A GRAMMAR OF ORKHON TURKIC by Talat Tekin 0S, RESEARCH CENTER FOR THE LANGUAGE SCIENCES Cou 4 ‘Mouton & Ca, The Hague, The NetelandsFOREWORD ‘The corpus of the present work includes the five ine scriptions left by the ancient Turks (T'ushes of the Chi- Sere annals), ives, the KGL Tigin, Bilga Kagan, Tonyuluk, Hfbara Tarkan (Ongis) aga Kali Cor (Ikhe-Khushota) n= scriptions. ‘The Moyun Cor (Shine-Usu), Kara-Balgasun ‘int Subt Inscriptions left by the Uigurs are excluded from, the scope of thie etudy. However, Thave frequently re= ferred to the Uigur inscriptions for comparison and when Suitable examples were not found in the Orkhon inscriptions. Similarly, the Yenieel inscriptions, irq Bitig end other manuscripts in the old Turkle “runic” script have often been referred to, although they, too, have been excluded from the corpus of this work, "The book consists of four parte, Part ont contains ‘a grammar weltten mainly along the Lines of the Suggerted in Philologiae Turcicne Fuzdamenta, 1, Wies Balen 1959, for the Turkic Ianguages. It was submitted lan a doctoral dissertation to the University of California Los Angeles in 1965. This part also contains a chapter eating withthe "runic" script and spelling rules, The asic a prior! assumptions which guided my reevaluation Ct the Ski Turkic script were the following: (1) any given, Sign, with the exception of the vocalie and syllable signs, {eprerente only one and the same sound wherever it Sccuray (2) use of the front-vocalfe consonant eigns in Backevocalic words is, inmost eases, phonetically sig~ ificant; and (3) vowel signe indicate Long vowels as well Zs short once. Tewill be seen, however, that, except fora few cases, Tearefully avoided making generaliza- one with regard to the indication of vowel lengths 13transcription. Throughout the book, long vowels are in= dicated as auch only when itis evident from the orthography that they are Long. ‘The second and third parts contain the texte and their translations, In order to reproduce more accurate ant complete texts of the inscriptions, I referred to alt the published squeezes, copies, photographs and reproduc- fons. When this work was almost completed, Twas ine formed that the Polish Academy of Sciences haa in ite possession the new rubbiage of the Orkhon inscriptions. None of these copies, however, has #0 far been published, nor has any work based on themn yet appeared ‘The texts and translations are followed by an exhaustive glossary, containing the entire lexical material of the five Inscriptions. The words occurring in other inscriptions and given as examples in the grammar aection are hot sted in the gloseary. In conclusion, Twish to express my sincere thanks to Professors Jnos Eckmann and Andress Tietze of the Uni- ‘versity of California at Los Angeles who both encouraged ‘me to take up Orkhon Turkic at a tople for my distertation and made a number of valuable suggestions with regard to the improvement of this work. My thanks are also duo to Dr. F.D, Ashnln of the Inetitite of Linguistics, Moscow, who provided me with some important publications which otherwise would have been unavailable to mer Berkeley, California May 29, 1967 ‘alte Tekin TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.11, The Character L121 Origin of the Alphabet. 1,2. Orthography Lak, System of Writing, «5+ 122) spelling Rules. 2 => 1.221, Indication of Vowels - > 1.2211, Initial Vowels << 12212, Nes-Iaitial Vowels of the First Syllable, 1.2213, Word-Final Vowels - 12214, Vowels of Non-Firet Syllables « «+ 1.222, Indication of Consonanl 2220, "Double Consonant Characters System « 1.2221, Ure of the Sign > 112222) Use of the Sign 7? s+ 1.2223, Use of Syllabic Sigm 1.2224. Use of Compound ‘Consonant-Characters 41,2225, Doubled Consonants. 1.3, Punctuation evs 2, Phonology 2. Vowels. ane atl, Vowels of tie Fest Syllable. a so 50 50 2112, Vowele of the Non-Fizat Syllables 562.121, ‘The Vocalic Harmony... 56 21211, The Palatal Harmony 56 2.1212, The Labial Harmony 62 2,122, Long Vowels of Non-First Syllablesseeeseeeeeee | 67 2,13, Vowel Aitermstions ss ssi rss 70 2.14, Palatalization aneaattt 2.15, Assimilation 2.151, Progres 2.152, Regres 2.18, Contraction. Sit summer yogescsceses 48 5.111 Denomiaal Newne ©2103 SUE Denominat Yrbe 6050 108 Sus Devel Noms vse Silt, Dovertal Verbe oo Sid caripellioa Petes gesces 1A SBE rains Gomposiioas 118 Tet, Subordinate Comporton 118 Ha eae testes ive Assimilation 72 ive Assimilation «72 fetes BB sil, Nous infection vsscsseses 120 Ban Rowe ec sssieeneiell is 3.21 Ploralityesseeeeeee® 221 217 Low ot Vowels 1221113 3.212, Possession seeeeeeee 12 2.1711, Syncope. 2 31213, Coordination «seeecee 14 2.1712. Apocope ™ Baa Cams veceescceccee HS 21713, Crasies- ™ Balt Nominative ccc. 125 2.172. Heplology « 4 312142, Genitive vee eeee 126 2.2, Consonaitessssetelcsoveceees 8 312143, Accusatives sess 0127 2.21, Labial Consonante vovsessss 78 312144, DativesLocative v 130 2122, Dentals and Alveclare.sssscs 77 Baise, Lecative-Ablative » 133 2:23, Palatal Consonante. 0000000 86 3.2146, Directives seeees 3S 22a Size ar S217, Equative soscsee 136 2.25, acest a88 Si2l48, Instrumental s+ 00 136 2.251, Nasalisation ssc s lls 92 32149, Comtatives sse22 137 2.252, Denasalisation. ssc. s 0 92 22, Pronouns eeeeevessesees BB 21253. Dentalization of F221 93 3.221, Personal Pronouns s..- 138 2.254. Alternation V8. 0000002 98 51222 Demonstrative Promoune 40 21255. Ansimilation of Conas= 53.223, Intensive Pronouns ui parte 98 322k Interrogative Pronouns 143 2.2551, Proge S228: Indefinite Pronouns. < 144 Seer ate pits atemsbrals Todaeviseen fees 146 2.2552, Regressive Ae= S.23te Cardinal Nomerale sos 144 ennai Gabe Sasi, Fractions wocess 146 2.256, Dinstniation f Conse Sea Tracie oo: taste vevessseeeesss 100 sAgmrenimaive Me tase: preaenes:s00000005 101 3.232, Ordinal Nameralas esse 147 ES0, Rpenthests Cocccccscs wot 31238, Collective Numerals s+ + 148 Bese ierts SL234 Multiplicative Numerals, 148 2.3, eres 3. Morphology sssssscree 31235: Indefinite Numerals... 149 5.24, AdveRDS eee rrr3.241, Aaverbs of Place. 3.242, Adverbs of Time» See awer et eet ao ie era a Re 3.248, The Interrogative Adverb 162, 3.2825. Gerund in -matin} ereemetnr aches, 12: 32828, Gerund in -Eal-ta. 186 the DativesLocative ... 166 ame 3.283 PlniteForms:..cc070 186 3.253. Postporitions Governing ees 2031- Primary Piste the LocativesAblative s+ 167 Bape eT 3.254 Postpositional Nouns. 168 3.20911, The Voluniatives 3:26. Conjunctions vvessseecels 168 “1 2 ier Imperative 3 HAL Goorin nanos, on 3.26012, The Perfect 188 sap HE Stndinte Conbnetons U1 5.2632. Secondary Finite Rae Bacay \sseeeeeeeees M2 Forms ceeseeee 199 3.281, Verbal Nowe 10000020 ira 528801 Verbal Notte 3.2611, Verbal Noun in =p Sufix eee 190 SiSnateeseet. 1B 3.20322. Participles 3.2812, Verbal Noun in “masa/ a Becton Bi ieicte.ae, UE Pronouns. 191 3:2813, Verbal Noun in “ay 1.2633, Composite Verb qecesainise 18 Ferme cseccees 198 3.2814, Participie io -pmal 9.28331, Proterit of the spol eeeeecees 116 Present.» + 193 3.2815, Partieiple in 3.28332, Plopertect | 195 3.2816, Participle in -maz/ eae Futures. 196 es 3.2819, Verbal Noun in -dati/ i er hee MaeALLL Adgitive Phrases 4.112. “Alternative Phrasce ss 40113, “Appositive Phrazess ss 4.12, Attributive Parasee vs sss 41211. Deseriptive and Definite Phrases. « 4.1212, Possessive Phrssce $1213, The Numeral Phrase 4.122, Adjectival Phe 413, Postpositional Phrase 4:14, Verbal Complement «010s. 4.141, Equational Complement + 4.142, Direct Object Complement 4.143, Adverbial Complement « 4.2, Clause Structure. secre ss 4.21, The Predicate 422, The Subject. 0.1.2 tsslt 4.23, Agreement between the Subject and Predicate «+s ss sseees 4,231. Agreement in Person, | - 4.232, ‘Agreement in Number |. 4.24. Word Order 428, Negation... 4.26, Combination of Ciause 4261, Coordination . 422611, Coordination without Conjunction «+. ++ 4.2612, Coordination with Conjunction -... 4.262, Subordination. 0000) 4.2621, Divect Discourse 4.27. Parenthetical Claw ‘The Kul Tigin Inscription 111.22! ‘The Bilg Kagan Inscriptions... 10000 ‘The Tonyukak Inscription » The Ongin Inscription, «++ The KUL Cor Inseription. » 199 200 200 200 201 203 203 204 204 205 210 au au ail 25 229 23 249 ML Tranelations « Bilgh Kagan «| ‘Tonyukale Ongin Kilt Cor BV. Glossary Bibliography. 259 261 263 291 293 2971. GRAMMARABBREVIATIONS Inscriptions and manuscripte BK = Bilgs Kagan B ire Bate Ke = Kal Gor (Dhbe-Khashots) KT = Kal Tigi Me Moyan Cor (Shine-Ues) ° Ongin (Tabara Tarkan) : ‘Tonya Yen, Yonieed Periodicals, books and scientific institutes ABAW Avnandlungen der Berliner Akademie Ale, Semlede Afbandiangen I, Kébenava 1922 The American Journal of Semitic Tanguager and Literatures = Alttusidache Grammatiky 2nd ed. Leipzig 1950 ‘Acta Orlenfalia Hungarica, Budapest = Bulletin of the School af Oriental and ‘African Studies = Dil yo Tarin-Copratya Paktltesi = Inscriptions de 1éniseés = Philologiae Turcicae Fundoments, ‘Wierbadea 1959 = ournel of the Royal Asiatic SocietyFournal de 1a Soet6té Finna-ougricnne, Kadyert (B. Atalay's edition) Kordsi Caoma Archivam, Budapest Fichten tur Geachichte der Ost-Tasken(T's-kie), Wiesbaden Mémoires de Ia Société Finno- ougrionne, Helsinki Msos = Mittedungen dee Seminars far Orfentaliache Sprachen os Ove Kagan Dest, ftenbu 136 Sltzungberiche der Berliner Akademie dor Wiseenachatten = Studia Orientalin, Helsind ‘Tark Dili Aragtirmalans Ysllih, Ankara ‘Task Dit Kerums, Ankara ‘Tarkiyat Mecmuaey, Istanbul ‘Troung Pao Ungariache Jahrbacher = Ural-Altaische Jahrbacher = Uygur saaluga = Vorgleienende Grammatik der alt= chen Sprachen Zelfechrite der Destschen Morgen- Lindischen Gesellechaft Zapiakd Vostotnoge Otdeleniya Kas, Azerbaijani Chagatay Turkic hak Khakas Bipeds = Kipchak Kip, Karakalpa® Kolb. = Koibal Mong: = Mongolian (Claseieat) Parthe Parthian Sak. > Sedan (Khotanese) Sars wig, > So¥ty-Uigur Soga. * Sogdian Turk = Turfan Dialect Turkieh = Turkmenian Tuvian (Soyon, Uzyankhay) Uigur Volga Bulge = Volga Bulgarian Yoke arse