǟ DZǃƢǼƫ
ǹƢǰºLjºdzơ DZƢºǼȇ ǹƗ ǥƾºđ DZǃƢǼƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ļ ƾǫȁ .ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ
ƨººǷƢǫƛ Ŀ ǶȀǬƷ ƨºȈƥǂǤdzơ ƨºǨǔdzơ Ŀ ǹȂǸȈǬŭơ ǹȂȈǼȈǘLjǴǨdzơ
.(ÎÕÎ)ƢǷ ƢƆǷȂȇ ǶŮ ƨdzȁƽ
ƢȀȈǧ DzǐǨdzơ Ļ ƢȇƢǔǬdz ŕNj ƨǴưǷƗ śưƷƢƦdzơ ǒǠƥ ǑǂǠȇȁ -ÕÐ
DZǃƢǼƫ ƢȀȈǧ ǑǂƬǨȇ Ń ƢȇƢǔǫ Ȇǿȁ ƔƢǔǬdzơȁ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ
_________________________________________
Ó ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƩơǂǯǀǷ DZƽƢƦƫ ƾǠƥ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ
ǭȂǯ ǁDŽƳ ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ Dzǰnjƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǻƢƳǂŭơ ǁDŽŪơ (ǿ) žÎÖÐÖ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ
ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽºƳ Dzǰºnjƫ Ŗdzơ ƭȐưdzơ ƨºȈǻƢƳǂŭơ ǁDŽºŪơ (ȁ) ž(Cook Islands)
Rousseau) ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ńƛ ȆºǸƬǼƫ Ŗdzơȁ (Tokelau) ȁȐȈǯȂƫ ǁDŽƳ ƨǟȂǸů
ƨǸƬƫ Ǿdz ǹȐǟȍơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ǞǫơȂdzơȁ .(ÎÎÍÎ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÍ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ
ȄǴǟ ÎÖÕÐ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÏ Ŀ ȆǰȇǂǷȋơ ƹȂȈnjdzơ džǴů ƨǬǧơȂŠ Ǯdzƿȁ
ÏÒ ȄǴǟ ƧƽƢȈLjdzƢƥ Ǿdz ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ƾǴƦdzơ ơǀǿ ƢȀƦƳȂŠ DZǃƢǼƫ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǞƥǁƗ
Ŀ DzưǸƬƫ ƨdzȂƦǬǷ ƨǬȈǬƷ Ǯdzǀƥ ơƆƾǯƚǷ ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơ ƣȂǼƳ ǁDŽƳ ǺǷ ƧǂȇDŽƳ
Ŀȁ ƢƆºƥȂƬǰǷ Ȑ Ɔ ǰNj ƢǿƿƢţơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȈdzƢƷ ƪƳǁƽ ƾǫ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƩȏǃƢǼƬdzơ ǹƗ
.ǾƫƾƳȁƗ ȅǀdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǞǫơȂǴdz ǩƽƢǐdzơ śǬȈdzơ Ǯdzǀƥ ƨǨǴű ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƧǁȂǏ
Ǻǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ȆǴţ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ ǞǷ ƨǷŐŭơ ńȁȋơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭƢǧ
ÎÍ ǑǂǠdzơ ǖƻ ŅƢſ ǞǬƫ ƧǂȇDŽƳ Ȇǿȁ ȁȐȈǯȂƫ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢēƢƦdzƢǘǷ
ƧƾǿƢǠŭơȁ .(Swains Islands) ŗȇȂºLJ ǁDŽƳ ȄǴǟ ƢēƽƢȈºLJ ƾȈǯƘƫ ǞǷ Ǻǰdzȁ
ǞǬƫ Ŗdzơ ǭȂǯ ǁDŽƳȁ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ơȂǷƢLJ ǶȈǴǫƛ śƥ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƽȁƾūơ śǠƫ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ
ǁDŽƳ ǞƥǁƗ Ǻǟ ȆǴƼƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơȁ .ºÎÓÒ DZȂǘdzơ ǖƻ ƣǂǣ
.džȈºǴȇƛ ǁDŽºƳ ǶLJƢƥ ǥǂǠƫȁ ȆƴȈǧ ǁDŽƳ ŅƢſ ǞǬƫ ȂdzƢǧȂƫ DzȈƦƻǁƗ ǺǷ
ļƢƦȇŚǰdz ƧǂȇDŽƳ ÎÑ Ǻǟ ȆǴƼƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƬǧ ƧŚƻȋơȁ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ƢǷƗ
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ƩŐǴȈǣ ǁDŽƳ ǶºLJƢƥ ǥǂǠƫ ƪǻƢǯȁ ȂdzƢǧȂƫ ŅƢſ ǞǬƫ Ŗdzơ
.(ÏÐÑ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÑ)
ƨǨǔºdzơ ǹƘnjºƥ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ Ǻǟ ȆǴƼƬdzơ ƤǫơȂǟ ǺǷ (ÎÕÎ)
ÎÖÕÕ džǘLjºǣƗ/ƣƕ ÎÓȁ Ö śºƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƆƢȈũǁ ǹƽǁȋơ ǵƢǫ ǹƗ ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ
Ǒǁȋơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ śǴǷƢǠdzơ ǺǷ řȈǘLjǴǧ ǦǛȂǷ ÏÎ ÍÍÍ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ƶȇǂLjƬƥ
ǹƽǁȋơ ǶȀǠǷ ƾǫƢǠƫ řȈǘLjǴǧ ǦǛȂǷ Ò ÏÍÍ ǶȀǼȈƥ ǺǷ DzȈƟơǂLJƛ ƢȀǴƬŢ Ŗdzơ
ơȂǻƢºǯ śȈǼȈǘLjǴǧ ÎÓ ÎÍÒ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧ ÎÖÓÔ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ǂȀNj DzƦǫ
.ȆǷȂºǰƷ ǦºǛȂǷ ǞºǓȁ ȄǴǟ ơȂǴǐŹ Ńȁ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ŕƷ ǹȂǴǸǠȇ
ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸů ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ ƨǨǔdzơ ƩƾǸƬǟơ ÎÖÕÕ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ ÏÍ Ŀȁ
śȈǻƽǁƗ ȏ śȈǼȈǘLjǴǧ śǼǗơȂǷ ǶǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƢĔƢǰLjdz ƾȇƾŪơ ǞǓȂdzơ ƾȇƾƸƬdz
ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Rousseau) ǹƽǁȋơ ŖǨǓ śƥ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ Ǯdzǀƥ ƨȇȂLjǷ
.(ÎÑÏ-ÎÑÎ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÖ)
300
ŚƦºǠƬdzơ ǂǿƢǜǷ ǺǷ ǂȀǜŭơ ơǀǿ ƢȀLjŻ ƾǫ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ Dzǫȋơ
ǾǨȇǂǠƫ ǃȂŸ DZǃƢǼƬdzơ ǹƜǧ ƆƢȇƽơǂǨǻơ ƢƆȈǻȂǻƢǫ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǡǧ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥȁ .Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ
Ǻºǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǍƢƼNjƗ ǺǷ ǎƼNj Ǿƥ ȄǴƼƬȇ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ŚƦǠƫ" ǾǻƘƥ
ǽǀºǿ ǹƗ ǞǷȁ .(ÎÔÔ)"ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ Ƨƽơǁȍ Dzƻƾƫ ǹȁƽ ȆǐƼNj ǪƷ
śưƷƢƦdzơ ƾƷƘƥ ơƾƷ ȅǀdzơ ǂǷȋơ ƭȁƾūơ ƧǁƽƢǻ ƢĔƜǧ ƨǼǰŲ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ƾǟơȂǫ ǺǷ ƲƬǼƬLjȇ ƢǷ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ Ǯdzƿ ŚLjǨƫ ǹƘƥ DZȂǬdzơ ńƛ
ƩȏƢºƷ ƽȂºƳȁ ƽǂů ńƛ ƾǼƬLjȇ ƢŲ ǂưǯƗ ȃǂƻȋơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
.(ÎÔÕ)ƨȇƽǂǨdzơ ƢȀǐƟƢǐƻ ƢȀǼǷ ǎǴƼƬLjƫ Ƨƾȇƾǟ DZǃƢǼƫ
DzºưǸƬƫȁ DZǃƢǼƬdzƢƥ DzǐƬƫ ƨȈŷƗ Ʃơƿ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǭƢǼǿȁ -ÕÎ
ȄºǴǟ ǂǐºƬǬȇ ȅǀdzơ) DzǫƢǼdzơ Śǣ DZǃƢǼƬdzơ śƥ ȆȀǬǨdzơ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ Ŀ
DzºǬǻ ȄºǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ ȅǀdzơ) DzǫƢǼdzơ DZǃƢǼƬdzơȁ (ƢǷ ǪƷ Ǻǟ ȆǴƼƬdzơ
Ȑ
Ɔ ºǬǻȁ .(Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǍƢƼNjƗ ǺǷ ƢǷ ǎƼNj ńƛ Ǫūơ Ǯdzƿ
ǂǐƬǬƫ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ DzǸǠdzơ Ȃǿ DzǫƢǼdzơ Śǣ DZǃƢǼƬdzơ ǹƜǧ Suy Ǻǟ
ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǕơǂƬNjơ ǹȁƽ ƢǷ ǪƷ Ǻǟ ȆǴƼƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾƦƳȂŠ
ǹƗ ȁƗ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ǍƢƼNjƗ ǺǷ ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj ŁƢǐdz ȆǴƼƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ
ƨdzƢūơ ǺǷ ǒȈǬǼdzơ ȄǴǟȁ .Ǫūơ Ǯdzƿ ŚǐŠ ƨdzǃƢǼƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ DzǤnjǼƫ
ơƆƾºȈǬǠƫ ǂºưǯƗ ƨºȈǴǸǟ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ DzǫƢǼdzơ DZǃƢǼƬdzơ ǹƜǧ ńȁȋơ
DzǬǻ ƢƆǔȇƗ DzǸnjƫ ƢŶƛȁ ƢǷ ǪƷ Ǻǟ ȆǴƼƬdzơ ƽǂů ȄǴǟ ǂǐƬǬƫ ȏ
ǞƥƢºǘdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ .(ÎÔÖ)ǾǼȈǠƥ ǂƻƕ ǎƼNj ńƛ Ǫūơ Ǯdzƿ
Dzǰƥ ƆƢǫƢǨƫơ Dzǰnjȇ ǞǫơȂdzơ Ŀ Ǿǻȋ ǮNj ǞǓȂǷ DzǠǨǴdz ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ
.(ÎÕÍ)ŘǠǷ ǺǷ ƶǴǘǐŭơ ơǀǿ ǾȈǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ ƢǷ
__________
.ÎÒÓ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Suy (ÎÔÔ)
Degan, "Unilateral act as a source of particular international (ÎÔÕ)
.law, p. 221
.ÎÒÒ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÔÖ)
Ǻºǟ ƢºȈǻƢƬȇǁȂǷ DZǃƢºǼƫ DzȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƨdzƢƷ ȄǴǟ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǺǷ (ÎÕÍ)
ǹƗ Ǯºdzƿ .ÎÖÔÖ džǘLjºǣƗ /ƣƕ Ò Ŀ ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ ƔơǂƸǐdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢēƢƦdzƢǘǷ
ƢȈǻƢƬȇǁȂǷ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ȂȇǁƢLjȈdzȂƥ ƨȀƦƳȁ ƢȈǻƢƬȇǁȂǷ śƥ ǵŐŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ
ȁƗ ƨºȈǸȈǴǫƛ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ƢȀȇƾdz ǹȂǰȇ Ǻdzȁ ƢȀȇƾdz džȈdz ǾǻƗ ƢƆȈũǁ ǺǴǠƫ ƨȈǷȐLJȍơ
ƨǼLjºdzơ ǺǷȋơ džǴĐ ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ) ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ ƔơǂƸǐdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈǸȈǴǫƛ Śǣ
ÎÖÔÖ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗȁ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕȁ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ǪƸǴǷ ǹȂƯȐưdzơȁ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ
ƢºǼǿ ǂºǷȋơ ǹƗ ǞǫơȂdzơȁ .(ÎÎÏ-ÎÎÎ Ǎ DZȁȋơ Ǫǧǂŭơ S/13505 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ
"ƨdzȁƽ" džȈdz ǾȈǧǂǗ ƾƷƗ ǹƗ Ƕǣǁ Ņȁƽ ǩƢǨƫơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼǷ DZǃƢǼƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ
Keesing’s Contemporary Archives, vol. XXV ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻơ) ƨǸǴǰdzơ ŘǠŠ
Ǻǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ DZǃƢºǼƫ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƨȈǏƢƻ ǀƼƬȇ ƢŲȁ .((1979), p. 29917
.ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơ ǁDŽƳ ǺǷ ƧǂȇDŽƳ ÏÒ ȆǓơǁƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƧƽƢȈLjdzƢƥ ƢēƢƦdzƢǘǷ
ǹƗ ÎÖÕÍ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÏÍ Ŀ ƆƢȈũǁ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ƪǼǴǟƗ ƾǬǧ
ƨºȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƧƽƢȈLjdzƢƥ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ʼnƾǬƫ Ǻǟ ƨdzǃƢǼƬǷ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
:Ȇǿ ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơ ƣȂǼƳȁ ǖºLJȁ ǁDŽºƳ ǺǷ ƧǂȇDŽƳ ÏÒ ȆǓơǁƗ ȄǴǟ
ǺºǷ ơƆǁƢƦƬǟơ ļƢƦȇŚǯ ƢȀũơ ƶƦǏƗ Ŗdzơ (Gilbert Islands) ƩŐǴȈǣ ǁDŽƳ (Ɨ)
ƢŮȐǬƬLJơ ƪdzƢǻ Ŗdzơ (Ellice Islands) džȈǴȇƛ ǁDŽƳ (ƣ) žÎÖÔÖ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ
ÎÑ dzơ džǰȈºǼȈǧ ƨºǟȂǸů ǁDŽºƳ (Ʊ) žȂdzƢǧȂƫ ƢȀũơ ƶƦǏƗȁ ÎÖÔÕ ǵƢǟ
Canton and ) ȅŚƥǁƾº ºǻƛȁ ǹȂƬǻƢº
ºǯ Ƣº ºƫǂȇDŽƳ (ƽ) ž(Phoenix Group)
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸǸǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨǁơƽȍơ ƪºŢ ǹƢƬǠǫơȂdzơ (Enderbury Islands
301 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ǽƾºǯƗ ȅƗǁ DZǃƢºǼƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƶȇǂǐdzơ ƣơǂǟȍơ ǕơǂƬNjơȁ -ÕÑ
ÎÖÒÏ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ ÏÔ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǶǰūƢƥ ƆơƾȀnjƬLjǷ ǾǬǨdzơ
Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƢȇƢǟǁ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ Ǻǟ
DzºǠŪ ǹƢȈǨǰȇ ȏ ǁơǂǫȍơ ȁƗ ƩȂǰLjdzơ ǹƜǧ ƢǼǿȁ .(ÎÕÕ)ƣǂǤŭơ
.ǹƘnjºdzơ ơǀºǿ Ŀ ƆƢǬȈǓ ƆơŚLjǨƫ ǑǂǨȇ ƢǷ Ȃǿȁ ƆơǀǧƢǻ DZǃƢǼƬdzơ
ǹƢºǯ ơƿƛ ȏƛ Ǿƥ ƾƬǠȇ ȏ řǸǔdzơ DZǃƢǼƬdzơ ǹƜǧ DZƢƷ ȅƗ ȄǴǟȁ
Dzºǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ǂȀǜŭơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǂǧơȂƬȇ DZƢǠǧƗ ȄǴǟ ƆƢƦƫǂƬǷ
.(ÎÕÖ)ƨȈǠǘǬdzơ ǞƥƢǗ
ǒǠƦdz ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸȈǧ ǭȂǰnjdzơ ǒǠƥ ǭƢǼǿ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ -ÕÒ
ƢǷ ơƿƛȁ ƢǷ ǑơǁƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŠ ƨǴǏ ƩƢǓơǂƬǧȏơ
ǮǴƫ ǺǷ Śưǰdzơ Ŀ ƨƦǴǤdzơ ǞƥƢǗ ƨȈǨǔǷ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ǀƻƚƫ ƪǻƢǯ
ŖȈǔǫ Ŀ ȄǴƴƬȇ ƢǷ Ȃǿȁ ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ƧǃƢȈūơ ǵȂȀǨǷ ȄǴǟ ƩȏƢūơ
.(ÎÖÎ)ǁƢȈȀȈǧ Ƣȇǂƥ ƾƦǠǷȁ (ÎÖÍ)DžƢŭƢƥ ƧǂȇDŽƳ
__________
Rights of Nationals of the United States of America in (ÎÕÕ)
ǁƢNjƗ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .Morocco, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1952, p. 176
ŁƢǐdz ƨǟȂǓȂǷ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǺǷ ƧƾǟƢǫ Ǻǟ DZǃƢǼƬdzơ" ǹƗ ńƛ Bentz.
("Le silence comme manifestation de "ǾºǓơǂƬǧơ ǃȂŸ ȏ Ņȁƾdzơ ǞǸƬĐơ
ƾºƷƗ ƾºǯƗ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ .volonté en droit international public", p. 75)
ǹƗ ǺºǰŲ DZǃƢºǼƬdzơ ǹƗ (ÐÑÏ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ) Jacqué DzưǷ śưƷƢƦdzơ
Ŗdzơ ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸů Ǻǟ Ǯdzǀǯ ȁƗ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƶȇǂǏ ŚƦǠƫ Ǻǟ ǁƾǐȇ
Ń ȅƗǂºdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƨȈǠǘǫ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƔȆnjdzơ džǨǻ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ DZƾƬLjȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ
.ƢȀȈǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ ǾǻƗ ƪƦƯ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƥȂǠǐǴdz ơƆǂǜǻ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǸȈǧ ŚƦǯ ƾȈȇƘƬƥ ǚŹ
džǰȈºƳ ƽȐºƥȁ ƢȈǴǠdzơ ȅȂǧƢLJ Ŀ Ƨǂūơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ƨºȈǔǫ Ŀ (ÎÕÖ)
ǵƢºǷƗ ƧǁȂºǜǼŭơ (Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District of Gex)
/ǹƢLjºȈǻ ÏÓ Ŀ ƧƽȂǬǠŭơ ƨȈǼǴǠdzơ ƨLjǴŪơ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ DZƾǠǴdz ƨǸƟơƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ
DZǃƢºǼƬdzƢƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ" ǾǻƗ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ DzưŲ ƾǯƗ ÎÖÐÏ DzȇǂƥƗ
Ȇºǯ Ǿǻȋ ƢǷ ǪƷ Ǻǟ DZǃƢǼƬdzơ ǑơǂƬǧơ ƗƾƦŭơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ǃȂŸ ȏ řǸǔdzơ
"ƢºȀȈǧ džƦºdz ȏ DZƢºǠǧƘƥ ƽƢȀnjƬLJȏơ śǠƬȇ DZǃƢǼƬdzơ ƧǂǰǨƥ ǶȈǴLjƬdzơ ŘLjƬȇ
ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Kiss ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .(P.C.I.J., Series C, No. 58, p. 587)
.(ÓÑÑ Ǎ DZȁȋơ ƾǴĐơ
(ǽȐºǟƗ ÎÕÑ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) Island of Palmas, UNRIAA (ÎÖÍ)
.ÕÏÖ Ǎ
Ŀ ǁƽƢǐºdzơ Ƕºǰūơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ Ǖǂnjdzơ ńƛ ǂǜǼdzƢƥ"
ǀǼǷȁ ƨǷǃȏ ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ƧǃƢȈūơ ǹƗ Ȃǿȁ - DžƢŭƢƥ ƧǂȇDŽŝ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ
ǵƾǟ ǹƜǧ - DZȐƬƷȏơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ǪŞ ǙƢǨƬƷȐdz ǂnjǟ ǞLJƢƬdzơ ǹǂǬdzơ
ƾºǫ ƆƢǼǴǟ DžǁƢŤ Ŗdzơ ƨºLjǧƢǼŭơ ƧƽƢȈºLjdzơ DZƢǠǧƗ ȄǴǟ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ
ƨºǷǃȐdzơ ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ƧǃƢȈūơ ƨƳǁƽ ƩȂƦƯ ǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ DzȈdzƾƬǴdz ƢƆȈǧƢǯ ǹȂǰȇ
."ǪūƢƥ ǙƢǨƬƷȐdz
.(MacGibbon, “The scope of acquiescence in international law”, p. 168)
Temple of Preah Vihear, Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports, (ÎÖÎ)
.1962, p. 23
ǩȐºǣƛ ƨȈǔǫ ƢǼǿ ǂǯǀdzƢƥ ǂȇƾŪơ ǺǷȁ .(ÎÕÏ)ƢȀǫȂǬƷ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
Ŗºdzơ (ÎÕÐ)(ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ƾǓ śƬǼƳǁȋơ) Džǂȇƕ DžȂǼȇȂƥ ƔƢǼȈǷ
Ŀ ȆǴȈNj džȈƟǁ ƢȀȈǧ ƾǯƗ ƨƦdzƢǘŠ ǵƾǬƬdzơ Ŀ śƬǼƳǁȋơ ǪŞ ǪǴǠƬƫ
ǵƾºǟ ǹƗ ÎÕÔÍ džǘLjºǣƗ/ƣƕ Î Ŀ ǁƽƢǏ ȆǸȈǰŢ ǁơǂǫ
DzºƦǷƢǯ ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀȁ .ǾǼǟ ǾȈǴţ řǠȇ ȏ ƢǷ ǪŞ ǥǂǗ ǙƢǨƬƷơ
ƨºǰǴǸŭơ) ÎÖÐÎ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÎÍ Ŀ ƧǁȂǜǼŭơ (Campbell)
ǹȂƫǁƢºǯ ƪǻȂǰdzơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ȆºǓƢǫ ǁǂǫ (DZƢǤƫŐdzơ ƾǓ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
Ǻºǟ ȆǴƼƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ (Count Carton de Wiart) ƩơŚǧ ȅƽ
.(ÎÕÑ)ƨƬƦdzơ ǑǂƬǨǷ Śǣ DZǃƢǼƬdzơ ǹƗ ǹƽƢǠŭơ ƱơǂƼƬLJȏ ǃƢȈƬǷơ ǪƷ
ƾȇȂLjdzơ) "Kronprins Gustaf Adolf" ƨȇƾȇȂLjdzơ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀȁ
ƾǯƗ ÎÖÐÏ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÎÕ Ŀ ƧǁȂǜǼŭơ (ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƾǓ
ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ȁƗ ǪƷ Ǻǟ DZǃƢǼƫ ȅƗ" ǹƗ Eugene Borel ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ȆǓƢǫ
Ń ƢºǷ Ȃǿȁ ƨǠǗƢǫ ƨdzƽƗ ǾȈǴǟ ǵƢǬƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ ƿƛ .ǾǓơǂƬǧơ ǃȂŸ ȏ
ƨǠǫơȁ ǹƘnjƥ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ ȅƗǂdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǯƘƫ ƾǫȁ .(ÎÕÒ)"ƢǼǿ ǪǬƸƬȇ
Ŀ ƧǁȂǜǼŭơ (ƢȈǯǂƫ ƾǓ ƢLjǻǂǧ) (Lotus) džƫȂdz ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ȃǂƻƗ
Ņȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƢȀȈǧ ƩƾǯƗ Ŗdzơ ÎÖÏÔ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ Ô
Ŀȁ .(ÎÕÓ)"ǑǂºƬǨȇ ȏ ǂºǷƗ DZȁƾdzơ DZȐǬƬLJơ ƾȈȈǬƫ" ǹƗ ƨǸƟơƾdzơ
ƢºȀȈǧ ƪƥ Ŗdzơ (Nottebohm) ǵȂƦȈƫȂǻ ƨȈǔǫ ȆǨǧ ƣǂǫƗ ƨǠǫơȁ
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƩǁƾǏƗ ÎÖÒÒ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ Ó ƺȇǁƢƬƥ
:DZǃƢǼƬdzơ Ŀ ƶȇǂǐdzơ ǎǼdzơ ǂǧơȂƫ Ƨǁȁǂǔƥ ȆǔǬȇ ƢƆǸǰƷ
ǝơŗºdz ƨȇȂLjƫ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ ǥƾđ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ Ɣƾƥ ǵƢǷƗ ƨƦǬǟ Dzǰnjȇ ƢǸǸǧ"
ǂLjºǨȇ ǹƗ ... ǶȈºǰƸƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǍƢƻ ǩƢǨƫơ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ ǑǂǤƥ ȁƗ Ņȁƽ
ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨǬǧơȂŭƢƥ ȁƗ DzƦLjdzơ ȁƗ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ǮǴƫ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzƢƥ ƢǷ Ǒǂǟ
Ǟǧƽ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ȆǴƼƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȀȈǧ ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭƢƥ ȁƗ ƢȀȈǧ
ȅƗ DZȂºƦǫ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ǽŚưȇ ǹƗ ǾǬƷ ǺǷ ǹƗ ƢǷ ǥǂǗ ȃǂȇ ƾǫ
ƾǫ DZȂƦǬdzơ ȁƗ ȆǴƼƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǂƻȉơ ǥǂǘdzơ Ƣđ ǵƾǬƬȇ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ
Ǻǟ DZƾŪơ DzƦǬȇ ȏ ƢŠ ȅƽƢƦdzơ ǭȂǴLjdzơ ǶǼȇ ȏ ƢǸưȈƷȁ ƨƷơǂǏ ǾǼǟ ƣǂǟƗ
.(ÎÕÔ)"ȆǴƼƬdzơ ƨƸǏ
__________
.ÐÏÏ-ÐÏÎ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Degan ǂǜǻơ (ÎÕÏ)
British and Foreign State Papers, ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÕÐ)
.1872-1873, vol. LXIII, p. 1173
Ŗºdzơ ƝƽƢºƦŭơ ǺǷ" .ÐÏÎ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Degan ǂǜǻơ (ÎÕÑ)
ƢƆȈǴţ ƢĔȂǰdzȁ .ǑǂƬǨƫ ǹƗ ǖǫ ǃȂŸ ȏ ƩȏǃƢǼƬdzơ ǹƗ ƨǧƢǯ DZȁƾdzơ śǻơȂǫ ƢǿǂǬƫ
DZơȂƷȋơ ǞȈŦ Ŀ ǪȈǓ ƢǿŚºLjǨƫ ǹƜǧ ǞǴǘƫ Ǻǟ ŕƷ ȁƗ ƨǐƻǁ ȁƗ ǪƷ Ǻǟ
DZǃƢºǼƬdzơ ǹƜǧ ƆƢȈǼǸǓ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŲ DZǃƢººǼƬdzơ ǹƘƥ ǁơǂǫȍơ ǞǷ ŕƷȁ ....
DzºǛ Ŀ ǂºƻƕ ŚLjǨƫ ȅȋ Ǟǔţ ȏ Ŗdzơ ǞƟƢǫȂdzơ ǺǷ ȏƛ ƲƬǼƬLjȇ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ ȏ
.(UNRIAA, vol. II (Sales No. 1949.V.1), p. 1156) "ƨºǠǫơȂdzơ ǥȁǂǛ
(ǽȐº ºǟƗ ÎÕÑ ƨȈº ºNjƢūơ) UNRIAA ƢƆǔº ºȇƗ ǂº ºǜǻơ .Ibid. (ÎÕÒ)
.ÎÏÖÖ Ǎ
"Lotus", Judgment No. 9, 1927, P.G.I.J., Series A, No. 10, (ÎÕÓ)
.ÐÏÎ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Degan ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .p. 18
Nottebohm, Second Phase, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1955, (ÎÕÔ)
.ÐÏÏ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Degan ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .pp. 19-20
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƾȈǯƘƫ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ƣđ ȅȂǼƫ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ -ǶȈƳ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ȁƗ ƢǷ ǪƷ
ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ -Î
ǦƸǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǠȇǂLJ Ƨǂǜǻ ǹƜǧ Suy ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢNjƗ ƢǷ ƤLjƷ -ÕÖ
ȄǴǟ ǁƾǐƫ DZȁƾdzơ ǹƗ ƢǿơƽƚǷ ƧƾǯƚǷ ƨƴȈƬǻ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzƢƥ ƨǴȈǨǯ
ȁƗ ƢȀǫȂǬū ƩƢǯƢȀƬǻơ ƾǓ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷȏơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠdzơ ǁǂǰƬǷ ȂŴ
.(ÎÖÒ)ƢĔȁƚnjºƥ DZȂºƦǬǷ Śǣ Ȑ Ɔ ƻƾƫ ƢǿŐƬǠƫ ŚǤdzơ Ƣđ ǵƢǫ DZƢǸǟƗ
ǵƾºǟ Ŀ ƨƦǣǂdzơ Ǻǟ ǹȐǟƛ" ǾǻƘƥ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ Venturini ǥĈǂǠȇȁ
ǺºǷ ƨºdzƢƷ ƨǸȈǫ Ŀ ǺǠǘdzơ ȁƗ ƽƾŰ ƤǴǘǷ ƨȈǟǂnjƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
ȅǀdzơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzƢƥ ƾNjǂƬLjƫ ȄǸǜǠdzơ ƨȈƦǴǣȋơ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ .(ÎÖÓ)"ƩȏƢūơ
ǹƛ ǾȈǧ DZȂǬȇ ȅǀdzơ MacGibbon ǾǠǓȁ
ǵƾǟ ƨƴƬƄơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǺǴǠƫ ƢƆȈũǁ ƢƆǓơǂƬǟơ Dzǰnjȇ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ"
ƢƆȈǼǸºǓ ƢºŮȂƦǫ ǵƾǟȁ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ƢǿƾǓ ǾƳȂŭơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ƨȈǟǂnjƥ ƢȀǧơǂƬǟơ
ƢºȀǷơDŽƬǟơ ǵƾºǟȁ ƢȀƟƢnjǻƜƥ ƽƾē Ŗdzơ ȁƗ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǮǴƫ ƢēƘnjǻƗ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢƸǴdz
.(ÎÖÔ)"ǾǻƢȈƥ ǪƦLJ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀǫȂǬƷ Ǻǟ ȆǴƼƬdzơ
ǾƯƾŹ ƢǷ ǞǷ ƢƆǷƢƫ ƢƆǔǫƢǼƫ ǒǫƢǼƬȇ ơƆǂƯƗ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ƭƾŹȁ -ÖÍ
Ƣđ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǺǰŻ ƨdzƢƷ ƤǼš Ȃǿ ǾǼǷ ǑǂǤdzƢǧ" .(ÎÖÕ)ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ ƽǂš ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ ǽǀđȁ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǁƾǐƫ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǵƢǷƗ
.(ÎÖÖ)"ňȂǻƢǫ ǂƯƗ ȅƗ ǺǷ
ƤLjƷȁ ǽǁơǂǰƫ śǠƬȇ ǾǻƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǺǷ ƶǔƬȇȁ -ÖÎ
ƪºƸũ ơƿƛ ǾºǠƦƬƫ ǹƗ śǠƬȇ ȆƟƢǔǬdzơ ƽƢȀƬƳȏơ ǺǷ ƶǔƬȇ ƢǷ
DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ Ǿdz ƨǸǸƬǷ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ Ǯdzǀƥ ǥȁǂǜdzơ
ƨºǸǰŰ ȃƾºdz ȁƗ (ÏÍÍ)ƨºȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼŭ ǞƥƢƫ ǃƢȀƳ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ
_________________________________________
ǵƾºǠƥ Ƣǿǁơǂǫ ƾȈǯƘƫ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ƩƽȁƢǟ ƾǫȁ"
."ǥƢǼƠƬLJơ ʼnƾǬƫ
.(ÖÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
.ÑÔ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÖÒ)
"The scope and legal effects of the behaviour and (ÎÖÓ)
.unilateral acts of States", p. 433
"Some observations on the part of protest in international (ÎÖÔ)
.law", p. 298
ǒǫƢºǼȇ ƢƆºǷȂȀǨǷ džȈºdz ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǹƗ Charpentier ȃǂȇ (ÎÖÕ)
Ȑ
Ɔ ƟƢºǫ ǦȈǔºȇ ƮºȈƷ DZȂƦǬdzƢºƥ ǁƢǠºNjȍơ ǒǫƢǼȇ ǾǼǰdzȁ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
ǒǧǂºƥ ƢƆºȈũǁ ƢƆºǣȐƥƛ Dzǰnjȇ Ń ƢǷ ơƆǂƯƗ ƭƾŹ ȏ Ǿƫơƿ Ŀ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ"
“Engagements unilatéraux et engagements ."ƢºǷ ƤºǴǘŠ ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ
.(ÐÓÕ Ǎ conventionnels: differences et convergences”
.ÐÑÓ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Degan (ÎÖÖ)
ƱƢƴƬƷơ ƩơǂǯǀǷ ȄǴǟ ŕNj ƨǴưǷƗ Suy ǵƾǬȇ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ (ÏÍÍ)
ńƛ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ʼnƾǬƫ ƾǼǟ ǾǻƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛȁ ǺǷȋơ džǴů ńƛ ƪǴLJǁƌƗ
Ȇºǿȁ) ƢȀȈdzƛ ǾƳȂŭơ ƨȀŪơ ȃƾdz ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂƯȋơ džǨǻ ƢƆƦdzƢǣ ƭƾŹ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ
ǞºƳǂŭơ Suy ǂºǜǻơ ž(ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ Ǯdzƿ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǾƳȂŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ƢǷ ƧƽƢǟ
.ÓÍȁ ÒÖ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ
302
DZǃƢºǼƬdzơ ǹƘƥ ȆǓƢǬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƩǃǂǧƗ ƾǫȁ -ÕÓ
ňȂǻƢºǫ ƗƾƦǷ Ǯdzƿ ǹȋ DZơȂƷȋơ ǺǷ DZƢƷ ȅƘƥ ǾǓơǂƬǧơ ǃȂŸ ȏ
.(ÎÖÏ)ƨǧƢǯ DZȁƾdzơ ǽǂǬƫ
Ƶǂǘƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǹƜǧ ƨǗǂǨŭơ Ƣēǂưǯ ǵƾǟ Ƕǣǁȁ -ÕÔ
ȄǴǟ ƨǬƸƬLjǷ ƾƟơȂǧ DzȈǐŢ Ǻǟ DZǃƢǼƬdzƢƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ
ƨǸƟơƾdzơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƪǴǐǧ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ .ƨǬƥƢLJ ǹȂȇƽ
ȆLJȁǂdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ÎÖÎÏ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÎ Ŀ
ŚȈǤƬƥ ƢȀȈǧ ƶǸLjȇ Ń Ŗdzơ ƢȈǯǂƫȁ ƢȈLJȁǁ śƥ (Russian Indemnity)
ŕǷ ǪƸƬLjŭơ Ǻȇƾdzơ ƾƟơȂǧ DzȈǐŢ Ǻǟ ƢŮǃƢǼƫ Ȃǿȁ ƢȈLJȁǁ ǦǫȂǷ
ȃǂƳ ƢǸǯ ƩȏƢūơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Śưǯ Ŀȁ .(ÎÖÐ)Ǻȇƾdzơ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƽƾLJ
ƾºǟȂdzơ ǹƜºǧ "ƾǟȂdzơ" ǵȂȀǨǷ Ǻǟ Ʈȇƾūơ Ŀ ǽȐǟƗ ǾƸȈǓȂƫ
DzºǠǨdzơ ƨƳǁƾdz ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ƢǼǿȁ .ǾǼǟ DZǃƢǼƬdzơ DZƽƢǠȇ Ǻȇƾdzơ Ƥǘnjƥ
ȅƽơǂºǨǻơ DzºǠǧ ǞǫơȂdzơ Ŀ ǾǻƗ Ȃǿ ǶȀŭƢǧ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ȅƗ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ
.DZƢǠǧȋơ ǽǀǿ DzưǷ Ǻǟ ǶƴǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤǫơȂǠdzơ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ
ǵƾǟ ƢȀǼǷ ǑǂǤdzơ DZǃƢǼƬdzơ ƩȏƢƷ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzƢƷ ǭƢǼǿȁ -ÕÕ
DZǃƢǼƬdzơ DzưǷ) ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƩƾǸǟ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơ DZƢǸǟȋơ ƨǴǏơȂǷ
ǾȈNjȂǼȈƥ DZơǂǼŪơ ǶȈǴLjƫ ǵƾǠƥ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǁơǂǫ ǥƢǼƠƬLJơ Ǻǟ
.(ÎÖÑ)(ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ńƛ
__________
.ÎÓÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Suy ǂǜǻơ (ÎÖÏ)
ƨºǷȂǰūơ śƥ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ Ļ (ÎÖÐ)
ȄǴǟ ƾƟơȂǧ Ǻǟ ƢȈLJȁǁ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZǃƢǼƫ ŅƢǠdzơ ƣƢƦdzơȁ ƨȈLJȁǂdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍơ
ǚºǨŢ ȁƗ ljƢºǬǻ ǹȁƽ ơƆǁơǂǷ ƪǴƦǫ ƢēǁƢǨLJ ǹƛ ƮȈƷ ƢŮ ǪƸƬLjǷ Ǻȇƽ
ƨǴƯƢŲ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǺǷ ȆǬƦƬŭơ ƨǸȈǫ ǹƘƥ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƢēȐLJơǂǷ Ŀ ơƆǁơǂǷ ƩƽƢǧƗȁ
ŕǷ ƨȈLJȁǂdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍơ ƨǷȂǰƸǴdz ǃȂŸ ȏȁ .Ǻȇƾdzơ DzǏƗ ǺǷ ȆǬƦƬŭơ ƨǸȈǬdz
ƢºǿǂȀǛ ǂȇƾºƫ ǹƗ ƢȀǧǂǐƫ ƪŢ ǞǓȁ ȁƗ ƢȀȈdzƛ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ Ǻȇƾdzơ DzǏƗ ƽƾLJ
UNRIAA, vol. XI ) ƢǿŚǨºLJ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƢȀũƢƥ ǾƬLJǁƢŲȁ ǾdzȂƦǫ Ļ ŚLjǨƬdz
.((Sales No. 1961.V.4), p. 446
ǶȈǴLjƫ ǵƾǠƥ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǁơǂǫ ǥƢǼƠƬLJơ Ǻǟ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ DZǃƢǼƫ (ÎÖÑ)
ǝơƿƗ ÏÍÍÍ ǂȇƢºǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÔ Ŀȁ .ƨȈǻƢLjǻƛ ƣƢƦLJȋ ǾȈNjȂǼȈƥ DZơǂǼŪơ
:ŅƢƬdzơ ǹƢȈƦdzơ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƧǁơǃȂƥ ȆLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ǵȐǟȍơ ƤƬǰǷ
ȃǂƻƗ ƧǂǷ ƾǯƚȇ ǹƘƥ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƫ ňƢƦLJȍơ ŚǨLjdzơ ńƛ ƩǁƾǏ"
ȅƗ ʼnƾǬƫ ǵƾǠƥ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ Ǿƫǀţơ ȅǀdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƧǁơǃȂdz
ƨºȈǴƻơƾdzơ Ƨǁơǃȁ Ǿƫǀţơ ȅǀdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ ƾǓ ǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơ ǝơȂǻƗ ǺǷ ǝȂǻ
."ǾȈNjȂǼȈƥ ǁȂƫƢǼȈLjdzơ ǶȈǴLjƫ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǹƘnjƥ ǥƢǘŭơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ
.(Spanish Yearbook of International Law, vol. VII (1999-2000),p. 96)
ǵȐºǟȍơ ƤºƬǰǷ ǁƾºǏƗ ÏÍÍÍ ǂȇƢºǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÓ Ŀȁ
:ƢƆđƢnjǷ ƢƆǻƢȈƥ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƧǁơǃȂƥ ȆLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
ȄǴǟ ƩƢƦLJƢǼŭơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ Ŀ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ Ʃǁǂǯ"
ǁơǂºǫ ǥƢǼƠƬLJơ Ǻǟ ǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰƸǴdz ƪƥƢưdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ ǹƗ
Ǟǔºȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ Ȃǿ ƢŶƛ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ Ƨǁơǃȁ Ǿƫǀţơ Ȇũǁ
ǾȈNjȂǼȈƥ ǁȂƫƢǼȈLjdzơ ǶȈǴLjƫ ƨȈǴǸǠdz ƨũƢƷ ƨȇƢĔ
..."
303 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ƨºȀŪơ ǹȂºǰƫ ƢǷ ƧƽƢǟ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛȁ .(ÏÍÒ)ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ DzƦĉǫ
ƪƦƳȂƬºLJơ Ŗºdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƧƽƾŰ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǾƳȂŭơ
ǺºǰŻ ƩȏƢºƷ ƢȀȈǧ ǾƳơȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǓơǂƬǧȏơ ơƾǟ ƢǸȈǧ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ
ƤºǫơȂǟ ǺǷ ǾǴǸŢ ƢŠ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȐdz ƩƢǯƢȀƬǻơ" ƢĔƘƥ ƢȀǨǏȁ
ƧŚºǘŬơ ƩȏȐºƻȍơ" ȁƗ (ÏÍÓ)"Dzǰǯ Ņȁƾdzơ ǞǸƬĐơ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
.(ÏÍÔ)"ǵƢǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƧǂǷȉơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ȄǔƬǬŠ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzƢƥ
ǵȂºȀǨǷ DZȁƢǼƫ ƨǏǂǧ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰƄ ƪƸȈƫƗ ƾǫȁ -ÖÑ
ǁȁƾǏ ƧǁȁǂǓ ƩƾǯƘǧ (ÏÍÕ)ǭƢũȋơ ƾƟƢǐǷ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ
DzºǠǨdzơ ƣƢLjºƬǯơ ǹȁƽ ƨdzȂǴȈūơ ǑǂǤƥ ƨȇǁȂǧ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ
ơǀºǿ ǁǂǰƬȈLJȁ .ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǾƬǓǁƢǠǷ ȄƻȂƬŭơ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ
ƨȇǁDŽŪơȁ ƨȇŐdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ȄǴǟ ǝơŗdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ŀ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǦǫȂŭơ
.(ÏÍÖ)(ơȂǣơǁƢºǰȈǻ Dzƻƾºƫ ǞǷ :DžơǁȁƾǼǿ/ǁȁƽƢǨǴLjdzơ) ƨȇǂƸƦdzơȁ
__________
ǂºǷȋơ Ǟǫơȁ Ŀ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƛȁ .ÒÏ-ÑÖ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÍÒ)
ǒºǠƥ ǺǷ ƢȀƳƢƬǼƬLJơ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơȁ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ Ǿƥ ǶLjƬȇ Ŗdzơ "ƨȈǼǸǔdzơ" ƨǨǏ
ơǀºǿ Ŀ ǂºǜǻơ .ƢǷ ƢƆƠȈNj ƨƦȇǂǣ ȁƾƦƫ ƾǫ ƨȈǬȈǬƷ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƛ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǮǴƫ
.(ÒÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ƽƾǐdzơ
ǺǷ ƨnjǫƢǼǷ Dzǰdz ƢǼǿ ǑǂǠƬǴdz ƨǸƟȐŭơ ƨǜƸǴdzơ Ȇǿ ǽǀǿ ƪLjȈdz (ÏÍÓ)
ƧƽƢºŭơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂºdzơȁ "ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȇƢǼŪơ" DzǰNj ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ
Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ ƔDŽŪơ ǺǷ ÎÖ ƨŻƾǬdzơ
Ŗdzơ ǑȂǸǤdzơ ƤǻơȂŪ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƢȀƬǤȈǏ ƩŚǤƫ Ľ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƢēƾǟƗ
Ŀ ǽȐǟƗ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǹơȂǼǠdzơ ƽƢǸƬǟơ Ļ ƮȈƷ ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ƪƥƢNj
DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ǻǟ Ǟƥơǂdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǂǜǻơ .ÏÍÍÍ ǵƢǟ ǦȈǏ
(DZȁȋơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÎ ƨȈdzȂƷ) ƽǁȂǧȁǂǯ džǸȈƳ ƾȈLjdzơ ǽƾǟƗ
.ÒÐ-ÑÐ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ƢǸȈLJ ȏ Add.1ȁ A/CN.4/517 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ
ǹȂǻƢººǯ ÎÏ ƹǁƚº ºŭơ ÕÐ/ÒÓ ƨº ºǷƢǠdzơ ƨº
ºȈǠǸŪơ ǁơǂº ºǫ (ÏÍÔ)
ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ ǹơȂǼǟ ƩơǁƢƦǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ǂƐǯǀƫȁ .Ǫǧǂŭơ ÏÍÍÎ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ
.ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǺǷ
ƮºȈƷ Fisheries, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 116 (ÏÍÕ)
Ŀ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǺǰŻ ȏ" ǾǻƘƥ (ÎÐÕȁ ÎÐÎ Ǎ) ƨǸǰƄơ ƪƷǂǏ
ȅƗ ƢƆºǸƟơƽ ƪǔºǧǁ Ŗdzơ ƲȇȁǂǼdzơ Ɣơǃƛ DZƢȈǷƗ ƧǂnjǠdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬƥ DZơȂƷȋơ Dzǯ
ǹƗ ńƛ ƢȀȇƗǁ Ŀ ƾǼƬLjƫ ƨǸǰƄơȁ ... ȆŸȁǂǼdzơ DzƷƢLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǬȈƦǘƬdz ƨdzȁƢŰ
ƨºǠƥƢƬƬǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƢȀȇƾdz ƽȁƾūơ ǖȈǘţ ǵƢǜǻ ƪǬƦǗ ƾǫ ƨȈŸȁǂǼdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ
."ǝơŗdzơ ƔȂnjǻ ŕƷ ÎÕÓÖ ǵƢǟ ǀǼǷ ƨǸƟơƽȁ
Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (el (ÏÍÖ)
Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
:1992, p. 351
DžơǁȁƾǼǿ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ƧǂƟơƽ ŐƬǠƫ"
Ƣºđ ƪºǷƢǫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƽƢȈLjdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǺǷ DzȇȂǗ ƺȇǁƢƫ ƾǠƥ ļƘȇ ȅǀdzơ
ǁǀǠƬȇ ƨƳǁƾƥ Ȑ Ɔ ȇȂǗ ǂƻƘƫ ƾǫ (Meanguera) ơǂȇȂǤǼǷ Ŀ ǁȁƽƢǨǴLjdzơ
ǭȂǴLJ Ǧnjǰȇȁ .DžơǁȁƾǼǿ DzƦĉǫ ǺǷ řǸǓ ǁơǂǫƛ ƽȂƳȁ ǑơǂƬǧơ ƢȀǠǷ
ǥơǂºƬǟơȁ ǶȈǴLjƫ Ǻǟ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ƧǃƢȈūơ ƨȀƳơȂǷ Ŀ DžơǁȁƾǼǿ
.ƨºdzƢƸǴdz řǸǔºdzơ DZȂƦǬdzơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǺǷ ǂƻƕ DzǰNj ȁƗ řǸǓ ǁơǂǫƛȁ
ƨºǸƟƢǫ ƨºǸǰƄơ ƧǂƟơƽ ȄǴǟ DžơǁȁƾǼǿ ƪǓǂǟ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ
ƨºȈǴǠǨdzơ ƧǃƢºȈūơ ǹƢȈƦƫ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƾǸƬǟơ Ŗdzơ ƽơȂŭơ ǺǷ ƨǴƟƢǿȁ ƨdzȂǘǷ
ƪǬǨƻƗ ƢĔƗ ƾȈƥ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǝǃƢǼƬŭơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ DzǷƢǰƥ ǎƬź ƢǸȈǧ DžơǁȁƾǼŮ
."ơǂȇȂǤǼǷ ƧǂȇDŽƳ Ŀ ƢǿƽȂƳȁ ȄǴǟ DzȈdzƽ ȅƗ ʼnƾǬƫ Ŀ ƽơȂŭơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ
.(ÐÓÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÒÔÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ơǀºǿ ńƛ ǂǷȋơ Dzǐȇ ǹƗ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ Śǣ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ (ÏÍÎ)ƨȈdzȁƽ
Ȇǰdz ǂǷȋơ Ǟǫơȁ Ŀȁ .ǽǁƢƯƕ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ƭƾŹ Ȇǯ Ȅǐǫȋơ ƾūơ
śǠƬȇ ƢǸǯ ƆƢŹǂǏ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȇ ƨȈdzƢǠǨƥ ǽǁƢƯƕ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ƭƾŹ
ǁơƾºǏƛ śǠƬȇ DZȂǬdzơ ƨǏȐƻȁ .ǁǂǰƬǷȁ ĺƢŸƛ Dzǰnjƥ ǁƾǐȇ ǹƗ
ǹƢȈƷȋơ ǺǷ Śưǯ Ŀ ƾǸƬǠȇ ƮȈƷ ǾȈǧ džƦdz ȏ Dzǰnjƥ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ
.(ÏÍÏ)ǾƬǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ǵDŽūơȁ ƧȂǬdzơ ȃƾǷ ȄǴǟ ǁƢƯƕ ǺǷ ǾƯƾŹ ƢǷ
ƢºǸȈǧ ƨȈƦǴLJ ơƆǁƢƯƕ ǍƢƻ Dzǰnjƥ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ƭƾƸĄȇ ƾǫȁ -ÖÏ
ǵƽƢºǬƬdzơȁ ƤLjǰŭơ ǵƽƢǬƬdzơ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ƨȈźǁƢƬdzơ ǩȂǬūơ ƧƘnjǼƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ
Ŗºdzơ ƨºȈǼǷDŽdzơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ Ǟǘǫȁ DZȂǠǨŭơ DZƢǘƥƛ ńƛ ȅƽƚȇ ƾǫȁ žǖǬLjŭơ
ǽǁƢºƯƖƥ ȆƟƢĔȁ ƶȈƸǏ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷ ńƛ ƧǃƢȈūơ DZȂƸƬdz ƨȇǁȁǂǓ ŐƬǠƫ
ȅƗ Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƨǬȈǬƷ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdz ǾǻƗ Ȃǿ ǞǫơȂdzơ ǹƛ .ƨǴǷƢǰdzơ
ƭƾºŹ Ȇǯ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ ƩơǂƬǨdzơ ǹƢȇǂLJ ƧƾǷ ǾȈǧ ǺċȈǠĄƫ ǶǰƷ
ǾǼȈƥ ƢǷ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ǾƬǨȈǛȁ ǹƛ .ǽǁƢƯƕ DzǷƢǯ ǾǟȂǻ ǹƢǯ ƢǸȀǷ ǵƽƢǬƬdzơ
ǖƦƫǂºƫ" ȃǂºƻƗ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƩƢLjLJƚŠ ƢȀǼǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ǶƬȇ Venturini
ƨºǸȈǫ ƤLjƬǰȇ ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ƧǃƢȈūƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǵƢǠdzơ ƗƾƦŭƢƥ
.(ÏÍÐ)"ƾƷƗ ǾȈǧ ǝǃƢǼȇ ȏȁ ǥȁǂǠǷȁ ǂǬƬLjǷ Ǟǫơȁ Dzǯ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ
ȅƽơǂºǨǻȏơ DzǠǨdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǾƦLjƬǰȇ ȅǀdzơ ȆLJƢLJȋơ ǑǂǤdzơ ǹƛ -ÖÐ
ƾºǫȁ .ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǁƾǐƫ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ȄǴǟ ƨǜǧƢƄơ Ŀ DzưǸƬȇ
ƨǐºƬƼŭơ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƨȈǘƻ ȁƗ ƨȇȂǨNj ƧǁȂǏ Ŀ ǁƾǐȇ
ƧǁȂǐƥ ƔơȂLJ Ǿƥ ǂƯƘƬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ǿƥ ǢǴƦƫ ƮȈƷ
ǺºǰŻ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ .(ÏÍÑ)ƔƢǘLJȂdzơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ Śǣ ȁƗ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ
ǺºǷ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ƱƢƬǼƬLJơ Suy ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢNjƗ ƢǷ ƤLjƷ ƆƢǔȇƗ
ȁƗ ǺºǷȋơ džºǴů ȄǴǟ ǝơDŽǻ ƵǂǗ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ƨȈǼǸǓ ƨǼȈǠǷ DZƢǠǧƗ
Ǟºǧǁ ȁƗ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ǺǷ ƢǷ ƔơǂƳƛ ǮȇǂŢ ȁƗ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ
ȁƗ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ Ǟǘǫ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǵƢǷƗ ȃȂǟƽ
DzºȈƦǫ ǺºǷ ŚƥơƾºƬdzơ ǒǠƥ ȁƗ ƢǷ ƾǧȁ ǺǸǓ ǶȀǼȈǠƥ ƔƢǔǟƗ ƽǂǗ
ƢºǷ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ǝƢǧƾdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈǷƢǬƬǻȏơ DZƢǸǟȋơȁ ƧƽƢǔŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǺǷ ǝȁǂnjǷ Śǣ ǥǂǐƫ ȄǴǟ ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷơ ƧǁƽƢǏ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǮǴƫ ƪǷơƽ
__________
Cahier, "Le comportement des États comme source de ǂǜǻơ (ÏÍÎ)
Ŀ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǾǬǨdzơ ǂǯǀȇ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ DZƢưǸǯȁ .droits et d'obligations", p. 251
(ǽȐºǟƗ ÎÖÐ ƨȈºNjƢūơ ǂºǜǻơ) UNRIAA) Chamizal ƨȈǔǫ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ
ǹƘºnjºƥ Levi Carneiro ȆǓƢǬdzơ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ ȅƗǂdzơȁ (ÐÍÖ Ǎ
.Minquiers and Ecrehos , Judgment, I.C.J. Reports, 1953, p. 108 ƨdzƘLjǷ
ǺºǷ ƧƽȂnjǼŭơ ǁƢƯȉơ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ƭƾŹ Ǻdz Ǯdzƿ ǶƬȇ Ń ƢǷȁ (ÏÍÏ)
ǹƘƥ ƢƆǸƟƢǫ ǑơǂƬǧȏơ ȄǬƦȇ ȏƆ ȁDŽǠǷ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ" :Ǿǻƛ ƮȈƷ ǾƬǣƢȈǏ
ƔƢȈNjȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȃƾdz ǑơǂƬǟȐdz ƨȈǬȈǬƷ Ƨƽơǁƛ ƢȀȇƾdz džȈdz ƨƴƬƄơ ƨȀŪơ
.(ÔÖ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Suy) "ƢȀƬȈǟǂNj ǵƾǟ ǑǂƬǨŭơ
.ÐÖÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÍÐ)
Ƨǁơǃȁ Ǿºƥ ƪºǷƢǫ ƢºǸȈǧ ǑơǂƬǧȏơ ǺǷ ǝȂǼdzơ ơǀŮ DzưǷ ǭƢǼǿ (ÏÍÑ)
ǹƢºǯ ƢƆǟƢǸƬƳơ ÎÖÖÖ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÐ Ŀ ƪǬǴǟ ƮȈƷ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ
ƢƆºƳƢƴƬƷơ Ǯdzƿȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ȃƾdz ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ DzưŲ ǞǷ ǽƾǬǟ ǁǂǬŭơ ǺǷ
ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ǪŞ ƨȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȈdzơ ǶǯƢƄơ ȃƾƷƛ ǾƬȀƳȁ ȅǀdzơ ǵƢēȏơ ȄǴǟ
.(REDI, vol. LII, No. 1 (2000), p. 105) ȆLjǴǗȋơ DZƢſ ǦǴƷ ƨǸǜǼŭ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Ǟǫơȁ ǂǷƗ Ǒǂǧ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ ȅƗ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ
.(ÏÎÎ)"ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȐdz ƢƆǯƢȀƬǻơ
ǞºȈƥ DZƢǸƬƷơ Ɣơǃƛ śǐdzơ ǺǷ ǾƳȂŭơ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ŐƬǟơ ƢǸǯ -ÖÔ
ȅǀºdzơȁ ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ǹơȂȇƢƫ ƨǠǗƢǬǷ ńƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǺǷ ƨƸǴLJƗ
ƾºNjƗ ÎÖÕÍ ǾºȈǻȂȇ /ǹơǂºȇDŽƷ ÏÎ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǹƢȈƦdzơ Ŀ ƽǁȁ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ǥơǂƬǟơ ǀǼǷ śƴȈƥ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǽǁƾǐƫ ǾǟȂǻ ǺǷ ƱƢƴƬƷơ
ŐǸLjººȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢº ºǯ ÎÒ Ŀ śƴȈº ºƥ ƨº
ºǷȂǰŞ Ƨƾº ºƸƬŭơ
ǺºǷ ƨǴLjºǴLJ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƩǁƾǏ ÎÖÕÏ ǵƢǟ DZȐƼǧ . ÎÖÔÕ (ÏÎÏ)
ǦºǫȂǷ ƤƦLjºƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǽƢš śǐdzơ ǺǷ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷȏơ
ǁơƾǏƜƥ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ƨȇȂLjƬdz ƨdzȁƢŰ ƩǂƳ ƾǫȁ .Ƣēơƿ ƨdzƘLjŭơ Ɣơǃƛ ƧŚƻȋơ
ÎÖÕÏ džǘLjǣƗ /ƣƕ ÎÔ Ŀ śƴȈƥȁ ǺǘǼNjơȁ Ŀ ǭǂƬnjǷ ǹƢȈƥ
ǞºȈƥ ƨLJƢȈLJ ƨǴǏơȂǷ ǵƾǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǵơDŽƬǟơ Ǻǟ ǾȈǧ ǺǴǟƗ
ǞºǷ DzºȇȂǘdzơ ȃƾºŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ǹơȂȇƢƫ ƨǠǗƢǬǷ ńƛ ƨƸǴLJȋơ
ƨºǠƥƢƬƬŭơ ƩƢǠȈƦŭơ ƩǁƢƯƗ ƾǫȁ .ŚƦǯ ƾƷ ńƛ ƩƢǠȈƦŭơ ǽǀǿ ǒȈǨţ
ÏÑ Ŀ ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷơ ƩǁƾǏƗ ƮȈƷ śǐdzơ ǺǷ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷơ
ǾºȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂºȇDŽƷ ÏÍ Ŀȁ .ǁơǂǬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƾǓ ÎÖÕÐ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ
ƾºȇȁDŽƫ ƾºǓ ƢȀƳƢƴƬƷơ ơƆƽƾů ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪǼǴǟƗ ÎÖÕÑ
Ŀȁ .(ÏÎÐ)ƨȈǰȇǂǷƗ ƨȇǂǰLjǟ DzǬǻ ƩơǂƟƢǘƥ ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ǹơȂȇƢƫ ƨǠǗƢǬǷ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ǺǷ ƧƾǟƢLjǷ ʼnƾǬƫ Ǻǟ ǹȐǟƛ ǁƾǏ ÏÍÍÎ ǵƢǟ ƨȇơƾƥ
Ʃƽǁȁ ȅǂǰLjºǠdzơ DZƢĐơ Ŀ ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ǹơȂȇƢƫ ƨǠǗƢǬǷ ńƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
.(ÏÎÑ)ƱƢƴƬƷơ ǁơƾǏƜƥ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ śǐdzơ
ǹơȂȇƢºƫ ƨºǠǗƢǬŠ ǖȈŢ Ŗdzơ ǑȂǸǤdzơ ƨdzƢƷ ƩǁƢƯƗ ƾǫȁ -ÖÕ
ǁƾǐƫ ƧǂǷ Dzǯ Ŀ Ǯdzƿȁ śǐdzơ ǺǷ ƨƦǓƢǣ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷơ ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ
ƨºǠǗƢǬŠ ƢƆŹǂºǏ ƢƆǧơǂƬǟơ ƢƆǼǸǓ řǠƫ ȃǂƻƗ DZȁƽ Ǻǟ DZƢǠǧƗ ƢȀȈǧ
__________
DZȁȋơ ƾºǴĐơ ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Kiss ǾƼLjǼƬLJơ ǎǼdzơ ơǀǿ (ÏÎÎ)
.ÎÓ-ÎÒ Ǎ
ƢºĔƘƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƾȈǯƘƫ Ƕǣǁ ǾǻƗ ǹƢȈƦdzơ Ŀ ƔƢƳ (ÏÎÏ)
ƨºǠǗƢǬǷȁ ƨȇǁƢǬdzơ śǐdzơ śƥ ƣǁƢǬƬdzơ ƨȈǴǸǠƥ DžƢLjŭơ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ƢŠ ǵȂǬƫ Ǻdz
ƨºǠǗƢǬǷ ńƛ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǺǷ ƨǸƼǓ ƩƢȈǸǯ ǹȉơ DzLJǂƫ ƢĔƜǧ ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ǹơȂȇƢƫ
ƔȂLJ ȃȂLJ Dzǰnjȇ ȏ DZƢǠǧȋơȁ DZơȂǫȋơ śƥ ǒǫƢǼƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƛ .ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ǹơȂȇƢƫ
ƨƸǴºLJȋơ ǞºȈƥ Ŀ ƢƆǷƾǫ Ȇǔŭơ ǹƗ ƶǓơȂdzơ ǺǸǧ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǻ
Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭƢƥ ȏƆ Ȑƻƛ Dzǰnjȇ ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ǹơȂȇƢƫ ƨǠǗƢǬǷ ńƛ ƧŚƦǯ ƩƢȈǸǰƥ
ǂǔºȇȁ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ śǐdzơ śƥ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ ǹȐǟƛ
ǺǰŻ ȏ řȈǐdzơ ƤǠnjdzơ ǹƛ .ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ - ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠǴdz ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ǁȂǘƬdzƢƥ
ǞºƳǂŭơ Rousseau) ƨºdzƢūơ ǽǀºǿ Ɣơǃƛ ǺȇƾȈdzơ ǥȂƬǰǷ ǦǬȇ ǹƗ ƢƆǫȐǗƛ
.(ÎÎÖ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÎ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ
ÕÐÖ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÐ) ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Rousseau ǂǜǻơ (ÏÎÐ)
.ÎÏÑ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÒ)ȁ
ńƛ ǞȈƦƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ÏÍÍÎ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÐ Ŀ ǺǘǼNjơȁ ƪǬǧơȁ (ÏÎÑ)
ƩơǂǷƾºǷ) ƨºƥȂǴǘŭơ ƨƸǴºLJȋơ ǺǷ ƧŚƦǯ ƨȈǸǯ ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ǹơȂȇƢƫ ƨǠǗƢǬǷ
- ǑǁƗ ǦƟơǀǫȁ ƨȈǠǧƾǷ Ǟǘǫȁ ǂƬƥȂǰȈǴǿ ƩơǂƟƢǗȁ ƩƢȇǁȁƽ ƩơǂƟƢǗȁ
ƮºȈƷ ƨǬǨǐºdzơ ǽǀǿ ƨȈŷƗ ǺǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƪǴǴǫȁ .(ȂƳ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ǵDŽǴȇ ȅǀdzơ ǹơȂȇƢƫ ǞǷ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ļƘƫ ƢĔƗ ƪǸǟǃ
.(RGDIP, vol. CV (2001), p. 735) ƧǂȇDŽŪơ Ǻǟ ǝƢǧƾdzơ ǹƢǸǔƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
304
ƶȈƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ ȃƾƷƛ Ȇǿ Ƨƾȇƾnjdzơ ƨƴȀǴdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ƢǷ ƧƆ ƽƢǟȁ
ƢƆȈǬǘǼǷ ƢƆǧǂǛ Ǯdzƿ DzưŻȁ žǵƢƫ Dzǰnjƥ ǾƫơŚƯƘƫ ƭơƾƷƛ ƱƢƴƬƷȐdz
ƢǷ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ Ǿǻȋ ơƆǂǜǻ Ƣēơƿ ƔƢȈNjȋơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ǺǷ ǞƦǼȇ ƢǷ DzǰNj Ŀ
ńƛ ƢǷȁ śǠǷ ǞǓȁ ȁƗ ǥǂǐƫ ȁƗ DzǠǧ ƭƾŹ ǹƗ Ȃǿ ǾƦǼš ƽơǂȇ
ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȇ ǾǻƜǧ ƨƴƬƄơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ɣơǃƛ ǽǁƢƯƕ Ǯdzƿ
džƦºdz Ȑƥ ǥǂǠȇ ǹƗ ŚǤǴdz ƶȈƬƫ ƔȐŝ ƨƸǓơȁ ƩơǁƢƦǠƥ ƢƆǣƢǐǷ
ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .ǽƾǓ ƲƬƄơ DzǠǨdzơ Ɣơǃƛ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ Ǿƫǀţơ ȅǀdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ
ȅǀdzơ ǂǷȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬǷ ƩȏƢƷ ƽȂƳȁ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ śƦƫ ƽƾǐdzơ
ơǀǿ ǦȇǂǠƬdz ƩȏȁƢƄơ ǺǷ ƢƆǨǻƕ ƽǁȁ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ Ƨǂǜǻ ƔƢǬdzƛ ȆǟƾƬLjȇ
.ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ DzǠǨdzơ
Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƨǨdzƢű ƩƢǧǂǐƫ ƾǓ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ (Ɨ)
ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǮǴƫ ƶǓȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ ǭƢǼǿ -ÖÒ
ƤLjŞ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ȏƆ ƢǠǧƗ ƢȀǴǯ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟơ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǾǻƗ Ƕǣǁ
DzƦĉǫ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ ǑǂǠƬLjƫ ǥȂLJȁ .ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǦȇǂǠƫ
ǁƾºǫ ƢȀǨȈǼǐºƫ ƨdzȁƢŰ ǞǷ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷơ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟơ ǺǰŻ DZȁƾdzơ
ƾºǓ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ǂǜǼȈLJ DZȁȋơ ǵƢǬŭơ ȆǨǧ .ǹƢǰǷȍơ
ƨºƴƬƄơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǽơǂƫ ƢǷ ƤLjƷ ǮȀƬǼȇ ƢǷ ƨdzȁƾdz ǪƥƢLJ ǥǂǐƫ
Ǯdzǀǯ ȁƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǦdzƢź ȁƗ ƆƢǬƥƢLJ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ƢƆǫƢǨƫơ
.(ÏÎÍ)ƤLJƢǼƬǷ Śǣ ǽǁƢƦƬǟơ ǺǰŻ
ƢLjǻǂǧ ŚǨLJ ǺǷ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ńƛ ƨȀƳȂǷ ƧǂǯǀǷ Ŀȁ -ÖÓ
ƱƢºƴƬƷȏơ ƶºǓȁƗ ÎÖÐÒ DžǁƢºǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÏÎ Ŀ śdzǂƥ Ŀ
ƩơƾºǿƢǠŭơ ŕNj ǞǷ ǒǫƢǼƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǦǫȂŠ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ
:ǾǻƗ ƢȀƸȈǴLjƫ ƧƽƢǟƛ ƾȈǬƫȁ ǞǼŤ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ƩƢȇȂƬLjŭơ ȄǴǟƗ ȄǴǟ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƤƳơȁ ǺǷ"
.ƢƆǷƢƫ ƢƆǜǨŢ ǹȉơ ǺǷ ƢǿƔơǃƛ ǚǨƸƬƫ Ŗdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǽǀǿ ƾǓ ƨȈũǂdzơ
.…"
ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ DzƟƢLJȁ Dzǯ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ Ʃǁǂǫ ƾǫȁ ƢĔƛȁ"
ƢºƥȁǁȁƗ Ŀ ǵȐLjºdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǜǧƢƄơȁ ǪǴǬdzơ ơǀǿ ƾȇƾƦƫ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ Ŗdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ
DzƦǬƫ ȏƗ ȄǴǟ ƺLJơǂdzơ ƢȀǷDŽǟ ƩơƾǿƢǠǸǴdz ƢȀǷơǂƬƷơ ǞǷ ƾȇƾƳ ǺǷ ƾǯƚƫ
__________
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ƨºȇơƾƥ Ŀ ƭƾºƷ Śºƻȋơ ǝȂǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǺǷ (ÏÎÍ)
Ŀ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ śƥ ƽȁƾūơ ƪǬǴǣƌƗ ƢǷƾǼǟ ÏÍÍÐ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ
ƨǼȈǨLjºdzơ ǩǁƢǗ DzƦƳ ńƛ ǾƬǴǬǻ DžȁŚǧ ǺǷ ȃȁƾǠdzơ ƨȈnjƻ ƤƦLjƥ ǩǁƢǗ DzƦƳ
:Ǿǐǻ ǹƢǯ ƆƢȈũǁ ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷơ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ǵƾǫȁ .(Aurora) ơǁȁǁȁƗ
ƨºǷȂǰūơ Ǿºƫǀţơ ȅǀºdzơ ƔơǂƳȍơ Ɣơǃƛ ȆǨLJƗ Ǻǟ ƣǂǟƗ"
ƨȇƢĔ ƨǴǘǟ Ŀ ƩǂƳ ƾǬdz .ƤLJƢǼƬǷ Śǣ Dzǰnjƥȁ ǁŐǷ ǹȁƽ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ
ǁơǂºǬdzơ ǹƛ ƮȈƷ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǞǷ ƨȈǴǠǧ ƩƢnjǫƢǼǷ ǝȂƦLJȋơ
ƩơǃơȂºƳ ƤƸLjƥ ƨǼȈǨLjdzơ DzȈǤnjƫ ńȂƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơ Ǿƫǀţơ ȅǀdzơ
ǶƟȐǷ ǹƢǸǓ Ȃǿ ǩǁƢǗ DzƦƳ ƞǗƢNj ńƛ ǹȂȀƳȂƬȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǮƠdzȁƗ ǂǨLJ
ƨºƦǫơǂŭơ ƨǘǬǻ Őǟ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ńƛ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǡǧ ǶȀǼǷ ȅƗ ǁȁǂǷ ǵƾǟ DzǨǰȇ ƢƆǷƢŤ
."ƢǼǷ ƤȈƷǂƫ DzŰ džȈdzȁ Ǿdz Ȇǟơƽ ȏ ƔơǂƳȍơ ǹƜǧ ơǀdz .ƽȁƾūơ ȄǴǟ
.(www.nationalarchives.gov.uk)
305 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
Ŀ ňƢºǤǧȋơ ƤǠnjdzơ ƨƦǣǁ ǞǷ ǪLjƬȇ ȏ ȂºȀǧ .ǪºƷȏ ƪǫȁ ȅƗ Ŀ ȏȁ
ƨǟƢƴºNj ƨºǷȁƢǬǷ ǺºǷ ǾȇƾƦȇ ƢŲ ƶǔƬȇ ƢǷ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ řǗȂdzơ DZȐǬƬLJȏơ
.(ÏÎÖ)ƨǬǘǼŭơ DZȁƽ ǺǷƗ ǞºǷ ȏȁ
ȆǴȈƟơǂLJȍơ ǹƢŭŐdzơ Ǫǧơȁ ÎÖÕÍ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÐÍ Ŀȁ -ÎÍÏ
ƨǸǏƢǟ ƢȀǼǴǟƗȁ DžƾǬdzơ ƾȈƷȂƫ ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǺǴǟƌƗ ȆLJƢLJƗ ǹȂǻƢǫ ȄǴǟ
ǁƢºƯƗ ƾǫȁ .ƢȀȈdzƛ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩƢLjLJƚŭơ DzǬǼƥ ǂǷƗȁ DzȈƟơǂLJȍ ƨȇƾƥƗ
ƪǼǴǟƗ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ :ƧƽƢǔŭơ DzǠǨdzơ ƽȁƽǁ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠdzơ Ǯdzƿ
Ǯdzƿ ǺLJ ǹƗ ÎÖÕÍ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÐÎ Ŀ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ
Ŀȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ Ʃơǁơǂǫȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǞǷ ǒǫƢǼƬȇ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƢǷ Ɣơǃƛ ƢȀƟƢȈƬLJơ Ǻǟ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ƪƥǂǟƗ Ǿºƫơƿ ǵȂȈdzơ
ȆǷǂƫ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸů ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ Dzƻƾȇ ƢƆȇƽơǂǨǻơ ơƆǁơǂǫ" ǾƫŐƬǟơ
Ǻºǟ ǁƽƢºǏ ǡȐƥ Ŀ ǺǴǟƌƗȁ ž"DžƾǬdzơ DŽǯǂǷ Ŀ ǮȈǰnjƬdzơ ńƛ
ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǹƗ ŐƬǠƫ ƢĔƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ Ƨǁơǃȁ
ǪºȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƨȇȂLjƬdzơ ǁƢǗƛ ƱǁƢƻ DžƾǬdzơ DŽǯǂǷ ŚȈǤƫ ńƛ ƨȈǷơǂdzơ
ƪºǼǴǟƗ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛȁ .ǂƯȋơ ƨŻƾǟ DZƢǠǧƗ Ȇºǿ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ
DzǬǻ Ʃǁǂǫ ƢĔƗ DžƾǬdzơ Ŀ ƢŮ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƩƢưǠƦƥ ǚǨƬŢ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ
.(ÏÏÍ)ƤȈƥƗ Dzƫ ńƛ DžƾǬdzơ ǺǷ ƩƢưǠƦdzơ ǮǴƫ
ǝȁǂnjºŭơ ƾǓ ǂǐǷ ǾƫǁƾǏƗ ȅǀdzơ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ƾǼƬLJơȁ -ÎÍÐ
ǖºLJȂƬŭơ ǒȈƥȋơ ǂƸƦdzơ śƥ ƢǷ Dzǐƫ ƧƢºǼǫ ǂºǨŞ ȆǴȈƟơǂLJȍơ
ƨǬǘǼǷ ǺǷ Ɨƾºƥ ȅǀdzơ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǂºǨūơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƪºȈŭơ ǂƸƦdzơȁ
ǒǫƢǼƬȇ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ȃǿ ƨǴƬƄơ ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ ƨǨǔdzơ ǺǷ ƔDŽƳ Őǟ ǂŻȁ ƧDŽǣ
ǵƢºǷƗ ƨºƦǬǟ Dzǰnjºȇȁ ƾȈǨȇƽ ƤǷƢǯ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǎǻȁ Ƶȁǁ ǞǷ
ƨdzƘLjŭơ Ʃơǀdz ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǑǂǠƫ ƾºǫȁ .(ÏÏÎ)ǵȐLjdzơ
ǒǫƢǼƬȇ Ǿdz ƨǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨǘŬơ ƤLjƷ ǝȁǂºnjŭơ ǹƛ" :DZƢǫ ƮȈƷ
Śºǣ DZƢºǠǧƗ ȄºǴǟ DzǸƬnjºȇ Ǿºǻƛ ƮȈƷ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǞǷ
ǩȂºǬƷ ȄºǴǟ ƢƆȇƾǠƫ Dzǰnjȇȁ ƨǴƬƄơ ȆǓơǁȋơ Ŀ ƨººǟȁǂnjǷ
ǵƾºǬƫ Ǻdzȁ .ƧǁȁƢºĐơ ǪǗƢǼŭơȁ ƪȈŭơ ǂƸƦdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƽǁȋơ
.(ÏÏÏ)"ǝȁǂnjŭƢƥ ǎƬź ƢǸȈǧ Ƕǟƽ ȅƗ ƢȀƬdzȐƳ ƨǷȂǰƷ
__________
United States, Department of State. Bulletin, No. 2041 (ÏÎÖ)
(ÎÖÕÍ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Rousseau ƢƆºǔȇƗ ǂºǜǻơȁ .(August 1980)
.ÕÑÒ Ǎ
.ÎÕÐ-ÎÕÏ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÎ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rousseau (ÏÏÍ)
.ÕÓÔ-ÕÓÓ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ (ÏÏÎ)
Ñ Ŀȁ .Marston, "United Kingdom… 1981", p. 467 (ÏÏÏ)
ȅƗǁ Ǻǟ ƢƆºƥǂǠǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ DzưŲ ƾǯƗ ÎÖÕÎ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǵƢǷƗ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ
:Ƣēơƿ ƨdzƘLjŭơ DZȁƢǼƬƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz
DzǰºNj ƨƷǂƬǬŭơ ƧƢǼǬdzơ ǹƗ ǁƢƦƬǟơ DZơȂƷȋơ ǺǷ DZƢƷ ȅƘƥ ǺǰŻ ȏ"
ǹƗ ǂnjºǠdzơ DZȁƾºdzơ ȃǂºƫ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛȁ .Ƨǁơƽȍơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǺǷ ƽǂů
ƧDŽºǣ DzƦǬƬLjºŠ DžƢLjŭơ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ Ǿdz ƨǟȂǓȂŭơ ƨǘŬơ ƤLjƷ ǝȁǂnjŭơ
ǽǀºǿ DzǛ Ŀȁ .ƨǷƢǟ ƨȈǸǴLJ ƨȇȂLjƫ ǺǷ ƔDŽºƴǯ ƽƾƸƬȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ȅǀdzơ
."ǝȁǂnjǸǴdz ƢȀƬǓǁƢǠǷ ƾȈǯƘƫ ƾȈǠƫ ǹƗ Ŀ ǂnjǠdzơ DZȁƾdzơ Ƥǣǂƫ ǥȁǂǜdzơ
.(ÒÎÓ Ǎ ǾºLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ǁƢºǗȍơ ơǀǿ Ŀ Dzƻƾȇȁ .ǽƢšȏơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƧȂǘƻ ȁƗ ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ǹơȂȇƢƫ
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÎÒ Ŀ ƨȈǼȈǐºdzơ ƨºǷȂǰūơ ǾƫǁƾǏƗ ȅǀdzơ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ śºƥ ǩƢǨƫơ ǞȈǫȂƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ÎÖÕÍ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ
ƩơǃƢºȈƬǷơ ƶǼºǷ ȄºǴǟ ǎǼȇ ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ǹơȂȇƢƫ ƨǠǗƢǬǷȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
Ǯºdzƿ Ŀ śǐºdzơ ƩƘƫǁơȁ .ǺȇƾǴƦdzơ ȆǴưŲ ńƛ ƨdzƽƢƦƬǷ ƩƢǻƢǐƷȁ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƨºǷȂǰƷ ǞǷ ƨǷŐŭơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȐdz ƢƆƻǁƢǏ ƢƆǯƢȀƬǻơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ
ÎÖÔÕ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÒ Ŀ śǐdzƢƥ ƢȀǧơǂƬǟơ ǀǼǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
Ǯºdzƿ ǾºƳȁ ƾºǫȁ .śƬdzȁƾºdzơ śƥ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛȁ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ŚǨºLJ ńƛ řȈǐdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ Ǻǟ ƤƟƢǻ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ
ńƛ ƧǁƢºNjȍơ ǺǰŻ ǦǴLJ ƢŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .(ÏÎÒ)śƴȈƥ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ǵƢºǰƷƗ Ɣơǃƛ ÎÖÕÏ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÏÓ Ŀ ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƱƢƴƬƷơ
ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÏÖ Ŀ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ
ȄºǴǟ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǾƳȁ ƾǫȁ .ƧǂƴŮơ ǹƘnjƥ ÎÖÕÎ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ
ƧŚºNjƘƫ ÏÍ ÍÍÍ ƶǼºŠ ȆǔǬȇ ȅǀdzơ Ƕǰūơ ńƛ ǍȂǐŬơ ǾƳȁ
Ǯdzǀºǯȁ ƨȇǁƢǬdzơ śǐdzơ ǺǷ śǷƽƢǬdzơ ǺȇǂƳƢȀŭơ ńƛ ƢƆȇȂǼLJ DZȂƻƽ
ƨǷȂǰƷ ƩƘƫǁơȁ .ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ǹơȂȇƢƫ ƨǠǗƢǬǷ ǺǷ śǷƽƢǬdzơ ńƛ DzƯƢŲ ƽƾǟ
ƨȈǼȈǐºdzơ ǹơȂȇƢºƫ ƨǠǗƢǬǷ ƨǴǷƢǠǷ ńƛ Ȅǫǂȇ ƔơǂƳȍơ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ śƴȈƥ
.(ÏÎÓ)śƬdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzƢƥ Dzź ƢŲ DzǬƬLjǷ ǹƢȈǯȁ ƨdzȁƾǯ
ƩƢºǫȐǠdzơ ƪǔºǨƻ ǹơȂȇƢºƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢƆºǔȇƗȁ -ÖÖ
DZƢºǸǟȋƢƥ ǶƟƢºǬdzơ ȃȂƬLjǷ ńƛ ơƾǼdzȂǿȁ śǐdzơ śƥ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
ǵƢºȈǫ ǂººƯƛ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÕÎ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÍ ǺǷ ơƆǁƢƦƬǟơ
ǹơȂȇƢºƫ ƨºǠǗƢǬǷ ƩƢǘǴLJ ńƛ śƬǏơȂǣ ǞºȈƦƥ ơƾǼdzȂǿ ƨǷȂǰƷ
ǞºȈƦƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷơ ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƩǁƾǏƗȁ .ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ
ƾºȈƷȂƫ ƨǫƢǟƛ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ džȈdz Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ ƩƘƫǁơ ƮȈƷ śƬǏơȂǤdzơ
ǵȐLjºdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƽƾȀȇ Ǿǻƛ Dzƥ ƤLjƸǧ ƢƊÅȈǸǴLJ řȈǐdzơ ŐdzƢƥ ǹơȂȇƢƫ
.(ÏÎÔ)ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ǁơǂǬƬLJȏơȁ
džȈƟǂºdzơ ǁơǃ ƢǷƾºǼǟ"śǐdzơ ǺǷ ǂƻƕ ƱƢƴƬƷơ ǁƾǏȁ -ÎÍÍ
śƴȈƥ ƪǼǴǟƗȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ǹơȂȇƢƫ ƨǠǗƢǬŭ ƾȇƾŪơ
ƨȈǼȈǐºdzơ ǹơȂȇƢƫ ƨǠǗƢǬǷ ƩƢǘǴLJ ǹƗ ȃȂǟƾƥ ƧǁƢȇDŽǴdz ƢȀƬǓǁƢǠǷ
.(ÏÎÕ)"ƨȈdzƢǐǨǻơ ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ǵƢȈǬǴdz ƧǁƢȇDŽdzơ DzǸǠƬLjƫ
ƾȇƾǠdzơ ǹƢƬLjǻƢǤǧȋ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ȁDŽºǣ ƭƾƷƗ ƾǫȁ -ÎÍÎ
Ƨƾȇƾnjºdzơ ƩơǁƢºƦǠdzƢƥ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǽȂǼȇȁ .ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷȏơ ǺǷ
ǂŤƚºǷ Ǻǟ ÎÖÕÍ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÐ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǹƢȈƦǴdz ƨƴȀǴdzơ
ƢLjǻǂǧȁ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƨȇǁȂȀŦȁ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ) ƨǠƦLjdzơ ƨºǟȂǸů ƨǸǫ
:(ǹƢƥƢȈdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ ơƾǼǯȁ
ȅǂǰLjºǠdzơ DZȐƬƷȏơ ǹƗ ƾȇƾƳ ǺǷ ƾǯƚǻ ǹƗ ńƛ ŅƢƬdzƢƥ ƢǻȂǟƾȇ ƢǷ ơǀºǿȁ
ǹȉơ ȏ ǾºdzȂƦǫ ǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǸǸǐǷ ƢǼǻƗȁ DZȂƦǬǷ Śǣ ǹƢƬLjǻƢǤǧȋ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ
__________
.ÐÕÖ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÎ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rousseau ǂǜǻơ (ÏÎÒ)
.ÔÕÏ-ÔÕÎ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÏ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÎÓ)
.ÒÑÓ-ÒÑÒ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÎ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÎÔ)
.RGDIP, vol. CIV (2000), p. 1012 (ÏÎÕ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǭƢȀºƬǻơ ȅƘºƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ǵƾǠƥ Ʃƾǟȁȁ ƢǿǁơǀƬǟơ ȂǰLJȂǷ ƪǷƾǫ
.(ÏÏÕ)Ȑ
Ɔ ƦǬƬLjǷ ňƢƥƢȈdzơ ȅȂŪơ DZƢƴǸǴdz
ǵƢºȈǫ ƤƦLjºƥ ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƩǁƾǏƗȁ -ÎÎÍ
ŚǷƾºƬƥ ÎÖÖÓ ǂºȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦºNj ÏÑ Ŀ ƨºȈƥȂǰdzơ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ
"ƔƢǬºNjȋơ ƿƢǬǻƛ" ƨǸǜǼŭ śƬǠƥƢƫ śƬƸǴLjǷ Śǣ śƬȈǻƾǷ śƫǂƟƢǗ
ǵȂȈdzơ Ŀȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ śƬǴƴLjǷȁ (Brothers to Rescue)
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ȃƾdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ƨǸƟơƾdzơ ƨǴưǸŭơ ƪƦǴǗ ŅƢƬdzơ
ƢƆǻƢȈƥ džǴĐơ džȈƟǁ ǁƾǏƗ ƮȈƷ ǺǷȋơ džǴĐ ƨƟǁƢǗ ƨLjǴƳ ƾǬǟ
ȄºǴǟ ƩơƔơDŽºƳ Ǒǂǧ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƵǂǗȁ ĺȂǰdzơ ƔơǂƳȍơ ǾȈǧ ǹơƽƗ"
ƩơǂƟƢºǘdzơ ǵơǂƬƷơ DZƢȈƷ ƢȀǷơDŽƬdzƢƥ ƔƢǧȂdzơ ȄǴǟ ǪǧơȂƫ ǹƗ ńƛ ƢƥȂǯ
.(ÏÏÖ)"(Ǟƥǁȋơ) ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ǂLJƗ ǒȇȂǠƫȁ ƨȈǻƾŭơ
ƢȀƬǼºNj Ŗdzơ ƩƢǸƴŮơ ƾǓ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷơ ƩǁƾǏ ƢǸǯ -ÎÎÎ
ŚºƴǨƫ ȄǴǟ Ɔơƽǁ ǹơƽȂLjdzơȁ ǹƢƬLjǻƢǤǧƗ ȄǴǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
/ƣƕ Ô Ŀ ĺȁŚºǻȁ ǵȐLjdzơ ǁơƽ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ļǁƢǨLJ
ƆƢºƳƢƴƬƷơ ǹơƽȂLjºdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƩǁƾǏƗȁ .ÎÖÖÕ džǘLjǣƗ
ǹơȁƾºǠdzơ DZƢǸǟƗ ǺǷ ƆơǂƟƢƳ ƆȐǸǟ" ǥǂǐƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǾȈǧ ƩŐƬǟơ
ǺºǷ Ȃǔºǟ ƨºdzȁƽ ƧƽƢȈLjºdz ƆƢƻǁƢǏȁ ƆơǂǧƢLJ ƆƢǯƢȀƬǻơ Dzǰnjȇ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǞǷ ǒǫƢǼƬȇȁ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢȀƬǷȐLjdzȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƔƢǔǟƗ
ǭȂǴLjºdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǩƢưȈǷȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơȁ Ņȁƾdzơ
.(ÏÐÍ)"ǂǔƸƬŭơ ňƢLjǻȍơ
ȆLjǴǗȋơ DZƢſ ǦǴƷ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƢȀƬǼNj Ŗdzơ ƩƢǸƴŮơ ǁȂǧȁ -ÎÎÏ
ƩƢºƳƢƴƬƷơ ƩǁƾºǏ ÎÖÖÖ ǵƢǟ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ ƾǓ (ȂƫƢǼdzơ)
ȅȂºŪơ ƢŮƢů ƢLjǸǼdzơ ƪǬǴǣƗ ƾǬǧ :DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ǺǷ ƨȇǁȂǧ
ƽƢºŢȏơ ȄǟƾƬºLJơȁ .ǦǴƸǴdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ ǵƢǷƗ
ǹƗ ǁƢºƦƬǟơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǸƴŮơ ǹơƽƗȁ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ȃƾdz ǽŚǨLJ ȆLJȁǂdzơ
ȏƛ ǺºǷȋơȁ ǵȐLjºdzơ ƧƽƢǟƜƥ ƨdzȂű ƪLjȈdz ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ
ƪǸǔºǻơ ƤƦLjºdzơ džǨǼdzȁ žǺǷȋơ džǴů ǺǷ ƨŹǂǏ ƨǬǧơȂŠ
__________
.ÑÍÏ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÕ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÏÕ)
.ÑÑÖ Ǎ (ÎÖÖÓ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Nash Leich (ÏÏÖ)
S/1998/792 ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ S/1998/786 ǂǜǻơ (ÏÐÍ)
džǘLjº ºǣƗ/ƣƕ ÏÑ-ÏÏ ƨº ºƻǁƚǷ DzƟƢº ºLJǁ :S/1998/801ȁ S/1998/793ȁ
ǶǷȋơ ȃƾdz ǹơƽȂLjǴdz ǶƟơƾdzơ DzưǸŭơ ǺǷ ǺǷȋơ džǴů džȈƟǁ ńƛ ƨȀƳȂǷ ÎÖÖÕ
ǮǴƫ ǩȐǗƛ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷơ ǹƢƦdzƢǗ ƨǯǂƷ Ǻǟ ƣȁƾǼǷ ǁƾǏƗȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƨȇǁȂȀŦȁ ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƩƢǷȂǰƷ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷơ ƩǁƾǏƗȁ ǦƟơǀǬdzơ
ǺǸȈºdzơȁ ƨºȈƦȈǴdzơ ƨºȈƥǂǠdzơ ƨȇŚǿƢǸŪơȁ ǩơǂǠdzơȁ ǹƢƬLjǯƢƥȁ ƨȈǷȐLJȍơ ǹơǂȇƛ
ƪºǻơƽƗȁ .ƨȈǷȐLJȍơ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƩƢǟƢǸŪơ ǒǠƥȁ ǹȂȈǼȈǘLjǴǨdzơ ǹȂdzȁƚLjŭơȁ
ǹȂǻƢºǬǴdz ƢƆǯƢȀºƬǻơ ǾƫŐƬǟơȁ ǹơƽȂLjdzơ ƾǓ ǵȂƴŮơ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǠǷƢƳ ƨǻƢǷƗ
ȏƆ ȁƽ ǹƗ ƾºȈƥ žǹƢƬLjǻƢǤǧƗ Ŀ ƭƾƷ ƢǷ Ɣơǃƛ ƪǸǐdzơ ƪǷDŽƬdzơ ƢĔƗ ȏƛ Ņȁƾdzơ
ƢȀºǼȈƥ ǺǷȁ ƩƢǸƴŮơ ǮǴƬdz ƢȀǸȀǨƫ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ƢǿƾȈȇƘƫ Ǻǟ ƪƥǂǟƗ ȃǂƻƗ
Murphy ǂºǜǻơ) ǹƢƥƢȈdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ ƢLjǻǂǧȁ ƢȈǻƢŭƗȁ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗȁ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ
