"The Assembly Language Programming Process"

A generic computer includes hardware concepts and software concepts. The

hardware concepts include the CPU and memory. The software concepts
include the code and data memory.

Computer Languages: The computer languages are the sources for

interaction between the user and the computer. The languages can be two
types high level languages and assembly languages.

Assembly languages: Assembly language uses the mnemonics for writing

the program. The assembly programs use the internal registers as the part
of the assembly language code. The assembly languages are used with
8051, 8086, 6502, 68000 and Z80 CPUs.

Reasons for using Assembly language:

 To speed up the operation of the computer

 Assembly language will reduce the size of the program compared to
machine language program.

 Assembly language programs are used to write programs for special

situations like machine control and robot arm movement.

 Assembly language program will save the money.

 To better understanding how the CPU operate.

The programs essential for writing assembly language programs:

Program Description
Operating system DOS or Windows operating systems are used for the programming
program process.
Word processing Assembly program mnemonics are written in the text editor. This is
Text editor stored on the disk in the format of file with extension .asm.
The assembler will take the .asm file from the disk and convert that into
Assembler
machine code. The machine code is stored in the file with extension
program
.obj.
This program allows the user to test his program under controlled
Testing program conditions. These testing programs can also called as debuggers or
simulators.

"Programming Tools and Techniques"

Programming Tools and Techniques:
The computer is the sequential circuit that fetches the instruction from the code memory
and then decodes it. The decoded program will be executed for giving the result to the
user. The challenges faced by the beginning programmer are unfamiliarity with the tools
and running of the program. A sequence of steps required for learning process for
assembly language is given below.

Learning process for assembly language:

 Learn about the architecture of the CPU.
 Need to learn
o the set of assembly language instructions used in the CPU.
o how to use the personal computer
o about the operating system
o about the text editor
o how to use the assembler program.
o to debug the program
o how to write the program in assembly language.

 Continue to write the large programs.

Steps for writing the Assembly program:

 Write the program using the mnemonics by using the text editor.
 Store the edited assembly program on the disk

 Call the assembler for converting the assembly language program

into the computer understandable language.

 Load the assembled machine language program form the disk into the
RAM for testing purpose.

 Identify the errors, reedit the program, reassemble the program and
again test until get the result.

Flow charts: Flow charts are used for visualizing the programs. Flow chart uses five
elements, they are

Symbol Purpose
Action The action box is used to represent the data moves, math operations or any
box other instructions used to denote the program action.
Bubble This is used to represent the beginning and end of the programs.
the decision symbol used for condition checking the condition outputs either
Decision
yes or no. The decision is represented by using diamond symbol.
Line The line is used for showing the program flow.
The line is used for showing the program flow. The arrow will show in what
Arrow
direction the information is passing.

"Programming the 8051"

Assembly language programs are written as the sequence of text lines. Each line of the
text is nothing but the instruction to the CPU. The syntax of the instruction of the text line
is shown below.

LABEL: ........ INSTRUCTION ........ ; COMMENT(S)

Labels are used to assign some name to a location in the program. The
Label
allowable label needs to have up to 8 characters.
The instruction is any one of the coded set that have been defined by the
manufacturer of the 8051. Every instruction can be converted into a unique
Instruction machine language binary code that can be acted on by internal circuit of 8051.
The syntax of the instruction is shown below.
Mnemonic ........ operands
Comments are used for understanding the program in easy manner. The
Comments
comments are begin with;.(semicolon)

8051 Addressing modes

The way of specifying the address of the operand is called as addressing
mode. The 8051 microcontroller is having four addressing modes for
accessing data.

1. Immediate Addressing mode

2. Register Addressing mode

3. Direct Addressing mode

4. Indirect Addressing mode

"Data Transfer Instructions"

Moving data:

The data stored at the source address are moved onto the destination address. The 8051 is
using six types of op-codes for moving data. They are
Op-Code Description
moves the data from internal RAM source address to internal RAM destination
MOV
address.
moves a byte data from external RAM source address to register A and vice
MOVX
versa.
MOVC moves data from external or internal RAM source address to register A
PUSH copy a byte to internal stack from internal RAM source.
POP copy a byte from internal stack to internal RAM destination.
XCH used to exchange data between register and internal RAM.

"Logical Instructions"

Logical Operations: The logical instructions in 8051 are divided into two types.

The byte level logical operations use all four addressing modes for the
source of a data type. Logical operations at the BYTE level The destination
address of the operartion can be the accumulator (register A), a general
register, or a direct address. Status flags are not affected by these logical
operations (unless PSW is directly manipulated).
Example instructions are:
 ANL A, #55h ; AND each bit in A with corresponding bit in
Byte level
number 55h, leaving the result in A.
logical
 ANL 42h, R4 ; AND each bit in RAM location 42h with
operations
corresponding bit in R4, leaving the result in RAM location 42h.
 ORL A,@R1 ; OR each bit in A with corresponding bit in the
number whose address is contained in R1 leaving the result in A.
 XRL R4, 80h ; XOR each bit in R4 with corresponding bit in RAM
location 80h (port 0), leaving result in A.

 CPL R0 ; Complement each bit in R0

Bit level The C (carry) flag is the destination of most bit level logical operations. The
logical carry flag can easily be tested using a branch (jump) instruction to quickly
operations establish program flow control decisions following a bit level logical
operation.
The following SFR registers only are addressable in bit level operations:
PSW IE IP TCON SCON
Examples of bit level logical operations are as follows:
 SETB 2Fh ; Bit 7 of Internal RAM location 25h is set
 CLR C ; Clear the carry flag (flag =0)
 CPL 20h ; Complement bit 0 of Internal RAM location 24h
  MOV C, 87h ; Move to carry flag the bit 7of Port 0 (SFR at 80h)
 ANL C,90h ; AND C with the bit 0 of Port 1 (SFR at 90)

 ORL C, 91h ; OR C with the bit 1 of Port 1 (SFR at 90)

Other Instructions

The ability to rotate the A register (accumulator) data is useful to allow

examination of individual bits. The options for such rotation are as
follows:
 RL A ; Rotate A one bit to the left. Bit 7 rotates to the bit 0
Rotate position
Instructions  RLC A ; The Carry flag is used as a ninth bit in the rotation loop
 RR A ; Rotates A to the right (clockwise)

 RRC A ; Rotates to the right and includes the carry bit as the 9th
bit.
Swap The Swap instruction swaps the accumulator’s high order nibble with the
Instructions low-order nibble using the instruction: