Two-Port Circuits: 1 C.T. Pan 1

TWO-PORT
CIRCUITS
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5.1 Definition of Two-Port Circuits

5.2 Classification of Two-Port Parameters
5.3 Finding Two-Port Parameters
5.4 Analysis of the Terminated Two-Port Circuit
5.5 Interconnected Two-Port Circuits
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Consider a linear two-terminal circuit N consisting
of no independent sources as follows :
For a, b two terminals,

if Iin = Iout , then it
constitutes a port.
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Now consider the following linear four-terminal
circuit containing no independent sources.
I1 I2
+ + with I1=I1'
V1 V2
− − I2=I2'
I1 ' I2 '
Then terminals a , b constitute the input port

and terminals c , d constitute the output port.
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I1 I2
+ +
V1 V2
− −
I1 ' I2 '
No external connections exist between the input

and output ports.
The two-port model is used to describe the
performance of a circuit in terms of the voltage
and current at its input and output ports.
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Two-port circuits are useful in communications,

control systems, power systems, and electronic
systems.
They are also useful for facilitating cascaded

design of more complex systems.
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There are four terminal variables , namely V1 ,V2 ,

I1 , I2 , only two of them are independent.
Hence , there are only six possible sets of two-port

parameters.
4×3
4 C2 = =6
2 ×1
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(1) The impedance , or Z , parameters
I1 I2
+ +
V1
−
N V2
−
V1   z11 z12   I1 

V  =  z z22   I 2 
, Z ij : in Ω
 2   21
For two-port networks , four parameters are generally
required to represent the circuit.
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(2) The admittance , or Y , parameters
I1 I2
+ +
V1
−
N V2
−
 I1   y11 y12  V1 

I  =  y    , Yij : in S
 2   21 y22  V2 
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(3) The hybrid , or h , parameters
I1 I2
+ +
V1 N V2
− −
h11 : in Ω
V1   h11 h12   I1 
 I  = h h22  V2 
, h22 : in S
 2   21 h12 & h22 scalars
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(4) The inverse hybrid , or g , parameters
I1 I2
+ +
V1 N V2
− −
g11 : in S
 I1   g11 g12  V1 
V  =  g g 22   I 2 
, g 22 : in Ω
 2   21 g12 & g 21 scalars
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(5) The transmission , or a , parameters
I1 I2
+ +
V1 N V2
− −
a12 : in Ω
 V1   a11 a12   V2 
 I  = a a22   − I 2 
, a21 : in S
 1   21 a11 & a22 scalars
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(6) The inverse transmission , or b , parameters
I1 I2
+ +
V1 N V2
− −
b12 : in Ω
 V2   b11 b12   V1 
 I  = b   , b21 : in S
 2   21 b22   − I1  b & b scalars
11 22
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Method 1 : Calculate or measure by invoking
appropriate short-circuit and open-
circuit conditions at the input and
output ports.
Method 2 : Derive the parameters from another set
of two-port parameters.
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Method 1 : Choose Z parameters as an illustration.
V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I 2
V2 = z21 I 1 + z22 I 2
when I2 = 0 , output port is open

V1
V1 = z11 I1 , ∴ z11 = , input impedance
I1 I 2 =0
V2
V2 = z21 I1 , ∴ z21 = , transfer impedance
I1 I 2 =0
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When I1 = 0 , input port is open
V1
V1 = z12 I 2 , ∴ z12 = , transfer impedance
I2 I 1 =0
V2
V2 = z 22 I 2 , ∴ z 22 = , output impedance
I2 I 1 =0
When the two-port does not contain any