.(ÎÓÒ-ÎÓÑ Ǎ (ÎÖÖÖ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ
306
ƢLjºǻǂǧ ƩǁƾºǏƗ ÎÖÕÎ ǾºȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÎÒ Ŀȁ -ÎÍÑ
ƨºǷȂǰūơ ȃƾdz ƆƢƳƢƴƬƷơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ
Ŀ ǂºNjƢƦŭơ ǵƢºǠdzơ ǝơǂƬǫȏƢƥ ƩƢƥƢƼƬǻơ ƪȇǂƳƗ ƿƛ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ
.ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjºdzơ ƨºǷȂǰūơ ǺǷ ǃƢǠȇƜƥ śdzǂƥ ǺǷ Ȇǫǂnjdzơ ǝƢǘǬdzơ
Ǻǟ ƢȀƳƢƴƬƷơ ƧǂǯǀǷ ƪǴLJǁƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƘºƫǁơȁ
ȄƻȂƬȇ ƾȇƾŪơ ĺƢƼƬǻȏơ ƔơǂƳȍơ ǹƗ ȂǰLJȂǷ Ŀ ƢȀƟơǂǨLJ ǪȇǂǗ
ƢºȈǻƢŭƗ ƨºȇǁȂȀŦ ǺºǷ ƗDŽƴƬȇ ȏ ƆơƔDŽƳ ƨȈǫǂnjdzơ śdzǂƥ ǁƢƦƬǟơ
/DZȂǴȇƗ Ð Ŀ ǵŐŭơ ȆǟƢƥǂdzơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǞǷ ǒǫƢǼƬȇ ƢŠ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ
.(ÏÏÐ)ÎÖÔÎ ŐǸƬƦLJ
ŚǨºLJ ńƛ ƱƢƴƬƷƢƥ ƨȈdzƢǘȇȍơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ƪưǠƥȁ -ÎÍÒ
Ǿºƥ ƪºǷƢǫ ƢƆǯƢȀƬǻơ ǾƫƘƫǁơ ƢǷ ƤƦLjƥ ƢǷȁǁ Ŀ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ
Ŀ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢȀǿƢȈŭ ÎÖÕÏ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÏÑ Ŀ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLJ ƨǏơȂǣ
.(ÏÏÑ)(Gulf of Tarento) ȂƬǻǁƢƫ ƲȈǴƻ
ŚǨLJ ńƛ ƱƢƴƬƷơ ƧǂǯǀŠ ƾȇȂLjdzơ Ɣơǁǃȁ džȈƟǁ ƮǠƥȁ -ÎÍÓ
Ƣđ ƪǷƢǫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȇƾǠƬdzơ ƤƦLjƥ ŃȂȀǰƬLJ Ŀ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ
DžǁƢºǷ/ǁơƿƕ Ŀ ƾȇȂLjºdzơ ǽƢºȈǷ Dzƻơƽ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƩƢǏơȂǤdzơ
ÎÖÕÐ ǵƢºǟ ǺºǷ ǾºȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤȁ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗȁ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻȁ
ǺºǷ ƆȐǰNjȁ ƨȇƾȇȂLjdzơ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨǷȐLjǴdz ƆƢǯƢȀƬǻơ ǾƫŐƬǟơ ƢǸȈǧ
.(ÏÏÒ)džLjƴƬdzơ DZƢǰNjƗ
ǁȁƾǏ ńƛ ơȂǣơǁƢǰȈǻ ƞǻơȂŭ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǶȈǤǴƫ ȃƽƗȁ -ÎÍÔ
ƢēƢƳƢƴƬƷơ Ǻǟ ŕNj ǹơƾǴƥ ƪƥǂǟƗ ƾǬǧ .ƨưdzƢƯ DZȁƽ ǺǷ DZƢǠǧƗ ƽȁƽǁ
ƨȇDŽǯǂŭơ ƩơǁƢƦƼƬLJȏơ ƨdzƢǯȁ Ƣđ ƪǷƢǫ Ŗdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ Ɣơǃƛ ƢȀǬǴǫ Ǻǟȁ
ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ƩƢǷȂǰƷ ƢȀǼȈƥ ǺǷȁ :ơȂǣơǁƢǰȈǻ ƞǻơȂǷ Ŀ ǵƢǤdzȋơ ǞǓȂƥ
ơƾºǼdzȂǿȁ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƨºǰǴǸŭơȁ ǮȈLjǰŭơȁ ƢLjǻǂǧȁ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ
ơǁȁƽƢƬǻȂǯ ƨǟȂǸů Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ Ǟƥǁȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƩǁƾǏƗȁ .ǹƢƥƢȈdzơȁ
ƪºǻơƽƗ ÎÖÕÑ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ Õ Ŀ ƢƆǷƢǟ ƢƆǻƢȈƥ (Contadora Group)
Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ Ɣơǁǃȁ ƢǿƾǬƬǻơ ƢǸǯ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǮǴƫ ǾȈǧ
.(ÏÏÓ)ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ
ÎÖÕÓ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÎÕ Ŀ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƩǁƾǏƗȁ -ÎÍÕ
śƬǼȈǨºLJ ǵƢºȈǬƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ȃƾdz ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷơ
.(ÏÏÔ)ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢȀǿƢȈǷ ǭƢȀƬǻƢƥ śƬȈǰȇǂǷƗ śƬȈƥǂƷ
ƤƦLjƥ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ȃƾdz ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷơ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ƪǷƾǫȁ -ÎÍÖ
Ǯºdzƿ ǹƢºǯȁ .ȅȂŪơ ƢŮƢů ǭƢȀƬǻƢƥ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLJ DzƥƢǼǫ ƨǧƿƢǫ ǵƢȈǫ
DZƢƴǸǴdz ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLJ ƧǂƟƢǗ Ǿƥ ǵȂǬƫ ȅǀdzơ ǾǟȂǻ ǺǷ ǺȇǂnjǠdzơ ǭƢȀƬǻȏơ
ÎÖÕÔ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ ÏÔ Ŀȁ .ÎÖÕÔ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ňƢƥƢȈdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ
__________
.ÎÏÍ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÏ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rousseau ǂǜǻơ (ÏÏÐ)
.ÒÖÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÏÑ)
.ÖÍÍ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÐ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÏÒ)
.ÓÔÍ-ÓÓÖ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÑ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÏÓ)
.ÓÒÕ-ÓÒÔ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÓ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÏÔ)
307 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
DZȁƾºdzơ ǵƢºȈǬdz ƢȀƬǻơƽƛ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪƥǂǟƗȁ -ÎÎÔ
ȃƽƗ ƢŲ ƽơƾǤƥ Ŀ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ǥơƾǿȋơ ǦǐǬƥ ƪȇȂǰdzơ ǞǷ ƨǻȁƢǠƬŭơ
džȈºƟǁ ǾƳȁ Ǯdzƿ ƤƦLjƥȁ .śȈǻƾŭơ ǺǷ ŚƦǯ ƽƾǟ ǝǂǐǷ ńƛ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ džȈƟǁ ńƛ ƨȈǐƼNj ƨdzƢLJǁ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ
:Ȑ
Ɔ ƟƢǫ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǦǫȂǷ ƢȀȈǧ ƶǓȂȇ
ǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ ǍǂŹ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƾȈǗȂdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǦdzƢƸƬdzơ ǵDŽǠƥ ƨǠǼƬǬǷ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƛ
śȈǻƾºŭơ ǹƢǰLjdzơ ǥȂǨǏ Ŀ ƩƢƥƢǏƛ ǝȂǫȁȁ ƢȇƢƸǓ ǕȂǬLJ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ
ȆǫơǂǠdzơ ƘƴǴŭơ Ǧǐǫ ǪƟƢǬƷ ƵƢǔȈƬLJȏ ǪȈǬŢ ƔơǂƳƛ ƵǂƬǬǻ ơǀdz
...
ǵȂǬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂŪơ ƩƢǸƴŮơ Ǧǫȁ śǠƬȇ ǾǻƗ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ȃǂƫȁ
ƽȂȀŪơ DŽȈǯǂƫȁ ǹƾŭơ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣȁ ƽơƾǤƥ ǩȂǧ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƽƾǠƬŭơ ǦdzƢƸƬdzơ Ƣđ
.(ÏÐÓ)ƪȇȂǰdzơ Dzƻơƽ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ǪǗƢǼǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ
Ŀ ƧƾȇƾºNj ƨºȇǁȂƫ ƧŚºƻȋơ ƨdzƢūơ ȆǨǧ ǞǫơȂdzơ Ŀȁ -ÎÎÕ
ǡƢǐƫ ǹƗ ƧƆ ƽƢǟ śǠƬȇ Ŗdzơ Ƨƾȇƾnjdzơ ƨƴȀǴdzơ ǹƛ ƮȈƷ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ
ȅǀºdzơ ǍƢŬơ ǦǫȂǸǴdz ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨƴȈƬǼǯ ļƘƫ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷȏơ Ƣđ
ơƆƾȇƾºNj ƢƆǔǫƢǼƫ ǦǫȂŭơ ơǀǿ ǒǫƢǼƬȇȁ .ƨdzƢūơ ǽƢš ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǽǀƼƬƫ
ƨºƴȀǴdzơ ƾȇƾnjdzơ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ƧǂǯǀǷ Ƣđ ƪǤȈǏ Ŗdzơ ƨƴȀǴdzơ ǞǷ
ǩơǂºǠdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǺǷ ǂǯǀdzơ ƨǨdzƢLjdzơ
ǹȁƽȂƳȂŭơ ǹƢƦLJƛ ǹȂǼǗơȂǷ ǶȀǼȈƥ ǺǷȁ ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ DZȁƾdzơ řǗơȂŭ
:ƢȀȈǧ ƔƢƳ Ŗdzơ ƪȇȂǰdzơ Ŀ ȁƗ ǾȈǓơǁƗ Dzƻơƽ
ǵƾºǟ Ŀ ƨȈǫơǂǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǁơǂǸƬLJơ Ɣơǃƛ ǶƟơƾdzơ ƢȀǬǴǫ ƾȈǯƘƫ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǁǂǰƫ
ȃǂºƻƗ ƩƢȈLjºǼƳ ǺºǷ śǼǗơȂŭơȁ ǹƢƦLJȍơ śǼǗơȂŭơ ƧǁƽƢǤŠ ƵƢǸLjdzơ
.ǩơǂǠdzơȁ ƪȇȂǰdzơ Ŀ ǺȇƽȂƳȂŭơ
DZDŽºǟ Ŀ ƨºǴưǸƬŭơ ƨȈǫơǂǠdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸǸǴdz ƢȀǔǧǁ Ǻǟ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǺǴǠƫȁ
ǍƢƼºNjȋơ Ɣȏƚºǿ ǃƢƴƬƷȏ ȅǁȂǨdzơ ǦǫȂdzơ ƤǴǘƫȁ ǹơƾǴƥ Ƨƾǟ řǗơȂǷ
.(ÏÐÔ)ƔƢȇǂƥȋơ
ÎÏ dzơ DZȁƾdzơ Ǻǟ ÎÖÖÎ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ Ð Ŀ ǹƢȈƥ ǁƾǏȁ -ÎÎÖ
ȆLJƢȈLjºdzơ ǹȁƢºǠƬdzơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ
ƩƢǼǗȂƬLjºŭơ ƨºLJƢȈLJ Ɣơǃƛ ƢȀǨǫȂǷ Ǻǟ ǾȈǧ ƣǂǠƫ ĺȁǁȁȋơ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ Ȃǿȁ) ƨǴƬƄơ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ ȆǓơǁȋơ Dzƻơƽ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƨȈǴȈƟơǂLJȍơ
ȅȂǘǼȇȁ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ƱƢƴƬƷƢƥ
Śºǣ ƨLJƢȈLJ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮǴƬƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǔȇƗ
ƢȀȈǧ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơȁ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƣǂǠƫ ǹƢȈƦdzơ ơǀǿ ȆǨǧ .(ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ
ǮºǴƫ ƔƢºǼƦƥ ƨȈǴȈƟơǂºLJȍơ ƨºǷȂǰūơ ƵƢũ Ɣơǃƛ ƢȀƟƢȈƬLJơ Ǻǟ
ƨȈǴȈƟơǂºLJƛ ƨǼǗȂƬLjǷ ȅƗ ƔƢnjǻƛ ǹƗ ŐƬǠƫȁ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƩƢǼǗȂƬLjŭơ
DZơȂºƷȋơ ǞȈŦ Ŀ ȆǟǂNj Śǣ DzǠǧ ƨǴƬƄơ ȆǓơǁȋơ Ŀ ƧƾȇƾƳ
ȄǴǟ ƢȀȈǧ śǠƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǜƸǴdzơ Ŀ ǍƢƻ ǾƳȂƥ ƆơǁƢǓ ǽŐƬǠƫ ƢǸǯ
ǺºǷ ƹƢǼǷ ƨƠȈȀƬƥ ƨȈǠǫơȂdzơȁ ƨǻȁǂŭơ Ɣơƾƥƛ ƨdzȁƢŰ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǞȈŦ
ƢºŮȁƽȁ ƨºǟƢǸŪơ ƮŢȁ .ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ƔơǂƳƛ ńƛ ȆǔǨȇ ƨǬưdzơ
__________
.ÎÐÖ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÐÓ)
.ÎÑÍ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÐÔ)
ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ńƛ ƾǼŮơȁ ƢƥȂǯȁ śǐdzơȁ DžȁǁȐȈƥȁ ƢȈǻơǂǯȁƗ
.(ÏÐÎ)ƩƢǸƴŮơ ƨǻơƽƛ Ŀ
ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ ƢēƾȀNj Ŗdzơ ƭơƾƷȋƢƥ DzǐƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÎÎÐ
ȅǀdzơ ǵȂƴŮƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǐdzơ ǺǷ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷơ ƩǁƾǏ ƢƆǔȇƗ
ƽơǂǤǴƥ Ŀ śǐdzơ ƧǁƢǨLJ ƾǓ ȆLjǴǗȋơ DZƢſ ǦǴƷ ƩơȂǫ ǾƬǼNj
śǼǗơȂºǷ ƨºƯȐƯ ǝǂǐǷ Ǻǟ ǂǨLJƗȁ ÎÖÖÖ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ Ô Ŀ
.(ÏÐÏ)Ǻȇǂƻƕ Ǻȇǂnjǟ ƨƥơǂǫ ƨƥƢǏƛȁ śȈǼȈǏ
ƱƢƴƬƷơ ƧǂǯǀǷ ƢēǁƢǨLJ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ƩǁƾǏƗȁ -ÎÎÑ
Ñ Ŀ ňƢƦºLJƛ ǺǗơȂºǷ Ǿdz ǑǂǠƫ ȅǀdzơ ƭƽƢūơ ƤƦLjƥ ƨȇȂǨNj
ƮȈƷ ƢƥȂǯ Ŀ ƨȈƷƢȈLJ ƨdzȂŝ ǾǷƢȈǫ ȃƾdz ÎÖÕÕ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ
ǹƘºƥ Ǿdz ƵƢǸLjdzơ ǹȁƽ ƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ǽƽǂǘƥ ƨȈƥȂǰdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ƪǷƢǫ
.(ÏÐÐ)ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƧǁƢǨLjdzƢƥ DzǐƬȇ
ǵƢȈǫ ƤƦLjƥ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ȃƾdz ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷơ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ƩǁƾǏƗȁ -ÎÎÒ
ǺƫǁƢºǷ ȁǂƬLjºȇƢǷ džȈǴȈŵơ ƤƟƢǼdzơ ǃƢƴƬƷƢƥ ƾǴƦdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƨǗǂNj
/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjººƫ ÎÍȁ Ö ȆǷȂººȇ (Angeles Maestro Martín)
.(ÏÐÑ)ÎÖÖÑ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ
ƭơƾºƷƛ ǺºǷ ƪȇȂǰǴdz ȆǫơǂǠdzơ ȁDŽǤdzơ ǾƯƾƷƗ ƢǷ ǁƢƯƗȁ -ÎÎÓ
ǞƟƢºǫȂƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǺǷ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǺǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ
ǽǀţơ ȅǀdzơ Dzǰnjdzơȁ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷȏơ ǮǴƫ DzȈǴŢ ǶȀŭơ ǺǷȁ žŕNj
ƨºǴưǷȋơ ǺǷȁ .ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǾƳȂŭơ ƨȀŪơ ƤLjƷ ƢȀǼǷ Dzǯ
ÎÖÖÎ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÏ Ŀ ǵƾǬŭơ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ
ƨºǴǷƢǠǷ Ɣơǃƛ ǾºǨǫȂǷ ǾȈǧ ǺǴǠȇ ȆLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ǵȐǟȍơ ƤƬǰǷ ǺǷ
ǂnjǼƥ ƪǷƢǫ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾǴdz śǠƥƢƬdzơ ȃǂLJȋơ ƽȂǼƴǴdz ƨȈǫơǂǠdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ
.ÎÖÖÎ ǂȇƢºǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÓ ǺǷ ơƆǁƢƦƬǟơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ƩơƾƷȁ
ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƗ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ Ŀ ƔƢƳȁ
ƣǂūơ ȃǂLJƗ ǩơǂǠdzơ Ƣđ DzǷƢǠȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǻƢLjǻƛȐdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ ƩơǁƢƦǠdzơ ƾNjƘƥ Ǻȇƾƫ
DzƟƢºLJȁ ǵƢºǷƗ ǶȀºǓǂǠƥ ƧǁȁƢǼŭơȁ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƩơȂǬǴdz śǠƥƢƬdzơ
ƨȇǂǰLjºǠdzơ ƩƖnjǼŭơ Dzƻơƽ ƨȇǂnjƥ ǝȁǁƾǯ ǶŮƢǸǠƬLJƢƥ ƾȇƾȀƬdzơȁ ǵȐǟȍơ
ƾºǟơȂǫ ǖLjºƥȋȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢƆƻǁƢǏ ƢƆǯƢȀƬǻơ Ǯdzƿ Dzǯ Dzǰnjȇ ƮȈƷ
.(ÏÐÒ)ňƢLjǻȍơ ǭȂǴLjdzơ
__________
(ÏÍÍÍ)ȁ ÓÐÐ Ǎ (ÎÖÖÖ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Murphy (ÏÐÎ)
.ÎÏÔ Ǎ
.ÎÏÔ Ǎ (ÏÍÍÍ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÐÏ)
Boletín Oficial de las Cortes Generales, Senate, series I (ÏÐÐ)
REDI, vol. XLI, No. 1 ȁ (1988), Third Legislature, No. 253, p. 10594
.(1989), p. 189
ǵƾºǟ ȄºǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ ƤƟƢǼdzơ ǃƢƴƬƷơ ȄǴǟ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ƪƴƬƷơ (ÏÐÑ)
Ǯºdzƿ ƢȀºƦǴǗ ǺºǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƧǁƢǨLjdzƢƥ DZƢǐƫȏƢƥ ƢŮ ƵƢǸLjdzơ
Cortes Generales, Diario de Sesiones del Congreso de los Diputados )
REDI, vol. XLVII, No. 2 ȁ (1994) Fifth Legislature, No. 396, p. 12224
.((1995), p. 142
.REDI, vol. XLIII, No. 1 (1991), p. 139 (ÏÐÒ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
(Shikotan) ǹƢƫȂǰȈºNjȁ (Kunashiri) ȅŚNjƢǻȂǯȁ (Etorofo)
(DzȇǁȂǯ ǁDŽƳ) (Hokkaido) ƨȈǻƢƥƢȈdzơ ȁƾȇƢǯȂǿ ƧǂȇDŽƳ ǺǷ ƣǂǬdzƢƥ
Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ǾǓơǂƬǟơ ȂȈǯȂǗ Ŀ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ŚǨLjdzơ ǺǴǟƗȁ .(Kuril)
ƨºȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǹȁƚnjºdzơ Ŀ Dzƻƾºƫ ǾºǻƘƥ ǽƢȇƛ ƢƆǨǏơȁ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ
ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj Ô Ŀ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ǾƫǁƾǏƗ ǹƢȈƥ ƾǠƥȁ DzưŭƢƥȁ .(ÏÑÎ)ǽƾǴƦdz
ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƩǁƾǏƗ DzȇǁȂǯ ǁDŽŝ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ÎÖÕÎ
DzºƦǫ ƪǟƾƬLJơ ƪǻƢǯȁ ÎÖÕÎ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÎÓ Ŀ ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷơ
.(ÏÑÏ)ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ Ǯdzǀƥ ǾǣȐƥȍ ȂǰLJȂǷ ȃƾdz ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ŚǨLJ Ǯdzƿ
ǾºȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂºŤ ÏÐ Ŀ śǐdzơ ǺǷ Ȇũǁ ƱƢƴƬƷơ ǁƾǏȁ -ÎÏÑ
ńƛ ƨºȈǻƢƥƢȇ ƨȈǸǴǟ ƨưǠƥ DZƢLJǁƜƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ƾǓ ÎÖÕÎ
((Diaoyu) ȂȇȁƢȇƽ ǁDŽƳ) (Senkaku Islands) ȂǯƢǰǼȈLJ ǁDŽºƳ
ǹƢºƥƢȈdzơ Ƣºđ ƤdzƢǘƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ǹơȂȇƢƫ ƨǠǗƢǬǷ ȆǫǂNj DZƢſ
ǹƢºȈƥ DzǰNj Ŀ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǁƾǏ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈƦǠnjdzơ śǐdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀŦȁ
ǦºǫȂdzơ ńƛ ǹƢºƥƢȈdzơ Ȃǟƾȇ ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ
.(ÏÑÐ)DZƢǸǟȋơ ǮǴƬdz ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ
ƤƦLjƥ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻȁ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ Ǻǟ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷơ ƩǁƾǏ ƢǸǯ -ÎÏÒ
ÎÖ Ŀ ƝƽƢºŮơ ǖȈƄơ Ŀ ƢLjǻǂǧ Ƣđ ƪǷƢǫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ
.ÎÖÕÐ ǾºȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂºȇDŽƷ ÏÕȁ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÏÒȁ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ
ƢLjºǻǂǧ džȈƟǁ ńƛ ǾƟƢȈƬLJơ Ǻǟ ŅơǂƬLJȋơ ƔơǁǃȂdzơ džȈƟǁ ƣǂǟƗȁ
ǂƯƛ ȄǴǟȁ .ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ Ö Ŀ džȇǁƢƦdz Ƣđ ǵƢǫ Ŗdzơ ƧǁƢȇDŽdzơ DZȐƻ
ǵȂȈǻơǁȂȈdzƢƥ ƢLjǻǂǧ ƾȇȁDŽƫ Ǧǫȁ ƨȈdzơǂƬLJȋơ ƨǷȂǰūơ Ʃǁǂǫ Ǯdzƿ
.(ÏÑÑ)ÎÖÕÑ ǵƢǟ ƨȇƢĔ ŕƷ
ńƛ ƢȈǻƢƦºLJƛ ǺºǷ ƨȈũǁ ƱƢƴƬƷơ ƩơǂǯǀǷ ƩǁƾǏȁ -ÎÏÓ
ƨºǷƽƢǬdzơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ǢȇǂǨƫ ƾǓ ơƾǼdzȂǿȁ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ ŖǷȂǰƷ
- džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ) ȆLjǴǗȋơ ǖȈƄơ DzƷƢLJ ȄǴǟ śƬdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ
.(ÏÑÒ)(ÎÖÕÏ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ
ǥƢǼƠƬºLJơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƩǁƾǏƗȁ -ÎÏÔ
ǖȈºƄơ ǩȂºǧ ƨȈƬLjºdzƢƦdzơ ƺȇǁơȂǐdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdz ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ
/DZȂǴȇƗ ÐÍȁ ÏÖ ȆǷȂȇ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ȆǓơǁƗ ƣǂǫ ƝƽƢŮơ
.(ÏÑÓ)ÎÖÕÔ ŐǸƬƦLJ
ǺǨLjºdzơ śºƥ ƭƽƢƷ Ǟǫȁ ÎÖÕÕ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj Ŀȁ -ÎÏÕ
ǂºƸƦdzơ Ŀ ļƢȈǧȂLjºdzơ ƽƢŢȏơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨȈƥǂūơ
ȄƻȂƬƫ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLJ ƶƟơȂdz ǭƢǼǿ ƪǻƢǯ ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀȁ .ƽȂLJȋơ
ƨǠǓƢŬơ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƩȏƢĐơ Ŀ ƨȈƥǂūơ ǺǨLjǴdz ƔȅŐdzơ ǁȁǂŭơ ƾȈȈǬƫ
__________
.ÓÒÔ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÍ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rousseau ǂǜǻơ (ÏÑÎ)
.ÒÕÒ-ÒÕÑ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÎ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÑÏ)
.ÎÐÍ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÏ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÑÐ)
.ÕÓÎ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÐ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÑÑ)
.ÐÖÏ-ÐÖÎ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÑÒ)
.ÐÕÖ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÕ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÑÓ)
308
Ŀ ƩƢǼǗȂƬLjºǷ ƔƢnjºǻƜƥ ƵƢǸLjdzơ ǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ DzȈƟơǂLJƛ ƔƢǔǟȋơ
.(ÏÐÕ)Ǯdzƿ ǞȈƴnjƫ ǵƾǟȁ ƨǴƬƄơ ȆǓơǁȋơ
ŚǨLJ ńƛ ƆƢȈũǁ ƆƢƳƢƴƬƷơ ňƢƦLJȍơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ǵƾǫȁ -ÎÏÍ
ǁơǂºǓȋơ ƤƦLjƥ ÎÖÖÓ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÎ Ŀ ƢLjǻǂǧ
ƩƢǼƷƢnjºdzơ ȂǬƟƢºLJ Ǿºƥ ǵƢǫ ȅǀdzơ ƣơǂǓȍơ Ǻǟ ƪǸų Ŗdzơ
ǹƘnjºƥ ƆƢǣȐƥ ȆLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ǵȐǟȍơ ƤƬǰǷ ǁƾǏƗȁ .ǹȂȈLjǻǂǨdzơ
ƨºǼŪ ƩƾºǟƗ ƢǸǯ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÕ Ŀ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ
ǾȈǴǟ ƪǬǧơȁȁ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǝȁǂnjǷ ƣơȂǼdzơ džǴƴŠ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǹȁƚnjdzơ
.(ÏÐÖ)ÎÖÖÔ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ Õ Ŀ
ŕºNj ǹơƾºǴƥ ǺºǷ Ƨƾȇƾǟ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷơ ƩǁƾǏ ƢǸǯ -ÎÏÎ
Ŀ śǘLjºǴǧ ƾǓ DzȈƟơǂLJƛ Ƣēǀţơ Ŗdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
Ǻǟ ǁƾǏ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢȈƦdzơ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǺǷȁ .ƧŚƻȋơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ
Ɣơǃƛ ƨºȇƢǤǴdz Ƨƾȇƾnjdzơ ƢȀƬǻơƽƛ Ǻǟ ǾȈǧ ƣǂǠƫ ƢƥȂǯ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ Ƨǁơǃȁ
ƾºǓ DzȈƟơǂºLJƛ ƨǷȂǰƷȁ NJȈƳ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƨȈǻơȁƾǠdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ȅǀºdzơ ǦºǼǠǴdz ȅǁȂǨdzơ ǦǫȂdzƢƥ ƤdzƢǘȇȁ śȈǼȈǘLjǴǨdzơ ǹƢǰLjdzơ
ƨȈǟǂNj Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ DzȈƟơǂLJƛ ƢȀǴƬŢ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǼȈǘLjǴǨdzơ ȆǓơǁȋơ DZċȂƷ
ƾºǟơȂǫ ǖLjºƥƗ ŕƷ ƢȀȈǧ ǵǂƬƸĄƫ ȏ ƨȈǬȈǬƷ ƣǂū ƵǂLjǷ ńƛ
.(ÏÍÍÎ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÎÏ) Ņȁƾdzơ ňƢLjǻȍơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
Ǟǫơȁ ǂǷƗ džȇǂǰƫ ǹȁƽ ƨdzȂǴȈūơ ǑǂǤƥ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ (ƣ)
ƨǧƢƸǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǝǃȁ ȅǀdzơ ƢLjǻǂǧ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǹƢȈƦdzơ Ŀ -ÎÏÏ
ƩơǁƢƦǠdzơ ȃȂǫƘƥ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ȃǂƳ ÎÖÎÔ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÎÍ Ŀ
ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ Ŀ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨǏƢŬơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ƨȈǨǐƬƥ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǵƢȈǫ ƾǓ
.(ÏÑÍ)ǺȇǁȂǴdzơȁ DžơDŽdzȋơ ŖǠǗƢǬǷ Ŀ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƨǴƬƄơ
ǂƥȂºƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjºƫ Ï Ŀ ƨȈǻƢƥƢȈdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪưǠƥȁ -ÎÏÐ
Ǻºǟ ǾºȈǧ ƪºƥǂǟƗ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ńƛ ƱƢƴƬƷƢƥ ÎÖÔÖ
ȂǧȁǁȂƬȇƛ ǁDŽƳ Ŀ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLJ ƨȇǂǰLjǟ ƧƾǟƢǫ ƔƢnjǻƛ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǓơǂƬǟơ
__________
Bulletin of the European Communities, vol. 24, No. 5 ǂǜǻơ (ÏÐÕ)
.(1991), p. 83
Boletín Oficial de las Cortes Generales, Congress, ǂǜǻơ (ÏÐÖ)
REDI, vol. XLIX, ȁ Sixth Legislature, series D (1997), No. 144, p. 3
.No. 2 (1997), p. 83
ƢēǁƾºǏƗ Ŗdzơ ǂǷơȁȋơ ǹƗ ŐƬǠƫ ƢĔƗ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǺǴǠƫ" (ÏÑÍ)
ǹơƾǴƦdzơ Ŀȁ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨǏƢŬơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ƨȈǨǐƬƥ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ
.ƨȈǣȏȁ ƨǴǗƢƥ ǺȇǁȂǴdzơȁ DžơDŽdzȋơ ŖǠǗƢǬǷȁ ƨǴƬƄơ
..."
DZȁƾºdzơȁ ƔƢºǨǴūơ ƩƢǷȂǰƷ ńƛ ǹƢȈƦdzơ ơǀǿ ǢǴƦȇ ǥȂLJȁ"
ƾǫ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǶǴǠȇ ǹƗ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .ƧƾȇƢƄơ
ƢLjǻǂǧ ǹƗ ƢȀƬȈǨǐƬƥ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ƪǷƢǫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ǹȁǃȂŹ
ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơ ǞȈŦ ǹȐǘƥ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬȇ ƢŲ ƨǴǗƢƥ ƩƢȈǨǐƬdzơ ǽǀǿ ŐƬǠƫ
."ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ Ŀ ƨǬƷȐdzơ
.(ÏÑ Ǎ DZȁȋơ ƾǴĐơ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Kiss)
309 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ƢǿǁȁƾǏ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƆơŚƦǯ ơƆǂƯƗ ƭƾŢ Ȇǯ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷȏơ ǹƛ -ÎÐÎ
ƩƢºǻȐǟȍơ Dzǰnjƥ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DzǧƢƄơ Ǻǟ ǁǂǰƬǷ Dzǰnjƥ
ǂǐºǼǠdzơ ǹƢºǯ ƨȈnjǷƢǿ ƾƳ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƛȁ ƨdzƢƷ ƨťȁ .ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ
ƣȂºǼƳ ƨºǠǫơȂdzơ ƧŚǤǐdzơ (Palmyra) ơŚŭƢƥ ƧǂȇDŽƳ ƢȀȈǧ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ
ǝƽȂƬLjǷ ńƛ ƢȀǴȇȂŢ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƪdzȁƢƷ Ŗdzơ ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơ
ÎÖÔÖ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ Ŀ ǺȇƽƗ ƵơǂƬǫȏơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ȏƛ žƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼǴdz
Ƕǔºȇ ȅǀdzơ ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơ ƣȂǼƳ ȃƾƬǼǷ ǽǀţơ ǁơǂǫ DZȐƻ ǺǷ
ƪƴƬƷơ ǀƟƾǠƥȁ .ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ƧŚǤǏ ǁDŽƳ ǂnjǟȁ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻȁ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ
ȄºǴǟȁ .śƦǴǨdzơȁ ƨȈǼȈǐdzơ ǹơȂȇƢƫ ƨǠǗƢǬǷȁ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ
Ȇºǿ ƧǁȁƢƴƬǷ ƩȐȈƦƻǁƗ ƨǠƥǁƗ ƩƢǷȂǰƷ ƩǁƾǏƗ Ǯdzƿ ǁơǂǣ
Ŀ ƢƆǯǂƬnjºǷ ƢƆǻƢȈƥ ȅơȁƢǿȁ ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ƢǻƢȇǁƢǷ ǁDŽƳȁ ǵơȂǣȁ ơȂǷƢLJ
ƨºdzȁƢƄơ ǽǀºǿ ǾºȈǧ ƪǻơƽƗ ÎÖÕÍ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ DzƟơȁƗ
.(ÏÒÎ)ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǮǴƬdz ƨǷƢƬdzơ ƢȀƬǓǁƢǠǷ ƩƾǯƗȁ
ƨƬLjdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǰƷ ƔƢLJƙǁ ȆǟƢŦ Dzǰnjƥ ƣǂǟƗȁ -ÎÐÏ
DZȐºƻ ƝƽƢºŮơ ǖȈºƄơ ƣȂºǼƳ ȃƾƬǼǷ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ǂnjǟ
ǢdzƢƦdzơ ǶȀƟƢȈƬLJơ Ǻǟ (ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƢȈǼȈǣ ơȂƥƢƥ) ǢǻơƽƢǷ Ŀ ǶȀǟƢǸƬƳơ
ƔơǂºƳƛ Ŀ ƢLjǻǂǧ ǁơǂǸƬLJơ Ɣơǃƛ ÎÖÖÒ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÎÑ Ŀ
.(ÏÒÏ)ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ
śƥ ǝơDŽǻ DzǏȁ ÏÍÍÐ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÖ Ŀȁ -ÎÐÐ
ƤƦLjºƥ ǂƫȂƬdzơ ǺǷ DZƢǟ ȃȂƬLjǷ ńƛ ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơȁ ƢȈǻơǂǯȁƗ
(Kerch Strait) ljŚǯ ǪȈǔǷ Ŀ ƾºLJ ƔƢǼƦƥ ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǵƢȈǫ
ǁȁƾºǏ ńƛ Ǯºdzƿ ȃƽƗȁ .ƨºȈǻơǂǯȁȋơ ȏǃȂƫ ƧǂȇDŽƳ ƣǂǫ
ƨȈLJȁǂdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ Ʃǁǂǫ ǹƗ ƾƷ ńƛ ƢȈǻơǂǯȁƗ ǺǷ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷơ
.(ÏÒÐ)ƾLjdzơ ƔƢǼƥ Ǧǫȁ
__________
ÐÔÕ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÍ) ǁȂǯǀº ºŭơ ǞººƳǂŭơ Rousseau ǂº ºǜǻơ (ÏÒÎ)
.ÑÍÓ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÎ)ȁ ÓÎÓȁ
.RGDIP (1995), vol. IC, p. 983 ǂǜǻơ (ÏÒÏ)
ǾºƫƢƥƢǘƻ Ŀ ƧǁǂǰƬǷ ƩƢƦLJƢǼǷ Ŀ ňơǂǯȁȋơ džȈƟǂdzơ ǁƾǏƗ (ÏÒÐ)
Ŀȁ .ƢȀȈǴǟ ǝǃƢǼƬŭơ ƽȁƾūơ ǕȂǘƻ ǃƢȈƬƳơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƢƆȇǂǰLjǟ ƽǂdzƢƥ ƩơǂȇǀŢ
ƔơƾºƬǟơ ƨºƥƢưŠ ƽȁƾºūơ ǕȂºǘƻ ǃƢȈƬƳơ ŐƬǠȇ ǽƾǴƥ ǹƛ DZƢǫ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ
DzǸǠdzơ ǁơǂǸƬLJơ ƾǠȇ ǥȂLJȁ .ƨǸƟȐŭơ ƽǂdzơ Śƥơƾƫ ƿƢţơ ńƛ Ǯdzƿ ȆǔǨȈLJȁ
ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ śƥ ǺǷ ǹƢǯȁ .ȅƽȁ Śǣ DzǸǟ ƨƥƢưŠ ƩȏƢūơ ǺǷ ƨdzƢƷ ȅƗ Ŀ
ƤƫǂƬȇ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ ǺǸǔƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƢȈǻơǂǯȁƗ Ƣđ ƪǷƢǫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ ƨȇȂǨnjdzơ Śǣ
Ŗºdzơ ƧǂºȇDŽŪơ Ŀ NJȈŪơ ǺǷ ƩơƾƷȁ Ƨƾǟ ǂnjǼƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǁƢƯƕ ƢȀȈǴǟ
Ǯºdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛȁ .ƨǸƟơƽ ƨLJơǂƷ ƧȂǫ Ƣđ ƩƘnjǻƗ Ľ ǺǷȁ ƢŮ ƨǠƥƢƫ ƢǿŐƬǠƫ
ƽȁƾºūơ ǖºŬ ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƾLjdzơ ǃƢȈƬƳơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ňơǂǯȁȋơ džȈƟǂdzơ ǁǀƷ
ƢǿƘnjºǻƗ Ŗdzơ) ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ƢȀƬǯǁƢnjǷ ƢȈǻơǂǯȁƗ ǦǫȂƬLJ
ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƤǴǗ ƢǷƾǼǟȁ .(ǹƢƬLjƻơǃƢǯȁ DžȁǁȐȈƥȁ ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ
ƢȈǻơǂǯȁƗ ƤdzƢǘǷ Ƕǟƾƫ ǪƟƢƯȁ ʼnƾǬƫ ǝơŗdzơ ƨȇơƾƥ ǺǷ ǵƢȇƗ ƾǠƥ ƢȈǻơǂǯȁƗ ǺǷ
ǺºǷ ƧƾºȇƾƳ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷơ ƩǁƾǏ (Tuzla) ȏǃȂƫ ƧǂȇDŽƳ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ
ǹƛ DZƢºǫ ȅǀºdzơ ƨȈǻơǂǯȁȋơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǶLJƢƥ ƭƾƸƬŭơ ǹƢLjdz ȄǴǟ ƢȈǻơǂǯȁƗ
ƢȈǻơǂǯȁƗ ƨȈǰǴǷ Ƕǟƾƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơƾǼƬLjŭơ ǺǷ ƺLjǻ ʼnƾǬƫ ƤǴǗ ǺǷ ƧƔƢƬLjǷ ǾƬǷȂǰƷ
(ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
ǒǠƦdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ Ǫūơ ơǀǿ ƩƾȈǫ ƮȈƷ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƧǂǘȈLjdz
ƪǧǂǐƫȁ .(ÏÑÔ)ƽȂLJȋơ ǂƸƦdzơ Ŀ ƢȀǼǷ ȅƗ ǂŻ ȏ ƮȈŞ ǕȂǘŬơ
ȆºǴǠǧ ƱƢƴƬƷơ Ŀ ƶƟơȂǴdzơ ǮǴƫ ƾǓ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǺǨLJ
DZȂºƦǫ ǹȁƽ ǕȂǘŬơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƔȅŐdzơ ǁȁǂŭơ ǪƷ ƪLJǁƢǷ ƮȈƷ
.(ÏÑÕ)ȅƽơǂǨǻơ Dzǰnjƥ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƢȀǓǂǧ Ŗdzơ ƽȂȈǬdzơ
ƧǂǯǀºǷ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢºǟ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƩǁƾǏƗȁ -ÎÏÖ
ƩơǁȁƢǼǷ ƔơǂƳƜƥ ƢȀǷƢȈǬdz ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ȃƾdz ƨȇȂǨNj ƱƢƴƬƷơ
DzƦƳ ǺǷ śȇǂǰLjǟ ơƆƽơǂǧƗ ƢȀȈǧ ƪǷƾƼƬLJơ ơƽƢǨȈǻ ơŚȈLJ Ŀ ƨȇǂǰLjǟ
ƨȈǻƢƦºLJȍơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ƪƦǴǗȁ .ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǁƢǘƻƛ ǹȁƽ ǩǁƢǗ
Ŀ ƔƢºƳ ƢǷ ƤLjƷ ƨȈũǂdzơ Śǣ) ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǮǴƬdz ȅǁȂǨdzơ ǦǫȂdzơ
ǵƢȈǬdzơ ǹȁƽ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǮǴƫ ƔơǂƳƛ ǵƾǠƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƪƦdzƢǗȁ (ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ƽǂdzơ
.(ÏÑÖ)ƢȀǼǷ ǹƿƛ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơȁ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǁƢǘƻƜƥ ƢƆǬƦLjǷ
Ŗºdzơ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ƾǓ DZƢǤƫŐdzơ ńƛ ƱƢƴƬƷƢƥ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ƪưǠƥȁ -ÎÐÍ
ƢǨǴȇȁ ǺǷ ƾȈǐdzơ ƨǼȈǨLJ śƥ ÎÖÖÓ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÎÍ Ŀ ƪƯƾƷ
ƨǼȈǨºLJ ȄºǴǟ ǹơŚǼdzơ ƪǬǴǗƗ ƨȈdzƢǤƫǂƥ ƨȇǁȁƽ ƨǼȈǨLJȁ (Huelva)
ǂĔ ƤǐǷ ƾǼǟ ƨȈdzƢǤƫŐdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ Ŀ ƽƢǘǐƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƢĔƗ ƢƆǸǟǃ ƾȈǐdzơ
ńƛ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƱƢƴƬƷơ ƧǂǯǀŠ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ƪưǠƥȁ .(Guadiana) ƢǻƢȇƽơȂǣ
ƪǟƾƬLJơ ƢǸǯ ňƢƦLJȍơ DzǐǼǬdzơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzƢǤƫŐdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ
ƱƢºƴƬƷơ ǾƬǸǴºLJȁ ŅƢǤƫŐdzơ ŚǨLjdzơ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ
ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ƢǷƗ .ǁŐǷ Śǣ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ǾƫŐƬǟơ ƢǷ ƾǓ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ
ƭȁƾºū ƢȀǨLJƗ Ǻǟ ƢȀȈǧ ƪƥǂǟƗ ƨdzƢLJǁ ƪǴLJǁƗ ƾǬǧ ƨȈdzƢǤƫŐdzơ
ǹȁƢǠƫ ǵƢȈǫ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ Ȃǿȁ ǽƽƢǸƬǟơ Ļ ƔơǂƳƛ ǪȈƦǘƫ Ɨƾƥȁ .ƨǠǫơȂdzơ
ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ ǞºǷ ǶƟƢºǬdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟ śǧǂǘdzơ ƩƢǘǴLJ śƥ
ƨLJơǂūơ ƩƢǘǴLJ śƥ ƭƽơȂƷ ƭȁƾƷ ƤǼƴƬdz ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ
.(ÏÒÍ)ǁȁƢů ƾǴƥ ǺǨLJȁ
__________
ǽƢºȈŭơ Ŀ ƢǿȂºLJǁȁ ƨºȈƦǼƳȋơ ƨȈƥǂūơ ǺǨLjdzơ ƨƷȐǷ ƾǟơȂǫ (ÏÑÔ)
ǾºƠǻơȂǷ Ŀȁ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨȈǯơǂƬNjȏơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƽƢŢȏ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơȁ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ
.ILM, vol. XXIV, No. 6 (November 1985), p.1717 ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭơ
ŚLjºǨƬdzƢƥ ȄǸLjȇ ƢǷ ǞǷ ǪǧơȂƬƫ Ȇǯ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƶƟơȂǴdzơ ƪdzƾĄǟ (ÏÑÕ)
.ƾȈȈǬƬdzơ ơǀđ DzǸǠdzơ ǂǬȇ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ÎÖÕÖ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÐ ƹǁƚŭơ ƾƷȂŭơ
ǺºǷ ƨºǠǫȂŭơ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ƾƷȂŭơ ŚLjǨƬdzơ ǎǼƥ ƨǬǧǂŭơ ƨȈǨƸǐdzơ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ Ŀȁ
:ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ ȃǂƳ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ
ƢȀǴȇƾǠƫ Ļ ƾǫ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƶƟơȂǴdzơ ǹƛ ƮȈƷ"
ƤºǻƢƴǴdz ƢǻƾºǯƗ ÎÖÕÏ ǵƢǠdz ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǞǷ ǪǨƬȇ ƢŠ
Ŀ DžǁƢŤ ǹƗ ńƛ Ȃǟƾȇ ƢǷ ƢȀȇƾdz džȈdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǹƗ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ
ƔȅŐºdzơ ǁȁǂºŭơ Ŀ ƢȀǬƷ ƽȂLJȋơ ǂƸƦdzƢƥ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ǽƢȈŭơ
."ƨƷȐŭơ ƨȇǂū ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ȄǔƬǬŠ
.(ÏÑÎ Ǎ (ÎÖÖÍ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Nash Leich)
Spanish Yearbook of International Law, vol. II, 1992, (ÏÑÖ)
.p. 175
Diario de Sesiones del Congreso de los Diputados (1996), (ÏÒÍ)
REDI, vol. XLIX, No. 1 ȁ Sixth Legislature, No. 24, pp. 992-993
.(1997), p. 153
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǹȁƽ DZƢƷ ƾǫ ȆǰȈLjǰŭơ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǹƗ ÎÖÎÎ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ
:ǹƗ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƩƾǯƗȁ .(ÏÒÒ)ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǶǟơDŽǷ ƧƢǟơǂǷ
Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ƨǼŪ ǵƢǷƗ ƵǂƌǗ ƾǫ ƨǼǿơǂdzơ ƨdzƢūơ Ŀ ȆǰȈLjǰŭơ ƤǴǘŭơ
ƨºǷȂǰūơ ǹƗȁ ƢȀºǴǸǠdz ƢȀƬºLJǁƢŲ Ŀ ƢȀǟȁǂNj ǺǷ DZȂǬǠǷ ƪǫȁ ǹȂǔǣ
ǾºǴǸǟ ƢȀºǼǷ ƤǴǘȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƢǷ Dzǰƥ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ DzƦǫ ƪǷƢǫ ƨȈǰȈLjǰŭơ
.(ÏÒÓ)ǵȂǟDŽŭơ ȅƾǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀƳƢƴƬƷƢƥ
ƨȈƳǁƢƻ Ƨǁơǃȁ ƩǁƾǏƗ ÎÖÔÖ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÓ Ŀȁ -ÎÐÓ
(ƢnjºǻƢǻ) ȆǴƫǁƢƦºLJ ǁDŽƳ DzȈƦƻǁƗ ƨȈǠƦƫ ǾȈǧ ƩƾǯƗ ƢƆǻƢȈƥ śǐdzơ
ƢƆºƳƢƴƬƷơ ǹƢȈƦdzơ ơǀǿ DzưŻȁ .(Spratly (Nansha) Islands) śǐǴdz
DzºȈƦƻǁȋơ ǾºȈǧ ƪǨǏȁ ȐȈǻƢǷ ƨǷȂǰƷ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ ǡȐƥ ȄǴǟ
.(ÏÒÔ)śƦǴǨǴdz ƨǠƥƢƫ ǑơǁƗ ǾǻƘƥ ƾȇƾŪơ
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÎÍ Ŀ ƨºǸǴǯ ƣǂǤŭơ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ǂȇǃȁ ȄǬdzƗȁ -ÎÐÔ
ƽƢºǟƗ ǺǘǼNjơȂƥ ǹȁƢƬƳǁȂƳ ƨǠǷƢƳ Ŀ ÎÖÔÕ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ
śƬȈǻƢƦºLJȍơ ƨºǴȈǴǷȁ ƨƬƦLJ ŖǼȇƾǷ Ɣơǃƛ ǽƾǴƥ ǦǫȂǷ ƾȈǯƘƫ ƢȀȈǧ
ƾºǠƥ ȏƛ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ƨȈƥơǂƬdzơ ǾƫƾƷȁ ƾȈǠƬLjȇ Ǻdz ƣǂǤŭơ ǹƗ ǺǴǟƗȁ
ƨºȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ Ʃƽǁȁ .ǺȇǂºǤưdzơ Ǻȇǀǿ ȄǴǟ ǾƫƽƢȈLJ ƧƽƢǠƬLJơ
ƧǂºǷ ƾºȈǯƘƬdzơ ƾȈǠƫ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǹƗ ƪǼǴǟƗ ǹƘƥ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ
ƢƆºǷƢƫ ƢƆǔǧǁ ǒǧǂƫȁ ƢȈǻƢƦLJȍ śƬǬǘǼŭơ ƨȈǠƦƫ ȄǴǟ Ƨƾnjƥ ȃǂƻƗ
ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀȁ .ĺǂǤŭơ ǂȇǃȂdzơ Ǻǟ ƩǁƾǏ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȂƦǬŭơ Śǣ ǶǟơDŽŭơ
ƾǓ ƨƴȀǴdzơ ƾȇƾNj ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷơ ǕƢƥǂdzơ Ŀ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ŚǨLJ ǁƾǏƗ Ǿƫơƿ
ǹơȂºƻ ǮºǴŭơ DzºĈƳƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .ƨȈƥǂǤŭơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ
Ƣđ ǵȂǬȇ ǹƗ ǁǂǬŭơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƧǁƢȇǃ ȄǸLjǷ Śǣ DzƳƗ ńƛ DžȂdzǁƢǯ
.(ÏÒÕ)ÎÖÔÕ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ŀ ƣǂǤǸǴdz
ǹȂǻƢǯ ÐÎ Ŀ Ǿǔǧǁ śǰƥ ȃƾdz ǵƢǻ ƪȈȈǧ ŚǨLJ ǺǴǟƗȁ -ÎÐÕ
ƨȈǼȈǏ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ƨƷơǂǏ ƪǼǸǔƫ ƨȈǼȈǏ ƨǬȈƯȂdz ÎÖÕÍ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ
ǺºǴǟƌƗȁ (Paracel & Spratly) ȆǴƫơŐLJȁ DzȈLJơǁƢƥ ļǂȇDŽƳ ǹƘnjƥ
ȆǓơǁƗ ǺǷ ƗDŽƴƬȇ ȏ ơƆƔDŽƳ ǹȐǰnjȇ śǴȈƦƻǁȋơ ǹƗ ƾȇƾƳ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ
.(ÏÒÖ)ƾȈǠƥ ǺǷǃ ǀǼǷ śǐdzơ
NJȇƽȐǤǼºƥ ǹƢºŭǂƥ ǀºţơ ÎÖÕÎ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÏÐ Ŀȁ -ÎÐÖ
DZȐƬƷƢºƥ ƨȇƾǼŮơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǵƢȈǫ ȄǴǟ ǾȈǧ ƲƬŹ ơƆǁơǂǫ" ǝƢŦȍƢƥ
ǁŐºǷ Ȑƥ ƢƆȇǂǰLjǟ (New Moore Island) ƧƾȇƾŪơ ǁȂǷ ƧǂȇDŽƳ
__________
ǝƢǘǬǻơ Ȑƥ ƨȈǰǴŭơȁ ǵƽƢǬƬdzơ ǹƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƢȀȈǧ Ʃǂǯƿ (ÏÒÒ)
ƨºǬǘǼŭơ ǹƗ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǁǂǬƫ Ȇǰdz ƢƆȈǧƢǯ ơƆǁŐǷ ƢǻȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ÎÕÑÕ ǵƢǟ ǀǼǷ
.(ÔÏ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Suy) ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ƨǠƥƢƫ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǝǃƢǼƬŭơ
ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .UNRIAA, vol. XI (Sales No. 61.V.4), p. 309 (ÏÒÓ)
.AJIL, vol. 5 (1911), p. 807
.ÓÍÐ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÍ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rousseau ǂǜǻơ (ÏÒÔ)
Le Monde ƢƬǨȈƸºǏȁ žÔÔÍ Ǎ (ÎÖÔÖ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÒÕ)
.ÎÖÔÕ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÏ Journal de Genèveȁ
.ÓÍÓ-ÓÍÒ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÍ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÒÖ)
310
džȇǂǰƫ ǹȁƽ ƨdzȂǴȈūơ ǑǂǤƥ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ (Ʊ)
śǠǷ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨdzƢƷ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ǪȈǫƾƥ ǶȈǴǫȍơ ‘Α
Ŗdzơ (Island of Bulama) ƢǷȏȂƥ ƧǂȇDŽƳ ƨȈǔǫ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ -ÎÐÑ
ƧƽƢȈLjºdzơ ƽƾǐƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ DZƢǤƫŐdzơ śƥ ƨȀƳơȂǷ ƪǠǫȁ
ƩƢǧǂǐºƬdzơ ȄºǴǟ DZƢºǤƫŐdzơ ƱƢºƴƬƷơ ǁơǂǸƬLJơ ǹƜǧ ƢȀȈǴǟ
ȄǴǟ ƧƽƢȈLjdzƢƥ ƢǸȀƬƦdzƢǘǷ ǺǷ ƨǠƥƢǼdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ
DzºȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÎ Ŀ ǶȈǰŢ ǁơǂǫ ǁȁƾǏ ńƛ ȃƽƗ ƾǫ ƧǂȇDŽŪơ
Ŗºdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǺǷ ȅƘƥ ǶǴLjƫ Ń DZƢǤƫŐdzơ ǹƛ" :ǾȈǧ ƔƢƳ ÎÕÔÍ
:ǹƗ ǁǂºǬƫ Ǯdzǀºdzȁ "ƨºȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨȈǰǴŭơ Ǫū ƆơƾȈȇƘƫ ƩǂƳ
Ŀ ƢǷȏȂƥ ƧǂȇDŽƳ ȄǴǟ DZƢǤƫŐdzơ ǮǴǷ ƨdzȐƳ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ"
ƨºǴƥƢǬŭơ ȆǓơǁȋơ ǺǷ śǠǷ ƔDŽƳȁ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ ǺǷ ĺǂǤdzơ ƞǗƢnjdzơ
.(ÏÒÑ)"ƧƾǯƚǷȁ ƨƬƥƢƯ Ȇǿ Ődzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂȇDŽŪơ ǽǀŮ
Ǟǫȁ Ŗdzơ (Chamizal) DZƢLjȈǷƢNj ƨȈǔǫ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥȁ -ÎÐÒ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ǮȈLjǰŭơ śƥ ǝơDŽǻ ÎÖÎÍ ǵƢǟ ƢĔƘnjƥ
DZƛ śºƥ ȅƾǻơǂǣ Ȃȇǁ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ƽȁƾūơ ǖȈǘƼƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
(Ciudad Juárez) DžǁơȂƻ ƨǼȇƾǷȁ DžƢLjǰƫ  (El Paso) ȂLJƢƥ
ÎÒ ƹǁƚºŭơ Ƣºǿǁơǂǫ Ŀ ƽȁƾºƸǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƩƾǯƗ
_________________________________________
(ǞƥƢƫ (ÏÒÐ) ƨȈNjƢūơ)
ȄǴǟ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DZȂƦǬŭơ Śǣ ǺǷ ǹƛ .ǪȈǔŭơ Ŀ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ƧŚǤǐdzơ ȏǃȂƫ ƧǂȇDŽŪ
.ƢºȈǻơǂǯȁƗ ȆºǓơǁƗ ǺºǷ ƔDŽƳ ƧǂȇDŽŪơ ǹƘƥ ƨǠǗƢǬdzơ ƨǬȈǬūơ ƾȈǯƘƫ ǦȈȈǯ
ǁơƾǏƛ Ǻǟ ǂǨLJƗ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ȅǂȇǃȁ śƥ ǭǂƬnjǷ ǝƢǸƬƳơ ƾǬǠƥ ǝơŗdzơ ȄȀƬǻơȁ
ȆºLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢºŢȏơ ƨºȈƳǁƢƻ ƧǁơǃȂºdz ȆǰƦnjdzơ ǞǫȂŭơ ȄǴǟ ǞǓȁ ǹȐǟƛ
ÐÎ Ŀ ǁƾºǏ ȅǀdzơ ŅƢƬdzơ ǭǂƬnjŭơ ǹƢȈƦdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƔƢƳȁ .(www.mid.ru)
:ÏÍÍÐ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ
ƽơƾºǟȍƢƥ ǞǴǘǔƬLJ Ŗdzơ ƨǸƟȐŭơ ƨǴǷƢǠdzơ ƨǫǂǧȋơ ƔƢnjǻƛ ǁǂǬƫ"
Ŀ ljŚǯ ǪȈǔǷȁ ǥȁǃƗ ǂŞ Ŀ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵơǂƥȍ
ǝƢºǫ ǥƢnjºǰƬLJơȁ ƨǠȈƦǘdzơ Ƨǁơƽƛȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǏȁ ƨƷȐŭơ ǺȇƽƢȈǷ
.Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƢǷȁ ƨȈƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ ƧƢȈūơȁ ǁƢƸƦdzơ
ȆƳȂºdzȂǰȇƛ ƮŞ ƔơǂƳƜƥ ǝơǂLJȍơ ńƛ ȆǷǂȇ ǩƢǨƫơ ǵơǂƥƛ Ļȁ"
.ljŚǯ ǪȈǔǷ Ŀ ƨdzƢūơ Ǻǟ ǭǂƬnjǷ
śºƥ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǂȇȂǘƫ ȄǴǟ ƺLJơǂdzơ ƢǸȀǷDŽǟ ǹơǂȇǃȂdzơ ǺǴǟƗȁ"
ƨȈƴȈƫơǂƬºLJơ ƨǯơǂnjºƥ ǹƢǘƦƫǂȇ ǺȇǀǴdzơ ƢȈǻơǂǯȁƗȁ ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ
ÐÎ ƨºƻǁƚŭơ ƨǯơǂnjºdzơȁ ǹȁƢºǠƬdzơȁ ƨǫơƾǐdzơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ
ǵơǂºƬƷȏơ ǍƢºƻ ǾƳȂƥ ƢȀǷƢǰƷƗ ȆǔƬǬƫ Ŗdzơ ÎÖÖÔ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ
ƽȁƾºūơ ƨºǷǂƷȁ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨǷȐLjdzơȁ ƧƽƢȈLjdzơ Ŀ ƧơȁƢLjŭơȁ DZƽƢƦƬŭơ
ƾºȈǬƬdzơ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƢǸȀǼȈƥ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ
."ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzƢƥ
ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .Moore, History and Digest …, vol. II, p. 1921 (ÏÒÑ)
.ÔÕ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Coussirat-Coustère and Eisemann
311 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
Ŀ śƬºǼƳǁȋơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ȃƾdz ơƆǁơǂǷ ƢȀƬdzȐƳ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƪƴƬƷơ ƾǬdz
Ŀ ǭǁȂºȇȂȈǻ Ŀ ƨºȈǼȈƬǼƳǁȋơ - ƨºȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƩƢƯƽƢƄơ DZȐƻ Ƥȇǂǫ ƾȀǟ
Ŀ ƢŮ ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ ƨȈǸǴǠdzơ ƨǘƄƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ÎÖÕÏ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj
ǶǷȋơ ǩƢưȈŠȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzƢƥ ƢǼǷDŽƬdzơ ƾǬdz .(Southern Thule) ƨȈƥȂǼŪơ DZȂƯ
ǦºǫȂŭơȁ .ƨȈǸǴLjºdzơ DzƟƢLJȂdzƢƥ ƩƢǟơŗdzơ ƨȇȂLjƫ ƤƳȂƬLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
.(ÏÓÒ)ƨǷƢƫ ƨȇƢǸŞ DZȂǸnjǷ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƩƢǻƢȈƦǴdz ƢȀǔǧǁ ÎÖÖÖ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ Ŀ ƾǼŮơ ƪǼǴǟƗȁ -ÎÑÒ
śȈǠƫ ǹƗ ƢȀȈǧ ƔƢƳ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǻƢƬLjǯƢƦdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ
ǶƬºȇ Ń ŚǸnjºǯ ƨºǬǘǼŠ ǹƢƬLjǯƢƥȁ ƾǼŮơ śƥ ƨǴǏƢǨdzơ ƽȁƾūơ
.(ÏÓÓ)ƨnjǫƢǼǷ DzŰ Ȇǿȁ ƨǸȈǴLjdzơ ƨǬȇǂǘdzƢƥ
ŕƷ DzƸĄȇ Ń ȅǀdzơ ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ ƔơǂƸǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǝơDŽºǼdzơ ȃƽƗ -ÎÑÓ
ƨºǘŬ Ǿǔºǧǁ ǾȈǧ ǺǴǠȇ ƣǂǤŭơ Ǻǟ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǁȁƾǏ ńƛ ǹȉơ
ȆǐƼnjdzơ ƭȂǠƦŭơ ƢǿƾǟƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ ƔơǂƸǐdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǵȐLjdzơ
.(ÏÓÔ)ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȌdz
ƢºǻƢȇȂǣ śºƥ ƨºǸƟƢǬdzơ ȆǓơǁȋơ ƨǴǰnjŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÎÑÔ
Ŀ ƽǁơȂºdzơ ȅƗǂºdzơ ńƛ ƧǁƢºNjȍơ ǶȀŭơ ǺǷ Ȑȇȁŗǧȁ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ
ƪǻǂƬǻȍơ ƨǰƦNj ȄǴǟ ƨȈǴȇȁŗǨdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƧǁơǃȂdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ
ǁơǂǫ ƢǸȈLJ ȏ ǪƥƢLJ ňȂǻƢǫ ǞǓȁ ǹƘnjƥ ȆƟƢǼƯ ǩƢǨƫơ ȃȂƸǧ Ǻǟ
ǹƗ ƨȈũǂdzơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ Ŀ ƔƢƳȁ .(ÏÓÕ)ÎÕÖÖ ǵƢǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ
ǽƢºǼǠŠ (ÏÓÖ)ÎÖÓÓ ǂºȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÎÔ ƹǁƚŭơ ǦȈǼƳ ǩƢǨƫơ
ǾºǼǰdzȁ žÎÕÖÖ ǵƢºǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǁơǂǫ DzǘƦȇ ȏ" Ŀǂūơ
ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǁơǂǫ ǹƗ ǽƽƢǨǷ ȅǀdzơ ƔƢǟƽȐdz Ȑȇȁŗǧ ǒǧǁ DzƦǬȇȁ Ƶǂǘȇ
ƢºǻƢȇȂǣȁ ȐȇȁDŽººǼǧ śºƥ ƽȁƾūơ ǹƘnjƥ ÎÕÖÖ ǵƢǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ
ǹƗ ǺºǰŻ DzȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƢƆǫƢǨƫơ ǹƛ .(ÏÔÍ)"ǡȏȁ DzǗƢƥ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ
ƢºǷ ƨȈǸȈǴǫƛ ƨdzƘLjŠ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǞǓȂdzơ Ɣơǃƛ ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷơ Dzŏǰnjȇ
ƢºǷ ƤLjƷ ǂƻȉơ ǥǂǘdzơ DzƦĉǫ ǺǷ Ǿƫơƿ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǾdzȂƦǫ ȃƾǷȁ
.ǾǓǂǟ ǪƥƢLjdzơ Ȑȇȁŗǧ ƨǷȂǰƷ ȅƗǁ ǺǷ ǶȀǨĄȇ
__________
.Ibid., "United Kingdom … 1982", p. 430 (ÏÓÒ)
.ÖÒÏ Ǎ (ÎÖÖÖ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Poulain (ÏÓÓ)
Ǻºǟ ǁƽƢǏ ǹƢȈƥ Ŀ ƔƢƳȁ .annex II Corr.1ȁ S/2003/565 (ÏÓÔ)
Ǿǔǧǁ ƧȂǬƥ ƽƾŸ ǹƗ ƣǂǤŭơ ƽȂȇ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ƨȈƥǂǤŭơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ
ǵƢºǠdzơ ǾƟƢǼƥ ȃȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƔơȂLJ ǂǰȈƥ džǸȈƳ ƾȈLjdzơ ǾǷƾǫ ȅǀdzơ ǖǘƼǸǴdz
ƨºȀƳ ǺºǷ ƨºȈƟƾƦǷ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǾƫơƔơǂƳƛ ȃȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ
.ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǺǷȋơ ƩƢƦǴǘƬǷȁ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƨǠȈƦǗ Ʃơƿ Ǟǧơȁƾdzȁ
ƨºȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƢºǻƢȇȂǣ ƧǂǸǠƬLjºǷ śºƥ ƽȁƾūơ ǹƘnjƥ Ƕǰūơ (ÏÓÕ)
ÎÕÖÖ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ð ƹǁƚŭơ ǁơǂǬdzơ ƨȈǴȇȁŗǨdzơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ
.British and Foreign State Papers. 1899-1900, vol. XCII, p. 160
.ǽȐǟƗ ÒÐ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÓÖ)
ǹƘnjƥ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ http://esequibo.mppre.gob.ve ƪǻǂƬǻȍơ ǞǫȂǷ (ÏÔÍ)
.ȂƦȈǰLJƛ ƨǠǗƢǬŠ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ
ȆǠLjdzơ ǞǷ ƢēơȂǫ ơƆǁȂǧ ƤƸLjƫ ǹƗ ȆŮƽȂȈǻ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǺǷ ƤǴǗȁ
.(ÏÓÍ)"ǝơŗǴdz ƨȈǸǴLJ ƨȇȂLjƫ ńƛ DzǏȂƬǴdz
ÏÕ Ŀ ƢƆºƳƢƴƬƷơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƩǁƾǏƗȁ -ÎÑÍ
Ŀ śȇƾǼǰdzơ śǨǛȂŭơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ DZȁDŽǻ ƾǓ ÎÖÕÑ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ
(Machias Seal Island) DzȈLJ DžƢȈǯƢǷ ƧǂȇDŽŝ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÎÕ
ǹƘºƥ ơƾºǼǯ Ʃƽǁȁ .ǹơƾǴƦdzơ Ƣđ ƤdzƢǘȇ Ŗdzơ śǷ ƲȈǴş ƨǠǫơȂdzơ
ȏ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƨǗǂnjdzơ ƩƢȇǁȁƽ ǹƗȁ ƢȀȈǓơǁƗ ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ Dzǰnjƫ ƧǂȇDŽŪơ
.(ÏÓÎ)ƨȈǼȈƫȁǁ ƨƦǫơǂǷ ƨȈǴǸǠƥ ȃȂLJ ǭƢǼǿ ǵȂǬƫ
ƨºȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷơ ȆǴȈNj ƩǁƾǏƗȁ -ÎÑÎ
ƲºǷƽ ÎÖÖÎ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ Ŀ ƾȇǂƥ ǞƥƢǗ ƢLjǻǂǧ ǁơƾǏƛ ƤƦLjƥ
Ȃǿȁ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ DŽȈǼȈdzȂƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ (Easter Island) ơȂǰLJƢƥ ƧǂȇDŽƳ
.(ÏÓÏ)ƨȈǠǘǫ ƧǁȂǐƥ ȆǴȈNj ǾǓǁƢǠƫ ƢǷ
ÏÏ Ŀ ƱƢºƴƬƷơ ƧǂǯǀºǷ ƢȈǻȂƬºLJƛ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƪȀƳȁ -ÎÑÏ
ƤƦLjƥ śdzƢƫ Ŀ ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ŚǨLJ ńƛ ÎÖÖÑ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ
ƨȇƽơǂǨǻơ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǾdzȐƻ ǺǷ ǶLJǂȇ ǵȂLJǂŭ ȆLJȁǂdzơ džȈƟǂdzơ ǁơƾǏƛ
ǒǠƦºƥ ƢȈǻȂƬLJƛ ƤdzƢǘƫȁ .ƢȈǻȂƬLJƛȁ ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ śƥ ƽȁƾūơ
ƢȈǻȂƬLJƛ Ƕǔƥ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǵƢȈǫ DzƦǫ ƢŮ ƽȁƾūơ ȄǴǟ ȆǓơǁȋơ
ƾºȇƾƳ ǺǷ ƤǴǗ ÎÖÖÑ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ ÎÒ Ŀȁ .ÎÖÑÍ ǵƢǟ
ƨȇǁƢŪơ DZƢǸǟȋơ Ǧǫȁ ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǺǷ ƢȈǻȂƬLJƛ Ɣơǁǃȁ džȈƟǁ
.(ÏÓÐ)ƨȈǻȂƬLJȍơ - ƨȈLJȁǂdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ǶȈLJǂƬdz
ǑơǁƗȁ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǝǃƢǼƬǷ ǑơǁƗ ƽƾǐƥ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷơ ƩǁƾǏȁ -ÎÑÐ
Ƨǂǯǀºŭơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ :ƢĔƘnjƥ DzƷ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ ǶƬȇ Ń ƨǴƬŰ
ơƾǼdzȂǿ ńƛ śƬǼƳǁȋơ ǺǷ ƨǴLJǂŭơ ÎÖÕÍ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ Ð ƨƻǁƚŭơ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƨºǰǴǸŭơ ƢȀȈǧ Dzƻƾƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ŕNj ƢȀȇƾdz ǝƽȂŭơ
Ó Ŀȁ .(ƾǻȐǯȂǧ) ǺȇȂǴŭơ ǁDŽƳ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǫƢƦǘǻơ ǁǂǬƫ Ŗdzơȁ ǥǂǘǯ
ǺºǷ ƨºȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨºǷȂǰūơ ƪºǷƢǫ ÎÖÕÎ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
:ƢȀȈǧ ƔƢƳ ơƾǼdzȂǿ ƨǷȂǰƷ ńƛ ƧǂǯǀǷ DZƢLJǁƜƥ ƢȀƦǻƢƳ
ǽȐǟƗ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ řȈƬǼƳǁȋơ ǹȐǟȍơ DZȂƦǫ Ɔơƿƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǞLJȂƥ džȈdz
ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǩƢǘǻ ƾǷ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǪƷ Ŀ ǮȈǰnjƬdzơ ǾǼǷ ǶȀǨĄȇ ƮȈƷ
ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DzƦǬƫ ȏ ƢĔƗ ƢǸǯ ƢŮ ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ǶȈdzƢǫȋơȁ ƾǻȐǯȂǧ ǁDŽƳ ńƛ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ
.(ÏÓÑ)ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǪƷ ȅƗ śƬǼƳǁȋơ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ƨǷȂǰū
NJƬȇȁƾǻƢLJ ǁDŽŝ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ƾǯƗȁ -ÎÑÑ
ǞºǷ ƢǔºȇƗ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǝǃƢǼƬŭơ (South Sandwich Islands) ƨȈƥȂǼŪơ
:Ȑ
Ɔ ƟƢǫ śƬǼƳǁȋơ
__________
.ÕÒÑ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÎ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÓÍ)
.ÎÏÐ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÒ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÓÎ)
.ÎÏÍ Ǎ (ÎÖÖÏ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÓÏ)
.RGDIP, vol. XCVIII (1994), pp. 732-733 and 973 ǂǜǻơ (ÏÓÐ)
.Marston, "United Kingdom … (1981)", pp. 446-447 (ÏÓÑ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƨºǷȂǰūơ Ǿƫǀţơ ǁơǂǫ ƾǓ ŕNj ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷơ ƩǁƾǏȁ -ÎÒÍ
ƾȇƾǸƬƥ ȆǔǬȇ ÎÖÒÔ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÐ Ŀ ƨȈLjȈǻȁƾǻȍơ
.(ÏÔÑ)DzȈƦƻǁȋơ DZȂƷ Ȑ
Ɔ ȈǷ ÎÏ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢȀǿƢȈǷ ǩƢǘǻ
ƢºȈƦǷȂdzȂǯ ńƛ ŕºNj ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷơ ȐȇȁDŽºǼǧ ƪȀƳȁȁ -ÎÒÎ
ƩȏƢĐơ Ŀ ƢǸȈLJ ȏ ƨȈǴȇȁŗǨdzơ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ǽƢȈŭơ Ŀ DzǣȂƬdzơ ƤƦLjƥ
.ƢǿƽȁƾƷ ǶȈLJǂƫ DZȂƷ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ƩƢǟǃƢǼǷ ƢĔƘnjƥ ǁȂưƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ
ƩǁƢºNjƗ ÎÖÔÍ ŐǸƬƦºLJ/DZȂºǴȇƗ Ð ƨƻǁƚŭơ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ȆǨǧ
ǪŞ DZơȂƷȋơ ǺǷ DZƢƷ ȅƘƥ ǥǂƬǠƫ Ń Ȑȇȁŗǧ ǹƗ ńƛ ȐȇȁDŽºǼǧ
Dzƻơƽ ƾȈǐdzơ Ŀ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈLjǼƳ ȅƗ ǺǨLJ ȁƗ ƨȈƦǷȂdzȂǰdzơ ǺǨLjdzơ
ơǀºǿ Ŀȁ .ƨºȈǴȇȁŗǨdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǺǷ ǹƿƛ ǹȁƽ Ȑȇȁŗǧ ƲȈǴƻ
ƾȈǐdzơ ƾȈǠƥ ƾǷƗ ǀǼǷ DžǁƢǷ ȅǀdzơ ƾǴƦdzơ Ȇǿ Ȑȇȁŗǧ ǹƜǧ ƽƾǐdzơ
.Ȑȇȁŗǧ ƲȈǴŬ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ Ŀ ơƆǂǐƷ
ǺǨLJ ƽȂƳȁ ȄǴǟ Ʃơǂŭơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠdzơ Ȑȇȁŗǧ ƪƴƬƷơ ƾǫȁ -ÎÒÏ
ƾºǴƦdzơ Ǯdzǀºdz ǞƥƢºƬdzơ DZȂǘLJȋơ ǺǨLJ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƢȈƦǷȂdzȂǯ
ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷȏơ ǽǀǿ Ʃǀţơ ƾǫȁ .Ȑȇȁŗǧ ƲȈǴƻ Ŀ (Caldas ƨƯƽƢƷ)
ƢȀºƬȈƳǁƢƻ ǂºȇǃȁȁ Ȑºȇȁŗǧ džȈƟǁ Ǻǟ ƩǁƾǏ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ DzǰNj
ƾȈǯƘƫ ƢŮȐƻ ǺǷ ƩƽƢǟƗ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨȈũǁ ƩȐLJơǂǷ Ǯdzǀǯȁ
.(ÏÔÒ)Ȑȇȁŗǧ ƲȈǴƻ Ŀ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨȇǂŞ ƩȏƢů ȄǴǟ Ȑȇȁŗǧ ƧƽƢȈLJ
ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ Ö Ŀ ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷơ ơƾǼdzǂȇƕ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƩǁƾǏƗȁ -ÎÒÐ
Ó Ŀ ǁƽƢǐººdzơ ƨººȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨººǷȂǰūơ ǹȐººǟƛ Ɣơǃƛ ÎÖÔÑ
ȄǴǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸǸǴdz ƢƆǫȂǬƷ ƞnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ÎÖÔÑ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ
.(ÏÔÓ)(Rockall Island) DZȂǯȁǁ ƧǂȇDŽŪ ǁȁƢĐơ ȅǁƢǬdzơ ǦȈǏǂdzơ
ƧƽƾnjºǷ ƩƢºƳƢƴƬƷơ ƨȈǻƢƥƢȈdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƩǁƾǏƗ ƢǸǯ -ÎÒÑ
ƪǻƢǯ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƾǓ ƨȇȂǨNj ƩơǂǯǀǷ Dzǰnjƥ ƧǁǂǰƬǷȁ
ƲƬŢ Ŗdzơ ÎÖÒÔ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÏÓ ƨƻǁƚŭơ ƨȇȂǨnjdzơ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ƢŮȁƗ
Džǂǘƥ ƲȈǴƻ Ŀ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǩƢǘǻ ƾȇƾŤ ȄǴǟ ƢȀȈǧ
.(ÏÔÔ)ƢƆǔȇƗ ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀđ ǹƢƬȈdzƢƫ ǹƢƫǂǯǀǷ ƢȀƬǠƦƫ Őǯȋơ
__________
ƧǂǯǀºǷ ǂºǜǻơ) RGDIP, vol. LXII (1958), p. 163 ǂºǜǻơ (ÏÔÑ)
(ÎÓÑȁ ÎÓÐ Ǎ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ Ŀ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ
Japanese Annual of International Law, No. 2 (1958), pp. 218-219ȁ
ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǾȈǧ ǒǧǂƫ ȅǀdzơ ƨȈǻƢƥƢȈdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǁƢǠNjȍơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ)
.(ÏÏÍȁ ÏÎÖ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ƾȇƾǸƬdzơ ơǀđ
Libro Amarillo del Ministerio de Relaciones ǂº ºǜǻơ (ÏÔÒ)
.ÎÖÕÒ ǀǼǷ Exteriores de Venezuela
.ÒÍÑ-ÒÍÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rousseau ǂǜǻơ (ÏÔÓ)
ÏÔÑ ƨȈNjƢūơ) Japanese Annual of International Law ǂǜǻơ (ÏÔÔ)
ƨƻǁƚŭơ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨȇȂǨnjdzơ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdzȁ .ÏÎÑ-ÏÎÐ Ǎ (ǽȐǟƗ
ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ńƛ ƨȈǻƢƥƢȈdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǺǷ ƨȀƳȂŭơ ÎÖÒÔ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ Ó
ÎÔ ƨºƻǁƚŭơ ƨºưdzƢưdzơ ƨȇȂǨnjdzơ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ƽǂƫȁ .ÏÎÒ Ǎ ǂǜǻơ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ
ƨºȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ńƛ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ƧǁƢǨLJ ǺǷ ƨȀƳȂŭơ ÎÖÒÕ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
Ŀ ÎÖÒÕ ǂȇƢºǼȇ/ňƢºưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ô ƨƻǁƚŭơ ƢēǂǯǀǷ ȄǴǟ ơƆƽǁ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ
ƢŮȐƻ ǺǷ Ļ Ŗdzơ (ƨȈũǁ Śǣ ƨŦǂƫ Ȇǿȁ) ÏÎÕ-ÏÎÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ
.ƨȈǻƢƥƢȈdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǦǫȂǷ ƾȈǯƘƫ ƧƽƢǟƛ
312
(ÏÔÎ)
ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƩȏƢĐơ ‘Ï‘
ƩƢºǻȐǟȍơ ǺºǷ ƨǴƟƢǿ ƨǟȂǸů DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƾƳȂƫ -ÎÑÕ
śǻơȂǬdzơ) ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ŕNj Őǟ DZȁƾdzơ Ƣǿǁƾǐƫ ƧƽǂǨǼŭơ
ƢºŮȐƻ ǺǷ ȄƻȂƬƫ (Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƢǷȁ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơȁ ǶȈLJơǂŭơȁ
ƢȀȈǴǟ DžǁƢŤ Ŗdzơ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǩƢǘǻ ƾǷ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻơ ƧǁȂǐƥ
Ǒǂºǧ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǴǿƘƥ ƢȀȈǧ ǞƬǸƬƫ Ŗdzơ ŕƷ ȁƗ ƨȇƽƢȈLjdzơ ƢȀǫȂǬƷ
ƨȈǯǂǸŪơ ǖƥơȂǔdzơȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǚǨŞ ǎƬź ƢǸȈǧ) ƨǼȈǠǷ ǖƥơȂǓ
ȅǁƢºǬdzơ ǥǂºŪơ ƽǁơȂǷ ȄǴǟ ƨǜǧƢƄơ ńƛ ƨȈǷơǂdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơȁ
.(ÏÔÏ)(ǾǓǁƗ ǺǗƢƥȁ
ƧǂǯǀǷ Ŀ ǵƾǬŭơ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷȏơ ǽǀǿ ƾƷƗȁ -ÎÑÖ
Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÎ Ŀ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ńƛ ƢLjǻǂǧ Ƣđ ƪưǠƥ
ǖȈǘƼƬdz ƢŮȂƦǫ ǵƾǟ ƢŮȐƻ ǺǷ ƪǼǴǟƗ ÎÖÒÔ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ
ǭȂƬLJȂǨȇƽȐǧ ƲȈǴƻ Ŀ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ Ǿƥ ǵƢǫ ȅǀdzơ ƽȁƾūơ
ƨȇǁƢLjºdzơ ĿǂºǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǷ ľƢǼƬȇȁ ƆƢǗǂǨǷ ǾƫŐƬǟơȁ
.(ÏÔÐ)ǀƠƬǫȁ
__________
Ŗdzơ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨŷƢLjǸǴdz ǽǂǰNj Ǻǟ ƣǂǠĄȇ ǹƗ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƽȂȇ (ÏÔÎ)
ƣƢºƬǯ ǦºdzƚǷ Ruiloba García ǶºȀŭơ ǝǂºǨdzơ ơǀºǿ Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ƢȀǷƾǫ
Circunstancias Especiales y Equidad en la delimitación de los espacios
ǺǰŻȁ .ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƩȏƢĐơ ǖȈǘţ Ŀ ƚǧƢǰƬdzơȁ ƨǏƢŬơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ) marítimos
.ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǦdzƚǸǴdz ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ƩƢǛȂǨƄƢƥ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǮǴƫ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȏơ
Ŀ ƨºȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǺǷ ŚƦǯ ƽƾǟ ǭƢǼǿ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ (ÏÔÏ)
MacGibbon, Ŀ ƢĔƘnjƥ ǝȐǗȏơ ǺǰŻ ŕNj ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷơ ƪǴƫ DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ
Ŗºdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ .ÐÍÐ Ǎ "Some observations ..."
ǂnjǼƥ ƢŮ ǞƥƢƬdzơ ƢȈǧơǂǣȁǁƾȈŮơ ƤƬǰǷ ƢƆȇȂǼLJ ǵȂǬȇ Ŗdzơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ƢȀǠƦƬƫ
ƨºǬǘǼŭơȁ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƽƾǐƥ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ǺǷ ǾǼǴǠƫ ƢǷȁ DZȁƾdzơ ŕnjƥ ƨǸƟƢǫ
ƽǂºƫ Ŗºdzơ ƩȏƢĐơ ǺǷ Ǯdzƿ Śǣȁ ƨǐdzƢŬơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǬǘǼŭơȁ ƨŨƢƬŭơ
ȄºǴǟ ǭƢºũȋơ ƾƟƢǐǷ DzưǷ ƩƢǏƢǐƬƻȏơ ǒǠƦƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ƢĔƘnjƥ
.ǖºǬǧ ǝȐºǗȐdz ƩƢºƦdzƢǘŭơ ǂnjǼƫ" :ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǎǼdzơ ƶǓȂȇȁ .DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ
ǃȁƢƴƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ǽƢȈŭơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ȅƘƥ ƢȀƬdzȐƳ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǥǂƬǠƫ ȏȁ
ǪǗƢºǼŭơ ȁƗ ƢƆºȇǂŞ Ȑ Ɔ ȈǷ ÏÑ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨŨƢƬŭơ ǪǗƢǼŭơȁ ƆƢȇǂŞ Ȑ Ɔ ȈǷ ÎÏ
"ȅǂŞ DzȈǷ ÏÍÍ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǭƢũȋơ ƾƟƢǐǷ ǪǗƢǼǷȁ ƨǐdzƢŬơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ
ǵƢºǟ ƨºȇơƾƥ Ŀȁ .(Marston, "United Kingdom …2000", pp. 594-600)
ibid., "United Kingdom … ) ȃȂƬƄơ džǨǻ ǺǸǔƬƫ ƨǸƟƢǫ ƪǠǓȁ ÏÍÍÏ
.(2001", pp. 634-639
:ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƩơǁƢƦǠdzơ Ŀ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǢȈĉǏ (ÏÔÐ)
ǮºǴǸƬdzơ ǹƗ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ȃǂƫ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ǽǀǿ DzǛ Ŀ"
Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬǴdz ǦdzƢºű ǾǷƢȈǫ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ Ȇǟƾƫ ȅǀdzơ
ǺǨLjdzơ Ɣơǃƛ ȁƗ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǁ Ɣơǃƛ ȁƗ ƢǿƔơǃƛ ƔơȂLJ Ǿƥ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǺǰŻ ȏȁ
ƨǷȂǰƷ ǞƳơǂƫ ǹƗ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơ DzǷƘƫȁ .ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ ȁƗ
."ƢȀǨǫȂǷ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ
.(ÏÎ Ǎ DZȁȋơ ƾǴĐơ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Kiss)
313 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ƢºȈǻƢŭƗ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ǵƢȈǫ Ƨƾnjƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƪǓǁƢǟȁ -ÎÓÍ
Dzǰnjºƥ Ʃǁǂºǫ ƮȈƷ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǂƸƦdzơ ƽȁƾƷ ǞȈLJȂƬƥ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ
ƢºȀǿƢȈǷ ƽȁƾƷ ǞȈLJȂƫ ÎÖÕÑ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ŀ ȅƽơǂǨǻơ
ƣȂºǼƳ ƆȐȈºǷ ÎÓ ńƛ DZƢȈǷƗ Ð ǺǷ DZƢǸnjdzơ ǂŞ Ŀ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ
ƨºƦǫơǂǷ ǥƾđ (Heligoland Island) ƾǻȏȂǤȈǴȈǿ ƧǂȇDŽƳ ƣǂǣȁ
ǾºƳȁȁ žƭȂºǴƬdzơ Ƨƾȇƾnjdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ǁȁǂŭơ ƨǯǂƷ
.(ÏÕÏ)DZȂǯ ǁƢnjƬLjŭơ ńƛ ƨdzƢLJǁ ƢƆȈǐƼNj ǹƢǤȇǁ džȈƟǂdzơ
ȄǴǟ ÎÖÕÔ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÏÎ Ŀ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƲƬƷơȁ -ÎÓÎ
ƨºȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨǏơȂǤdzơ ƢǸđ ƪǷƢǫ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ǾǿƢȈŭ śǯƢȀƬǻơ
ÎÔ Ŀ (Kamchatka) ƢǰƬnjǸǯ Ǒǂǟ Ŀ (Arkansas) DžƢLjǼǯǁƗ
ȄǴǟ ȂǰLJȂǷ Ŀ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧǁƢǨLjdzơ ƪǓǂƬǟơȁ .ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÏÎȁ
žƨȈdzȁƽ ǽƢȈǷ Ŀ ƪǻƢǯ DžƢLjǼǯǁƗ ǹƗ ǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ
ÐÍ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǂƸƦdzơ ƽȁƾƷ ǞȈLJȂƬƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǥǂƬǠƫ Ńȁ
ǾǴƷơȂºLJ DZȂǗ ȄǴǟ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǽǀţơ ȅƽơǂǨǻơ ǁơǂǬƥ Ȑ Ɔ ȈǷ
ŕƷ ƾƬŤ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǹƗ ƩŐƬǟơȁ Ȅǐǫȋơ ǩǂnjdzơ ƨȀƳ ǺǷ
.(ÏÕÐ)DZƢȈǷƗ ƨƯȐưdzơ ƽȁƾƷ
ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÍ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƪǴLJǁƗȁ -ÎÓÏ
ǞȈLJȂƫ ƢȀȈǧ ƪǔǧǁ ǺǘǼNjơȁ Ŀ ơƾǼǯ ƧǁƢǨLJ ńƛ ƧǂǯǀǷ ÎÖÔÕ
Ŀ ǭƢºũȋơ ƾƟƢǐǷȁ ȅǁƢǬdzơ ǥǂŪơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƢȀƬȇȏȂdz ơƾǼǯ
.(ÏÕÑ)śǷ ƲȈǴƻ ƨǬǘǼǷ
_________________________________________
ƨǷȂǰƷ ǦǫȂŠ Dzź ȏ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǹƛ"
ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ƨǷȂǰŞ ǥǂƬǠƫ Ń Ŗdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
."ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ ƨȈƦǠnjdzơ ƢȇǁȂǯ
.(Law of the Sea Bulletin, No. 15 (May 1990), p. 9)
.ÐÖÍ-ÐÕÖ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÒ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rousseau ǂǜǻơ (ÏÕÏ)
.ÎÐÑÏ-ÎÐÑÎ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÔ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÕÐ)
:Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ǽǀǿ ƩơǂǬǧ ǺǷ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ƔƢƳ (ÏÕÑ)
ƨȈǟȂºǓȂǷ džºLJƗ ȏ ǹƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ŐƬǠƫ"
ƱǁȂºƳ ƨǨºǓ ǹƗ ƾºǬƬǠƫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzƢǧ .ȅƾǼǰdzơ ƤǴǘǸǴdz
Ȇºǿȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ȆǓơǁȋ ȆǠȈƦǗ ƽơƾƬǷơ (Georges Bank)
ǹƗ ȃǂºƫ śǷ ƲȈǴƻ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ƧƾƟƢLjdzơ ƨǏƢŬơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ńƛ ǂǜǼdzƢƥ
ÎÖÔÓ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Î Ŀ ơƾǼǯ Ƣēǂnjǻ Ŗdzơ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƽȁƾūơ
ǺºǷȁ .ǥƢǐǻȍơ ƝƽƢƦǷȁ ǪǧơȂƬƫ ȏ ƾǠƦdzơ ȅȁƢLjƫ ƗƾƦǷ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ
ǥǂºŪơ ǺºǷ ŐǯƗ ƨǬǘǼǷ ơƾǼǯ ƶǼŻ ȅǀdzơ ǶȈLJǂƬdzơ ǹƗ ńȁƗ ƣƢƥ
.ǥƢǐǻȍơ ƝƽƢƦǷȁ ǪǧơȂƬȇ ȏ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ȅǁƢǬdzơ
..."
ǩƢºǘǻ ǞȈºLJȂƬƥ ȆǓƢǬdzơ ƤǴǘŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǒǧǂƫȁ"
ƢƆºǬǧȁ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ DzǏơȂƫ ǥȂLJȁ .ƨȇƾǼǰdzơ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ
Ŗdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ǭƢũȋơ ƾƟƢǐǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƢȀƬȇȏȁ ƨLJǁƢŲ ƢĔȂǻƢǬdz
.ǞȈLJȂƬdzơ ƤǴǘǷ ƢȀǴǸnjȇ
ƨºȈǤƥ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ƨǴǏơȂŭ ƧƾǠƬLjǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǹƛ ƾȈƥ"
ƢȇƢǔºǫ ǑǂǠdz ǩƢǨƫơ ȁƗ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ƢȇƢǔǬdz ƨȇȂLjƫ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ
."Ņȁƾdzơ ƔƢǔǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǬdzƢǠdzơ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƽȁƾūơ
.(ÎÐÐ-ÎÐÏ Ǎ (ÎÖÔÖ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Nash Leich)
ǁǂºǰƬŭơ ƢȀǔºǧǁ Ǻºǟ ƨȈǼȈǐºdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪƥǂǟƗȁ -ÎÒÒ
(ÎÖÔÔ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÎÐȁ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÏÕȁ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÐ)
ƢºȇǁȂǯ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ śƥ ȅǁƢǬdzơ ǦȈǏǂdzơ ƽȁƾƷ ǶLJǂdz ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ
ÎÖÔÑ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÐÍ ƨƻǁƚŭơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ȄǔƬǬŠ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơȁ
.(ÏÔÕ)ƢȀǴǿƢš ƨȈƴƷ
ƤºȈǬǼƬdzơ DZƢºǸǟƗ ƾºǓ ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷơ ƲȇȁǂǼdzơ ƩǁƾǏƗȁ -ÎÒÓ
ǺƫȂǧȂdz ǁDŽƳ DZȂǗ ȄǴǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ƣđ ƪǷƢǫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƦȇǂƴƬdzơ
.(ÏÔÖ)ÎÖÔÑ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ŀ (Lofoten Islands)
ǵƢºȈǫ ȄºǴǟ ƩƢºƳƢƴƬƷơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƪȀƳȁȁ -ÎÒÔ
ȐȈǷ ÏÏÍ ƶƦǐƫ Ȇǰdz ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢǿǂŞ ƽȁƾƷ ǞȈLJȂƬƥ ǁȁƽơȂǯƛ
ƩǁƾºǏ ƢºǸǯ ƔơǂºƳȍơ ơǀºŮ ƢƆǬƷȏ ƢǿƾȈǯƘƫȁ (ÎÖÓÔ)
ǕȂºǘŬ ǁȁƽơȂºǯƛ śȈºǠƫ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷơ
.ƨǸȈǬƬLjǷ DžƢLJƗ
ƨºȇǂƸƦdzơ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ȄǴǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƪƴƬƷơȁ -ÎÒÕ
ÎÖÖÐ ǵƢºǟ Ŀ ƨȈǷȐLJȍơ ǹơǂȇƛ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ Ǟȇǂnjƫ Ŀ ƨƳǁƾŭơ
ÎÎ ƨºƻǁƚǷ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ȃƾdz ƨǸƟơƾdzơ ƨưǠƦdzơ ǺǷ ƧǂǯǀŠ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶºǷȋơ ńƛ ƨºȀƳȂǷȁ ÎÖÖÑ ǂȇƢºǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
"ǁƢºƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ Ƨǂnjǻ" Ŀ Ƣǿǂºnjǻ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƢȀǸȈǸǠƫ ǑǂǤƥ
.(ÏÕÍ)(Law of the Sea Bulletin)
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶºǷȋơ ȃƾdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨưǠƥ ƪǴLJǁƗȁ -ÎÒÖ
Ǻºǟ ƢºȀȈǧ ƪºƥǂǟƗ ÎÖÖÍ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ñ Ŀ ƧǂǯǀǷ
džǘLjǣƗ /ƣƕ Î ƹǁƚŭơ ȅǂǰLjǠdzơ ǂǷȋơ ǹȐǟƛ ȄǴǟ ƢȀƳƢƴƬƷơ
ƾǬǧ žƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ ƨȈƦǠnjdzơ ƢȇǁȂǯ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ Ǻǟ ǁƾǏ ȅǀdzơ ÎÖÔÔ
Ȑ
Ɔ ȈǷ ÒÍ ƢȀǓǂǟ ƨȇǂŞ ƨȇǂǰLjǟ ƽȁƾƷ śȈǠƬƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ ƪǷƢǫ
ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǂƸƦdzơ Ǒǂǟ ǾǼǷ ƢƆǫȐǘǻơ DžƢǬȇ DžƢLJƗ ǖƻ ǞǓȂƥ ƆƢȇǂŞ
ƨºǬǘǼǸǴdz ƨǬƥƢǘǷ ƨȇǂǰLjǟ ƽȁƾƷȁ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ǂŞ Ŀ Ǿƥ ƤdzƢǘŭơ
.(ÏÕÎ)ǂǨǏȋơ ǂƸƦdzơ Ŀ Ƣđ ƤdzƢǘŭơ ƨǐdzƢŬơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ
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Ŀ ƽȁƾūơ ǶȈLJǂƫ ǹƘnjƥ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơȁ ƢȇǁȂǯ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ śƥ ǩƢǨƫȏơ (ÏÔÕ)
ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÐÍ DZȂȈºLJ) ǺȇƾºǴƦǴdz ǶƻƢƬŭơ ȅǁƢǬdzơ ǥǂƴǴdz ŅƢǸnjdzơ ƔDŽŪơ
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1225, No. (ÎÖÔÑ ǂȇƢºǼȇ/ňƢºưdzơ
(ÎÖÔÕ) ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Rousseau ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .19777, p. 103
ÎÖÔÕ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÓ Ŀ ǂƻƕ řȈǏ ƱƢƴƬƷơ ǁƾǏȁ .ÏÑÒ-ÏÑÐ Ǎ
.(ÎÑÑ-ÎÑÐ Ǎ (ÎÖÔÖ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
.ÕÎÏ Ǎ (ÎÖÔÒ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rousseau ǂǜǻơ (ÏÔÖ)
The Law of the Sea: Current Developments in State ǂǜǻơ (ÏÕÍ)
Practice, Nº IV (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.95.V.10), pp.
.147-149
:Ƨǂǯǀŭơ Ŀ ƔƢƳ (ÏÕÎ)
ƩƢºƦdzƢǘŭơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂƬǠƫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzǀdz"
ǹȐºǟƛ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾdzơ ƨȈƦǠnjdzơ ƢȇǁȂǯ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ Ƣđ ƪǷƾǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ľƢǼƬƫ ƢĔȋ ÎÖÔÔ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ Î ƹǁƚŭơ ȅǂǰLjǠdzơ ǂǷȋơ
.ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷ ǩȂǬƷȁ ƢȀǫȂǬŞ ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǚǨƬŢ Ȇǿȁ Ņȁƾdzơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ÎÖÖÔ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÎÖ Ŀ ƮdzȂǼǷȂǰdzơ ǹȁƚNjȁ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƤƬǰǷ
ǩǁƢǗ DzƦƳ DzƷƢLjdz ǶƻƢƬŭơ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǂƸƦdzơ Ǟǔź" :ŅƢƬdzơ ǹƢȈƦdzƢƥ
ƨȇǂŞ DZƢȈǷƗ ƨƯȐƯ ƨǧƢLjǷ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǂƸƦdzơ ƾƬŻȁ .ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƧƽƢȈLjǴdz
ƽȁƾūƢǧ .ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǶƻƢƬȇ ƢǸưȈƷ ȏƛ DzƷƢLjdzơ Ǻǟ
Ï Ŀ ƧǁơǃȂºdzơ ƩǁƢºNjƗȁ ."ǖºLJȂdzơ ǖƻ ǞƦƬƫ DZƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ
ǹƗ ǽƽƢǨǷȁ ƶǓơȁ ƢǼǨǫȂǷ ǹƛ" :ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ńƛ ÎÖÖÔ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ
ƧƽƢȈLjºǴdz Ǟǔºź ǩǁƢǗ DzƦƳ DzƷƢLjdz ǶƻƢƬŭơ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǂƸƦdzơ
.(ÏÖÎ)"ǦdzƢű ȅƗǁ ƢȀǴǧ ƨȈǻƢƦLJȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƢǷƗ .ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ
ȄǴǟ ǥȐŬơ ǍȂǐş Ƣđ ŅƽƌƗ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ Ȇǿ ƧŚưǯ -ÎÓÓ
ƨȇƢĔ ǀǼǷ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ƢȀȇǂš Ŗdzơ ƨƦǫơǂŭơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ƆȐưǸǧ .ǩǁƢǗ DzƦƳ
ǩǁƢºǗ DzºƦƳ ƽȁƾƷ ƾǼǟ ÎÖÖÑ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǂȀNj
ǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ śƥ ǶƟƢǬdzơ ǂƫȂƬdzơ ƵȂǓȂƥ ƩǃǂƥƗ
ƨºǷȂǰūơ ƱƢƴƬƷƢƥ ǹƾǼdz Ŀ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ŚǨLJ ǡȐƥƛ ńƛ ȃƽƗ ȅǀdzơ
ǥƢǼƠƬºLJơ ńƛ Ǿºƫơƿ ƪºǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƩƽƗȁ Ȇºũǂdzơ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ
ƪǨǫȂƫ Ŗdzơ ǺȇƾǴƦdzơ śƥ ƩƢǧȐŬơ DzƷ ńƛ ƨȈǷơǂdzơ ƩƢǟƢǸƬƳȏơ
.(ÏÖÏ)ÎÖÖÐ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ǀǼǷ
ǶºǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǦǫȂŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǷƗ -ÎÓÔ
ƮºǠƥ ƮdzȂǼǷȂǰdzơȁ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ǹƜǧ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢŠ ƢȀȈǧ ǾǤǴƦȇ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ńƛ ƨdzƢLJǁ
ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ƨǷȂǰƷ Ǫȇƾǐƫ ƾǠƥ ǁƾǏ ȅǀdzơ ǹȐǟȍơ ǺǷ Ï ƨǘǬǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ"
ƧƽƢȈºLJ Ŀ ǮºNj ȅƗ ƢŮ džȈdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǹƜǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ȄǴǟ
ƨºǷȂǰƸǧ .ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ǾǿƢȈǷ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǩǁƢǗ DzƦƳ ȄǴǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ
ǩƢǘǻ ƪǠĈLJȁ ǩǁƢǗ DzƦƳ ƧǁơƽƜƥ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ
DzǸnjºƫ Ȇǰdz ǩƢǨƫȏơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǬȇƾǐƫȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ńƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǵƢǸǔǻơ
ǹȐǟȍơ ǺǷ Ï ƨǘǬǼdzơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǒǧǂƫ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .ǩǁƢǗ DzƦƳ
.(ÏÖÐ)"DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƨǸƟƢǫ Śǣ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ňƢƦLJȍơ
ƢƆǬƷȏ Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǠȇ ǥȂLJ ǹƢȈǰdz Ƕǟƽ ƨƥƢưŠ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ‘Б
ƢǰȈƴǴƥ ƪƴƬƷơ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǮȈǰǨƫ ƨȈǴǸǟ DZȐƻ -ÎÓÕ
ǥǂºǟ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƩơȂǬdzơ Ǻǟ ǁƾǏ ȅǀdzơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ȄǴǟ
Śºǣ Dzǰnjºƥ Ǯdzǀƥ ƩǂȀǛƘǧ .ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ DZȁƽ ǶLJƢƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ
ƢȈǻơȂƬȈdzȁ ƢȈǨƫȏȁ ƢȈǻȂƬLJƛ DZȐǬƬLJơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǼǸǔdzơ ƢȀƬǬǧơȂǷ ǂNjƢƦǷ
.(ÏÖÑ)ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ ƧƽƢǟƛȁ
__________
.Marston, "United Kingdom … 1997", p. 593 (ÏÖÎ)
.RGDIP, vol. IC (1995), p. 428 ǂǜǻơ (ÏÖÏ)
.Marston, "United Kingdom … 1997", p. 495 (ÏÖÐ)
Ò ƹǁƚŭơ ƢȈǨƫȏȁ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǭǂƬnjŭơ ǡȐƦdzơ Ŀ ƔƢƳ (ÏÖÑ)
ȄºǴǟ ƾȇƾnjºdzơ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ ƱƢƴƬƷƢƥ ƢȈǨƫȏ ǂǯǀƫ ƿƛ":ÎÖÖÎ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ
ƢºĔƜǧ ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ Ŀ ƨƸǴLjŭơ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ƢȀƬƦǰƫǁơ Ŗdzơ ǦǼǠdzơ DZƢǸǟƗ
ƧǂºƬǨdzơ DZȐºƻ ƢȈǨƫȏ ƨȈǔǫ Ƕǟƽ ńƛ ƨȈǷơǂdzơ ƢǿƽȂȀƳ ȄǴǟ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ ǂǰnjƫ
.(ÎÔÔ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Klabbers and others)"ƨǨdzƢLjdzơ ƨƦȈǐǠdzơ
314
ȆºǰǴŭơ ǵȂºLJǂŭơ ȄǴǟ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ȃƾdz ƢLjǻǂǧ ƪƴƬƷơȁ -ÎÓÐ
ȅǀºdzơ (ÏÕÒ)ÎÖÖÔ džǘLjºǣƗ/ƣƕ Î ƹǁƚŭơ ÎÖÖÔ/ÎÐÎÒ
ƾƟƢǐºǷ ƨȇƢǸū ƨǬǘǼǷ ǖLJȂƬŭơ ǂƸƦdzơ Ŀ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǾƦƳȂŠ ƩƘnjǻƗ
ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ DzƷƢLjdzơȁ (Cabo de Gata) ƢƫƢǣ ȅƽ ȂƥƢǯ śƥ ǭƢũȋơ
DZȁƾºǴdz ƨºǠƥƢƬdzơ ǭƢũȋơ DŽȈȀš ǺǨLJ DZȐǤƬLJơ ǹȁƽ DZȂŢ Ȇǰdz
.ƨºƥƢǫǁ ȅƗ ǹȁƽ ǺºǷ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƨȈǰǸLjdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ȃǂƻȋơ
ȅȁƢLjºƫ ƗƾºƦǷ ǪȈƦǘƫ ȄǴǟ ǥȐŬơ Ȃǿ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ Ŀ ƤƦLjdzơȁ
DZȁƾdzơ ǞǷ ƽȁƾūơ ǶȈLJǂƬdz ȆǰǴŭơ ǵȂLJǂŭơ ǾȈdzƛ ƾǼƬLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ƾǠƦdzơ
.(ÏÕÓ)ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀđ ƢƆǫƢǨƫơ ƢȀǠǷ ǵŐƫ Ń Ŗdzơ ƧǁȁƢĐơ
ƢȈǻƢƦºLJƛ śºƥ ǥȐºŬơ DzŰ ǩǁƢǗ DzƦƳ ƨȈǔǫ ȆLjƬǰƫȁ -ÎÓÑ
ƩƢºƳƢƴƬƷȏơ ǡȂºǏ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨȈŷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ
Ï Ŀ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƨºǰǴǸŭơ ƨºǷȂǰƷ ƪƴƬƷơ ƾǬǧ .(ÏÕÔ)ƢȀǔǧǁȁ
ÏÍ Ŀ Ǟºǫȁ ȅǀdzơ ƭƽƢūơ ȄǴǟ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ȃƾdz ÎÖÕÓ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ
ňƢƦºLJȍơ DZȂǘLJȌdz ƨǠƥƢƫ ƨǼȈǨLJ ƪǴƻƽ śƷ ÎÖÕÓ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ
ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ƪǔǧǁȁ .ǁƢǠNjƛ ȁƗ ǹƿƛ ǹȁƽ ǺǷ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ǩǁƢǗ DzƦƳ ǽƢȈǷ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸǸǴdz DZǃƢǼƬƫ Ń ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǹƛ DZȂǬdzƢƥ Ʃƽǂǧ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ơǀǿ
ǽƢºȈŭơ Ǻºǟ ȃȂLJ (ÏÕÕ)ƪƻǂƫȁƗ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ ÎÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤƳȂŠ
ƾǫȁ .(ÏÕÖ)ƨȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨȈǬƥ ŅƢƬdzƢƥ ŐƬǠƫȁ ǩǁƢǗ DzƦƳ ƔƢǼȈŭ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ
:ǾǻƗ ƾǯƗ ȅǀdzơ ňƢƦLJȍơ ǝƢǧƾdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǵȐǯ Ŀ ǦǫȂŭơ ơǀǿ ȄǴš
ƲȈºǴƻ Dzƻơƽ ƨȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ǽƢȈŠ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǞȈǘƬLjƫ ȏ ƢĔƘƥ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ƪƸǓȁƗ ƢŭƢǘdz
ƔƢºǼȈǷ Dzƻơƽ ǽƢȈŭƢƥ ƾȈƷȂdzơ ƔƢǼưƬLJȏơ ǂǐƸǼȇȁ (Bay of Algeciras) ƩơǂȇDŽŪơ
ǺºǷ ÎÏ ƧƽƢºŭơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǑǂǨƫ ǹƗ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪdzȁƢƷȁ .ǩǁƢǗ DzƦƳ
.(ÏÖÍ)ŚLjǨƬdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ǪǧơȂƫ Ń ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǹƗ Śǣ ÎÖÒÕ ǵƢǠdz ǦȈǼƳ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
ƢȈǻƢƦºLJƛ śºƥ ǁȁǀŪơ ǪȈǸǠdzơ ǥȐŬơ ǃǂƥ ǾȈǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥȁ -ÎÓÒ
ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ƽǁ Ŀ ǩǁƢǗ DzƦƳ DZȂƷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ
__________
.Boletín Oficial del Estado, No. 204 (26 August 1997) (ÏÕÒ)
Jiménez Piernas, “La ratificación por España del (ÏÕÓ)
Convención de 1982 sobre el Derecho del mar y del Acuerdo de 1994
sobre la aplicación de la Parte XI: nuevos riesgos de la codificación del
.derecho internacional”, p. 120, footnote 55
ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǺǷ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ ǵƢǬŭơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƪƳǁƽƗ (ÏÕÔ)
ơǀºǿ ǍȂǐºş ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽǷ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdzȁ .ȏƛ džȈdz DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ
ƨȈǻƢƦºLJȍơ ƧǁơǃȂdzơ ǞǫȂǷ ƢȀǼȈƥ ǺǷ ǞƳơǂǷ ƨǟȂǸů ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȏơ ȄƳǂȇ ǝơŗdzơ
ǂưǯȋơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸů ƽǂƫ ƮȈƷ ƪǻǂƬǻȍơ ƨǰƦNj ȄǴǟ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǹȁƚnjǴdz
ƨƸǨºǏ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂºdzơ ǁƢƦƻȋơ ȄǴǟȁ (www.mae.es) ǝȂǓȂŭơ DZȂƷ Ȑ Ɔ ȈǐǨƫ
British Yearbook of Ŀ ƢǸǯ (www.gibraltar.gov.gi) ƨȈũǂdzơ ǩǁƢǗ DzƦƳ
.Spanish Yearbook of International Lawȁ REDIȁ International Law
ƢȈǻƢƦºLJƛȁ ȄºǸǜǠdzơ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ śƥ ƨǫơƾǐdzơȁ ǵȐLjdzơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ (ÏÕÕ)
British and Foreign State Papers, (ÎÔÎÐ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÎÐ ƪƻǂƫȁƗ)
.1812-1814, vol. I, part I, p. 611
.ÖÔÒ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÓ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rousseau ǂǜǻơ (ÏÕÖ)
Diario de ȁ žREDI, vol. XLIV, No. 2 (1992), p. 529 (ÏÖÍ)
Sesiones del Congreso de los Diputados (1992), Fourth Legislature,
.No. 477, p. 14064
315 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ǺºǷ śƬºƠǧ śƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǩƢȈLjdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ -ÎÔÎ
:ǁƢǠºNjȍơ ƢºȀȈdzƛ ǾƳȂŭơ ƨȀŪơ ǥȐƬƻơ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ ƩơǁƢǠNjȍơ
ƨºȀŝ ǾƬǠȈƦǘdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢȀǔǠƥ" :ǹƗ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƾǯƚȇȁ
Ŀ ƢºȀȈdzƛ ǾƳȂŭơ ƩƢȀŪơ ǺǷ DzȈƠǓ ƽƾǟ ȁƗ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǾƳȂǷ ƧƾƷơȁ
ƢȀǠǷ ǶȈǬƫ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǞȈǸŝ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩơǁƢǠNjȍơ ǹƗ śƷ
ǾºǻƗ ǞºǫơȂdzơȁ .(ÏÖÖ)"ƨȇƽƢǟ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƩƢǫȐǟ ƧǂĉǠnjŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩơƾºǿƢǠŭơ ǺǷ ƨǨƟƢǘƥ ƢƆǘƦƫǂǷ ǁƢǠNjȍơ ǹȂǰȇ ƢǷ ƢƆƦdzƢǣ
ǥơǂºǗȋơ ȃǂºƻȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǁƢǠNjƛ ƧǁȁǂǓ ȄǴǟ ƵȂǓȂƥ ǎǼƫ
ǂºưǯƗ ơǀǿȁ .(ÐÍÍ)ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƧƽƾŰ ƩȏƢŞ
ȅƾºǿƢǠƫ ǵƢǜǼƥ ǖƦƫǂȇ ǾǻƗ Śǣ ƆƢǟȂȈNj ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ DzǠǨdzơ DZƢǰNjƗ
_________________________________________
ȆǔºǿƢǼǷ ńƛ ƨȈLjºǻǂǨdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǾǷƾǬƫ ȅǀdzơ ǶǟƾǴdz ơƆǂǜǻ"
ǹȂºǴƬǬȇȁ ƧŚƦǯ ǶƟơǂƳ ǹơǂȇƛ Ŀ ǹȂƦǰƫǂȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ śȈƥƢǿǁȍơȁ ƧǁȂưdzơ
DzƦǬƬLjºƫ ǹƗ ƨºȈǻơǂȇȍơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǺǰŻ ȏ ǾǻƜǧ śǼǗơȂŭơ ǺǷ ƔƢȈǨǏȋơ
ȆƟơƾǠdzơ ƢȀǨǫȂǷ Ŀ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪǷơƽ ƢǷȁ .ƢLjǻǂǧ ŚǨLJ ƢƆȈdzƢƷ
ȅȁƚºƫ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ȆǓơǁȋơ ƪǷơƽ ƢǷȁ ƨȈǻơǂȇȍơ ƨȈǷȐLJȍơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǺǷ
."ǁȂǘƬƫ Ǻdz ǺȇƾǴƦdzơ śƥ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǹƜǧ śǬǧƢǼŭơ śȈƥƢǿǁȍơ
.(ÑÎÓ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÐ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rousseau)
ơǀǿ Ŀ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǶȀŭơ ǺǷ ǹƗ ȏƛ žÑÐÔ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÖÖ)
ǁƢnjŭơ ǁƢǠNjȍƢƥ ǶǴǟ ƢȀȇƾdz Ǻǰȇ Ń Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǽƢš ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ǁƢƯȉơ ńƛ ƽƾǐdzơ
ǺºǷ ȄƫƘƬȇ ǥȂLJ .ǎǫƢǻȁ ƤȈǠǷ Dzǰnjƥ ǁƢǠNjȍơ ǁȁƾǏ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ȁƗ ǾȈdzƛ
ǁƢǠNjƛ Dzǰdz ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ ƨȈŷȋơ ǂȇƾǬƫ ƢǿŚLjǨƫȁ ƧƾƷ ȄǴǟ ƨdzƢƷ Dzǯ ǶȈȈǬƫ DZȐƻ
.ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǁƢƯƕȁ
ȆƟơǂƳȍơ ŘǠŭƢƥ ƩơǁƢǠNjƛ ǁơƾǏƛ ȄǴǟ ǥǂǠdzơ ȃǂƳ ƢǷ ơƆŚưǯ (ÐÍÍ)
ƔơǂƳƛ Ŀ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǽǀƼƬƫ ȅǀdzơ ǦǫȂŭƢƥ ƨȈƟƢǔǫ ƨƠȈǿ ǁƢƦƻƛ ǶƬȇ ƮȈƷ ƨǸǴǰǴdz
ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ƪǼǴǟƗ ƆȐưǷ ÎÖÕÒ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÕ ȆǨǧ .ȆƟƢǔǫ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǯǁƢnjǷ ǵƾǠƥ ȆǓƢǬdzơ ǹƢǤȇǁ džȈƟǂdzơ ǁơǂǫ Ǻǟ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ
DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ȃƾdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƾǓ ơȂǣơǁƢǰȈǻ ƢȀƬǠǧǁ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǔǬdzơ Ŀ
Ŀ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ǾƦNjȁ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ)) ÎÖÕÑ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ Ö Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
(ƢǿƾǓȁ ơȂǣơǁƢǰȈǻ
(Nicaragua v. United States of America), Jurisdiction
Ŀ DzLJǁƗȁ .(and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 392
DzȈǯȁ ƨǘLJơȂƥ ƨȈǔǬdzơ Ǻǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ȆǴƼƬƥ Ȇũǁ ǁƢǠNjƛ ǾLjǨǻ ǵȂȈdzơ
ǶºǴǫ džȈƟǁ ńƛ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ȃƾdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢnjƬLjŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
:ǾȈǧ ƔƢƳ ƾǫȁ .ƨǸǰƄơ
ǁơǂºǬdzơ ǺȇƾȇƾNj ƨȇƢǼǟȁ ǪǸǠƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƪLJǁƽ ƾǬdz"
ƣƢƦLJȋơȁ ƨǸǰƄơ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƪǐǴƻ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJȏơȁ ǽȐǟƗ ǁȂǯǀŭơ
ƨºLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟȁ .ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJȏơ ǽǀŮ ƢƆǸǟƽ ƢȀƬǷƾǫ Ŗdzơ
ǶºǰƷ ǹƘºƥ ƱƢƬǼƬLJȏơ ȄǴǟ ƨǸǣǂǷ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ȃǂƫ
ǺǷ ǵƗ ǞƟƢǫȂdzơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƔơȂLJ Ǯnjdzơ DzƦǬȇ ȏ ƢŠ ƢƆƠǘű ǹƢǯ ƨǸǰƄơ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ǹƘºƥ ǶǰǸǴǟƗ ǹƗ œƳơȁ ǺǷ ǾȈǴǟȁ ... ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƮȈƷ
ǍȂǐş ȃǂƻȋơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǺǷ ȅƗ Ŀ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ǵƾǟ ǵDŽƬǠƫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
Ǻºǟ ǁƾǐȇ ǁơǂǫ ȅƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀǫȂǬŞ ǚǨƬŢ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ
."ơȂǣơǁƢǰȈǻ ƤdzƢǘǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǸǰƄơ
.(ÑÐÖ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÒ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Nash Leich)
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƨȇȏȂƥ DZȂƦǬdzơ ƩơǁƢǠNjƛ ƪǨǴƬƻơ ǹƛȁ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ
ȄǬƦƫ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ȆǨǧ .ƢȀǠƥƢǗ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƨđƢnjƬǷ ȆȀǧ ƢĔȂǸǔǷ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ
.ǮNj ȅƗ Ǻǟ ȃƘǼŠ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơȁ ǁƢǠNjȍơ śƥ ƨǴǐdzơ
Ǻºǟ ŚƦǠƫ ȃȂLJ ƪLjȈdz Ŗdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ Ǻǟ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǽǀȀǧ -ÎÓÖ
ǵȂºȀǨŭ ǹƗ ǂºȀǜƫ DZȁƾºdzơ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơ ǺǷ ƔDŽƳ
Ȇǿȁ ƧƽƾǠƬǷ ǽǂǿƢǜǸǧ :ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨƷƢLjdzơ Ŀ ƧŚƦǯ ƨȈŷƗ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ
Ŗºdzơ ǽȐǟƗ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǺǷ ǒǠƥ ǂȀǜȇȁ .ƨǟȂǼƬǷ ƩȏƢƷ ȄǴǟ ƽǁ
ƪȇƾƥƌƗ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷȏơ ǺǷ ƩƢƠǸǴdz ƨȈƳƿȂŶ ƨǼȈǟ ȃȂLJ ƪLjȈdz
ƩȏƢºƷ Ŀ ƲƬºǼƫ ȏ ƢĔƗ ƨdzȂƦǬǷ Śǣ ŐƬǠƫ ƨǟȂǼƬǷ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ
Ŀ Dzºƥ .ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷơ ƩƾƥƗ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƧŚưǯ
DZȂºƦǬdzơ ǵƾºǟ Ǻǟ ŐǠȇ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇ ƩȏƢūơ ǺǷ Śưǯ
.ŚǤdzơ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ ǪƥƢLJ ǥǂǐƬdz ƨǻơƽƛ ǁƢȀǛƛ ƽǂů ǾǻƗ ȁƗ ƔȆnjƥ
DzǬƬLjŭơ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ DzǠǨdzơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǾƳơȂȇ ƆƢǠƦǗ ƩȏƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ
DZȂŢ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƥȂǠǐdzơ ǒǠƥ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǵƾƼƬLJơ ȅǀdzơ ŘǠŭƢƥ
ơǀºŮ .ƱƿȂºǸǼdzơ džǨǼƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǂǷȋơ ǹƢǯ Ȃdz ƢǸǯ ǾǬȈƦǘƫ ǹȁƽ
ǹƗ ǺºǰŻ ȏ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǹƛ DZȂǬdzơ ǹȁŚưǯ ƣƢƬƌǯ Dzǔǧ ƤƦLjdzơ
ȁƗ ƾºǟȂdzơ DzºȈƦǫ ǺǷ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȌdz Ȑ Ɔ ƯƢŲ ǹȂǰȇ
DZƢǠǧȋơ ǞƥƢǗ ǺǷ Ǿƥ ǶLjƬƫ ƢǷ ŐǯƗ ƵȂǓȂƥ śƦƬȇ Ŗdzơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
.ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨƷƢLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ǁƢƯƕ ǺǷ Ǿƥ ǹǂƬǬƫ ƢǷȁ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ
ǁƢǠNjȍơ -Ï
ƢǷ ƨdzȁƽ ǾƦƳȂŠ ǢǴƦƫ ȅǀdzơ DzǠǨdzơ" ǾǨǏȂƥ ǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿ ǥǂǠȇ -ÎÔÍ
(ÏÖÒ)
"ƨºȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨȈŷƗ ǾȈǴǟ ȆǨǔƫ ƧƽƾŰ ǞƟƢǫȂƥ ȃǂƻƗ ȏƆ ȁƽ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ
ƢƆȇƽơǂǨǻơ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǡǧ ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǒǠƥ ǽŐƬǠȇ ȏ ƿƛ DZƾƴǴdz ŚưǷ ǞƥƢǘƥ ǶLjƬȇȁ
(ÏÖÓ)
. ňȂǻƢºǫ DzǠǧ Ǻǟ ǹȐǟȍƢƥ ƶǸLjƫ ƨȈdzƕ ƽǂů Dzƥ Ǿƫơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ
Ŗºdzơ ƨºdzƢūơ ȄǴǟ ȆǬȈǬūơ ǵƢǸƬǿȏơ DŽǯǂƬȇ ǩƢȈLjdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǾǻƗ Śǣ
ƨºǫȐǟ Ŀȁ .Ǿºƫơƿ ƾºƷ Ŀ ǁƢǠNjȍơ ȄǴǟ džȈdzȁ ǁƢǠNjȍơ ƢŮȁƢǼƬȇ
ƆƢǔȇƗ ǁƢǠNjȍơ ǹƛ DZȂǬdzơ ńƛ ȅƗǂdzơ ǒǠƥ Ƥǿƿ ǪƦLJ ƢǷ ǞǷ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ
ƭƾºŹ ȏ ǾǻƜǧ ƨȈǴǰNj ǂǜǻ ƨȀƳȁ ǺǷ ȅƽơǂǨǻơ ǞƥƢǗ Ǿdz ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ
Ɔ ºǠǧ džȈdz ŅƢƬdzƢƥ Ȃǿȁ ǪƥƢLJ DzǠǨƥ ǖƦƫǂǷ Ǿǻȋ Ǿƫơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ơƆǁƢƯƕ
Ȑ
ȁƗ ǢºȈǴƦƬǴdz ƨǴǸǠƬLjºŭơ ƨǤȈǐdzơ ǽǁƢƦƬǟơ ǺǰŻ Ǯdzǀǯ .(ÏÖÔ)Ȑ Ɔ ǬƬLjǷ
(ÏÖÕ)
. ǢȈǴƦƬdzơ ơǀđ ǵƢȈǬǴdz ƨǴȈLJȂdzơ ȅƗ ƨdzƢŞ ǵȐǟȍơ
__________
.ÑÏÖ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Venturini ǾǠǓȁ ȅǀdzơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ (ÏÖÒ)
Los actos " ƢĔơȂǼǟȁ ǾƬLJơǁƽ Ŀ Miaja de la Muela ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢNjƗ (ÏÖÓ)
ǹƛ" :DZȂǬdzƢºƥ ÑÐÑ Ǎ "unilaterales en las relaciones internacionales
Ŀ Ȃºǿ ƨºȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǝơȂǻƗ ǺǷ ƢƆǼȈǠǷ ƢƆǟȂǻ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DZƾƥ ǁƢǠNjȍơ
ƨšƢǼdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǮǴƫ ȅƗ Ƕǿȋơ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǺǷ ƗDŽƴƬȇ ȏ ǂǐǼǟ ǞǫơȂdzơ
ŚƦºǠƬdzơ :Ȇǿȁ ƨǨǴƬű ƭȐƯ ƩƢƠǧ ǺǸǓ ƱǁƾǼȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƶȇǂǏ ǹƢȈƥ Ǻǟ
ȏƛ ƢƆºȈdzȁƽ ƢƆȈǻȂǻƢǫ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǡǧ Dzǰnjȇ ȏ ǾǻƗ Ƕǣǁ ƾǬƬǠǷ ȁƗ ǁȂǠNj ȁƗ Ƨƽơǁƛ Ǻǟ
."ƢǷ DzǠǨƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ŚƦǠƬdzơ
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÎÖÖÕ ƨȈdzȂƷ ǂǜǻơ (ÏÖÔ)
.ÒÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÑÍÕ Ǎ A/CN.4/486
ƧƽƾºǠƬǷ ǑơǂǣƘƥ ȆǨȇ ǁƢǠNjȍơ ǹƗ ǂȀǜƫ ƨȈƳƿȂŶ ƨdzƢƸǯȁ (ÏÖÕ)
Śǣ ơƆŚǨLJ śǟ ȅǀdzơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǹƘƥ ǁƢǠNjȎdz :ŅƢƬdzơ DZƢưŭơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǺǰŻ
ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƨȈǻơǂȇȍơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪǤǴƥƗ ƨǴƦǬƬLjŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ǂǜǻ Ŀ ƤLJƢǼǷ
ŅȁƢƥ ǾȇǃȂƳ ƾȈLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǬǧơȂŭơ ƢȀǔǧǂƥ ÎÖÕÏ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ï Ŀ
:ŚǨLjǯ ǾdzƢƦǬƬLJơȁ (José Paoli)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǾƫƾǟƗ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢȈƦƬLJȏơ ȄǴǟ ơƾǼdzȂǿ ƽǁ Ŀ -ÎÔÐ
ǪºǴǠƬȇȁ ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ƨǴǏ Ʃơƿ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƨǴưǷƗ ƪǷƾǫ Ņȁƾdzơ
ÎÖÕÒ ǵƢºǟ Ŀ ƧƾǸƬǠŭơ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƢȀǼȈǻơȂǬƥ ǁƢǠNjȍƢƥ ǂǷȋơ
Ǻºǟ ƨºǴưǷȋƢƥ ƨȈǼǣ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơȁ ž(ÐÍÒ)ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢȀǿƢȈǷ ǹƘnjƥ
ǞȈºLJȂƫ ǹƘnjºƥ ƩƢºǻȐǟƛ ǁơƾǏƛ ȁƗ ǁƢǠNjȍƢƥ DZȁƾdzơ ǵƢȈǫ
.(ÐÍÓ)ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƢēȏƢů
ȄºǴǟ ƧƾȇƾƳ DZȁƽ ǁȂȀǜƥ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨǫȐǟ Ǿdz ǂǷƗ ƨťȁ -ÎÔÑ
ǁƾǐƫ ƢǷ ƆƧƽƢǠǧ - DZȁƾdzơ ƨǧȐƻ ƧǂǿƢǛ ȅƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨƷƢLjdzơ
ȄºǴǟ Ǯdzƿ ǾȈǼǠȇ ƢǷȁ ǞǓȂdzơ ơǀǿ DZȂƦǬƥ ƧǂƫơȂƬǷ ƩơǁƢǠNjƛ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ Ŀ ƆƢǧǂǗ ƢǷ ƨdzȁƽ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ǺǷ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ
ƆƢǔºȇƗ ǺºǰŻȁ .(ÐÍÔ)ƢȀȈǧ ƆƢǧǂǗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ
ƨǼºLJȂƦdzơȁ ƢȈǻƢƦºLJƛ śºƥ ƆơǂƻƚǷ ƪƯƾƷ ƨdzƢƷ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ
ȅǂȇǃȁ śƥ śƬdzƢLJǁ DZƽƢƦƫ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƢƬǷǂƥƗ śƬǴdzơ ǮLJǂŮơȁ
ƆƢȈdzȁƽ ƆƢǫƢǨƫơ (ǁƢǠNjȍơ ȄǴǟ ƽǁ ǾƦǬǟƗ ǁƢǠNjƛ) ǺȇƾǴƦdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ śƬdzȁƾǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨǧȐŬơ ƨdzƘLjǷ DZȁƢǼƬȇ ƆƢȈƟƢǼƯ
ƨºȇǁȂȀŦȁ ƢȈǻƢƦºLJƛ śºƥ ƨǷŐŭơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǒǠƦƥ
ǮºǴƫ ƽǂºƫȁ .ƨǬƥƢLjºdzơ ƨȈǯơǂƬºNjȏơ ƨȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǧȐLJȂǣȂȇ
_________________________________________
.ƢȀƬȈƷȐºǏ ƔƢȀƬǻơ ƾǼǟ ƽƾš Ǻdz ǶȀǬƟƢƯȁ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzǀdz ƢƆǠƦƫȁ"
ǞǓȂdzơ ơǀđ ǹȂǠƬǸƬȇ ǹȂdzơDŽȇ ȏ Ǻȇǀdzơ śƠƳȐdzơ ǹƜǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ
."ǾƦƸLjƥ ơƆǁƢǠNjƛ ƢƆƦȇǂǫ ǹȂǬǴƬȈLJ
.(ÔÓÔ Ǎ (ÎÖÔÖ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rousseau)
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÍ ƨȈdzȂƷ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÍÒ)
ÎÓ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ Śnjƫ ƾȇƾƸƬdzƢƥȁ .ÐÐÖ-ÐÐÕ Ǎ A/CN.4/511
Ŀ ǺºǴǠƫ ƨȈǴƷƢLjdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ" ǹƗ ńƛ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ
ƨƼLjºǻ ǝƽȂƫȁ ƨȈǧơǂǤŪơ ƩƢȈƯơƾƷȍơ ǶƟơȂǫ ȁƗ ǖƟơǂŬơ Ǻǟ ƤLJƢǼŭơ ƪǫȂdzơ
."ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ȃƾdz ƢȀǼǷ ƧƾƷơȁ Dzǯ ǺǷ
DzºƦǫ ŕƷ ƪǷƢǫ Ŗdzơ ơƾǼdzȂǿ ńƛ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǂǷ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǺǰŻ (ÐÍÓ)
ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢȀǿƢȈǷ ǞȈLJȂƬƥ ǁƢǠNjȍƢƥ ǽȐǟƗ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƽơƾǟƛ
džȈºƟǁ ƵǂǏȁ .ÎÖÔÖ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÓ Ŀ Ȑ Ɔ ȈǷ ÎÏ ńƛ Ð ǺǷ
ƨºǰǴǸŭơȁ ƨºȇƽƢŢȏơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƨȇǁȂȀŦȁ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ ǞǷ ƩơǁȁƢnjǷ ǹƘƥ ƔơǁǃȂdzơ
DzȇƾºǠƬdzơ ǪƦǘǼȇȁ .ƿƢǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ DzȇƾǠƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ Dzƻƾȇ ǹƗ DzƦǫ ȃǂƴƬLJ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ȅǂºƸƦdzơ ƭȂºǴƬdzơ ǺºǷ ƨºȇƢǫȂdzơ ǥƾđ ƨȇƾǼdzȂŮơ DzȈƬǻȋơ ǁDŽƳ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ
ƧƽƢǠdzơ ǹƗ ńƛ ǂǜǼdzƢƥȁ .(ÓÓÑ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÍ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rousseau)
ơǀǿ ƤƷƢǐȇ ƨȈǴƻơƽ śǻơȂǫ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƩȏƢĐơ ǞLJȂƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƩǂƳ
ƧƾȇƾºNj ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷơȁ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ƽȁƽǁ ǁȁƾǏ ńƛ ȅƽƚȇ ǹȐǟƛ ƧƽƢǟ ƔơǂƳȍơ
ǝȐǗȏơ ǺǰŻȁ .ƽȁƾūơ ǶLJǁ ǁơǂǬƥ ƨưdzƢƯ DZȁƽ DzƦǬƫ ȏ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƨƴȀǴdzơ
Ŀ ƨºȇǂƸƦdzơ ƽȁƾºūơ ǶLJǂƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ ȄǴǟ ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀđ
ǁƢƸƦǴdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫȁ ƩƢǘȈƄơ ǹȁƚnjdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨƦǠNj ƨƸǨǏ
.(www.un.org/Depts/los) ƪǻǂƬǻȍơ ȄǴǟ
ǹȂǻƢººǯ ÐÎ ƨº ºƻǁƚŭơ ƨdzƢººLJǂdzơ Ǯº ºdzƿ Ȅº ºǴǟ DZƢººưǸǯȁ (ÐÍÔ)
džȈºƟǁ ńƛ ňƢºǘȇŐdzơ ƔơǁǃȂdzơ džȈƟǁ ǺǷ ƨȀƳȂŭơ ÎÖÖÎ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ
ƤLjºƷ ŐƬǠǻ ƢǼǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ řǼǰŻ" :ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƢȀȈǧ ƔƢƳ Ŗdzơȁ ƢȈǻơǂǯȁƗ
ƩƢºȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƽƢºŢơ ǹƢºǯ Ŗdzơ ƧǀǧƢǼdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơȁ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ
ƢºȈǻơǂǯȁƗ śºƥ ƧƆ ǀǧƢǻ ƢȀȈǧ śǧǂǗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨȈǯơǂƬNjȏơ
.(Marston, "United Kingdom …1998", p. 482) "ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ
316
ƢȀƯƾºŢ Ŗºdzơ ǁƢºƯȉơ ǦǴƬţȁ .(ÐÍÎ)ǽƽȂƳȁ ǾǼǷ ƾǸƬLjȇ śǠǷ
ǁƢǠºNjȍơ Ŀ ȆLjȈƟǁ Dzǰnjƥ DzưǸƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇǁƢȈƬƻȏơ ƩơǁƢǠNjȍơ
ǽǀºǿ ǁơƾºǏƜƥ ňȂǻƢºǫ ǵơDŽºƬdzơ ƨºť ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ƨdzƢŞ
.(ÐÍÏ)ƩơǁƢǠNjȍơ
śǠƬŭơ ǁƢǠNjȍơ ǖƦƫǂȇ ƨưȇƾūơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƩȏƢƷ ǒǠƥ Ŀȁ -ÎÔÏ
ƢºǸǯ ƢǿǁơǂǸƬºLJơ ǵƾǟ ȁƗ ƢǿǁơǂǸƬLJơȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǫ ƩơƔơǂƳƜƥ ǾǟƢƦƫơ
ŚȈǤƫ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗ ȅƽƚȇ ƾǫȁ ž(ÐÍÐ)śǷǂĐơ ǶȈǴLjƫ ƩƢƦǴǗ Ŀ Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ ƭƾŹ
ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǺǷ ƔơǂƳƛ ǦǫȂƥ ǁƢǠNjƛ ǁơƾǏƛ ńƛ ǥȁǂǜdzơ Ŀ ȅǁǀƳ
.(ÐÍÑ)śūơ Ǯdzƿ ŕƷ ƢƆȇǁƢLJ ǹƢǯ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƢǿǀƼƬƫ Ŗdzơ
__________
ơǀºǿ ƾºǯƚȇȁ .ÖÐ-ÖÎ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Suy ǂǜǻơ (ÐÍÎ)
ǾºȈǴǟ ǎǼºƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁƢǠNjȍơ DzưŻ ȏ" :ȆǴȇ ƢǷ (ÎÍÔ Ǎ ) ǾLjǨǻ ƤƫƢǰdzơ
ȁƗ Ǫū ƨLJǁƢŲ ǶƬȇ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ơƆŚƦǠƫ ȅƾǿƢǠƬdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ȃƾƷƛ
ƾºǟơȂǫ ȃƾƷƛ ǀƻƘƫ ǹƗ ƾǠƦƬLjŭơ ǺǷ džȈdz ƢŶƛ .Ȇũǁ DzǠǧ Ȃǿ Dzƥ .ƨǘǴLJ
."ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ơƆǁƢƯƕ ǾȈǴǟ ȆǨǔƫȁ ơƆǁƢǠNjƛ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ śǠƥ ȅƾǿƢǠƬdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǺǷ ƨǨǴƬűȁ ƨǟȂǼƬǷ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ǁƢǠNjȍơ ǺǷ ǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿ DzǸǠƬLjȇ (ÐÍÏ)
DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ ȄǴǟ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ DzȈǴŢ DZȐƻ ǺǷ śƦƫȁ .ƢȀƬǠȈƦǗ ƮȈƷ
ƢLjºǻǂǧ DZƢƷ Ȇǿ ǽǀǿȁ žƧƽƾŰ ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ǁƢǠNjȍƢƥ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ (Ɨ) :ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƩȏƢūơ
ÎÓȁ ÎÏ) Ƣºđ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ȅȂǼƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ
Ŀ ƢLjºǻǂǧ ƪºǼǴǟƗ ǞǫơȂdzơ Ŀ ž(ÎÖÕÕ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÐȁ ÎÔȁ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ
ƢLjºǻǂǧ ǵȂǬƫ ǥȂLJ ƶȈǓȂƬǴdz ƢƆȈƻȂƫ" :ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ÎÖÕÕ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ǞǴǘǷ
ǂnjºǟ řºƯȍơ ǂȀºNjȋơ DZȐºƻ ƢºēǂƳƗ Ŗºdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ ƽƾǠƥ ǁƢǠNjȍƢƥ
ǁƢǠºNjȍơ (ƣ) ž(ÖÖÏ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÕ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rousseau)"ƧŚƻȋơ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ śƥ DzǐƷ ƢǸǯ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ƔƢĔƛ Ǻǟ ƨšƢǻ ƨdzƢƷ ȁƗ ǶƳƢǻ DzǸǠƥ
ƨºȇȂŪơ ƧƾºǟƢǬdzơ ǩȐǣƜƥ ƢƆǸǴǟ ƧŚƻȋơ ǽǀǿ ƪǗƢƷƗ ƮȈƷ ǹƢǻȂȈdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ÎÖÕÕ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÎ Ŀ (Hellenikon) ǹȂǰȈǼȈǴȈǿ Ŀ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ
ǺȇƾǴƦdzơ śƥ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơȁ ǝƢǧƾdzơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǾȈǧ ƪȀƬǻơ ȅǀdzơ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ Ȃǿȁ
.(ÎÏÔ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÖ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ÎÖÕÐ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ Õ ƨƻǁƚŭơ
ǂºȇǃȁ DzºLJǁƗ ƾǬǧ .ǾȈNjȂǼȈƥ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ DzǐƷ ǹƗ ǪƦLJ ƢǸǯ (ÐÍÐ)
ŚǨºLJ ǺǷ Dzǯ ńƛȁ) ňƢƦLJȍơ ŚǨLjdzơ ńƛ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ
ǁǂǫ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǹƘƥ ǶǰǤǴƥȋ ǶǰȈdzƛ ƤƬǯƗ" :(ƢLjǻǂǧȁ ơǂLjȇȂLJȁ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ
ÎÖÕÖ ǵƢºǠdz śǷǂºĐơ ǶȈǴLjƫ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ ÎÏ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ǵȂȈdzơ ƵƢƦǏ
ƽǁȂºƫȁ .ƢȈǻƢƦºLJƛ ńƛ ǾȈNjȂǼȈƥ ƹȂȈnjdzơ džǴů Ȃǔǟ ƧƽȂǠƥ ǂǷƗ ǁơƾǏƛ ǵƾǟ
"ǁơǂºǬdzơ ơǀºǿ ƿƢţơ ńƛ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǂȇǃȂƥ ƪǠǧƽ Ŗdzơ ƣƢƦLJȋơ ƨdzƢLJǂdzơ ǽǀǿ
.(Marston, "United Kingdom …2000", p. 558)
DZȂºǸǠŭơ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬdzơ Ŀ ŚȈǤƫ DZȂǐƷ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼȇ ǁƢǠNjƛ Ȃǿȁ (ÐÍÑ)
ƢȇƢǟǂǴdz ƞƳȏ ǞǓȁ ƶǼǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƢLjǻǂǧȁ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ śƥ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ Ŀ DzƦǫ ǺǷ Ƣđ
ƹǁƚŭơ ȅǁơƽȍơ ǁơǂǬdzơ ƤƳȂŠ ǞǓȂdzơ ơǀǿ ƔƢǤdzƛ :ƢLjǻǂǨƥ śǼǗƢǬdzơ ǹƢƦLJȍơ
ÐÍ Ŀ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ƩǁƾǏƗ .ÎÖÔÖ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÐÍ
:ǾȈǧ ƔƢƳ ƢƆǣȐƥ ÎÖÔÖ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ
ȂǨǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǁơƾǏƛȁ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾdzƢƥ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ Ŀ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǀƻƗ ǹƛ"
ǹƘnjºƥ ǦȈǼƳ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ńƛ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǵƢǸǔǻơȁ ǁȂƬLJƾdzơ ƽƢǸƬǟơȁ ǵƢǠdzơ
ǹƘºƥ ƽƢǬƬǟȏơ ńƛ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƧǁơǃȂƥ Ǟǧƽ Ǯdzƿ Dzǯ śƠƳȐdzơ ǞǓȁ
ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz Ƣđ ǹȁƾƬǠȇ ǹƢƦLJȍơ ǹȂƠƳȐdzơ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ
.ÎÖÒÎ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÏÕ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨȈǣȏ ƪƸƦǏƗ DŽǯǂŭơ
317 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƨºǰǴǸŭơȁ ƢLjºǻǂǧ DZȂƦǬƥ ǪƷȏ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ƪȈǜƷ Ŗdzơȁ
ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǢȈǏ ƽƢȈūơ ǹƛ DZȂǬdzơ ǁƾŸ ǾǻƗ Śǣ ž(ÐÎÎ)ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ
ǂƥȂºƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÏÓ ƹǁƚŭơ ȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơ ƢLjǸǼdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ Ŀ
ǶȈǬƫ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǞȈŦ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩơȂǼǬdzơ Őǟ Ǿƥ ƪǤǴƥƗȁ ÎÖÒÒ
ȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƜǧ Degan ȅƗǁ ƤLjƷȁ .ƢLjǸǼdzơ ǞǷ ƩƢǫȐǟ
ƾºǠƥ ȏƛ ƨȈǬȈǬƷ ǁƢƯƕ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ Ǻdz Ǒǂǟ ƨǬȈǬūơ Ŀ Ȃǿ ǁȂǯǀŭơ
Ǯºdzƿ Ƕǣǁȁ .(ÐÎÏ)ȃǂƻƗ DZȁƽ DzƦǫĉ ǺǷ ƨƷơǂǏ ȁƗ ƢƆǼǸǓ ǾdzȂƦǫ
ƨºǟȂǼƬǷ ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀđ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ƽȁƽǂdzơ ǹƜǧ Zemanek ȅƗǁ ƤLjƷȁ
DZȂºƦǬdzơ ǹƛ ƿƛ žƨǴǬƬLjºǷ ƨºȈǻȂǻƢǫ Ʃȏȏƽ ƢȀºǼǷ ƾºƷơȁ Dzǰdzȁ
ȄºǴǟ ǂºƯƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬȇ ȏ ǾǻȐǘƥ śƦƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǶƟơƾdzơ ƽƢȈƸǴdz ǞǓȂƥ
ƣƢºNj ơƿƛ ǾºǻƗ śºƷ Ŀ ƨưdzƢƯ DZȁƽ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ƽȁƽǂdzơ ǝȂǸů
ƽȁƽǂdzơ ǝȂǸů ǹȐǘƥ ńƛ Ǯdzƿ ȅƽƚȇ ƾǬǧ ƤȈǟ ȅȁƢLjǸǼdzơ ǹȐǟȍơ
ȂºLJȁǁ ǁƢNjƗ ƢǸǯ ƾȈǯȋơȁ .(ÐÎÐ)ƨưdzƢƯ DZȁƽ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ DZȂƦǬdzƢƥ
ƽƢºȈūơ ǞºǓȁ ȄºǴǟ ƤƫǂƬȇ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ Ȃǿ Ƕǿȋơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ǹƜǧ
DZȂǐūơ ǂǷȋơ ƤǴǘƬȇ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ȁƗ ƨǴǷƢǯ ǁƢƯƕ ǮǴƫ ǾƬǨǐƥ ǶƟơƾdzơ
.(ÐÎÑ)DZȂǠǨǷ Ǿdz ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷ ƨưdzƢƯ ǥơǂǗƗ ǺǷ DZȂƦǬdzơ ȄǴǟ
__________
Verdross, “La neutralité dans le cadre de l'ONU (ÐÎÎ)
ƢǸȈºººLJ ȏ particulièrement celle de la République d'Autriche”
.ÎÕÕ-ÎÕÓ Ǎ
ȄǴǟ ǶȈďǬdzơ ǹƗ ǞǷ .ÐÍÍ-ÏÖÖ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Degan (ÐÎÏ)
ƨºǰǴǸŭơ ƩƢºƦƳơȁ ǹƘnjƥ DZơƚLJ ȄǴǟ ǽƽǁ Ŀ DZƢǫ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ȆǰǴŭơ ĻƢŬơ
Ȃǿ ƢLjǸǼdzơ ƽƢȈū ňȂǻƢǬdzơ DžƢLJȋơ ǹƛ" :ƢLjǸǼdzơ ƽƢȈƷ ǭƢȀƬǻơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÓ Ŀ ȅȁƢLjǸǼdzơ ǹƢŭŐdzơ ǾǼLJ ȅǀdzơ ƽƢȈūơ ǹƘnjƥ ȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅƗ ƨºdzȐŪơ ƨƦƷƢºǏ ƨǷȂǰƷ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ǞǬƫ ȏȁ .ÎÖÒÒ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ
Marston, ) "ƽƢȈūơ ơǀǿ ǩǂş DzǐƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƧƽƾŰ ƩƢƦƳơȁ
.ǁơǂǬǴdz ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ ǞƥƢǘdzơ ƢǼǿ ǃŐȇȁ .("United Kingdom …1980", p. 484
"The legal foundations of the international system: general (ÐÎÐ)
.course on public international law", p. 197
ǾºȈǧ ǭȂǰnjŭơ ǺǷ ǹƗ Śǣ" :ǮnjǴdz ȏƆ Ƣů ȂLJȁǁ ǦǫȂǷ ǝƾȇ ȏ (ÐÎÑ)
ǶƟơƽ ƽƢȈƷ ǞǓȁ ƭơƾƷȍ ƢƆȈǧƢǯ ƔơǂƳȍơ ơǀǿ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ
ǺǷ ǾȈǧ džƦdz ȏ ǥơǂƬǟơ ȅƗȁ ǪƷȏ ǩƢǨƫơ ȅƗ ƣƢȈǣ Ŀ ƨưdzƢƯ DZȁƽ ǵƢǷƗ Ǿƥ ƾƬǠȇ
ƨǴǰnjŭơ ƽǂǷ ǹƢǯ ƢŠǁȁ .(ÑÑÖ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÑ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ) "DZȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ
ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬȇ ȏ ƮȈƷ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻơ DZƢǠǧƗ Ŀ DZƢūơ ǾȈǴǟ ƢǷ ǥȐş ǾǻƗ ńƛ
Ŀ ǦºǴƬź ǂǷȋơ ǹƜǧ DzǠǨdzơ ƨȈdzƢǠǧ Ŀ ǂƯƚƫ ȏȁ ǂƯƗ ȅƗ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ Ƨƽơǁƛ
ǦºǫȂŭơ ơǀǿ ƿƢţơ ǾƦƳȂŠ ƢƆȇƽơǂǨǻơ ǁǂǬƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǹȐǟȍƢǧ .ǶƟơƾdzơ ƽƢȈūơ ƨdzƢƷ
ǹȂºǰƫ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ ǹƗ Śǣ ƢƆƸȈƸǏ ǹȂǰȇ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨƷƢLjdzơ ȄǴǟ
.ǞºǓȂdzơ ơǀđ ƨưdzƢƯ DZȁƽ ǥǂƬǠƫ Ń ơƿƛ ƨǷƾǠǼǷ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ Dzƥ ƨȇƢǤǴdz ƧƽȁƾŰ
Ǯdzǀƥ ǵƢȈǬǴdz ƨȈǴǿȋơ ńƛ ǂǬƬǨȇ ǹƢȈǯ Ǻǟ ƽƢȈūơ ǹȐǟƛ ǁƾǏ ơƿƛ ǂǷȋơ ǦǴƬźȁ
ƵǂºǏ ƾºǬǧ .ÎÖÕÓ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÖ Ŀ ǭȂǯ ǁDŽŪ ƭƾƷ ƢǷ Ȃǿȁ
ǂºƯƗ ƔƢȀºƬǻơ ƨƴȈƬǻ ǽƽƢȈƷ ǺǴǠȇ DzȈƦƻǁȋơ ơǀǿ ǹƘƥ ǭȂǯ ǁDŽƳ Ɣơǁǃȁ džȈƟǁ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻȁ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ śƥ ƨȈǼǷȋơ ǹȁƚnjdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ
ǽǀºǿ Ǻºǟ ǝƢǧƾdzơ ǹƢǸǓ ȄǴǟ ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻ Ƨǁƾǫ ǵƾǟ Ɣơǃƛ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ
ƨȇǂǰLjǟ ƩƢǫȐǟ ȅƗ ƽƢȈūơ ǞǓȁ ƤƳȂŠ ǁDŽŪơ ǶȈǬƫ Ǻdz Ǯdzǀdz ƢƆǠƦƫȁ .ǁDŽŪơ
.ǹȉơ ƾºǠƥ ƢēǁƢȇDŽƥ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƨȈƥǂūơ ǺǨLjǴdz ƶǸLjȇ Ǻdzȁ ƨȈƦǼƳȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǞǷ
ǾºǻƗ ƢŠ ǹȂƬǤǼǴȇȁ ȁƗ ǹƾǼdz ǺǷ DzǠǧ ƽȁƽǁ ȅƗ ǂưȇ Ń ǹȐǟȍơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ
džȈºdz ǾǻƗ ńƛ ǂǜǼdzƢƥ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ ƢƆƸȈƸǏ džȈdz ȂLJȁǁ ȅƗǁ ƤLjƷ
.(ÓÔÔ-ÓÔÓ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÓ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨȈǴǿƗ DzȈƦƻǁȌdz
Ǧǫȁ ǁƢǗȍơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǁǂǬƫ ƾǫȁ śƬǬȈƯȂdzơ ƢƬǴǯ Ŀ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ
.(ÐÍÕ)ȅȂŪơ DzǬǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬǷ ǩƢǨƫơ ƿƢǨǻ
ƨºǴưǷƗ ƧŚƻȋơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ DZȐƻ ƧǂƟơƾdzơ ƩƢǟơDŽºǼdzơ ǵƾǬƫȁ -ÎÔÒ
ƣƢǿǁȍơ ƨƸǧƢǰŭ Śƥơƾƫ ǺǷ ǀƼƬȇ ƢǷ ǂȇŐƫ ȄƻȂƬƫ ƩơǁƢǠNjƛ ȄǴǟ
.(ÐÍÖ) ÏÍÍÎ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÎÎ ƭơƾƷƗ ȄǴǟ ƽǂdzơ ƧǁȁǂǓ Ǟǧơƾƥ
ȏƆ ƢºǠǧƗ ƢȀƬȈǸLjºƫ ǺºǰŻ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǺǷ ƨƠǧ ƨťȁ -ÎÔÓ
Ŀ ƨǴǷƢǯ ǁƢƯƕ ƨǬȈǬūơ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏ ǾǻƗ ńƛ ǂǜǼdzƢƥ "ƨǐǫƢǻ"
ǪºǴƫ Ń ơƿƛ ȁƗ DZƢǰºNjȋơ ǺºǷ DzǰNj ȅƘƥ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƽǂdzơ ǵƾǟ ƨdzƢƷ
ǥơǂºǗƗ ƢȀƦƳȂŠ ǢǴƦƫ ƧƽƾŰ ǁƢǠNjƛ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǂǷȋơ ǪǴǠƬȇȁ .DZȂƦǬdzơ
ƨǴǷƢǯ ǁƢƯƕ DzǸǠdzơ ơǀŮ ǹȂǰȇ ȆǰǴǧ .ǶƟơƽ ƽƢȈƷ ǞǓȁ ƽƢǸƬǟƢƥ ƨưdzƢƯ
ƮºȈŞ ƣƢŸȍƢƥ ƨưdzƢƯ DZȁƽ ƽǂƫ ǹƗ ƧƆ ƽƢǟ ȆǤƦǼȇ Ņȁƾdzơ DZƢĐơ Ŀ
DZƢºǠǧȋơ ǽǀŮ ǍƢŬơ ǞƥƢǘdzơ śƦȇ ơǀǿȁ .ǞǓȂdzơ ơǀǿ DzƦǬƫȁ ƾȇƚƫ
.(ÐÎÍ)ÎÖÒÒ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƾǸƬǠŭơ ƢLjǸǼdzơ ƽƢȈŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨdzƢūơ ƢȀǼȈƥ ǺǷȁ
ǒºƄơ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ ǞƥƢǘdzơ Ŀ Ǯǰnjƫ ƨǨǴƬű ƣƢƦLJƗ ƾƳȂƫȁ -ÎÔÔ
ȂǰºLJȂǷ ƧǂǯǀºŠ ǥǂǠȇ ƢŠ ƨǣƢȈǐdzơ ƨǬȇǂǗ ǭƢǼȀǧ DzǠǨdzơ ơǀŮ
ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǞǷ ƧƽȂǬǠŭơ ÎÖÒÒ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÎÒ ƨƻǁƚŭơ
__________
ĿƢǬưdzơȁ ȆǸȈǴǠƬdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzƢƥ ƧǀǧƢǻ ƪdzơǃ ƢǷ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǪǴǠƬƫ (ÐÍÕ)
ƧƾǟƢLjºŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơȁ ȆƷƢȈLjdzơȁ ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁ řǬƬdzơȁ ȆǸǴǠdzơȁ
ǺȇǂǧƢLjǸǴdz ȅŐdzơ DzǬǼdzơ Ǯdzǀǯȁ śǷǂĐơ ǶȈǴLjƫȁ ȆƟƢǼŪơ DZƢĐơ Ŀ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ
(Boletín Oficial Del Estado, No. 68 (19 March 2004) & No. ǞƟƢǔƦdzơȁ
.97 (21 April 2004)
/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjºƫ Ô ƨƻǁƚŭơ ƨdzƢLJǂdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÍÖ)
ƨƥƢȈǼdzƢƥ DZƢǸǟȋƢƥ ǶƟƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ǺǷȋơ džǴů džȈƟǁ ńƛ ƨȀƳȂŭơ ÏÍÍÎ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ƢȀȈǧ ƔƢƳ Ŗdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ȃƾdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸǸǴdz ƨǸƟơƾdzơ ƨưǠƦǴdz
ǶºLJƢƥ ƽȁƗ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶºǷȋơ ǩƢưȈǷ ǺǷ ÒÎ ƧƽƢǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ"
ơƾºǼdzǂȇƕȁ ȄǸǜǠdzơ ƢȈǻƢǘȇŐdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǹƘƥ ǶǰǣȐƥƛ ŖǷȂǰƷ
ǥơƾºǿƗ ƾºǓ Ǻnjƫ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ƨȇǂǰLjǟ ƽǁơȂŠ ǶǿƢLjƫ ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƾºǓ ƨȈƥƢǿǁƛ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ƨǠdzƢǓ ƢĔƗ ǥǂǠǻ
ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ Ǯdzƿȁ ŃƢǠdzơ Ŀ ȃǂƻƗ ǹơƾǴƥȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ
.ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǞLJȁƗ ȆŭƢǟ ƽȂȀů
ƽơǂºǧȌdz DzȈǏȋơ Ǫūơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƩơȂǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ"
... ÒÎ ƧƽƢºŭơ ǾºƫǂǫƗ ǪƷ Ȃǿȁ džǨǼdzơ Ǻǟ ǝƢǧƾdzơ Ŀ ƩƢǟƢǸŪơȁ
."ǵȐLJȍơ ƾǓ ȁƗ ǹƢǤǧȋơ ǹƢǰLjdzơ ƾǓ ƨȀƳȂǷ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ƪLjȈdzȁ
Marston, "United Kingdom …2001", ƢƆºǔºȇƗ ǂºǜǻơ .(S/2001/947)
.p. 682-683
ÎÎ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ńƛ Ȑ Ɔ ƯƢŲ ƢƆǻƢȈƥ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ǾƳȁȁ
ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .(ÓÖÍ .Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ÏÍÍÎ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ
ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢLjºǴŪơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ
.ÑÓ ƨLjǴŪơ
ơǀºǿ Ŀȁ žǹȉơ ŕºƷ DZȂǠǨŭơ ȅǁƢLJ ƢLjǸǼdzơ ƽƢȈƷ DZơǃ ƢǷ (ÐÎÍ)
ƨȈũǂdzơ ǾƫǁƢȇǃ DZȐƻ ÏÍÍÎ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj Õ Ŀ ȆLJȁǂdzơ džȈƟǂdzơ DZƢǫ ǹƘnjdzơ
ŃƢºǠǴdzȁ Ƣƥȁǁȁȋȁ ƢLjǸǼǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ȅȁƢLjǸǼdzơ ƽƢȈūơ ƧƾƟƢǧ ƪǼȈƦƫ" :ƢLjǸǼǴdz
Ńȁ DzǫƗ DzǯƢnjǷ ǾƳơȂǻ ƢǼǻƗ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ ǵȂȈdzơȁ .ƧƽǁƢƦdzơ ƣǂūơ DZȐƻ ǞŦƗ
"śºť ǃƢºųƛ ƢLjºǸǼdzơ ƽƢȈƷ ǹƜǧ … ƽȂƳȁ śǓǁƢǠƬŭơ ǺȇǂǰLjǠǸǴdz ƾǠȇ
.(RGDIP, vol. CV (2001), p. 415)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
.ǽǁơǂºǰƫȁ śǠǷ ǭȂǴLJ Ǻǟ ǶǼȇ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ǺǷ ƢƆǷƢǟ ƢƆǘŶ řǠȇ ƾǫ
ƲȈºǴƻ Ŀ ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǝƢǫ ƽȁƾƷȁ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ƽȁƾūơ śȈǠƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ
ǺǷ ƢƆǟȂǻ džǰǠȇ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǹƗ ŐƬǟơ (Ȑȇȁŗǧ/ƢȈƦǷȂdzȂǯ) Ȑȇȁŗǧ
.(ÐÎÕ)ƨȈźǁƢƬdzơ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ǾLJƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƪǷƢǫ ǥǂǐƬdzơ
ǹƜǧ śǠǷ ǹƢȈǰƥ ƢǷ ƨdzȁƽ ǥơǂƬǟơ ǵƾǟ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟȁ -ÎÕÎ
Ǯdzǀdz ƾȈȇƘƫ ǺǷ ǾǼǰƫ ƢŠ ȆƷȂȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƩƢǧǂǐƬƥ ƢȀǷƢȈǫ
ǂºȇǃȁ DZƢºǫ ƪƦȈƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈǻƢŭǂƥ ƨnjǫƢǼǷ ǩƢȈLJ ȆǨǧ .ǹƢȈǰdzơ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ
ƨºǷȂǰūơ ǽǀºǿȁ .ƪƦȈƬdzơ DZȐǬƬLJƢƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǖǫ ǥǂƬǠȇ Ń"
.ȄǨǼŭơ Ŀ ƨǷȂǰƸǯ ƢǷȏ ȅȏƾdzơ ƨǷȂǰŞ ǥǂƬǠƫ Ń ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƩƢǷȂǰūơȁ
..."
ȄǨǼŭơ Ŀ ƪƦȈƬdzơ ƨǷȂǰū džȈƟǂǯ ƢǷȏ ȅȏƾdzƢƥ ǥǂƬǠǻ ȏ ǺŴȁ"
DzƥȂǻ ƧDŽƟƢƳ ȄǴǟ Ȑ
Ɔ ǏƢƷȁ ƆƢȈƷȁǁ ơƆƾƟƢǫ ǾǨǏȂƥ ƢƆǤdzƢƥ ƢƆǷơǂƬƷơ Ǿdz ǺĈ ǰǻ ƢǼǼǰdzȁ
.(ÐÎÖ)"ƿȂǨǻ Ʃơƿȁ ƨǷƢǿ ƧȂǫȁ ǵȐLjǴdz
ǵƾǟ ƨƥƢưŠ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǞǘǬdz ǺǰŻȁ -ÎÕÏ
ƣƢǬǟƗ Ŀ ÏÍÍÎ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÏÑ ȆǨǧ :ƩƢǷȂǰūƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟơ
ƨºȈƥǂǠdzơ ƩơǁƢºǷȍơ Ʃǁǂǫ ÏÍÍÎ ŐǸƬƦLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÎÎ ƭơƾƷƗ
ǵƢǜǼƥ ƪǧǂƬǟơ ƾǫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨƯȐưdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƾƷƗ Ȇǿȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƩƢǫȐǟ ǾǠǷ ƪǷƢǫƗȁ ǹƢƬLjǻƢǤǧȋ ƨǷȂǰƸǯ ǹƢƦdzƢǘdzơ
ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ƩǀƷ ǝȂƦLJƘƥ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥȁ .ǾǠǷ ƢēƢǫȐǟ ǞǘǬƫ ǹƗ
.(ÐÏÍ)ƢǿȁǀƷ ƨȇƽȂǠLjdzơ
ƩƢǻȐǟƛ ȄǴǟ ơƆƽǁ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ Ǟǘǫ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ -ÎÕÐ
ǁȁƽơȂǯƛ džȈƟǁ DZƢǫ ƨdzȂƦǬǷ Śǣ ƩŐƬǟơȁ ǂƻƕ ƾǴƥ Ǻǟ ƩǁƾǏ
ƧƢºLJƘǷ ǂǸƬLjƬLJ" :ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ÎÖÕÒ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Õ Ŀ
ǹȂǻƢºǬǴdz ƢƆºǬǧȁ ƨȈƦǠNj ƩƢƥƢƼƬǻơ ǂš Ń ƢŭƢǗ ȄǘLJȂdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ
ǁƢºȈƬƻơȁ Śǐºŭơ ǂȇǂǬƫ ǪƷ ƢȀȈǧ śȇȂǣơǁƢǰȈǼdzơ ǞȈǸŪ ǹȂǰȇ
ȅƗ ȁƗ ƢǐºǠdzơ ȁƗ ƧȁơǂŮơ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ ǹȁƽ ǶȀLjǨǻƘƥ ǶȀǴƦǬƬLjǷ
ơȂǣơǁƢºǰȈǻ džȈºƟǁ ƽǁȁ .(ÐÏÎ)"ǦǼǠdzơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǺǷ ǂƻƕ DzǰNj
ȄǴǟ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÍ Ŀ (Daniel Ortega) ƢǤȈƫǁȁƗ DzȈȈǻơƽ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƾȇ Ŀ ƧơƽƗ" ǾǻƘƥ ȅǁȁƽơȂǯȍơ ǽŚǜǻ ƢǸȀƬǷ ǹƢȈƦdzơ ơǀǿ
_________________________________________
usage” (draft convention by Mr. Schücking, (ibid., vol. 20 (July and
ǂŤƚºŭ ơƆŚǔŢ Ƣđ ǞǴǘǓơ Ŗdzơ ǺȇȁƾƬdzơ DZƢǸǟƗ Ŀȁ žOctober 1926), p. 142)
(Conference for the Codification of (ÎÖÐÍ ȅƢǿȏ) Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ǻȇȁƾƫ
ƾºǴĐơ ÎÖÓÏ ƨºȈdzȂƷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻƗ .International Law (The Hague, 1930)
.(ȅDŽȈǴǰǻȍơ ǎǼdzơ ǺǷ ÎÍÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÒ Ǎ A/CN.4/143 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ňƢưdzơ
Lara Peña, Las tesis excluyentes de soberanía ǂº ºǜǻơ (ÐÎÕ)
.colombiana en el Golfo de Venezuela
. (Marston, "United Kingdom …1999", p. 425) (ÐÎÖ)
Remiro Brotóns, “Terrorismo, mantenimiento de la ǂǜǻơ (ÐÏÍ)
.paz y nuevo orden”, p.151
.ÏÑÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Lira B. (ÐÏÎ)
318
ƨǴưǷƗ ƨȈǓƢŭơ ƨǼLJ ǺȇǂnjǠdzơ DZȐƻ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ǵƾǬƫȁ -ÎÔÕ
ƪǼǴǟƗ Ŗdzơ ƨǘdzƢǷ ƢȀǼǷ ǶƟơƾdzơ ƽƢȈūơ ǞǓȁ ƽƢǸƬǟơ ȄǴǟ ȃǂƻƗ
ž(ÐÎÒ)ÎÖÕÍ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÎÒ Ŀ ǞǓȂdzơ ơǀǿ ƽƢǸƬǟơ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻơ ƨǨǐƥ
ÎÔ Ŀ ǾLjºǨǻ ƔȆnjdzƢƥ ƪǷƢǫ Ŗdzơ ƢǰȇǁƢƬLJȂǯ Ȃǿ ňƢưdzơ DZƢưŭơȁ
.(ÐÎÓ)ÎÖÕÐ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ
ơƆǁƢºƯƕ ƭƾŢ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ ǒǠƥ -DZơƽ
ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ƢȀƯƾŢ Ŗdzơ ǁƢƯȊdz ƨǴƯƢŲ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ
ƨºǸƟƢǫ ǞºǓȁ ƨºdzȁƢƄ ƢƆȈdzȁƗ Ȑ Ɔ ƻƾǷ ǝǂǨdzơ ơǀǿ ǵƾǬȇ -ÎÔÖ
DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ơƆǁƢƯƕ ƭƾŢ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢǧǂǐƬƥ
ƨũƢƷ ƪLjȈdz ƢȀǼǰdzȁ ƪǠƦƫơ Ŗdzơ ƲĄȀǼĄdzơ Ǻǟ ƨǴȈǴǫ ƨǴưǷƗ ƽǂů ƢĔƗ
.ǩȐǗȍơ ȄǴǟ
DzǐºƬȇ ƢºǷ Ŀȁ ȆǓơǁȋƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ǩƢȈLJ ȆǨǧ -ÎÕÍ
ƧŚưºŭơ ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơ ǒǠƥ ƪǜƷȂdz ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ƽȁƾƷ śȈǠƬƥ
ƢºȀȈǧ ȅǂŸ Ŗdzơ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ Ŀ ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơ ǽǀǿ ƾLjƴƬƫȁ ǵƢǸƬǿȐdz
ŕNj ǩǂǘƥ ǥĈǂǟĄ ȅǀdzơ "ǵơƾƼƬLJơ" ŚƦǠƬǧ .ƨǼȈǠǷ ǪǗƢǼǷ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ
ǾºǻƜǧ ǑȂǸǤdzơ ǾǨǴȇ DZơDŽȇ ȏ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ (ÐÎÔ)ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǍȂǐǼdzơ Ŀ
__________
DZƽƢºƦƫ ƤºƳȂŠ ǁơǂºǬdzơ ơǀǿ DzƦǬȇ ƾǴƥ DZȁƗ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ ƪǻƢǯ (ÐÎÒ)
ƽƢºȈƷ ǹƘnjºƥ ÎÖÕÍ ŐǸƬƦºLJ/DZȂǴȇƗ ÎÒ Ŀ ƨǘdzƢǷȁ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ śƥ ƩơǂǯǀǷ
ƨºǘdzƢǷ ǵDŽƬǴƫ ƢȀƬȀƳ ǺǷȁ žƽƢȈūơ Ǯdzƿ ǹƢǸǔƥ ƢȀƦƳȂŠ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ ǵDŽƬǴƫ ƧǂȇDŽŪơ
ƨǘƥơǂǷȁ ƨȇǂǰLjǟ ƩƢǨdzƢŢ Ŀ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ǺǷ ƢȀǠǼŻ ƢŲ ƽƢȈūơ ǞǓȂdz DZƢưƬǷȏƢƥ
ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rousseau) ƢȀȈǓơǁƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƦǼƳƗ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨǷƢǫƛ ȁƗ ƨȈƦǼƳƗ ƩơȂǫ
Keessing's Contemporary Archives, vol. XXVII žÑÎÎ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÎ)
Dzºƥ ƾūơ ơǀǿ ƾǼǟ ǦǬƫ ȏ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ Ƕǿȋơȁ .((1981), p. 31076
DZȁƽ ǥơǂºƬǟơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ ńƛ ǝƢǧƾǻƢƥ ÎÖÕÎ ǵƢǟ DZȐƻ ƪǠLJ ƨǘdzƢǷ ǹƛ
ǹƘnjºdzơ ơǀºđ ƢƆȈũǁ ƢƆǧơǂƬǟơ ƢLjǻǂǧ ƩǁƾǏƗ ƾǫȁ .ǾǻƢǸǓȁ ƧǂȇDŽŪơ ƽƢȈŞ ƨưdzƢƯ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǾȈǧ ƔƢƳ ÎÖÕÎ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÕ Ŀ
ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶºǷȋơ ǩƢưȈŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ ǵƾǬƫ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƛ"
ȄǴǟ ǶƟƢǬdzơ ȅƽƢȈūơ ƢȀǠǓȁȁ ƨǘdzƢǷ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ DZȐǬƬLJȏ ǵƢƬdzơ ƢȀǸǟƽ
.ǃƢȈŴȏơ ǵƾǟ ƝƽƢƦǷ
.ƽƢȈūơ ơǀǿ ǵơǂƬƷƢƥ ǵDŽƬǴƫȁ"
ȅƽƢȈūơ ǞǓȂdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ńƛ ȃǂƻȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ǞȈŦ Ȃǟƾƫȁ"
ơǀºǿȁ ľƢǼƬȇ DzǸǟ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ǝƢǼƬǷȏơȁ ƨǘdzƢǷ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ǾƫǁƢƬƻơ ȅǀdzơ
."ǾǷơǂƬƷơȁ ȅƽƢȈūơ ǞǓȂdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
.(ÎÓÔ Ǎ (ÎÖÕÏ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rousseau)
ŐǸǧȂºǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÔ Ŀ ƢƆȈũǁ ƢǰȇǁƢƬLJȂǯ džȈƟǁ ǺǴǟƗ (ÐÎÓ)
ǽƢǬdzƗ ƣƢǘƻ Ŀ Ǯdzƿȁ ǽƾǴƦdz ƶǴLjŭơ Śǣȁ ȆǴǠǨdzơȁ ǶƟơƾdzơ ƽƢȈūơ Ǻǟ ÎÖÕÐ
ǶȈǬƫ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǞȈŦ ǹƗ ńƛ ǁƢNjƗȁ .ǾȈLJȂƻ ǹƢLJ ƨǸǏƢǠdzƢƥ řǗȂdzơ ƵǂLjŭơ Ŀ
ǞºǷ ǁȁƢnjºƬdzơ ǶƬȈLJ ǾǻƗȁ ǹƢȈƦdzƢƥ ǢǴƦƬLJ ƢǰȇǁƢƬLJȂǯ ǞǷ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƩƢǫȐǟ
ơǀºǿ ǾƦƳȂŠ ǥƢǔȇ ǁȂƬLJƾdzơ ȄǴǟ DzȇƾǠƫ DZƢƻƽƛ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ƩƢǟƢǸŪơ
.(Gros Espiell, La Neutralidad de Costa Rica, p. 75 ǂǜǻơ) ƾǼƦdzơ
“Continued usage of long standing” (Institute of (ÐÎÔ)
International Law, 1894); “international usage” (ibid, 1928); “established
usage” (Harvard draft of convention on territorial waters, Supplement to
AJIL, vol. 23 special number (April 1929); “continuous and immemorial
319 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ǩƢºǨƫơ ǵơǂºƥƛ ńƛ ȆºǷǂȇ ƪǫƚǷ Ǟȇǂnjƫ ƽƢǸƬǟƢƥ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ƪǷƢǫ
Ǯdzƿ ǀǼǷȁ .ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơ ǩǂNj Ŀ ƨǻȂƬdzơ Ǯũ Ƨǁơƽƛȁ ǚǨū ȆǸȈǴǫƛ
ƨºȈũǂdzơ Śºǣȁ ƨȈũǂdzơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ǺǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƾǬǠƫ śūơ
.(ÐÏÒ)ǥȐŬơ ơǀŮ DzƷ ƽƢŸƛ ǥƾđ
ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ śƥ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ Ŀ ǂƫȂƫ ƽȂƳȁ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzǀǯȁ -ÎÕÓ
DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǐƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǮǴƬǧ :ƭƽơȂƷ ƔȂnjǻ ńƛ ȅƽƚȇ ǹƗ
.(ÐÏÓ)ǽȐǟƗ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷơ ńƛ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗ ȅƽƚƫ DZƢưŭơ
.(ÐÏÔ)ƨȈũǂdzơ ƩơǁƢȇDŽǴdz ƨǴǫǂǟ DzǰNj ǀƼƬȇ ǹƗ ǂƫȂƬǴdz ǺǰŻ ƢǸǯ
ǹƕƾƦǷ ƢǸȀǨǏȂƥ ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơȁ ƩȂǰLjdzơ -ƔƢǿ
DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ ǒǠƥ ǹȏƾǠȇ
ƨǴǸƬƄơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǽǁƢƯƕȁ ƩȂǰLjdzơ -Î
ŐºƬǟơ DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ DZȁȋơ ǽǂȇǂǬƫ Ŀ -ÎÕÔ
ŚƦǯ ƤǻƢƳ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ȅƗǂdzơ ƤLjƷ ƩȂǰLjdzơ ǹƗ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ
Ǻºǟ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ ŚƦǠƬǴdz DzǰNjȁ ȆǴǟƢǨƫ ǥǂǐƫ" ƩƢȈƥƽȋơ ǺǷ
.(ÐÏÕ)"ƢƆȈǻȂǻƢǫ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǡǧ ǽǁƢƦƬǟơ ǺǰŻ ȏ" ǾǻƗ ǥƢǓƗ ǾǼǰdzȁ "Ƨƽơǁȍơ
ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍƢƥ ƨǬȈƯȁ ƨǴǏ ƩȂǰLjǴdz ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ
ơƿƛ ƨdzȁƽ ǽƢš ƨȈƴƷ ƢǷ Ǟǧƾdz DzǠŸ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƢƆǼȈǠǷ ƢƆǠǓȁ ǹƛ ƮȈŞ
ƾºdzȂȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ƢŠ ǞǓȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ƢǿƢǓǁ ƱƢƬǼƬLJơ ǺǰǷƗ
.ƢēȂǰLJ ƤƦLjƥ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ơƆǁƢƯƕ
__________
Szekely, "Aplicacíon en Latinoamérica de la ǂººǜǻơ (ÐÏÒ)
.Convencíon de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar", p. 52
ĺǂºƷ ǩǁȁǃ Dzƻƽ ÎÖÓÔ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǂƻơȁƗ Ŀ (ÐÏÓ)
ǹƿƛ ǹȁƽ (Ushuaia) ƢȇơȂNjȁƗ Ŀ ƨȈǼȈƬǼƳǁȋơ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ǽƢȈŭơ Quidora ȆǴȈNj
ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ƢȀǸǴLJ ƱƢƴƬƷơ ƧǂǯǀǷ ǁȁƾǏ DzǣȂƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǞƦƬƬLJơȁ .ǪƦLjǷ
ǽǀǿ ǹƘnjƥ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽǷ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdzȁ .śƬǼƳǁȋơ ŚǨLJ ńƛ ȆǴȈnjdzơ
“Límites. El bloqueo de Ushuaia”, Primera :ǂºǜǻơ ƨȇƽȁƾūơ ƭƽơȂūơ
/DZȂºǴȇƗ ÎÎ-Ò) ÏÑÒ ƽƾºǠdzơ ƨLjǷƢŬơ ƨǼLjdzơ Plana (Buenos Aires)
ǹȂǻƢººǯ Î (Džǂººȇƕ DžȂººǼȇȂƥ) Clarínȁ ÎÐ Ǎ (ÎÖÓÔ ŐǸƬƦººLJ
.ÎÕ Ǎ ÎÖÓÔ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ
ƨººȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨºȈƳǁƢŬơ Ŀ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǂºȇǃȁ ƧǁƢȇǃ ƪȈǤdzƗ ƢǷƾǼǟ (ÐÏÔ)
ƢƆºǻƢȈƥ ǁƾºǏƗ ÏÍÍÎ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÎÓ Ŀ ƢƥȂǯ ńƛ ͝Ludger Volmer
Ŗdzơ ƧǁƢȇDŽdzơ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐȇ ǹƗ ǾǼǷ ƪƦǴǗ ƨȈƥȂǰdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǹƗ ǾȈǧ ƶǓȁƗ
ǺºǷ ƧȂǟƾºdz ƨȈƦǴƫ) ÏÍÍÎ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÎÖ Ŀ ƢƥȂǯ ńƛ Ƣđ ǵȂǬȈLJ ǹƢǯ
DZƢǫȁ .ƢƥȂǯ ƢȀȈǧ ƾǬƬǻơ ǾǻƗ ǶǟDŽȇ ƩƢŹǂǐƫ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǻ ǞǓȂdzơ ơǀǿȁ .(ƢƥȂǯ
ĺȂºǰdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ DZƾȇ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǰdzȁ .ŚLjǨƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǶȀǧ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ ȏ Ǿǻƛ
Ŀȁ .ƨǸǴǰdzơ ŘǠǷ Dzǰƥ ȆLJƢȈLJ ǁơȂƷ ƔƾƦdz ƢƆȈǧƢǯ ơƆƽơƾǠƬLJơ ƾǠƥ ơƆƾǠƬLjǷ džȈdz
ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ńƛ ƧǁǂǬŭơ ǾƫǁƢȇǃ ƢǷƗ .ŘǠǷ ǾƫǁƢȇDŽdz ǹȂǰȇ Ǻdz ǥȁǂǜdzơ ǽǀǿ DzǛ
.ƢƥȂǯ ńƛ ǾƫǁƢȇǃ ƔƢǤdzƜƥ ǂƯƘƬƫ ǺǴǧ ƨȈǰȈǼȈǷȁƾdzơ
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÎÖÖÕ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÐÏÕ)
Ŀ Rodríguez Carríon ǁƢºNjƗ ƢǸǯ .ÒÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÑÍÕ Ǎ A/CN.4/486
ŐººƬǠȇ" ÎÔÎ Ǎ Lecciones de Derecho Internacional Público
ƽǂºů ǾǻȂǯ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ŚƦǠƬǴdz ƨǴȈLJȁ ƩȂǰLjdzơ
."ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǝơȂǻƗ ǺǷ ǝȂǻ
ńƛȁ ƨºȈǼȈƫȐdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ ǞǸƬů Ŀ ƨǫǂǨdzơ Ʈƥ ńƛ ȄǠLjȇȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
DZƽƢºƦƫ ȃƽƗȁ .(ÐÏÏ)"ȄǘºLJȂdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ Ŀ ǵȐLjdzơ ƽȂȀƳ ƨǴǫǂǟ
ǁƽƢǏ Ȇũǁ ǡȐƥ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ǁȁƽơȂǯƛ ǹȐǟƛ ńƛ ơǀǿ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ
ǁȁƽơȂºǯƛ ƨǷȂǰƷ" ǹƗ ÎÖÕÒ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÎ Ŀ
ƨºǷơǂǰdz ƢȀºǼǷ ƢƆǻȂǏȁ ƢǤȈƫǁȁƗ ƾƟƢǬdzơ ƩƢŹǂǐƫ ƢƆǠǘǫ ǒǧǂƫ
ǞǷ ƨȈǴǐǼǬdzơȁ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ Ǟǘǫ Ʃǁǂǫ ƨǷȋơ ƧƽƢȈLJȁ
.(ÐÏÐ)"ơȂǣơǁƢǰȈǻ ƨǷȂǰƷ
.ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷơ ƾdzȂȇ ƾǫ ƨȈdzƢǐǨǻơ ƨǟƢŦ ǽƢš "ƢƆȇƽȁ" ƢƆǨǫȂǷ ǹƛ -ÎÕÑ
