Multiple-choice Questions

Chapter 1

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1.1 Which is not a function of a shovel excavator?

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(a) Crowding (b) Hoisting (c) Swinging (d) Digging

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1.2 What is the number of levels of intelligence of a mechatronic system?

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(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 1

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Answers:

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1.1(d) 1.2(c)

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Chapter 2 6.
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2.1 One form of tactile sensor uses piezoelectric PVDF film. What is the full form of PVDF?
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(a) Polyvinyl fluoride

(b) Polyvinylidene fluoride
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(c) Polyvinylidene fluorine

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(d) None of these

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2.2 What is the type of input voltage in a tactile sensor?

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(a) Either C or DC (b) Both (c) AC (d) DC

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2.3 In a robotic system, a tactile sensor is used in

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(a) fingertips of robot (b) feet of robot (c) head of robot (d) none of these
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2.4 What is a shaft encoder?

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(a) A rotary encoder

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(b) A transducer
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(c) A potentiometer
(d) None of these
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2.5 Name the potentiometer that is used for measurements in the millivolt and microvolt range.
(a) Constant current potentiometer
(b) Thermocouple
(c) Constant resistance potentiometer
(d) None of these

2.6 Which type of rotary encoder is called a quadrature encoder?

(a) Relative rotary encoder
(b) Single-track rotary encoder
(c) Absolute rotary encoder
(d) None of these

2.7 Free end displacement of the core of an LVDT produces an output voltage, which is
proportional to
(a) the movement of the core

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(b) the displacement of the free end

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(c) the applied pressure

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(d) all of these

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2.8 By which type of transducers is relative humidity measured?
(a) Resistance hygeometer

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(b) Photoconductive cell
(c) Thermistor

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(d) Resistance thermometer

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2.9 The scale factor of transducers is defined by
(a) 1/S (b) q0/q1 (c) dqi/dq0 (d) none of these
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2.10 Which sensors are concerned to the movement of objects?
(a) Optical sensors
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(b) Displacement sensors

(c) Pneumatic sensors
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(d) None of these

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2.11 Which displacement sensor is used in direct physical contact with an object?
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(a) Contact type (b) Non-contact type (c) Both types (d) None of these
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2.12 Which law gives the direction of the induced emf in an LVDT?
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(a) Right-hand screw rule

(b) Left-hand screw rule
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(c) Lenz’s law

(d) None of these
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2.13 In incremental encoders, if θ is angular displacement of disc rotation to output number of

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pulses by the encoder sensor, how is the θ related with the number of pulses?
(a) Inversely proportional to θ
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(b) Independent of θ
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(c) Directly proportional to θ

(d) Is a constant

2.14 A light source (typically an LED) projects a beam of light through a grid or mask, which
splits the light into a second channel 90° out of phase. What is the output style called?
(a) Birature (b) Quadrature (c) Armature (d) None of these
2.15 In case of Gray code, how many bits are changed in moving from one number to the
next?
(a) Five (b) One (c) Two (d) Zero

Answers:

2.1(b) 2.2(c) 2.3(a) 2.4(a) 2.5(d) 2.6(a) 2.7(d) 2.8(a) 2.9(a) 2.10(b) 2.11(a)

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2.12(c) 2.13(c) 2.14(b) 2.15(b)

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Chapter 3

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3.1 Under which category does a P-type material fall?
(a) Uncharged

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(b) Negatively charged

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(c) Positively charged

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(d) Uncharged at 0 K but charged at high temperatures

3.2 An electron in a conduction band 6.

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(a) bonds to its parent atom
(b) is located near the top of the crystal
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(c) has no charge

(d) has higher energy than an electron in the valence band
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3.3 Which of the following electrical properties does a semiconductor have?

(a) No free electrons at 0 K.
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(b) The number of free electrons increases with temperature.

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(c) The number of free electrons is less than that of a conductor.

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(d) There are no free electrons at any temperature.

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3.4 How is the electrical conductivity of a pure germanium increased?

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(a) By increasing temperature

(b) By doping with donor impurities
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(c) By doping with acceptor impurities

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(d) By irradiating with ultraviolet light on it

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(e) All of these

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3.5 Larger value of the shunt capacitor filter used in a rectifier is important because
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(a) it increases phase–phase value of ripple voltage

(b) the current flows through the diode for a longer time
(c) it induces more DC voltage across the load
(d) a larger peak current value of rectifying diode is obtained
3.6 Star/star connection in case of transformers is used for
(a) small, high-voltage transformers
(b) large, low-voltage transformers
(c) large, high-voltage transformers
(d) power supply transformers

3.7 With an increase in load current, what happens to ripples when using a shunt capacitor filter?
(a) Increases
(b) Remains constant
(c) Decreases

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(d) None of these

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3.8 What is the doping status of the emitter of a transistor?

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(a) Heavily doped (b) Lightly doped (c) No doping (d) None of these

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3.9 On the basis of polarity, transistors are of

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(a) two types (b) three types (c) four types (d) six types

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3.10 How many layers of P- and N-type semiconductors are there in an SCR?