sellaneous East side (of an inscription) ‘West side (ot an inscription) North side (of an Snteription) South side (of an inscription) Front ride (of an inscription) Right side (of an inscription) Geveloped from ivApmomes0. INTRODUCTION With the term ‘Orkhon Turkic* we designate the olé ‘purkic dialect which was apoken by the Turks or the T's Tide —~ as the Chinese called them — primarily in Mone {olin in the firet half of the 6th century A.D. This dialect Sas undoubtedly the official language of the second Bast Turkic Empire (eas 680-740) and was, of course, nothing Glae but a natural continuation of the old Turkic dialect Ginice had previously been spoken by the same people in ‘Orkhon Turkic ie the oldest Turkic dialect whose written records have come down t0 us. Its peculair fea~ ures can be summarized a8 follow (a) Preservation of the bilabial stop b which later developed into w in medial and final positions: yabts "bad’, wae Ub) Preservation of the voiced dental stop d which rater pasted toa voiced interdental: adaq foot’, tod~ ‘to be eatiated’, ete. ic). Preservation of the palatal nasal & which later changed to p in some dialects and to y in others: aft Shady evil" god *ebeep"y tees ‘ay. AiSsvbation of tho velar nasal g with Vg s0¢~ eag ~ aging ‘thy bones’, Baxdiy( <* bardig) “thou didat (6) Formation of the genitive case with -ty/in5 (o Formation of the ablative case wish =da/-d {gl Formation of the present participle with =yma/ -m_(8} Formation of the future participle with -da2i/ () Formation of the futare-necessitative participle with sg /-aik, To designate this old Turkic dialect, various terms have been used. Radloff called it ‘Alttiehion" (OL Ture ic") {som the very beginning. W. Bang put forward the term *KSk-tirkiach’ on the grounds that "BilgS Khan sein Volk an mchreren Stellen gans unsweideutig die Kil Task nenat' (cf. Bher die kktiekische Inecheift auf der Siduette des Kil-Tigin-Denkmals, Leipaig 1896, Vorwort). ‘These rounds, however, seem to be rather unsound despite ‘Bang’s definite statement, since the name kik tek (eo be more exact, KSk $isiK) occurs only once in the inserip= ons (ef. KT E'3, BRE 4). Radiotf found thie term com> Pletely inappropriate (cf. Neve Folge, Vorwert, aste I). ‘Thomsen, foo, rejected the term *Kek-tirkisel* ef. Turcica, p. 20, moto 4= AGhws p- 107 {,) and agreed with Radloff on the name “AltSirkisch’. He suggested the terme ‘views ture’ (Old Turkic’). “tare unique’ { Runie Turkic’), ‘vieus ture de 1 Orkdhon” ("Old Orkhon- Turkic’) oF simply ‘tare de NOrkhon" (‘Orkhon Turkic’), and in ks article “Dr. M. A. Stein's Mansseripte in Turkish "Runie’ Script from Miran and Tun-hoang’ (int JRAS 1912, p. 181-227 Ate» pr 217-267) he red the term ‘Old Turkish” (© Old ‘Tarkic). "The term *AltErklach” "Old Turkic") beeame more common especially after A. von Gabain's well-known work, Alttiridache Grammatik, hed been published. Shey as is Known, called the dialects in which the inscriptions (Goth the Yenisel and Orkhon) snd the eo-called Uigur ‘manuscripts are written, collectively, *Alttirkiach'- Recently three more terms have been proposed. Ns A, Daskakov used the term “drevneogusekiy’ (‘Ancient Ogue') for Orkhon Turk and the term "drevneuygurshiy’ (CAnefent Uigur') for Uigur (el. N. A. Baskahow, ‘Tyurk- _skie yaa, Moscow 1960, p. 189, 226). G. Clason pul forward the term *Tirki (ef. G. Clauson, Turkish and Mongolian Studiee, London 1962) and O. Priteak the term -Téskinioch! (Tek (ct, O. Priteak, ‘Des Allirkinche,* tn Handbuch der Orientalistix, Turkologie, Leiden/¥aln 1963r pe ATE), OF thene termne, "Task" fo mainly based tn fale rondiog of the word Sek inthe Inscription 1B forthe name “Tikit Ie Gepends on « rather doubt Sceumption of P, Pellot) The term “Ancient Og, (0: tor Orkhon Turkic, vce not acem to be appropriate beemuee te Opus ox Takus-Ogus were act the nly otic {troup which belonged to he East Turbie confederation, te ls Known vom the inscriptions, Thi, to deslgnets Shel tect othe goond bat arkc Empire we find the term ‘Orkhon Tarkic', a least until a bettor Gre te found, more satatactory and convenient Wan any ‘Orkin Turkic ls known toe through the sasriptions found in present-day Outer Mongolia, mainly ia the basin of the Orkin River; thus being Conveniently called "he Orkin inscriptions. Theve are the Kal Tginy Bigs Kagan, Tonyatuk, Hibare Tarkan (Ongin), and Kili Cor (ithe-ikhushots)inseriptions. : “The Kil Tigin snd Bilgd Kagan inscriptions are locate inthe vicinity ofthe old course of the Orknon River and the Intand lake named Koflo Gayéam (ea 47° north lavage and 102° cart Longitude) at spproximately on Kilometer distance from each ther. The Kil Tigin momarnent fs @ large tour-oided monolith of poor quality Limestone oF tmathle, Irie 3,75 im. highs The east abd west sides of the stove are 1.22 mu. wide onthe tp and 132 ms wide Bt the botiom. ‘The north and south sides are 46 ~ 44 ems wise, ‘a ede ot he monament ar comer with iaeip tions on a height of spproximately 2,75 me On the west side a big Chinese inseription se lao inscribed. The ‘ther sides are entirely covered with Turkic Inacriptions. There are #0 lines on the cart side and 13 on the route Sl north sides, There are also some emalljecriptions Gn the edges beiween the north and east, south and east, °and south and weet sides, Another emall Turkle inserip= fon is also on the west side, ‘This monument was erected ‘im honor of Kil Tigin (‘Prince Kit]. The date of erection was | August 732, a0 ix known from the Chinese inscrip= ‘The BilgG Kagan monument is a few centimeters higher than the other. This monument a in e worse state of preservation than the Kil Tigin monument, There are 41 Lines on the east side and 15 on the narrower north and south sides. ‘This stone, too, hae a Chinese Inscription on the west side, which, however, ie poorly preserved, (Of the inscriptions on the four sides, that on the north side {9 identical with that Inscribed on the south ide of the KEL Tigis monument except the last eeven lines. Of the inscription on the east side, Lines 2 to 24 are, with the exception of some slight divergenct ES lentical with the lines 1 to 30 on the east aide of the Kil Tigin monument. This monument was erected in 735 in honor of Bilgl Kegan who died in the fall of 734, ‘These two inscriptions give a firatchand account of ‘the military history of the second East Turkle Empire (ca. 680-740) and are of great importance for Turkic studies. Those inscriptions aleo contain Bilgi Kagsn's advice to his people about their behavior toward the ine ‘riguee of the Chinese, and his warnings about the inevi= table tragle end should the Turkish people be deceived by the teweet words? and the "soft materiale” of the Chinese, ‘The Tonyuiuk monument ie found im the aame terei- tory, about 300 kilometers to the etat of the twe Orkhon ‘inscriptions, approximately between 48° north latitude and 107° east Longitude, in the vieinity of Bain Cokto, ‘long the upper course of the Tola River, This monument Consists of the stone steles which are still standing. ‘The ‘rst and bigger etone coataine an inacription of 38 lines, ‘There are 27 lines on the second and simaller atone. This momument is obviously a memorial to Tonyuluk, the great Turkish statexman and commander-in-chief, who 10 srorked under the fire bro kagans of the second East Fore Empires Tonjaac was wll alive 706, tho year TOMS DRGE agen roccesdod te the trons, He pro- SEP Gat elt fare later, His memorial uate Sy Soe Stokoe Tao, tn ele inccriplon, Tonyoak fivce bret report onthe ist two haga’ and Ma eedetecntas aad relates the miltry compsign =Bich SONSrfeaar ran meri cad Kappan logan eerred om Pe train inerigton was fosed i101 by Yadrincer snouts Mongols othe Mant outing, th in, Detar othe Onps River (en. 469 nor ated ae 102 ont npited)y ost 100 ries south of the to mor Ceaser sad some 290 miles wert-routanest ofthe Tonya inscription ‘ioe naininsctiption a Inscribed onthe front and ene aise ats ston scles There are € fon nes onthe ee ee Leta ae vigh les There tas tpplee ‘center sscription ot shor, horlzontal Lines nthe Brae kin, he stein teily wentered, Eapoctally Sotto pact che lace ot the sain lnncriptin and frost pur of the supplementary lncripion have been ‘hie mamoril was erected ty Bug Hoare Taman argent be fatey Elceoald Yobip Aa we learn from BE Salas Bicol Yobys war cated faa by ‘igrucis Ue htceid Kagan) by vireo Me rendering Me ce tothe tagans The autor was Dora inthe Felgn of lap erik Kagan (62-032), su be clear from ine four. Inius inscriptions be relates bla ovn spits ne well av Hl father's Bat the lneceigton has Seen composed n= cSheteniy, ant scome that i as boon infuenced by the ai'Fgin memorial. roboby twas eroced inthe same Yeas ou the Hal Tigin monnment ov ane or two yours inter Tells sennbty aotumoe fot. Gerard Chron, "The Sogn scription,” SEAS 19S, Pe 183) ntitne monument af Rll Gor was discovered by Kotwlex sn mnecxauohots Cantal Mongells, 191 The Insere- tion inscslbed onthe Swe large side of he stone‘The aimensions are 1.90 m, high, 0.61 m. wide and 0.16 ‘There are 15 lines on the east side of the stone, 12 fon the west side, and 4on the southy bit the monument ie badly damaged, espectally on the upper part. Conse quently, the initial parts of the lines are lost. ‘This monument is a memorial to Kali Cor, the chief of the Tardash people, whoue full ttle is 1Hbara Biles Kali Gor, This name most be identical with Ka Which occurs in BKCS13 as the nine of the 320 of the Tardush in 716 (el. W, Kotwies and A. Samoiloviteh, ROIV, p. 72), According to the ioncription, Kali Cor was killed while stil young in the war against the Karluks (cf. East side, Une 11), This campaign was accomplished sumed that this monument was erected sometime be tween 719 and 725. ‘This inscription emmerates the exploite of Kcli Cor, as ts learned (rom the readable parts of it, The first four lines om the west side give Snformation about an sluy Kall Zor ("Kali Gor the Elder") who grew old in the reign oF Hterit Kagan and died at the age