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Grading:
UTS: 25%, UAS: 25%, Assignment: 25%, Quiz 25%
Main Topics Objective
• Basic Principles • To explain the basic principles of
• Adsorbent Selection adsorption
• Adsorption Isotherms • To select a suitable adsorbent
• Adsorbent • To calculate adsorbent capacity,
Regeneration/Reactivation/Disposal adsorbent bed length/volume, and
cycle time.
• Adsorber Design
References:
• Gabelman, Alan. “Adsorption Basic”. AICHE, 2017.
• Chapter 15- Seader, Henley and Roper, “Separation Process Principles,” 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2011
• Chapter 18 - Wankat, "Separation Process Engineering Includes Mass Transfer Analysis", 3rd Ed., Prentice Hall, 2011
• Chapter 25 - McCabe, Smith, & Harriott, "Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering." 7th Ed., McGraw-Hill. 2005
• U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, “Adsorption Design Guide,” 2001.
Gas/liquid
(adsorbate)
accumulates on the
surface of a solid
Solid Adsorbent (adsorbent)
Adsorption
vs
Absorption
Interphase transfer;
gas to liquid
Affinity of one or more components to collect on
Why the surface of a solid
adsorption
The affinity depends on:
can happen? • Molecular size
• Shape
• Polarity
• System temperature or pressure
Properties Physical Chemical
Physical vs Bonding Weak, long range Van der Short, short range
Chemical Waals interaction ionic or covalent
bond
Adsorption Heat of Low (20-40 kJ/mol) High (>40 kJ/mol)
adsorption
Science Direct
Adsorbent Selection: Synthetic Zeolite Molecular Sieve
(2) Using chemicals that has higher affinity for the adsorbate
• Eg. Activated carbon for sugar colorant removal → using
NaOH
• Zeolite for heavy metal removal → using HCl
(3) Increasing temperature (Thermal Swing Adsorption)
• Eg. Silica gel for gas dehydration → TSA to evaporate water
Linearized
form
• Liquid system:
Other form
Where:
qA : amount of species A adsorbed (kg/kg adsorbent or
mol/kg adsorbent)
PA : partial pressure of species A at equilibrium
(mmHg, kPa, etc.)
To check if Langmuir model is valid for a certain cA: liquid concentration at equilibrium (mol/m3 or
system: [p/q vs p] or [c/q vs. c] is plotted kg/m3)
KA : adsorption equilibrium constant
Langmuir
Isotherms
• Usually less material is adsorbed as the temperature increase
• At different temperature; adsorption equilibrium constant (KA)
often follows Arhennius form:
∆𝐻 1
Linearized form: ln 𝐾𝑎 = − + ln 𝐾𝐴𝑂
𝑅 𝑇
If the Arhennius form is followed, a plot of ln Ka vs. 1/T
will be a straight line with slope of - ∆H/R
Where:
KAO : initial value
∆H : heat of adsorption (eg. In J/kg for SI)
R : gas constant (respective unit)
T : absolute temperature (K or R)
Langmuir
Isotherms
How much Calgon PCB activated carbon is needed to reduce the
concentration of methane from 40% mol to 5% mol by adsorption at
373 K and 200 kPa?
Freundlich
Freundlich isotherm is the most widely used, especially for data which do
Isotherms not fit Langmuir isotherm
• Gas system: • Liquid system:
1ൗ 1ൗ
𝑞𝐴 = 𝐾𝑃𝐴 𝑛 𝑞𝐴 = 𝐾𝐶𝐴 𝑛
Review one reputable international scientific journal or patent discussing CO2 adsorption
and make an one/two page summary (A4 size) which contains:
1) Choice of adsorbent, synthesis method and its physical properties
2) Type of adsorption (chemical/ physical) and adsorption isotherm
3) Optimum operating conditions
4) Regeneration method
5) Breakthrough curve
Submit one paper to be checked by me tomorrow. If it’s OK-ed, submit the review next week.
Filename: NIM_NAME_PAPER REVIEW
ADSORBER
DESIGN
• Most common type : packed
column
• Continuous operation
• Most large scale operations
employ three columns
installed in series so that the
equipment can still be
operated (online) while one of
the columns is being
regenerated
Adsorber
design
1 Choose Adsorbent
& Particle Size 2 Choose superficial velocity
or EBCT (empty bed
contact time)
3
Calculate Bed
diameter &
length
• Choose the adsorbent based on • Suitable velocity→ highest velocity • Longer bed (+) → more
adsorbent-adsorbate which provides sufficient residence adsorbent → longer time
characteristics, cost, extent of time, adequate bed utilization, and before regeneration → higher
removal, regeneration, so on. acceptable pressure drop. bed utilization efficiency.
• Preffered particle size is the • Gas velocity > liquid velocity • Longer bed (-) → taller column
smallest one which still has because of higher diffusion rate. → more expensive, higher
tolerable pressure drop. Gas • Typical velocities are 0.15 - 0.6 m/s pressure drop.
adsorption > liquid adsorption for gases and 0.001 – 0.004 m/s for
particle size because of higher liquids
diffusion rate. • Typical EBCT from low ppm to ppb
• Pressure drop → Ergun equation levels is ±15 min; from medium
ppm to ppb is ± 30 min.
Adsorber
design
Breakthrough LES
Curve
• An S-curve which shows the ratio of solute
concentration in the outlet to solute LUB
concentration in the inlet [C/C0] fluid as a
function of time [t]
• Breakthrough curve can be obtained from
pilot plant experiment or predicted using
kinetic model [Thomas, Yoon & Nelson, etc.]
From compressor
Pressure
Swing
Thermal Swing • Basic principle: different adsorption capacity at
different temperatures & constant pressure.
Adsorption • Used for the recovery or removal of adsorbates
which are strongly adsorbed.
• Disadvantage: required large amount of pure hot
regeneration gas → might be expensive.
TSA cycle
OMICS International