C.T. Pan dependent source, then z12=z21. 16
z11 & z22 are called driving-point impedances.
z12 & z21 are called transfer impedances.
When z11=z22, the two-port circuit is said to be

symmetrical.
When z12=z21, the two-port circuit is called a
reciprocal circuit.
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Example 1 : Find the Z parameters of the T-network
Assign mesh currents

as shown :
 R1 + R2 R2   I1  V1 
 R R2 + R3   I 2  V2 
=
 2
∴ z11 = R1 + R2
z12 = z21 = R2
z22 = R2 + R3
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A two-port can be replaced by the following
equivalent circuit.
V1 = z11 I 1 + z12 I 2
V2 = z21 I 1 + z22 I 2
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In case the two-port is reciprocal, z12=z21,
then it can also be represented by the
T-equivalent circuit.
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Example 2 : Find the Z parameters
Assign mesh currents as follows and write

down the mesh equation.
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2 + 4 0 −4   I1  V1 
 0 10 + 8 8   I 2  = V2 

 −4 8 4 + 6 + 8  I 3   0 
 I1  V1 
A B    
C D   I 2  = V2 
  I   0 
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 3   22
I  V 
A  1  + BI 3 =  1  ...... (1)
I2  V2 
I 
C  1  + DI 3 = 0 .......... (2)
 I2 
I 
From (2) , I 3 = -D -1C  1  ...... (3)
 I2 
Substitute (3) into (1)
I  I   I  V 
A  1  - BD -1C  1  =  A - BD -1C   1  =  1 
 I2   I2   I 2  V2 
∴ [ Z ] = A − BD C
−1
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Example 3: Find the Z parameters of the following
circuit by definition of Z parameters.
I1 8Ω I2
+ +
V1 4Ω 8Ω V2
− −
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Step1: Let I2 = 0 and apply V1
20
I1 = V1 / (4Ω / /(8 + 8)Ω) = V1
I1 8Ω I2 = 0 64
8 1
+ V2 = V1 = V1
8+8 2
V1 4Ω 8Ω V2 V 64 16
∴ z11 = 1 = = Ω
I1 20 5
−
1
V
V2 2 1 1 8
z21 = = = z11 = Ω
I1 I1 2 5
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5
I 2 = V2 / (8Ω / /(8 + 4)Ω ) = V2
24
I1 = 0 8Ω I2 4 1
V1 = V2 = V2
4+8 3
+ V 24
V1 4Ω 8Ω V2 ∴ z22 = I 2 = 5 Ω
2
− 1
V2
V 1 8
z12 = 1 = 3 = z 22 = Ω
I2 I2 3 5
16 / 5 8 / 5 
∴[Z ] =  Ω
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 8 / 5 24 / 5  26
Example 4: Containing dependent source case
I1 R1 R2 I2
+ +
V1 α I1 V2
− −
I1 R1 R2 I 2 = 0
+
V1 α I1 V2
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− 27

V1 − α I1
I1 =
R1
I1 R1 R2 I2 = 0 ⇒ I1 =
V1
+ R1 + α
V1 α I1 V2 V2 = α I1
− V1
∴ z11 = = R1 + α
I1
V2
z21 = =α
I1
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I1 = 0 R1 R2 I2 I1 = 0
+ ∴ I2 =
V2
V1 α I1 V2 R2
− V1 = 0
V1
∴ z12 = =0
I2 R + α 0
, ∴[ Z ] =  1
V2  α R2 
z22 = = R2
I2
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Example 5: Find the y parameters of the following
circuit.
I1 Gb I2
+ +
V1 Ga Gc V2
− −
Use nodal analysis
I1 V1 Gb V2 I2
I1 Ga Gc I2
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I1 V1 Gb V2 I2
I1 Ga Gc I2
Nodal equation
Ga + Gb −Gb  V1   I1 
 −G =
 b Gb + Gc  V2   I 2 
G + Gb −Gb 
∴[ y ] =  a
Gb + Gc 
in S unit
 −Gb
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Note that y12 = y21 = −Gb 31

A linear reciprocal two-port can be represented by the
following equivalent Π circuit .
I1 I2
− y12
+ +
y11 + y12 y22 + y12
V2
V1
− −
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Similarly , a linear two-port can also be represented
by the following equivalent circuit with dependent
sources .
I1 I2
+ +
V1 y11 y12V2 y21V1 y22 V2
− −
I1 = y11V1 + y12V2
C.T. Pan I 2 = y 21V1 + y 22V2 33