of eighty, Kali Cor the Elder must have been father of the Kali Gor to whom the monument was erected, General Survey of Research on Orkhon Turkic Old Turkic studles started in the last decade of the 19th century, whon the well-kowa Danish scholar Vilelm ‘Thomsen (1842-1927) succeeded in deciphering the old Turkic acript weed in the Orkhon and Yenisel inecriptions ‘The existence of some rune-like inscriptions in ‘Southern Siberia along tho upper course of the Yenisei River wae known already in the first decades of the 18th century, chiefly by the work of Ph. J. von Strahlenberg, Das Nord und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asta, Stock= holm 1730, But it was only toward the end of the last 2 century that an expedition was sent to Siberia for merely Scientific purposees Infact, in 1887 and 1888 two exper ditions were sent by Finland to Siberia, The result of these scientific journeys appeared in 1889 au a valuable Peproduction of the Yeuisel inscriptions: Inscriptions de Denteséi, recueillies at publiger par le SociGté finlan- Gaze aPAcchGologie, Heleingiors 1889, In the same year, Fie Russian archeologist NoM, Yadeincey found similar tneeriptions in Mongolia, near the Orkhon River, namely the Orkhon Inscriptions. Yadsincev's work appeared in 1090: Ancions caracthves trouvés sur des piczren ot des ornemonts su bard de POrthon, St. Péiersbourg 1890, Spor these new discoveries, the Finns sent anew expedi= ton under A.O, Heikel fo Mongolia. As a result, perfect copies of Orkhon Inscriptions became available in 1892: Inscriptions de POrehon, recuelllies par Mexpééition Hiamoiae 1690 of publides par Is Societe finpoxougrienie, Helsingiors 1872, Inthe same year, the Orkhon inscrip~ tions were published in Russia, ‘Tho latter appeared ax a result of a new Russian expedition under the leadership OfW. Radiol Atlas der Altertimner dex Mongolei, St. Petersburg 1892 up t0 1899. ‘The Finnish edition of the Orkhon inscriptions also Included a translation of the readable parts of the Chinese inscription on one of the stones, This short Chinese text viously was not a translation of the long text In an une Known script ane languages but ist least informed us that ‘ne of these bwo lange stones was erected in 732 A, D. im honor ofa Turkish prince, ‘Thus, the problem of to ‘wtom these inscriptions belonged and in what language they wore written war solved: ‘These inscriptions were eft by the ancestore of the modern Turks and the language eed was arsumed to be an old Turkle dialect, ‘This point became completely clear on December 15, 1893, when the Danish scholar Vilhelm Thomsen, af § imecting of the Copeshagen Academy of Sciences, an= ounced that he had succeeded in deciphering the seript ‘Gned in the OrKhon and Yeniset inscriptions. His prelim= {nary notice on the decipherment soon appeared in theBulletin of the Royal Academy of Sciences and Literature of Denmark: ‘Déchilfrement des inscriptions de 'Orkhon st de 1 Téniasi, notice préliminaire," Bulletin de T'Aca~ emia Royale dos Sete ‘Letires de Dancmark, Copentague 1895, pp. 285-299 (= Ath, ppe 3-19), “Thomsen's decipherment of the Tarkich runic script caused great sensation among Tarkologiste. As early a= March, 1894, W. Radloff published the first part of his first edition of the Orkhon inscriptions: Die Altariechen Ingchriften der Mongolei, Erste Lietorung, St.Petersburg 1594, The second part of this work appeared in May of the same yeat, and the third pert in 1895, ‘Thir edition of the Orkhon and Yenlsel inscriptions, however, carries 2 the deficiencies of being the firet work in its Held and of being prepared in a hurry. One often comes across S11 Kinds of mistakes on almost every page of this work. In 1896 ‘Thomaen's edition of the two major inscrip= tons appeared: Inscriptions de I'Orkhon déchittréee MSFOu V), Helsinglors 1896. This excellent work coneieto of two parts, The first part iv a detailed study fof the old Turkic runic script and system of writing, Mlustrated with many examples in original script (pps 7= 44). Tealso contains an investigation of the origin of the ‘Turkic runic alphabet (pp. 44-54). ‘The second part of ‘tho work begins with another introductory eraay which ives a historical background (pp. 57-90). Then follow the texts in precise transcription and thelr translations (pp. 97-134), explanatory notes and a word-indee (pp. 135- 211), The work also contains an English tranelation of the Ghinese text on the first monument by B, H. Parkes: ‘The Deceased Ki Tegin's Tablet" (op. cite, pPe 212-216). ‘This edition of the inscriptions by Thomeen war a grest succeos, Scholars who later edited the inscriptions took In 1897 Radiofé published hie second edition of the Inscriptions: Die Alttirkisches Inschriften der Mongolel, Neue Folge, St. Petersburg 1897. In 1899 a Russian ‘dition of the Kal Tigin inscription wae made by P.M. Melioransiiy: Pamyatnik y Seat Kyul-Tegina (ZVO Xi, 2-2, Sanktpeterburg 1899, pp. 1-144). tn the same year Radlotf published the second volume of his new edition: Die Altterkischen Inschriftes der Mongolely Zweite Folge, Sr- Petersburg 1899. This work contains the runic text transcription sod translation of the Tonyukuk inscription ‘which was found by F. Klements in Bain-Tsokto in 1697 Upp. 1-27), notes (pp. 26285) and a glossary (pp. 86-115). This work also contains two articles of greet importance: ‘Friedrich Hirth's Nachworte sur Inschrift des Tonjukak Gad pe) and W, Barthold"s Die sitirkischen Invchriften und die arabiechen Quellon (29p.1- SBS Goume manuscripts in Turkic runte script, including eq Bitig ("Book of Divination’) , found in Miran and Tus~ ‘huang in Eastern Turkestan, were published by Thomsen in 191 "Dr. M, A. Stein's Manuscripts in Turkish ‘Runie' Script from Miran and Tun-buang,” SRAS 1912, ps lele22t (= Afh., p. 217-267), ‘Ten yeare tater, in 122, Thomsen gave s new ard improved translation of the two main inscriptions together with that of the Tonya ak monument! *Gammel-tyrkiake indskrifier fra Mongok fet | oversacttelae og med indledning," Samlede Afhandlinger Mi, pp. 4650516). Two years later & German translation bof thle work war published by H. H, Schaeder: “Altiekische Inuchrlften ane der Mongolel," ZDMG 1924, pp- 121-175 Meanwhile two new inscriptions in runic acript were found in Mongotia and published by the Finaich scholar 3. G. Ramtedts ‘Zwei ulguriache Ruseninechriften in dor Novd-Mongotel," ISFOu 30, 1913, Both had been Toft by the Uigure. One of thers, the Shine fon, fe a monument to i-itmiy Kagan (746-59). Unfor~ tamately the stone Sa badly damaged, Another badly Weathered and damaged inscription, the Kalt Gor (khe~ “Khuchots) inscription, wae found by Kotwica in Gentral Mongolia and published by him and by A. N. Samotlovitch: Tre momument ture d'ikhe-Hhuchotu en Moagolie centrale," RO 1926 (Lméw, 1928), pps 60-107. SG ‘rhe Orkhos inscriptions wore first published in Tur~ key by Necib Asim: Orhon Abideleri, Tetenbul 1341 (* 1925), But the most comp:Inscriptions in runte script was produced by H. N. Oxkuss Eski Turk Yarutany, Istanbul, Ir 1936, 11938, I: 1940, W¥i_ i941, Orkun took Thomeen's well-known edition as a model for his work and made some corrections with the aid of later Knowledge, chiefly making tse of Thomeen’ later publications and KSXyarv'e dictionary. He let, how= ever, many errore uncorrected, Orkun’s work was followed by Improved editions of tndivideal tects." M Sprengiing produced 9 reliable vecie teat of the Tonyskul inscription: “Tonyuhuk'e Epitaph ‘An Old Masterpiece," AISL LVI, Nor 1 (emery 1939), Pp. 1-19, A. von Gabain Feedited the KOI Tigin ineceip= Hon in her AlGrkische Grammatiky Letpaig I941 (2aa, of. 1950), but she did not render a transiation, ‘The Rue~ sian scholar 8. B. Maloy produced new editions of the al Tigin and Tonputule inscriptions: " Pamyatniki drew anetyurkakoy pia’mennosti, Moscow 1950, pos I-73. Ts 193d be alzo published bis comprehensive work which contains improved editions of all the Yeniect iarcripeions tn Orkun's publication, and some additional once previously published by him and S. V, Kisclev: Yeniseyskaya pis memost’ tyurkoy, Moscow 1952, In 1957 Gerard Clason Fo-edited the Ongin inscription and made some important corrections: “The Ongin Insesiption, JRAS 1957, ppv 117-192, In 1958 Pennti Aalto prodcad a new edition of the Tonyuiuk Snscription which can be regarded, as the best ofall previous editions: G, J. Ramstedt, J. G. Gran’ ad Pennti Aalto, “Materialien si den altiireiechen inechrif- fen der Mongetei, J5FOu 60, 7, Helsinki 1958, In the following year Malow's edition ofthe Bilgd Kegon, GML Eor, Moyun Cox (Linitmi8 Kagan) and the Ongin inserip= tions appeared: Pamyatnikl drevnetyurkakoy pis'monrostt Mongolit i Kirgtaif, Moscow 1959. In 1961 Kent Giraud produced another edition of the Tonyulcuk inscripio: ‘without taking, however, into account the corrections made by Aalto: LAnscription de Bein Teokto, Paris 1961 Gisaud made some cortections; bat lw'aleo mlaread aod iisiaterpreted some words and passages which are clear tn the photogrsphe and copter of the inscription. 