ƩǁƢºƯƗ ÎÖÖÖ ŐǸǧȂºǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÎ Ŀ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ
ȅǀdzơ ȆǨƸǐdzơ ǂŤƚŭơȁ džȇǁƢƥ ńƛ ǹƢnjȈnjǴdz DzưŲ Ƣđ ǵƢǫ Ŗdzơ ƧǁƢȇDŽdzơ
ȅǀdzơ ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷơ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ Ŀ ǽơǂƳƗ
ƢLjǻǂǧ ŚǨLJ ǂǜǻ ƪǨƌdz ǾǻƘƥ ƾȈǧƗȁ .ƣƢǿǁȍơ ǞǷ ǹȁƢǠƬdzƢƥ ƢLjǻǂǧ Ƕēơ
ƲƟƢƬǻ ǺǷ ƨȇƽȂdzơ Śǣ ƨǯǂūơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬȇ ƾǫ ƢǷ ńƛ ȂǰLJȂǷ Ŀ
.(ÐÏÑ)ǺȇƾǴƦdzơ śƥ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǹȂºǰȇȁ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷȏơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǒǠƥ ǾƦnjƫ ƾǫȁ -ÎÕÒ
ƨºǬǘǼŭơ ƔƢnjǻƜǧ :ƨǼȈǠǷ ƤdzƢǘǷ džȇǂǰƫ ǹȁƽ ƨdzȂǴȈūơ ƢȀǼǷ ǑǂǤdzơ
ƩȏƢƷ ńƛ ƩƽƗ ȅǂŞ DzȈǷ ÏÍÍ ƨǧƢLjŭ ƧƾƬǸŭơ ƨǐdzƢŬơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ
ƪºƬǨdz ÎÖÔÒ ǵƢǟ Ŀ .Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ DZƢưǷ ȆǴȇ ƢǷ Ŀȁ Ƨƾȇƾǟ ǂƫȂƫ
ƢȀºǼȈƷ ƨǸƟƢǫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǂǜǻ ǮȈLjǰŭơ
ƔƾƦdzơ ƧǁȁǂǓ ńƛ ȅǁơƾŭơ ƨǻȂƬdzơ ǮǸLjdz ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƨǼŪ Ȇǿȁ
ǞºǷ DzǔǧƗ Dzǰnjƥ ǵƔȐƬȇ ǚǨƸǴdz ƾȇƾƳ ȆǸȈǴǫƛ ǵƢǜǻ ƭơƾƸƬLJơ Ŀ
ǹȂǻƢºǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǂŤƚǷ Ǻǟ Ƙnjǻ ȅǀdzơ ƾȇƾŪơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǞǫơȂdzơ
DzºȈǷ ÏÍÍ ƨǧƢLjŭ ƧƾƬǸŭơ ƨǐdzƢŬơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ȅƗ ǁƢƸƦdzơ
DzºƳƗ ǺǷ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƪȈǟƽ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ Ɣƾƥ ȃƾdzȁ .ȅǂŞ
ǂºưǯƗ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǞǷ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǝơŗdzơ ƶƦǏƗ ǑǂǤdzơ Ǯdzƿ
ǭƢȀºƬǻơ ńƛ ƩƽƗ ƨǨºLJƚŭơ ƭơƾƷȋơ ǺǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ ƩƗƾƥȁ ƆƢƷȂǓȁ
ƢȀǷƢȈǫȁ ƨȈǰȈLjǰŭơ ȅǂŞ DzȈǷ ÏÍÍ dzơ ƨǬǘǼǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǺǨLJ
ȅǀºdzơ ǥȐŬơ ȃƽƗȁ .ƢȀȈǧ ƨǟȁǂnjǷ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨǻȂƬdzơ Ǯũ ƾȈǐƥ
ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǺºǷ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ƣƢƸLjǻơ ńƛ ƾȇƾŪơ ǞǓȂdzơ ơǀǿ Ǻǟ Ƙnjǻ
.ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƾȈǐdzơ ǺǨLJ DŽƴƷ Ŀ ƢȀǟȁǂNjȁ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ
Ǯũ ƽơŚƬLJơ ȄǴǟ ơƆǂǜƷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƪǓǂǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ơƆƽǁȁ
ƔƢºǼƯȋơ ǮºǴƫ Ŀȁ .ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ńƛ ȆǰȈLjǰŭơ ƨǻȂƬdzơ
__________
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÏÏ)
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÏÐ)
ƧȁȐºǟȁ .ÖÖÎ Ǎ (ÎÖÖÖ) ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Poulain ǂǜǻơ (ÐÏÑ)
ȂǰLJȂǷ Ŀ ƢLjǻǂǧ ŚǨLJ ȆǟƾĄƬLJơ ÏÍÍÏ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÖ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ
ǺǷ ȅƽȁ Śǣ ƢƆǨǫȂǷ Ʃǀţơ ƢLjǻǂǧ ǹƘƥ ǢǴƥƌƗȁ ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ Ƨǁơǃȁ ńƛ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơȁ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƨºǰǴǸŭơ ǞǷ DzƯƢŲ Dzǰnjƥ ǥǂǐƬdzơ Ļȁ .ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ
ǂºȇǃȁ" śºƥ džȇǁƢƥ Ŀ DzǐƷ ȅǀdzơ ƔƢǬǴdzơ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ .ǹƢnjȈnjdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
Ƨǂǯǀºŭơ ǁȁƾºǏ Ŀ ƤƦLjƫ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ǶȈǴǠƬdzơ Ƨǂȇǃȁȁ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ňƢnjȈnjdzơ "ƨǧƢǬưdzơ
śºƥ DzǐºƷ ȅǀdzơ ƔƢǬǴdzơ Ɣơǁȁ ƨǼǷƢǰdzơ ƣƢƦLJȋơ Ǻǟ ȂǰLJȂǷ DZƔƢLjƬƫ" :ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ
ƨǷƢLJƘƥ ƧǂNjƢƦŭơ ǶȀƬǴǏ ƪƬƦƯ Ǻȇǀdzơ śǧǂǘƬŭơ ǹƢnjȈnjdzơ DzưŲȁ śȈLjǻǂǧ śdzȁƚLjǷ
.(RGDIP, vol. CVI (2002), p. 413) "ǮnjǴdz ȏƆ Ƣů ǝƾƫ ȏ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǹƽȏ Ǻƥ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Ȃºǿȁ ǁơǂºǫȍơ Ǻǟ ŐǠȇ ƾǸǠƬǷ "ǢȈǴƥ ƩȂǰLJ" ǾǻƘƥ ƩȂǰLjdzơ
ǂȇƾºŪơ ǺǷ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ȐƆ ǔǧȁ .(ÐÐÐ)ƢƆȇƽơǂǨǻơ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǡǧ ŅƢƬdzƢƥ Dzǰnjȇ
ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ǂǯǀdzƢƥ
.(ÐÐÑ)ƨǷƢǿ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǁƢƯƕ ƩȂǰLjdzơ
ȃDŽǠȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ (ÐÐÒ)ǁơǂǫȍơ ǹƘƥ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ Ļ ƾǬdzȁ -ÎÖÎ
ǹȂǰȇ ƢŠǁ (ƢƆǸƟơƽ Ǯdzǀǯ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ǂǷȋơ Ǻǰdzȁ) ƩȂǰLjdzơ ńƛ
ơƆǂǜǻ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ ƨǤdzƢƥ ƨȈŷƗ ȆLjƬǰȇȁ DzƟƢLjŭơ ƤǠǏƗ ǺǷ
(MacGibbon) ǹȂƦȈǤǯƢǷ ǁƢNjƗ ƢǸǯȁ .ƲƟƢƬǻ ǺǷ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬȇ Ƣŭ
Ŀ ƱƢºƴƬƷȏơ ǵƾǟ ȁƗ ƩȂǰLjdzơ DzǰNj ǀƼƬȇ ... ǁơǂǫȍơ" ǹƜǧ
ǾºǼǷ ǶºȀǨȇ ĺƢºŸƛ DzºǠǧ ƽǁ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ȆǟƾƬLjƫ ǥȁǂǛ DzǛ
ƨȈƴūơ Ʃơƿ ƨdzƢūơ ǹƗ Ȃǿ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ǶȀǷ Ȃǿ ƢǷȁ .(ÐÐÓ)"ǑơǂƬǟȏơ
ƨºdzȁƾdz ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ ƨǏƢƻ ƨȈŷƗ Ʃơƿ ǹȂǰƫ ǁơǂǫȍơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼƫ Ŗdzơ
ƢƆǷƢƫ ƢƆLjȇǂǰƫ ƾǠƥ ƢȀLjȇǂǰƫ ǶƬȇ Ń ƨȈǧǂǟ ƧƾǟƢǫ ƤƳȂŠ ǪŞ ǞƬǸƬƫ
ƩȏƢºƷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀƦǻơȂƳ ǞȈŦ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǹȂǰȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ȁƗ śǻơȂǬdzơ Ŀ
Ǯºdzƿ ȄºǴǟ ƧȁȐºǟȁ .(ÐÐÔ)ǝơDŽºǻ ǞǓȂǷ DZơǃ ƢǷ ƨȇƽơǂǧƛ
:(Carrillo Salcedo) ȁƾȈLjdzƢLJ ȂȈȇǁƢǯ ǚƷȏ ƢǸǯȁ
DzŰ ǹȂǰƫ ƨLJǁƢŲ ƨȈǟȁǂnjŠ ƢƆǧơǂƬǟơ ȁƗ ƢƆǸȈǴLjƫ Dzǰnjȇ ǁơǂǫȍơ ǹƘƥ DZȂǬdzơ ǺǰŻ"
.ƨǟȁǂnjǷ Śǣ DzǏȋơ Ŀ ƪǻƢǯ ƨLJǁƢŲ džȇǂǰƫ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƾȈǨȇ ǾǻƗ ȁƗ ǥȐƻ
ƤǴǘŭơ ȄǴǟ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ǑơǂƬǟȏơ ƢȀǼǰŻ ȏ ƪȈǓǁ ȁƗ ƪǸǴLJ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơȁ
ǁơǂºǫȍơ ƶƦǐȇ ơǀđȁ .‘ǦdzƢƼŭơ DzǠǨdzơ‘ ȁƗ ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ ƗƾƦŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ Ǯdzƿȁ
.(ÐÐÕ)"ǵƽƢǬƬdzơ ƧǂƬǧ ȁƗ ƨȈǧǂǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ƧƘnjǻ Ŀ ƢƆȈLJƢLJƗ ơƆǂǐǼǟ
__________
ÎÓÏ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÍ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÐÐÐ)
ƨºǨǴƬű Ƨƾȇƾǟ ƤǻơȂƳ Ǿdz ƩȂǰLjdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ Suy ƾǯƗ ƢǸǯȁ .ÒÕÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ǹƗ ƢºǿƽƢǨǷ Ŗdzơ 'qui tacet consentire videtur' ƨȈȀǬǨdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ" ǹƗ ǂǯǀǧ
ƾºǫ ƩȂǰLjdzơȁ .ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƨǬǴǘǷ ƨǸȈǫ ƢŮ džȈdz ‘ƢǓǂdzơ ƨǷȐǟ ƩȂǰLjdzơ‘
ǩȐºǗȍơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǼǯƢLJ ǭǂŹ Ń ơƆƾȇƾē ȁƗ ƢƆǯƢȀƬǻơ ȁƗ ƢƆǓǂǟ ǹƗ DzǠǨdzƢƥ řǠȇ
ǞºƳǂŭơ Suy) "ǑơǂºƬǟȏơ Ǻǟ ŐǠȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ǾǻƗ ƢǸǯ ... ȆǬǴƬŭơ ȃƾdz
.(ÓÎ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÓÒ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÐÑ)
.ǁƢƸƦdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÏÒÏ ƧƽƢŭơ ȁƗ
ƢǷ ƨdzȁƽ ńƛ ȃDŽǠƫ ƨǬǧơȂǷ Ȃǿ" ǁơǂǫȍơ ǹƜǧ Salmon ƾǯƗ ƢǸǯ (ÐÐÒ)
ǹƗ ǁơǂºǫȎdz ǺǰŻȁ .śǠǷ ǦǫȂǷ Ɣơǃƛ œǴLjdzơ ȁƗ ĺƢŸȍơ ƢȀǧǂǐƫ ƨƴȈƬǻ
“Les accords non formalisés ou ‘solo ) "Ƨƾºȇƾǟ ǥȁǂºǛ Ŀ ƭƾºŹ
.(consensu’”, p. 15
."The scope of acquiescence …", p. 143 (ÐÐÓ)
.ÐÒÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Degan ǂǜǻơ (ÐÐÔ)
"Funciones del acto unilateral en el régimen jurídico de los (ÐÐÕ)
ǹƗ ǪƷ Ǻǟ Ǧdzƚŭơ ǦȈǔȇȁ .espacios marítimos", p. 21-22
ļƾºǬǟ ȅǂƬǠȇ ȅǀdzơ ƽȂǸƴǴdz ȆƸȈƸǐƫ ǁȁƾƥ ǵȂǬȇ ǁơǂǫȍơ"
ǁơǂǫȍơ DzưŻȁ .Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ȅƽơǁȍơ ȆǠǓȂdzơ Ƥǿǀŭơȁ ƧƽƢȈLjdzơ
Ŀ ƔƢȀǬǨdzơ Ɣơǁƕ ǁȁƽ DzưǷ ĿǂǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƘnjǻȁ ǂȇȂǘƫ Ŀ ƢƆǷƢǿ Ȑ Ɔ ǷƢǟ
ƢȀºǼǰdzȁ ǁơǂǫȍơ Ǻǟ ƔƢȀǬǨdzơ Ɣơǁƕ ǦǴƬţȁ .ƨȈǧǂǠdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ƧƘnjǻ
."ƨȈǬǘǼŭơ ǾƬƴȈƬǻ ƶƦǐƫ
320
ǪȈǫƽ Dzǰnjƥ ǽƾȇƾŢȁ ƩȂǰLjdzơ ǶȀǧ Ļ ơƿƛ ǞǫơȂdzơ Ŀȁ -ÎÕÕ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǁƢƯƕ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼƫ ƾǫȁ žƆƢȇƽơǂǨǻơ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǡǧ ǽǁƢƦƬǟơ ǺǰŻ ȏ
DZƢºưŭơ DzȈƦºLJ ȄǴǟ ƮȈƷ "ȅƽơǂǨǻơ DzǠǧ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ" ƤƦLjƥ
ƢȀºǼǰdzȁ ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷơ ǾǻƘnjƥ ǁƾǐƫ ǹƗ ǞǫȂƬȇ ƢǷ ƢƆǨǫȂǷ ƨdzȁƽ ǾƳơȂƫ
ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ ƩȂǰLjdzơ ȅƽƚȇ ƾǫ ȃǂƻƘƥ ȁƗ ƨǬȇǂǘƥȁ .DzǠǨƫ ȏ
DzǠƳ ńƛ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ ƨǧǂǠǷ ƶȈƬƫ ȃǂƻƗ ƤǻơȂƳ
.ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơ ǽǀǿ ƩǂǸƬLJơ ƢǷ ơƿƛ ǺǰŲ Śǣ ơƆǂǷƗ ǞƳơǂƬdzơ
ǹȂǰƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǁƢƯƕ Ǿƫơƿ Ŀ ƩȂǰLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫȁ -ÎÕÖ
ǁǂºǬŭơ DzȈŻȁ ž(ÐÏÖ)ǂƻƕ ǥǂǗ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ ǪƥƢLJ DzǠǨƥ ƨǴǏ Ǿdz
ǽƽƢǨǷȁ ƪǫȂdzơ ǒǠƦdz Sicault Ǿƥ ȃƽƢǻ ȅǀdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ ńƛ ǍƢŬơ
ƽǁơȂºdzơ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǺǸǓ Dzƻƾȇ ȏ ƩȂǰLjdzơ ǹƗ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǁƢƯƕ ǾǼǟ ƲƬǼƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȏ Ǿǻȋ ơƆǂǜǻ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ
ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ .(ÐÐÍ)ǂƻƕ DzǠǨƥ ǹǂƬǬȇ ǹƗ ƾƥ ȏ Ǯdzƿ DzƳƗ ǺǷȁ ǽƽǂǨŠ
ȆƟƢǔºǬdzơ ƽƢȀºƬƳȏơȁ ǾǬǨdzơ Ʊǁƽ ƢǸǯ ƨȈƦLjǻ ǹȂǰƫ ǽǁƢƯƕ ǹƜǧ
ƨºLJǁƾŭơ ƢǷƗ ž(ÐÐÎ)ǽǁƢƦƬǟơ ȄǴǟ ǍƢƻ ǾƳȂƥ ňƢŭȋơȁ ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ
Ǻºǟ ƪºǠǧơƽ Ǯºdzƿ ǺǷ džǰǠdzơ ȄǴǠǧ ƨȈǻȂLjǰLJ - ȂǴǤǻȋơ
DzĈȀLjºƫ ƢºĔƗ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ "ƨȈǼǸǔdzơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ" ȄǸLjȇ ƢǷ ǑơǂƬǧơ
ǺºǷ ǁƾºǫ ȄǴǟ ǙƢǨūơ ƶȈƬƫȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ńƛ ǞƟƢǫȂdzơ ǺǷ DZƢǬƬǻȏơ
ƩƢºƦǬǠdzơ ǃȁƢš ǹƢǰǷȍƢƥ ƶƦǐȇ ŕƷ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƨȇȂȈūơ
.(ÐÐÏ)DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƥ DZƢŷƛ Ǻǟ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗ ƘnjǼƫ ƾǫ Ŗdzơ
ƪºǼȇƢƦƫ DZƢºưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ Ŀȁ -ÎÖÍ
ǾǻƗ ǚƷȂdz ƾǬǧ žƆơŚƦǯ ƢƆǼȇƢƦƫ ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀǼǟ ƣǂǠŭơ ǁƢǰǧȋơ
ǹƗ ǺºǰŻ ȏȁ Dzǰnjºƫ ȏ ƩȂǰLjdzơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǒǠƥ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ
DZƢǰNjƗ ǺǷ ǂƻƕ DzǰNj ǦǏȁ ǾǻƜǧ ƢƆǠǘǫ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻơ ȏƆ ƢǠǧƗ Dzǰnjƫ
__________
Ŗºdzơ ƩƢºƳƢƴƬƷȏơ ǺǷ DzƟƢŮơ ƽƾǠdzơ ǹƗ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƾǬƬǠȇ (ÐÏÖ)
ƩȂǰLjºǴdz ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ǵƢǿ ǂNjƚǷ Ȃǿ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ Ŀ ƭƾŢ
ƢǷ ƨdzȁƽ ǹȂǰƫ śǠǷ ǞǓȁ DZƢǸƬƷơ ƢȀȈǧ ǃŐȇ ƧǂǷ Dzǯ Ŀ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ žƨǤdzƢƥ ǁƢƯƕ
ƨºǴưǷȋơ ƾƷƗ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .Ƨƾnjƥ ƧǂƯƘƬŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƲƬŢ ǾǼǟ ƨȈǓơǁ Śǣ
:(ÎÑÑ-ÎÑÐ Ǎ (ÎÖÔÖ) ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Rousseau ǂǜǻơ) Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ
ƢºȇǁȂǯ ƨºȇǁȂȀŦ śƥ ƨǷŐŭơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ǪȇƾǐƬdzơ ǭȂǰǏ DZƽƢƦƫ ƨƦLJƢǼŠ
ǞǫơȂdzơ ȅǁƢǬdzơ ǥǂŪơ ƽȁƾƷ śȈǠƫ ǹƘnjƥ ÎÖÔÑ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj Ò Ŀ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơȁ
śǐºdzơ ƩƽƢºǟƗ ǭǂƬnjǷ Dzǰnjƥ ǾdzȐǤƬLJơȁ śǐdzơ ǂŞ ǺǷ Ȇǫǂnjdzơ ƔDŽŪơ Ŀ
ƩƢƦºLJƢǼǷ Ŀ ǾǼǟ ƪƥǂǟƗ ƾǫ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ Ȃǿȁ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǽǀŮ ƢȀƬǓǁƢǠǷ ƾȈǯƘƫ
ǾºȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂºȇDŽƷ ÎÐȁ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÏÕȁ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÐ Ŀ Ƨƾȇƾǟ ƨǬƥƢLJ
ƩǁƾºǏ ƧǂǯǀǷ Ŀȁ .(ÏÑÒ-ÏÑÐ Ǎ (ÎÖÔÕ) ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ÎÖÔÔ
ƣǂºǠƫ śǐdzơ ǹƗ řȈǐdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǴǟƗ ÎÖÔÕ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÓ Ŀ
Ŗºdzơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƨƴȀǴdzơ ƾȇƾNj ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷơ Ǟǧǂƫȁ ƾȇƾnjdzơ ƢȀƟƢȈƬLJơ Ǻǟ
ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȏ ƨǨǴƬű ǹơƾǴƥ śƥ ȅǁƢǬdzơ ǥǂƴǴdz ǶLJƢǬƫ ȅƘǧ .śǐdzơ ƧƽƢȈLjƥ džŤ
.ƨȈǼǠŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơȁ śǐdzơ śƥ ƩơǁȁƢnjǷ ƔơǂƳƛ ƾǠƥ ȏƛ ǁǂǬƬȇ
.ÓÔÐ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÐÍ)
DŽºǯǁ ƾǫ ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ ȆƟƢǔǬdzơ ƽƢȀƬƳȏơ ǹƜǧ Bentz ǁƢNjƗ ƢǸǯ (ÐÐÎ)
ȅƗ ƣƢºȈǣ Ŀ ƢƆºǷDŽǴǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƾƷƗ ƩȂǰLJ" ǹƗ ȄǴǟ
.(ÑÓ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ) "ȃǂƻƗ ǥȁǂǛ
.ÒÐ-ÒÏ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Bentz ǺǷ ƧƢǬƬLjǷ Ƨǂǰǧ (ÐÐÏ)
321 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
(ÐÑÐ)
ǽǁƢºƯƕȁ ǁơǂǫȍƢºƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƆƢǷƢǰƷƗ ƆơǂƻƚǷ ƨȈǴƄơ
.ǾǗȁǂNjȁ
ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǪƥơȂLjdzơ ƔȂǓ Ŀ ǺǰŻ ƢǷ ƾƷ ńƛȁ -ÎÖÑ
ƨºƴȈƬǻ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ļƘȇ ǁơǂǫȍơ ǹƗ ƢǿƽƢǨǷ ƨƴȈƬǻ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ ǽȐǟƗ
Ŗdzơ ƩƢǷȐǠdzơ ƢǷƗ žǵƢǟ ǥǂǐƫ ȄǴǟ DZƾƫ ƩƢǷȐǟ Ƨƾǟ ǝƢǸƬƳơ
ȏƆ ƢǰºNjƗ ǀƼƬƬǧ śǠǷ ǞǓȁ ȄǴǟ ƨǬǧơȂŭơ ȅƗ ǁơǂǫȍơ ȄǴǟ DZƾƫ
ǭȂǴLjºdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƢǯ ƔơȂLJ DZȁƾdzơ ǾȈƫƘƫ ǭȂǴLJ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǻ Ƨƾȇƾǟ
.(ÐÑÑ)ƢƆȈƦǴLJ ǵƗ ƢƆȈƥƢŸƛ
ǁơǂºǫȍơ ǹƗ ȁƾºƦȇ ǶȈǰŢ Ʃơǁơǂǫ Ƨƾǟ ǺǷ ǂȀǛ ƢǸǯȁ -ÎÖÒ
ńƛ ƱƢƬŢ Ŗdzơ ƨǔǷƢǤdzơ ƤǻơȂŪơ ǒǠƥ ƶȈǓȂƬdz ƨǴȈLJȂǯ ǵƾƼƬLJơ
ÎÕÕÕ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÏÏ Ŀ ƪȇȂLJ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǔǬdzơ Ŀ ơǀǰǿȁ .ŚLjǨƫ
ƢǰȇǁƢƬºLJȂǯ śƥ ǵŐŭơ ÎÕÒÕ ǵƢǠdz ȅƽȁƾūơ ǩƢǨƫȏƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơȁ
ǁơǂǫȍơ ǹƗ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ǶƐǰƄơ ƽƾNj (ÐÑÒ)ơȂǣơǁƢǰȈǻȁ
ǹƜºǧ ơȂǣơǁƢǰȈǻ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǩƢǨƫȐdz ǵǃȐdzơ ǪȇƾǐƬdzơ Ǻǟ řǤȇ ȏ
ȄºǴǟ ǺĈȈƥ DzȈdzƽ Ȃǿ" ȆǓǂŭơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨǼLJ ÎÏ ȁƗ ÎÍ ǁȁǂǷ
ƨǤdzƢƥ ƨǸȈǫ ơƿ ǹȂǰȈLJ ǾǻƗ ƾǬƬǠȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń ȅǀdzơ ǂǏƢǠŭơ ǑǂǠdzơ Ǯdzƿ
.(ÐÑÓ)"ƢȀȈǧ ǭȂǰnjŭơ ŚLjǨƬdzơ DzƟƢLjǷ ƾȇƾŢ Ŀ
ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ ƗƾƦǷ -Ï
ƗƾƦŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ Ŀ Ȃǔǟ ǁƢNjƗ ƢǸǯ -ÎÖÓ
:ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ
ƨƴȈƬǻ Ȃǿ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ Śǣ ƢƆȈǸǰƷ ƢƆǫȐǣƛ ȅƽơǂǨǻơ DzǠǧ ƞnjǼȇ ǹƗ ƾȈǯƘƬdzƢƥ ǺǰŻ"
ƢºǸȈǧ ƾºƳȂƫ ȏ ȅȂǨnjdzơ ǾǓǂǟ Ŀ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǽƾǯƗ ƢǷ ǥȐşȁ DzǠǨdzơ
ǹƛ Ȃǿ ǾdzȂǫ ǺǰŻ ƢǷ Dzǯȁ .‘ȆǸǰƷ ǩȐǣƛ DZƢǠǧƗ‘ ƨƥƢưŠ ǹȂǰƫ DZƢǠǧƗ ƨƠǧ ȁƾƦȇ
ȆǸǰƷ ǩȐǣƛ ǁƾǐǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǥȁǂǛ Ŀ ǺǰŻ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ƾƷƗ
ƨºȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ƲƟƢƬǻ ƾƷƗ Ȃǿ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơȁ ...
ƨȇǁƢLjdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǶǰŹ ǾǻƘƥ (ÏÒÖÐ ƨLjǴŪơ) ǭȂNjƢǯȂdz ƾȈLjdzơ ǂǯƿ ƗƾƦǷ Ȃǿȁ
.(ÐÑÔ)"ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩơŚƯƘƬdzơ ȄǴǟ
__________
ǺºǷ ƽƾǟ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ƢȈǴǠdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩƘŪ (ÐÑÐ)
Georgia v. South ) ƨȈƥȂǼŪơ ƢǼȇȏȁǁƢǯ ƾǓ ƢȈƳǁȂƳ ƨȈǔǫ ƢȀǼǷ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ
ƾºǓ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨȈǔǫ ȁƗ ÎÖÖÍ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÒ Ŀ (Carolina
Ŀ (United States v. Louisiana and Others) ȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǠǗƢǬǷȁ ƢǻƢȇDŽȇȂdz
.ILR, vol. 91 (1993), pp. 411 & 439) Ŀ ơǂnjǻ) ÎÖÕÒ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÏÓ
.ǁơǂǫƛ ƨƥƢưŠ ƩȂǰLjdzơ ŐƬǟơ śƬdzƢūơ Ŀȁ
Barale, "L'acquiescement dans la jurisprudence ǂº ºǜǻơ (ÐÑÑ)
.ÑÍÍ-ÐÖÑ Ǎ ȆƟƢǔǬdzơ ƽƢȀƬƳȏơ ńƛ ƩȏƢƷȍơȁ internationale", p. 393
Treaty of Territorial Limits between Costa Rica and (ÐÑÒ)
Nicaragua (San José, 15 April 1858), British and Foreign State Papers,
.1857-1858, vol. XLVIII, p. 1049
ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ .Moore, History and Digest …, vol. II, p. 1959 (ÐÑÓ)
.Ò Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Coussirat-Coustère and Eisemann
ÑÎÏ Ǎ ÏÒÖÑ ƨLjºǴŪơ DZȁȋơ ƾºǴĐơ ÎÖÖÖ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÐÑÔ)
.ÎÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ȆºǤƦǼȇ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǁƢƯƕ ǁơǂǫȎdz ǹȂǰƫ ŕƷȁ -ÎÖÏ
ǹȂºǰȇ ǹƗ ƆȏȁƗ řǸǔdzơ DZȂƦǬdzơ ǾȈdzƛ ƤLjǻ ȅǀdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ
ȆºǤƦǼȇȁ žƢȀȈǴǟ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ Ǻǟ ǞǼƬǷơ Ŗdzơ ƭơƾƷȋƢƥ ǶǴǟ ȄǴǟ
ƾºǬdzȁ .ƢƆȈũǁ Ƣđ ǡȐƥȍơ ǂŸ Ń ǹƛ ƨǠƟƢNj ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƭơƾƷȌdz
ǽǀºǿ ǞºȈŦ ȃǂƻƘƥ ȁƗ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƩǀƻƗ
ǭƢºũȋơ ƾƟƢǐºǷ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ǥơȁ Dzǰnjƥ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ƤǻơȂŪơ
ǺºǷ ǵƢǠdzơ DzƦǬƬdzơȁ ƭơƾƷȋƢƥ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǧǂǠŭơ ǹƗ Ƨǂǰǧ ǺǷ ƢƆÅǫȐǘǻơ
DZƢǸnjdzơ ǂŞ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǦǫȂǷȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǞǸƬĐơ ƤǻƢƳ
Ȑ
Ɔ ȇȂºǗ ǵơƽ ȅǀdzơ ƢȀǟƢǼƬǷơȁ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƨǏƢŬơ ƢȀƬƸǴǐǷȁ
ƨǰǴǸŭơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǷƢǜǻ ǑǂǨƥ DZơȂƷȋơ ǞȈŦ Ŀ ƲȇȁǂǼǴdz ƶǸLjȇ
ƢǸȈǧ ȁƾȈLjdzƢLJ ȂȈȇǁƢǯ ǁƢNjƗ ƢǸǯ ǞǫơȂdzơ Ŀ Ǻǰdzȁ ž(ÐÐÖ)ƧƾƸƬŭơ
:ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀđ ǎƬź
ơƆƿƛ ǹƢǠƦǼȇ ȏ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ ƢȀƬǨǴƻ Ŗdzơ ƨƸȈƸǐdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ ǺǷ ǺȇǂƯƗ ǹƛ"
ƪƸƦºǏƗ ǞƟƢǫȂdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹȋ ƢŶƛ ƨưdzƢƯ DZȁƾdz ƶȇǂǐdzơ ȁƗ řǸǔdzơ DZȂƦǬdzơ ǺǷ
ƾǼƬLjȇ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǝƢǓȁȋơ ǽǀŮ ƨǧƢǰdzơ ǽƢš ƨȈƴūơ ơƿ ǞƥƢǘdzơ ǹƛ .ƢƆǠƟƢNj ơƆǂǷƗ
ȅǀºdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǞǷ ǾǓǁƢǠƫ ǵƾǟȁ ǾȈNjƢŤ ńƛ ǥƢǘŭơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ
ƾȇƾŢ Ŀ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ Ʃơƿ ƧƾȈƷȂdzơ ƨȀŪơ Ȇǿ ƨȈǴƷƢLjdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹƘƥ ǥǂƬǠȇ
.(ÐÑÍ)"ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ƢǿǂƸƦdz DžƢLJȋơ ǖƻ
DZƾºǠdzơ ƨºǸǰŰ ƩǁƾǏƗ ƧŚǐǫ ƧǂƬǨƥ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥȁ -ÎÖÐ
.(ÐÑÎ)ǁƢºȈȀȈǧ ǽƢºȇǂƥ ƾºƦǠǷ ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ ƆȐƯƢŲ Ɔơǁơǂǫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ǶǯƢºƄơȁ (ÐÑÏ)ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǶǯƢŰ ƩǁƾǏƗ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ
__________
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÏÍÕ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 138 (ÐÐÖ)
.ÎÏ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÑÍ)
ǹƗ ƾºǠƥ .(ǽȐǟƗ ÎÖÎ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1962 (ÐÑÎ)
ǥǂºǛ ȄǴǟ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ƣƢȈǣ ƨƴȈƬǻ ļƘȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǁơǂǫȍơ ǁȁƽ ƨǸǰƄơ ƪưŞ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ Ʃǁǂǫ ƆƢƳƢƴƬƷơ Śưȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǹƢǯ
ǹƢǯ ǖƟơǂƼǴdz ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ DzǬǻ ǹƗ ƾǼǴȇƢƫ ƩƾǯƗ ƾǬdz"
ƢȀǷȐƬºLJƢƥ ƢƆºȈũǁ ơƆǁơǂǫƛ ǵƾǬƫ ǹƗ ƾǼǴȇƢƫ ǺǷ ƤǴǘĄȇ Ń ǾǻƗȁ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ
ȃǂǼLJ ƢǸǯ ǞǫơȂdzơ Ŀȁ .ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀđ Ȇũǁ ǁơǂǫƛ ȅƗ ƾǼǴȇƢƬdz ǵċƾǬȇ Ńȁ
žǮnjºǴdz ȏƆ Ƣů ǝƾƫ ȏ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǥǂǐƬdzơ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ǁơǂǫȍơ Ļ ǹȉơ
ǥȁǂºǜdzơ ǹƗ ƶºǓơȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ǯdzƿ Śǣ ǂǷȋơ ǹƢǯ ǹƛ ŕƷ Ǻǰdzȁ
ǺºǷ ƨºdzȂǬǠǷ ƨºȈǼǷǃ ƨºǴȀǷ ǺǸºǓ DzǠǧ ƽǁ ƽȂƳȁ ȆǟƾƬLjƫ
ƨǘȇǂŬơ ȄǴǟ ƨǬǧơȂŭơ ǵƾǟ ƽȂƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ȃdz ƨȈǷƢȈLjdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ƤǻƢƳ
ƢȀºǼǰdzȁ .ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀđ ƢēǁƢƯƛ ƽȂƫ ƨǷƢǿ ƨdzƘLjǷ ȅƗ ƢȀȇƾdz ƪǻƢǯ Ȃdz ȁƗ
ƢºȀȈǴǟ ǞºǬƫ ơǀºdzȁ Ƨƾºȇƾǟ śǼLJ ƾǠƥ ȁƗ ǀƟƾǼǟ Ǯdzƿ DzǠǨƫ Ń
ǹƢȈƥ ǹƢȈƦdzơ ńƛ ƨƳƢūơ ǑǂǠǷ Ŀ ƩȂǰLjdzƢǧ .Ǯdzǀƥ ǁơǂǫȍơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ
."(Qui tacet consentire videtur si loqui debuisset ac potuisset)
.(ÏÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ǝơŗºdzơ DZȂƷ ƽȁƾūơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ Ŀ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ (ÐÑÏ)
ǂƥȂºƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÎÖ ƹǁƚŭơ ƨǫǁƢnjdzơȁ ĺƽ śƥ ȆǓơǁȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ
ƧŚºŞ ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ ȁƗ (ILR, vol. 91 (1993), pp. 612 et seq.) ÎÖÕÎ
ÎÖÖÑ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÎ ƹǁƚŭơ (Laguna del Desierto) ƔơǂƸǐdzơ
ǶȈºLJǂƬƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ȆǴȈNjȁ śƬǼƳǁȋơ śƥ ƽȁƾūơ DZȂƷ ǝơŗƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǔǫ)
(Mount Fitzroy) ȅȁǁDŽºƬȈǧ DzºƦƳȁ ÓÏ ȅƽȁƾºūơ DŽǯǂŭơ śƥ ƽȁƾūơ
ILR, vol. ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ žUNRIAA, vol. XXII (Sales No. E/F.00.V.7), p. 1
.113 (1999), p. `1
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƩǁƢNjƗ ƢǸǯ ǾȈǧ džƦdz ȏȁ ƢƆƸǓơȁ ǦǫȂŭơ ơǀǿ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ
ƨȈƥǂǐºdzơ ǑȁǂǬdzơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ DZƾǠǴdz ƨǸƟơƾdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ǾȈdzƛ
:ÎÖÏÖ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÎÏ ƨƻǁƚŭơ
ƗƾºƦǷ ƤºƳȂŠ ǪƷ ǹơƾǬǧ ƾȇƾƸƬdz ƢǿǂǧơȂƫ ǵǃȐdzơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ƾǼǟ"
ơǀºǿ ǪȈƦǘƬdz ǥƢǯ DžƢLJƗ ƾƳȂȇ ȏ ǾǻƗ ƢƆǷƢŤ ƶǓơȂdzơ ǺǷ ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ
ǾȈǧ džƦdz ȏ ƶǓơȁ ƶȇǂǐƬƥ ƩơƾǼLjdzơ ȂǴǷƢƷ DZƎ ƾȇ Ńȁ .ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƗƾƦŭơ
.(ÐÒÐ)"ǾȈdzƛ ƩƾǼƬLJƢǧ ǾȈdzƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏơ ƨǼȇƾŭơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ǪŹ
ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ ȆºȀǬǨdzơ ǑȂºǸǤdzơ ǒǠƥ ƾƳȂȇ ǞƦǘdzƢƥȁ -ÎÖÖ
ǾºǫƢǘǻȁ ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǾȈdzƛ ƾǼƬLjȇ ȅǀdzơ DžƢLJȌdz
ƾºǫȁ .Ƣºǿǂǯƿ ȃǂƳ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǒǠƥ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛ
ƨºȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ƢȀǨǴţ Ŗdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ Ŀ ǾLjǨǻ ǝȂǼƬdzơ ǹȂǰȇ
Dzºǯ ǂLjǨƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ƤƦLjƥ ƢȀǼȇƢƦƫ Ǻǟ ƆȐǔǧ
ƢºǿǁŐƫ Ǻǰƫ Ń ǹƛȁ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ DZȂƷ ǁȁƾƫ Ŗdzơ ǭȂǰnjdzơ
ƗƾºƦŭơ ơǀǿ DžƢLJƗ ǹƘƥ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ DZȂǬǠŭơ ǺǷ ȁƾƦȇȁ .ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ
ŕNj ǾȈǧ ǭǂƬnjƫ ǂǷƗ Ȃǿȁ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ Ŀ ȆLjȈƟǁ Dzǰnjƥ ǺǸǰȇ
.(ÐÒÑ)ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǶǜǼdzơ
ȄǴǟȁ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ƩƢƠǨƥ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨǴǐƬǷ ƨǬȇǂǘƥȁ -ÏÍÍ
ŐºƬǠƫ ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ ƗƾƦǷ ƢȀǴƬŹ Ŗdzơ ƨǻƢǰŭơ ƾȇƾƸƬdzơ ǾƳȁ
ȄºǴǟ DZƢưǷ DzǔǧƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ Ŀ Ʃǁơƽ Ŗdzơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ
ȆǤƦǼȇ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ DZȂƷ Ʃǃǂƥ Ŗdzơ ǭȂǰnjdzơ ǹƗ Śǣ .(ÐÒÒ)Ǯdzƿ
ǵƢºǟ ǀºǼǷ ƨȈǴƳ ƪǻƢǯ ƢƆȇƽơǂǨǻơ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ ǁƢƦƬǟơ
ǹȂǰǻ ǹƗ ƢǻƽǁƗ Ȃdz ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ" ǹƗ ǚƷȂdz ƢǷƾǼǟ ÎÖÔÎ
DzǠǨdz ƨƴȈƬǻ Ǻǰdzȁ Ǿƫơƿ ƾŞ ƢƆȇƽơǂǨǻơ Ȑ
Ɔ Ǡǧ ǽŐƬǠǻ ȏ ƾǫ ƨǫƽ ǂưǯƗ
DŽȈǸƬȇ ƨũ ǶǿƗ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .(ÐÒÓ)"ƨȇƽơǂǨǻơ DZƢǠǧƗ ȁƗ
ƾdzȂƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǬưdzơ Dzƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǥǂǐƫ ƪLjȈdz ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ Ƣđ
Ŀ ǂºǯƿ ƢºǸǯ DZȂǬdzơ ǹƢǰǷȍƢƥ DzǠdz Dzƥ .ȃǂƻȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƾǼǟ
__________
Serbian Loans, Judgment No. 14, 1929, P.C.I.J., Series A, (ÐÒÐ)
.No. 20, p. 39
ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂºǜǻơ žÐÔÏ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Venturini ǂǜǻơ (ÐÒÑ)
.Pecourt Garcia, “El principio del 'estoppel' en derecho…”, p. 117
Ŀ (Tammes) džȈǷƢºƫ ƾȈLjºdzơ ȅƗǁ ǂǜǻƗ ǍȂǐŬơ ơǀǿ Ŀ (ÐÒÒ)
ǎǼºdzơ ǺǷ Ó ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÔÖ Ǎ ÖÏÕ ƨLjǴŪơ DZȁȋơ ƾǴĐơ ÎÖÓÔ ƨȈdzȂƷ
ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀŮ ǾȈdzƛ ƨƳƢūơ džŤ ȅǀdzơ ǶȈǜǼƬdzơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjƛ Ŀ ƮȈƷ ȅDŽȈǴǰǻȍơ
:DZƢǫ Ǿƥ ǝȐǘǓȏơ ǺǷ ƾƥ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ǦȈǼǐƬdzơ ńƛ ǾƫǁƢNjƛ Ŀ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ
ȐƆ Ǡǧ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ƨdzƘLjǷ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ŐƬǠȇ ǦȈǼǐƬdzơ ǹƛ"
ȄºǴǟȁ ƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƢƆǠǓȁ ǾǨǏȂƥ śǠǷ ǞǓȂƥ DZȂƦǬdzơ Ŀ DzưǸƬȇ ƢƆȈƥƢŸƛ
ǒºǧǁ ńƛ ȆǷǂƫ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷȏơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǹƗ ŐƬǠȇ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ džǰǠdzơ
ƗƾºƦǷ ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂǯǀdzƢƥ ǂȇƾŪơ ǺǷȁ .ňȂǻƢǫ ǞǓȁ ȄǴǟ DzȇƾǠƫ ƔơǂƳƛ
DZƢºǠǧƗ ƨºťȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǾƬǬƦǗ ȅǀdzơ ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ
Ŀ ŚǰǨƬºdzơ ǺǰŻ ȆǴƼƬdzơȁ DZǃƢǼƬdzơȁ ǹȐǟȍơ DzưǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻơ
."ȆǸȈǜǼƫ ǝȁǂnjǷ ƽơƾǟƛ ȃƾdz ƢŮȁƢǼƫ
ǎǼdzơ ǺǷ ÓÍ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÎÖÔÎ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÐÒÓ)
.ÐÐÐ ƨȈNjƢūơ ȅDŽȈǴǰǻȍơ
322
- ȂǴǤǻȋơ ǾǬǨdzơ Ŀ Ƙnjǻ ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ -ÎÖÔ
DZȁƢºǼƬƫȁ Ņȁƾºdzơ ƾȈǠǐºdzơ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘƫ ƨȈdzƕ ǾǨǏȂƥ ňȂLjǰLJ
ǞºǼŻ ƢŠ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǩȂƯȂdzơ ǺǷ ǁƾǫ ƔƢLJǁƛ ƨdzƘLjǷ ȆLjȈƟǁ Dzǰnjƥ
ǁƢºNjƗ ƢºǸǯȁ .(ÐÑÕ)ƢŮƢǠǧƗ ǞǷ ǒǫƢǼƬȇ ƢŠ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ǺǷ DZȁƾdzơ
ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ ƱǁƾºǼȇ ƗƾººƦŭơ ơǀǿ ǹƜǧ (ÐÑÖ)Miaja de la Muela
"ǾǯȂǴLJ ǪƥƢLJ ǞǷ ľƢǼƬȇ DZȂǫ ƾƷƗ ǺǷ DzƦǬȇ ȏ" ƨȈȀǬǨdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ
DzºǏƗ ƽƾŹ ƢŲ (adversus factus suum quis venire non potest)
ȁDŽƫƢǰȈƥ - DŽȈȇƽ ƢȀǨǏȁ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǻȂLjǰLJ - ȂǴǤǻȋơ ƨLjLJƚŭơ ǽǀǿ
.(ÐÒÍ)ƾȇƾNj DzȈǐǨƬƥ (Díez-Picazo)
žȆºǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ ƗƾƦŠ ƢƆǔȇƗ ňƢƦLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ ǶƬǿơ ƾǬdz -ÎÖÕ
(Pecourt García) ƢȈLJǁƢǣ ƩǁȂǰȈƥ Ɨƾƥ ƾȇƾºƸƬdzơ ǾºƳȁ ȄǴǟȁ
ǹƗ ŐƬǠȇ ȂȀǧ :ǽǂǿȂƳ ǹȐǰnjȇ śȈLJƢLJƗ śǼǯǂƥ
ǽǀºţơ "ǦǫȂǷ" ƽȂƳȁ Ȃǿ ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ ƗƾƦǷ DzȈǰnjƫ Ŀ DZȁȋơ Ǖǂnjdzơ
.ǥơǂǗȋơ ƾƷƗ
...
ǦǫȂǷ" ǶLJơ ǾȈǴǟ ƢǼǬǴǗƗ ƢǷ ƽȂƳȁ Ȃǿ ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ ǩƢƦǘǻȏ ňƢưdzơ Ǖǂnjdzơȁ
.(ÐÒÎ)ƗƾƦǸǴdz ǑǁƢǠŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ ǽƾǸƬǟơ ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ȅǀdzơ "ȅȂǻƢƯ
:Ȑ
Ɔ ƟƢǫ Ǧdzƚŭơ DzǏơȂȇȁ
Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻºǟ ŚƦǠƬdzơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǒǠƦƥ Ȑ
Ɔ ǐƬǷ ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ ƗƾƦǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ
ǩȐǣȍơ DzǸǠȇ ǑơǂƬǧȏơ ơǀǿ ńƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏƢƥȁ ."ǁơǂǫȍơ" ƪŢ ȅȂǔǼƫ Ŗdzơ
ƔơȂLJ ǁơǂǫȍơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǺǷ ƤLJƢǼŭơ DzǰnjǴdz ȆǴǯ ȁƗ ȆƟDŽƳ ƱƢǷƽƜƥ ȆǸǰūơ
ȆºǸǰūơ ǩȐºǣȍơ) ǝƢºǼƬǷȏơ ȁƗ ƩȂǰLjdzơ ǺǷ Dzǰnjdzơ ơǀǿ ǕƢƦǼƬLJƢƥ
ǦºǫơȂŭơ ȁƗ ƩƢǧǂǐºƬdzơ ǒºǠƥ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ǁơǂǫȍơ ǁƢȀǛƛ ȁƗ (ƩȂǰLjdzƢƥ
.(ÐÒÏ).łƛ (ǭȂǴLjdzƢƥ ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ)
__________
DzºƷơǂŭ ƢǸȈºLJ ȏȁ ǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀŮ DzǐǨǷ DzȈǴŢ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdz (ÐÑÕ)
A. Martin, L'estoppel en droit international public :ǂºǜǻơ ńȁȋơ ǾƫƘnjǻ
précédé d'un aperȢu de la théorie de l'estoppel en droit anglais, pp. 10-14
.ǍȂǐŬơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ
Díéz-Picazo ƥ ƽƢȀnjƬLJȏơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ÑÑÍ Ǎ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÑÖ)
Ponce de Léon, La doctrina de los propios actos: un studio crítico
.sobre la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo, pp. 63-65
Dictionnaire de la Terminologie du Droit Internacional Ŀ (ÐÒÍ)
ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ (Basdevant) ǹƢǧȁƽƢƥ ȆǓƢǬdzơ ǡƢǏ (Paris, Sirey, 1960), p.263
DZƾȇ ƨȇDŽȈǴǰǻȏơ ƨǤǴdzơ Ǻǟ ƿȂƻƘǷ ȆƟơǂƳƛ ŚƦǠƫ Ȃǿ :ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȎdz ŅƢƬdzơ
ǑǁƢǠƬȇ ǦǫȂǷ ƽƢǸƬǟơ ǺǷ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ƢƆǧǂǗ ǞǼŻ ȅǀdzơ ȆǠǘǬdzơ ǑơǂƬǟȏơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǟƾȇ ȅǀdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ ȁƗ ƆƢǼǸǓ ȁƗ ƨƷơǂǏ Ǿƥ DZȂƦǬdzơ ǪƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ ǞǷ
.ƨȈdzƢūơ ȃȂǟƾdzơ Ŀ ǥǂǘdzơ ơǀǿ
“El principio del 'estoppel' en derecho internacional (ÐÒÎ)
.público“, pp.104 & 106
“El principio del ‘estoppel’ y la sentencia del Tribunal (ÐÒÏ)
Internacional de Justicia en el caso del templo de Preah Vihear”, pp. 158-
Jiménez ǂǜǻơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀŮ Ȑ
Ɔ ȈǐǨƫ ǂưǯƗȁ ƭƾƷƗ DZȁƢǼƫ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdzȁ .159
García, Los comportamientos recíprocos en derecho internacional a
.propósito de la acquiescencia, el estoppel y la confianza legítima
323 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ǺǷDŽdzơ ǺǷ ƧǂƬǨdz ƢǷ ǞǓȁ ƨǷȐLjƥ ǥǂƬǠȇ ȅǀdzơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ơǀǿ
Ŀ ơȂǣơǁƢºǰȈǻ ƾºǓ ƢȀǸǰƷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ƿƢţơ ńƛ
ǹȂǻƢºǯ ÏÐ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐºdzơ ǶȈºǰƸƬdzơ ǁơǂǬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǔǬdzơ
ƪºȇǂƳƗ ƢǸǯ .(ÐÓÍ)ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǮǴǷ Ǻǟ ÎÖÍÓ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ
ńƛ ƨƷơǂǏ ƢȀȈǧ ŚNjƗ ƆƢȈƦLjǻ ƨƦȇǂǫ ƧǂƬǧ DZȐƻ ǶȈǰŢ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ
ǶǯƢºƄơ ƽƢȀºƬƳơ Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ .(ÐÓÎ)ǾƬȈŷƗȁ ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ
ǩȐºǣȍơ ƨºȈŷƗ ȄºǴǟ ƩƽƾNj Ŗdzơ ƧƾȈƷȂdzơ ƨȀŪơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
.(ÐÓÏ)ƨȈǴŰ ǶǯƢŰ Ŀ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƩŚƯƗ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀȀǧ ȆǸǰūơ
__________
Ƕºǰūơ Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain (ÐÓÍ)
(Judgment, I.C.J. Reports ÎÖÍÓ ŐǸLjºȇƽ /DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÐ ƹǁƚŭơ
Ƣēǀţơ Ŗdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍƢƥ ƨǸǰƄơ Ʃǂǯƿ ƢǸǯȁ .(1960, p. 192
:ơȂǣơǁƢǰȈǻ
ƶȇǂǐdzơ ǹȐǟȍƢƥ ƪǧǂƬǟơ ơȂǣơǁƢǰȈǻ ǹƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ȅƗǁ Ŀ"
ǞƳǂƫ ǹƗ ƢȀǠLJȂƥ ƾǠȇ Ńȁ ƆƢǷDŽǴǷ ǾǨǏȂƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǁơǂǬƥ ǥǂǐƬdzƢƥȁ
ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǁơǂǫ ƨȈƷȐǏ ǵƾǠƥ ƲƬŢ ǹƗȁ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ
ƧƾºǠdz ǁơǂºǬdzơ ƨƸǐƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǴƠLJƗ ȅȋ ơȂǣơǁƢǰȈǻ ƧǁƢƯƛ ǵƾǟ
ơǀºǿ ƾºȇƚȇ ƢȀȇƾºdz ƨǧȁǂǠǷ ǽƽȂǼƥ Dzǯ ƪƸƦǏƗ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ƩơȂǼLJ
."ƨǸǰƄơ ǾȈdzƛ ƪǴǏȂƫ ȅǀdzơ ƱƢƬǼƬLJȏơ
.(ÏÎÐ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ƣȂºƥ ƨǯǂºNj ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ Ʃǂǜǻ Ŗdzơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÓÎ)
(Pope and Talbot v. Government of Canada) ơƾǼǯ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƾǓ ƩȂƦdzƢƫȁ
ILR, vol. 122 Ŀ ƺLjǼƬLjǷ) ÏÍÍÍ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÓ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ Ƣǿǁơǂǫ Ŀ
ǩȐǣȎdz ƧDŽȈǸŭơ ƩƢǸLjdzơ ńƛ Śnjȇ (ÐÐÕ Ǎ ƢƆǏȂǐƻȁ ((2002), p. 294
.ƢǨǻƕ ƪǨǏȁ ŖǴdz ƨǴƯƢŲ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ȆǸǰūơ
ƨȈǔºǫ Ŀ ÎÖÕÓ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÏÎ Ŀ ǁƽƢǐdzơ Ƕǰūơ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÓÏ)
Mission intérieure des catholiques suisses v. Canton de Nidwald et
Ƕºǿȋ ƨºŦǂƫ ƽǂºƫȁ Tribunal administratif du canton de Nidwald
(ÎÖÕÓ) ǁȂǯǀºŭơ ǞºƳǂŭơ Caflisch Ŀ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀŮ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ
ǺȇƾȈǠǐºdzơ ȄǴǟ ƾƳȂȇ ǾǻƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩƾǯƗ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ .ÎÑÍ Ǎ
ǞǼǷ ȅƗ DZơȂǼŭơ džǨǻ ȄǴǟ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƤƳơȁ ƔơȂLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ȆǴƻơƾdzơȁ Ņȁƾdzơ
ǞºǼǷ) ȆºǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ ȅƗ DzºǠǧ ȁƗ DZȂºǫ ǺǷ Ɣǂºŭơ ǺǷ ǁƾǏ ƢǷ
ƩơƽƢȀºƬƳȏơ Ŀ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀǿ ǪƦǗ ƾǫȁ" .(venire contra factum proprium
ƽǂºƴŠ Dzƥ ƧƾǿƢǠŠ ƨǴǏ ƢŮ Ǻǰȇ Ń Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ ŕƷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ
ƨȈǔǫ ǂǜǻơ) ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ǂȇǃȁ Ǻǟ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƽƢǏ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻơ ƩƢǻȐǟƛ
."(... ƨȈǫǂnjdzơ ƾǻȐǼȇǂǣ
ňƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ
ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJȏơ
ȄºǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ǮǴƬdz ƨǴƯƢŲ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǁƢƯƕ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơȁ
Dzǰnjºƫ ǹƗ ƢƆǠȈŦ ƢŮ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǾǻƗ ǶǴǠdzơ ǞǷ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơȁ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ƢȀǔºǠƥ ǹȂºǰȇ ȏ ƾǫȁ .ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǶȀȇ ȅǀdzơ ŘǠŭƢƥ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻơ ȏƆ ƢǠǧƗ
ȏƆ ƢǠǧƗ ǂƻȉơ ƢȀǔǠƥ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟȁ žƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ȏƆ ƢǠǧƗ
ǵƾƼƬLjȇ ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗ (ÐÒÔ)ǁƢȈȀȈǧ ǽƢȇǂƥ ƾƦǠǷ ƨȈǔǫ
ƢǿȏȂdz Ŗdzơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ƨȈǟǂnjdzơ ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ƾȈǨƫ ƾǫ ƨȈdzƖǯ
ƨǸǰŰ ǹƗ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟȁ .ǁȂǯǀŭơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ DzǠǨdzơ DZƢǘƥƛ ȄƫƘƬdz
ǹƗ ǺºǰŻ ȅǀdzơ ǁȁƾdzơ ńƛ ǁơǂǬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƩǁƢNjƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ
ǁǂǬŭơ ƾǬƬǠȇ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ƨƸǏ ƩƢƦƯƛ Ŀ ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ Ǿȇƽƚȇ
.ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƧǂǰǨdzơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǺǰŻ ǾǻƗ ǍƢŬơ
ǞǓȁ Ɣơǃƛ ƢǷ ƨdzȁƽ ǽǀƼƬƫ ȅǀdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ ǹƜǧ ǞƦǘdzƢƥȁ -ÏÍÎ
džºǨǻ ȄǴǟ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ƨǴǏơȂǷ ńƛ ƢǷ ƾƷ ńƛ Ƣǿǂǘǔȇ śǠǷ
ȃƾºdz ƨǼȈǠǷ ƩƢǠǫȂƫ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƨǏƢƻȁ (ÐÒÕ)DZơȂǼŭơ
ǕƢnjºǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǻ ǺLjŞ ǥǂǐƬƫ ƨưdzƢƯ ǥơǂǗƗ
DzưǷ ȃƽƗȁ .(ÐÒÖ)ƢȀLjǨǻ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǞǷ ǦȈǰƬȈLJȁ ǂǸƬLjȇ ǥȂLJ
__________
(ǽȐºǟƗ ÎÖÎ ƨȈºNjƢūơ ǂºǜǻơ) I.C.J. Reports 1962 (ÐÒÔ)
:ǾǻƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩƾǯƗ ƮȈƷ ÐÏ Ǎ
ƨºǘȇǂƼǴdz ǵƢȈºLJ DZȂºƦǫ Ŀ ǮNj ȅƗ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƢǯ Ȃdz ŕƷ"
ȃǂºů ƔȂǓ Ŀ ƨǸǰƄơ ŐƬǠƫ ƢȀȈǧ ƨǼȈƦŭơ ƽȁƾūơ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ ÎÖÍÕ ǵƢǟ
ƢĔƛ DZȂǬdzơ ƢȀǧǂǐƫ ƤƦLjƥ ƢŮ ǃȂŸ ȏ ƾǼǴȇƢƫ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ Ȑƫ ȅǀdzơ ƭơƾƷȋơ
ƩƽƢǟ Ŗdzơ ƾƟơȂǨdzơ ǺǷ ƨǼLJ śLjŨ ƧǂƬǨdz ƩƽƢǧƗ ƾǬdz .ƨǘȇǂŬơ DzƦǬƫ Ń
ƾºǫȁ .ƧǂǬƬLjºŭơ ƽȁƾūơ ƧƾƟƢǧ ƢȀǴǫƗȁ ÎÖÍÑ ǵƢǟ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǴǟ
."ƨǘȇǂƼǴdz ƾǼǴȇƢƫ DZȂƦǫ ńƛ ƢŮȐƻ ǺǷ ƢȇƽȂƦǸǯȁ ƢLjǻǂǧ ƩƾǼƬLJơ
Right of Passage over Indian Territory, Merits, :ǂǜǻơ (ÐÒÕ)
Őºǟ ǁȁǂºŭơ ǪŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǔǬdzơ) Judgment (I.C.J. Reports 1960, p. 6)
ƢǷ ƨdzȁƽ ǽǀƼƬƫ ȅǀdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ ǹƜǧ ǑơǂƬǧȏơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁ ž(ȅƾǼŮơ ǶȈǴǫȍơ
śºƥ DzưǷƗ ǹơǂƬǫơ ńƛ ȆǔǨȇȁ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ džȇǂǰƫ ȄǴǟ DZƾȇ ǺǷDŽdzơ ǺǷ ƧǂƬǨdz
:ȆǸǰūơ ǩȐǣȍơ ƗƾƦǷȁ ǁơǂǫȍơ
ǁȁǂºŭơ ǪƷ ƩƘnjǻƗ ƾǫ DZƢǤƫŐdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƾȇƾŢ ǑǂǤdz"
ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ƾȀǠdzơ DZȐƻ ȃǂƳ ƢǷ ǀƻƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ȄǴǟ ƤŸ Ǿƥ ƤdzƢǘƫ ȅǀdzơ
śƥ ƨLJǁƢŲ ƩƘnjǻ śƫǂƬǨdzơ śƫƢǿ DZȐƻȁ .ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ Ǿdz ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƧǂƬǨdzơȁ
śƫǁȂǐƄơ śƬǠǗƢǬŭơ ńƛ ǁȁǂǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƧƽƢȈLjdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨǘǴLjdzơȁ DZƢǤƫŐdzơ
."Ǿƥ ƲƬŢ ȅǀdzơ ǁȁǂŭơ ǪƷ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ DZƢǤƫŐdzơ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƩƾǼƬLJơ Ŗdzơ Ȇǿȁ
.(ÐÖ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ƾǓ (Charles J. Jansen) ǺLjǻƢƳ .Ʊ DŽdzǁƢnjƫ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ǂǯƿ (ÐÒÖ)
Ǻȇǂnjºƫ ÏÍ Ŀ ǁǂºǬƫ ƢºǷ Ȃǿȁ (ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ/ǮȈLjǰŭơ) ǮȈLjǰŭơ
ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǞƳǂŭơ Coussirat-Coustère and Eisemann) ÎÕÔÓ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ
ƆƢºǷơDŽƬdzơ ƞnjǼȇ śǠǷ ƨǷȂǰƷ Dzǰnjƥ ǁǂǰƬŭơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ǵƾǟ ǹƗ (ÑÔÓ Ǎ
Dzºǫȋơ ȄºǴǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǹƗ Ǯdzǀǯ ƲƬǼȇȁ" :ǾǻƗ Ƕǰūơ Ŀ ƽǁȁ ƮȈƷ
ǂºǷȋơ ƨǷȂǰƷ Ȇǿ ǹƢȈǴȈǸȈLjǯƢǷ ŚǷȋơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƔƢǟƽơ ƨȇǂƷ ǹȉơ ƢŮ ƪLjȈdz
ƽƾǼƫȁ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪƢƥ ǥǂƬǠƫ ǮȈLjǰŭơ Ŀ ǝơDŽºǼdzơ DZȐƻ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ǞǫơȂdzơ
.(ÎÍÕ-ÎÍÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) "ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍƢƥ
ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢºǟ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǺǷ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǾƬƦǴǗ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥ -ÏÍÏ
ȏ DZƢºưŭơ DzȈƦºLJ ȄǴǟ ƨǴưǷƗ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǵƾǫ (ǽȐǟƗ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ)
DZƢºǠǧȋơ ǺºǷ ƨǟȂǸů ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲ Ǻǟ ǂǐūơ
ƨȇƽơǂǨǻơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ŐƬǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơ ǒǠƥ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơȁ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ Dzǰnjƫ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ǺǸǓȁ -ÏÎÍ
ƧŚƦǯ ƧƽƢȇǃ ƭȁƾƷ ǚƷȂdzȁ žƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơ DZȁƾdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ
ǖºLJȁ Ŀ ƩƢǼȈǠLjºƬdzơ ƾǬǟ Ŀ Ʃǁơƽ Ŗdzơ ƭơƾƷȋơ ƾǠƥ ƢȀȈǧ
.ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ƧƾȇƾƳ DZȁƽ ƔȂnjǻ ńƛ ƩƽƗȁ ƨȈǫǂnjdzơ ƢƥȁǁȁƗȁ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ
ǺºǷ Őǯȋơ ƔDŽŪơ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǚƷȂdz Śƻȋơ ǩƢȈLjdzơ Ŀȁ -ÏÎÎ
ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǞǴǗơ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ǽǀǿ
ńƛ ȆǷǂƫ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ƩƢLJƢȈLJ ǺǷ ƔDŽƴǯ ƨȈƥȁǁȁƗ ǹơƾǴƥ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ
ȏƆ ȁƽ ǹƗ ǞǷ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƪǴǐƷ Ŗdzơ ƩơŚȈǤƬdzơ ǞǷ ǦȈǰƬdzơ
ƢƆǼǸǓ ȁƗ ƨƷơǂǏ ƪǧǂƬǟơ ƾǫ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈǧơǂǤƳ ǪǗƢǼǷ ǺǷ Ƨƾȇƾǟ
.ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ǽǀđ
ǥơǂƬǟȏơ DZƢǠǧƗȁ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ Ǯdzǀǯ ǚƷȐȇȁ -ÏÎÏ
ǝDŽºǻȁ ƽȁƾºūƢƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ǮǴƫ DzưǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƩȏƢŞ DzǐƬƫ ƢĔƗ
.ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭƢƥ ŕƷȁ ƽƢȈūơȁ ƣǂūơ ƨdzƢƷȁ ƵȐLjdzơ
ǁƢºǗƛ ƱǁƢºƻ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ǁƾǐƫ ƩȏƢūơ ǶǜǠǷ Ŀȁ -ÏÎÐ
DZƢºǠǧȋơ ǶºƟȐȇ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ ƢȀƬȈdzȐǬƬLJơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽȇ ƢŲ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ
ǞƦǘdzƢºƥ ƢȀǔºǠƥ ƱǁƾǼȇ ƢǸǯ .ƨǸǴǰǴdz ǪȈǔdzơ ŘǠŭƢƥ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ
.ƩƢǷȂǰūơ ȁƗ DZȁƾdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ǺǸǓ
ƩƢºǻȐǟȍơ ǹƗ ǍƢºŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƾƳȁ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀȁ -ÏÎÑ
ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸů ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ ǀǨǼƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƢǷ ƨdzȁƾƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ńƛ ȆǷǂƫ
.ĺȁǁȁȋơ ǩƢȈLjdzơ Ŀ ǍƢƻ Dzǰnjƥ ƨȈdzȉơ ǽǀǿ ǚƷȐƫȁ žǕȁǂnjdzơ
ƢºȀǠȈŦ ǀƼƬƫ ȏ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ DZƢǸǟƗ ǹƗ ƢǷȂǸǟ ǚƷȐȇȁ -ÏÎÒ
DzưǷ ȃǂƻƗ DZƢǠǧƗ Ŀ ƢƆȈǼǸǓ ǹȂǰȇ ƢȀǔǠƦǧ ƨŹǂǏ DZƢǠǧƗ DzǰNj
śǴưºǸŭơ DZƽƢºƦƫ DzưǷ ƨLJȂǸǴǷ DzƟƢLjǷ ȁƗ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǵơǂƥƛ ƨdzƢƷ
.śǴưǸŭơ ǺǷ ǶǿŚǣ ȁƗ śȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ
ƨŹǂºǏ ǥơǂƬǟơ ǵƾǟ DZƢǠǧƗ ƨǜƷȐǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǺǰŻ ƢǸǯ -ÏÎÓ
ǝơDŽǻ ǞǓȂǷ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ
ƧǁȂǐºƥ ǞǓȂdzơ Ǯdzǀƥ ǥǂƬǠƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾȈǴǟ ƾǯƚƫ ƢǷ Ȃǿȁ
.ƨȈǻƢŭŐdzơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ Ŀ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ƧǁǂǰƬǷ
ǽǀǿ ǹȂǯ ǞǷ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ DZƢǠǧƗ ƲƟƢƬǻ ƾȇƾŢ DzȀLjdzơ ǺǷȁ -ÏÎÔ
ƲƟƢºƬǻ ƾȇƾƸƬƥ ƨǻǁƢǬŭƢƥ ƩȏƢūơ ǞȈŦ Ŀ ƨƸǓơȁ Śǣ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ
ǥơǂºƬǟȏơ ƨdzƢƷ ȆǨǧ .ȃǂƻƗ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻơ ƩƢǻȐǟƛȁ DZƢǠǧƗ ƨǣƢȈǏ
śºƥ ƨºǷƢǟ ƩƢǫȐǟȁ ƨȈũǁ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƩƢǫȐǟ ǵƢǬƫ DZȁƾdzƢƥ
.Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǠŭơ ǹƢȈǰdzơȁ ǹƢȈǰdzƢƥ ǥǂƬǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ơƆƽȂǟȁ ƢȀƬǣƢȈǏ ƪŤ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ǺǷ Śưǯ ǺǸǔƬȇȁ -ÏÎÕ
DzƟƢLjŭơȁ ǹȂȇƾdzơ ƔƢǤdzƛȁ ƵȐLJ ǝDŽǻȁ ƽȁƾūƢƥ ǁȂǷƗ ƨǴŦ Ŀ ǪǴǠƬƫ
ƨǼȈǠǷ ǪǗƢǼǷ ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǎȈƻơǂƫ ƶǼǷȁ ƨǬdzƢǠdzơ ƨȇƾǬǼdzơ
.ȅǁƢȈƬƻơ Ǧǫȁ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ƽƢǸƬǟơȁ
ǺǸǔƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ƨǣƢȈǐƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǵȂǬȇ ǵƢǟ ǾƳȂƥȁ -ÏÎÖ
ƢºēƢǫȐǟ Ŀ ƨdzȁƾdzơ DzȈưǸƬdz ǶȀƬȈǴǿƘƥ ǹȂǧȁǂǠǷ ǍƢƼNjƗ ơƆƽȂǟȁ
324
ȏ ƢºǷ ơǀǿȁ ƨȇƾǿƢǠƬdzơ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ǩƢǘǻ ǺǸǓ ǞǬȇ ƾǫ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ
.ƢǼǿ ƨǓǂǠƬLjŭơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ƨLJơǁƾdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨȈŷƗ Ʃơƿ ǾǴǠŸ
ƽƢǸƬǟơȁ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ƨLJơǁƽ ŚLjȈƫ ńƛ ǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǠLjȇȁ -ÏÍÐ
ƢºȀǬȈƦǘƫ ǺǰŻ ƝƽƢƦǷȁ ƾǟơȂǫ ƽȂƳȁ DZƢǸƬƷơ ǹƘnjƥ ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJơ
ǎºǴź ƾǫ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀȁ .DZƢǠǧȋơ ǽǀǿ DzǸǟ ƨǬȇǂǗ ȄǴǟ
DZƢǰNjƗ ǞȈŦ ȄǴǟ ƝƽƢƦŭơȁ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǺǰŻ ǾǻƗ ńƛ Ɣǂŭơ
DZƢǰºNjƗ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǠƦǗ ǁƢǐƬǫȏơ ǞǷ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ ŚƦǠƬdzơ
ƢȀǼǷ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨƠǧ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ džǰǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ŚƦǠƬdzơ
ƢȀǨȈǼǐºƫ ȁƗ ƢȀǨȈǏȂƫ DzȀLjdzơ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ Ǻdz ǾǻƗ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟ
Ŀ ƨũƢƷ ŚȇƢǠǷ ƾƳȂƫ ȏ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ƪǬƦLJ ƢǸǯ ǾǻƗ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ȄǴǟ
.ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀǿ
DZȁƾºǴdz ƨºȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋƢƥ řǠŭơ DzǷƢǠdzơ ǪȇǂǨdzơ ǂǜǻȁ -ÏÍÑ
Ŗºdzơ DzƟƢLjºŭơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ Ƨǁȁƽ DZȐƻ ǞǸƬƳơ ȅǀdzơ
.ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJȏơ ǒǠƥ ńƛ ǍȂǴŬơ ńƛ ƨȈǷơǂdzơ ƨdzȁƢƄơ ǽǀđ ƪƷȁƗ
ƩƢƠǧ ńƛ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ƪǸLjǫ ƨȈƴȀǼǷȁ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƣƢƦLJȋȁ -ÏÍÒ
Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻºǟ ŐǠƫ ƢĔƗ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơȁ ǾǬǨdzơ ŐƬǟơ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǺǷ ƨǨǴƬű
ȃǂºƻƗ DZƢǠǧƗ ƽȂƳȁ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǒǤƥ DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ
DZƢºǠǧȋơ ǽǀºŮ ƨºLJơǁƾƥȁ .ǂȇƢǤǷ Dzǰnjƥ ƪǨǏȁ ȁƗ ƪǨǼǏ
Ǻǟ ƩƢǼȈǟ ƽǂů Ȇǿ ƩŚƬƻơ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǹƗ ƾȇƾƳ ǺǷ ƨǜƷȐŭơȁ
ǮºǴƫ ǹƗ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǚƷȏȁ ŚƦǠƬdzơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǼƬǷ ƨǨƟƢǗ
ǶºǰŞ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ǝƢǓȁȋơȁ ƩƢǷȂǰūơȁ DZȁƾdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ
ƽȂƳȁ ǺǷ ǞǼŻ ȏ ơǀǿȁ Ɔơǁơǂǰƫ ƢǿǂưǯƗ Ȇǿ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ǞǫơȂdzơ ǂǷȋơ
.ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷơȁ ƩȏǃƢǼƫȁ ƽȂǟȁ Ǻǟ ƢȀȈǧ ƣǂǟƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƩȏƢƷ
ǹȂºǰƫ ƩȏƢūơ ǺǷ ȄǸǜǠdzơ ƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơ Ŀ ǵƢǟ ǾƳȂƥȁ -ÏÍÓ
.ȃǂºƻƗ DZȁƽ ńƛ ƨȀƳȂǷ DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơȁ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ƢºȀȈdzƛ ǾºƳȂƫ Ŗºdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǹȂǰƫ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ Ǻǰdzȁ
DzºưǷ DZȁƾºdzơ Śºǣ ǺºǷ ƩƢǻƢȈǯ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơȁ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǽǀǿ
.ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ
DZƢºǠǧȋơ ǽǀºǿ ƨǣƢȈºǏ ƪºŤ ƩȏƢūơ ǶǜǠǷ Ŀȁ -ÏÍÔ
ǺǷ ƩƢǟȂǸů ǵƢȈǫ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻơ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơȁ
ƨƠȈǿ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟƗ DZȁƽ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǹƢȈƷȋơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ Ǯdzǀƥ DZȁƾdzơ
.(ǂŤƚǷ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ ǹƢǯ ƔơȂLJ) ƨȈdzȁƽ
ƩƢȈƷȐºǏ ǹȁƽ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ǽǀǿ ǶǜǠǷ ƨǣƢȈǐƥ ǵƢǫȁ -ÏÍÕ
Ņȁƾºdzơ ƵǂLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǥǂǐƬǴdz ǹȂǴǿƚǷ ǍƢƼNjƗ ƨǴǷƢǯ ƨȈũǁ
ƨºǷȂǰūơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ džȈƟǁ DzưǷ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶLJƢƥ ƩơƾȀǠƫ ʼnƾǬƬdzȁ
ȃƾdz ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȂǴưŲȁ ƽȂǧȂdzơ ƔƢLJƙǁȁ ƔơǂǨLjdzơȁ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁȁ
.ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢƠȈŮơ ȁƗ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ
ƩȏƢūơ ǺǷ Śưǯ Ŀ ƨȈǘƻ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ǽǀǿ ƪǻƢǯ ǺƠdzȁ -ÏÍÖ
ƨǘLJơȂƥ DZƢŢ ƢǷ ơƆŚưǯȁ .ƨȇȂǨNj ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƢȀǔǠƥ Ŀ ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǸǧ
.ƨȇȂǨNj ƩơǂǯǀǷ DZƽƢƦƫ ƨǘLJơȂƥ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗȁ ƩƢǣȐƥ ȁƗ ƩơǂǯǀǷ
325 DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ƨŹǂºǏ DZƢºǠǧƗ DzǰNj Ŀ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗ ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơ džǰǠǼƫȁ -ÏÏÓ
Ǻǟ ƢƆǷƢŤ ƨǨǴƬű DZƢǠǧȋơ ǽǀǿ ǹȂǰƫȁ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨǠƥƢƫ ƨƠȈǿ ƢǿǀƼƬƫ
ƣơǂǟȎdz ƧƽƢǟ ǡƢǐƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǸǴǰǴdz ǪȈǔdzơ ŘǠŭƢƥ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
.ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨȈǻ Ǻǟ
ŘǠŭƢºƥ DZƢºǠǧȋƢƥ ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơ ƨǻǁƢǬǷ DzȀLjdzơ ǺǷ džȈdz -ÏÏÔ
Ŀ ƩƢǧǂǐºƬdzơ ƮŞ ǹƢǰŠ ƨȈŷȋơ ǺǷ Ǻǰdzȁ žƨǸǴǰǴdz ǪȈǔdzơ
DzºǠǨdzơ ǦºȇǂǠƫȁ ƨºȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǝȂǓȂǷ DZȁƢǼƫ ǩƢȈLJ
ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢºǟ Ŀ ǽƽƢǸƬǟơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ȄǴǟ śǠƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ
ƾȇƾŢ DzȀLjdzơ ǺǷ džȈdz ǞƦǘdzƢƥȁ .ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀǿ ǎƟƢǐŬ ƆƢǬǧȁ
ǝơȂºǻƗ ǒºǠƥ ǦǴƬţ ƾǫ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ .ǎƟƢǐŬơ ǽǀǿ
Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫ Ǻǟ ƨȈǷȂǰƷ ƩƢƠȈǿ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ƨȈƥƢŸȍơ ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơ
.ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ DZƢů Ŀ ƧƽƢǟ ǁƾǐƫ
ƩȂǰLjºdzơ DzºưǷ ƨȈƦǴLjdzơ ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơ DZƢǰNjƗ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ -ÏÏÕ
śǠƬȇ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨƠȈŮơ ƾȇƾŢ ơƆƾƳ ƤǠǐȇ ǁơǂǫȍơ ǾǼǷ ǶȀǨȇ ȅǀdzơ
.ǾǼǟ ƪǸƴƷƗ ƢȀǼǰdzȁ DzǠǨdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ ƢȀȈǴǟ
ǺºǰŻ ƨºLJǁƢǸŭơ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ ǝȂǓȂŭơ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ƾǠƥ -ÏÏÖ
ǽƾǸƬǟơ ȅǀdzơ ȆǴǸǠdzơ ǎǼdzơ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǝȁǂnjǷ ƨǣƢȈǏ
ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ Ŀ DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋƢƥ řǠŭơ DzǷƢǠdzơ ǪȇǂǨdzơ
Ŗdzơ ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơ ƮŞ ǾǴƳƗ ǺǷ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȅǀdzơȁ (ÐÓÐ)Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƔƢǼƯƗ
ȆºǤƦǼȇȁ .ƨǸǴǰǴdz ǪȈǔdzơ ŘǠŭƢƥ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ ǦǴƬţ
ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ Ɔȏƾƥ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǽǁƢƯƕ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ "DzǠǨdzơ" ŚƦǠƫ ǦȇǂǠƫ
.ƨȈǴǰnjdzơ ǾƦǻơȂƳ
DZƢǰºNjƗȁ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơȁ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ƨnjǫƢǼŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ -ÏÐÍ
ƨdzȁƢŰȁ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ Ʃƽǁȁ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾdzơ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ
ƾºȈǯƘƬdzơ ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǷ ȁƾƦȇ ƾǫ ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJȏơ ǒǠƥ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ
DZƢǠǧȋơ ǞȈŦ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǪƦǘǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǒǠƥ ƽȂƳȁ ȄǴǟ
.ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ƕē Ŗdzơ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ DZƢǰNjƗȁ
ƽƢǼƬºLJȏƢƥ ǽƽƢǸƬǟơ ǶƬȇ ƾǫ ȅǀdzơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ -ÏÐÎ
ƨȈǴǿƗ džǰǠȇ ǎǻ ǞǓȁ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ǺǰŻ ƆƢǨǻƕ ǂǯƿ ƢǷ ńƛ
śǼȈǠǷ ƽơǂǧƗ ƨȈǴǿƗȁ ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơȁ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǽǀǿ DzưǷ ƨǣƢȈǐdz ƨdzȁƾdzơ
ǹȁƽ ǥǂǐºƬdzơ ơǀǿ ƲƟƢƬǼƥ ƢȀǷơDŽdzƛȁ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ǻǟ ƨƥƢȈǼdzƢƥ ǥǂǐƬǴdz
.ƨȈũǁ ǒȇȂǨƫ ǪƟƢƯȁ ńƛ ƨƳƢūơ
__________
ÐÒÏ Ǎ ÏÔÕÖ ƨLjǴŪơ DZȁȋơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÐÓÐ)
.ÒÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
.ƨºȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂºȇǃȁ ȁƗ ƨǷȂǰūơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ džȈƟǁ ȅƗ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ
ƩơǂǯǀǷ DzǰNj Ŀ ƆƢȈǘƻ ǂƻȉơ ƢȀǔǠƥȁ ƆƢȇȂǨNj ƢȀǔǠƥ ǡƢǐȇȁ
.ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢƠȈŮơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ DZƢǠǧƗ ȁƗ
ǺºǷ DzºǠǧ ƽȁƽǁ ƽȂƳȁ ǚƸǴȇ Ń ƩȏƢūơ ǶǜǠǷ Ŀȁ -ÏÏÍ
DzưǷ DzǠǧ ƽȁƽǁ ƩƾƳȁ ǹƢȈƷȋơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ Ǻǰdzȁ ƨȈǬǴƬŭơ DZȁƾdzơ
Ŀ DzºǠǨdzơ ƽȁƽǁ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƽȁƾūơ DzƟƢLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩȏƢūơ
.ƢƆƷȂǓȁ ǂưǯƗ ƢȀǫƢȈLJ
ƽȁƽǁ ǹȋ ơƆƾȈǬǠƫ ǂưǯƗ ƩơǀdzƢƥ ƵȐLjdzơ ǝDŽǻ ƨdzƢƷ ȁƾƦƫȁ -ÏÏÎ
Ǻǰȇ Ń ƨȇȁȂǼdzơ ƨƸǴLJȌdz ƧDŽƟƢūơ DZȁƾdzƢǧ .ƨƸǓơȁ Ǻǰƫ Ń DzǠǨdzơ
ǂºǜǼdzơ ƾºȈǫ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ǹƘƥ ǥǂƬǠƫ ǹƗ ŘǠŠ ĺƢŸƛ DzǠǧ ƽǁ ƢŮ
ȄǴǟȁ .ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ ƢŮ ƨǷDŽǴǷ ȆȀǧ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ ơƆƽȂǟȁ ǺǸǔƬƫ
ǝDŽǻ ǂŤƚǷ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƩǂƳ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ǒȈǬǼdzơ
ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢƆǏȂǐƻȁ ƨǬȈǫƽ Śǣ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ǽǀǿ ƪǻƢǯ ƵȐLjdzơ
ńƛ ǁƢºNjƗ ƨǯǁƢnjºŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ƢƆǔǠƥ ǹƗ ǞǷ ƢȀƬǠȈƦǗȁ ƢǿơƾŠ
Ɔơƾºǟȁ ǺǸǔºƬƫ ƩƢºǻȐǟƛ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ƢȀưŞ ƧǁȁǂǓ ńƛȁ ƢȀƬȈŷƗ
.Ƣǿǁƾǐƫ Ŗdzơ DZȁƾǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǁƢƯƕ ŅƢƬdzƢƥ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫȁ
ƩƢǧǂǐƫȁ ƩƢǻȐǟƛ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǚƷȐƫȁ -ÏÏÏ
ǩƢȈºLJ Ŀ ƢǸȈºLJ ȏȁ ŕNj ƩȏƢů Ŀ ƱƢƴƬƷơ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ
ƩƢºƳƢƴƬƷơ ǚƷȐƫ ƢǸǯ .ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǪȈƦǘƫȁ ƨȇƽȁƾūơ DzƟƢLjŭơ
ƩƢǧǂǐºƫ Ɣơǃƛ ŕƷ ȁƗ ƩƢǻȐǟƛ ȁƗ DZƢǠǧƗ Ɣơǃƛ DZȁƽ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǏ
.ƨdzȁƾǯ ƢǷ ǹƢȈǰƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ
ȄºǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ Ŗdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ȁƗ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ǁƾǐƫ ƢƆǷȂǸǟȁ -ÏÏÐ
Ɣơǁǃȁ ƢȀȀƳȂȇ ƨŹǂǏ ƩơǂǯǀǷ Őǟ ƩƢǷȂǰūơ Ǻǟ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷơ
ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗ ȅǂŸ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ Ȑ
Ɔ ǔǧȁ .ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ʃơǁơǃȁ ȁƗ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ
Ǻºǟ ƣơǂºǟȍơ ƽơǂºŭơ ǞǓȂdzơ ȄǬƦȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ ǁơǂǰƫ
.ơƆǂǸƬLjǷ ǾȈǴǟ ƱƢƴƬƷȏơ
DZȐƻ ǺǷ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗ ƢēƢƳƢƴƬƷơ ƨǣƢȈǐƥ DZȁƾdzơ ǵȂǬƫ ƢǸǯ -ÏÏÑ
ǺǰŻ ȁƗ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ Ǻǰdzȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ ǺǷ ŐƬǠƫ ȏ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ
ƵȂºǓȂƥ ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǃŐƫȁ .ƨǷƢǿ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǁƢƯƕ ƢŮ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ
ǵƾºǟ ȁƗ ǥơǂºƬǟȏơȁ ȆºǓơǁȋƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ Ŀ ŐǯƗ
.ȃǂƻƗ ǁȂǷƗ ƨǴŦ Ŀ ƩƢǷȂǰūơȁ DZȁƾdzƢƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ
ƩƢºǻȐǟȍơȁ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ ǾLjǨǻ ƔȆnjdzơ DZƢǬȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ -ÏÏÒ
ǪºƷ Ǻǟ DZǃƢǼƫ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ Ŗdzơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ DZƢǰNjƗ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ
DzǫƗ ƩȏƢūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ǞǷ Ǯdzƿ ƢȀǼǷ ǶȀǨȇ ȁƗ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨƦdzƢǘǷ ȁƗ
ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǺǸǔºƬƫ ǹƗ DZƢºǠǧȋơȁ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ ǽǀŮ ǺǰŻȁ .ƢƆǟȂȈNj
.ƨǘǴLjǴdz DzǬǻȁ DZơDŽƬǟơ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ ƩȏǃƢǼƫ
 ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ
[DZƢǸǟȋơ DZȁƾƳ ǺǷ Ó ƾǼƦdzơ]
Add.1ȁ A/CN.4/544 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ
ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǾȈǴȈƥ ǹȏƕ ƾȈLjdzơ ǽƾǟƗ *ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǞLJƢƬdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ
[ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzƢƥ :DzǏȋơ]
[ÏÍÍÑ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ÏÑ]
ƩƢȇȂƬƄơ
ƨƸǨǐdzơ
ÐÏÔ ........................................................................ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ
ƩơǂºǬǨdzơ
ÐÏÔ ÏÖ-Î ..................................... ƨȈǴȈǸǰƫ ƧǂǯǀǷ :(ƶȈǬǼƫ) ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȐdz ‘ȆǟȂǼdzơ‘ ǑǂǤdzơ
ÐÏÕ Ò-Ï ....................................................... ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬǸǴdz ńȁȋơ ƩƢƷơǂƬǫȏơ - ǦdzƗ
ÐÏÕ ÎÎ-Ó ................................... ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ ǦȇǂǠƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ - ƔƢƥ
ÐÐÍ ÏÖ-ÎÏ ................................................................ ƵǂƬǬŭơ ƾȇƾŪơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ - ǶȈƳ
ººººººººº
ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ǭȂǰǐdzơ
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. (ÎÖÓÖ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÏÐ ƢǼȈȈǧ) ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠǴdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
1155, No. 18232, p. 331.
A/CONF.129/15. ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ śƥ ƢǸȈǧ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơȁ DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
(ÎÖÕÓ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ ÏÎ ƢǼȈȈǧ) ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ

Ŀ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǂǜǻ ƔƢǼƯƗȁ .(Î)ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ ǦȇǂǠƬƥ :(ƶȈǬǼƫ) ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȐdz "ȆǟȂǼdzơ" ǑǂǤdzơ *

ǍƢºŬơ ǁǂºǬŭơ ǦºȇǂǠƬdz ƧƽƢƷ ƩơƽƢǬƬǻơ ƪȀƳĄȁ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈǴȈǸǰƫ ƧǂǯǀǷ

ƔƢǔºǟƗ ǺºǷ ƾȇƾǠdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȐdz
ƵǂƬǫơȁ ƩơƽƢǬƬǻȏơ ǮǴƬdz ǾǸȀǨƫ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾƥƗ ƾǫȁ .ƨǼƴǴdzơ
ƨºȇơƾƦdzơ Ŀ ǾºƷǂƬǫơ ȅǀdzơ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ƢƆȇǁǀƳ ŚǤȇ ǹƗ
Ʃǁǂºǫ Ľ ǺºǷȁ .ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ơǀŮ ƨdzƾǠǷ ƨǤȈǏ ǵƾǬȇ ǹƘƥ ǵDŽƬdzơȁ
Î-Ó-Ï ƨºȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ƨnjǫƢǼǷ ƞƳǂƫ ǹƗ ƨǼƴǴdzơ
ǦºȇǂǠƬƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢƆºȈǻƢƯ ơƆǁǂǰǷ Î-Ó-Ïȁ ơƆǁǂǰǷ Î-Ó-Ïȁ
.(Ï)ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢºǟ śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƣēǁȁƽ ŕƷ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ
.ǁơǂǬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥ ƨǷƾǬǷ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ǽǀǿȁ
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ÏÔÕÐ-ÏÔÕÍ ƩƢLjºǴŪơ DZȁȋơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Î)
ȄºǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdzȁ ž(ÏÍÍÐ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ ÐÎ ńƛ ÏÖ ǺǷȁ ÏÒ Ŀ ƧƽȂǬǠŭơ)
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ ǂǜǻơ ǺǷƢưdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ
.ÑÎ Ǎ Add.1ȁ A/CN.4/535
ÐÍÓ Ǎ ÏÔÕÐ ƨLjºǴŪơ DZȁȋơ ƾºǴĐơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (Ï)
.ÑÖ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
327
DzǐǨdzơ Ŀ śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLjǷƢŬơ Ƣēǁȁƽ DZȐƻ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ʃǂǜǻ -Î
ǪºǴǠƬŭơ ƩơƾºǿƢǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǺǷƢưdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ǺǷ ňƢưdzơ
__________
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ ǽǀǿ ǵƾǬƫ ǹƗ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƨȈǼǬƫ ƣƢƦLJȋ :ǾȈƦǼƫ *
ǞºǫơȂdzơ Ŀ Ȇºǿȁ žƩơƾºǿƢǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ Ǻǟ "ǞLJƢƬdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ" ƢȀǨǏȂƥ
ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ) ǺǷƢưdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ǺǷ ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽƴǴdz ƤȇȂǐƫ
:ŅƢƬdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ Ǿǘǘű ƔƢƳ ȅǀdzơ (Add.1ȁ A/CN.4/535) ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ
ƩƢºǻȐǟȍơȁ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ Ɣơƾƥƛ -ƢƆȈǻƢƯ
ÎÍÓ-ÓÖ ................."ȆǜǨƸƬdzơ ǁơȂūơ" - ƨȇŚLjǨƬdzơ
ÔÖ-ÔÐ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ Ɣơƾƥƛ -Î ǝǂǨdzơ
ÔÖ-ÔÒ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ ǦȇǂǠƫ -ǦdzƗ
ÎÍÓ-ÕÍ .........ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ ȃȂƬŰ -Î
ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȐdz "ȆǟȂǼdzơ" ǑǂǤdzơ
ÎÍÓ-ÕÏ .............. ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Ȃǿ ƢǸǯ ǑơǂƬǟȏơ ȅƾƦƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȀŪơ ƢǿƢƻȂƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ ƤLjŞ
ƢǿƢƻȂƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƢǤdzơ ƤLjŞ ǥċǂǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǜǨƸƬǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǹƘnjdzơ
.ǚǨƸƬdzơ ƩƾƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
Ŀ ƧƾǸƬǠŭơ ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼdzƢƥȁ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ -Ñ
ƔơƾƥƜƥ śǬǴǠƬŭơ Ï-Ð-Ïȁ Î-Ð-Ï śȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ǺȇƗƾƦŭơ ȆǟȁǂnjǷ
ƔƢǔºƬǫȏơ ƾǼǟ ƾǸƬǠȇ ǹƗ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƵǂƬǫơ (Ô)ǂƻƘƬǷ ǚǨŢ
:(Õ)ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǐdzƢƥ ơƆǁǂǰǷ Î-Ó-Ï ȆȀȈƳȂƫ ƗƾƦǷ ǝȁǂnjǷ
ƧǂƻƘƬŭơ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ Ɣơƾƥƛ ȄǴǟ ǑơǂƬǟȏơ ơƆǁǂǰǷ Î-Ó-Ï
ȅǀºdzơ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ ǹȐǟȍơ ‘ǑơǂƬǟơ‘ ŚƦǠƬƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƾǐǬȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ
.ǂƻƘƬǷ ǚǨŢ Ɣơƾƥƛ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ Ǿƥ ǑǂƬǠƫ
Ŀ ǺȀǰƬdzơ ǺǰǸŭơ Śǣ ǺǷ ǹƗ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǞǷȁ ƆơŚƻƗȁ -Ò
ƨƸǐºƥ ƨºǘƦƫǂŭơ DzǯƢnjºŭƢƥ ƨºLJǁƢǸŭơ DzȈdzƽ ǺǷ ǝǂǨdzơ ơǀǿ
ƶȈǓȂƫ ƾȈǨŭơ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ ǾǻƗ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ŐƬǟơ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ
.Î-Ó-Ï ȆȀȈƳȂƫ ƗƾƦǷ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ ǝȂǓȂǷ
ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ƢƆȈǻƢƯ ơƆǁǂǰǷ Î-Ó-Ï
ƩƢºǫȐǠdzơ Ŀ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ƿƢǨǻ Ɣƾƥ ǞǼǷ ńƛ ǚǨƸƬdzơ ǥƾȀȇ ȏ ƢǷƾǼǟ
ǑǂºǤdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ǑơǂƬǟȏơ ƩƾƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȀŪơȁ ǚǨƸƬdzơ ƩƾƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȀŪơ śƥ
ȁƗ ǚǨƸƬºdzơ ƢºŮȁƢǼƬȇ Ŗºdzơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǞǼǷ Ȃǿ ǑơǂƬǟȏơ ǺǷ
ƨdzȁƾdzơȁ ǚǨƸƬdzơ ƩƾƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȀŪơ śƥ ƢȀǴǸǯƘƥ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǺǷ ƧƽƾŰ ƤǻơȂƳ
.(Ö)ǚǨƸƬdzơ ǾȈǴǟ ǎǼȇ ƢǸƦLjƷ ǑơǂƬǟȏơ ƩǁƾǏƗ Ŗdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ȁƗ
ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ ǦȇǂǠƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ -ƔƢƥ
ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ
ƨºǼƴǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨLjǴŪơ DZȐƻ ƩǂƳ Ŗdzơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ ƔƢǼƯƗ -Ó
ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ ǦȇǂǠƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơȁ ǽȐǟƗ ƨǐƼǴŭơ ƩƢƷơǂƬǫȏơ ƪǻƢǯ
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ǁǂǬŭơ ȅƗǁ Ŀ Ƙǘƻ) ƢŷȐǯ ǹƢȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ǹƕƾƦŭơ ǹơǀǿ ǵƾƼƬLjȇ (Ô)
.ǚǨƸƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ɣơƾƥƛ ȄǴǟ ƢǷ ƨdzȁƽ ǑơǂƬǟȏ ƨȈǸLjƬǯ "ǑơǂƬǟơ" ƨǸǴǯ (ǍƢŬơ
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Õ)
.ÎÍÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÓÐ Ǎ Add.1ȁ A/CN.4/535
ƨºȈǻƢǰǷƛ ƨť ƪǻƢǯȁ .ÎÍÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÓÑ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (Ö)
žƢºēơƿ ƩƢºǓơǂƬǟȏơ ǦºȇǂǠƫ Ŀ ƩƢƸȈǓȂƬdzơ ǮǴƫ ƱơǁƽƜƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȃǂƻƗ
:ŅƢƬdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ Î-Ó-Ï ȆȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǹȂǰȇ Ǯdzǀƥȁ
Ǿǐǻ ǹƢǯ ƢȇƗ ȅƽơǂǨǻơ ǹȐǟƛ ȅƗ ‘ǑơǂƬǟȏơ‘ ŚƦǠƬƥ ƾǐǬȇ"
ȄºǴǟ ǚºǨŢ ȄǴǟ ơƆƽǁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ ǽǁƾǐƫ ǾƬȈǸLjƫ ȁƗ
ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ Ǿƥ ǥƾēȁ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ ǾƫƾƥƗ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ
ǞºǼǷ ȁƗ ǚǨƸƬdzơ ƢŮȁƢǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǞǼǷ ńƛ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
ƩƾºƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȀŪơ śƥ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƤǻơȂŪ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢȀƬǷǂƥ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǪȈƦǘƫ
ǾȈǴǟ ǎǼȇ ƢǸƦLjƷ ǑơǂƬǟȏơ ƩƾƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơȁ ǚǨƸƬdzơ
Ŗºdzơ ƨºȀŪơ śƥ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ Ŀ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǹƢȇǂLJ Ɣƾƥ ǞǼǷ ȁƗ ǚǨƸƬdzơ
."ǑơǂƬǟȏơ ƩƾƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȀŪơȁ ǚǨƸƬdzơ ƩƾƥƗ
.(ÎÍÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÓÑ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
328
ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬǸǴdz ńȁȋơ ƩƢƷơǂƬǫȏơ -ǦdzƗ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ DZȁƾºdzơ ƨºLJǁƢǸŭ DzǐǨǷ Ǒǂǟ ǂƯƛ Ŀ -Ï
ǥǂºǠƫ ǹƗ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƵǂƬǫơ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏƢƥ
:ŅƢƬdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ ǮǴƫ
ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ ǦȇǂǠƫ Î-Ó-Ï
ȁƗ Ǿǐºǻ ǹƢºǯ ƢƆȇƗ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ ǹȐǟȍơ "ǑơǂƬǟȏơ" ŚƦǠƬƥ ƾǐǬĄȇ
ƧƾºǿƢǠǷ ȄǴǟ ǚǨŢ ȄǴǟ ơƆƽǁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ ǽǁƾǐƫ ȅǀdzơ ǾƬȈǸLjƫ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ ǥƾē ǾƦƳȂŠ ȅǀdzơȁ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ǾƫƾƥƗ
ǪȈƦǘƫ ǞǼǷ ȁƗ ǚǨƸƬdzơ ƢŮȁƢǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǞǼǷ ńƛ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ȁƗ
ƨdzȁƾdzơȁ ǚǨƸƬdzơ ƩƾƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȀŪơ śƥ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƤǻơȂŪ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢȀƬǷǂƥ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ
Ɣƾºƥ ǞǼǷ ȁƗ ǚǨƸƬdzơ ǾȈǴǟ ǎǼȇ ƢǸƦLjƷ ǑơǂƬǟȏơ ƩƾƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ȁƗ
ƩƾƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȀŪơȁ ǚǨƸƬdzơ ƩƾƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȀŪơ śƥ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ Ŀ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ƿƢǨǻ
.(Ð)ǑơǂƬǟȏơ
ƩơǁƢºƦƬǟȏơ ƔȂºǓ Ŀ ơǁċŐǷ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ǿdz ơƾƥ ƾǫȁ -Ð
:(Ñ)ǺǷƢưdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ Ŀ ƢĔƢȈƥ ƽǁȁ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ
ǪºǴǠƬƫ ƣƢƦLJȋ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ȁƾƦȇ ƨȀƳ ǺǷ (Ɨ)
Dzǰnjºȇ ƢǷ ǚǨŢ ȄǴǟ ƽǂdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƾȇƾŢ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷȋƢƥ
ƨºǨǴǰŭơ ǶȈºǰƸƬdzơ ƨƠȈǿ Ʃǂǯƿ ƢǸǯȁ ǪȈǴǠƫ ƽǂů ȁƗ ƢƆǓơǂƬǟơ
ǥǂŪơ ƾȇƾŢ ǹƘnjƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ ƢLjǻǂǧ śƥ ǝơŗdzơ Ŀ ƪƦdzƢƥ
:ǹƜǧ (ȅDŽȈǴǰǻȍơ DZƢǼǬdzơ) NJǻƢŭơ ǂƸƦdz ȅǁƢǬdzơ
ȂºƸǼdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǴǠǧ ƽǁ ǹȂǰȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨǧǂǠǷ
ǒǧǂºƫ ȁƗ ƤLjƸǧ ƢȀǨǫȂŠ ǚǨƸƬƫ ȁƗ ǚǨƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǪȈǴǠƬdzơ ƽǂƴŠ ǵȂǬƫ
ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ ƨºǜǨƸƬŭơ ƨºdzȁƾdzƢƥ ƨȇƾǿƢǠƫ ƨǫȐǟ Dzǯ ȁƗ ǖǬǧ řǠŭơ ǚǨƸƬdzơ
.(Ò)ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǻ ȄǴǟ ŅƢƬdzƢƥ ǦǫȂƬƫ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ
Śưǯ Ŀ ǵƾƼƬLjƫ DZȁƾdzơ ǹƜǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ (ƣ)
ƢºǿƢȇơȂǻ ȄºǴǟ ƢƆºǓȂǸǣ ȆǨǔƫ ƨǸȀƦǷ ƩơǁƢƦǟ ǹƢȈƷȋơ ǺǷ
ǦºȇǂǠƫȁ ƩƢºǓơǂƬǟȏơ ǦºȇǂǠƫ ȄǴǟ DzǸŹ ƢŲ (Ó)ƨȈǬȈǬūơ
ƢƆºǓơǂƬǟơ ƾăǠȇĄ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ǑơǂƬǟȏơ ǹƗ ǁƢƦƬǟơȁ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ
ȅƽơǂºǨǻȏơ ǹȐǟȎdz Ƨǁƾǐŭơ ƨȀŪơ ƨƷơǂǏ ǾǷƾǬƫ Ń ǹƛȁ ŕƷ
žƆƢǓơǂƬǟơ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ
ǹƗ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ŐƬǟơ ǽƢšȏơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ơƆǁơǂǸƬLJơȁ (Ʊ)
ƩƢºǜǨƸƬdzơ ȄºǴǟ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȐdz ǦȇǂǠƫ ǞǓȁ ƣȂǐƬLjŭơ ǺǷ
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ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (Ð)
.ÎÍÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÓÑ Ǎ Add.1ȁ A/CN.4/535
.ÎÍÍ-ÕÏ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ÓÐ-ÒÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (Ñ)
Case concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf (Ò)
between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
and the French Republic, decision of 30 June 1977, UNRIAA, vol.
.XVIII (Sales No. E/F.80.V.7), p. 33, para. 39
ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǂǜǻơ (Ó)
.ÖÍ-ÕÑ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ÓÍ-ÒÕ Ǎ Add.1ȁ A/CN.4/535 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ
329 ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ
ȆǷƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƢƬȈǫƢǨƫơ ƢȀƦƫǂƫ Ŗdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ ǹƗ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǂǯƿȁ -Õ
(ÎÒ)
ƾȇƾnjºdzơ ǑȂǸǤdzƢƥ ǶLjƬƫ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÕÓȁ ÎÖÓÖ
ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .(ÎÓ)DZȂƦǬdzơ ǁƢƯƕ śƥȁ ƢȀǼȈƥ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗ ƤǠǐȇ ǾǻƗȁ
ƨƦƷƢºǏ ƨºdzȁƾdzơ] ǾºǬȈǬŢ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƾnjǼƫ ȅǀdzơ ǥƾŮơ" ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ
ǹơǂºǷƗ ƢºǼȈȈǧ ŖȈǫƢºǨƫơ Ŀ ƢºȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ǁƢƯȉơȁ [ǑơǂƬǟȏơ
ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ǾǻƜǧ (ÎÕ)ǾLjǨǻ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ǺǷ śƦƬȇ ƢǸǯȁ .(ÎÔ)"ǹƢǨǴƬű
ƨºǨǴƬű ơƆǁƢƯƕ ǑơǂƬǟȏơ ơǀŮ ȆǘǠȇ ǹƗ Ȃǿ ǑơǂƬǟȏơ ƤƷƢǏ ƾǐǫ
ƧƾºǿƢǠŭơ ǩƢƦǘǻơ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ (ÎÖ)ǹƢƬȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ƢǿƢƻȂƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ Ǻǟ
ǩȂºǧ ǂºƯȋơ") ǁƢºƦƬǟȏơ śǠƥ ǚǨƸƬdzơ ǀƻƚȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƾƥ ƢȀǴǷƢǰƥ
ơƆƾȈȈǬƫ DzǫƗ ǦȇǂǠƬƥ ǀƻȋơ Ȃǿ ƤLjǻȋơ ǹȂǰȇ Ľ ǺǷȁ .(ÏÍ)("Ȅǐǫȋơ
.(ÏÎ)ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨǻȁǂǷ ǂưǯƗȁ
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ƾȈLjdzơ ÎÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÔÑ Ǎ ÏÔÕÍ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÒ)
.ȆǸȈǼȈǰLJȂǯ ƾȈLjdzơ ÏÐȁ ÏÏ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ ÏÔÖ Ǎ ÏÔÕÎ ƨLjǴŪơȁ žƢȇƢǣ
ÎÔ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ÏÔÑ Ǎ ÏÔÕÍ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÓ)
.ƢȇƢǣ ƾȈLjdzơ
.ƢȇƢǣ ƾȈLjdzơ ÎÖ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÔÒ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÔ)
A/CN.4/535 (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÕ)
.ÖÓȁ ÖÒ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ ÓÏ-ÓÎ Ǎ Add.1ȁ
ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÔÑ Ǎ ÏÔÕÍ ƨLjǴŪơ DZȁȋơ ƾǴĐơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÖ)
žśǯƽȂdzȂǯ ƾȈLjdzơ Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÔÓ Ǎ ÏÔÕÎ ƨLjǴŪơȁ žƢȇƢǣ ƾȈLjdzơ ÎÔ
ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂºǜǻơȁ žƾǴȈǨLjǻƢǷ ƾȈLjdzơ ÑÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÖÔ Ǎ ÏÔÕÏ ƨLjǴŪơȁ
ǪƟƢºƯȂdzơ DzȈƟơǂºLJƛ ƩƢǻƢȈȇȁ (ǽȐǟƗ ÎÏ ƨȈNjƢūơ) ơƾǼdzȂƥ ǺǷ ƨȀƳȂŭơ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ
ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjºǸŬơȁ ƨºǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ
ÏÍ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ) ǹƢǻȂȈdzơȁ (ÑÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ A/C.6/58/SR.17)
ÎÖ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ) ơƾǼdzȂǿȁ (ÒÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.20)
.(ÏÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ƾȇȂLjdzơȁ (ÏÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.19)
ÏÕÏ Ǎ ÏÔÕÎ ƨLjºǴŪơ DZȁȋơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÏÍ)
.ǃƢºƬŲ ƾȈLjºdzơ ÐÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ žȆǸȈǼȈǰLJȂǯ ƾȈLjdzơ ÐÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ƧƾºǿƢǠŭơ ǹƗ (ǽȐǟƗ ÎÏ ƨȈNjƢūơ) ǂǯǀdzơ ƨǨǻȉơ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ Ŀ ơƾǼdzȂƥ Ʃǂǯƿȁ
Ȇºǿ ǽǀºǿ ǹƗȁ "ȄǐǫƗ ǩȂǧ" ơƆǂƯƗ ƢǷ ǑơǂƬǟơ ƔƢǘǟƛ ƾǐǬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ƣēơƿ
ƤºǻƢƳ ǺºǷ ǝƢŦȍƢƥ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ DZȂƦǫ ƣȂƳȁ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƨdzƢūơ
ǂƯȋơ ǺǷ ƨdzƢŞ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǂǷȋơ DzƳ ǹƗ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃǂȇȁ .ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÏÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (ƣ)Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǽƢƻȂƬƫ ȅǀdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ "Ȅǐǫȋơ"
.ÎÖÕÓ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÏÎ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơȁ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ
ÏÔÔ Ǎ ÏÔÕÎ ƨLjºǴŪơ DZȁȋơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÏÎ)
žƢȈǷơǁƢǰLJƛ ƧƾȈLjdzơ ÎÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÔÕ Ǎȁ žśǯƽȂdzȂǯ ƾȈLjdzơ Ö ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ÏÔÕÏ ƨLjºǴŪơȁ žȆǸȈǼȈǰºLJȂǯ ƾȈLjºdzơ ÎÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơȁ
ǂǯǀºdzơ ƨǨǻȉơ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ žƢǰȈƫƢǯ ƾȈLjdzơ ÒÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÖÕ Ǎ
ǽǀºŮ Ƨƾºȇƚŭơȁ ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơȁ (ǽȐǟƗ ÎÏ ƨȈNjƢūơ) ơƾǼdzȂƥ ǺǷ ƨȀƳȂŭơ
ƨºǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾºdzơ ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƨºȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ơƾǼdzȂǿ ǺǷ ƨdzƘLjŭơ
ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơȁ ž(ÏÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ A/C.6/58/SR.19) ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ
ǞºƳǂŭơ) ƢºȇǁƢǤǴƥȁ ž(Ö ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.20) ÏÍ ƨLjǴŪơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƾȈLjdzơ ǺǷ Dzǯ ƢȀȀƳȁ Ŗdzơ ƩơǂȇǀƸƬdzơ DzƥƢǬŭƢƥ ǂǜǻơȁ ž(ÓÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ
ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ ƨǗǂǨǷ ƨƳǁƾƥ ǑƢǨǔǧ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǞǓȁ ƾǓ ȆǰLjƬdzƢǣ
ƨºȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢºƯȂdzơ ƢLjǻǂǧȁ žÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÕÕ Ǎ ÏÔÕÏ ƨLjǴŪơ DZȁȋơ
ÎÖ ƨLjºǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz
.ÑÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.19)
.(ÎÍ)ƔƢǔºǟȋơ ǺºǷ ƾȇƾǠdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƧƾȇƾNj ƩơƽƢǬƬǻơ ǞǓȂǷ
ž(ÎÎ)ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼǷ DZȐƻ ƨǴƯƢŲ ǦǫơȂǷ Ǻǟ ƣǂǟƌƗȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹȁƚnjdzơ ƤƬǰǷ ńƛ ơƾǼdzȂƥ ƪȀƳȁ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ
Ʃƽƽǂƫȁ Î-Ó-Ï ȆȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ ǝȁǂnjŠ ƢƆLJƢLJƗ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨdzƢLJǁ
.(ÎÏ)DzǣơȂnjdzơ ǽǀǿ ǒǠƥ ƢȀȈǧ
ƨȈǻ ńƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏơ Ƨǂǰǧ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǸǴǰƬŭơ Ǫǧơȁ ƾǬǧ ȏƆ ƢŦƛȁ -Ô
ǭƢºǼǿ ǹƢºǯ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ .(ÎÐ)ƨǓǂƬǠŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơȁ DZȁƾdzơ
ǦºȇǂǠƫȁ ƩƢºǓơǂƬǟȏơ ǦºȇǂǠƫ śƥ ƨǬƥƢǘŭơ ȄǴǟ ǑơǂƬǟơ
ƨǬƥƢǘŭơ ǮǴƫ ƲƟƢƬǻ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƮȈƷ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ Ƣēơƿ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ
ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƢǿƢƻȂƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ ȁƗ ǂƯȋơ ǁƢǐƬǫơ ƣȂƳȁ
ƧƽƢºŭơ ǺºǷ (ƣ)Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƨǓǂƬǠŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÏÎ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơȁ ÏÍ
ƢºǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ (ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ)
śƥ ƢǸȈǧ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ śƥȁ DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz
ǵƢºǠdz ƢºǼȈȈǧ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ) ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ
śƥ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ƧǁȁǂǓ ǺǷ (ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȅƗǁ Ŀ ƢƆƥơȂǏ) (ÎÖÕÓ
.(ÎÑ)ƢȀƬƸǏ ƨdzƘLjǷȁ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ ǦȇǂǠƫ
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ȅǀºdzơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ Ǫǧơȁ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ǺǷ ǂƻȉơ ǒǠƦdzơ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ (ÎÍ)
ÏÔÕÎ ƨLjǴŪơ DZȁȋơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ ǂǜǻơ žǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǾƷǂƬǫơ
ÐÍÒ Ǎ ÏÔÕÐ ƨLjºǴŪơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ) ǾNj ƧƾȈLjdzơ ÑÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÕÑ Ǎ
- ȂȈǷƢºƥ ƾȈLjºdzơ ÐÑ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ÏÖÑ Ǎ ÏÔÕÏ ƨLjǴŪơȁ ž(ÑÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ƨLjºǴŪơ ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǂºǜǻơ) ǾnjȈǸǯ ƾȈLjdzơ ÑÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÖÓ Ǎȁ žơƾǻȂǨȈnjƫ
ÏÕÕ Ǎ ÏÔÕÏ ƨLjǴŪơ Ǯdzǀǯ ǂǜǻơȁ ž(ÑÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÐÍÓ Ǎ ÏÔÕÐ
žȂȈǼȇƾºȈƯ džȈǤȇǁƽȁǁ ƾȈLjdzơ ÐÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÖÑ Ǎȁ žƢƦǷȂǧ ƾȈLjdzơ Õ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ƢȈǼȈǧȂǴºLJ ƩƢºǻƢȈƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ žȅƽȁơƾdzơ ƾȈLjdzơ ÒÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÖÕ Ǎȁ
ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) śǐdzơȁ ž(Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.19) ÎÖ ƨLjǴŪơ
.(ÏÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.20) ÏÍ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ƢȇDŽȈdzƢǷȁ (ÑÒ
ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ ǾƫƾǟƗ ȅǀdzơ ȆǠȈǓơȂŭơ DŽƳȂŭơ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÎ)
śLjºǸŬơȁ ƨºǼǷƢưdzơ Ƣºēǁȁƽ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ
.ÎÖÏ-ÎÔÔ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ (A/CN.4/537)
ǶƟơƾºdzơ DzưǸŭơ ǺǷ ÏÍÍÑ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÏÎ ƨƻǁƚǷ ƧǂǯǀǷ (ÎÏ)
.ƨƥƢȈǼdzƢƥ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹȁƚnjdzơ ƤƬǰǷ ǂȇƾǷ ńƛ ƨȀƳȂǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ȃƾdz ơƾǼdzȂƦdz
DZȁȋơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨºȈdzȂƷ ǍȂǐŬơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÐ)
ÏÕÑ Ǎȁ žȂǻƢǰLjºȈǴȈǷ ƾȈLjdzơ ÐÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÕÏ Ǎ ÏÔÕÎ ƨLjǴŪơ
ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ƢLjǻǂǧ ƩƢǻƢȈȇȁ žǾNj ƧƾȈLjdzơ ÑÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ÎÖ ƨLjººǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjººdzơ ƨººǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjººǸŬơȁ ƨººǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾººdzơ
ÑÕ ǹƢºƫǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ǹƢƥƢȈdzơȁ ÑÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.19)
ǹơƾºǴƥ ǶºLJƢƥ ƾȇȂLjdzơȁ (ÕÖ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) śƬǼƳǁȋơȁ (ÑÖȁ
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ) ǹƢǻȂȈdzơȁ (ÏÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ĺȁǁȁȋơ DZƢǸnjdzơ
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗȁ (ÒÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.20) ÏÍ ƨLjǴŪơ
ÏÔÕÏ ƨLjǴŪơ DZȁȋơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ DzƥƢǬŭƢƥ ǂǜǻơȁ ž(ÎÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ǁƾǐǷ ƨȈǻ śƥ DŽȈŻ ȅǀdzơ ơƾǻȂǨȈnjƫ - ȂƦǷƢƥ ƾȈLjdzơ ÐÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÖÐ Ǎ
.ǾǟȂǓȂǷȁ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ ǹȐǟȍơ
ƨLjºǴŪơ DZȁȋơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ ƨǏƢƻ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǂǜǻơ (ÎÑ)
.ȆǸȈǼȈǰLJȂǯ ƾȈLjdzơ ÏÏ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÔÖ Ǎ ÏÔÕÎ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Ŗºdzơ ƨǤȈǐºdzƢƥ Î-Ó-Ï ȆȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ńƛ ƨȀƳȂŭơ
.(ÐÍ)ǂǷȋơ ƝƽƢƥ Ŀ ƢȀƷǂƬǫơ
ƢºŷǁƢƦƬǟơȁ ǺȇƗƾƦǷ DZȂƦǫ Ǿdz ȁƾƦȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƤŸ Ǿǻƛ DZƢǫȁ -ÎÐ
:Ƣŷȁ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ ǦȇǂǠƫ Ŀ ǩȐǘǻơ ŖǘǬǻ
Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂºdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ Ŀ ǮȈǰnjƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ƧǁȁǂǓ (Ɨ)
ƪƥƢưdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǦǫȂŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ ÎÖÕÓȁ ÎÖÓÖ ȆǷƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ŖȈǫƢǨƫơ
ƨºȇơƾƥ ǀºǼǷ ȆȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀđ ƢȀǰLjŤ Ȃǿȁ ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ
ǁơǂǸƬºLJƢƥ ǽǂºǬƫ ƗƾƦǷ Ȃǿȁ (ÐÎ)ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀđ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢŮƢǸǟƗ
ƨºǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ ƨǴưǸŭơ DZȁƾǴdz ȄǸǜǠdzơ ƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơ
žƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz
Ŗdzơ ƨǓƎǂƬǠƌŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈǻ ƧƢǟơǂǷ (ƣ)
ƢºǷ ǚǨŢ ȄǴǟ ơƆƽǁ ȅƽơǂǨǻȏơ ƢĔȐǟƛ ǺǷ ǥƾŮơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ
ǚǨƸƬdzơ ơǀǿ ƭĉƾƸĄȇ ǹƗ (ǵƢǟȁ ƾȇƢŰ ƶǴǘǐǸǯ) "ƨǓǁƢǠǷ" Ȃǿ
.ǾƦƷƢǏ ǾǼǷ ƢǿƢƻȂƬȇ Ŗdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ Dzǯ
ǮºNj ǹȁƽ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ƤǴǏ ƢǼǿȁ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ -ÎÑ
ƾǼǟ ƆƢǐȇǂƷ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǾǻƘƥ ǂǗƢƻ ƤȈǗ Ǻǟ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǂǬȇ
ƩƢºǓơǂƬǟȏơ ǦºȇǂǠƫ ǺǷ ǁȂǨdzơ ȄǴǟ ƾǠƦƬLjƫ ƨǤȈǏ ǁƢȈƬƻơ
ƢºȀȈǴǟ ǎǼƫ Ń ǁƢƯƕ ƭơƾƷƛ ńƛ ƨǧƽƢŮơ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ ƩƢǻȐǟȍơ
ƨºƥƢưŠ Ȃǿ ǂǷȋơ ơǀǿȁ .ÎÖÕÓȁ ÎÖÓÖ ȆǷƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƢƬȈǫƢǨƫơ
ǦǫȂŭơ ǞǷ ƆƢȈNjƢŤ ǾǻƗ ƿƛ ƢȀƬƸǏ (ǵƾǟ) ȄǴǟ ƆƢǬƦLjǷ Ƕǰūơ
ƔƢǔºǟƗ ƾƳȁ ƢǷ ƆƢƦdzƢǣ ǦǫȂǷ Ȃǿȁ) ǾǼǟ Ǟǧơƽ ȅǀdzơ ƪƥƢưdzơ
ǦȇǁƢºǠƬdzơ ǩǂºǘƬƫ ǹƗ ȆºǤƦǼȇ ȏ (ǽƾȇƘƬdz ƨƥȂǠǏ ƨǼƴǴdzơ
DzǯƢnjºŭ ƆƢǬƦLjºǷ (ƩƢºǓơǂƬǟȏơ ȁƗ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzƢƥ ƨǏƢŬơ)
.("ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ" ȁƗ) "ƨƸǐdzơ"
Ŀ ƩǂºƳ Ŗºdzơ ƆơƾºƳ ƨǷƢŮơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ ƣƢǬǟƗ Ŀȁ -ÎÒ
ǝȁǂnjǷ ƨǤȈǐdz Ȑ
Ɔ ȇƾƥ ƢƆǟȁǂnjǷ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƵǂƬǫơ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǸǯ Ǿǐǻ Î-Ó-Ï ȆȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ
ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ ǦȇǂǠƫ Î-Ó-Ï
Ǿǐºǻ ǹƢºǯ ƢƆºȇƗ ȅƽơǂǨǻơ ǹȐǟƛ ȅƗ "ǑơǂƬǟȏơ" ŚƦǠƬƥ ƾǐǬĄȇ
ƧƾºǿƢǠǷ ȄºǴǟ ǚǨŢ ȄǴǟ ơƆƽǁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ ǽǁƾǐƫ ǾƬȈǸLjƫ ȁƗ
ƨǸǜǼŭơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ Ǿƥ ǥƾēȁ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ǾƫƾƥƗ
.(ÐÏ)ƢȀǔǠƥ ȁƗ ƢȀǴǯ ǚǨƸƬdzơ ǁƢƯƕ ƭȁƾƷ ǞǼǷ ńƛ
__________
.ǽȐǟƗ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÍ)
ÏÎÍ Ǎ ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÎÖÖÒ ƨȈdzȂƷ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÎ)
.ÑÕÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ÔÒ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÐÏ)
.ÐÓÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
330
ŐƬǠȇ ȅǀdzơ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǦǫȂǷ ǹƜǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ -Ö
DZȁƾºdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢǷ ǑơǂƬǟȏ śǴǸƬƄơ Ǻȇǁƾąǐŭƌ ơ ǂǐǫ ǃȂŸ ȏ ǾǻƗ
ǺǷ ǵƢǟ DZȂƦǬƥ ȆǜƷ ƾǫ (ÏÏ)ƤLjƸǧ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ȁƗ
ž(ÏÐ)ƨºǘǬǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘnjƥ ǶȀƟơǁƕ Ǻǟ ơȂƥǂǟƗ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ƤǻƢƳ
ǺºǷ ÏÐ ƧƽƢºŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ƨǤȈǐƥ ƾNjǂƬLjȇ ǹƗ ƵǂĄƬǫơ Ǻǰdzȁ
ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ ǹơǂǯǀƫ śƬǴdzơ ÎÖÕÓȁ ÎÖÓÖ ȆǷƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ŖȈǫƢǨƫơ
ƶƦǐºƫ ǹƗ ƢŮ ǪŹ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơȁ DZȁƾdzơ" Ǯdzƿ
.(ÏÒ)ǹȂǠǫȂŭơ ƢȀȈǧ Ʊǁƾȇ ǹƗ ȁƗ (ÏÑ)"ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ Ŀ ƢƆǧơǂǗƗ
DZȂƦǬƥ ơƆǁǂǰǷ Î-Ó-Ï ȆȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ȆǜƷȁ -ÎÍ
ǚǨŢ Ɣơƾƥƛ ȄǴǟ "ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ" ǹƗ ǚƷȂdz ƾǫ ǾǻƗ Ƕǣǁ (ÏÓ)ǵƢǟ
ǦºȇǂǠƬƥ ǀƻƗ ƢǷ ơƿƛ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨƠǨdzơ ǺǸǓ Ʊǁƾƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ǂƻƘƬǷ
.(ÏÔ)ƢŮ ǞLJơȁ
ƗƾºƦŭơ ǝȁǂnjºǷ ǹƘnjƥ ơȂǸǴǰƫ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ -ÎÎ
Ʊǁƾºȇ ǹȋ ǶǿƾȈȇƘƫ Ǻǟ ơȂƥǂǟƗ ƢƆȈǻƢƯ ơƆǁǂǰǷ Î-Ó-Ï ȆȀȈƳȂƬdzơ
ǺºǷ ǹȂºǰȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ (ÏÕ)ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ DzȈdzƽ ǺǸǓ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ơǀǿ
ȄºǴǟ ƨǴƻƾŭơ ƩȐȇƾǠƬdzơ ǞǷ ǦȈǰƫ ǹƗ ƾƥ ȏ ǾƬǤȈǏ ǹƗ ǵȂȀǨŭơ
.Î-Ó-Ï ȆȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ
ƵǂƬǬŭơ ƾȇƾŪơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ -ǶȈƳ
ƨnjǫƢǼŭơ DZȐƻ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ǁƢNjƗ ƢǸǯ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃƾƥƗ -ÎÏ
ƩơƽƢǬƬǻȐdz ƾȇƾnjdzơ ǾǸȀǨƫ (ÏÖ)ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƩǂƳ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ
__________
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÏÏ)
.ÎÍÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÓÐ Ǎ Add.1ȁ A/CN.4/535
ÏÖÍ Ǎ ÏÔÕÏ ƨLjºǴŪơ DZȁȋơ ƾºǴĐơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÐ)
.ƢƦǷȂǧ ƾȈLjdzơ ÎÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ÏÎ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ÏÔÒ Ǎ ÏÔÕÍ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÑ)
ƨȈºNjƢūơ) ơƾǼdzȂƥ ǺǷ ƨȀƳȂŭơ ǂǯǀdzơ ƨǨǻȉơ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ žƢȇƢǣ ƾȈLjdzơ
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÎÏ
ÏÕÐ Ǎ ÏÔÕÎ ƨLjºǴŪơ DZȁȋơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÏÒ)
.ǾNj ƧƾȈLjdzơ ÑÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÕÑ Ǎȁ žǃƢƬŲ ƾȈLjdzơ ÐÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
žƢȈǷơǁƢǰºLJƛ ƧƾȈLjdzơ ÎÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÔÕ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÓ)
Ò ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÕÕ Ǎ ÏÔÕÏ ƨLjǴŪơȁ žǾNj ƧƾȈLjdzơ ÑÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÕÑ Ǎȁ
DzºƥƢǬŭƢƥ ǂºǜǻơȁ žƢƦǷȂǧ ƾȈLjdzơ ÏÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÕÎ Ǎȁ žȆǰLjƬdzƢǣ ƾȈLjdzơ
.Ȇnjƫ ƾȈLjdzơ ÑÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÖÓ Ǎ
ƾȈLjdzơ ÏÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÏÕÍ Ǎ ÏÔÕÎ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÔ)
ƨºǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾºdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ žȆǸȈǼȈǰLJȂǯ
ÐÎ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/19) ÎÖ ƨLjºǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ
.(ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ)
ÏÔÕÍ ƨLjº ºǴŪơ DZȁȋơ ƾº ºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨº ºȈdzȂƷ ǂº ºǜǻơ (ÏÕ)
ÏÖÎ Ǎ ÏÔÕÏ ƨLjǴŪơȁ žƢȇƢǣ ƾȈLjdzơ ÏÍȁ ÎÖ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ ÏÔÒ Ǎ
.ƢƦǷȂǧ ƾȈLjdzơ ÏÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
.ÑÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÐÍÓ Ǎ ÏÔÕÐ ƨLjǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÏÖ)
331 ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ
ǺǸǔƬȇ ȏƗ Ȃǿ ƢǼǿ ǶȀŭơȁ .ǁƢƯȉơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘnjƥ ƢȀǨǫȂǷ ƽƾŢ ǹƗ ńƛ
.ǁƢƯȉơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǬƦLjǷ ƢƆǸǰƷ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ
džȈdz ǽȐǟƗ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ňƢưdzơ ǑơǂƬǟȏơ ǹƜǧ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ -ÎÕ
ƢȀǴǯ ǚǨƸƬdzơ ǁƢƯƕ ƭȁƾƷ ǞǼǷ" ƧǁƢƦǠǧ :ƨȈƟDŽƳ ƧǁȂǐƥ ȏƛ ƢƆǠǼǬǷ
ŖȈǫƢǨƫơ ńƛ DzȈŢ ȏȁ ǚǨƸƬdzơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȈǿƢǷ ƢƆǬƦLjǷ ƽƾŢ ȏ "ƢȀǔǠƥ ȁƗ
DZơƚLjdzơ ǵƢǷƗ ƢƆƷȂƬǨǷ DZƢĐơ ǭǂƬƫ Dzƥ žÎÖÕÓȁ ÎÖÓÖ ȆǷƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ
ǑơǂºƬǟȏơ ƢȀƯƾƸĄȇ ƾǫ Ŗdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ǁƢƯȉơ ǽǀǿ ƨǠȈƦǗ Ǻǟ
DzǸnjƫ ȏ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ƶȈƸǐdzơ ǺǷ ǹƜǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ .Ǿƫơƿ
Ǒǂǟ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǸǧ .ƵǂǘĄƫ ƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ ǞȈŦ
ǚǨƸƬdzơ ƤƷƢǏ ǞǷ ǾƫƢǫȐǟ Ŀ ǪċƦǘĄƫ ȏƗ Ȃǿ ǑơǂƬǟȏơ ƤƷƢǏ
ƧƾºǿƢǠŭơ ȏȁ (ÐÕ)ƤLjºƸǧ "ǚǨƸƬºdzơ ƢŮȁƢǼƬȇ Ŗdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ" ȏ
Ȃdzȁ ŕƷ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǺǷ ǾǴǷƢǰƥ ƔDŽƳ ǪċƦǘĄȇ ȏƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ Dzƥ (ÐÖ)ƢȀƬǷǂƥ
.ƔDŽŪơ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ śǠǷ ǶǰƷ ȃȂLJ ǚǨƸƬdzơ DZȁƢǼƬȇ Ń
ƩȏƢºū ƨºǬƥƢǘŭơ ǥȁǂºǜdzơ ǽǀºǿ DzºưǷ DZȁƢǼƬdzȁ -ÎÖ
ǦºȇǂǠƬdzơ ƨºȇƢĔ DzȇƾǠƫ ǮNj ǹȁƽ ǺLjƸƬLjŭơ ǺǷ (ÑÍ)ƨLJȂǸǴǷ
ǥƾºȀȇ ǑơǂƬǟȏơ ǹƛ DZȂǬdzơ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥ :ŅƢƬdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƵǂƬǬŭơ
Ǿǻƛ DZȂǬdzơ ȆǤƦǼȇ "ƢȀǔǠƥ ȁƗ ƢȀǴǯ ǚǨƸƬdzơ ǁƢƯƕ ƭȁƾƷ ǞǼǷ" ńƛ
ƤƷƢǏ DzƦĉǫ ǺǷ] ǚǨƸƬdzơ ǺǷ ƧƢƻȂƬŭơ ǁƢƯȉơ DzȇƾǠƫ" ńƛ ǥƾȀȇ
ǎǼºdzơ DzǬưĄƫ śǧȂǬǠŭơ śLJȂǬdzơ śƥ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơȁ ."[ǚǨƸƬdzơ
.ǪȈǴǠƬdzơ Ŀ ƶȈǓȂƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ʊơǁƽƛ ȆǨǰȇ ƢŠǁȁ
Ƣºđ ŅƽƌƗ Ŗdzơ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƨȇƽƢǬƬǻȏơ ƨǜƷȐŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǷƗ -ÏÍ
ǮLjºǸƬȇ ǍƢºŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǹƜǧ (ÑÎ)ǽȐǟƗ ƨLjƦƬǬŭơ ƨǤȈǐdzơ ǹƘnjƥ
ǞƥƢºǘdzơȁ ƩơƾºǿƢǠǸǴdz "ȅƾºǫƢǠƬdzơ" ǞƥƢºǘdzƢƥ ƨǏƢƻ ƧǁȂǐƥ
ȅǀºdzơ ƤƦLjºdzơ Ȃºǿ ơǀǿȁ .ƨȇƾǿƢǠƬdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȐdz ȅǁƢȈƬƻȏơ
ǺºǷ ƧƾºǟƢǫ ȅƘƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ȄǴǟ ǾƫƢǓơǂƬǟơ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ȅƾƦȇ ǾǴǠƳ
ȅƾǿƢǠƫ ǶǰŞ ƢȀǼǟ ƢƆǸǣǁ ƨdzȁƽ ȅƗ ǵơDŽdzƛ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƜƥ ǂǬƫ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj
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ŖȈǫƢºǨƫơ ǺǷ ÏÎ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƢǸǯ (ÐÕ)
.ÎÖÕÓȁ ÎÖÓÖ ȆǷƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ
Ð ƧǂºǬǨdzơȁ ÏÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ (ƣ)Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƢǸǯ (ÐÖ)
ƤƷƢǏ ȅƾƦȇ ƢǸǼȈƷ ÎÖÕÓȁ ÎÖÓÖ ȆǷƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ŖȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÏÎ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ
.ƨƷơǂǏ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ǾƬȈǻ ǑơǂƬǟȏơ
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ ǂǜǻơ (ÑÍ)
žÎÒÔ ƨȈºNjƢūơ ƨǏƢşȁ ÖÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÓÏ-ÓÎ Ǎ Add.1ȁ A/CN.4/535
ơƾºǼdzǂȇƕȁ ȄºǸǜǠdzơ ƢȈǻƢǘȇŐdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ ƾȇȂLjdzơ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ
ǾºƫƾƥƗ ȅǀºdzơ ǚǨƸƬºdzơ ȄǴǟ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ơƾǼdzȂǿȁ ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ
ƢºȀȈǴǟ ƪǐǻ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȇǁȂLjdzơ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ ƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơ
ƨȈǯơǂƬºNjȏơ ƩƢȇǁȂȀǸŪơ ƽƢŢơȁ džǻȂƫ ǑơǂƬǟơȁ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ
Multilateral Treaties Deposited with ) ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ÓÓ ƧƽƢŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ
the Secretary-General: Status as at 31 December 2003 (United Nations
.(publication, Sales No. E.04.V.2), vol. II, chap. XXIII.1, pp. 331–335
ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǂºǜǻơ ƨǜƷȐŭơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdzȁ žÎÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (ÑÎ)
.ǽȐǟƗ (Ʊ)ÎÓ
ǹƗ Śǣ .(ÐÐ)ƢƆǷȂǸǟ DZȂƦǬdzƢƥ ƨǤȈǐdzơ ǽǀǿ ƪȈǜƷ ƾǫȁ -ÎÓ
DzǔǨŭơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸǟ ơȂdzƔƢLjƫ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ǒǠƥ (Ɨ)
ƨȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƾǸƬǠƫ ǹƗ ńƛ ƢȀȈǧ ǂǜǼdzơ DzȈƳƘƫ
žƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ ǁƢƯƖƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƣȂǐºƬLjŭơ ǺºǷ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƽƾNj ƔƢǔǟȋơ ƾƷƗ (ƣ)
ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ ǦȇǂǠƫ śƥ ƨȈũǁ ƨǴǏ ƨǷƢǫƛ ƤǼš
ž(ÐÑ)ÎÖÕÓȁ ÎÖÓÖ ȆǷƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƢƬȈǫƢǨƫơ ƢǿƢƻȂƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǁƢƯȉơȁ
ƨǤȈǐºdzơ ǹȋ ǾdzƢǤnjºǻơ Ǻǟ ƣǂǟƗ ǂƻƕ Ȃǔǟ (Ʊ)
ƨºǓǂƬǠŭơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƧƽǂǨǼŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ ƣƢLjƷ ơƆƾƳ ƤLjŢ ƨƷǂƬǬŭơ
.(ÐÒ)ƨȇƾǿƢǠƬdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȐdz ȅƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ǞƥƢǘǴdz ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǹȁƽ
ȄǴǟ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ DZơDŽȇ ȏ ńȁȋơ ƨǘǬǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ -ÎÔ
ƨƸȈƸǐºdzơ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ Dzǰnjȇ ȏ ƪǫƚŭơ Dzūơ ǹƘƥ ƺLJơǂdzơ ǽƽƢǬƬǟơ
ȅƗ ǁƢºƯƖƥ ǵƢǸƬǿȏơ ȆǬǘǼŭơ ǺǷ ȃǂȇ ȏ ƨȀƳ ǺǷ ȂȀǧ .DzǸǠǴdz
ƢƆǬƷ Ǯdzƿ ǹƢǯ ȏƛȁ - Ǿdz ǪƦLjǷ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǞǓȁ DzƦǫ ňȂǻƢǫ ǵƢǜǻ
ǺºǸǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ .(ÐÓ)"ǹƢǐūơ DzƦǫ ƨƥǂǠdzơ ǞǓȁ" ƨƥƢưŠ
Dzǰnjºƥ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ DZȁƢǼƬdz ǂǯǀƫ ƩơǁŐǷ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ ƶǓơȂdzơ
řƦǼȇ) ǚǨƸƬǴdz ƢƆǨȇǂǠƫ ƩƾºǸƬǟơ ƾǬǧ :ƩƢºǜǨƸƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǦǴƬű
ȅƽơǂºǨǻȏơ ƢĔȐǟƛ ǺǷ ƨǜŏǨƸƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȄƻȂƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ ȄǴǟ
ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ơǀǿ ƽƢǸƬǟơ DzȈƳƘƫ ńƛ ƨƳƢƷ ȃǂƫ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ (ÐÔ)(ƢȀƯơƾƷƛ
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ÐÍÓ Ǎ ÏÔÕÐ ƨLjºǴŪơ DZȁȋơ ƾºǴĐơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÐ)
ǪƟƢºƯȂdzơ ȏƢºǸȈƫơȂǣ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơȁ žÑÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjºǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ
ǾLjºǨǻ ǞºƳǂŭơ) ǹƢºƥƢȈdzơȁ žÖ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.19) ÎÖ ƨLjǴŪơ
ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǹƢǻȂȈdzơȁ ž(ÓÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ) ƢȈǻƢǷȁǁȁ ž(ÒÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ƨȈǷȐºLJȍơ ǹơǂȇƛ ƨȇǁȂȀŦȁ žÒÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.20) ÏÍ ƨLjǴŪơ
.(ÔÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ)
ÐÍÐ Ǎ ÏÔÕÐ ƨLjºǴŪơ DZȁȋơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÐÑ)
.ƢȇƢǣ ƾȈLjdzơ ÏÒ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
.ǾNj ƧƾȈLjdzơ ÐÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÐÍÑ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÒ)
.ƾǴȈǨLjºǻƢǷ ƾȈLjºdzơ ÐÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÐÍÑ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÐÓ)
DZƢǨǣƛ DzȈƸƬLjŭơ Dzƥ ȁƗ ǶƟȐŭơ Śǣ ǺǷ ǹƘƥ ƢƆǟƢǼƬǫơ ǂưǯƗ ƩƢƥ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơȁ
ǺºǷ (ƣ) Ñ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǹƗ ƨƴŞ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ DzȈdzƽ Ŀ "ǑơǂƬǟơ" ƨǜǨdz ǦȇǂǠƫ
ÎÖÕÓȁ ÎÖÓÖ ȆǷƢºǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ŖȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ÏÎ ƧƽƢŭơȁ Ò ƧƽƢŭơȁ ÏÍ ƧƽƢŭơ
ƨºǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾºdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ǹǁƢǫ) Ƣēơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ƨȈǧƢǯ
ÎÑ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58.SR.19) ÎÖ ƨLjǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ
Ö ƧǂºǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.20) ÏÍ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂdzơȁ žDZƢǤƫŐdzơ
ÎÖ ƨLjºǴŪơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ ǞǷ žǹƢƬLjǯƢƥ ÓÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơȁ žƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ƢǼǿ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǹƜǧ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ .ǍŐǫ ÔÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.19)
ƧǂºǰǨdzơ ǺǷ ǪǴǘǼƫ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ƪǻƢǯ ƨǼƴǴdzƢǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ ǦȇǁƢǠƫ ƪLjȈdz
Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂºdzơ ǂºǏƢǼǠdzơ ǞȈŦ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ DzȈdzƽ ǁǂǰȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ǾǻƗ ƢǿơƽƚǷ Ŗdzơ
.ƢȀǠLJȂȇȁ ƢȀƸǓȂȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƢǼȈȈǧ ŖȈǫƢǨƫơ
ÎÖÓÖ ȆǷƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ŖȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ (ƽ) Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ǂǜǻơ (ÐÔ)
ňƢºưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ) Î-Î ȆȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷȁ ÎÖÕÓȁ
.(ÐÓÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÔÓ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ƮºǠƦƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ƣēơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ƩǀƻƌƗ ơƿƛ ȆȀǧ :ƨnjǫƢǼŭơ ȆǟƾƬLjƫ
ǹƗ ǹȁƽ Ǿƫơƿ ƔƢǬǴƫ ǺǷ ơƆǁƢƯƕ ƭƾƸĄȇ ǑơǂƬǟȏơ ǹƘƥ ƽƢǬƬǟȏơ ȄǴǟ
ǹƗ Dzºǫȋơ ȄºǴǟ ƤŸ ƿƛ žǂƻƕ ǕǂNj ȅƗ ƔƢǨȈƬLJơ Ǯdzƿ ȆǔƬǬȇ
ȄºǴǟ ƢƆǏǂƷ "ǽǁƾǐƫĄ" ŚƦǠƬƥ ǚǨĄƬƷơ ƾǫȁ .ƢƆȈǻȂǻƢǫ ơƆDŽƟƢƳ ǹȂǰȇ
.Ǿƫơƿ ŚƦǠƬdzơ ƽǂȇ ƮȈƷ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǞǷ ǪƥƢǘƬdzơ
ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ƢŮȁƢǼƬȈǧ ȃǂƻȋơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǍȂǐş ƢǷƗ -ÏÒ
.(ÑÓ)ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǺǷƢưdzơ
ƆơǁǂǰǷ Î-Ó-Ï ȆȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ƾƳȂȇ ȏȁ -ÏÓ
ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzƢºƥ ȏƛ ǽǁŐºȇ ƢǷ (ÑÔ)Ƣēơƿ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ Ŀ ƵǂƬǬŭơ ƆƢȈǻƢƯ
Î-Ó-Ï ȆȀȈƳȂºƬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǎǻ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ ŚǯǀƬdzơ
ŖȈǫƢºǨƫơ Ŀ ƨǼȈƦǷ Ȇǿ ƢǸǯ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ ǁƢƯƖƥ
ƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǵƢǰƷƗ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjƛ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰƫ ȏ ƢǷƾǼǟȁ .ƢǼȈȈǧ
ƗƾºƦŭơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂºdzơ ƶȈºǓȂƬdzơ ƽȂºƳȁ ǁŐȇ ƢǷ ƨť ǹȂǰȇ ǺǴǧ
.ƆƢȈǻƢƯ ƆơǁǂǰǷ Î-Ó-Ï ȆȀȈƳȂƬdzơ
(ÑÕ)
ơƆǁǂǰǷ Î-Ó-Ï ȆȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ ǝȁǂnjŭ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢǷƗ -ÏÔ
ƤƦLjƥ ǑȂǸǤdzơ ƨȈnjƻ Ȃǿ ǽǁŐȇ ƢǷ ǹƢǯ ƾǬǧ .ǦǴƬź ǂǷȋơ ǹƜǧ
ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ ƨǓǁƢǠǷ ȄǴǟ ƨdzȏƾǴdz "ǑơǂƬǟơ" ƨǸǴǯ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ
ǺǷ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ Ŀ ǚǨƸƬǴdz ǂƻƘƬŭơ ƔơƾƥȎdz ƨȈdzȁƽ
ǪºǴǠƬȇ ǂºǷȋơ ǹƜºǧ ǽǀǿ DZƢūơȁ .(ÑÖ)Ð-Ð-Ï ńƛ Î-Ð-Ï
ơǀºǿ Ɣơƾºƥȍ ƨǓǁƢǠǷ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǠǧ :śƬǨǴƬű śƬȇǂǰǧ śƬȈǴǸǠƥ
ǺºǷ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ȁƗ DZȁƾdzơ ƢƆǫȐǗƛ ǞǼŻ ȏ ǚǨƸƬdzơ
ƭƾŹ ƢǷ ơƆǁƽƢǻ ơǀǿ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ Ǿƫơƿ ƾȇƾŪơ ǚǨƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǑơǂƬǟȏơ
.ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ
ǍƢºŬơ ǁǂºǬŭơ ǁȁƢLjºȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƾȈƷȂdzơ Ǯnjdzơȁ -ÏÕ
Ŀ ƢƆºȈũǁ DzºȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ȆȀȈƳȂƫ ƗƾƦǷ Ʊơǁƽƛ Ƨǁȁǂǔƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ
Dzºƻơƽ Ɣơǁȉơ Ŀ ǪºǧơȂƫ DzǐƷ ǾǻƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ .(ÒÍ)ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ DzȈdzƽ
ơǀǿ ȆȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ DzǸƸȈLJȁ ž(ÒÎ)ǾƳơǁƽƛ ŁƢǐdz ƨǼƴǴdzơ
DzȇƾºǠƫ ƤƳȂƬLjºȇ ƢǷ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȃǂȇ ȏȁ .Ï-Ó-Ï Ƕǫǁ
.ƢȀǗƢǬǻ ȃƾƷƛ Ŀ ȏƛ ƨƷǂƬǬŭơ ƨǤȈǐdzơ
__________
Ŀ ơƾºǼdzȂƥ ȃǂƫȁ .ÔÖ-ÔÓ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ÒÔ Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÑÓ)
ǦºȇǂǠƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƤŸ ǾǻƗ (ǽȐǟƗ ÎÏ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) ǂǯǀdzơ ƨǨǻȉơ ƢēǂǯǀǷ
ǞƳǂŭơ) ƨǼȈƦŭơ ƣƢƦLJȌdz ơƆǂǜǻȁ .ǑơǂƬǟȏơ ǁơƾǏƛ ǾȈǧ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ ƾȇƾŢ
ǾǻƗ ǹƢȈƦdzơ Ǻǟ řǣ Ǻǰdz žȅƗǂdzơ ơǀǿ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƾȇƚȇ ȏ (ÔÓ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǾLjǨǻ
.ȆȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƗƾƦǸǴdz ǂƻƕ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ƩƢƸȈǓȂƬdzơ ǽǀǿ ƽǂƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ
.ǽȐǟƗ Ò ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ (ÑÔ)
.ǽȐǟƗ Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ (ÑÕ)
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÑÖ)
.ÎÍÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÓÐ Ǎ Add.1ȁ A/CN.4/535
.ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÒÍ)
.ǽȐǟƗ ÎÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ (ÒÎ)
332
ƨdzȁƾdzơ ŐƬǠƫ ǹƗ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ǹƘnjƥ ǾǯȂǰNj ǂȀǛƗȁ (ÑÏ)ǾǟȂǻ ǹƢǯ ƢƆȇƗ
ǺºǷ ǶǣǂdzƢºƥ ƢȀƬǷǂƥ ƧƾǿƢǠŭƢƥ ƨǷDŽǴĄǷ ǚǨƸƬdzơ ƨƦƷƢǏ ƨǓǂƬǠŭơ
ǶǰŢ ȏ ƨƷǂƬǬŭơ ƨǤȈǐdzơ ǹƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǂǷ ƢǼǿ ǶȀŭơȁ .(ÑÐ)ƢȀǜǨŢ
ƤƫǂƬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ ȄǴǟ DZơȂƷȋơ ǺǷ DZƢƷ ȅƗ Ŀ ƢƆǬƦLjǷ
Ŗdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ ǂǯƿ ȄǴǟ ǂǐƬǬƫȁ žǹƢǯ ǑơǂƬǟơ ȅƗ ȁƗ ǚǨŢ ȅƗ Ǻǟ
ńƛ (ǚǨƸƬdzơ ƤƷƢǏ Ǯdzǀdz ƢƆǠƦƫȁ) ǑơǂƬǟȏơ ƤƷƢǏ ǥƾȀȇ
.(ÑÑ)(ǚǨƸƬdzơȁ) ǑơǂƬǟȐdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƢȀƯơƾƷƛ
(ǍƢºŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȅƗǁ Ŀ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ Dzƥ) ǺǰŻ ǾȈǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥȁ -ÏÎ
.Î-Ó-Ï ȆȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ ȄǴǟ ǪȈǴǠƬdzơ Ŀ ǕƢǬǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ƶȈǓȂƫ
ǝȁǂnjºŭơ ơǀǿ ƨǣƢȈǏ ǺǰŻ ƩƢǜƷȐŭơ ǽǀŮ ƧƢǟơǂǷȁ -ÏÏ
:ŅƢƬdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ ǦȇǂǠƫ Î-Ó-Ï"
ǹƢǯ ƢƆȇƗ ȅƽơǂǨǻơ ǹȐǟƛ ȅƗ ‘ǑơǂƬǟȏơ‘ ŚƦǠƬƥ ƾǐǬĄȇ"
ǚǨŢ ȄǴǟ ơƆƽǁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ ǽǁƾǐƫ ǾƬȈǸLjƫ ȁƗ Ǿǐǻ
ǥƾēȁ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ǾƫƾƥƗ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ȄǴǟ
ǚǨƸƬdzơ ǺǷ ƧƢƻȂƬŭơ ǁƢƯȉơ DzȇƾǠƫ ńƛ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ Ǿƥ
."[ǚǨƸƬdzơ ƤƷƢǏ DzƦǫ ǺǷ]
ƽǂȇ ǹƗ ȅƾĐơ ǺǷ ȁƾƦȇ ȏ ǺǷƢưdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ Ŀ ƽǁȁ ƢǸǯȁ -ÏÐ
ǃȂŸ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ȁƗ DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢƠǨdz ǂǯƿ Ǿƫơƿ ǦȇǂǠƬdzƢƥ
ǦºȇǂǠƫ ǵƢȀǴƬLJơ ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ȆǨǰȇȁ .(ÑÒ)ǑơǂƬǟȏơ Ɣơƾƥƛ ƢŮ
ƨºǸǜǼŭơ ȁƗ ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ƨǨǏ ƢƆƫƢƬƥ ƶǓȂȇ ȏ ȅǀdzơ Ƣēơƿ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ
ȏ ơǀǿ ǹƜǧ DZƢūơ ƨǠȈƦǘƥȁ .ǚǨƸƬdzơ Ɣơƾƥƛ ƢŮ ǃȂŸ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
Ǻºǰdz žƨLJǁƢǸŭơ DzȈdzƽ Ŀ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ƨȇȂLjƫ śǠƬȇ Ǻdz ǾǻƗ řǠȇ
.DzǬƬLjǷ ȆȀȈƳȂƫ ƗƾƦǷ Ŀ ƢŮȁƢǼƫ DzǔǨȇ
ƨºǸǴǯ ǹƗ ƢƆǷƢŤ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǭǁƾȇ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ -ÏÑ
ƵǂƬǬŭơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ƨǴŦ ǺǷ ƮdzƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ "ǽǁƾǐƫĄ"
("ƨºȈdzȁƽ ƨºǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƨºdzȁƽ ǽǁƾǐƫ ... ȅƽơǂǨǻơ ǹȐǟƛ ȅƗ")
__________
ȄºǴǟ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ Ǻǟ ňƢưdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (ÑÏ)
A/CN.4/477 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÎÖÖÓ ƨȈdzȂƷ) ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ
ơǀºǿ ȆºǜƷ ƾǫȁ ž(ÏÐÍ-ÏÏÓ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ ÎÍÒ-ÎÍÑ Ǎ Add.1ȁ
ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬºLJȏơ ǺºǷ ÎÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƾȈȇƘƬƥ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ ǦǫȂŭơ
ƧƽƾºǠƬŭơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼƴǴdz ƨȇƾȈȀǸƬdzơ
ÎÖÖÔ ƨºȈdzȂƷ) ǹƢLjºǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ ƨǟǁƢnjdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ
.ÎÒÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÍÕ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ ǂǜǻơ (ÑÐ)
.ÖÔȁ ÖÓ ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ ÓÏ Ǎ Add.1ȁ A/CN.4/535
ƩƢºǜǨƸƬdzơ ǦºȇǂǠƫ Ŀ ƨǘǬǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ƪƳǁƽƗƌ ǹƗ ǪƦLJ ƾǬdz (ÑÑ)
ƗƾƦŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ƪLjƦĄƬǫơȁ ÎÖÕÓȁ ÎÖÓÖ ȆǷƢǠdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ŖȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ
.(ǽȐǟƗ ÐÔ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) Î-Î ȆȀȈƳȂƬdzơ
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÑÒ)
.ÎÍÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÓÐ Ǎ Add.1ȁ A/CN.4/535
333 ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ
ǹƘnjºƥ ƶȈǓȂƫ Ï-Ó-Ï ȆȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ƱǁƾĄȇ ǹƗ
:ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ ǩƢǘǻ ǞȈLJȂƫ ȄǴǟ "ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ"
ƩƢǜǨƸƬǴdz ǂƻƘƬŭơ Ɣơƾƥȍơ ȄǴǟ ǑơǂƬǟȏơ Ï-Ó-Ï
ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ ǩƢǘǻ ǞȈLJȂƫ ȁƗ
ȅƽơǂºǨǻơ ǹȐºǟƛ ȅƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ "ǑơǂƬǟȏơ" ŚƦǠƬƥ ƾǐǬĄȇ
ǂƻƘºƬŭơ Ɣơƾºƥȍơ ȄºǴǟ ǑǂƬǠƫ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƨdzȁƽ ǽǁƾǐƫ
.ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ ǩƢǘǻ ǞȈLJȂƫ ȁƗ ƩƢǜǨƸƬǴdz
ǝȁǂnjºǷ ƨȈdzƢūơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ DZȐƻ ƩƾǸƬǟơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹƗ ƢŠȁ -ÏÖ
ƩƢºǜǨƸƬdzơ ǩƢºǘǻ ǞȈLJȂƬƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ Ò-Ð-Ï ȆȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ
ȆǬǘǼŭơ ǺǷ ȁƾƦȇ (ÒÏ)ƧǂƻƘƬŭơ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ Ɣơƾƥƛ ńƛ DzȈŹ ȅǀdzơȁ
__________
:ŅƢƬdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ơǀǿ ǎǻ ƽǂȇ (ÒÏ)
ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ ǩƢǘǻ ǞȈLJȂƫ Ò-Ð-Ï"
džǨǻ ǾȈǴǟ ǪƦǘĄƫ ǾǫƢǘǻ ǞȈLJȂƫ ǥƾđ ǶƟƢǬdzơ ǚǨƸƬdzơ DzȇƾǠƫ"
ǑơǂƬǟȏơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ƾȈƥ .ǂƻƘƬǷ ǚǨŢ Ɣơƾƥƛ ȄǴǟ ƨǬƦǘǼŭơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ
."ƢƆǸƟƢǫ ȆǴǏȋơ ǚǨƸƬdzơ Dzǜȇ DzȇƾǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ
.ÎÐÏ Ǎ (ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÑ ƨȈdzȂƷ)
 ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ
[DZƢǸǟȋơ DZȁƾƳ ǺǷ Ô ƾǼƦdzơ]
Add.1ȁ A/CN.4/539 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ
ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ :ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ Ǻǟ ňƢưdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ
ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ơƽƢǷƢȇ ȆLJȂNj ƾȈLjdzơ ǽƾǟƗ
[ƨȇDŽȈǴǰǻȍƢƥ :DzǏȋơ]
[ÏÍÍÑ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ÎÏȁ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ Ö]
ƩƢȇȂƬƄơ
ƨƸǨǐdzơ ƩơǂºǬǨdzơ
ÐÐÒ Ó-Î ................................................................................................. ƨǷƾǬǷ
DzǐǨdzơ
ÐÐÓ Ö-Ô ....................................................................... ǵƢǠdzơ ǁƢǗȍơ - DZȁȋơ
ÐÐÔ ÎÒ-ÎÍ ..................................................................... ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǩƢǘǻ - ňƢưdzơ
ÐÐÕ ÏÍ-ÎÓ ....................................................(ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ) ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ - ƮdzƢưdzơ
ÐÐÖ ÏÐ-ÏÎ ....................... ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦNj ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơ ǶǰŢ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ - Ǟƥơǂdzơ
ÐÑÍ ÏÕ-ÏÑ .......................................................ǁǂǓ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ǵƾǠƥ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ - džǷƢŬơ
ÐÑÎ ÐÍ-ÏÖ .............................................................. ǹȁƢǠƬdzƢƥ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ - DžƽƢLjdzơ
ÐÑÎ ÐÏ-ÐÎ .................................................. ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǴdz ǶǜƬǼŭơ DZƽƢƦƬdzơ - ǞƥƢLjdzơ
ÐÑÏ ÐÑ-ÐÐ ....................................................... ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǝơȂǻƗ - ǺǷƢưdzơ
ÐÑÏ ÐÓ-ÐÒ ......................................................... ƨȈǧȂƳ ƨȈƟƢǷ ƩƢǬƦǘdz ƱƿƢŶ - ǞLJƢƬdzơ
ƩƢǬǧǂŭơ
ÐÑÐ ............................... ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƩƢǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦNj ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǝȁǂnjǷ - DZȁȋơ
ÐÑÑ ................................................................. ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦnjdz ňƢȈƥ ǶLJǁ - ňƢưdzơ
ÐÑÒ ......................................................................... ƨȈǧȂƳ ƨȈƟƢǷ ƩƢǬƦǘdz ƱƿƢŶ - ƮdzƢưdzơ
ÐÑÓ ............................................................................ƨȇƽơǂǧƛ ƩȏƢƷ ƩƢLJơǁƽ - Ǟƥơǂdzơ
ÐÒÎ ........................................... ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƘnjƥ ǁƢƬű ȆǠƳǂǷ ƪƦƯ - džǷƢŬơ
ººººººº
ƨǷƾǬǷ
ǁƢnjȇȁ) ƨȈƷȐŭơ Śǣ Ǒơǂǣȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢĐơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ƨǼƴǴdz śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLjǷƢŬơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ Ŀ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǵƾǫ -Î
ƨºȈŷȋơ ȄǴǟ ƾǯƗȁ .(Ï)("ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ" ƥ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƽǁơȂŭơ Ǻǟ DZȁȋơ ǽǂȇǂǬƫ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƧƽȂǬǠŭơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
Ǻǟ ƢǿDŽȈŤ Ŗdzơ ǩǁơȂǨdzơȁ ƨȇǂnjƦǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈǸǴdz ƨȇȂȈūơ .ǝȂǓȂŭơ ƨȈǨǴƻ ʼnƾǬƫ ńƛ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ȄǠLJȁ .(Î)ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ
.ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǽǀđ ƨȈǧƢǯ ƨǧǂǠǷ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ƧǁȁǂǓȁ ƨȈƸǘLjdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǝȂǓȂŭơ Ŀ Ʊǁƾȇ ǹƗ ǞǫȂƬȇ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǹƢǯȁ
ƧǁȂǐƄơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭƢƥ ǝȁǂnjdzơ ƵǂƬǫƢǧ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ǃƢǤdzơȁ ǖǨǼdzơȁ
__________
ǹȂǻƢºǬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǵƢǰƷƘƥ ƨdzȂǸnjŭơ Śǣ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ
Ŀ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢĐơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǹȂǻƢǬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ (Ï)
ƨºȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ (ÎÖÖÔ ȂȇƢǷ/ǁƢȇƗ ÏÎ ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ) ƨȈƷȐŭơ Śǣ Ǒơǂǣȋơ __________
ƮdzƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÑÖ Ƕǫǁ ǪƸǴŭơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨȇƽƢūơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Î)
.Ǫǧǂŭơ ÏÏÖ/ÒÎ ǁơǂǬdzơ .ÎÑÔ Ǎ Add.1ȁ A/CN.4/533
335
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
.ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƽơȂǷ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ Ƨƾǟ ǵƾǬȇ ǹƗ ǁǂǫ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ƨưȈưƷ
ʼnƾǬƫ ǶȀǠƦǘƥ śȈǫȂǬūơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƔƢǔǟƗ ȄǴǟ DzȀLjȇ ƾǫ ǾǻƗ ȃǂȇȁ
.ƽơȂºǷ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ DzǰNj Ŀ ƩƢƷǂƬǬǷ ǶŮ ƪǷƾǫ Ȃdz ƧƽƾŰ ƽȁƽǁ
ƩȏƢºĐơ ƾȇƾƸƬdz ȆǟȂǓȂǷ ljƢǬǻ ƧǁƢƯƛ Ȃǿ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ƾǐǬdzơȁ
ǺLjºƷƗ ȄºǴǟ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ DzǯƢnjǷ ǶȀǧ ŚLjȈƫȁ ƢŮȁƢǼƫ ǵǃȐdzơ
ƧǂLjºƬƦǷ ƨǤȈǏ ȅƗ DZơȂƷȋơ ǺǷ DZƢƷ ȅƘƥ ƵǂƬǬȇ ȏ Ȃǿȁ .ǾƳȁ
ǺȇȁƾºƬdzơ Ȇǿ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƨȇȏȁ ǹƗ ǽǁƢƦƬǟơ Ŀ Ǟǔȇȁ .ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjŭ
ƧǃDŽºǠǷ ǹȂºǰƫ ǹƗȁ ƾƥ ȏ ƢȀǠǓȁ ǶƬȇ ƽơȂǷ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ȅƗ ǹƗȁ
.DZȁƾdzơ ƩƢLJǁƢŲȁ ƨȈǧǂǠdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơȁ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǻȋƢƥ
ȄºǬǴƬȇ ǍƢºŬơ ǁǂºǬŭơ DzǛ ŅƢūơ ǂȇǂǬƬǴdz ǽƽơƾǟƛ Ŀȁ -Ó
ơǀđ ƩƢǬǧǂŭƢǧ .(Ó)ȂǰLjǻȂȈdzơ ƨȇƢǟǁ ƪŢ ƔơŐŬơ ǺǷ ƨǸȈǫ ƧƾǟƢLjǷ
Ŀ ƢŠ ƨȈǼǬƬdzơ ƨȇȁơDŽdzơȁ ƢȈƳȂdzȁǁƾȈŮơ ƨȇȁơǃ ǺǷ ƨȈǨǴƻ ǂǧȂƫ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ
ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨǘȇǂŬơȁ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǸǴdz ǑơǂǠƬLJơ Ǯdzƿ
ƩƢǷƢȀºLJƛ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjƫ ƨȇƽơǂǧƛ ƩȏƢū ƩƢLJơǁƽȁ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈǸǴdz
ǪȇǂǨdzơ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟȋơ ƔơŐŬƢƥ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǃDŽĄǟ ƢǸǯ .ƔơŐŬơ Ɣȏƚǿ
Ƨǁơǃȁ ǾƫƘnjºǻƗ ȅǀºdzơ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭƢƥ řǠŭơ ȆLJơǁƾdzơ
ǵƢºǬŭơ ơǀǿ Ŀ DzƴLjȇ ǹƗ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƽȂȇȁ .(Ô)ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ
.ƨǸȈǬdzơ ƩƢǷƢȀLJȍơ ǽǀŮ ǽǂȇƾǬƫ ƩơǁƢƦǟ ǩƾǏƗ
__________
ǽƢȈŭơ ƽǁơȂŠ řǠŭơ ƔơŐŬơ ǪȇǂǨdz ƢƆǟƢǸƬƳơ ȂǰLjǻȂȈdzơ ƪǸǜǻ (Ó)
/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjºƫ Ðȁ Ï Ŀ džȇǁƢƥ Ŀ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƧƾƟƢǨdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ
ƨºǟơǁDŽdzơȁ ƨºȇǀǣȌdz ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶºǷȋơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƨŷƢLjŠȁ ÏÍÍÐ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ
džȈºdzƗ ƪºƦƫǁ ƢºǸǯ .ƢȈƳȂdzȁǁƾȈŮơ ȆȈƟƢǐƻȋ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǘƥơǂdzơȁ (ȁƢǨdzơ)
ȅǁȂºƥ ȆǷƢºNj ƽƢºǨȇȍ ȂǰLjºǻȂȈdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǺǷ (Alice Aureli) ȆǴȇǁȁƗ
DzºȈȇŐǣȁ ƢȈƳȂdzȁǁƾºȈŮơ ȆȈƟƢǐƻȋ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǘƥơǂdzơ ǺǷ (Shammy Puri)
ǶȈǴnjȈǷ śƬLJŚǯȁ ƨȈǼǬƬdzơ DžƢLjǰƫ ƨǠǷƢƳ ǺǷ (Gabriel Eckstein) śƬLjǯƛ
ƔơƾºLJȍ ȂºȈǯȂǗ ńƛ ƨǟơǁDŽdzơȁ ƨȇǀǣȋơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǺǷ (Kerstin Mechlem)
.ÏÍÍÐ ŐǸLjȇƽ/DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÎÎ ńƛ Õ ǺǷ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬǸǴdz ƧǁȂnjŭơ
ȆºNjȂȈLJƢȇȁ ȆǰȇƢºLJ ȂǯȁƢǻ Ƕǿ ȆLJơǁƾdzơ ǪȇǂǨdzơ ƔƢǔǟƗ (Ô)
ǹȂºƳȁ ňƢºƫƢǯƢǻ ȁŚǿȁǃƢǯȁ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ǺǷ ơƽȂLJƢȇ ơȂȈǷȁ ȁDŽȈǷȂǯ
ȆǯȂȇȁŚǿȁ ơƾȈLJơȁ ƨǠǷƢƳ ǺǷ ȂǻơȁƢǯ ȂǰȇǁƢǷȁ ȂȈǯȂǗ ƨǠǷƢƳ ǺǷ ƢƫȁǁȂLjƫ
.ȂºȈǰȇǁ ƨºǠǷƢƳ ǺºǷ ȆǯȂLjƫơȁƛ ȆǯȁƢǻȁ ȅơƽƢǣȁǁȂLJ ƨǠǷƢƳ ǺǷ ȅơDŽǻƢƥ
.ơƾȈLJơȁ ƨǠǷƢŪ ŅƢǠdzơ ƾȀǠŭơ ǺǷ ơȁƢǣƢǼȈǷ ȂƫȂǯƢǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǪȇǂǨdzơ ƾǟƢLjȇȁ
DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơ
ǵƢǠdzơ ǁƢǗȍơ
ǒºǠƥ DZȂºǬdzơ ơǀǿ ȆǬdzȁ .(Õ)"ƆƢǔȇƗ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƧǁȂǐƄơ
.ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ ȁƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ Ŀ ƔơȂLJ ƽƢǬƬǻȏơ
ƔơŐŬơ Ǫȇǂǧ ǝƢǸƬƳơ Ŀ ƨȇƢǼǠƥ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ƾȈǟƗ ƢǸǯ
(ȁƢºǨdzơ) ƨºǟơǁDŽdzơȁ ƨºȇǀǣȋơ ƨǸǜǼǷȁ ȂǰLjǻȂȈdzơ ŖǸǜǼǷ ǺǷ
__________
ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (Õ)
.ÏÍ ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÒÐ Ǎ Add.1ȁ A/CN.4/533
336
ƨºǧƢǬưdzơȁ ǶºǴǠdzơȁ ƨºȈƥǂƬǴdz ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƪƦƫǁ ƾǫȁ
ƨºȈǼǬƫ ƨºǗƢƷƛ ƔơŐºŬơ ƢŮȐƻ ǵƾǫ ƨǗƢƷƛ ƨLjǴŪ (ȂǰLjǻȂȈdzơ)
.(Ð)ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ǹƘnjƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ƔƢǔǟȋ
ơȁƾºƥƗȁ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ƤǻơȂƳ ŕNj ȄǴǟ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƔƢǔǟƗ ǪǴǟȁ -Ï
Ŀ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ȄǴǟ DŽǯǂȇ ȅǀdzơ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƲȀǼdz ƢƆǷƢǟ ơƆƾȈȇƘƫ
ǹƘnjºƥ ƨºȇƾŪơ ǭȂǰnjdzơ ǒǠƥ Ǻǟ ơȂƥǂǟƗȁ .(Ñ)Ǻǿơǂdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ
.ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ "ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ" ǵȂȀǨǷ
ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ ƩǂƳ Ŗdzơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ ǺǷ śƦƫȁ -Ð
ǺǷ ƢƆǷƢǟ ơƆƾȈȇƘƫ ƨť ǹƗ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz
ǽǂºȇǂǬƫ Ŀ ǍƢºŬơ ǁǂºǬŭơ ǾǠƦƫơ ȅǀdzơ ƲȀǼǴdz ƽȂǧȂdzơ ƤǻƢƳ
ƨºǼƴǴdzơ ƩƢǷȂǰūơ ƽȁƽǁȁ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƫ ǶǜǠǷ ƪǠƴNjȁ .(Ò)DZȁȋơ
ǒǠƥ ƩƾƥƗ ƽȂǧȂdzơ ǒǠƥ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƢȀǟȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ƢƆǷƾǫ Ȇǔŭơ ȄǴǟ
ƭơǂºƫ ńƛ Śnjƫ ƾǫ "ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ" ƧǁƢƦǟ ǹƗ ǺǷ ƩƢǧȂƼƬdzơ
.ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ǶȈǿƢǨǷ ńƛ ȁƗ ƨȈǻƢLjǻȎdz ǭǂƬnjǷ
Ŀȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ Ŀ ƪȇƾƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLJƢLjƸǴdz ơƆǂǜǻȁ -Ñ
ǹơȂºǼǟ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂºdzơ "ƨǯǂƬnjºǷ" ƧǁƢƦǟ ǹƘnjƥ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ
ȆºǟǂǨdzơ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ǵƾƼƬLjȇ ǹƗ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǵDŽƬǠȇ ǝȂǓȂŭơ
DZȁƢǼƬƬLJ śƷ Ŀ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ "ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ"
.ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ơƆǂǐƷ ƨǼƴǴdzơ
ƽȂȀŪơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭơ DZǀƥ Ƨǁȁǂǔƥ ƢƆÅǷƢŤ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǂǬȇȁ -Ò
DzºƦǫ ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƩƢLJơǁƾdzơȁ ƭƢŞȋơȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ǞǸŪ
ƧǁȂǐºƥ ƽȂºȀŪơ ǽǀǿ ƨǴǏơȂǷ ƤŸȁ .ƽƾŰ ƵǂƬǬǷ ȅƗ ǡȂǏ
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ǺǷ Ǫȇǂǧ ǾǸǜǻ Ȇũǁ Śǣ ǝƢǸƬƳơ Ŀ ƨǗƢƷȍơ ƨLjǴƳ ƩǂƳ (Ð)
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨºǘƥơǂdzơȁ ƨǟơǁDŽdzơȁ ƨȇǀǣȋơ ƨǸǜǼǷȁ ȂǰLjǻȂȈdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǺǷ ƔơŐŬơ
.ƢȈƳȂdzȁǁƾȈŮơ ȆȈƟƢǐƻȋ (ȁƢǨdzơ)
ÏÔÔÕ ǹƢƬLjºǴŪơ DZȁȋơ ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨºȈdzȂƷ ǂǜǻơ (Ñ)
.ÏÓÕ-ÏÑÖ Ǎ ÏÔÔÖȁ
ƨºǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ ƩǂºƳ Ŗdzơ ƨnjǫƢǼǸǴdz ȆǠȈǓơȂŭơ DŽƳȂŭơ ǂǜǻơ (Ò)
(A/CN.4/537) śLjºǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ Ƣēǁȁƽ DZȐƻ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ
.ÏÎÔ-ÏÍÎ ƩơǂǬǨdzơ
ƨǴºǏ ǂºưǯȋơȁ ƨºǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǹƗ ǮNj ȏ -Ô
ǂºƐǯƿ DZȁȋơ ǽǂȇǂǬƫ ȆǨǧ .ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ȇǿ ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ
ǪȈƦǘƬƥ ȆǏȂȇ ȅǀdzơ ÎÖÖÑ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǁơǂǬƥ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ
ƧƢºǟơǂǷ ǞºǷ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢĐơ ƝƽƢƦǷ
ƝƽƢºƦŭơ ǹƗ ƶǓơȂdzơ ǺǷ" ǹƛ DZƢǫȁ DZƢūơ ǥȐƬƻơ ǾȈǔƬǬȇ ƢǷ
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢĐơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ
ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ȄǴǟ ƆƢƦȇǂǬƫ ƢȀǴǯ ȅǂLjƫ ƨȈƷȐŭơ Śǣ Ǒơǂǣȋơ Ŀ
337 ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ
ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǴdz ǶǜƬǼŭơ DZƽƢƦƬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǝơȂǻƗ śƥ ƨǫȐǠdzơ
ȃǂƻȋơ DZȁƾdzơ džŤ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ -ƮdzƢưdzơ ƣƢƦdzơ
ǂƯȋơ ǶȈȈǬƫ
ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ DZƽƢƦƫ
ǑȁƢǨƬdzơȁ ǁȁƢnjƬdzơ
Ƨǁơƽȍơȁ ǹȂǐdzơȁ ƨȇƢǸūơ -Ǟƥơǂdzơ ƣƢƦdzơ
ƾǏǂdzơ
(ȆǗȂƸƬdzơ ƗƾƦŭơ) ƨȇƢǫȂdzơ
ƨǟȂǼƬǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ -džǷƢŬơ ƣƢƦdzơ
ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ -DžƽƢLjdzơ ƣƢƦdzơ
ƨȈǷƢƬƻ ǵƢǰƷƗ -ǞƥƢLjdzơ ƣƢƦdzơ
Ǟǔºź ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ƆƢȈdzȁƗ ƆơǁƢǗƛ ǁƢǗȍơ ơǀǿ DZơDŽȇ ȏȁ -Ö
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǹƗ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǚƷȂdzȁ .ƨȇǂǿȂƳ ƩơǂȇȂƸƬdz
Ŗºdzơ ƧǂºǘŬơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ǞǼŠ
(ÎÍ)
ÏÍÍÎ ǵƢǟ Ŀ śLjǸŬơȁ ƨưdzƢưdzơ Ƣēǁȁƽ Ŀ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƢēƾǸƬǟơ
ǁǂǬŭơ ǵƾǬȇ ŅƢūơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ Ŀȁ .ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀŮ ƆơƾȈǨǷ ƆȐȈdzƽ ǂǧȂƫ
ƔƢǼǠǴdz ƆơŚǧȂƫȁ .ňƢưdzơȁ DZȁȋơ śƥƢƦǴdz ƽơȂǷ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ Ƨƾǟ ǍƢŬơ
ǞȇǁƢnjºǷ ǂºȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ Ǫǧǂŭơ Ŀ ƽǂƫ ƔơǂǬdzơ ȄǴǟ
.ƨƷǂƬǬŭơ ƽơȂŭơ
__________
ÎÕÕ Ǎ (ňƢºưdzơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÎ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÍ)
.ÖÔ ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ňƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǩƢǘǻ
ƽǁơȂºŭơ Ǻºǟ DZȁȋơ ǽǂȇǂǬƫ Ŀ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƵǂƬǫơ ƾǬdz -ÎÎ
ƧǁȂǐºƄơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ" ƧǁƢƦǟ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ (ÎÎ)ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ
ǵƢǰƷƘƥ DZȂǸnjŭơ Śǣ ȆƟƢŭơ ǶLjŪơ ȄǴǟ ƨdzȏƾǴdz "ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ
ơǀǿ ǝȂǓȂǷ ǹȂǰȈLJ ȅǀdzơȁ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ (Ɨ)Ï ƧƽƢŭơ
ȆȈƟƢǐºƻƗ ǞºǷ ǁȁƢnjºƬdzơȁ ŚǰǨƬdzơ ƾǠƥȁ .ȆǟǂǨdzơ ǝȂǓȂŭơ
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ƨºǬȈƯȂdzơ (DZȁȋơ ƔDŽºŪơ) ňƢºưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ (ÎÎ)
.ÎÑÔ Ǎ Add.1ȁ A/CN.4/533
ǽǀǿ ǒǠƦǧ .džȇǁƢƥ Ŀ ƢȈƳȂdzȁǁƾȈŮơ ȆȈƟƢǐƻȋ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǘƥơǂdzơȁ
Śǣȁ ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƽǁơȂŭơ Ƨǁơƽƛ DZƢů ńƛ ƢƆȈƟƢǬǴƫ ƢȀǴǬǻ ǺǰŻ ȏ ƝƽƢƦŭơ
ǽƢºȈŭơȁ ƽȁƾºƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ƢƆLJƢLJƗ ƧƽƾĐơ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ò ƧƽƢŭơ ȄǴǟ ȐƆ ưǷ ơǀǿ ǩƾǐȇȁ .ƧƽƾƴƬŭơ Śǣ ƨȈǧȂŪơ
Ŀȁ .DZȂºǬǠŭơȁ ǦǐǼŭơ ǝƢǨƬǻȏơ ƗƾƦǷ DZȁƢǼƬƫ Ŗdzơ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǟ
ȁƗ ƾȇƾnjºdzơ ǦǠǔºdzƢƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǶLjƬƫ ȃǂƻƗ ƩȏƢƷ
.(Ö)ƭȂºǴƬǴdz ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǑǂǠƬdz ơƆǂǜǻ DzȇƾǠƫ ƔơǂƳƛ ǵDŽǴƬLjƫ
ǮǴƫ ǦȈȈǰƫ Ƨǁȁǂǔƥ ǂǬȇȁ ƩơƽƢǬƬǻȏơ ǽǀǿ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ DzƦǬȇȁ
ƢƆLJƢLJƗ ǂǧȂƫ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǹƗ ƾǬƬǠȇ DZơDŽȇ ȏ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ƝƽƢƦŭơ
.ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈǸǴdz ǵƢǜǻ ƨǷƢǫȍ ǾȈdzƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏơ ǺǰŻ
ǁƢǗȍơ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ƵǂƬǬĄȇ Ǯdzǀdzȁ -Õ
.ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǁƢǗƛ ƢǷ ƾƷ ńƛ džǰǠȇ ȅǀdzơ ŅƢƬdzơ ǵƢǠdzơ
ƨǷƾǬǷ -DZȁȋơ ƣƢƦdzơ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǩƢǘǻ
(ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ) ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ
ƨǷƢǟ ƝƽƢƦǷ -ňƢưdzơ ƣƢƦdzơ
ǽƢȈŭơ ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơ ǶǰŢ Ŗdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ
ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ
ǁǂǓ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ǵƾǠƥ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ
ǹȁƢǠƬdzƢƥ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ
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ǹơƽƢºƥ ļŚºƥȁƗȁ DžȁƢȀȈǻȁ DžƾȈǷȂǻȂǰȇƛ ƧƽƢLjdzơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ (Ö)
(ÏÓÑȁ ÏÓÏ-ÏÓÍ Ǎ ÏÔÔÖ ƨLjºǴŪơ DZȁȋơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÐ ƨȈdzȂƷ)
Ƨǁȁƾºdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ) ƲȇȁǂǼdzơȁ ƾǼŮơȁ DzȇǃơŐdzơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥȁ
A/C.6/58/SR.20) ÏÎȁ ÏÍ ǹƢƬLjǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
.((A/C.6/58/SR.21ȁ
:ƵǂƬǬŭơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ -ÎÍ
Î ƧƽƢŭơ"
ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǩƢǘǻ"
ƨºǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦNj ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ȅǂLjƫ"
ŚƯƘƫ ƢŮ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ȄǴǟȁ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ
ƢǸǯ ƢȀȈǴǟ ŚƯƘƫ ƢŮ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ Ŗdzơ ȁƗ ƩƢǰƦnjdzơ ǮǴƫ ȄǴǟ
."Ƣēǁơƽƛȁ ƢĔȂǏȁ ƩƢǰƦnjdzơ ǮǴƫ ƨȇƢŧ Śƥơƾƫ ȄǴǟ ȅǂLjƫ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ơǀºǿ ǹƗ Śǣ ǵȂǗǂŬơ ƣȂǼƳ DzȈǼdzơ ǂȀǼƥ ƨǴǐƬǷ ƢĔƜǧ ǞǫơȂdzƢƥȁ
ƨǰƦºNj ǺǷ ƧŚǤǏ ƔơDŽƳȋ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈŷƗ ȅƿ Śǣ DZƢǐƫȏơ
ǂȀºǼdz ƨđƢnjǷ ǎƟƢǐƻ DZƢǐƫȏơ ƨǘǬǻ DZȂƷ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ
ƨǬƦǘdz ǹƗ Śǣ .ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ ŅƢƬdzƢƥ Ǟǔţ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ DzȈǼdzơ
ƧDŽºȈŲ ƨȈǧȂƳ ǽƢȈǷ ǎƟƢǐƻ Ƕǜǟȋơ ƢȀƟDŽƳ Ŀ ǽǀǿ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ
.ƧƾºȇƾŪơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǰƷȋ Ǟǔţ ǹƗ ŅƢƬdzƢƥ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ
ǽƢºȈŭơ ǵȂºȀǨǷ Ǻºǟ ȄǴƼƬȇ ǹƗ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǁǂǫ ǾȈǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥȁ
Ǻºǟ ǶƴǼȇ ƾǫȁ ."ƨǴǐƬŭơ Śǣ" ȁƗ "ƨǘƥơǂƬŭơ Śǣ" ȁƗ "ƧǁȂǐƄơ"
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢºǟ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏ ƱȁƽDŽǷ ǩƢƦǘǻơ DzǸǠdzơ ơǀǿ
ơǀºǿ Ǻºǟ DzǰnjǷ Ƙnjǻ ơƿƛȁ .ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǒǠƥ ȄǴǟ ƧƾȇƾŪơ
ȄºǴǟ ǎǼƬdz ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƧƽƢǷ ǡȂǏ ǺǰŻ ǾǻƜǧ ƱȁƽDŽŭơ ǩƢƦǘǻȏơ
.ƩȏƢūơ ǽǀǿ DZȁƢǼƬƫ ƧƾǟƢǫ
ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢºǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Î ƧƽƢŭơ ƢȀǸǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơȁ -ÎÒ
ǹȂǐºdzơȁ ƨºȇƢǸūơ Śƥơƾƫ (ƣ) ƽǁơȂŭơ ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơ (Ɨ) Ȇǿ
śƫƢǿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .ƽǁơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ Ƨǁơƽȍơȁ
ǶȈºǜǼƫ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǵDŽǴȈLJ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǺǷ śƬƠǨdzơ
ƨǟƢǼǐdzƢƥ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǽǀǿ ǪǴǠƬƫȁ .ƽǁơȂŭơ ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơ Śǣ ƨǘnjǻƗ
ǽƢºȈŭơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆƦǴLJ ǂƯƚƫȁ Ǒǁȋơ ȄǴǟ ǶƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨƳơǂūơȁ ƨǟơǁDŽdzơȁ
Ŗdzơ ȁƗ [...] ƢŮ Ŗdzơ" ƧǁƢƦǟ Ǻǟ ƨǓƢǠƬLJȏơ ǺǰŻȁ .(ÎÐ)ƨȈǧȂŪơ
."Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ǂǘƻ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ Ŗdzơ" ƧǁƢƦǠƥ "ƢŮ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ
ȁƗ "œǴLjºdzơ ǂƯȋơ" DZƾƥ "ǂƯȋơ" ƶǴǘǐǷ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƾǸƬǟơȁ
.ƨȈƠȈƥ ƧƾǿƢǠŭ ƨǷƔȐǷ ǂưǯƗ "ǂƯȋơ" ƶǴǘǐǷ ǹƗ ȃǂȇ Ǿǻȋ "ǁǂǔdzơ"
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ÏÍ ƩơǂºǬǨdzơ ÎÓÍ-ÎÒÖȁ ÎÒÐ Ǎ ǾLjºǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÐ)
.ŅơȂƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ÑÕ-ÑÍȁ
ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ
(ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ) ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ
ǽƢºȈǷ ƨǬƦǗ "ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj" ƥ ƾǐǬȇ (ƣ)"
ƢȀǔºǠƦƥ ƨºǘƦƫǂǷ ƨºȈǧȂƳ ǽƢºȈǷ ƩƢǬƦǗ ƨǴLjǴLJ ȁƗ ƨȈǧȂƳ
žƢƆȈƟƢǷ ƨǴǐƬǷȁ ƧƽƾŰ ƨȇǂƼǏ ƩȐȈǰnjƬƥ
ƧǂƥƢºǠdzơ ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢºȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj" ƥ ƾǐǬȇ (Ʊ)"
žƨǨǴƬű DZȁƽ Ŀ ƢǿƙơDŽƳƗ ǞǬƫ ƨȈǧȂƳ ǽƢȈǷ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj "ƽȁƾƸǴdz
ƨºdzȁƽ "ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj ƨdzȁƽ" ƥ ƾǐǬȇ (ƽ)"
ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj ǺǷ ƔDŽƳ ȅƗ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ǞǬȇ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǥǂǗ
."ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ
ȄǴǟ ǁƽƢǫ ȆƳȂdzȂȈƳ DzȈǰnjƫ Ȇǿ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ǹƛ -ÎÔ
DŽȈǸƬƫȁ .ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǺǷ ƧƾȈǨǷ ƩƢȈǸǰƥ ǞȈƥƢǼȈdzơȁ ǁƢƥȉơ ƽȁDŽȇ ǹƗ
ǹDŽºƻ ƨǫƢǗ Ƣŷ śƬȈLJƢLJƗ śƬȈǏƢş ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƩƢǬƦǗ ǞȈŦ
ƩȐȈǰnjºƬdzơ ǹƗ Śºǣ .ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ Ǫǧƾƫ ƨǫƢǗȁ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ
338
ƨǰƦNj" ƧǁƢƦǟ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǹȉơ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƵǂƬǬȇ ƢȈƳȂdzȁǁƾȈŮơ
.ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ "ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ
ȅǀºdzơ "ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ" ƶǴǘǐǷ ǺǷ ǶȀǨȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȏȁ -ÎÏ
Dzƥ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǧƢǯ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ Ŀ ǁơǂǸƬLJƢƥ ǵƾƼƬLJơ
.ǾƳơǂƼƬLJơ ǺǰŻ ơƆƾƷơȁ Ȑ Ɔ ǯ Dzǰnjƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǺǷ ǶLjƳ
ƩƢºƥƢƬǰdzơ Ŀ ƶǴǘǐºŭơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ƢƆǷƢŤ ǶƟȐŭơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ǺƠdzȁ
ƤLjǻȋơ ǺǷ ǾǴǠdzȁ .ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ƶǴǘǐŭơ ƨǫƽ ńƛ ǂǬƬǨȇ ǾǻƜǧ ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ
ȅƗ ǭǂºƬȇ ȏ ȅǀdzơȁ řǬƬdzơ "ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ" ƶǴǘǐǷ ǁƢȈƬƻơ
ǵơƾƼƬºLJơ) Ï ƧƽƢºŭơ ǝȁǂnjºǷ Ŀ DžǁƾȈLJȁ .ǑȂǸǤǴdz DZƢů
ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ƧǁȁǂǓȁ "ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ" ǦȇǂǠƫ (ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ
."ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj"
ƢĔƗ ȄǴǟ ƨdzȏƾǴdz "ƧǁȂǐƄơ" ƶǴǘǐǷ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƪǷƾƼƬLJơȁ -ÎÐ
ƨǸǴǯ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƨȈƸǘLjdzơ ǽƢȈŭƢƥ "ƨǴǐƬǷ Śǣ" ȁƗ "ƨǘƥơǂƬǷ Śǣ" ǽƢȈǷ
ǹDŽţ ƨȈƟƢǷ ƨdzƢƷ ƾȈǨƫ ƢȈƳȂdzȁǁƾȈŮơ ȆȈƟƢǐƻȋ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ "ƧǁȂǐŰ"
ǽƢºȈŭƢƥ ǶLjºƳ DZƢǐƫơ ǵƾǟ ńƛ Śnjƫ ȏȁ ǖǤǔdzơ ƪŢ ǽƢȈŭơ ƢȀȈǧ
."ƧǁȂǐŰ" ƶǴǘǐǷ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǵƾǟ ƣȂǐƬLjȇ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .ƨȈƸǘLjdzơ
ȅǀdzơ ǑơǂƬǧȏơ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǵDŽǴƫ ƾǫ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ -ÎÑ
Ŗºdzơ ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǖǬǧ DzǸnjȈdz ǾȈdzƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏơ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ Ɨƾƥ
ƨǰƦNj ƨdzƢƷ ǭƢǼȀǧ .ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ (Ɨ)Ï ƧƽƢŭơ ƢȀȈǘǤƫ ȏ
ǽƢºȈǷ ƨǬƦǗ ȆȀǧ .(ÎÏ)ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈǸǴdz ĺȂǼdzơ ȆǴǷǂdzơ ǂƴūơ ƨǬƦǗ
ǹơƽȂLjdzơȁ ƨȈƦȈǴdzơ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ ƨȇŚǿƢǸŪơȁ ƽƢnjƫ ƢȀũƢǬƬƫ ƨǸƼǓ ƨȈǧȂƳ
.ơƆƾºƳ ƨºƠȈǘƥ ǽǀǿ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǘdz ƨȈdzƢūơ ƨȇǀǤƬdzơȁ .ǂǐǷȁ
__________
.ÎÔÏ Ǎ ƔƢƥ ňƢưdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ ǾLjǨǻ ǞƳǂŭơ (ÎÏ)
:ƵǂƬǬŭơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ -ÎÓ
Ï ƧƽƢŭơ"
ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ"
:ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ǒơǂǣȋ"
ƨȇǂƼǏ ƩȐȈǰnjƫ "ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ" ƥ ƾǐǬȇ (Ɨ)"
ƨǴƥƢǫ ǽƢȈŭơ ǺǷ ƩƢȈǸǯ ǁƾƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƽƢǫȁ ǽƢȈǸǴdz ƨȇȁƢƷ ƧƿȂǨǻ
ž(ÎÑ)DZȐǤƬLJȐdz
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UNESCO-WMO, International Glossary of Hydrology, (ÎÑ)
.2nd rev. ed. (Paris/Geneva, 1992)
339 ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ
DzȈƦºLJ ȄºǴǟȁ .ƨǸȈǴLJ Ƨǁơƽƛ ƢǸēǁơƽȍ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨǰƦNj śƬǬƦǘdzơ
ƨdzȁƽ Dzƻơƽ ƢƆȈǴǯ ǞǬƫ ‘ǦdzƗ‘ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ DZƢưŭơ
.ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǻȌdz Ǟǔţ ȏȁ ƨȈǴƻơƽ ƨȈǧȂƳ ǽƢȈǷ ƨǬƦǗ ƢĔƜǧ ƢǷ
śƬǬƦǘƥ ƨȈƟƢǷ ƨǴǐƥ ǖƦƫǂƫ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ Śǣ
ƽȁƾºƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǟ ƢŷơƾƷƛ ƪǻƢǯȁ ‘ǶȈƳ‘ȁ ‘ƔƢƥ‘śƬȈƬŢ śƬȈƟƢǷ
ƩƢǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ ‘ǦdzƗ‘ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ƤƳȁ
‘ǦdzƗ‘ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƩƢǬƦǗ ǺǷ ǦdzƘƬƫ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǟ ƨȈǧȂƳ ǽƢȈǷ
.‘ǶȈƳ‘ȁ ‘ƔƢƥ‘ȁ
ǞºȈŦ ǝȂǔƻ ƣȂƳȁ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƔơŐƻ ǒǠƥ ȃǂȇȁ -ÎÖ
ơƿƛ ƢǸǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǻȌdz ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƩƢǬƦǗ ƩƢƠǧ
ȃǂȇȁ .ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǟ ȁƗ ƨȈǴƻơƽ ǽǀǿ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƩƢǬƦǗ ƪǻƢǯ
ǾǴƦǬƫ Ǻdz ƨƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ȄǴǟ ƾǯƚȇ ȅǀdzơ ȅƗǂdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ
ȏƛ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨȈǼǷǃ ƧǂƬǧ ƨǴȈǗ ǶǜǼƫ Ǻdz Ǯdzǀdzȁ .ƨdzȂȀLjƥ ƩƢǷȂǰūơ
.ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƩƢǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦNj
ƾºȇƾŢ ƾǠƥ ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ǦȇǂǠƫ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǵDŽǴƫȁ -ÏÍ
ǵƢºǰƷȋơ Ŀ ƩƢƸǴǘǐºŭơ ǽǀºǿ ǾȈǧ ǵƾƼƬLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ǩƢȈLjdzơ
.ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƩƢƸǴǘǐǷ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǵDŽǴȇ ƢǸǯ .ƨȇǂǿȂŪơ
Ǟƥơǂdzơ DzǐǨdzơ
ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦNj ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơ ǶǰŢ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ
ǹƜºǧ ŘǠŭơ ơǀđȁ .‘ƔƢƥ‘ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj
ǵȂºȀǨǷ ǹƜºǧ ǂǷȋơ ǹƢǯ ƆƢȇƗȁ .śƬdzȁƾdzơ śƥ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ǽƢȈŭơ
ƢǷƾºǼǟ DzȇƾǠƬdzơ ǒǠƥ DZƢƻƽƛ ǵDŽǴƬLjȇ ƾǫ ǦǐǼŭơ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ
.ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭƢƥ ǂǷȋơ ǪǴǠƬȇ
ƗƾƦǷ "DzưǷȋơ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ" ȁƗ "DZȂǬǠŭơ ǝƢǨƬǻȏơ" ƗƾƦǷȁ -ÏÐ
ƨȈūơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ȁƗ ǁƢĔȋơ ƨǰƦNj DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ƧƽƾƴƬŭơ ƽǁơȂǸǴdz ŁƢǏ
ƽǁơȂǸǴdz DzưǷȋơ ǵơƾƼƬLJȐdz ƨȈǸǴǠdzơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ƤƳȂƬLjƫȁ .ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ
ǁƾǫ ŐǯƗ ǁƾȇ ȃȂƬLjǷ Ŀ ƽǁơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ǙƢǨūơ ƧƽƾƴƬŭơ
ƧƽƾºƴƬǷ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƨǴǤdzơ ǺǷ ǵơƾƬLjǷ
ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǻǁƢǬǷ ǺǰŻȁ .ƧƽƾƴƬǷ Śǣ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƢǸǯ
ƽȂȈǫ DZƢūơ ƨǠȈƦǘƥ ƨť ǹȂǰƬLJȁ .ƨȈǻƾǠŭơ ƽǁơȂŭƢƥ ƧƽƾƴƬŭơ Śǣ
DZȐǤƬLJơ ȄǴǟ ƽǂƫ ƨȈƳȂdzȂǰȇƛȁ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫơȁ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳơȁ ƨȈLJƢȈLJ
Śnjºƫ ƨºȈǸǴǟ ƩơȁƽƗȁ ŚȇƢǠǷ Ƨƾǟ ƨťȁ .ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǽǀǿ
ƗƾºƦǷ ƤǴǘƬȇ ƢǸǯ .DZȐǤƬLJȐdz Ƕǜǻ ƤLjǻƗ ǞǓȂƥ ȆǏȂƫȁ
.ƨǴǐºǨǷ ƨLJơǁƽ "ƨdzȂǬǠǷȁ ƨǨǐǼǷ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ" DZȁƾdzơ ƨǯǁƢnjǷ
Ŀ ƨǯǁƢnjºŭơ ǪƷ DZȁƾǴdz ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǾǻƗ ƶǓơȂdzơ ǺǸǧ
ƢǷ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦNj Ƨǁơƽƛ
ŸDZȁƾºǴdz ƢȀǴȇȂţ ǵǃȐdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ǩȂǬƷ ǝȂǻ Ȃǿ
ŸǺȇȁƾƬǴdz ƆȐƥƢǫ ǹȂǰȇȁ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǶǰŹ ƗƾƦǷ ƾƳȂȇ Dzǿȁ
śƫƢºđ ƢȀǷƢLjºƫơ ȃƾºǷ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ǺȇƢƦƬƫ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƨȈƳȂdzȂȈŪơ
ĿơǂºǤŪơ ƢȀǴǰȈǿ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƢƆǠLJƢNj ƢƆǼȇƢƦƫ ǺȇƢƦƬƫ ƢǸǯ śƬȈǏƢŬơ
ǺǷ ǥȏƕ Ƨƾǟ ńƛ ƨǠƥǂǷ ƩơǂƬǷȂǴȈǯ Ǟǔƥ śƥ ƵȁơǂƬȇ ƾǫ ȅǀdzơ
ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Î ƧƽƢŭơ Śnjƫȁ .(ÎÒ)ƨǠƥǂŭơ ƩơǂƬǷȂǴȈǰdzơ
ƔơƾºƬǫȏơ ńƛ Ȇǟơƽ ȏȁ ."ƢȀǿƢȈǷ"ȁ "ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢĐơ" ńƛ
ȆǘǤȇ "ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ" ƶǴǘǐǷ ǵơƽ ƢǷ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ
ǩƢǘǻ Ǻǟ Ʊǂţȁ .ƢȀȈǴǟ ȅȂƬŢ Ŗdzơ ǽƢȈŭơȁ ƨȇǂƼǐdzơ ƩȐȈǰnjƬdzơ
.ǡơǂǧȍơȁ ƨȇǀǤƬdzơ ǪǗƢǼǷ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ
ǽƢȈǷ ƨǬƦǗ Ǻǟ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ƨȈǧȂƳ ǽƢȈǷ ƨǬƦǗ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ -ÎÕ
ƩȏƢƷ Ƨƾǟ ƨťȁ .Ƣđ ƨǴǐƬǷ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƢǸǯ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈǧȂƳ
ƧǁȁƢºƴƬŭơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƩƢǬƦǗ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ śƬǬƦǘdz ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ
śƫƢǿ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ǵDŽǴȇ ƩȏƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ .ƢǸȀǼȈƥ ƢǸȈǧ ȆƟƢǷ ǮLJƢŤ
__________
World Bank, Groundwater Management Advisory Team (ÎÒ)
(GW-MATE) Core Group, “Characterization of groundwater systems:
key concepts and frequent misconceptions”, Sustainable Groundwater
Management: Concepts and Tools, Briefing Note 2 (Washington, D.C.,
.World Bank)
ǝȁǂnjǷ ʼnƾǬƬdz ƾǠƥ ƽơƾǠƬLJơ ȄǴǟ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ džȈdz -ÏÎ
ƩƢºǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦNj ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơ ǶǰŢ Ŗdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƧƽƢǷ
.ƆȏȁƗ ƭƢŞȋơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭơ ƔơǂƳƛ Ǯdzǀdz ǵDŽǴȇ Ǿǻȋ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ
ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƝƽƢƦŭơȁ .ƤǻơȂŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬǷ DzǯƢnjŭƢǧ
"ǦǐǼŭơ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ" Ȇǿ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ò ƧƽƢŭơ Ŀ
ƨǨǐºǼǷ ƨºǬȇǂǘƥ DZȁƾºdzơ ƨǯǁƢnjǷ"ȁ "DZȂǬǠŭơ ǝƢǨƬǻȏơ"ȁ
ƨºdzƢƷ Ŀ ƆƢºȈƟƢǬǴƫ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǽǀǿ ƺLjǼƬLjƫ ȏ ƾǫȁ ."ƨdzȂǬǠǷȁ
.ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ
ƨǴǏ Ǿdz ȆƟƢŭơ ȃǂĐơ DZȁƾdz ǦǐǼŭơ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ ƗƾƦǸǧ -ÏÏ
ƨºǬǘǼǷ ǺǷ ǪǧƾƬƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢĐƢǧ .ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƽǁơȂŭƢƥ
.ȃǂĐơ DzǨLJƗ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȇȏȁ ńƛ ȃǂĐơ ȄǴǟƗ ƨdzȁƽ ƨȇȏȂdz ƨǠǓƢƻ
ƨºȇȏȁ ƨºǬǘǼǷ ǺǷ ƧǂƳƢȀŭơ ƨȈǰǸLjdzơ ƧƾǏǁȋơ ǾƦnjƫ ȆȀǧ
Ȇǿȁ .ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƾdz ƨǐdzƢŬơ ƨȇȏȂdzơ ƨǬǘǼǷ ńƛ ƨdzȁƾdz ƨǐdzƢƻ
ƨǰƦºNj ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƢǷƗ .ƨǸǴǰǴdz ȆǬȈǬūơ ŘǠŭƢƥ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ƽǁơȂǷ
ǪǧƾƬƫ ƨǰƦnjdzơ ǽƢȈǷ ǹƜǧ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƩƢǬƦǗ
ƔȆºǘƥ ǪǧƾºƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƽȁƾūơ Őǟ ƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƆƢǬǧƾƫ ƆƢǔȇƗ
ǹƜºǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ .ƨȈƸǘLjdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ Ǫǧƾƫ ǞǷ ƨǻǁƢǬŭƢƥ
ƨºȈǧȂƳ ǽƢȈǷ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj ǺǷ ǽƢȈǸǴdz ‘ǦdzƗ‘ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƱơǂƼƬLJơ
Ŀ ǽƢºȈŭơ ȃȂƬLjǷ ǑƢǨŵơ ńƛ ƆƢǠǘǫ ȅƽƚȈLJ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǟ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
džǷƢŬơ DzǐǨdzơ
ǁǂǓ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ǵƾǠƥ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ
ƧŚƻȋơ ǽǀǿ ƭȂǴƫ ǥƢnjƬǯơ ǹƗ Ȃǿ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơȁ ƨȈƸǘLjdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ
ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƩƢǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦNj Ŀȁ .DZȂǗƗ ƧǂƬǧ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗ ǩǂǤƬLjȇ
DzºȈŪơ Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢºǼdzơ ǂƯȋơ ƨǴƦǬŭơ DZƢȈƳȋơ ǦnjƬǰƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ
ƧǁƢƦǠdz Dzȇƾƥ ƽƢŸƛ ƧǁȁǂǓ ȃǂȇ ȏ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǹƗ Śǣ (ÎÓ)ŅƢūơ
.œLjºǻȁ ǹǂºǷ ǵȂȀǨǷ "ǹƘnjdzơ ȅƿ" ǁǂǔdzơ ƨƦƬǠǧ ."ǹƘNj ȅƿ"
ǁǂǔdzơ ǹƜǧ ƩƢƯȂǴŭơ ǺǷ DzȈǴǫ ǁƾǬƥ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƪƯȂǴƫ Ȃdz ŕƷȁ
ƢǷƾºǼǟ ǹƘºNj ơƿ ơƆǁǂǓ ǾǻȂǰƥ ǾǸȈȈǬƫ ǺǰŻ Ƣđ ǪƸǴȇ ƾǫ ȅǀdzơ
.ǶƟơƽ ǂƯƗ ȁƗ ǾƬdzơǃƛ ńƛ DzȈƦLJ ȏ ǂƯƗ ƭȂǴƬdzơ Ǯdzǀdz ǹȂǰȇ
ƩơȂǼºLJ ǂºŤ ƾǬǧ .ƨȈŷƗ ƪǫȂdzơ ǂǐǼǟ ȆLjƬǰȇ ƢǸǯ -ÏÓ
Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǻ ȅƽƢǷ ǁǂǓ ȅƗ ǂȀǜȇ ǹƗ DzƦǫ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ƽȂǬǟ ƢŠǁ ȁƗ
ǽǀºǿ ńƛ ƾºǧȁ ǁƢNjƗ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ śǠǷ ǕƢnjǻ
ƆƢȈǴǸǟ ƆƢƴĔ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǞƦƬƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ Ǿǻƛ DZƢǫȁ ƨdzƘLjŭơ
ǹƗ ǮºNjȂƫ Ŗdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ȁƗ ƨǼǿơǂdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ DzƷ ȄǴǟ DŽȈǯǂƬdzƢƥ
.(ÎÔ)ƤȇǂǬdzơ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ƭƾŢ
ǽƢȈǷ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦnjƥ ƢȀȈǧ ǪƸǴȇ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢūơ Ð ƧǂǬǨdzơ DZȁƢǼƬƫȁ -ÏÔ
ǹȂǴȈŻ ƢȈƳȂdzȁǁƾȈŮơ ȂȈƟƢǐƻƘǧ .ǶƟơƽ ǁƢǷƽ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǟ ƨȈǧȂƳ
ơƿƢºǸǧ .ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ǾǼǸǔƬƫ ȅǀdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ơǀŮ ƨȈŷȋơ ƔȐȇƛ ńƛ
ơƿ ơƆǁǂºǓ ƤƦLjȇ ǁƢǷƾdzơ ơǀǿ ǹȋ Dzǿ ŸƗƾƦŭơ ơǀǿ ǁŐǷ ǹȂǰȈLJ
ǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁ ŸƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƽ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƾdz ǹƘNj
ƣƢºƦdzơ Ŀ ƧǂºǬǨdzơ ǽǀǿ Ʊơǁƽƛ DzǔǨȇ ǾǻƜǧ ơƆǁŐǷ ƗƾƦŭơ ƔƢǬƦƬLJơ
.ǹȂǐdzơ DZȁƢǼƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ƽơȂŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǺǷ Ǟƥơǂdzơ
ǁơǂºǣ ȄºǴǟ ǞǼŭơ ƤǻơȂƳ ȄǴǟ DŽǯǂƫ Ñ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Dzǜƫȁ -ÏÕ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨdzƘLjǷ DZȁƢǼƬƫ ȏȁ .ơǀǿ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ƩơǂǬǧ
ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǵDŽƬǠȇȁ .ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƨnjǫƢǼǷ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ Ƕǣǁ
Ŗdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǹƘnjƥ ƽơȂǷ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ƨǬƷȏ ƨǴƷǂǷ Ŀ ƵǂƬǬȇ ǹƗ
ƩƢǰƦnjºƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ DzŞ DzȈƴǠƬdzơ ńƛ ȆǔǨƬLJ
ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǂǿȂƳ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǹƗ ȃǂȇ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƩƢǬƦǗ
Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǴǸǠǴdz Ǿǯǂƫ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ
Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ" ǝȂǓȂǷ ǁƢǗƛ
."Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ
__________
Shammi Puri, ed., Internationally Shared (ÎÓ)
(Transboundary) Aquifer Resources Managementʊtheir Significance
and Sustainable Management: a Framework Document, Series on
.Groundwater No. 1 (Paris, UNESCO, November 2001), p. 17
ǹȂLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ (ÎÔ)
.ÑÕ ƧǂǬǨdzơ (A/C.6/58/SR.20) śǐdzơ ǹƢȈƥ ÏÍ ƨLjǴŪơ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ
340
:ƵǂƬǬŭơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ -ÏÑ
Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ"
ǁǂǓ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ǵƾǠƥ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ"
ƾºǼǟ ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢºȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƽ ǀƼƬƫ -Î"
ƢȀȈǓơǁƗ Dzƻơƽ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǟ ƨȈǧȂƳ ǽƢȈǷ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦnjƥ ǝƢǨƬǻȏơ
ǹƘºNj ȅƿ ǁǂǓ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ǹȁƽ ƨdzȂǴȈƸǴdz ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ Dzǯ
.ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƾdz
ƢȀǷƢȈǫ ƾǼǟ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƽ ǀƼƬƫ -Ï"
ƧǂƥƢǟ ƨȈǧȂƳ ǽƢȈǷ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj ȄǴǟ ǂƯƗ ƢŮ ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ƢȀȈǓơǁƗ Dzƻơƽ
ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ Dzǯ ǂƯȋơ Ǯdzƿ ƢŮ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ ȁƗ ƽȁƾƸǴdz
ƨǰƦnjdzơ ǮǴƫ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ǹƘNj ȅƿ ǁǂǓ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ǹȁƽ ƨdzȂǴȈƸǴdz
.ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƽ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ DZȁƾdz
ŚLjºdzơ ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƽ ǪȈǠƫ ȏ -Ð"
.ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦnjdz ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ
ƨºdzȁƾdz ǹƘNj ȁƿ ǁǂǓ Ǟǫȁ ŕǷ ǾǻƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ -Ñ"
ƤƦLJ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǀƼƬƫ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƽ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ
ơǀºǿ ȄºǴǟ ǩƢºǨƫơ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǁǂǔdzơ ơǀǿ ƢȀǗƢnjǻ
ǺǷ ƧǁǂǔƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǞǷ ǁȁƢnjƬdzƢƥ ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ Dzǯ ǕƢnjǼdzơ
ǶºƟȐǷ Ȃǿ ƢǸƦLjƷ ǵƢȈǬdzơȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ơǀǿ ǦȈǨţ ȁƗ ƨdzơǃƛ DzƳƗ
."ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƨnjǫƢǼŠ
Sic utere tuo )ŚǤdzơ ƧǁƢǔǷ ǹȁƽ ǪūƢƥ ǞƬǸƬdzơ ƗƾƦǷ ƾǠȇ -ÏÒ
.ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ Ŀ ƢƆƼLJơǁ ƗƆƾƦǷ (ut alienum non laedas
ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ȄǴǟ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀǿ ǪȈƦǘƬdz ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǢȈǏ ƾǫȁ
ǽƢºȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ńƛ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Śnjƫȁ .ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭƢƥ
ƨǘnjºǻȋơ ńƛ Ï ƧǂºǬǨdzơ Śnjºƫ ƢǸǯ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ
Ŀȁ .ǁǂºǓ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ ȅǀdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJȏơ Śǣ ȃǂƻȋơ
ƣǂǟƗ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ŀȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ Dzƻơƽ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ
ȅƿ" ǁǂǔºdzơ ƨƦƬǟ ǺǷ ŇƽƗ ƨƦƬǟ ǞǓȁ ǵDŽǴȇ ǾǻƗ ǽƽƢǨǷ ȅƗǁ Ǻǟ
Ŗºdzơȁ ƨNjƢnjºǿ ǂºưǯƗ Ȇǿ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ "ǹƘnjdzơ
Ŗºdzơ ƩơǂºƬǨdzơ ǺºǷ DZȂǗƗ ƩơǂƬǧ ƪƯȂdz ǹƛ ƢǿŚȀǘƫ ǩǂǤƬLjȇ
ǺºǷ ƶǘLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȇǂnjƦdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋƢǧ .ƨȈƸǘLjdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƢȀǫǂǤƬLjƫ
ǽƢºȈŭơ ƨºǬƦǗ ƮȇȂǴƫ ńƛ ȅƽƚƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƨǷƢǸǬdzơ ǺǧơƾǷ DzȈƦǫ
ǺºǷ ƤºǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƨƯȂǴŭơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ DzǬƬǼƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ .ƨȈǧȂŪơ
ǽƢºȈŭơ ƨºǬƦǗ ƪºƯȂǴƫ ơƿƛȁ .ǂƻȉơ ƤǻƢŪơ ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƽȁƾūơ
Ǻºǟ Ǧnjºǰdzơ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .ǦǴǰǷȁ ƔȆǘƥ ƢǿŚȀǘƫ ǹƜǧ ƨȈǧȂŪơ
śºƥ ǩǁơȂǨdzơ śƥ ǺǸǧ .ƢƆǨǴǰǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ řǗƢƦdzơ ƢȀǠȇǃȂƫ
341 ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ

DžƽƢLjdzơ DzǐǨdzơ
ǹȁƢǠƬdzƢƥ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ
ŚƥơƾºƬdzơ ƿƢºţơ ǹƘnjƥ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ŚLjȈƬdz ƆƢȇǁȁǂǓ ǽơǂƫ ƢǸƦLjƷ :ƵǂƬǬŭơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ -ÏÖ
DZȐºƻ ǺǷ ƨƦLjƬǰŭơ ƧŐŬơ ƔȂǓ Ŀ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơȁ
Ò ƧƽƢŭơ"
Ŀ ƨºǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨǯǂƬnjºŭơ ǹƢºƴǴdzơȁ ƩƢȈdzȉơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ
."ǪǗƢǼŭơ ǦǴƬű ǹȁƢǠƬdzƢƥ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ"

ǹȁƢǠƬdzƢƥ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ƗƾƦǷ ȄǴǟ ơǀǿ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǎǼȇ -ÐÍ
.ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ơǀǿ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ȄǴǟȁ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƽ śƥ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺºǷ Õ ƧƽƢŭơ Śnjƫȁ .Ƶǂnjdzơ Ǻǟ řǣ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ơǀǿȁ
ƣƢƦºLJȌdzȁ .Î ƧǂºǬǨdzơ Ŀ "DzưǷȋơ ǝƢǨƬǻȏơ" ńƛ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǟ
"DzºưǷƗ" ƪǠǻ Ǻǟ ǒȈǠƬLJơ ǽȐǟƗ ÏÐ ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ŀ Ƣǿǂǯƿ ƽǁơȂdzơ
.ǝȁǂnjŭơ ơǀǿ Ŀ "ǶƟȐǷ" ƪǠǼƥ
DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƽ ǹȁƢǠƬƫ -Î"
ǺLjƷȁ ƨdzƽƢƦƬŭơ ƧƾƟƢǨdzơȁ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨǷȐLjdzơȁ ƧƽƢȈLjdzơ Ŀ ƧơȁƢLjŭơ
ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj ǺǷ ǶƟȐŭơ ǝƢǨƬǻȏơ ǪȈǬŢ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƨȈǼdzơ
.ƢŮ ƨȈǧƢǰdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ŚǧȂƫȁ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ
DZȁƽ ǞċƴnjĄƫ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ơǀǿ ƨǬȇǂǗ ƾȇƾŢ ȃƾdz -Ï"
ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ǹƢŪ ȁƗ ƩƢȈdzƕ ƔƢnjǻƛ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj

ǞƥƢLjdzơ DzǐǨdzơ
ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǴdz ǶǜƬǼŭơ DZƽƢƦƬdzơ

ƨdzȁƾdzơ DZǀƦƫ ƧƽƢǟ ƧǂǧơȂƬǷ Śǣ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ȁƗ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ʼnƾǬƫ :ƵǂƬǬŭơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ -ÐÎ
ƢȀƬȈƦǴƫ DzǠš ǹƗ ƢŮ ǃȂŸ Ǻǰdzȁ ƤǴǘdzơ ƨȈƦǴƬdz ƢǿơǁƢǐǫ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ
ǦȈdzƢºǰƬdzơ ƽơƾLjƥ ƨƦdzƢǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǵƢȈǫ ȄǴǟ ƨǨǫȂƬǷ ƤǴǘǴdz Ó ƧƽƢŭơ"
ƢǷƾǼǟ ƢǿDŽȈȀƴƬdzȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ȁƗ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ǽǀǿ ǞǸŪ ƨdzȂǬǠŭơ
ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǴdz ǶǜƬǼŭơ DZƽƢƦƬdzơ"
.ƆƢƦLJƢǼǷ Ǯdzƿ ǹȂǰȇ
ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƽ DZƽƢƦƬƫ Ò ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƆȐǸǟ -Î"
ƢǿơǁƢǐǫ ƨȈǧȂŪ ơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj ƨdzȁƽ DZǀƦƫ -Ñ"
ƧƽƢǟ ƧǂǧơȂƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ƨǸǜƬǼǷ ƨǨǐƥ ƨȈǧȂŪơ
ƢǷƾǼǟ ƢǿDŽȈȀš DzƳƗ ǺǷȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ǞŦ DzƳƗ ǺǷ
ƨǏƢƻȁ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj ƨdzƢƷ Ǻǟ
ǽƢºȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƾdz ǂLjȈƫ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƆƢƦLJƢǼǷ Ǯdzƿ ǹȂǰȇ
ȆƳȂººdzȂȈŪơ ǞƥƢººǘdzơ Ʃơƿ ƩƢººǷȂǴǠŭơȁ ƩƢººǻƢȈƦdzơ
."ƢȀȈdzƛ ƢȀǣȐƥƛ ƾǼǟ Ƣđ ǝƢǨƬǻȏơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ
Ʃơƿȁ ȂŪơ ƨdzƢŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơȁ ȆƳȂdzȁǁƾȈŮơȁ ȆƳȂdzȂȈƳȁǁƾȈŮơȁ
ƧȂºǘŬơ Ȃǿ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǴdz ǶǜƬǼŭơ DZƽƢƦƬdzơ ǹƛ -ÐÏ ƨǰƦnjdz ƨȈƳȂdzȁǁƾȈŮơ ƔƢȈǸȈǰdzƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơȁ ȆƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ ǞƥƢǘdzơ
ƧǂƥƢºǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƽ śƥ ǹȁƢǠƬǴdz ńȁȋơ .DzǷơȂǠdzơ ǽǀđ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩơƚƦǼƬdzƢƥ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ
ƨǷƔȐŭ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ƪǨȈǯ ƾǫȁ .ƽȁƾƸǴdz
ǩƢºǘǻȁ ƨǠȈƦǘƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǑȂǸǤdzơ ƔȂǓ Ŀȁ -Ï"
ƪǤȈºǏ ƨºǏƢƻ ƨǨǐƥȁ .ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭƢƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƩơDŽȈǸŭơ
DZȁƽ DZǀƦƫ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦNj ǒǠƥ
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơ Ŀ ŅƢūơ ǎǬǼǴdz Ɔơǂǜǻ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ï ƧǂǬǨdzơ
ǁơƾºǏƛȁ ǞŦ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƢǿơǁƢǐǫ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj
ǂǐƬǬƫȁ .ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦNj ǒǠƦƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǸǴǠdzơ
ƨƷƢƬŭơ ŚȇƢǠŭơȁ ƨLJǁƢǸǸǴdz ƆƢǬǧȁ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ
ǮºǴƫ ȄºǴǟ ơǀºǿ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ
ȁƗ ƨºȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǸǜǼǷ ǞǷȁ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ȁƗ ƨȇƽǂǧ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƆƢȈdzƢƷ
ǽƢºȈŭơ ƨºǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦºNj ƨdzƢŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ
ƨºǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦNj ƾȇƾƸƬdz Ǯdzƿȁ ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ ƾǼǟ ƢȀǬȇǂǗ Ǻǟ
ƩƢǷơƾƼƬºLJȏƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ƢǷƗ .ƨȈǧȂŪơ
.DzǸǯȋơ ǾƳȂdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ
ƧǂƥƢºǠdzơ ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦNj ƨǘnjǻƗ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣȁ
ƮºdzƢưdzơ ƣƢºƦdzơ Ŀ ƢǬƷȏ ƢŮȁƢǼƫ ǶƬȈLjǧ ƢǿǂƯƘƥȁ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǽƢºȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƽ ǺǷ ƨdzȁƽ ƪƦǴǗ ơƿƛ -Ð"
."ȃǂƻȋơ DZȁƾdzơ džŤ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ" ǹȂǼǠŭơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƽ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ǺǷ ƨȈǧȂŪơ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ 342

ǺǷƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ
ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǝơȂǻƗ
ƢȀǿƢȈǷȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ȅǁƢĐơ ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơ ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟȁ -ÐÑ :ƵǂƬǬŭơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ -ÐÐ
ƧǂƥƢºǠdzơ ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢºȈŭơ ƩƢǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦNj ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơ ƽƾǠƬƫ
Ô ƧƽƢŭơ"
ƮºȈƷ ƨºǴƷƢǬdzơ ǾƦNj ȁƗ ƨǴƷƢǬdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ Ŀ ƢǸȈLJ ȏ ƽȁƾƸǴdz
ƨºƦǗǂdzơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ Ŀ ŕƷȁ .ǽƢȈǸǴdz ƾȈƷȂdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ ƢƆƦdzƢǣ Dzǰnjƫ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǝơȂǻƗ śƥ ƨǫȐǠdzơ"
ƣǂnjºdzơ ǽƢȈŭ ƾȈƷȂdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ Ȇǿ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǹȂǰƫ ƢǷ ơƆŚưǯ
ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ƨƥǀǠdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǁƾǐǷ Ȇǿ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭƢǧ .ƢȀƬȈǟȂǻ ƧƽȂŪ ȅƗ ǞƬǸƬȇ ȏ ǦdzƢű ǥǂǟ ȁƗ ǩƢǨƫơ ƾƳȂȇ Ń ƢǷ -Î"
ƨºȈdzŗŭơ ƩƢºƳƢȈƬƷȏơȁ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ (ȅǂdzơ) ƨǟơǁDŽdzơ Ŀ ƨºȇȂdzȁƘƥ ƽȁƾºƸǴdz ƧǂȇƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦnjdz ǵơƾƼƬLJơ
.ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǺǷ ǽŚǣ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǏƘƬǷ
ǦǫȂƬƬºLJȁ .ƨºȈƟƢŭơȁ ƨȇŐdzơ ƨȈƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ ǶǜǼdzơ Ƕǟƽȁ ƨȇǂnjƦdzơ
ƝƽƢºƦǸǴdz ƨȈƟƢȀǼdzơ ƨǤȈǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ơǀǿ ƧƽƢŭơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ƧǁȁǂǓ ƨǰƦNj ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơ śƥ ǑǁƢǠƫ ƽȂƳȁ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ -Ï"
DzºǷơȂǠdzơȁ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƩƢǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦNj ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơ ǶǰŢ Ŗdzơ ƔȐȇƜºƥ ǑǁƢǠƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǶLjŹ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ
.ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǽǀǿ ǪȈƦǘƫ Ŀ ƢēƢǟơǂǷ ǵǃȐdzơ ."ǹƢLjǻȎdz ƨȇȂȈūơ ƩƢƳƢūơ ƩƢȈǔƬǬŭ ǍƢƻ ǵƢǸƬǿơ

ǞLJƢƬdzơ DzǐǨdzơ
ƨȈǧȂƳ ƨȈƟƢǷ ƩƢǬƦǘdz ƱƿƢŶ
ƨȈǧȂƳ ƨȈƟƢǷ ƩƢǬƦǘdz ƱƿƢŶ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀŮ ƮdzƢưdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ ǺǸǔƬȇ -ÐÓ ŅƢūơ ǂȇǂǬƬǴdz džǷƢŬơȁ Ǟƥơǂdzơȁ ƮdzƢưdzơ ƩƢǬǧǂŭơ ƩƾǟƌƗ -ÐÒ
ƱǁƢƻ ƾǠƫ ƨȈǧȂƳ ƨȈƟƢǷ ƨǬƦǗ Î ƨȇƽơǂǧȍơ ƨdzƢūơ ƨLJơǁƽ ǺďȈƦĄƫȁ .ƨǨǴƬű ƨȈǼǬƬdzơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ǒǠƥ ʼnƾǬƫ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ Ǻǟ
ƨȈƟƢǷ ƨǬƦǗ Ï ƨȇƽơǂǧȍơ ƨdzƢūơ ƨLJơǁƽ śƦƫȁ .ƨƷǂƬǬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǩƢǘǻ ƩƢǬǧǂŭơ ǽǀǿ Ƕǔƫȁ .ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǠƟƢǫȂdzơȁ
ƨȈƟƢǷ ƨǬƦǗ Ð ƨȇƽơǂǧȍơ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ śƦƫȁ .ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǟ ƧƾȈƷȁ ƨȈǧȂƳ ƩƢǬƦǘdz ƨȇƽơǂǧƛ ƩȏƢƷ ƩƢLJơǁƽȁ ƨȈǧȂƳ ƨȈƟƢǷ ƩƢǬƦǗ ƱƿƢŶ
ȏƆ ȂǸnjǷ ǹȂǰȈLJ Ņȁƽ ȆƟƢǷ ȃǂƴŠ ƢƆȈƳȂdzȁǁƾȈǿ ƨǴǐƬǷ ƨȈǴŰ ƨȈǧȂƳ .(ÎÕ)ơƆǁƢƬű ƢƆȈǠƳǂǷ ƢƆƬƦƯȁ ƧǁƢƬű ƨȈǸȈǴǫƛ ƨȈǧȂƳ ƨȈƟƢǷ
śƦºƫȁ .ƔơȂºLJ ƾƷ ȄǴǟ ƨƷǂƬǬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏƢƥȁ ÎÖÖÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ __________
ƽȁƾºƸǴdz ơƆǂƥƢǟ ƨȈǧȂƳ ƨȈƟƢǷ ƩƢǬƦǗ ǵƢǜǻ Ñ ƨȇƽơǂǧȍơ ƨdzƢūơ ƨLJơǁƽ ȂȈǯȂǗ ńƛ ƔơŐƻ ƨƯȐƯ ƽƢǨȇȍ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬdzơ ȂǰLjǻȂȈdzơ Ʃǀţơ (ÎÕ)
śƦºƫȁ .ƢƆȈƳȂdzȁǁƾȈǿ ƨǴǐƬǷ ƨȈǧȂƳ ƨȈƟƢǷ ƩƢǬƦǗ ƨǴLjǴLJ ǺǷ ǦdzƘƬȇ ǽǀºǿ ƽơƾǟƛ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǞǷ ƢƆǠǷ DzǸǠǴdz ÏÍÍÑ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ Ŀ
ƢȀƬȇǀǤƫ ƨǬǘǼǷ ǞǬƫ ƨȈǴŰ ƨȈǧȂƳ ƨȈƟƢǷ ƨǬƦǗ Ò ƨȇƽơǂǧȍơ ƨdzƢūơ ƨLJơǁƽ ȂǰLjºǻȂȈdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǨȈƬLJ Ƣȇơǁȁ ȆǴǴȇǁȁƗ džȈdzƗ :Ƕǿ ƔơŐŬơ Ɣȏƚǿȁ .ƩƢǬǧǂŭơ
ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǘƥơǂǴdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨǼū džȈƟǁ ƢƥŚǧ ǥȐLJȁǁƢȇȁ
ƾǫ Ò ƨȇƽơǂǧȍơ ƨdzƢūơ ƨLJơǁƽ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀȁ žȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭƢƥ Ƨǁơƽƛ ƧǁƽƢºƦǷ ƔƢǔǟƗ ǶǿƢLJȁ .ƩƢǬǧǂŭơ ƽơƾǟƛ Ŀ .ƢȈƳȂdzȁǁƾȈŮơ ȆȈƟƢǐƻȋ
ƧǁơƽȎºdz ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƶƟơȂdz ńƛ ƨƳƢƷ Ŀ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǽǀǿ DzưǷ ǹȂǰƫ ȏ Internationally Shared ) ƢƆºȈdzȁƽ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂǷ
.ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƨǬƦǘǴdz ƨǸȈǴLjdzơ .ƩƢǬǧǂŭơ ǽǀŮ ƽơȂǷ ʼnƾǬƬƥ (Aquifer Resources Management Initiative
 DZȁȋơ Ǫǧǂŭơ
ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƩƢǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦNj ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǝȁǂnjǷ
ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ Dzǯ ǂƯȋơ Ǯdzƿ ƢŮ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ ȁƗ ƽȁƾƸǴdz
ƨǰƦnjdzơ ǮǴƫ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ǹƘNj ȅƿ ǁǂǓ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ǹȁƽ ƨdzȂǴȈƸǴdz
.ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƽ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ DZȁƾdz
ŚLjºdzơ ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƽ ǪȈǠƫ ȏ -Ð
.ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦnjdz ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ
ƨºdzȁƾdz ǹƘNj ȁƿ ǁǂǓ ǞǬȇ ŕǷ ǾǻƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ -Ñ
ƤƦLJ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǀƼƬƫ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƽ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ
ơǀºǿ ȄºǴǟ ǩƢºǨƫơ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǁǂǔdzơ ơǀǿ ƢȀǗƢnjǻ
ǺǷ ƧǁǂǔƬŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǞǷ ǁȁƢnjƬdzƢƥ ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ Dzǯ ǕƢnjǼdzơ
ǶºƟȐǷ Ȃǿ ƢǸƦLjƷ ǵƢȈǬdzơȁ ǁǂǔdzơ ơǀǿ ǦȈǨţ ȁƗ ƨdzơǃƛ DzƳƗ
.ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƨnjǫƢǼŠ
ǹȁƢǠƬdzƢƥ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ -Ò ƧƽƢŭơ
DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƽ ǹȁƢǠƬƫ -Î
ǺLjƷȁ ƨdzƽƢƦƬŭơ ƧƾƟƢǨdzơȁ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨǷȐLjdzơȁ ƧƽƢȈLjdzơ Ŀ ƧơȁƢLjŭơ
ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj ǺǷ ǶƟȐŭơ ǝƢǨƬǻȏơ ǪȈǬŢ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƨȈǼdzơ
.ƢŮ ƨȈǧƢǰdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ŚǧȂƫȁ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ
DZȁƽ ǞċƴnjºĄƫ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ơǀǿ ƨǬȇǂǗ ƾȇƾŢ ȃƾdz -Ï
ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ǹƢŪ ȁƗ ƩƢȈdzƕ ƔƢnjǻƛ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj
ŚƥơƾºƬdzơ ƿƢºţơ ǹƘnjƥ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ŚLjȈƬdz ƆƢȇǁȁǂǓ ǽơǂƫ ƢǸƦLjƷ
DZȐºƻ ǺǷ ƨƦLjƬǰŭơ ƧŐŬơ ƔȂǓ Ŀ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơȁ
Ŀ ƨºǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨǯǂƬnjºŭơ ǹƢºƴǴdzơȁ ƩƢºȈdzȉơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ
.ǪǗƢǼŭơ ǦǴƬű
ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǴdz ǶǜƬǼŭơ DZƽƢƦƬdzơ -Ó ƧƽƢŭơ
ǽƢºȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƽ DZƽƢƦƬƫ Ò ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ȐƆ Ǹǟ -Î
Ǻºǟ ƧƽƢǟ ƧǂǧơȂƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ƨǸǜƬǼǷ ƨǨǐƥ ƨȈǧȂŪơ
ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ƨǏƢƻȁ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj ƨdzƢƷ
ȆƳȂdzȂȈƳȁǁƾº ºȈŮơȁ ȆƳȂººdzȂȈŪơ ǞƥƢº ºǘdzơ Ʃơƿ ƩƢº ºǷȂǴǠŭơȁ
ȆƳȂºdzȂǰȇȍơ ǞƥƢǘdzơ Ʃơƿȁ ȂŪơ ƨdzƢŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơȁ ȆƳȂdzȁǁƾȈŮơȁ
ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢºȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦnjdz ƨȈƳȂdzȁǁƾȈŮơ ƔƢȈǸȈǰdzƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơȁ
.DzǷơȂǠdzơ ǽǀđ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩơƚƦǼƬdzƢƥ Ǯdzǀǯȁ
ǒºǠƥ ǩƢǘǻȁ ƨǠȈƦǘƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǑȂǸǤdzơ ƔȂǓ Ŀȁ -Ï
ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƽ DZǀƦƫ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦNj
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠǷȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǁơƾǏƛȁ ǞŦ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƢǿơǁƢǐǫ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ
ȁƗ ƨºȇƽǂǧ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƢƆȈdzƢƷ ƨƷƢƬŭơ ŚȇƢǠŭơȁ ƨLJǁƢǸǸǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƧƾȇƾƳ
343
ƨǷƾǬǷ -DZȁȋơ ƣƢƦdzơ
ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǩƢǘǻ -Î ƧƽƢŭơ
ƨºǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦNj ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ȅǂLjƫ
ŚƯƘƫ ƢŮ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ȄǴǟȁ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ
ƢºȀȈǴǟ ŚƯƘºƫ ƢŮ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ Ŗdzơ ȁƗ ƩƢǰƦnjdzơ ǮǴƫ ȄǴǟ
.Ƣēǁơƽƛȁ ƢĔȂǏȁ ƩƢǰƦnjdzơ ǮǴƫ ƨȇƢŧ Śƥơƾƫ ȄǴǟ ȅǂLjƫ ƢǸǯ
ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ -Ï ƧƽƢŭơ
:ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ǒơǂǣȋ
ƨȇǂƼǏ ƩȐȈǰnjƫ "ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ" ƥ ƾǐǬȇ (Ɨ)
ƨǴƥƢǫ ǽƢȈŭơ ǺǷ ƩƢȈǸǯ ǁƾƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƽƢǫȁ ǽƢȈǸǴdz ƨȇȁƢƷ ƧƿȂǨǻ
ž(Ɨ)DZȐǤƬLJȐdz
ǽƢºȈǷ ƨǬƦǗ "ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj" ƥ ƾǐǬȇ (ƣ)
ƢȀǔºǠƦƥ ƨºǘƦƫǂǷ ƨºȈǧȂƳ ǽƢºȈǷ ƩƢǬƦǗ ƨǴLjǴLJ ȁƗ ƨȈǧȂƳ
žƢƆȈƟƢǷ ƨǴǐƬǷȁ ƧƽƾŰ ƨȇǂƼǏ ƩȐȈǰnjƬƥ
ƧǂƥƢºǠdzơ ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢºȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj" ƥ ƾǐǬȇ (Ʊ)
žƨǨǴƬű DZȁƽ Ŀ ƢǿƙơDŽƳƗ ǞǬƫ ƨȈǧȂƳ ǽƢȈǷ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj "ƽȁƾƸǴdz
ƨºdzȁƽ "ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj ƨdzȁƽ" ƥ ƾǐǬȇ (ƽ)
ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj ǺǷ ƔDŽƳ ȅƗ ƢȀǸȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ǞǬȇ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǥǂǗ
.ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ
ƨǷƢǟ ƝƽƢƦǷ -ňƢưdzơ ƣƢƦdzơ
ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơ ǶǰŢ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ -Ð ƧƽƢŭơ
ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦNj
[ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀǟȁǂnjǷ ƵǂƬǬȈLJ]
ǁǂǓ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ǵƾǠƥ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ -Ñ ƧƽƢŭơ
ƾºǼǟ ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢºȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƽ ǀƼƬƫ -Î
ƢȀȈǓơǁƗ Dzƻơƽ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǟ ƨȈǧȂƳ ǽƢȈǷ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦnjƥ ǝƢǨƬǻȏơ
ǹƘºNj ȅƿ ǁǂǓ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬdzơ ǹȁƽ ƨdzȂǴȈƸǴdz ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ Dzǯ
.ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƾdz
ƢȀǷƢȈǫ ƾǼǟ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƽ ǀƼƬƫ -Ï
ƧǂƥƢǟ ƨȈǧȂƳ ǽƢȈǷ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj ȄǴǟ ǂƯƗ ƢŮ ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ƢȀȈǓơǁƗ Dzƻơƽ
__________
.ǽȐǟƗ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ Ŀ ÎÑ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ (Ɨ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ 344

ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢºȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƾdz ǂLjȈƫ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƢƆƦLJƢǼǷ Ǯdzƿ ƔƢǔºƬǫȏơ ƾºǼǟ ƢȀǬȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ȁƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǸǜǼǷ ǞǷȁ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ
.ƢȀȈdzƛ ƢȀǣȐƥƛ ƾǼǟ Ƣđ ǝƢǨƬǻȏơ ȃǂƻȋơ .DzǸǯȋơ ǾƳȂdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦNj ƾȇƾƸƬdz Ǯdzƿȁ

ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǝơȂǻƗ śƥ ƨǫȐǠdzơ -Ô ƧƽƢŭơ
ȅƗ ǞƬǸƬȇ ȏ ǦdzƢű ǥǂǟ ȁƗ ǩƢǨƫơ ƾƳȂȇ Ń ƢǷ -Î
ƨºȇȂdzȁƘƥ ƽȁƾºƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦnjdz ǵơƾƼƬLJơ
.ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJȏơ ǺǷ ǽŚǣ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǏƘƬǷ
ƨǰƦNj ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơ śƥ ǑǁƢǠƫ ƽȂƳȁ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ -Ï
ƔȐȇƜºƥ ǑǁƢǠƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǶLjŹ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ
.ǹƢLjǻȎdz ƨȇȂȈūơ ƩƢƳƢūơ ƩƢȈǔƬǬŭ ǍƢƻ ǵƢǸƬǿơ
ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƽ ǺǷ ƨdzȁƽ ƪƦǴǗ ơƿƛ -Ð
ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ʼnƾǬƫ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj DZȁƽ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƽ ǺǷ
ƨȈƦǴƬdz ƢǿơǁƢǐǫ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ DZǀƦƫ ƧƽƢǟ ƧǂǧơȂƬǷ Śǣ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ȁƗ
ǵƢȈǫ ȄǴǟ ƨǨǫȂƬǷ ƤǴǘǴdz ƢȀƬȈƦǴƫ DzǠš ǹƗ ƢŮ ǃȂŸ Ǻǰdzȁ ƤǴǘdzơ
ȁƗ ƩƢºǻƢȈƦdzơ ǽǀǿ ǞǸŪ ƨdzȂǬǠŭơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơ ƽơƾLjƥ ƨƦdzƢǘdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ
.ƢƆƦLJƢǼǷ Ǯdzƿ ǹȂǰȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƢǿDŽȈȀƴƬdzȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
ǺǷ ƢǿơǁƢǐǫ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦNj ƨdzȁƽ DZǀƦƫ -Ñ
ǹȂǰȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƢǿDŽȈȀš DzƳƗ ǺǷȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ǞŦ DzƳƗ

ňƢưdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ
ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨǰƦnjdz ňƢȈƥ ǶLJǁ

B. L. Morris and others, Groundwater and its Susceptibility to Degradation: a Global Assessment of the Problem and :ǁƾǐŭơ
.Options for Management, Early Warning and Assessment Report Series, RS. 03–3 (Nairobi, UNEP, 2003)
345 ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƩƢǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦNj ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǝȁǂnjǷ

ƮdzƢưdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ
ƨȈǧȂƳ ƨȈƟƢǷ ƩƢǬƦǘdz ƱƿƢŶ
( Ɨ)

ƨȈǴŰ ƨȈǧȂƳ ƨȈƟƢǷ ƨǬƦǗ -ǦdzƗ

ƨǴǐºƬǷ ƢǷ ƨdzȁƽ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƢȀǴǷƢǰƥ ǞǬƫ ƨȈǧȂƳ ƨȈƟƢǷ ƨǬƦǗ ǽƢºȈŭƢƥ ƢȈƳȂdzȁǁƾºȈǿ ƨǴǐƬǷ Śǣ ƨȈǧȂƳ ƨȈƟƢǷ ƨǬƦǗ
.Ņȁƽ ǂȀǼƥ ƢƆȈƳȂdzȁǁƾȈǿ ƨȈƸǘLjdzơ