A linear two-port can be represented by the following
equivalent circuit .
I1 h11 I2
+ +
V1 h12V2 h21 I1 h22 V2
− −
V1 = h11 I 1 + h12V 2
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I 2 = h 2 1 I 1 + h 22V 2 34
Example 6 : Find the transmission parameters
of the following circuits
(a) (b)
V1   a11 a1 2   V 2 
 I  = a a 2 2   − I 2 
 1   21
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For circuit (a) and when I2=0
I1
I1 = − I 2 = 0 ∴ a21 = =0
V2
V1
V2 = V1 ∴ a11 = =1
V2
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For circuit (a) and when V2=0
V1 V1
V1 = RI1 ∴a12 = = =R
−I2 I1
I1
I1 =−I2 ∴a22 = =1
−I2
 a11 a12  1 R 
∴  =
 a21 a22  0 1 
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Similarly, for circuit (b)
a11 a12   1 0
a a  = G 1
 21 22   
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Method (2)
The 6 sets of parameters relate the same input
and output terminal variables, hence they are
interrelated.
A systematical procedure for obtaining a set of
parameters from another one is given as
follows for reference.
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Step1: Arrange the given two port parameters
in the following standard form:
k11V1+k12I1+k13V2+k14I2=0
k21V1+k22I1+k23V2+k24I2=0
Step2: Separate the independent variables and
the dependent variables of the desired
parameter set.
Step3: Find the solution of the dependent
variable vector.
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Example 7: Given Z parameters, find h parameters.
Step1 From V1=z11I1+z12I2
V2=z21I1+z22I2
In the standard form
1V1-z11I1+0V2-z12I2=0
0V1+z21I1-1V2+z22I2=0
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Step2 1 − z12  V1   z11
 0   I1 
0 =
 z 22   I 2   − z 21 1  V 2 
V1 
Step3 solve I 
 2
−1
V1   1 − z12   z11 0   I1 
 I  = 0 z 22   − z 21 1  V2 
 2 
h h12   I1 
=  11
 h21 h22  V2 
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A d ifferent so lu tio n ap proach
V1 = z11 I 1 + z1 2 I 2 ........( A )
V 2 = z 21 I1 + z 22 I 2 ........( B )
Fro m ( B ) on e can o btain
− z 21 1
I2 = I1 + V2 ....( C )
z 22 z 22
= h 21 I 1 + h 2 2 I 2
Fro m ( A ) an d ( C )
V1 = z1 1 I 1 + z12 ( h 21 I 1 + h 2 2 I 2 )
= ( z11 + z1 2 h 2 1 ) I 1 + z12 h 2 2 I 2
@ h1 1 I 1 + h12V 2
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Example 8 :
Two sets of measurements are made on a two-port
resistive circuit. The first set is made with port 2
open, and the second set is made with port 2
short-circuited. The results are as follows :
Port 2 open Port 2 short - circuited
V1 = 10mV V1 = 24mV
I 1 = 10μA I 1 = 20μA
V2 = -40V I 2 = 1mA
Find h parameters from there measurements.

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V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2 ……… (A)
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2 ……… (B)
When port 2 is short circuited, V2=0
V1=24mV, I1=20μA, I2=1mA
Hence, from (A) and (B)
24mV = h11(20μA) + 0
1mA = h21(20μA) + 0
∴ h11 = 1.2 KΩ , h21 = 50 ……(C)
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When port 2 is open, I2=0
V1=10mV, I1=10μA, V2=-40V
Hence, from (A), (B) and (C)
10mV = 1.2 KΩ (10μA) + h12 (-40V)
0 = 50 (10μA) + h22 (-40V)
∴ h12 = 5x10-5 , h22 = 12.5 μS
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5.4 Analysis of the Terminated Two-Port
Circuit
Reciprocal Theorem
Version 1 : For a reciprocal circuit, the interchange