6 ‘As for lexical and grammatical studies, following the first editions of the inscriptions, = good many works on Orkhon Turkic appeared in various countries, A briet morphological sketch of Old Turkic was given in Radloft's {Hizet edition: *Materiaiien 2um Verstindnis® der Morpho= logie des alltirkischen Dialekter,’ Dritte Lisferung (St. Petersburg 1895), pp. 388-422. Thomsea's edition, t50, contained some grammatical explanations (Notes: ppr 25= 198), and lexical and grammatical indexes (pp. 199-211). But the first grammatical sketch of Old Turkic was zen dered by Radlofs ‘Grammatlsche Skizze der alttGrkischen Sprache," Neue Folge (St. Petersburg 1697), pp. 1-129, Concerning carlain paurages of the Orkhoa inscriptions, some suggestions were made by W. Bang? Ober die ksi fdrkische inschrift aul der Sddscite dex KGl-tigin-Denk- als, Lelpsig 9G "Zu don Kok-tark-inechrifies der Mongolet,” TP (1896), pp. 325-355; “Zu den kaketzkiachen Inschriften," FP 9 (1898), pp. 17-141. A. Vambéry, too, ‘made some suggestions in hie Noten su den alttivkischen Inschriften der Mongole! und Sibiriens (= M3POx 1699). ‘At the furn of the century Kail Foy published an important article dealing with the distinction between the vowels &) (¢ and $ of the intial syllable in Orkhon Turkic: “Tarkiache Vocalatusten," MSOS 1900, pp. 180-215, In 1913 Thomsen published his well-ksowa article on a hitherto uskoown frunic letter, the sign for the cloved ey occurring in the Yenlse! inscriptions: “Une lettre méconnue des inscrip= Hone de I'léniseei," JSFOu 30, Radloi's studies in Ole Turkic, however, procede this work of Thomsen: *Alttir~ kKische Studien," Bull, Acad. imp. Petersburg, E1909, pp. 1213-1222; TE 1910, pp. 217-228; OE Wid. pp. 1025- 10365 IV: 1911, pp, 305-3265 Ve Ibid, pp. 427—492 VI 1912, pp. 747-778, ‘Thomson's abovenmentioned article was followed by his Turcicay a very valuable work dealing with various unclear, uninterpreted or misinterpreted words, locutions and paseages in the inscriptions: Tur. ‘Gea, Guudes concernant Vistorpe tation des inecri furgues de Is Mongolia ot de Ia Sibérie (= MSFOu XXXVID , Holeingotre 1916(= Aike, pp.93-198), W. Bang's series "in the field of Turkic comparative studies should be mene oned herer ‘Vor KBktrkischen zim Osmaniachen ls ABAW 1917, pp. 1-62; I-IE ABAW 1919, pp. 1-7 BAW 1921, pp. 1-26, Ts 1932 the Finnish scholar Mastti Rielinen published fas important article on the history of vowel harmony in ‘Turkic: *Beitrige sur Frage der tirklschen Vokainars monie," JSFOu XLV, Helsinki 1932, pp. 1-10. In this article ke Drought evidence for the aseumpiton that the thiré person porsessive cutie was -{/=ai in Orkhon Tat ic, This suggestion, however, was not @ new one; {twat considered over thirty years ago by Radlot! on the ground, that the accusative suffix -n wae always written with the sign af after the thied person poesessive tuifix (cf, Neue Folge, p. 9). In 1936, on the grammatical structure of Turkle, a very remarkable and instructive study, Kaare Gronbech's doctoral dissertation, was published! Der Hirkische Sprackbas, Kopethagen 1936, In thie work a {great many of grammatical problems of Orkhoa Terkic have been discussed and solved in a very convincing man= ner, tm 1939 the Hungarian scholar Julius Németh pub- shod an authoritative azticle on the closed ¢ problem in Turkic: "Zur Kenntnis dee geschlossenen ¢ im Tiskischen,* KCsA 1, Supplement, Budapest and Leipzig 1939, pp. 515+ 551, Two yoare later the firet grammar of Old Turkte was published by A, von Gabaint Altiirkiache Grammatt, Leipzig 1941, (Zod ed. 1950), In his grammar all Turkle texts in runic, Uigur, Sogdian, Manichean, aad Brahmi scripts uerve ae linguletic material, Gabsin's work also contains a ehrestomathy (pp. 247-290) and an Olé Turkice German-Turkish glossary (pp. 292-357). A dictionary of the words occurring In the Orkion and Yenive! ine scriptions war compiled by H. N, Orkin Eski Tark Yasitlar: IV, tetanbsl 1941, inthe same year Nemeth Te-inferpreted two pazsling sentences in the Orkhow inscriptions: ‘Zar Exkiarung der Orchon-inechriftens* Festschrift Friedrich Giere (= Die Welt dee J Sonderband, 1941), pp, 35-45. In 194? Mardi RAsinen resedited the last fragmentary passage of the Bilgk Kegan inscription: *Regeabogen-ilimmelsbricke,"SO XIV, 1 Gielsingfors 1947), pp. 3-11, Two years later a briet lat interesting study of Orkhon Turkic phonology appeared in Turkey: A, Cevat Emre, Tusk Leheclerinin Mukayesell Gzameri, Fonetiky Hstanbul 1949, pp. 27-35. in 1990 Gabain published ‘an article dealing with certain local adverbs in Old Turkic: “Ober Ortsbezeichounges tm Alltirkischen," SOXIV, 5 (Helsinki 1950). Tm 1952 two articles dealing with the problem af vowel har= monies in Old Turkic were published by A. von Gabain ((Zar Geschichte der turkischen Vokalharmonie," UAT XXIV, 1-2, pp. 105-111) and by Alessio Bombact (Probleme der hstorischen Lautlehre der turkischen Sprache," UAJb XXIV, 3-4, pp. 89-105), Tn 1955 A von Gabain published an interesting article on the Old Turkic system of dating: ‘AltUlrklsche Datierungeformen, VASb XXVH, 3-4, pp. 191-203, In the following year an Important study of the conjunctions in Old Turkic was published: Ahmet Temir, ‘Die Konjuaktionen und Satzeinleitungen im Alttirkischen,* Oriens IX (Leiden 1956), pr 41-85 and 233-280, in 957 Nedim Tuna published an article dealing with some spelling rules land certain passages in the Orkhon inscriptions: "Bas: ima gelenstieri," TDAY 1957, pp. 41-81. te 190 two more articles by him were published: “KOktirk yauitlarinda ‘Slim’ kavram ile gilt kelimeler ve ‘kergek bola’ deyiminin sah," int Bilimeel Sildistler (ZK yaymnlarsndan, Sayst 179}, Aakara 1960, pps 131-148, *Kowtirk yastls belgeletinde ve Uygurcata wtun vokalles,” TDAY 1960, ppv. 21-082, ‘In 1959 A. Yon Gabaln protuced a concise gram- war of Old Turkic: ‘Das Alttickieche,” ine Pastologiae Turcicae Fundamenta, Wiesbaden 1959, por 21H In the fotiowing year a grammar of the Orkhon ant Yonisel inscriptions wat published in Russia V. Me Nasilov, Yasik orxono-yenisayakix pamyatnikoy, ‘eacow 1960. Unfortunately, the author of this book didnot take {nto account the works published outside Russia, throughwhich he could have avoided some old reading mistakes, Oriestalistix, Funiter Band: Alteietik, Erater Abochntt ‘Turkologie, Leiden/Kein 1963, pp. 27-52. In this article of his, the author rather tries to determine the charac teristic features of what he calla ‘Fazkat" (Orkhom Turkic) and compares them with thove of the Uigur dialect, 1. SCRIPT 11, The Alphabet ‘The script used in the inscriptions consists of cune= Like characters mostly formed with vertical and oblique Lines, ‘Thore are also curved lines in some characters, but horizontal lines are very fev". ‘The old Turkie script ie written horizontally from right to left. In some of the Yeniset inscriptions, hows lever, it rune {rom left to right. In this case the characr 1.1L, The Characters consists of 38 characters: combined with two syllabic charactors, each of which has been used only once in the Inscription of Tonyukuk, the total becomes 40. (Of the 38 characters generally used, 4 are vowel signs. Esch vowel sign expreatex two diferent vowalt more precisely, there ia only one Letter for the vowels ‘and &, one for Land i, one for g and y, and finally one for & and §. The double consonant-characters system of the alphabet and the vocalic harmony prevent poraible Imistakes in reading the vowele a, and), 4; but there fs no criterion by which one coald distinguish between the vowels g andy, and § and 3.OF the remaining characters, 20 are double ‘conson= ant-characters' (syllabic characters) which designate syllables beginning with 2 or 8 and ending in the charac teristic consonant They can also represent the conson= ante alone. These characters are: i ‘ig; aq, Hi; al, St) an, dn ‘ey Hat sts St ay. There are two consonant characters designating syl= lables with rounded vowels: og/ag, Sk/k, and two con sonant characters representing sylisbles witht or {+ respectively: tay The consonant characters for the sounds Z, mf Bs E, and z are neviral in relation to vowels, in ather Words, they are used in both back- and front-vocalle ‘There are three compound consonant-characters: It, a, and nt. Tho last two are neutral in relation to vowslo, ‘hile the firet is waed only ia back-vocalie words, Finally, there are two syllabic characters, one ropre= senting the syllable a8, and the othor bai.! * The sign forthe round-combination a occurs ten times in the KemZik-Girgak inscription where the letter A 1s used to represent the consonant 3, e.g., /' D.aSnugl Utzon, 2, 4), DObeE (back, 2), SOD alti ack ApWalitE (backs 4), ADAP zetm{E frac, 4) (eve Orhan Hl. pp. 79, 80)."‘The vign for the sytiale or the ‘nord bal also occurs in the Uysg-Arhan, Al Yi and ‘Tava Finecriptone (see Mslov 1982, ppc ld, 57, tna Fatlae, XXXD.. For the interpretation of thi rign noe W. Dang, "Tuscice,” int Milteil dy Vosderastat © 1911, pp. 288, 168, To these characters we may add the ligature A (= 29 which occurs only once in the inscription of Touychuk (eve b2828, po) ‘The characters of the old Turkle reript are stable in form, Some of them, however, have varieties which elightly Aitter from eack other. ‘The characters are given in the following table Characters of the Old Turkle Alphabet Tranatiteration Transcription 3 wed) a x a Yor hh Gee Si oD» xe} 4 ¥ > Hera. wellyy oY e Ta GoMwty #Caractere { 2 $ ironediod) hh e D , SQod, xe iy N a 29" a gor au, Robe hy 6 rayerynrs {moby 4 df ws z A 3 md) . > ‘ y . 4 P 1 : HM cont tyy M x 3 a Ou.0@x Or at \ a bd * apart from the letters discussed above and given ‘in the table, the following signs occur in the Ulgur and Various theories have a0 far boen put forward on the origin of the Turkic "runic" script. Oto Donner, still before the script was deciphered, drew attention tothe general conformity between the characters of the Yenisei Script, that a, the Turkic ‘runic’ script, and the Lycian fand Carian alphabets of Asia Minor of the antiquity, and ‘aeoumed that the Yenisei script might have been derived | f20m these alphabets.? Thomsen, who deciphered the ‘Turkic ‘runic! seript, did not accept this srsurmption and put forward the theory that the Torkic alphabet war derived from the late Semitic (Aramaic) alphabet, with or without fan Franian intermediary.* Aristov and Mallitskiy suggested that the letters of the Turkic ‘runte” script might have been ‘eveloped from the Turkic famgae.? “According to Polivance, Yeniael inscriptions, and in the manascripte found in Eastern Tuakertant Y= 2! (in backevocalie wordeh {= 1 (closed @), © = o!,JB 2 = ap lin the manurcripte}, (A = (a keg Bitigh A 5 5 Inscriptions de VOrkhon, py XL ff + ecriptions de POrehos 1M, MN, Aniator, ‘Zametht ob etaiZeskom sostave tyurkekie plemen i narodov,” int Zivaya Starina MI-1V, 1896 (1 quote this from A. Caferofis, isk DAs Tarihi 1, Istanbul 1958, p. 115). Ne G. Mallsteliy, °0 avyast tyurkskix tamga © orxo: kimi piemenami," int Protok, sosed. i soobi8. Turkese fanskogo lerufia lyu sexeologSs, 1897%1898 ( Quoted from A. Caferogia, ink Dis Tarihi I, istanbul 1988, p. us).the Turkic seript was mainly derived from the Turkic tamgas, but was slightly influenced by the Aramaie~Sog- ‘ian and Pohlovi alphabets.* He also suggested that cor tain letters of tho alphabet are ideograme, Finally, A. CC. Emre put forward the theory thatthe Turkic "runes! ate kdeographic in character and developed from the same OF these theories, the one which ha found more supporters thaa any other theory is that of Thomeen.* ‘Today itis generally accepted that the old Turkic alphabet “ED, Polivanoy, ‘Ideografizeskiy motiv ¥ formacti orconskogo alfavita,” in Byulleten Sredne=Azintskogo Goswd, Universiteta (Tashkent 1925), p. 9 7A, ©. Emre, Eek Tsk Yarissme Menge}, Ankara 1938; in French Suz Porigine de Vaiphabet views Ankara 1959. * Otto Donnery in his article ‘Sur Vorigine de Valpha= bet ture du Nord de l'Asie, * JSFOu XIV, 1 (Helsingfor® 1896), agreed with Thomsen and made the first attempt to identity the Aramaic/Iranian originale of coxtain "runic letters “Hans Jensen, in hin book Geschichte der Schrift (Hanover, 1925), compared the old Turkic alphabet with the Aramaic and Pehlevi alphabets (eee the table on page 206) and remarked that resemblances between the “runic” alphabet and the Pehlevi alphabet are grester than thore between the ‘runtc' alphabet and the Aramaic alphabet (p. 209 ff), Holger Pedersen was of tho opinion that the Turkic ‘runie” alphabet was undoubtedly developed from an ATS~ rmaic source, apparently without an Iranian intermediary (see the English translation of his book: ‘The Discovery of Language, Linguistic Science in the Nineteenth Gentry, 26 fs mainly derived from the Aramaic alphabet, through one fr more Iranian intermediaries.’ Infact, thore ie a fairly Close resemblance between certain letters of the Turkic flphabet and those of the Aramaie/Iranian alphabete."© ‘Therefore, it ie possible that the Snventor of the Turkic llphabet took as his principal model some form of the ‘Aramaic alphabet which had boon adapted for writing som Iranian languages but, obviovly, this was no more than S beginning. The inventor must have invented s number of lettere for which no Aramaie/Iranian model can be found. Furthermore, he made at least two great innova- tions: (I) he invented special Itters used oaly to desig rate vowels; (2) he invented & number of letters which Could be used only to designate consonants occurring Sn bbeck-vocalic words and a number of letters which could bbe uaed aly to designate cononante occurring in front- vocalle word 962, p. 199). ‘Hoomingtos See, eof, Sir Gorard Clauson, Turkish and Mone sgolian Shidieas London 1962, p. 73 th 1 six Gerard Clauton, who most recently reviewed the mattor, made a new attempt to identify the Aramaie/ Iranian originals of certain “runic’ letters and came to the conclusion thatthe inventor of the Turkic seript used fifteen of the twonty-tvo Aramaie/Iranian letters a5 mom dela for his alphabet; im other words, of the uniconsonantal signs of the ‘runic’ script, only fifteen can certainly be dentifiea with the Aramaie/Iranian models (Turkish and Mongolian Stodies, London 1962, p. 79)- These letters are: a/e= aleph, b/y= beth, ofu= van, front 2/8 2ain, velar ke eaphy back 1= lamed, nem, back a= oun, back a saraech, pif pe, = t2adai tack r= resh, back J achin and front t= tau lop. cit pp. 78, 79)‘Thus, all uniconsonantal and wocalic signe of the ‘Turkic alphabet can be explained partly as reproductions of tho letters of some Aramaic/Iranian alphabet and partly being the inventions of an inventor; but, this asnumption stil eaves quite a few, almost a dozon, signe unexplained, ‘Those are the so-called “dingraphe’ or ‘ligatures’. TE hae boon suggested that these signs, too, were invented by the inventor who may have got this idea from the ligatures In Groek cursive script." ‘The fact that there ie no re~ semblance between say of the "digraph and the letters reprocenting their constituent sounds refutes thie theory. The signe for the sound combinations 18, n&, at, oq/ua/go/ gu, SK/Se/MB A g/ah. XZ, aB, bad, up, and gt cannot be Feparded as ligatures, because none of them seems to be A combination of two lettere.'® There iv no doubt that these signs are syllabic, aot alphabetic. Thexefore, i ‘would be sensible to astume that they have an independent origin and developed from ideograme. I should be noted that even Thomsen, founder of the Aramaic origin theory admitted thatthe letters y' (back y), oq/ug and'b* might ave been ideographic in character, eB. + aY= moot 9 “Another difficulty in accepting the Aramaic/Iranian origin theory is that in Aramaic a given sign designates syllables consisting of a given consonant and any vowel, ger both means Bay Bi bu, ete., while in the Turkic "Thomsen, Insceip: » pp. 50, 51; G. Clausen, op. pm "4 Te only Liga used Sn the Orkon inscriptions ie Eieee 1 2024) Te ligetre i obviously combior Siow the lettre AE and P 1, LAlphabet runiforme ture, script consonantal signs represent syllables beginning ‘with'a or d and onding in the characteristic consonant, crass abs ab, ag, Sy a dl, ete. Mt mast be for thie Foauon that iniisl 3 and @ are left unwritten, and that all final vowele are designated, No matter how it was invented or came into being, there is no doubt that the Turkic "runic’ ecript is one of the most ingeniously devised alphabets of the first mil~ leniom, How early it was invented and began to be used fr not known; but, It ie certainly older than the Turkic fnacriptions which date {rom the first halt of the eighth century A. D. and aze the earliest specimens of this script which have come down to us." The Turkic ‘runic script probably began to be used as early as the middle Gf the sixth contary, ae the offiesal alphabet of the Turkic \ pecause of their generally primitive appearence st was first supposed that the Yenisol inscriptions found {in the basin of the upper Yenisei and ite tributariee must be older than the Orlhon inseriptions. This theory, bow= fever. now turns out false. For merely archeological Feasons, it has been suggested that, with one of fo «x= options, these inscriptions cannot bo earlier than the ninth and tenth centuries (eee G. Claseon, Turkish and Mongolian Studios, p. 69 f.). The same can be claimed for Lingsistical, graphical and orthographical reasons, The dialects in which these inscriptions are written do not seem to be more azchate than that of the Orion in= scriptions. Primitive appearance of these inscriptions ‘must be duo to the fact that they were inscribed by less educated and lets skilled masons in rome distant tribal Pegion. 2»Empire.'* After this empire had collapsed in the middle of tho eighth century, it wae retained for a time, probably for about a centary, a8 the official alphabet of the first Uigur Empire (743-840), Finally, st was replaced by the Uigur alphabet + Orthography 1,21, System of Weiting ‘The old Turkic system of writing és @ mixture of the syllabic and alphabetic systems of wi The use of vowel-sigas is limited and subject to certain orthographic rules, “Most of the consonant signe designate ayilabler tending im the characteristic consonant, In certain cases, however, they reprorent only a consonant sound. Judging from thie, wo can cay that the old Turkic serigt was on the verge of becoming an alphabetic system of writing. ‘The spelling syetem aed in the mansscripts found in Eastern Turkestan testifies to this fact. In these man~ lscripts the vocalic signs were used abundantly and the system of writing can very wall be called alphabetic. 41,22, Spelling Rules 1.221, Indication of Vowsla ». The vowels a, i and e are not designated at the 18 ‘The Chinese chronicle Chow-thu, which was fine fahed in about 629, says that ‘The script of the Turkle renembles that of the Ho-Barbarians (Sogdiane)' (see ius 2. 10), beginning of words. ‘This rule is probably due to the fact that moet of the consonant characters designate syllables beginning with » or & and ending in the proper consonant gd out 00 87h, eon! agg HS, tug "too many, very many" (KEE 13), a pi ig ‘good (BIC Iz), gh Sngit verte” (CT B19) eat [Sein ‘men’ (BES 11), HE gkE "two" (TW 4), 1 “people UTES), ete, ‘Throughout the five inscriptions, only in the following instancer the Initia ¥ indicated: af a& ‘hungry’ (BK E M8), ately asig ‘the being hungry” (BEN 6), af6?q Reig ia, (ETS, 8), abel? BEedr “if you are hungry GEN 6), at! at ‘name, title’ (BK E 41), at"y Sy "the title" (acc) (KT W 2, KEW 2), the titles of (ace) (KT E Ts 7). 139, ‘The vowels 3. and i are always indicated at the beginning of words: ia" tug "racred, holy” CFIEW 3)ayet Spar “dear, beloved" (KT SE), 11 Sele hey) soot! (KT S12), ihe? 1 Aika *(thoy) submitted” (TE W 2), igd? gid Malschood’ (KTS 10), il ge i gir ‘eastwards’ (KT E 12), ete the following sound is Z, the eyltabic sign Y (© 2) may be used to designate the intial sound group i kd? {Sika “(dey) submitted’ (BK E 37), ra Lees “secret” {TEN 10), etc, (eee 1, 22236.) ‘The initial { har not been marked only in the following examples! a! n'a (Jebaza proper name (0 ¥ 4), "o'r! Erlgn! (sbarta)targan (0 Balbal, sg (Jeig "the labor” (aces) (TITE 2 OR 2, 3), «1? mni UJatival proper name (BEE 3), Ga8s Se (8 ‘te own Interior” (TUS 6), es (Wai “completely” (TLE 4), 1° gr" & (gies “eastwards? (OCT B21), oI i ag (ue “est! (KT E32). 