ƢºǷ ƨdzȁƽ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƢȀǴǷƢǰƥ ǞǬƫ ƨȈǧȂƳ ƨȈƟƢǷ ƨǬƦǗ ƢȀºǼǰdz ƢǷ ƨdzȁƽ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ƢȀǴǷƢǰƥ ǞǬƫ ƨȈǧȂƳ ƨȈƟƢǷ ƨǬƦǗ
ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ .ƧǁȁƢů ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ƢȀƬȇǀǤƫ ƨǬǘǼǷ ǞǬƫ Ǻǰdz .ƧǁȁƢů ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ƨȈǧȂƳ ƨȈƟƢǷ ƨǬƦǘƥ ƨǴǐƬǷ
.ƨȈƸǘLjdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǺǷ ƨǴƬǯ ȅƗ ǺǷ ƨȇǀǤƬdzơ ǹȂǰƫ
ººººººººº
ƢȈƳȂdzȁǁƾºȈŮơ ȆȈƟƢǐºƻȋ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǘƥơǂǴdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂǷ Ƨǁơƽƛ ƨǼŪ džȈƟǁ ȅǁȂƥ ȆǷƢNj ǺǷ ǵƾǬǷ Ǒǂǟ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬLJơ (Ɨ)
.ÏÍÍÐ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ðȁ Ï Ŀ džȇǁƢƥ Ŀ ȂǰLjǻȂȈdzơ ǂǬǷ Ŀ ƽȂǬǠŭơ ǝƢǸƬƳȏơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƆƢȈdzȁƽ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂǷ Ƨǁơƽƛ ǪLjǼǷȁ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Ǟƥơǂdzơ Ǫǧǂŭơ
ƨȇƽơǂǧƛ ƩȏƢƷ ƩƢLJơǁƽ
ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ Ɣơǁȁ ƢǷ ǵƢǜǻ (ƣ)
ƨºȈƥȂǼdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ ǵƢǜǻ ǺǷ ƔDŽŪơ ơǀǿ ǞǬȇ
ƔDŽºŪơ Ŀȁ ǂǐǷ Ŀ ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ ƔơǂƸǐdzơ Ŀ ÏÓ ǑǂǠdzơ ǖƻ DZƢſ
ǁȂǐŰ Śǣ Ȃǿȁ ƨȈƦȈǴdzơ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ ƨȇŚǿƢǸŪơ ǺǷ Ȇǫǂnjdzơ ŅƢǸnjdzơ
ŅƢºŦƛ ǢǴƦȇȁ .ǂƬǷ Ò ÍÍÍ ȂŴ ȆǸǯơǂƬdzơ ǾǰǸĄLJ ǢǴƦȇȁ .ǽƢȈŭơ
ƨºȈƟƢŭơ ƩƢºǬƦǘdzơ Ɣơǁȁ ƢǷ ǵƢǜǻ Ŀ ƨǻȁDŽƼŭơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǶƴƷ
ǽƢºȈŭơ ǶºƴƷ ǢǴƦȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƤǠǰǷ ǂƬǷȂǴȈǯ ÕÑÒ ÍÍÍ ƨȈǧȂŪơ
ǂƬǷȂºǴȈǯ ÔÐ ÍÍÍ ǵƢºǜǼdzơ ơǀºǿ Ŀ ƨǻȁDŽƼŭơ ƨƥǀǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ
.ƨȇƿƢǨǼdzơ ƨǴȈǴǫ ƩƢǬƦǗ śǷƢǜǼdzơ DzǐǨƫȁ .ƤǠǰǷ
ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƱơǂƼƬLJơ -Ð
ǵƢºǜǻ ǺºǷ ƨƳǂƼƬLjºŭơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ȃǂƳ -Ð
ǞºȈŦ ǺºǷ ǹȁǂºǫ ȃƾǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƥȂǼdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ
DZȐºƻ ǺºǷ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƔƢƳǁƗ ŕNj Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ƩƢƷơȂdzơ
Ŀ ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ȄǴǟ ǖǤǔdzơ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƨǴƸǔdzơ ǁƢƥȉơȁ ǞȈƥƢǼȈdzơ
ȂºǸǼdzơ ƔơǂƳ ƨȈǓƢŭơ ƽȂǬǠdzơ DZȐƻ ƨǠȇǂLJ ƧƽƢȇǃ ƾȀNj ƾǫ ƨǬǘǼŭơ
ǹƗ ǁċƾºǬĄȇȁ .ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ƨȇǀǣȋơ ȄǴǟ ƤǴǘdzơȁ ňƢǰLjdzơ
ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƨǬƦǘdzơ ǺǷ ƪƳǂƼĄƬLJơ ƾǫ ǽƢȈŭơ ǺǷ ƤǠǰǷ ǂƬǷ ǁƢȈǴǷ ÑÍ
ƨȇŚǿƢǸŪơȁ ǂǐǷ Ŀ ƨȈǓƢŭơ śǠƥǁȋơ ǵơȂǟȋơ ȃƾǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǧȂŪơ
ƽƢnjºƫ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈźǁƢƫ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƾƳȂƫ ȏȁ .ƢŷƾƷȁ ƨȈƦȈǴdzơ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ
ƩƢǷơƾƼƬºLJȏơȁ ƱơǂƼƬLJȏơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ǹȂǰƫ ƮȈƷ ǹơƽȂLjdzơȁ
ƨºȈdzƢūơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǶǜǠǷ ǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ .ƧƽȁƾŰ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ
Ŗºdzơ ƩƢºǻƢȈƦdzơ ǂºȀǜĄƫȁ .ƨȈǟơǁDŽdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋơ Ŀ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ
ǺǷ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ Í,ÍÎ ȂŴ ȏƛ DzưŻ ȏ ŅƢūơ ƱơǂƼƬLJȏơ ǹƗ ƪǠǸĄƳ
ƨǻȁDŽƼŭơ ƽơƽǂƬLJȐdz ƨǴƥƢǬdzơ ƨƥǀǠdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ Ƕƴū ȅǂȇƾǬƬdzơ ŅƢŦȍơ
ǽƢȈŭơ ƣȂLjǼǷ Ŀ ƢƆǓƢǨŵơ ƤċƦLJ ƾǫ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ .ǵƢǜǼdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ
DzǠǨdzƢƥ ǒȈǠƬLJơ ƾǫȁ .ǺǯƢǷȋơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ơƆǂƬǷ ÓÍ ǪǸǟ ńƛ Dzǐȇ
ƢȀǿƢȈǷ ǪǧƾƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǞȈƥƢǼȈdzơȁ ǁƢƥȉơ ǺǷ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ śǠLjƫȁ ƨǠƦLJ Ǻǟ
ǦȈdzƢºǰƫ Ŀ ǝƢºǨƫǁơ ńƛ ơǀºǿ ȃƽƗȁ .ƨºǬȈǸǟ ǁƢƥƖƥ ƢƆȈƟƢǬǴƫ
ǥƢǐºǻȍơ ƨdzƘLjǷ Śưȇȁ ǽƢȈŭơ ƣȂLjǼǷ ǑƢǨŵơ ǞǷ ƱơǂƼƬLJȏơ
śȈǴºǏȋơ ǹƢǰLjǴdz ƾȇǂǨdzơ ȆƟƢŭơ ǁƾǐŭơ ơǀǿ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ ǂLjĄȇȁ
ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ ǺǷ ƔDŽŪơ Ŀȁ .ǒǨƼǼŭơ Dzƻƾdzơ ȅȁƿ
ƩƢºǷƢǸƬǿȏơ DŽǯǂƬƫ ǹƢǰLjdzơ DzȈǴǬdzơ DzƷƢǬdzơ ƽƢnjƫ Ŀ ǞǫơȂdzơ
ǪǗƢǼŭơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǂƯƘƬdzơ ƨǠȇǂLJ ƨȈƳȂdzȂǰȇȍơ ǶȈǬdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ȄǴǟ
ȄǴǟ ƾǸƬǠƫ ƨȇȁơǂƸǐdzơ ƩơŚƸƦdzơȁ ƩƢƷơȁ ƢȀȈǧ ƾƳȂȇ Ŗdzơ ƨƦǗǂdzơ
ǺºǷȁ .ƨȈƥȂǼdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƨǬƦǘdzơ ǺǷ ǪǧƾƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǞȈƥƢǼȈdzơȁ ŗƐ dzơ
ƽƾºƴƬŭơ Śǣ ǶƼǔdzơ ĺȂǼdzơ ȆƟƢŭơ ǹȁDŽƼŭơ ǹƗ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ Ǿƥ ǶōǴLjƌŭơ
ǺǷȁ .ǖǘƼŭơ ƱơǂƼƬLJȏơ ǺǷ Ƨƾȇƾǟ ǹȁǂǬdz ƢƆȈǧƢǯ ǹȂǰȇ ǥȂLJ
ƩƢƳƢȈƬƷȐdz ƨȈƦǴƫ ƱơǂƼƬLJȏơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ȆǷƢǼƫ ǞǷ ǾǻƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǵȂȀǨŭơ
346
(Ɨ)
ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ĺȂǼdzơ ǂƴūơ ƩƢǬƦǗ ǵƢǜǻ -ǦdzƗ
ĿơǂǤŪơ ǞǫȂŭơ -Î
ǺǷ ơƆƾƷơȁ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ĺȂǼdzơ ǂƴūơ ƩƢǬƦǗ ǵƢǜǻ ƾǠĄȇ -Î
.ŃƢǠdzơ Ŀȁ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ Ŀ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂǷ ŐǯƗ
ƨǴǐºƬŭơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ǺǷ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǦdzƘƬȇȁ
Ï ÍÍÍ ÍÍÍ ȄºǴǟ Ȃƥǂȇ ƢǷ ńƛ ƧƾƬǸŭơȁ ƆƢȈLJƗǁ ȁƗ/ȁ ƢƆȈƦǻƢƳ
ƨºȈƦȈǴdzơ ƨºȈƥǂǠdzơ ƨȇŚǿƢǸŪơ ǺǷ Ȇǫǂnjdzơ ƔDŽŪơ Ŀ ǞƥǂǷ ǂƬǷȂǴȈǯ
ƾºǠƫȁ .ǹơƽȂLjdzơ ǺǷ ŅƢǸnjdzơ ƔDŽŪơȁ ƽƢnjƫ ǩǂNj DZƢſȁ ǂǐǷȁ
ƨºȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺºǷ ƢƆũƢƷ ƢƆȈǸȈǴǫƛ ơƆƽǁȂǷ ƨȈƥȂǼdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƨǬƦǘdzơ
ƨǠǔƥ ȏƛ ƢȀȈǧ ƾƳȂȇ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƨǴƷƢǬdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƨȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJȏơ
ȄǴǟ Dzǘē Ŗdzơ ǁƢǘǷȋơ ƢȀȈǧ DzǬƫȁ ƨƥǀǠdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǺǷ ƨǴȇƾƥ ƽǁơȂǷ
ǁȂǿƾºƬdz ƨǓǂǟ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơȁ ǥƢǨŪơ ƢǿƽȂLjȇȁ ǶǜƬǼǷ Śǣ ȂŴ
ƨºǬƦǘdzơ DzưŤ ƨǼǿơǂdzơ ƨȈƻƢǼŭơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ DzǛ Ŀȁ .ǂƸǐƬdzơȁ ƨƥǂƬdzơ
Śǣȁ ƽƾƴƬǷ Śǣȁ ơƆƽȁƾŰ ƨȈǧȂƳ ǽƢȈǷ ƽǁȂǷ ƨȈƥȂǼdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ
ƨºȈǴǸǟ ŐºƬǠĄƫȁ .(ǂǯǀĄȇ ȏ DzȈƠǓ DzȈǼdzơ ǂȀǼƥ DZƢǐƫȏơ) DzǐƬǷ
ƨȈǴǸǟ ǂƻȉơ ǦȇǂǐƬdzơȁ ƨȇǀǤƬdzơ ǺǷ Dzǯ DZƽƢǠȇ śƷ ȅƗ ƢǿƚǴǷ
.ƪǴƻ ƨǼLJ Õ ÍÍÍ DzƦǫ ƪȀƬǻơ ƾǫ
ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ ǵƢǜǻ -Ï
ƨºȈƟƢŭơ ƩƢºǬƦǘdzơ ǵƢǜǻ Ŀ śȈLjȈƟǁ śǷƢǜǻ ǺČȈƦƫ ǺǰŻ -Ï
:Ƣŷ ƨȈǧȂŪơ
ƨȈƥȂǼdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ ǵƢǜǻ ( Ɨ)
Ŀ ƨȈƥȂǼdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ ǵƢǜǻ ǺǷ ƔDŽŪơ ơǀǿ ƾƳȂȇ
Ʃơƿ ƨºȈƥȂǼdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǺǷ ƢƆǸƼǓ ƢƆǻơDŽƻ Dzǰnjȇȁ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƔƢƳǁƗ ƨǧƢǯ
Ŀ ƨºƷȂǴŭơ Ƨƾȇƾnjdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǺǷȁ ĺȂǼŪơ ǾƟDŽƳ Ŀ ƧǃƢƬǸŭơ ƨȈǟȂǼdzơ
ÏÒ ǑǂºǠdzơ ǖƻ ƣȂǼƳ ǽƢȈŭơ ǁȂǐŰ Śǣ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ .DZƢǸnjdzơ
DzǫƗ śƥ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǮǸĄLJ ƵȁơǂƬȇȁ .ǖŬơ ơǀǿ DZƢſ ǽƢȈŭơ ǁȂǐŰȁ
ÒÏÍ ÍÍÍ ȄºǴǟ ƾȇDŽƫȁ .ǂƬǷ Ò ÍÍÍ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗȁ ǂƬǷ ÒÍÍ ǺǷ
ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƩƢºǬƦǘdzơ ǵƢǜǼdz ƨƥȂLjƄơ ƨȈǼȇDŽƼƬdzơ ƧǁƾǬdzơ ƤǠǰǷ ǂƬǷȂǴȈǯ
ƾƷ ȄǴǟ ǽƢȈŭơ ǁȂǐƄơȁ ǽƢȈŭơ ǁȂǐƄơ Śǣ ǾȇƗDŽƳ Ŀ ƨȈƥȂǼdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ
ŅƢºŦƛ ƣǂǬȇȁ .ǾȈǧ ǭǂƬnjƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǠƥǁȋơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ Dzºƻơƽ ƔơȂLJ
ǂƬǷȂºǴȈǯ ÐÔÐ ÍÍÍ ǺǷ ƨǻȁDŽƼŭơ ƨƥǀǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢºȈŭơ ǶƴƷ
ǁĈƾºǬĄȇ ȅǀdzơȁ ƆƢȇƽƢǐƬǫơ DZȐǤƬLJȐdz DzƥƢǬdzơ Ƕƴūơ DzưŻȁ .ƤǠǰǷ
ơƆƾƷơȁȁ ƨƥǀǠdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǺǷ ƨǴƬǯ ŐǯƗ ƤǠǰǷ ǂƬǷȂǴȈǯ ÎÒÍ ÍÍÍ ƥ
.ŃƢǠdzơ Ŀ ƨƥǀǠdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǑơȂƷƗ ǶǿƗ ǺǷ
__________
ǹǂºǤǴƥƗ Ȃºƥȁ (Raya Stephan) ǹƢǨȈƬLJ Ƣȇǁ ƽơƾºǟƛ ǺºǷ (Ɨ)
.(ȂǰLjǻȂȈdzơ) (Bo Appelgren)
347 ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƩƢǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦNj ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǝȁǂnjǷ
(Ʊ)
ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ňơǁƢǣ ƩƢǬƦǗ ǵƢǜǻ -ƔƢƥ
ƧƾȈǨǷ ƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơȁ ǵƢǟ ǦǏȁ -Î
ȄĈǸLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ňơǁƢǣ ƩƢǬƦǗ ǵƢǜǻ DzǸnjȇ -Ô
ǪǗƢºǼǷ ƣȂǼƴǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ǩȂLjǴdz ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƨǬƦǘdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ
Ŀ ƽȂºƳȂǷ Ȃǿȁ .DzȇǃơŐdzơȁ ȅơȂǣơǁƢƥȁ ȅơȂǣȁǁȁƗȁ śƬǼƳǁȋơ
ƨǨȈưǯ ƨȈƬdzǃƢƥ ƩƢǬǧƾƫ ƧƽƢǟ ƢȀȈǘǤƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇǂȀǼdzơȁ ƨȈŹǂdzơ DZƢǷǂdzơ
.ǂƬǷ ÕÍÍȁ ǁƢƬǷƗ ƨǠǔƥ śƥ ǾǰǸĄLJ ƵȁơǂƬȇȁ .ơƆŚƦǯ ơƆDŽƳƢƷ ǂŏǧȂƫ
ƨȇǂǔºūơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ńƛ ǽƢȈŭơ ŚǧȂƬdz ƨȈǟȂǼdzơ ƧƾȈŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ DzǤƬLjĄƫȁ
.ƨȈƷƢȈºLJȁ ƨºȈǻƾǠǷȁ ƨȇǁơǂƷ Ǒơǂǣȋȁ ȅǂdzơȁ ƨǟƢǼǐdzơ ńƛȁ
ƨǷơƾƬLjºŭơ Ƨǁơƽȍơȁ ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸū ǝȁǂnjǷ ǞǓȁ ǹȉơ ȅǂŸȁ
ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǪǧǂǷ ǺǷ Ƕǟƾƥ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ňơǁƢǣ ƨǬƦǘdz ƨǴǷƢǰƬŭơ
DZȁƾºdzơ ƩƢºǠǷƢƳȁ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǮǼƦdzơȁ
.ǽȐǟƗ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ Ǟƥǁȋơ
ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƧƾǟƢǫȁ ȆǓƢȇǁ ƱƿȂŶ -Ï
Ŀ ƩƢǼȈLjºŢ DZƢºƻƽƛ Ŀ ȆºǓƢȇǂdzơ ƱƿȂǸǼdzơ ƾǟƢLjȇ -Õ
.śǬȈdzơ ǵƾǟ ƩȏƢƷ DzǔǧƗ ƾȇƾŢ ȄǴǟ DzǸǠȇȁ ȅǂǜǼdzơ ƱƿȂǸǼdzơ
ǹȂǰȇ ǥȂLJȁ .ƨǻǁƢǬǸǴdz ƨǴƥƢǫȁ ƨǬLjƬǷ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ śǠƬȇȁ
Ƣǿǂnjǻȁ ƢȀƦȈƫǂƫȁ ƨǴǷƢǯ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƧƾǟƢǫ ƭơƾƸƬLJơ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ
ƩƢºǬƦǗ ǵƢºǜǻ Ŀ ŁƢǐŭơ ƣƢƸǏƗ Dzǯ ƢēƢǷȂǴǠǷ DZƽƢƦƬȇ ŕƷ
DZȁƾºdzơ ǺǷ DzŏǰNjĄ ȄǴǟƗ džǴů ƞnjǻƗ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ňơǁƢǣ
ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂǷ ƨLJơǁƽ Ƨǁơƽȍ DzǸǠdzơ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ǪȈLjǼƬdz Ǟƥǁȋơ
ňơǁƢǣ ƩƢǬƦǗ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȇǁƢnjƬLJơ ƩƢǟƢǸƬƳơ ƩƾǬĄǟ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈǧȂŪơ
Ƨǁơƽƛ ƲǷƢºǻǂƥ ƨnjǫƢǼŭ ÏÍÍÎ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ Ŀ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ
.ǾǫƢǘǻȁ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂǷ
ƨȈLJƢLJƗ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ -Ð
.ǞƥǂǷ ǂƬǷȂǴȈǯ Î ÏÍÍ ÍÍÍ :ƨȈƸǘLjdzơ ƨƷƢLjŭơ -Ö
ƨǸLjǻ śȇȐǷ Ó ǶȀǼǷ NJȈǠȇ ƨǸLjǻ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÒ :ǹƢǰLjdzơ
.ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ ǃŐƫ ƮȈƷ
.ƤǠǰǷ ǂƬǷȂǴȈǯ ÑÍ ÍÍÍ :ƨǻȁDŽƼŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ
ǂºƬǷ ÎÍÍ ǂƠƥ ÔÍÍ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ƤƸLjȇ :ŅƢūơ ƱƢƬǻȍơ
Ŀ ƤºǠǰǷ ǂºƬǷ ÒÍÍȁ ÎÍÍ śƥ ƢǷ ƶƬǨƥ ƨǟƢLjdzơ Ŀ ƤǠǰǷ
.ƨǬǧơƾdzơ ǁƢƥȉơ ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ ƨǟƢLjdzơ
__________
DžȂdzǁƢºǯȁ (Emilia Bocanegra) ơǂǤȈǻƢǯȂƥ ƢȈǴȈǷƛ ǵƢȀLJƛ ǺǷ (Ʊ)
ƩȏƢºƷ ƩƢºLJơǁƽ Ŀ (Carlos Fernandez-Jáuregui) ȆǤȇǁȂƻ DŽȇƾǻƢǻŚǧ
Internationally Shared (Transboundary) Aquifer Resources ǺǷ ƨȇƽơǂǧƛ
.(ǽȐǟƗ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ Ŀ ÎÓ ƨȈNjƢūơ ǂǜǻơ) Management
ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ƨºȈƟƢŭơ ƨǬƦǘdzơ ǂƯƘƬƫ ǥȂLJ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ
.ƢȀǴǷƢǰƥ (ƣ)ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ
ǽƢȈŭơ ƨȈǟȂǻ -Ñ
ǵƢǜǻ ǺǷ ǾǿƢȈǷ ƧǁȂǐƄơ Śǣ ƔDŽŪơ Ŀ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨȈǟȂǻ ƵȁơǂƬƫ -Ñ
ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ƧǃƢƬŲȁ ƧƾȈƳ śƥ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ĺȂǼdzơ ǂƴūơ ƩƢǬƦǗ
ńƛ ǞºǫơȂdzơ) ǾºǿƢȈǷ ƧǁȂǐƄơ ƔDŽŪơ Ŀ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨȈǟȂǻ ƢǷƗ .ƢȀƬǷǂƥ
ǽƢȈŭơ ƨȈǟȂǻ ǹƜǧ (ƨȈƦȈǴdzơ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ ƨȇŚǿƢǸŪơȁ ǂǐǷ Ŀ ȅƗ DZƢǸnjdzơ
ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ ǵƢǜǻ ǺǷ ȄǴǟȋơ ƔDŽŪơ ǹƗ ƿƛ ƆƢȈLJƗǁȁ ƢƆȈƦǻƢƳ ŚǤƬƫ
DzǨºLJȋơ ƔDŽŪơ ǽƢȈǷ ƨƷȂǴǷ ƽơƽDŽƫ ƢǸȈǧ ƨƥǀǟ ƢƆǿƢȈǷ ȅȂŹ ƨȈǧȂŪơ
.ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƨǬƦǘdzơ ǵƢǜǻ ǺǷ
ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ Ɣơǁȁ ƢǷ ǵƢǜǼdz ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǂȀǜĄƫȁ -Ò
ǹơǂºǸǠdzơ ǪǗƢǼǷ ȆǨǧ .ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰdzơ ƨȈǟȂǼdzơ Ŀ ƢƆǠLJơȁ ƢƆƫȁƢǨƫ ƨȈƥȂǼdzơ
ǪǧƾºƬdzơ DzºǠǨƥ ǂºǘƼǴdz ǽƢȈǸǴdz ƧƾȈŪơ ƨȈǟȂǼdzơ ǑǂǠƬƫ ǦȈưǰdzơ
ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ ǁƢǬƬǧơ ǭƢǼǿȁ .ƨūƢŭơ ǽƢȈǸǴdz œǻƢŪơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƾǟƢǐdzơ
ƾȈǠǐºdzơ ȄǴǟ ŕƷ ƨǴǰnjŭơ ǽǀǿ ǂǏƢǼǠdz ƤȈǯǂƫ ƔơǂƳȍ ƨǷǃȐdzơ
ǺǷ ƨƥǂǬǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƱơǂƼƬLJơ ƽƢȇƽǃơ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ .ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ
ǽƢºȈŭơ ƨºȈǟȂǻ ǁȂǿƾƫ ǂǘƻ ƾȇDŽȇ ƾǫ ƨūƢŭơ/ƨƥǀǠdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ Dzƻơƾƫ
.ƨƥǀǠdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ Ŀ ƨūƢŭơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƣǂLjƬƥ
Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ -Ò
ƨȈƦȈǴdzơ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ ƨȇŚǿƢǸŪơ ƪƥǂǟƗ ƩƢǼȈǠƦLjdzơ DzƟơȁƗ ǀǼǷ -Ó
ƨºLJơǁƽ Ŀ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzƢƥ ƢȀǷƢǸƬǿơ Ǻǟ ǂǐǷȁ ǹơƽȂLjdzơȁ
ƨƠȈǿ ƪƠnjǻƗ ÎÖÖÏ ǾȈdzȂȇ/ǃȂŤ Ŀȁ .ǭǂƬnjŭơ ƢǿƽǁȂǷ ƨȈǸǼƫȁ
ƢȀȈdzƛ ƪǸǔǻơ Ľ ƨȈƦȈǴdzơ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ ƨȇŚǿƢǸŪơȁ ǂǐǷ śƥ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ
ǞŦ Ǻǟ ǁȂǷƗ ƨǴŦ Ŀ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƨƠȈŮơ ǽǀǿȁ .ǹơƽȂLjdzơȁ ƽƢnjƫ
ǞºǓȁȁ ƩƢLJơǁƾdzơ ƔơǂƳƛȁ ƢȀưȇƾŢȁ ƢŮƢǸǰƬLJơȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ
ǀºȈǨǼƫȁ ƢŮȐǤƬºLJơȁ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ƨȈǸǼƬdz ƲǷơŐdzơȁ ǖǘŬơ
śǴǷƢºǠdzơ Ƥȇǁƾºƫȁ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ Ƨǁơƽƛ ƩƢLJƢȈLJ
ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ƨºȈƟƢŭơ ƩƢºǬƦǘdzơ ǽƢȈǷ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ śǼǬƫȁ śȈǼǬƬdzơ
ǵƢǜǻ ǂȇȂǘƫ Ļȁ .ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ƨȈǸǼƬdz ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƤǻơȂŪơ ƨLJơǁƽȁ
ƨºȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơ DŽǯǂǷ ǺǷ Ƕǟƾƥ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǸǴdz DzǷƢǰƬǷ ȆǸȈǴǫƛ
ǂƥȂºƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjºƫ Ò Ŀȁ .ƢºƥȁǁȁƗȁ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ ƨǬǘǼǸǴdz
ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ǹƘnjƥ śǫƢǨƫơ Ǟƥǁȋơ ƔƢǔǟȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƪǠōǫȁ ÏÍÍÍ
Ǻǟ ƆȐǔǧ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ DzƦLJȁ ƢŮƽƢƦƫȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ǞŦ
.ƢȀưȇƾŢȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ DZƢǸǰƬLJơ
__________
ĿơǂǤŪơ ƢǿƢǼǠŠ Ǫǧǂŭơ ơǀǿ Ŀ "ƨǯǂƬnjǷ" ƧǁƢƦǟ ƔơŐŬơ ǵƾƼƬLjȇ (ƣ)
.ƽȁƾūơ Őǟ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƨǬƦǘdzơ ǹƗ Ȃǿȁ ȏƗ
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
Ŀ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ƨȇȏȁ DzưǸƬƫȁ .(Î ƧƽƢŭơ) ǽƢȈŭơ Ŀ śȈƟƢǐƻƗ ƾǧȁ Dzǯ Ŀ
Ŀ ǀºƻƘȇ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ƨǬƦǘdzơ ǽƢȈǷ DZȐǤƬLJȏ ȅȂǼLJ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ƵơǂƬǫơ
Ȑǯ ȄǴǟ śǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǦǴƬű ƩƢƳƢȈƬƷơ ǹƢǰǷȍơ ǁƾǫ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ
ƽǁȂŭơ ƨȇƢŧ ƨdzƢǨǰdz ǵDŽǴƫ ƩƢƷơǂƬǫơ ȅƗ ǞǓȁ Ŀȁ ƽȁƾūơ œǻƢƳ
ȆǘǠƫȁ .(Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ) ƭȂǴƬǴdz ƨǴǸƬƄơ ƣƢƦLJȋơ ƨŪƢǠǷ Ŀȁ
ǽƢºȈŭơ ƱơǂƼƬºLJȏ ƧƾºȇƾŪơ ƩƖnjǼŭơ ǹƘnjƥ řǬƬdzơ ƢȀȇƗǁ ƨǼƴǴdzơ
ƢȀºǼǷ ƢƆȈdzƢƷ ǶƟƢǬdzơ DzȇƾǠƫ ǹƘnjƥ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƢēƢǷơƾƼƬLJơȁ
ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨȇǀǤƫ ƩƖnjǼǷ DzȈǤnjƫȁ ƔƢnjǻƛ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ƨǠƳơǂŠ ǵȂǬƫȁ
ƤºƳơȂƥ ǝȐǘºǓȏơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ȄǴǟȁ .(Ðȁ Ï ǹƢƫǂǬǨdzơ Ï ƧƽƢŭơ)
ǺºǷ ǺºŏǰŤ Ŗºdzơ ƢƆȈdzƢƷ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƩƖnjǼŭơ ǞȈŦ ǑơǂǠƬLJơ
.(Ñ ƧƽƢºŭơ) ƨǏƢƻ ȁƗ ƨǷƢǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƔơȂLJ ƨǬƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂǷ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ
ǽƢºȈŭơ ǶºƴƷ DzƴLjƫ ƧDŽȀƳƘƥ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƩƖnjǼŭơ ǞȈŦ ƾȇȁDŽƫ śǠƬȇȁ
ǺºǷ ƧǁƽƢƦŠ ǶƬƬƼĄƫȁ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ ǽǀǿ ǂȇƢǠĄƫȁ .ƨǬƦǘdzơ ǺǷ ƨƳǂƼƬLjŭơ
.(Ó ƧƽƢŭơ) ƢƆȇǁȁƽ DzƴLjƫȁ ƨƳǂƼƬLjŭơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƩƢȈǸǯ ƗǂǬĄƫȁ .ƨǼƴǴdzơ
ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨȇǀǤƫ ƧƘnjǼǷ (ƣ)
ǹȂƬǻƢǯȁ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ńȂƬƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ (Õ ƧƽƢŭơ) ƤȈƫǂƬdzơ ǎǼȇ
Ŗdzơȁ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨȇǀǤƬdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ DzȈǤnjƫȁ ƔƢnjǻƛ ǦȈǼƳ
.ƢºŮ ƾºȈƷȂdzơ ǮºdzƢŭơ ǦȈǼƳ ǹȂƬǻƢǯȁ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ Dzǜƫȁ ǹȂǰƫ
ǽƢȈǷ ƨȈǟȂǼƥ ǪƸǴƫ ǁơǂǓƗ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǦȈǼƳ ǹȂƬǻƢǯ ǹȂǰȇȁ
ƨºȇǀǤƬdzơ ƧƘnjºǼǷ ƨǻƢȈºǏ ǵƾºǟ ƔơǂƳ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ
.(Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ÎÕ ƧƽƢŭơ)
ǽƢȈŭơ ǩȂǬƷ (Ʊ)
ƽƢºǠƥƗ ȄºǴǟ ƔƢǼƥ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ Ö ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ Î ƧǂǬǨdzơ ǎǼƫ
ȏƗ ƨȈLjºǻǂǨdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ DzǨǰƫ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƨȇǀǤƬdzơ ƧƘnjǼǷ Ƨǁƾǫȁ
śǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǽƢȈŭơ ƱơǂƼƬLJơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ǝȂǸů ǃȁƢƴƬȇ
Ŀ ƢŠ ƤǠǰǷ ǂƬǷ śȇȐǷ Ò ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ ǶȈǴǫȍơ Dzƻơƽ ǺȇƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǃȂºŸ ƔÅ ƢǼưƬLJơȁ .ƤǠǰǷ ǂƬǷ ňȂȈǴǷ ǢdzƢƦdzơ ňƢĐơ ǎǐƼŭơ Ǯdzƿ
DZǃƢºǼƬȇ ǹƗ ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ ǥǂǘdzơ ńƛ ƤǴǘȇ ǹƗ ȅǂLjȇȂLjdzơ ǥǂǘǴdz
.ǎǐƼŭơ ơǀǿ DzǷƢǯ Ǻǟ ȁƗ ňƢĐơ Ǿǐǐű ǺǷ ƔDŽƳ Ǻǟ
ǽƢȈŭơ ŚǠLjƫ ( ƽ)
Ʃơƿ ƔƢnjǻȍơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ƣƢLjƷ Ŀ ǦȈǼƳ ǹȂƬǻƢǯ ǝǂNj
ǦȈdzƢºǰƬdz ƨȇȂLjºƫ ȃǂƴĄƫȁ .ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨȇǀǤƫ ƧƘnjǼŭ ƨǴǐdzơ
Ŀ ƢŠ ƢƆȇȂǼLJ ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ ƤǻƢŪơ ƨǐƷ ƤLjƸĄƫ Ľ .ƢƆȇȂǼLJ DzȈǤnjƬdzơ
ǢǴƦǷ) ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨȇǀǤƫ ƧƘnjǼǷ ƨǷƢǫƛ Ŀ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨŷƢLjŭơ Ǯdzƿ
ƤºLJƢǼƬȇ ƢŠ ƨȈǴȈǤnjƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƬdzơȁ (ǭȐȀƬLJȏơ Ǒơǂǣȋ ȅȂǼLJ
.ǹȂȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ǹȂǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ƢȀƳǂƼƬLJơ Ŗdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǶƴƷ ŅƢŦƛȁ
ǽƢȈŭơ ƨȈǟȂǻ (ǿ)
ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬºLJơ ƨƳǂƼƬLjŭơ ǽƢȈŭơ DzȈǴƸƬƥ śǧǂǘdzơ Ȑǯ ǵȂǬȇ
ƔơǂƳƛ ǶƬȇȁ žƨǼƴǴdzơ ƢǿƽƾŢ Ŗdzơ ƧƾƷȂŭơ ȆǟȂǼdzơ DzȈǴƸƬdzơ ŚȇƢǠǷ
348
ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ǦȈǼƳ ƨǬǘǼǷ ƨǬƦǗ -ǶȈƳ
(ƽ)
ƨȇǂLjȇȂLjdzơ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ
ĿơǂǤŪơ ǞǫȂŭơ -Î
- ƨȈLjºǻǂǨdzơ ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ƨºȈƟƢŭơ ǦȈǼƳ ƨǬǘǼǷ ƨǬƦǗ ƾƬŤ -ÎÍ
ƧŚƸƦºdz Ȅǐǫȋơ ĺȂǼŪơ ǥǂǘdzơ śƥ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȇǂLjȇȂLjdzơ
ƽȁƾūơ ȄǴǟ ƨǬƦǘdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ƔDŽƳ ǞǬȇȁ ǹȁǂdzơ ǂĔ ƢȀǟǂǧȁ ǦȈǼƳ
ŐǠƫȁ .ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƢȈǴǠdzơ ơȂǧƢLJ ƨǠǗƢǬǷ ǞǷ ǦȈǼƳ ǹȂƬǻƢǰdz ƨȈƥȂǼŪơ
ǽǀºǿ ǩȂǧ ƢLjǻǂǧ Ŀ ǞƦǼȇ ǹȁǂdzơ ǂȀǼdz ƾǧơǁ (Arve) ǥǁȉơ ǂĔ
ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƨȇǀǤƫ ǺǷ ƨǬƦǘdzơ ƾȈǨĄƫ ơǀƥȁ ƣǂǤdzơ ńƛ ǩǂnjdzơ ǺǷ ƨǬƦǘdzơ
ƵȁơǂƬȇȁ .ƨǼLjdzơ Ŀ ƤǠǰǷ ǂƬǷ śȇȐǷ Ô,Ò ƢȀǘLJȂƬǷ ǢǴƦȇ ǽƢȈŭƢƥ
.ƢƆǬǸǟ ơƆǂƬǷ ÕÍȁ ÎÒ śƥ ƢǷ ǽƢȈŭơ ƣȂLjǼǷ ǖLJȂƬǷ
ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƱơǂƼƬLJơ -Ï
ǽƢºȈŠ ƽơƾºǷȎdz ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ǦȈǼƳ ƨǬǘǼǷ ƨǬƦǗ DzǤƬLjĄƫ -ÎÎ
ȄǴǟ ǁƢƥƕ Òȁ ȅǂLjȇȂLjdzơ ƤǻƢŪơ ȄǴǟ ǁƢƥƕ ÎÍ ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ ƣǂnjdzơ
ƨƳǂƼƬLjŭơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǶƴƷ ŅƢŦƛ ǖLJȂƬǷ ƵȁơǂƬȇȁ .ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ ƤǻƢŪơ
ƩƢƥȂƸLjºŭơ DzưŤ ƨǼLjdzơ Ŀ ƤǠǰǷ ǂƬǷ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÔȁ ÎÒ śƥ ƢǷ
ÎÖÑÍ ȆǷƢºǟ śºƥȁ .ƤǠǰǷ ǂƬǷ ňȂȈǴǷ ŅơȂƷ ƢȀǼǷ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ
ƨºȈƟƢŭơ ǦȈǼƳ ƨǬǘǼǷ ƨǬƦǗ ǺǷ ƨƳǂƼƬLjŭơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƪǻƢǯ ÎÖÓÍȁ
ȆǷƢǟ śƥȁ .ǽƢȈŭƢƥ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƨȇǀǤƬdzơ ǖLJȂƬǷ ǺǷ ơƆŚưǯ ƣǂǬƫ ƨȈǧȂŪơ
ƨºǬƦǘdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ǽƢȈŭơ ƤƸLJ Ŀ Ǖơǂǧƛ ȃǂƳ ÎÖÕÍȁ ÎÖÓÍ
ǂƬǷ ǹȂȈǴǷ ÎÑ ƢǿƢǐǫƗ Ŀ ƪǤǴƥ ǽƢȈǸǴdz ƱơǂƼƬLJơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠƥ ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥ
ƨºǴǸƬƄơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƢȀƬǴǣ ǦǠǓ ŅơȂƷ ȅƗ ÎÖÔÎ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƤǠǰǷ
Ŀ ǁƢƬǷƗ Ô ǺǷ ǂưǯƘƥ ǽƢȈŭơ ƣȂLjǼǷ ǒǨƻ ƺǔdzơ Ŀ Ǖơǂǧȍơ ơǀǿȁ
.ƮǴưdzơ ŅơȂŞ ĿȂŪơ ȆƟƢŭơ ǹȁDŽƼŭơ ŅƢŦƛ ǎºƐǴǫ ƢŲ ƨǼLJ ÏÍ
ơȂǧƢLJ ƨǠǗƢǬǷ ǞǷ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ Ŀ ǦȈǼƳ ǹȂƬǻƢǯ ǝǂNj ƤƦLjdzơ ơǀŮ
ƧǁơƽȎºdz ƨºȇǀǤƫ ƧƘnjºǼǷ ƨǷƢǫƛ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƢȈǴǠdzơ
.ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǬƦǘdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ
Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ -Ð
ơȂǧƢLJ ƨǠǗƢǬǷȁ ǦȈǼƳ ǹȂƬǻƢǯ śƥ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ƪǸƬƬƻơ -ÎÏ
ǦºȈǼƳ ƨǬǘǼǷ ƨǬƦǗ ƨȇƢŧ ǹƘnjƥ ƤȈƫǂƫ ǞȈǫȂƬƥ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƢȈǴǠdzơ
Ɨƾƥȁ .ƢȀƬȇǀǤƫȁ ƢŮȐǤƬLJơȁ ƨȇǂLjȇȂLjdzơ - ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ
.ÎÖÔÕ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Î Ŀ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ƿƢǨǻ
:ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ƤȈƫǂƬǴdz ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ DzǸnjƫȁ -ÎÐ
ƨǼƴǴdzơ ( Ɨ)
ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ǦȈǼƳ ƨǬǘǼǷ ƨǬƦǗ Ƨǁơƽȍ ƨǼŪ ƤȈƫǂƬdzơ ƘnjǻƗ
ǹơȂǔºǟ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƤŸȁ Ǫȇǂǧ Dzǯ ǺǷ ƔƢǔǟƗ ƨƯȐƯ ǺǷ ǦdzƘƬƫ
__________
.ȂǰLjǻȂȈdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǨȈƬLJ Ƣȇơǁ ǵƢȀLJƛ ǺǷ (ƽ)
349 ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƩƢǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦNj ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǝȁǂnjǷ

ǽƢȈŭơ Ŀ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ȁƽơǁȂdzȂǯ ǂĔȁ (ǮȈLjǰŭơ Ŀ Ȃǧơǂƥ Ȃȇǁ) ȅƾǻơǂǣ
ȄǴǟ Ƥƫǂƫȁ .Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǧȂƳ ƨȈƟƢǷ ƨǬƦǗ Ƨǂnjǟ džŨ Ŀ ƨȈǧȂŪơ
ǞºǬƫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ǮȈLjǰŭơ śƥ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƽȁƾūơ ǶǜǠǷ ǹƗ
ȄºǴǟ ƧƾȇƾNj ƨLjǧƢǼǷ DZȂǐƷ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨƸȈƸnjdzơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ǩƢǘǻ ǺǸǓ
ƩƢǬƦǘǴdz ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzǀǯȁ śȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ǺȇǂȀǼǴdz ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ
ƨºLJơǁƽ :ǽƢºǻƽƗ ǹơƽǁơȂdzơ ǹȏƢưŭơ ǂǷȋơ ơǀǿ Ƶǂnjȇȁ .ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ
ƨºLJơǁƽȁ (El Paso-Juárez) "džȇǁơȂƻ - ȂLJƢƥ dzƛ" dz ƨȇƽơǂǧȍơ ƨdzƢūơ
.(ǞƦǼŭơ) ȄǴǟȋơ (San Pedro) ȁǁƾƥ ǹƢLJ ǂĔ ǑȂū ƨȇƽơǂǧȍơ ƨdzƢūơ
ȆƟƢǼưdzơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ -Î
ƩơƾºǿƢǠǷ Ƨƾǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ƪǷǂƥƗ -ÎÓ
śƦºĄȇȁ .ƨǯǂƬnjºŭơ ƢŷƽȁƾŞ ǪǴǠƬƫ ǂnjǟ ǞLJƢƬdzơ ǹǂǬdzơ ǀǼǷ
ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƾȀǠdzơ ƨưȇƾūơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǒǠƥ ǽƢǻƽƗ ŅƢƬdzơ DZȁƾŪơ
Ƨǁơƽƛ ǹƘnjºƥ ǩƢǨƫơ ȅƗ ƾǠƥ ƾƳȂȇ ȏȁ .ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơȁ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ
ƨºǼƴǴdz ÏÑÏ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƨȈǏȂƬdzơ Ƕǣǁ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ
.(Ƶ)ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơȁ ƽȁƾūơ
ƨºǜǧƢƄơ ȅǂšȁ .(ÎÓ ƧƽƢŭơ) ƨǸǜƬǼǷ ƩơǂƬǧ Ŀ DzȈdzƢƸƬdzơ ǽǀǿ
ǂƯƚȇ ƾǫ ǽƢȈǸǴdz ȆǓǂǟ ƭȂǴƫ DZȂǐƷ DZƢƷ Ŀ ǁơǀǻȎdz ǵƢǜǻ ȄǴǟ
ǹȂºǰȇȁ .(ÎÔ ƧƽƢºŭơ) ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƨǬƦǘdzơ ǽƢȈǷ ƨȈǟȂǻ ȄǴǟ
Ŀ ǞǬƫ ƭȂǴƫ DZƢǸǟƗ ȅƗ Ǻǟ śdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂȇǂLjȇȂLjdzơȁ ǹȂȈLjǻǂǨdzơ
.ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƢǸȀȈǓơǁƗ
ƢƆȈƟƢǬǴƫ ƽƾƴĄȇȁ .(ÎÖ ƧƽƢŭơ) ƢƆǷƢǟ ÐÍ Ƨƾŭ ƤȈƫǂƬdzơ ǵǂƥƗ -ÎÑ
ǥǂºǘdzơ ńƛ ƢƆǷƾǬǷ ǾƟƢĔƜƥ śǧǂǘdzơ ƾƷƗ ǶǬȇ Ń ƢǷ ǵơȂǟƗ Ò Ƨƾŭ
Ŀ ǵŐŭơ ƤȈƫǂƬdzơ ƾǸƬǟơ ƾǫȁ .ƾƷơȁ ǵƢǟ DzƦǫ Ǯdzǀƥ ơƆǁƢǠNjƛ ǂƻȉơ
ƨȈLjºǻǂǨdzơ ƢȈǴǠdzơ ơȂǧƢLJ ƨǠǗƢǬǷȁ ǦȈǼƳ ǹȂƬǻƢǯ śƥ ÎÖÔÕ ǵƢǟ
ƨLjºŨ ȄǴǟ Ȃƥǂƫ Ƨƾŭ ƢƆȈǴǸǟ ƢƆƷƢų ǹȉơ DzưǸĄȇ Ȃǿȁ ƆƢȈǴǸǟ ƢƆƴĔ
.ƢƆǷƢǟ Ǻȇǂnjǟȁ
ǮȈLjºǰŭơ śºƥ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƽȁƾūơ -DZơƽ
(ǿ )
ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ
DZȂǗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ǂǗƢnjƬƫ -ÎÒ
Ȃºȇǁ ǂºĔ ǽƢȈǷ Ŀ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ƨȈƸǘLjdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƢŷƽȁƾƷ

ǑǂǤdzơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ

( ȁ)
ǵơƾƼƬLJơȁ ƢǻơȂƼȈƫȁ ȁƽơǁȂdzȂǯ ȅǂĔ ǽƢȈǷ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǶȈǜǼƫ "ǽƢȈŭơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ" ÎÖÑÑ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÑ
ƽȁƾºūơ ƨºǼŪ ƔƢnjºǻƛȁ .(Ȃǧơǂƥ Ȃȇǁ) ȅƾǻơǂǣ Ȃȇǁ ǽƢȈǷ
ǝǂºǧȁ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ƢŮ ǝǂǨƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơȁ
.ǮȈLjǰŭơ Ŀ
ƨƷȂǴǷ ƨǴǰnjŭ ȆƟƢĔ Dzū ƧǀƼƬŭơ ƩơǁǂǬŭơ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ Ƕǔƫ ǶºƟơƽ DzºƷ ƽƢŸƛ ǹƘnjƥ ÏÑÏ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ÎÖÔÐ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ ÐÍ
Ŀ ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƺǓ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ƽƾŢȁ .ȁƽơǁȂdzȂǯ ǂĔ ǽƢȈǷ ǂºĔ ǽƢȈǷ ƨƷȂǴŭ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǴǰnjǸǴdz ȆƟƢĔȁ
ƢºǻȁDŽȇǁƗ śºƥ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƧǁȁƢĐơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ .ȁƽơǁȂdzȂǯ
śƷ ńƛ" (ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƢLjȈǷ ƢǷȂȇ ƨǬƦǗ ǹƘnjƥ) ơǁȂǻȂLJȁ
ȐƆ ǷƢºNj ƢƆǫƢǨƫơ ǮȈLjǰŭơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ŖǷȂǰƷ ǵơǂƥƛ
*."ƽȁƾūơ ǪǗƢǼǷ Ŀ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǹƘnjƥ
ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸū śǧǂǘdzơ śƥ ǹȁƢǠƬǴdz ǵǃȐdzơ DžƢLJȋơ ǞǓȁ ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ƨºȇƢǸū ǹȁƢºǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǩƢǨƫơ ÎÖÕÐ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ ÎÑ
(ǃ )
.ƢĔȂǏȁ ƢȀǼȈLjŢȁ ƽȁƾūơ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ƢȀǼȈLjŢȁ
ƾºǏǁ ƲǷƢºǻǂƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơȁ ƽȁƾūơ ƨǼŪ Ǟǔƫ ǥȂLJ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơȁ ƽȁƾūơ ƨǼƴǴdz ÏÕÖ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ÎÖÖÏ ŐǸǧȂǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÐ
ƨȈƸǘLjdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨȈǟȂǻ ƨƦǫơǂŭ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƧƾǟƢǫ ƞnjǼƫȁ ƢƆƦLJƢǼǷ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƽȁƾūơ DZȂǗ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨȈǟȂǻ ǹƘnjƥ
ƨºȇƽȁƾūơ ƨºƠȈƦǴdz ƨºǴǷƢǰƬŭơ ƨºǘŬơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȈǧȂŪơȁ ǮȈLjǰŭơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ śƥ
.(ÎÖÖÏ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj ÏÒ)

ººººººº
ƽȁƾūơ ƨǼƴǴdz ÏÑÏ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ǂǬȇ ƢƆǫƢǨƫơ Dzǰnjȇ ƢǷ ǩơǁȁȋơ DZƽƢƦƫ (ǃ)
ȁƽơǁȂºdzȂǯ ǂĔ ƨƷȂǴŠ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ǮȈLjǰŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơȁ
United Nations, (ÎÖÔÐ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ ÐÍ ȂǯȂǴȈƫȐƫȁ ŖȈLJ ȂǰȈLjǰǷ)
.Treaty Series, vol. 915, No. 13055, p. 203
(United Nations, Treaty Series, ƢȈǻǁȂǨȈdzƢǯ ƢƻƢƥ ǃƢƥȏ Ŀ ǞƐǫȁ (Ƶ)
.vol. 1352, No. 22805, p. 67)
ººººººº
.ȂǰLjǻȂȈdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǨȈƬLJ Ƣȇơǁ ǵƢȀLJƛ ǺǷ (ǿ)
ǂĔȁ ƢǻơȂƼȈƫȁ ȁƽơǁȂdzȂǯ ȅǂĔ ǽƢȈǷ ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ (ȁ)
ǮȈLjǰŭơ ƲȈǴƻ ńƛ DžƢLjǰƬƥ ŔǼȇȂǯ ƩǁȂǧ ǺǷ (Ȃǧơǂƥ Ȃȇǁ) ȅƾǻơǂǣ Ȃȇǁ
United Nations, Treaty (ÎÖÑÑ ŐǸǧȂºǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÑ ǺǘǼNjơȁ)
.Series, vol. 3, No. 25, p. 313
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ
ȄºǴǟ ƢǸȈºLJ ȏȁ DZƢǟ ȂŶ DZƾǠǷ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƪȀƳơȁȁ -ÏÎ
ȂºǸǼdzơ DzǏơȂƬȇ ǹƗ ǞǫȂƬŭơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ Ƣŭȁ .ȆǰȈLjǰŭơ ƤǻƢŪơ
ǺºǷȁ .ǽƢºȈŭơ ȄǴǟ ƤǴǘdzơ Ǯdzǀǯ ǹȂǰȇ ǥȂLjǧ ňƢǰLjdzơ
ǺǷ ȂLJƢƥ dzƛ ƨǼȇƾǷ ƪǼǰŤ ǽƢȈŭơ ǚǨū Ƨƾȇƾnjdzơ ƽȂȀŪơ DZȐƻ
ǽƢȈǸǴdz ƽǂǨdzơ ǭȐȀƬLJơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ .ǽƢȈǸǴdz ƽǂǨdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǒǨƻ
Ȃºǿ (ǵȂȈdzơ Ŀ ǎƼnjǴdz ǂƬdz ÓÍÍ ŅơȂƷ) ȂLJƢƥ dzƛ ƨǼȇƾǷ Ŀ
ƩƢƠǷ NJȈǠȇ ƮȈƷ džȇǁơȂƻ ƽơƽȂȈLJ Ŀ ǽƢȈŭơ ǭȐȀƬLJơ ǦǠǓ
ǂºNjƢƦŭơ ƽơƾǷȎdz DzƦLJ ǶŮ ƵƢƬĄƫ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǺǷ ǹƢǰLjdzơ ǥȂdzƗ
ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƣȂǔǻ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ǻǟ ƆȐǔǧȁ .ǶȀǼǯƢLjǷ Ŀ ǽƢȈŭƢƥ
ƨȈǔǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǽǀǿ ƨȇƽơǂǧȍơ ƨdzƢūơ ƨLJơǁƽ ƾǯƚƫ Ƣēơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ
Ȇºǿȁ ȏƗ ƽȁƾºūơ Őǟ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ DzƟƢLjǸǴdz ƆƢǫƢǘǻ ǞLJȁȋơ
.ƨǨǴǰƬdzơ DzĈǸŢȁ Ƨȁǂưdzơ DzƟƢLjǷ
ǹƢLJ ǂĔ ǑȂū ƨȇƽơǂǧȍơ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ -Ð
(ǞƦǼŭơ) ȄǴǟȋơ ȁǁƾƥ
ǮȈLjºǰŭơ Ŀ ǹƢǠƦǼȇ ǺȇǂĔ ƾƷƗ ȁǁƾƥ ǹƢLJ ǂĔ DzǰnjĄȇ -ÏÏ
ǝȂºǼƬdzơ DzºưŻȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ǹƢƦǐȇȁ ȏƆ Ƣſ ǹƢǬǧƾƬȇȁ
ǂºưǯƗ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ .ǾƦǻơȂƳ ǃǂƥƗ ƾƷƗ ǑȂƸǴdz ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ȆƳȂdzȂȈƦdzơ
ơǀǿ Ŀ NJȈǠƫ ƧŚưǯ ȃǂƻƗ ǝơȂǻƗȁ ǁȂȈǘdzơ ǺǷ ǝȂǻ ÑÍÍ ǺǷ
.ǽŐǟ ǂƳƢē ȁƗ ǑȂūơ
Ƣŷ ǹƢȈLjȈƟǁ ǹơǁƾǐǷ ǑȂūơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈǸǴdzȁ -ÏÐ
ȄƫƘƬƫȁ .ǹƢƬǘƥơǂƬŭơ ƨōǫǂdzơ ƨǬƦǗȁ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƨǬƦǘdzơ
.DZƢƦŪơ ƵȂǨLJ ǺǷ ƆƢLJƢLJƗ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƨǬƦǘdzơ ƨȇǀǤƫ
ƤǴǣƗ Ŀ ǽƢȈŭơ ƧǁȂǐŰ Śǣ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƨǬƦǘdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹȂǰƫȁ
ǶƬƫȁ .ƢȀƟơDŽƳƗ ǺǷ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ǽƢȈŭơ ƧǁȂǐŰ Ǻǰƫ ǹƛȁ DZơȂƷȋơ
ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ Ǿƥ ǶȀLjĄƫ ƢŠȁ ǁƢǘǷȋơ ǽƢȈŠ ƆƢLJƢLJƗ ƨōǫǂdzơ ƨǬƦǗ ƨȇǀǤƫ
.ƧǁȂǐŰ Śǣ ƢȀǿƢȈǸǧ ƨōǫǂdzơ ƨǬƦǗ ƢǷƗȁ .ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ
ǹƢºLJ ǂĔ ǑȂƷ ƨǬǘǼǷ ƩƾȀNj ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀȁ -ÏÑ
ǽƢȈŭơ ȄǴǟ ƤǴǘdzơ ƧƾƷ ǺǷ ƽơǃ ƢƆǠȇǂLJ ƢƆȈǻƢǰLJ ơƆȂŶ ȄǴǟȋơ ȁǁƾƥ
ǶºǜǠǷ ǪºǨƬȇȁ .ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƩơƽơƾǷƛ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǘǤǓ DžǁƢǷȁ
ƨǬƦǘdzơ ǺǷ ǽƢȈŭơ ƺǓ Ŀ Ǖơǂǧȍơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȈƳȂdzȁǁƾȈŮơ ȆȈƟƢǐƻƗ
Ƶŗºȇ ǕȂƦǿ Ǖȁǂű ƔȂnjǻ Ŀ ƤƦLjƫ ƾǫ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ
ȁǁƾƥ ǹƢLJ ǂĔ ƶƦǏƗ ƾǫȁ .ǽƢȈŭơ ƣȂLjǼǷ ǒǨş ƨǫċǂdzơ ƨǬƦǗ ǽƢȈǷ
ơǀǿ ǹƘNj ǺǷȁ .ǺǯƢǷȋơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ DZơȁDŽdzơ ǞȇǂLJ Ǯdzƿ ƔơǂƳ ǺǷ
ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂƯƚȇ ǹƗȁ ǁȂȈǘdzơ Ƨǂƴǿ ǁƢLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƧŚǘƻ ǁƢƯƕ Ǿdz ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ
ljƢºǬǻ ǝȂǓȂǷ Ȃǿ ƢǷȁ .ƧǁȁƢĐơ ƨȈǴƄơ ƩƢǠǸƬĐơ ƽƢǐƬǫơ ȄǴǟ
Ŀ ǕǂºǨŭơ ǒǨŬơ ǂǘƻ ƢƆǔȇƗ Ǻǰdzȁ ƤLjƸǧ ǽƢȈŭơ ƽȂƳȁ džȈdz
ǁƢĔȋơ ƞǗơȂNj ȄǴǟ ƩƢƫƢƦǼdzơ ǂǘƼǴdz ǑǂǠĄȇ ȅǀdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƣȂLjǼǷ
.ȆƳȂdzȂȈƦdzơ ƢȀǟȂǼƫȁ
350
džȇǁơȂƻ - ȂLJƢƥ dzƛ dz ƨȇƽơǂǧȍơ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ -Ï
DžƢLjǰƫ ȂLJƢƥ dzƛ ǹƢƫǁȁƢƴƬŭơ ǹƢƬȇƽȁƾūơ ǹƢƬǼȇƾŭơ ǾƳơȂƫ -ÎÔ
ƨºǷǃƗ (ǮȈLjǰŭơ ơȁơȂȈNj) džȇǁơȂƻ ƽơƽȂȈLJȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ
ňȂºȈǴǷ ǺºǷ ƣǂǬȇ ƢǷ ƢȀǼǘǬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƽȂLjȇȁ .ƧƾȇƾNj ƨȈƟƢǷ
DZƾǠǷ DzǬȇ) ƨǴƷƢǬdzơ ǾƦNjȁ ƨǴƷƢǬdzơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ƹƢǼŭ ǪƥƢǘǷ ƹƢǼǷ ƨǸLjǻ
ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ǁƽƢǐŭơ ǦdzƘƬƫȁ .(ƨǼLjdzơ Ŀ ơƆǂƬǸȈǴǷ ÎÔ Ǻǟ ǂǘŭơ DZȂǘǿ
ȂǰȇȂǿ Ƣŷ śƬȈǧȂƳ śƬȈƟƢǷ śƬǬƦǗȁ ȅƾǻơǂǣ Ȃȇǁ ǂĔ ǺǷ ǽƢȈǸǴdz
.(Mesilla Bolson) ǹȂLjdzȂƥ ƢȈȈLjȈǷȁ (Hueco Bolson) ǹȂLjdzȂƥ
ƾºƬŻ ǽƢȈǸǴdz ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ Ȃǿȁ ǹȂLjdzȂƥ ȂǰȇȂǿȁ -ÎÕ
ńƛ ƆƢºƥȂǼƳȁ (ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ) ȂǰȈLjǰǷ ȂȈǻ ńƛ ƆȏƢſ
ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ȄǴǟ Ǻǿơǂdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ȂLJƢƥ dzƛ ƾǸƬǠƫȁ .ǮȈLjǰŭơ
ƢǷƗȁ .ƢēƢƳƢȈƬƷơ ǺǷ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÑÒ ƨȈƦǴƫ Ŀ ǹȂLjdzȂƥ ȂǰȇȂǿ ǺǷ
ƢȈȈLjȈǷ ǺǷȁ (ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÑÍ) ȅƾǻơǂǣ Ȃȇǁ ǺǷ ǽŚǧȂƫ ǶƬȈǧ ȆǫƢƦdzơ
ƽƾºǟ ǢǴƦȇ Ŗdzơ džȇǁơȂƻ ƽơƽȂȈLJȁ .(ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÎÒ) ǹȂLjdzȂƥ
ƾǸƬǠƫ ƢĔƜǧ ȂLJƢƥ dzƛ ǹƢǰLJ ƽƾǟ ǦǠǓ ǺǷ ƣǂǬȇ ƢǷ ƢĔƢǰLJ
ƨºȈƦǴƬdz ǹȂLjºdzȂƥ ȂǰȇȂǿ ǺǷ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ȄǴǟ ƆƢȈǴǯ ƆơƽƢǸƬǟơ
ǥȂºLJ ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƨǬƦǘdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ǁƾǬĄȇȁ .(Ǖ)ƢēƢƳƢȈƬƷơ
ƆƢȇƽƢǐºƬǫơ ƢēƽƢǠƬºLJơ ǺºǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƨƥǀǠdzơ ƢȀǿƢȈǷ ǞȈŦ ƾǨǼƬLjƫ
ǀǼǷ ǽƢȈŭơ ƣȂLjǼǷ ƾȀNj ƾǬǧ .Ǯdzƿ DzƦǫ ȁƗ ÏÍÏÒ ǵƢǟ DZȂǴŞ
.ƆơǂƬǷ ÑÒ ǢǴƥ ƆơŚƦǯ ƆƢǓƢǨŵơ ÎÖÑÍ ǵƢǟ
ȂǰȈLjºǰǷ ȂȈǻ Ŀ ƨȈLjȈƟǁ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǹȂLjdzȂƥ ƢȈȈLjȈǷ ǞǬƫȁ -ÎÖ
.ǽƢȈŭƢƥ ƢȀƬȇǀǤƬdz ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ ȅƾǻơǂǣ Ȃȇǁ ŐƬǠȇȁ .DžƢLjǰƫȁ
.ƢƆȈƦLjǻ ƢƆƬƥƢƯ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƨǬƦǘdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǽƢȈŭơ ƣȂLjǼǷ Dzǜȇȁ
ǂºƻȉ ǵƢºǟ ǺǷ ǹȂLjdzȂƥ ȂǰȇȂǿ Ŀ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨȈǟȂǻ Ʃƽǂƫ -ÏÍ
ƨǘnjºǻȋơ ǂƟƢºLJȁ ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǺǷ ƤƸLjdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdz ƨƴȈƬǻ
ǞǷ ǹȂLjdzȂƥ ƢȈȈLjȈǷ ǺǷ ƺǔƫ Ŗdzơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨȈǟȂǻ ǺLjƸƬƫȁ .ƨȇǂnjƦdzơ
ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƨǬƦǘdzơ ǽǀǿ ǦnjǰƬƫ śƷ Ŀȁ .ǁƢƥȉơ ǪǸǟ ƽƢȇƽǃơ
DzǔǧƗ ƢȀǿƢȈŭ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǟȂǼdzơ ƪdzơǃ ƢǸǧ ƢȀǿƢȈǷ ƨȈǟȂǻ Ŀ ƽĊ ǂƫ Ǻǟ
ƩƢºȈǴǸǟ ƪƦƦLjƫ ǵȂǸǠdzơ ȄǴǟȁ .ǹȂLjdzȂƥ ȂǰȇȂǿ ǽƢȈǷ Ŀ ƢȀǼǷ
ƺȇǁƢºƬdzơ ȃƾºǷ ȄºǴǟ ŚƦǯ ǩƢǘǻ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƤƸLJ
Ŀ ƨºǼȇƾŭơ ǖLJȁ ǪǗƢǼǷ Ŀ ƨȇƾǴƦdzơ ǁƢƥȉơ DZȂǬƷ ǺǷ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ
Ŀ ƧŚƦºǯ ƩƢºǓƢǨŵơ DZȂǐƷ Ŀ džȇǁơȂƻ ƽơƽȂȈLJȁ ȂLJƢƥ dzƛ
ǽƢºšơ ǽǀǿ ǑƢǨŵȏơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ƩŚǣ Ƣǿǁȁƾƥȁ .ǽƢȈŭơ ƣȂLjǼǷ
ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈǸǴdz ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰdzơ ƨȈǟȂǼdzơȁ ƢȀǬǧƾƫ DZƾǠǷ ȁƗ ǽƢȈŭơ Ǫǧƾƫ
.ƨȈǧȂŪơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ Ŀ
__________
Octavio E. Chávez, “Mining of internationally shared (Ǖ)
aquifers: the El Paso-Juárez case”, Natural Resources Journal (New
.Mexico), vol. 40, No. 2 (spring 2000), p. 237
351 ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƩƢǬƦǗ ƩƢǰƦNj ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǝȁǂnjǷ
džǷƢŬơ Ǫǧǂŭơ
(Ɨ)
ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƘnjƥ ǁƢƬű ȆǠƳǂǷ ƪƦƯ
.ƨǴǷƢNj ƨǸƟƢǫ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ Ǻǟ ƩơǁȂnjǼŭơ ƨǸƟƢǫ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƽȂǐǬŭơ džȈdz
APPLEGREN, Bo, ed.
Managing Shared Aquifer Resources in Africa. IHP–VI,
Series on Groundwater No. 8. Paris, UNESCO, 2004.
ARIAS, Hector M.
“International groundwaters: the Upper San Pedro River
Basin case”, Natural Resources Journal (New Mexico),
vol. 40, No. 2, spring 2000, pp. 191–221.
BARBERIS, Julio A.
International Groundwater Resources Law. FAO Legislative
Study No. 40. Rome, FAO, 1986. 74 p.
BOUGH, Jenny, Hadrian COOK and Antonia MURILLO
“Groundwater abstraction and legislative control”, Water
Law: Review and Analysis of Aquatic Environmental Law
and Economic Regulation in the UK and EU (New York),
vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 130–139.
BURCHI, Stefano and Kerstin MECHLEM
Groundwater in International Law: Compilation of Treaties
and Other Legal Instruments, FAO Legislative Study No.
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CAPONERA, Dante A. and Dominique ALHÉRITIÈRE
“Principles for international groundwater law”, Natural
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619.
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“Mining of internationally shared aquifers: the El Paso-Juárez
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ECKSTEIN, Gabriel and Yoram ECKSTEIN
“A hydrogeological approach to transboundary ground water
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FEITELSON, Eran and Marwan HADDAD, eds.
Management of Shared Groundwater Resources: the Israeli-
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Boston, Kluwer, 2001. 496 p.
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“The utilization of international groundwater in general
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“Transboundary groundwaters: the Bellagio draft treaty”,
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summer 1989, pp. 663–722.
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“Global warming and groundwater resources in arid lands”, in
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“Integrating groundwater quantity control into European
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MECHLEM, Kerstin
“International groundwater law: towards closing the gaps?”,
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“Minute 242 and beyond: challenges and opportunities for
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GroundwaterʊLegal and Policy Perspectives: Proceedings
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renewable resources”, Proceedings of the International
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__________
.(ȂǰLjǻȂȈdzơ) ǹƢǨȈƬLJ Ƣȇơǁ ƢȀǠȈǸƴƬƥ ƪǷƢǫ (Ɨ)
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂƥ ƨȈǠƳǂǷ ƨǸƟƢǫ
ƩȏƢƷƛȁ ƩƢǜƷȐǷ ǹơȂǼǠdzơ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ DŽǷǁ
DZȁƾºƳ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdzȁ .ƨƼLjǼƬLjǷ śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƧǁȁƾǴdz ƪǫƚŭơ DZƢǸǟȋơ DZȁƾƳ A/CN.4/536
Ƣºđ ǂºǫƌƗ Ŗdzơ ƨǤȈǐdzƢƥ DZƢǸǟȋơ
ňƢºưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÑ ƨȈdzȂƷ ǂǜǻơ
.(ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ)
.ƨƼLjǼƬLjǷ Ŗºdzơ ƨnjºǫƢǼǸǴdz ƨºǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ ǾƫƾǟƗ ȆǠȈǓơȂǷ DŽƳȂǷ A/CN.4/537
Ƣºēǁȁƽ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ Ŀ ƩǂƳ
śLjǸŬơȁ ƨǼǷƢưdzơ
.ƾǴĐơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨƼLjǼƬLjǷ ƾȈLjºdzơ ǺǷ ǵƾǬŭơ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ Ǻǟ džǷƢŬơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ A/CN.4/538
ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƽǁƢǣȁƽ ǹȂƳ
.ǾǴưǷ ƨºȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢºȈŭơ :ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ Ǻǟ ňƢưdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ A/CN.4/539
ơƽƢºǷƢȇ ȆºLJȂNj ƾȈLjºdzơ ǺǷ ǵƾǬŭơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ƧǂƥƢǠdzơ Add.1ȁ
ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ
.ǾǴưǷ ƨºdzƢƷ Ŀ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ǞȇǃȂƬdz ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ Ǻǟ ňƢưdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ A/CN.4/540
ǵƾºǬŭơ Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ
ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȁơǁ ƢLJƢǨȈǼȇǂLJ ȂƳơǁƢǸȈƥ ƾȈLjdzơ ǺǷ
.ǾǴưǷ ǺºǷ ǵƾºǬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ Ǻǟ ňƢưdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ A/CN.4/541
ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƢȇƢǣ ȂȈƳǁȂƳ ƾȈLjdzơ
.ǾǴưǷ ǺºǷ ǵƾºǬŭơ DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ Ǻǟ ǞƥƢLjdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ A/CN.4/542
ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ȂȈǼȇƾȈƯ džȈǤȇǁƽȁǁ ǁȂƬǰȈǧ ƾȈLjdzơ [Corr.3ȁ Corr.2ȁ]
.ǾǴưǷ ǝȂºǓȂŠ ƨǴǐºdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨȈdzȁƚLjºŭơ ǶǜǼdz ƨȈƟƢǐǬƬLJơ ƨLJơǁƽ A/CN.4/543
DZƢºǠǧƗ Ǻºǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ
ƨºdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ) Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ
Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢºǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȋơ ƢēƾǟƗ (Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ
.ǾǴưǷ ǺºǷ ǵƾǬŭơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǞLJƢƬdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ A/CN.4/544
ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ǾȈǴȈƥ ǹȏƕ ƾȈLjdzơ
.ǾǴưǷ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǜƷȐŭơȁ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ - ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ A/CN.4/545
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǺǷ
ÏÍÍÒ ƨºȈdzȂƷ Ŀ ƺLjǼƬLjĄȇ ǥȂLJ] ƾȈLjºdzơ ǺǷ ǵƾǬŭơ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ Ǻǟ DžƽƢLjdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ [A/CN.4/546]
[.(DZȁȋơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ǍƢŬơ ǁǂǬŭơ ƽǁƢǣȁƽ ǹȂƳ
.ǾǴưǷ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǜƷȐŭơȁ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ - ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ [A/CN.4/547]
ƩƢǷȂǰūơ ǺǷ
.ƨƼLjǼƬLjǷ Ŗºdzơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǍȂǐǻȁ ǺȇȁƢǼǟ - ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ A/CN.4/L.647
ńȁȋơ ƧƔơǂǬdzơ Ŀ ƨǣƢȈǐdzơ ƨǼŪ ƢēƾǸƬǟơ Add.1ȁ

353
 śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ 354

ƩȏƢƷƛȁ ƩƢǜƷȐǷ ǹơȂǼǠdzơ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ DŽǷǁ

.ǾǴưǷ
.ǾǴưǷ
ǎǼºdzơ ȄºǴǟ ǝȐǗȐdzȁ .ƨƼLjǼƬLjǷ
ǪƟƢºƯȂdzơ ǂºǜǻơ ƧƾǸƬǠŭơ ǾƬǤȈǐƥ
Ƨǁȁƾººdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȈǠǸƴǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ
ǪƸºǴŭơ ǹȂººLjǸŬơȁ ƨǠLJƢƬdzơ
ǎǼdzơ ƽǂȇȁ .(A/59/10) ÎÍ Ƕºǫǁ
ƾºǴĐơ ÏÍÍÑ ƨȈdzȂƷ Ŀ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ
.(ňƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ) ňƢưdzơ
.ǾǴưǷ
.ǾǴưǷ
.ǾǴưǷ
ǞȇǁƢnjºǷ ǍȂǐºǻȁ ǺȇȁƢǼǟ - ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ A/CN.4/L.648
ƨǣƢȈǐdzơ ƨǼŪ ƢēƾǸƬǟơ Ŗdzơ Ôȁ Óȁ Òȁ Ñ ƽơȂŭơ
ǞȇǁƢnjºǷ ǍȂǐºǻȁ ǺȇȁƢǼǟ - ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ A/CN.4/L.649
ƨǣƢȈǐdzơ ƨǼŪ ƢēƾǸƬǟơ Ŗdzơ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ [Corr.1ȁ]
ƨLJƽƢLjºdzơ Ƣēǁȁƽ DZƢǸǟƗ Ǻǟ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǼŪ ǂȇǂǬƫ ǝȁǂnjǷ A/CN.4/L.650
(Ƨǁȁƾdzơ DZƢǸǟƗ ǶȈǜǼƫ) DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơ :śLjǸŬơȁ
Ŀ ƨºǼƴǴdzơ DZƢºǸǟȋ ǎƼǴǷ) ňƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ :ǾLjǨǻ ǹơȂǼǠdzơ A/CN.4/L.651
(śLjǸŬơȁ ƨLJƽƢLjdzơ Ƣēǁȁƽ
ǹȂǰƬºLJ ƧƽƾºŰ DzƟƢLjǷ) ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ :ǾLjǨǻ ǹơȂǼǠdzơ A/CN.4/L.652
ƨºǏƢƻ ƨºȈŷƗ Ʃơƿ ƢĔƘnjºƥ ȃƾƦƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǜƷȐŭơ
(ƨǼƴǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ
(ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ) Ǟƥơǂdzơ DzǐǨdzơ :ǾLjǨǻ ǹơȂǼǠdzơ A/CN.4/L.653
Add.1ȁ [Corr.1ȁ]

.ǾǴưǷ (ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ) džǷƢŬơ DzǐǨdzơ :ǾLjǨǻ ǹơȂǼǠdzơ A/CN.4/L.654

Add.1ȁ

.ǾǴưǷ (ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ) DžƽƢLjdzơ DzǐǨdzơ :ǾLjǨǻ ǹơȂǼǠdzơ A/CN.4/L.655

[Corr.1ȁ]
.ǾǴưǷ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ] ǞƥƢLjdzơ DzǐǨdzơ :ǾLjǨǻ ǹơȂǼǠdzơ A/CN.4/L.656
Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ DZƢǠǧƗ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ Add.1-3ȁ
ǁǂǔºdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ)
[(Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ
.ǾǴưǷ (DZȁƾǴdz ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ DZƢǠǧȋơ) ǺǷƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ :ǾLjǨǻ ǹơȂǼǠdzơ A/CN.4/L.657
Add.1ȁ

.ǾǴưǷ (ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơ) ǞLJƢƬdzơ DzǐǨdzơ :ǾLjǨǻ ǹơȂǼǠdzơ A/CN.4/L.658

Add.1-2ȁ [Corr.1ȁ]

.ǾǴưǷ :Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬdzơ ƙĈDŽºš) ǂNjƢǠdzơ DzǐǨdzơ :ǾLjǨǻ ǹơȂǼǠdzơ A/CN.4/L.659

(Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǞČLJȂƫȁ ǝČȂǼƫ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƩƢƥȂǠǐdzơ
.ǾǴưǷ Ʃơǁǂº
ºǬŭơ) ǂnjº
ºǟ ȅƽƢº
ºūơ Dzǐº ºǨdzơ :ǾLjº
ºǨǻ ǹơȂº
ºǼǠdzơ A/CN.4/L.660
(ƨǼƴǴdz ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJȏơȁ
.ƨƼLjǼƬLjǷ DZƢºǠǧƗ Ǻºǟ ƨºŦƢǼdzơ ƧǁƢǔdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ A/CN.4/L.661
ǞǼǷ ǵƾǟ Ǻǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ) Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢǿǂǜŹ ȏ [Corr.1ȁ]
Ǻºǟ ǶƳƢºǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ƧǁƢLjŬơ
DzǷƢǠdzơ ǪȇǂǨdzơ ǂȇǂǬƫ :(Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ
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ƩȏƢƷƛȁ ƩƢǜƷȐǷ ǹơȂǼǠdzơ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ DŽǷǁ

.ǾǴưǷ ƝƽƢºƦŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǍȂǐǻȁ ǺȇȁƢǼǟȁ ƨƳƢƦȇƾdzơ :ǾLjǨǻ ǹơȂǼǠdzơ A/CN.4/L.662
ƧǁƢLjºŬơ ǞȇǃȂƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ Õȁ Ôȁ Óȁ Òȁ Ñȁ Ðȁ Ïȁ Î
Ƨǂǘƻ ƨǘnjǻƗ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ǂƥƢǠdzơ ǁǂǔdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ
.ǾǴưǷ ǞČLJȂƫȁ ǝČȂǼƫ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƩƢƥȂǠǐdzơ - Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƙČDŽš A/CN.4/L.663/Rev.1
ƨLJơǁƾdzơ Ǫȇǂǧ ǂȇǂǬƫ :Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
.ƨƼLjǼƬLjǷ :ƢºȀǬƟƢƯȁȁ ƢȀǴǸǟ ƤȈdzƢLJƗȁ ƢēơƔơǂƳƛȁ ƨǼƴǴdzơ DzǸǟ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ A/CN.4/L.664/Rev.1
ǖȈǘƼƬdzơ Ǫȇǂǧ ǂȇǂǬƫ

ƨºȈdzȂƷ Ŀ ȆƟƢȀºǼdzơ ǎǼdzơ ƽǂȇ .ǾǴưǷ .ÏÕÐÍ ńƛ ÏÔÖÎ ƩƢLjǴƴǴdz ƨƬǫƚŭơ ƧDŽƳȂŭơ ǂǓƢƄơ A/CN.4/SR.2791-
.DZȁȋơ ƾǴĐơ ÏÍÍÑ A/CN.4/SR.2830

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