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1-TB - Refrigerant Dehumidification Technology PDF
1-TB - Refrigerant Dehumidification Technology PDF
Refrigerant Dehumidification
Technology
I NTRODUCTION enters the evaporator coil. (Point B Figures 1 and 3) Heat
transferred from the air and energy from water vapor
This technical bulletin will describe the refrigeration process condensing on the evaporator coil convert the refrigerant
used in a mechanical dehumidifier. In addition, it will describe completely to vapor. Desert Aire's TXV has a variable orifice
key design features of the major components. that regulates the amount of pressure drop across the valve.
This maintains temperature of vapor at 12°F (6°C) higher at
R EFRIGERANT PROCESS outlet of the evaporator than at the inlet of the evaporator
coil. This temperature difference is called superheat. (Line
The best way to understand what is happening in a refriger- CD, Figure 1)
ant-based dehumidifier is to keep in mind the impact pressure
has on the boiling point of a fluid, and that energy will migrate This superheated vapor now goes to the compressor, which
from hot to cold. acts as the other separating device between the high and
low-pressure sides. (Point D, Figures 1 and 3) As its name
It is common knowledge that it takes longer to boil an egg at implies, it compresses the refrigerant, thereby increasing the
5,000 feet (1,600 m) than it does at sea level. At higher pressure to between 200 psi and 270 psi. The refrigerant also
altitudes there is less pressure, which lowers the point at which acts as the compressor's cooling device, so the refrigerant
water boils. At 5,000 feet (1,600 m), water boils at 202°F, picks up additional heat during this step. The refrigerant is
(94°C) while at sea level it boils at 212°F (100°C). Refrigerant now a hot gas, typically above 130°F (55°C). (Point E,
behaves just like water in that the boiling point changes at Figures 1 and 3)
different pressures. Refer to Table 1 for examples of R22's
various boiling points. As the hot gas enters the condenser it is cooled by air or
water until it reaches its condensation point and is converted
Pressure Temp. Pressure Temp. Pressure Temp. to a liquid. It is at a high relative pressure, but the change of
(PSI) (°F) (PSI) (°F) (PSI) (°F) state (gas to liquid) gives up significant energy, thereby
cooling to a hot liquid near 90°F. The liquid refrigerant then
50 26 140 78 240 114
flows through a receiver until it is needed to repeat the cycle.
60 34 160 87 260 120
(Point F, Figures 1 and 3)
80 48 180 94 275 124
100 59 200 101 290 128
120 69 220 108 320 136
Liquid Only Liquid/Vapor Vapor Only
Table 1 - R22 Pressure/Temperature Relationships
Supercooling
Condenser
We will choose the starting point of the refrigeration cycle at
A F E
Pressure
Superheat
As the refrigerant leaves the TXV, it starts to boil because the
pressure is reduced to approximately 50 to 90 psi. The refrig- Enthalpy
erant is a mixture of cold saturated vapor and liquid as it Figure 1 - Refrigeration Process
D EHUMIDIFICATION COMPONENTS Evaporator Coil Design
The optimization of dehumidification in the refrigeration An evaporator must be designed to transfer the required energy.
process requires careful design and selection of the system’s Common variables used to design the evaporator include air
components. The design becomes more complicated when a volume, number of rows of tubes, and type and amount of
wide range of inlet conditions occur and multiple condensers fins per inch.
are used to allow year-round control.
An air conditioner will generally use three (3) or four (4) rows
Compressor with 400 cfm per ton (12,000 BTU's) to be removed. This
combination provides a high sensible-to-latent ratio, which is key
Desert Aire uses scroll technology in all of its units (except to the system achieving a high EER (energy efficiency ratio).
<2hp ) to provide the most favorable energy output for every
electrical input. In addition, its design reduces the number of A dehumidifier will use six (6) to eight (8) rows with a reduced
parts and provides long life. air volume of 200 cfm per ton. This provides a high MRE
(moisture removal efficiency) value. This becomes important in
Compressors put out a variable amount of energy depending high humidity applications such as pool facilities, industrial
on the pressure differential of the high and low sides. The plants and treatment of 100% outside air.
greater the differential, the harder the compressor must work
to overcome the difference and the less it can output. The second major impact is that the air conditioner type coil
Therefore, the designer must know the dynamics of the creates an approach temperature (the difference between
system before compressor performance can be determined. leaving air temperature across the coil and the actual refrigerant
Refer to Figure 2 for an example of the significant variance in temperature in the coil) of 12°F to 15°F (6°C to 7°C), while
compressor capacity at typical conditions. the dehumidifier design creates an 8°F to 10°F (4°C to 5°C)
approach. This is important in part-load situations where the
COLD 55% 100% leaving air temperature limits are 47°F for the A/C design and
40°F (5°C) for the dehumidifier before the coil starts to reach
Outside Ambient
EVAPORATOR F
COIL
A compressor is selected for the system to produce a given
output at one design point. For example, to cool and dehumidify COMPRESSOR
A receiver is just a storage vessel for liquid refrigerant. Since Hot gas defrost is used to intentionally freeze the evaporator
most dehumidifiers use several condensers, each with a coil and then defrost the ice and remove it from the system as
variable requirement for refrigerant, there must be a place to water. Such a system measures the internal refrigerant
store the liquid not in circulation. In addition, many dehumidifiers temperatures and only defrosts on demand for a short
use outdoor condensers that may need to operate over a wide duration. The drawback is that this technique does not
range of ambient temperatures, causing a significant change dehumidify during the defrost cycle, and can therefore only be
in the volume of liquid refrigerant required to operate. applied on re-circulation systems such as ice rinks.
A dehumidifier without a receiver must be limited in its
operational range or else experience many problems in C ONCLUSION
controlling moisture removal.
Dehumidifiers operate in many modes of operation in order to
H OT GAS BYPASS insure continuous moisture removal. To achieve this, the
system’s design incorporates many different critically sized
Hot gas bypass is a technique used to prevent a coil from components that must function seamlessly. Each mode can
freezing up at low load conditions. As a system reaches its be explained by understanding how each refrigerant process
minimum approach temperature, the refrigerant temperature moves along the pressure-enthalpy diagram of R22 shown in
drops below 32°F (0°C) and any water vapor in the air passing Figure 1.
over the coil will freeze.