4°, The rounded vowels 9. u 3, and il are always Indicated at the begioning of words: w/l'm glum ‘ry son’ (DKS 9), wes otue Whisty” (RT I), aFs wud "easy" (TT ‘SeuH battle” (O R 2), ge Sgde “river” (KT E 1), Sa gt £SigGts "in onder to die’ (KT'N 10), Gn? Gin‘since (HET W 1), cogs agi inorder to break (TE Sonate ithe following sound is q the eylabi sign (-og/ ua) ts preterably used to desigmate the sound group cor He on with tn avon” GENE 39, 3, ae one LE AF the following sound inky the aylabie eign Fs a) a prtertby ceed of enigate he el sat ‘roupe Oe and dk yon! hin cegres!" (DRE IM, Bue {GH iorous" (HT 5 10h tes (ave 1.22252), 1.2212, Nom-Inisial Vowels of the First Syllable 1%, ‘The nomnitial ay and ¢ of the firet syllable are usualy aot expressed! ‘Wik bang “lly, town (71 2), Ub alah tablayan rabbit (RES I), Wate bade ‘ploture’ (RE $12), atbatp ethinip having boon pleased” (Bee 2), etme ‘he gave’ (RTE 18) ya Jez ‘earth (DEN 10) ‘The vowel 5 of the first ayllable ts marked only tn the following word: tamqn tims “on the wall (RT SE), Iso the frat oyllable to, a2 acute, Thousand’ (TTE I), alsa ging “forty? figa "inthe your" (0 R 4). BF" ge bilge ‘wie! (ke E 3) Kiet Kisl “mony homan being TREE 3, ete = (ths preceding sound is g, the ayllatie sign <1, D> Js) sony be used to Sndicate the sound group: Alt» silig having done’ (0 R 2), deta? diumia "he wappressed? (OF 1). Seo 1.22233.22 1m the following examples, however, ofthe fret spe not ea oa amd he i ee Stroy (KEE 8), 7G! alyeim ‘terrifies (0 Ry Finke pgeng (0 RTPA? Wetman with Linder sae Seg wageary = ore sg KEW 6, 10, 12), (0ga Wilige (REE 2,0 Supp. 2, (4 ge iiga (RE E 7), SPE gaets waligeat ‘mis councelor" OE 5), Sac get Midlguet ia, (TE WT), (BOE gastist 3 Wigsste, ‘hie wisenens (ace) (KEW 7). Mgt Settee eich ieloct (KE S 9), Beare a Miles Tavitg ordered the solders) to moust (TL 1), DFE we we (OF 1, 7 315 6), aw oidant we CTE), em w(dtadin "looked for" (TLE 61, yfmea yadmtag Soot (E55, 6 BEN 4, 4), yeatge Hints “tender” (Sis &. Oy pints pinta sponst (RES 3, BAN 3, THS 2, Web a. Aue Teor tn Mlle bayings (NT E 34, BK 3), yor ty yipariy ‘the scent" (BAS 10. 3 Tne heated vowel ofthe frat yllable i, a8 2 rile, marked) brad!) bodun ‘people (KT E9), que"! (gontan fort, fortress (RT'N'8), bral'p bulug "guarter™ ey apee gayan thin (21S 6), Wee bon rot? (RT B 12), Keetg kordg acout (3180), Fan ans tome (BEC E 30), COREY akat “completely (RT S Dy ete. “ihe following sound te g the silabic sign V, may we uned to represent the soul groupe og and wget “tal satiated’ (TS 11, © uz fogua "sine (KEW 6), Es duge ball (T1W 6), eee. (nee T2283. iat Fe following vound ink, the sound groupe Ok snd ic may be writen withthe eyiablesignfl [2 hm WGkdarn oT made way (TEN My Rt coal “having Shed" (int E 2), y yer puts hey) submitted” (TE N'D, ste (eos 120232). {te tltiat consonact is q, the syllabic sign ¥ may be uned to represent the sound groupe go and gu at igopin all together" (TS 9)y Qa m quali "foo HP Povenge (O'R 1), BE gut fortune’ (OF # ‘fthe intial consonant is fy the sound groups XO and vat many be marked withthe syllabic signs? BFE Epitnia with carte’ (ITS 6), Ke? Kor try (to bide tas)! TREND) ete koetag “you lit.? ho") have seen" (orn. “The rounded vowel of the fret syllable 1 mot ex- pressed only inthe following examples: By Mallag Rjestter (HE E 2)y BE ge Malay personal name (FHS 8). 1.2213, Word-Final Vowels 2AU final vowels are maths to the fact that the couronant signs Thi rule tonttien jesignate sylables nding in the proper sonsonant: 7!a ara “between? (KT E 1, Byellnt bopusland ‘he wae slaughtered” (71-8 2), utivtu lays ‘and’ (RT 9), Kit kis people, person" (715.5), Blogs bangs ‘evesiasting’ Tt 8), ete 2%, In the following word groupe w ing word groups writen together the ‘inal vowel ofthe first fe not represented, ‘This ie probe ably due to the fact that much groupe were considered one word by the incriber: nétlqhandla)-tagl"moreoves" (i 5.13), Wetlatgn! (abana) targa personel name (O Balball, qaty'nt qautlal=yan ‘from Khas (TTN 9), yfistat ya! yisidinda)-yan irom the north (EDS 4) 1.2214, Vowels of Non-First Syllables 1% The vowels a and # of non-first syllable rule, are not marked? gaye zyanmasar "ie () had not won' (TILE 8), yb yalabad® Hhelr cavoy" (DEE 39), baks4t poiater “hie champion warrior” (KE 5), klfrlm akdlavim ‘my elder slater" (KT N'9), e'te Smale! sulimfeae ile) do not wage war" (TIE 3), tev; bai biFgasti Bgast *hie counselor’ (KC E 5), his wiseness" (aec,) (KE W 7) [biftgastint bilgaata ‘The vowel, however, is rometimes marked. Only fm the following examples & of the sonefirst syllables is writtens pam apim ‘my ancestors" (KT E 1, 1% BK E 3, 12), pama apamiz ‘our ancestore’ (KT £19; 0F I), Nat axqiatn ite rump'(ace,) (KEE 9), slams! mis bey meted (KT EG), and seams Jd, (BKE 8), tlptamal taplamadi ‘they did nat Hke™ (BK E 35), unfamg unkmay "do not agree! (TEN 11), yluwamd yorlSinit they mourned" (BK E 5), yuytlams Jopbnis GREE gs ceciac aease pe coe bese Gens. 2% The vow of nonefiret ayllables are gen= rally Left undesignated: dey adyirly "the stallion. (ace.) (KT E36), d'r'Ymi'm adviimation “let we aot be parted! "(OR 3}, bhigs!s bugsis “in abundance’ (TI 5 8), Pa Aigttetgg! tts "your rang (ace) UCT 5 10), Fae radas"plemre”QCr 19), yee riers “twenty Ger ET) ot yes latighs our beg He ace) Gere ion tartge digi etic mame (REN 3), et Sue exceptions acer ain atl "we rode fst (er NO) boat me glide fae (HUN Th nn asda My omeana of CUE The etiys anya to become tired. (aw 2h eG able going Around’ (TUN 2), but eS (oon BE Sk Aint Billy bead?” (BK (rig aig "reachable" (CT? #73), bot" arig (KT Spy stg canta hese? OCR 2), aPtgl? Snagit Gers stay diay td OCT 8105 BEN 8), bet gene Fe generally int#¥L Tat Horye's gstyara weet S Ree ga. 3, 24 BEN 9, © il), bt generally HE qth qasgan etic name (CTE 4, 1 BRE Svoyehts ayn ete sot OEE 8 BRE Sh pied Seat ewe but generally Pastels ye we GRATIN (O R 4); but iene yiting (RT N 5, NER yfpe sy ylpusty ste scent ce, (BRS Th yuttiatme wld we plundered’ (TI W 4), s'mqtistin? armaq- BER Con yntiet ayntls (TSE 3 FPR IG, baaig ot ¢ SEE We Wa reset CT SOR te eine eAledtinds (1157) URE ouneiea (BK Oy sey able (KT Tey bo meal gts 9 eh zal OE 99, bat geneaiiy aloo 30, ‘The vowels B/E of non-firet syllables are gener tty written, visti agfel (KT 5 5), DEittid?m bletaim (KT SE), Uugid!'m togfdiin (BK E 31), yyiy yay (KT E15), ayaxfda (ITN 5), liste galfaie OST ND), ari. Jerky (RE Ww), Matig”MiaTg (KTS 6), ete. The exceptions are: BFittd!m bitidim (KT SW; BE SW), bit (KES 2), but generally biti gma biiging (KT 8 13, SB); bits big (ST 5 13, SE, N13, NE; O Supp. 1), but bEtig biti (KE S 9} Em Selon (TE 1%) BRE 15, 20, N 9), but generally Eim 8tg: antes (TW 5), Hats (BEES 1), bat generatly kati it%k (BK E 7; KT E 24), bat «°il*k eatlie (eT E 7), oT? gh Hdsitigi (BK E 41), but generally Kisig, Histete =!aSg 9354 (BRN4, 4, 5), but sig autsg (RT $5, 5, 6); Paleo (BK E 13, $13), bur eatfis® satse (KT E 33); dtannd m sasimadin (KT E 27), but ua! imam a (DEE 22) ‘ual me's adiomath (THE 1); ud!s*hin adistin (TT E 3), ud aFigm adisigin (TLS 5); y* yeti yayied (BK E 11), y! ye ayia (FES 1, THE 2): y!yst i (TE 30), y*yets (BK E 2) yayisis, but generally yavly, yayiga, yayieh yur! yor (KT E12, 40, 59; BRE, SE, TE SENS OF 5, R 3), but generally yfus!{- yorf- (KT $4, 6), yur't!= Yorlt- (T'S 4,6) but ylurtith yaste (TIN 1, In)'P eka MEsikAd (KE © 4), but tk sSeik (TIS 1); in the auiton ayin/-tyin: ét'y'n* adtttayin (BK E 41), igdy n° giddy (BK E 45), but generally -y"in*/-y4in? in the suffi SitsForebattan (0 F 2, bon Buigh KE W 5, 8) xin (© F°5), Fp sling (0 F 4) io iin (BK E 28), sgn High (rr ty, Qalgsqutga (er 2 31) eet ogi tt 7), Waka! tas (TES 6), Upetyn® tdgaikia (0 Hy yet « ‘ape Soysigign(O F 2), .. . yanaltucTyaqiga (BK F 40), y'zpa, wazine (KE 31), vista yerin (RICE 35), y*r pe! yori ‘Ried (BK 40), y*r*pe yorigl (BK N 3), y"eFpe yiein (BK E 15). y*ega yoink (RTE 33) in the sulle el tee biaitet bile (RT NTO), but bEiltiet bitte eT E Saye es? Adlir (OR 2), but Mie asthe (TE N 8) 4°. ‘The vowels uli are generally written after ayl- Jnblos formed with the wsrounded vowele! l'un! alisa ‘gold (KT N12), C1'uy* taluy “ea, ocean’ (TTE Ted? it's dapins well’ (21 N iO}, &im Sim “my anceastare (er ET ete Rounded vowels occurring after unrounded ones are not marked only in the following examples! ited’? al(a)edi (Oct 238), bintitets billed (FIN), rman! Sembee (Or 9), ehistgstd iegiied ONT E29), yute'u pasties (KEW 11), y4ie'msn! yitmbelGde (0 F'3}, yieées pied (eT ET; BRET). 26 5°. nounded vowsla occurring ator syllables formed with rounded wowele are aot writen in yenvrals adi Sodan (CT N She stage Sagas (DHE 1), peg gba (BK EGoy, eFGgh eligi (BICE B), Kinad kde (ETS), te 2" The tht comoctive vowels inthe following word aah! din GEE, at eneray adalat Bey erluguy (RT W 2, Bondy wy guntarsy (KT E 20), ut Go {Gy y (BR E 12), dun? ogun (KT E35, 36): ular! alae CGE, oe gue a aa aga FE) bot sPaae sanding (BK E 20); OF Weld (KT 5 10), but, fener apie nie et #6, FW. 5, ne Se Grr wn) and tie akasig (0 F 0. The atemfinl vowel of he following word tarda ballaga (BK E28, RT E07), bral’ Suge boltage (21 ip uevhusFige'u ortuinare (KT § 2, 2: BEN 2}, utr! ige'a (BEN). ., The rounded vowels of the following suites So Teter Thtteoe! woidon (er BT; BRE 10). aaa gens there Saris (7 13), bhaqur me bofyuem (BEE 12}, Brodyue ur bo SEB (TS TBR co equa fequn): bestuada buaguaa (0 R 1). 2. “Bee /eliees duggar'= gontare (C0 © 21), ot seneraly Hinte'=) KO Get= Mdbde= (REE 1), bat fy tatts?sy dpe = Spee" OCT Wa wrtture= amare (ie 5 12h phage Get age OE We Shr Yikintde~ (KT E 15), opt goneraly yet Se fod aie Se (KT E10, N 1; 7183, 4), tuk generaiy Ps rE 2 1. bot generally #°0ke!