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Rarely used
Walk (Wk.)
◦ The feet are a forward pace apart and the base wide
from front to back giving good anteroposterior
stability.
Oblique Stride (Obl. Std.)
◦ The feet are a pace apart part way between walk and
stride. This position allows oblique transfer of weight.
Lunge (Lge.)
◦ The feet are well apart and at right angles to each other.
◦ If the rear leg is bent then the weight is in a back lunge
position.
◦ If the front leg is bent the weight is in a forward lunge
position.
◦ This position allows transfer of body weigh. from one leg to
the other, with maximum stability for working in this
position.
Step
◦ One foot is supported on a stool of any height. The
weight may be on either the rear or the stepping
foot.
Crook (Ck.)
◦ The knees and hips may be bent slightly by using
one pillow under the knees or, in the extremely
flexed position, the soles of the feet will be flat on
the support
Cross Leg (X Leg)
◦ The legs are crossed at the ankles.The knees are
flexed and the hips flexed, abducted and laterally
rotated.
◦ This position is taken up on the floor or on a high
mat.
Cross Ankle (X Ankle)
◦ The legs may be crossed at the ankles when the
body is in the Lying, Sitting,Kneeling or Standing
positions.
Stoop (Stp.)
◦ The body is bent forwards at the hips with erect
back and head.
Relaxed or Slack Stoop (Lax Stp.)
◦ The head and trunk are flexed.
Arch
◦ The head and trunk are extended.
Turn (Tn.)
◦ The trunk is rotated through any degree less than
90° either by moving the shoulder girdle or the
pelvis or both depending on the fundamental
position
First consider which parts of the body are not
in the normal relationships as in the
fundamental position.
Then name their position in the following
order—Head, Arm, Trunk, Leg and
fundamental position
◦ Head Support Arm Lean Forward Stride Sitting;
◦ 1/2 Low Grasp 1/2 High Standing.
Flexion (Flex.)
◦ An angular movement. A forward movement in which
joints are bent. Usually the approximation of two
ventral surfaces. Takes place about a transverse axis
and in the median or sagittal plane.
Extension (Ext.)
◦ An angular movement. A backward movement in which
joints are straightened. The opposite of flexion with
the same axis and plane.
Abduction (Abd.)
◦ An angular movement. Movement away from the mid-line of
the body, occurs round an anteroposterior, i.e. sagittal axis and
in the coronal or frontal plane. The exceptions are the shoulder
joint and the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.
Adduction (Add.)
◦ An angular movement, the opposite of the above. Movements
towards the midline of the body.
Circumduction O
◦ A combination of the four angular movements so that each
position is adopted in turn and in sequence. The moving
bone/s circumscribe a conical space.
Rotation (Rot.)
◦ A turning movement, about a vertical axis and in a
horizontal plane, of limbs, head or trunk in which
case the direction in which the anterior surface is
turning is first indicated.
Medial Rotation (M. Rot.)
◦ Occurs around a vertical axis. The anterior aspect of
the limb turns towards the mid-line.
Lateral Rotation (L. Rot.)
◦ The opposite of the above, though the axis is the
same.
Side Flexion (S. Flex.)
◦ An angular movement. Movements of the head or
trunk away from the mid-line in a lateral direction.
Inversion (Inv.)
◦ Applies to the foot and is a movement of adduction
and inward rotation of the forefoot of which the sole
faces inwards.
Eversion (Ev.)
◦ Applies to the foot and is the opposite of the above.
Supination (Sup.)
◦ Applies to the forearm. The palm of the hand is
turned forwards so that the thumb is lying laterally.
Pronation (Pron.)
◦ The opposite of the above.
Line of Gravity
Centre of Gravity
Base of Support
Line of Gravity
◦ Is the imaginary vertical line
that extended from the COG
to the ground. It has a
inverse relationship with the
stability. The longer the LOG
of a position, the lesser the
stability of that position.
Centre of Gravity
◦ The point through which the LOG would pass with
the body orientated in any direction is called the
centre of gravity
◦ This lies at approximately the level of the second
sacral vertebra.
Base of Support
◦ The base of support (BOS) refers to the supporting
area beneath a body.
◦ It includes both the parts of the body in direct
contact with the surface and the area enclosed by
the contact points.