of an ideal voltage source at one port
with an ideal ammeter at the other port
produces the same ammeter reading.
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Circuit
V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I 2
V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I 2
Q V1 = VS , I 2 = -I A1 , V2 = 0
VS = z11 I1 + z12 (-I A1 )
0 = z12 I1 + z22 (-I A1 )
z12VS
∴ I A1 = 2
z11 z22 - z12
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Circuit
Q V1 = 0 , I A2 = -I 1 , V2 = VS
∴ 0 = z11 (-I A2 ) + z12 I 2
VS = z12 (-I A2 ) + z22 I 2
z12VS
∴ I A2 = 2
= I A1
z11 z22 - z12
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Circuit
The effect of reciprocity on the two-port
parameters is given by
z12 = z21 , or y12 = y21

a11a22 - a12 a21 = 1 , or
b11b22 - b12 b21 = 1 , or
h12 = -h21 , or g12 = -g 21
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Circuit
Examples of symmetric two ports.
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Circuit
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Circuit
There are mainly 6 interested characteristics
for a terminated two-port circuit in practical
applications.
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Circuit
input impedance Zin @ V1 / I1
output current I2
Thevenin equivalent looking into port 2.
current gain I2 / I1
voltage gain V2/ V1
voltage gain V2/ Vg
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Circuit
The derivation of any one of the desired

expressions involves the algebraic manipulation
of the two-port equations along with the two
constraint equations imposed at input and output
terminals.
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Example 9 : Use Z parameters as an illustration
I1 I2
Zg
+ +
Vg +- V1 [Z ] V2 ZL
− −
two-port equation
V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I 2 LL ( A )
V2 = z 21 I1 + z 22 I 2 LL ( B )
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input port constraint Zg
I1 I2
+ +
Vg = I1 z g + V1 LL (C ) Vg +- V1 [Z ] V2 ZL
− −
Output port constraint

V2 = − z L I 2 LL ( D)
(1) Find Zin = V1 / I1

From (D) and (B) ,
− z21 I1
I2 = LL ( E )
z22 + z L
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Substitute (E) into (A) Zg
I1 I2
+ +
Z in = z11 −
z12 z21 Vg V1 [Z ] V2 ZL
z22 + zL − −
(2) Find I2 : From (A) and (C)

Vg − z12 I 2
I1 = LL ( F )
z11 + z g
Substitute (F) into (E)

− z21Vg
I2 = LL (G )
( z11 + z g )( z22 + z L ) − z12 z21
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(3) Find VTH and ZTH at port 2 :
With I2=0 , from (A) , (B) and (F)
V1 = z11 I1
z 21
V2 = z 21 I1 ⇒ V2 = V1 LL ( H )
z11
Vg
I1 = LLLLLLL ( I )
z11 + z g
From (C) , (H) and (I)
z 21
∴ VTH = V 2 = Vg
C.T. Pan z g + z11 59
With Vg =0 , then V1 = − z g I1 LL ( J )
− z12 I 2
From (A) and (J) , I 1 =
z11 + z g
V2 z z
∴ ZTH = = z22 − 12 21
I2 z11 + z g
(4) Find current gain I2/I1

I2 z21
From (E) , =−
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I1 z L + z22 60
(5) Find voltage gain V2/V1 :
From (B) and (D)
V2
V2 = z21 I1 + z22 (− )
zL
z21 z L
∴V2 = I1 LLLLLLL (K)
z L + z22
From (A) , (D) , and (K)

( z11 z L + z11 z22 − z122 )
V1 = I1
z L + z22
V2 z21 z L
∴ = LLLLL ( L)
C.T. Pan V1 z11 z L + z11 z22 − z122 61
(6) Find V2/Vg :
V2 V2 V1 V2 Z in
Q = =
Vg V1 Vg V1 ( z g + Z in )
z21 z L
=
( z11 + z g )( z22 + z L ) − z12 z21
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Example 10 : Given the following circuit, find V2
when RL=5KΩ
b11 = −20 b12 = −3000Ω

b21 = −2ms b22 = −0.2
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Example 10: (cont.)
V 2 = b 1 1V 1 − b 1 2 I 1 .. . .. . .. . .. . .( A )
I 2 = b 2 1V 1 − b 2 2 I 1 .. . .. . . .. . .. . ( B )
V 1 = 5 0 0 − 5 0 0 I 1 . .. . .. . .. . . .. ( C )
V2
I2 = − . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . ( D )
RL
Substitute (C) and (D) into (A) and (B) to eliminate V1

and I2 V 2 − 1 3 × 1 0 3 I 1 = − 1 0 4 .....( E )
V 2 + 6 × 1 0 3 I 1 = 5 × 1 0 3 .....( F )
5000
From (E) and (F) , V 2 = = 2 6 3 .1 6 V
19
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Two-port circuits may be interconnected in five
ways :
(1) in series
(2) in parallel
(3) in series-parallel
(4) in parallel-series
(5) in cascade
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(1) Series connection
I1 = I1a = I1b V1 = V1a + V1b

I2 = I2a = I2b V2 = V2a + V2b
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∴ [ Z] =  Za  +  Zb 
66
(2) Parallel connection
I1 = I1a + I1b V1 = V1a = V1b

I2 = I2a + I2b V2 = V2a = V2b
∴ [Y] =  Ya  +  Yb 
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(3) Series-parallel connection
I1 I1a I2a
+ V1a +- Na V2a +- I2
V1 +
I1b V2
I2b -
- V1b +- Nb V2b +-
I1 = I1a = I1b V1 = V1a + V1b

I2 = I2a + I2b V2 = V2a = V2b
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∴ [h] =  h a  +  h b 
68
(4) Parallel-series connection
I1 = I1a + I1b V1 = V1a = V1b

I2 = I2a = I2b V2 = V2a + V2b
∴ g  =  g  +  g 
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(5) Cascade connection
I1 I1a I 2a I1b I 2b I2
+ + + + + +
V1 V1a Na V2 a V1b Nb V2b V2
− − − − − −
V1 = V1a I1 = I1a
V2a= V1b I1b = -I2a
V2 = V2b I2 = I2b
 a11 a12   a11 a12 '   a11" a12" 
'
=  ' +
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a
 21 a22   a21 a22 '   a21" a22"  70
Example 11 : Find the [Z] and [Y] parameters of the
following two port network.
R4
I1 R1 R3 I2
+ +
V1 R2 V1
- -
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Example 11 : (cont.)
For [y] parameters :
I1a R1 R3 I2a
I1 R2 I2
+ +
V1 V2
- -
R4
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 I1a   y11 y12   V1a 
I  =  y  
 2a   21 y 22  V2a 
 1 R R
2 3
 = R1 + (R 2 || R 3 ) = R1 +
 y11 R +R
2 3

 1 = R + (R || R ) = R + R1R 2
y 3 1 2 3 R +R
 22 1 2
I R2 1 R2
y = y = 1a = - V y × =-y ×
12 21 V2 2 22 R1 +R 2 V2 22 R1 +R 2
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 I1b   y11 y  V 
12 1b
I  = y y  V 
 2b   21 22   2b 
 1
 11 R = y 22
y =
 4

 y = y = I1 = - 1
 12 21 V
 2
R
4
∴  y  =  y  +  y 
 a  b
C.T. Pan 74
For [z] parameters：
C.T. Pan 75