= 2 (HN 3 yagi epfure (KT E 6 BEE 1). Dr The rounded yowsls ofthe following words andar (CT E 23), oO? Sida (BEE 19), bat ha Sai ‘Pius fogus (Ws and 8 more cccurrencen), but gener ny aa ge iat adginis DAN), bot Capt Cet {ict soy plate! youmedr= fe E10), but generally ontan vores vn! ghay ary (N89): oa oxiah + afighg sing (KT = 35), but generally ‘Tagg ortbg sky (TE, 16, 30; DRE 8 30), Bortde tGelad (KT E 16, BK E 14), Pastime (KT E 22), eae Gat Sea (BN 9, 10, 10), PePiga Selgin (KT E 22), EayFietint Geeta (RTE, 8, 1 shae*tstinta s5efotaEs (KT E 15; BK E 12), but Caetgat origin (BK E 19), Pus*stin! sSrisin (BK ES), (8 O)ete? Gai gisdeie (DK Bi), PbetGe gee ger w Hoy, Capoe sip (RT E 4, DK 5), Copsetea tipUtas (KT § 3; BIN. 3); Gtakn® sufi (RT'S 8; SKN 6), but generally Gt po? , atbent ; GMI Seg (BK E 34); Gent Gee (RT NA Sd 17 more occurrences), but generally SEn¥; Ml" igm Slatin (STE 25), but generally U*gi in the eulfoe Gr /-4e: Kictie! Sete (TW 10; BEN 2), but fits (TW 1); Aoe!ur! gorge (TH W 4); at!fus! clude (KT E 3; BK E4; TW, § 1; TUNG), but wll e's? (ET 5 I: Sy" Ge? Bye (RT S 5); DatGe? OMGIEe (FTN 8) bluByurtar bobyurie (KT 5 7,7: BEN), 31; BKE 3), 1,222, Indication of Consonants 1.2220, The Double ‘Consonant-Charact System ‘As we have already seen, the Old Turkic seript has a lnsge stock of consonant signe. An important feature of the script le that there are tvo different characters for most Of the consonant sounds, one being a back-vocelte and the other a frent-vocatic sign, The backevocaiic sononant signe are used Sn back-vocalie words, and the front-vocalic signs in frontevoealie words, This system and the vowel ‘harmony prevent the reader fom miarending which other= wise could have been unavoidable because of the insufficten= cy of vowel ign qllmnd!s qalmadé (T1W 4) idmd?s Rilmdai (TY 8 5) Diets! ablasar (KE w9) Ohta? sto!y! sauty (TEN 9) sblg slbig (BKS 14) yittm+ yale +(KT E33) y41%ma_ ySims (TIN 10) 38 Yocaiie counersparte, Some ofthese spellings are just © 2. geil mete gasyannasar (THE 4. Ni) ote Boe ee ae a, fyb 1.2221, Use of the Sign ‘The froot-vocalic consonant sign for the sound sis often used to represent the consonant which oceurs fn the elnty ofthe vowel fin backevocalie words, This fact THOME be duet the quali of te vowel fin ach ntanes probably t was au intermediate round between Zand j Pomme of the examples, while in the others, it was just a ‘font warounded high vowel Fee ed ao before o aftr the vowels a andy intone bockevocalic words. This ave ofthe sign injuieverr dave not soem to have Deen phonetically Fiaalticent an potore or after £: abstq Haig (KT S 8, #, bot za! (BK 16) et eal baat (TWH) Wt thine Setaiige Wer 82). 6¢Ctqre atsigins (0 ¥ 2), bat BER eime way, Se alae ea ea Sania (RW ts RE 8) ahem gata (TLE 9 Seeguety qatar (12 #, qbtote™gabiabar (715 9 Sg ee Sa ee ost ea eem rs) aia gae SESE TO F 2) wel tign (215 3) and ul oth canta RE R Sieaty ce B oe) ome (oy eh GSE Ti). See Pelataliation 2.14 ese ee Before or after the vowels a and pt bistalm basaita (OR 1), generally bla! bfatms? baamis (0 F 1hbhutl st rt hotear (TES 6), generally - (KT E52, 34, BK E 25) hia yo gaye (RE E10); hia! ia gulls (i E31) bila qgifie (BRS 2), hut Geta atladugde (BK ED), but Bly gia (KT N 8) Mita gia (generally), Dut aie yet gitaywew (TT 5 2), qie'xy gtamty (T1W 7) “4 yy apo (00m; diag (genera); dep tp (raw sined gan trae 3 1.22234, Use of the Syllabic Siga ‘Tho syllabic sign sf ie rarely used to denignate the fnitial sound group ie: G2gr'ttm itgtrtim (BK E 25); Seka" | (eskas (BK E3% THN 4), iEkms ieikmi (BK BY, bud generally ike ike; 8s Hees (TTNTO), bat generally 82", 1.22238, Use of the Syllabic Sign a8 ‘The syllable sign a fr used once in the inscription of Tonyuluke alg aig? (TTS 1). 1.22236, Use of the Syllabic Sign bak ‘The syllabic sign bad is used only once in the inserip= ‘on of Tonyukak: bab (TEN 2) 1.22037, Use of the Ligature ) Inthe following word the medial sound group Et decignated withthe ligature A’? MEY Elma KSlseinis (ns. 1.2224, Use of Compound Consonant-Characters 1.22241, Uae of the Stgn it ‘The compound consonant-character It is used to 76 present the and groupe ll and I In back-vocaite words Ti ale” itm aids (OR I), But generally Pen, atone, FB; ReaPY atu) (Cr So)y let gltath (8TN 9; 11S 6), bot hth gaitim (BK E 14); | Drie Sieh bolaes(genbrabiy), but Dall! et (OT N14; BRE 310; Bae Bole (generally), but ul") (ee w3), Ball gH ATOP Ny O), Sal! int (RN2, 9); Buus bottum (THE 6, 6); bull buts (CE E 31), vo wut em fiom (TH & 6); ust (BRE 1, il (BK E 7, 18) qh Gat qi! 4 (BK ET qty gusy aK & 20, 20)5 qilimgultn (generally), Sur ql R(T © 23); piesa #0; yas yan (ct 20 Pott ya CEC 38); yey ag ice 23 ‘BK E 19); y¥olis® yagueugin (BK E 16)} ylulte yolta (TT 89), but allt AUR NH ve ‘The exceptions are: 14 ali Sie’ (generally) (et i alte MEW, 19, 55, WHET Can! alta genes aif (et, Tateba inacription, Opkun Ul, US la! sin); ty aria (er 9 9); fae tha hate (BR Ea : 1.22242, Use of the Sign nt The compound consonant-character at is used to re« present the sound groups ant i Frontewocalie word Vs antt ata anta (generally); nty antay (generally); sg attg FL 9) ae oda ante (BR ES), Stlani (CE 9); way! nes bopualants (01 N 2) ete. Zant’ gta kanea (RIE 23 BR E19) 32 ar apt alge (12 W 3}, Panty ality (cr 89 BR ATi); shone bana (TE 20, 815, SHE BE Thy ees ae TI) i aa Giga AT E), ete, = e tnd atin backs and ‘The exceptions are Bente! xa Mites (TEN 1) egn?t?i Keginti (KT N 7}, but zgnti (BK E 31) ae Si (GE avs text (ak 23 (ew o)y ikea ite 8 2 vega aegis (8 by hero SEO TAT tat faucet EAB 1) attest Ba TT 55). pontt'n Our © 2)y mw hau TBHE 20); ow Cy sani eins td anid wins ects Sepa (DKF 20); cee SY saa (1158), ett Bidet (715 9, 5, TEN TE GPa pee (27 Wa Se TENA, popes paket Hea Pee yokontt (TUN 4, TICS 2), but yakate?- yoktnede- (generaily) 1.22243, Use of the Sign af ‘The compound consonantacharacter af le used to ent the sound groupe an8, Sn, and af in back= find front-woealic words. Te, ants ném ante (generally), aut di antuladt (er B32e stake sane (KT NS), ote, 2 aot oPada ndnte (BK N'9). 3 AE una banka (generally), r¢n¥ arin (gen- erally), BFistae Bioine (KT N 2) BK'S 10), ual onan (BK 3 10), ttgeat toqueune (KT NE), ear't! af iBevink Ger N 6 BK E 31), prin pinta [TE 39), y7atpa ibnege (TES 6, 6), y?HToe yitine (KT N 5), ote 1.2025, Doubled Consonants Doubled (geminated, long) consonants are rarely ine Gicated in the Old Turklc script; in other words, long Consonant ie mostly represented by one character. fe Mee al nthy adind\ thy (KT $12), al at ading{eny (BK N14, 15). Zr da) Witt idm bittdldlim (KT § 135 BN 18) cf, bile! atm bition (THLE @)y y= am yaratie jim (BEN Ld) cee yr alm yaratiteten (MEE 8,9, 10) ye hye nner we 5 a ep: ea ade ow: BKB 2,10. So BS) GI Was e uy orm ns bite wanda hema EO, HE NE Sepa age ge sata abuaa(Absban, front al 1 Ba cased © 1a ayes togetdeia (ie 4% BK E See eee gagade (TIN 1; FET RS perio (Generals eF a odgare UN - Teg” ae peer tumnies (ok £9) = Det wet 10). Sap, ab: yall youer KT 5 13, SE, 58); avy Covtlag(@t By BEST, Hey Hi 200k (BIC 7).8% fal: gest gatan(alig (TEE 3, 5), ats! gaan (nap(TIE 4). 7 Be gb! als! gavidslar(T1s 5) 10%, Y: tlm a7ishim (BKC E 31); git! ms acitiesis (ED Ns), cf ghalms aqiedimie (T1N'11); Weal att BEd sadaht (KEE 12), oat BRaiends)im (CT 8 12); FR Eeidtlie (11 E 7), cf, state! gwiaei Urq Bitig, 83, 93); UMGH (KT 7, 8 25 Biz 7, 1), st! m ition (BK E 40; TEN 9; THE 2), ith me Sehimke (KT E A; THEW gt gate (oT © 16; 9K B 1 KEE 13), igttm igi Uicr B 2; BK E 23, 38); Qui goWek (BK § 18); RABE sgubrat(thin (BIN 7); allt! Shuriih (RE & 12) ye ta avAlagda (KE W 5, & 6); yhuiTET: yowstion (KE E12), The exceptions are: Sur! qqs Zozaqga (BK SE), ips lligds (KT E29; BKC E 24), 08 gg ligig (KT E15, 18) BRET, gr't!Gga garlugga (KOE 7), th! 17 gull (8D B 2u akg 1a) da anes (REE 4), ality yolluy (KT Sw) 1.23, Punctuation ‘The only punctuation mark weed ia the Orkhon inserip- tons is a mark resembling a colon(:). ‘This mark ie used to separate words and word groups from each other. Ree lating to the use of thie mark the following rules can be V Words are generally separated by colonet rfid! a:bull mast? do" eet garqrals (KT § 1) {Speids hotmail ted bilgd qayan Seat patented TE at (aT 5 10) fete Eaglfe bodun bunt gaidi Very short words auch an at, 4, and alp are genor- lly written together with the faliowing or preceding word or group of words: call? gd* pat art! y's! Qun! wad! fp (Cr © 36) of sagaaias bayirgunig aq adyiriy kis" giud™ Salut stale (RT B36, NZ) okt arig ud ara santa Fayette ctl ur! Gesuqhy! QPP ETRE E 39) Bish ‘Mi torug azugi yoq arts 7, Compounds, word groups or phrases are often placed between colons 4 timpam:t! uma! qyntsie?t mlqatsul! 2 mk (ice 1) kim apm banda aan icant gegen clrmis aFaaetanie pac ieartemer Fmk (BK E9) af gayange islg Klee birdr nos bwo worde which do not constitute s phraze ace put between a pair of colone: syfirts!y*u@uptt! ur! w ala) yir sayy gop tora ola (APS 9) cazakdhct® pri Get ik EDEL (REE) BUT Clery! nh gma bol i ora yada baligma (BK F 30) :008# gray at Tages jase (RY N10) Uinavead of a's! ge ty! a! or fated) »2, PHONOLOGY 21, The Vowels Orton Turkle has the following vowelet a, Be Lo, eur and With the oreapion fey tncvowell thin contrat to each oer ina tees-dimesiont ‘yetem tron vowels We Ly B&) vertus beck vowels apes ©) vereus tow vorata #9, tet unonand vote @ Seubded vowels (rn 2) ‘A pecline tats he vowel eyster of Orn Tooke othe contrat of long vowels vermas short vowel The distinction Setveen short and long vowel ts phoneae ically significant in Orkhon Turiet aE" "ts peat "to feck angry at "horse", Ky aames Fepuation’ tht subject to drop ender cortatselscumnstancee, A) veree 2.11, Vowels of the First Syllable 2111, The Vowel a 19, Short: adag “foot” (KT N7}, adyie ‘etaltion’ (BX N10), balig ‘eity, town’ (TLE 2), bas~ “to got (BK E35), 4gara ‘black’ (THE 2), taluy ‘sea, ocean’ (T1E 1), yayin “in the summer" (BK E 39),-yash ‘plain’ (KT $7), clee 50 29, Long? The existence of a long and phonemically sigasticant a in Orkon Turkic le evident from the othog- HE, Torke. TKarags avd id), “to feel hangsy' (KT § 6 b; BENG, 6) (ef. Yak. ‘Ghow, vide sa), BE mame, ttle! (BK El; KEE. 7. W 2: KEW) (ek. Turk, a€4.), Gm foyer, Tarken. tm Sd). 2.112, The Vowel £ from the orthograpty. ‘The altaie and Pre-Turkie (Vor tirkiseh) #2 (eee Poppe, Verg., 112-116) is generally preserved in Orkhon Turis: [BJSE- to cut out” (BK 5 12) (Tow. bie, Yak. BSa-, Khak, BS8~ Sd.), Gt ‘dog’ (BK 5.10) (« Yak, Tove by Sarvuig. at sé), gle (KT E 15)~ GE (BEE 25)~ gle (T1W 6) to doy make, gille- "to pend the winter” (KT N 8), siyti- ‘to lament, wail’ (KT Eo) (© Yak. t5- ‘to ery’), BI word, newer” (THEW 1) (© Yok. $3, Tuy, tid), yale ‘etud, horses’ (KE E 13) ( Khak., Tuy. Sys Yak. Sly ia), yis ‘wooded moun tain’ (TIE 3) (© Khak. Gis “thick forest, taiga'), ete. 2°, ‘The existence of « long’ in the first syllable Se not clear from the teript, ‘The re of the eyilable sign & {+ ig/eg) could have been a criterion to distinguich between Land f in at least one group of words, but ite uso initially and before the sign i is aot phonetic. Thus, the only cri terion is comparison, "We may assume that long { oc~ curred in such words a2 those: 3 trees, forest” (TT N 2) (ef Vig. fay to tend, dispatch’ (BK E 38) (e Yale 3a.) gis omale” (KT B 24) (= Yak Hie, Turk, fei) 1°, Shortt bod ‘tribe, a grovp of people’ (TI W 4) (© KGS. Turk, Boy id.) Soraq ‘Gry land, ealty lane(DK SE) (cf, Kirg. Hor id.), gods “down, downward? (BK © 57) (+ Sarvulg. gonu, gozt ide), olur~ “to sity dwell” 1G.)e tog “satiated. fll” (TTS 1), youlglara ‘upwards (TIN i, ate 22, ‘The existence of « long @ in Orkhon Turkic is evident from the spelling of the Word 5g “there ie not does not exist! in some of ite occurrences: the vowel sign 13 in used before the ayllable sign &: yu yq (RT 11 39: OF I) (et MC Wa: yn Abakan, front 2 yuh KEE ‘vB Yak. ust ia). The existence of Bin other words like ot fire” and fon ‘clothes’ is not clear from the spelling: therefore, no fur ther examples will be given here 10, Shostt bulug ‘comer, quarter’ (KT E 2) (= Tw. toulag, hak, pulup'id.), qut "good lucky fortune” (BKC N 7) ‘aan tong’ (FIDE 2) (= Yak, hun id), yu ‘to pillage Plunder" (TH W 4) (= Khak., Toe. Zul- to tear, rend’) “yart “brother of the wife, brother-in-law" (KT E32) (KS5, YarE, Khoke Eazéu, Tov. Zuri id.) ets. 2, Longs. The existence of « long 8 in Orkhon Turkic is evident (rom the spelling of the word biga “boll Shalla bdga (E1 W 6), bull! nigalf (CTW 5, 5); ef thie polling with thot of bugarag "Baihara’ (KT N 2) and that of buguy “the evil spirits’ (ace. (BK 10) Ti may be aseumed that the vowel & was found also in such words as these: “sleep” (TTC oF ‘end, edge, wing” (TW 8) (ef. fh, also Turk, and Az.: yoicing of & before a vowel)» lar> “to hit to place’ (KT 36) (et, Yak, Gr- ‘to place, Di, Turk var $4.) 2.115. ‘Phe Vowel g (front counterpart of) Bb ‘camp, home’ (BIE 32) (= Chur, av house, sk ‘elder sister" (KT N°9) (=Ghuv. aldca it), ar- ‘to be" (TI 5) (=a, te~ 1d.), kx man? (PE 12) (2¥ak, gr, Aa. sey (Chav ar id}, Bin (TI 7)~ gaa (BK S 9) (= Az. min Chav, mnt stem of the oblique eases), Kl- "to come’ (eT E23) (Yak ASLO), ‘Kam; ef, aleo Monge ken 8. “Yak. Srnie i), afm ‘thoo” (RT S 8) “rants stem of oblique eases), ote 2.116, ‘The Vowel « (clored e) In great many of stems the low oF mid front vowel ofthe firet syllable frequently alternates with {This Sitecnation in evident from te orthography. The vowel ot such stems sometimes appears written with the vowel Sign for L, sad sometiows without any sign. This Braphi~ fal inconsistency in probably due to the quality of the vowel in question, a8 Thorsten remarked in his Inscriz~ Hone de POskhon' (pp. 15, 16). The fact that thie vowel Fr been written witha syocial vowel sign im some of the Yenive! inscriptions ostifes to Thomsen's assumption (Gee Une lettve maconnue, int JSFOU 30, 4). According te Thomsen the stoms having this vowel (closed e) are the following! skin oly ey ef-s hel, bel, he, yeti, yeti Inthe Orkhon inscriptions, all these words except bel Malet and kel “quiver' occur and Slaplay the same ortho- {fraphicel inconsistency mentioned above ’As for the quantity of thia vowcl, as Thomson remarked in his article (op. eit.» pr 4 Atle, p86), it abould have “tig which gave rite to ciphtonge Yakut: ily bie ‘long vowel in such words ax ber~ ‘to give’ and bed (che). ki two! (T1E 1) ~ Ski “twos in so parts’ (KT N'3) ( Turkm. ski. Yak. deel, Choy. sie}, tlt "to carry away, take, lead (TINS) ~itt- (BRE 19) Tek. Mong. ile~ ‘to tend’, Uig. Brah. elt-). Herd "back= wards, toward the back’ (OR 3) KE E 4) ~iird (RT £2) (An, geri), Kesed ‘after* (OF 3; KC E 1) ~ ised (KT E § ani 1 moze occurrences), Keyik ‘wild animal, deer" (TLS 1) (ete IB: kiyik§8.) yogimé *torenty’ ss(101 5 5) ~yigirms (KT SE), yer ‘land, earth’ (BKC N 10) ir (RT NA) Chav. get, ae. yer 10.) to give’ (KT E 12) ~ir- (KT E 8) Tork. AS. ber-}, bee "tive" (E18 §)~ (Bx 8 1ip~ bik (KT N'4, E IB) (© Yak bide, Axe bed) Bolg. billt id.), el ‘people, tribes, atste’ (KT E 4) (BK ES) (= Tarken, I). to do, make; organize’ (KT E11, BE E 10) ~tt- (generally), tigair~ ‘to create a riit between’ (TE 6) (et. KEE. Kip wide", Turk. iq, Yak. ily id}, tor “to says tell” (FTW '5)~41- (KT E 9) {o Yak, “did, Turkm. f-, At. dev, Chav. te-/ tey- id.) ter "to Dring together, gather* in el-teris (OF 4) tr- (Mak. tee SSe> 1d), ye “to eat (TIS 1) ~yi- qs 1) Yak. aif, Chuv, 4a), yop ‘better’ (BK E 24) ~yig (KTS 4, BK NH) Ras, yg 14), vets ‘seven’ (KT E 15) ~yiti (BK SE) (© Av. yoda @KE TM) Yak, yf geminetion of ¢ under the influe ence af the preceding long vowel; Turk. yedir volcing of Y yetmié "seventy" (BRE Il}, yetmis (KT E 12) (Yen. yf et mi yates it te very remarkable that x Upug-Taran 12 the separation mark is put after the sign for eye! om = yatmia). To these the following words may also be added: iE ‘evening’ (MEE 1) (2 Turk. gfef night, Yak. kiSel hy yale“ ride fats t3ot™ (FEN 3) Hee, Yak: gHBt- id; Turk, yed-? voicing of A long g ie opposed to other vowels in such words ae ae thee s1‘pooples state’ + St front’ im sgled, ik Yat~ ‘to Lead’ 1 yit- “to be lost Yetmid ‘seventy’ + yitmld ‘has been lost! The vowel g (short e) ix not opposed, however, to Furthermore, the existence of a long 4 apart from § can hardly be claimed and slustrated. My opinion ie that ¢ ln an allophone of the low front unrounded vowel phoneme and a long &, if there in any, that of the long low front un~ ak, sl~ id. yat~ “to Leads conduct” (TLN 1) (© Turkm, “to know’ (BEEN 18) © Yake, Toston bit), it “nelde, interio" (BES 14) f= Torkm. if) Yak Fria jr lgied “orward, easbeard! (KT 82) ial "cow Bute GST), whe “to erect (RT E25), yee below Sisappear’ (KT E27), ete P.Long: The oxiatonce of along iin the Gest eyl- lable isnot evident from the orthography. However, i tmay be aumurned that the vowel f existed ia Orkhon Turkie Ted stood in contrat fo other vowele! bine "to mount, Tide! (EE NS) (© Yak. mn 2), bir ‘one’ (KT S 8) ‘Br as). bieihe "to join, snite" (BR E 22) (© Turk. ia work, Iabgr” (XT W 1) “ae rmge" (6 B11) (= Yak. e-y TTorkimsgis- 6:), Kn “enble" (BK 8 12) (= Yak Hla i) ie "ined (BN 10) 2.118, The Vowel § 1% Short baba strong, brave, shampls (EE 5) (it Bash kthaks Gin thats orphan) wood be crevded, spring up? (KT N10) ( ue ET Ea) (+ Yak, BOB Te. Seem Cia 8 oo eee ee Sarieth tat uacctad a tet secs tusks Pitta Sieg poate bere ty (e Booees O nk pli 2.119, The Vowel § 19, Shorts big “female slave® (KT E 24) (© Sar-uig. ‘kay 1d,), Kishd- “to guard, protect, take care of (KT W 1) 35(cf, Kirg, MiaSt#a “guardian’), si933- ‘to combat, sight! (BK & 30) (et. Kirg. atggi- ‘to pierce through, penetrate’), {kdes ‘completely’ (RT 1), tH "to go down, fall" (TIN, ), Highs "to run, flow" (KT E 24) (© Yak. slr i2.), ote 2, Long: Hi ‘fare’ (KE W 12) (e&. ig. KES id.) LAE ‘power, strength’ (RT E 12) (« Yak, Kiar Turk, Syd Tj Turk. g0-0: voicing of & before a vowel), KEKE “to sain fame’ (KEW 4), si ‘army. troopm (BK E 2) (el. Uig. 0 s4.), tn “night” (BK 32) (© Yak, hn, Turkm. dyn iat, ete 2.12, Vowels of the Non-First Syllabtes 2.121, The Vocalie Harmony 2.1211, The Palatal Harmony: In Orkhon Turkic, all vowels except 9. 3 and s occur in non-first syllables. The vowels of the non-firet syllables occur according to the rules of vocalic harmony, ‘Tho vor calie harmony manifests Stoel! Sa that in one word only back or only front vowels may occur. ‘Thus, ifthe intial yl- lable af « word hae been formed with a back vowel, the secceeding syllables of that word, too, have to be formed However, thare are certain cases in which the vocalic harmony does not Work. Certain words no longer observe the vocalie harmony because of the palatalization of thete vowels. Furthermore, certain suffixes oceur only in one form, that Se, they are not subject to the rules of vocalic harmony. These exceptions will be discursed and slus~ trated further below. First, we shall deat with polysyllabic stems which generally observe the vocalic harmony ‘Since the vowels 9, 3 and e do not occur in non-Cirst syllables, the rules of the vocalfe harmony may be dem= onstrated as follows 6 Firat syllabic Following syllables ‘Thus, the poraible vocalic achemes of dissyllabic stems, for example, are vu toate sq foot", yaday ‘on foot’, ete. Sdpir stallion’, Babig‘eity, town’, ote ites “gold, gatan "empress", ote phew Ira “far, diatant' ets to be lost, gi “award, ete “ascred, holy'y ete ina title, oylan ‘children, sane’, ote down, dowivware’, togi~ "to beat’, etc. = to ait, dwell’, taguz nine’, ete. Sear", yaya ‘light, not heavy"y ete ‘cloud’, yall ‘to plage, plunder’: ete. Emgik “trouble, distress’, ria "men', etc. “Hig "hand, sfeniz “fat, fleshy", ete Didi “great, big’, del ‘good, well ete SEE "hwo's peti even’ ete ikerd “backs backward’, ete “gir "to subdue", sgied “forward! ete. {Elk “to submit’, Kiel ~RiiT "man, people’. etc iigir- ‘to let in, bring, introduce’, ete BBBKE “hero, champion’. ete. BBE ‘wolt, Klik "vehicle, cart’, ete git "noares Sata "river's ete. TEisEé- "to look after, protect’, HIME ‘to ga Teint envy", sig “sweat, pleasant’, etc. iKintis "by day’, GUS ~ Ske "many", ote a a i a lee FoThe devivationat and inflectional suffixes generally cbsorve the voealic harmony. This moans that these mat= fixes occur in at least two forme: (I) in = back-vocalic form, (2) in a front-vocalic form. Examples ath “horseman £ilig ‘owning a state" 1 “mmerable’ —_piligeis “anwiee’ ‘aiaya “short” Bilge ‘wise, ange! foplayulug “the folding’ —agdk ‘the breaking’ fag: “to go out cyantur- “to turn back’ _gayange ‘to the kagan’ DAB ‘to the camp" aside ‘on the plain’ ‘The exceptions to the rales of palatal harmony may be classified as follows: (1) words containing a palataliaed ‘vowel (generally an i

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