I1a I 2a z11 = R 1 || (R 3 + R 4 )
+ +
V1a V2a
Z22 = R 3 || (R 1 +R 4 )
− −
R1
Z12 = Z21 = Z22 ×
R 1 +R 4
I1b I 2b
+ +
V1b V2b
Z11 = Z22 = R 2
− − Z12 = Z21 = R 2
C.T. Pan
∴ [ Z] =  Za  +  Zb 
76
Example 12 : Find the a parameters.
 1 0
 V1  1 10    1 5  V2 
=
 I  0 1   1   
 1   1  0 1 -I 2 
2 
a a12   V2 
=  11  
C.T. Pan a 21 a 22   −I 2  77

Example 13 : A common emitter circuit
 Vb   h ie h re   I b 
 I  = h h oe   Vc 
 c   fe
h ie :base input impedence
h re :reverse voltage gain
h fe :forward current gain
h oe :output admittance
C.T. Pan 78
Summary
n Objective 1 : Understand the definition of 6 sets of
two port parameters.
n Objective 2 : Be able to find any set of two-port
parameters.
n Objective 3 : Be able to analyze a terminated
two-port circuit.
C.T. Pan 79
Summary
n Objective 4 : Understand the reciprocal theorem
for two-port circuits.
n Objective 5 : Know how to analyze an
interconnected two-port circuits.
C.T. Pan 80
Summary
n Problem : 18.4
18.8
18.11
18.18
18.37
18.38
n Due within one week.
C.T. Pan 81

Two-Port Circuits: 1 C.T. Pan 1

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TWO-PORT

5.1 Definition of Two-Port Circuits

For a, b two terminals,

5.1 Definition of Two-Port Circuits

Then terminals a , b constitute the input port

No external connections exist between the input

5.1 Definition of Two-Port Circuits

Two-port circuits are useful in communications,

They are also useful for facilitating cascaded

There are four terminal variables , namely V1 ,V2 ,

Hence , there are only six possible sets of two-port

5.2 Classification of Two-Port Parameters

V1   z11 z12   I1 

 I1   y11 y12  V1 

5.2 Classification of Two-Port Parameters

5.2 Classification of Two-Port Parameters

5.3 Finding Two-Port Parameters

when I2 = 0 , output port is open

5.3 Finding Two-Port Parameters

When the two-port does not contain any

When z11=z22, the two-port circuit is said to be

5.3 Finding Two-Port Parameters

Assign mesh currents

5.3 Finding Two-Port Parameters

Assign mesh currents as follows and write

5.3 Finding Two-Port Parameters

5.3 Finding Two-Port Parameters

5.3 Finding Two-Port Parameters

5.3 Finding Two-Port Parameters

5.3 Finding Two-Port Parameters

5.3 Finding Two-Port Parameters

5.3 Finding Two-Port Parameters

5.3 Finding Two-Port Parameters

For circuit (a) and when I2=0

5.3 Finding Two-Port Parameters

Similarly, for circuit (b)

5.3 Finding Two-Port Parameters

5.3 Finding Two-Port Parameters

5.3 Finding Two-Port Parameters

Find h parameters from there measurements.

5.3 Finding Two-Port Parameters

Version 1 : For a reciprocal circuit, the interchange

5.4 Analysis of the Terminated Two-Port

5.4 Analysis of the Terminated Two-Port

z12 = z21 , or y12 = y21

5.4 Analysis of the Terminated Two-Port

5.4 Analysis of the Terminated Two-Port

The derivation of any one of the desired

5.4 Analysis of the Terminated Two-Port Circuit

Output port constraint

(1) Find Zin = V1 / I1

5.4 Analysis of the Terminated Two-Port Circuit

(2) Find I2 : From (A) and (C)

Substitute (F) into (E)

5.4 Analysis of the Terminated Two-Port Circuit

(4) Find current gain I2/I1

From (A) , (D) , and (K)

5.4 Analysis of the Terminated Two-Port Circuit

(6) Find V2/Vg :

b11 = −20 b12 = −3000Ω

5.4 Analysis of the Terminated Two-Port Circuit

Substitute (C) and (D) into (A) and (B) to eliminate V1

5.5 Interconnected Two-Port Circuits