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(a) Four (b) Two (c ) Five (d) Six

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3.11 How many junctions of P–N type are there in an SCR?
(a) One (b) Two (c)Three (d)Eight 6.
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3.12 Which type of power supply operation is an SCR suitable for?
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(a) DC (b) AC (c) Both (d) None of these

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3.13 The main use of an SCR is

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(a) switching (b) rectifying (c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these
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3.14 An SCR is turned off by

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(a) bringing the anode current below the holding current

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(b) bringing the anode current above the holding current

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(c) none of these

(d) by decreasing the anode current below the holding current
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d

Answers:
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3.1(a) 3.2(d) 3.3(a, b, c) 3.4(e) 3.5(b) 3.6(a) 3.7(a) 3.8(a) 3.9(a) 3.10(a)
3.11(b) 3.12(c) 3.13(a)
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Chapter 4

4.1 Which method is used in an ADC?

(a) Successive approximation method

(b) Voltage-to-time conversion
(c) Voltage-to-frequency conversion
(d) Circulating reminder method

4.2 What is the formula for finding the number of discrete signals for an n-bit number?
(a) 2n (b) 3n (c) Both of (a) and (b) (d) None of these

4.3 The point X in an inverting amplifier has voltage approximately equal to

(a) Vin (b) Vout (c) zero (d) none of these

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4.4 An inverting amplifier has input impedance, which is

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(a) very high (b) very low (c) of an intermediate value (d) none of these

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4.5 In a non-inverting amplifier, we have the two resistors R1 and R2 in
(a) parallel (b) series (c) either of (a) or (b) (d) none of these

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4.6 Which type of a device is an Op Amp?

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(a) Summing amplifier (b) Differential amplifier (c) Inverting and non-inverting amplifier

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(d) all of these

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4.7 What is the effect on voltage gain of an Op Amp by adding negative feedback signal?
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(a) Increase (b) Reduction (c) No effect (d) None of these
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4.8 Ideally, what is the value of output impedance of an Op Amp?
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(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) Infinity (d) None of these

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4.9 An important application of an Op Amp is as a

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(a) voltage comparator (b) precision rectifier (c) both (a) and (b) (d) phase shifter
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4.10 For what purpose is a diode used in the feedback loop of a logarithmic amplifier?
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(a) Non-linearity (b) Linearity (c) Absolute value (d) None of these
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Answers:
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4.1(a) 4.2(a) 4.3(c) 4.4(c) 4.5(a) 4.6(d) 4.7(b) 4.8(a) 4.9(c) 4.10(b)
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Chapter 6
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6.1 Assume that a J–K flip-flop has 1s on the J and K inputs. After the next clock pulse, the
output will
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(a) set (b) reset (c) latch (d) toggle

6.2 The asynchronous inputs on a J–K latch has

(a) an active level at the same time
(b) precedence over the J and K inputs
(c) no requirement of a clock pulse to affect the output
(d) all of these

6.3 If the output of a three-input AND gate is logic low, what conditions are required to get it?
(a) All inputs must be low
(b) All inputs must be high
(c) At least one input must be low
(d) At least two inputs must be low

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6.4 Which of the following is correct about a four-input logic gate?

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(a) 1 + 1 + 0 + 0 = 1 (b) 1 + 1 + 0 + 0 = 01 (c) 1 + 1 + 0 + 0 = 0 (d) 1 + 1 + 0 + 0 = 00

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6.5 TTL is defined as
(a) transistor–transistor logic (b) two-state logic (c) three-state logic (d) third-state logic

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6.6 What is obtained after simplification of the Boolean expression 𝐴̅.𝐵̅.C + BC + AC?

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(a) C (b) BA (c) AC (d) A + B + C

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6.7 What does a ‘1’ in a digital positive logic system represent?
(a) 0 V (b) 1 V 6.
(c) More positive one of two voltage levels (d) 5 V
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6.8 What is the equivalent octal value for decimal 429?
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(a) 225 (b) 456 (c) 785 (d) 754

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6.9 Which logic circuit is known as a half adder?

(a) AND (b) OR (c) NAND (d) EX-OR
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6.10 Which logic gate outputs ‘1’ for all ‘1’ inputs?
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(a) AND (b) OR (c) NAND (d) NOR

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Answers:
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6.1(d) 6.2(d) 6.3(c) 6.4(a) 6.5(a) 6.6(a) 6.7(c) 6.8(d) 6.9(d) 6.10(a)
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Chapter 7
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7.1 The sequence of instructions to perform a particular job is referred to as

(a) program (b) software (c) computer (d) none of these

7.2 The program that is used to translate an assembly language program into a machine language
program is known as
(a) compiler (b) software (c) assembler (d) none of these
7.3 Under which program control does the increment of a program counter take place?
(a) User program (b) Macroprogram in RAM (c) Microprogram in ROM (d) None of these

7.4 For what purpose is an 8155 IC used?

(a) As a timer (b) As a counter (c) As an input–output port (d) All of these

7.5 Which bus is used for bidirectional operation?

(a) Data bus (b) Address bus (c) Control bus (d) None of these

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7.6 How many addresses can be accessed by 16 address lines?

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(a) 216 (b) 28 (c) 432 (d) None of these

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7.7 What is the use of a tristate logic circuit?
(a) For data flow control (b) For stopping data through high impedance (c) as a D flip-flop

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(d) All of these

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7.8 How many transducers can be read through an 808/809 ADC?

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(a) 5 (b)9 (c) 8 (d) 16

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7.9 Where does the output of an ADC go?
(a) Output port of an MPU (b) ROM (c) RAM 6.
(d) Input port of an MPU
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7.10 Where does the output of a DAC go?

(a) Output port of an MPU (b) Outs (c) RAM (d) Input port of an MPU
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Answers:
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7.1(a) 7.2(c) 7.3(c) 7.4(d) 7.5(a) 7.6(a) 7.7(d) 7.8(c) 7.9(d) 7.10(b)
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Chapter 9
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9.1 Which of the following is not used as a communicating protocol?

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(a) Ethernet (b) EIA-485 (c) Modbus (d) All of these

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9.2 Name the component that communicates with the main PLC to interact with the outside
world.
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(a) Solid-state components (b) Microcontroller (c) Input/output system (d) Memory

9.3 Which symbol do we use for a normally open contact?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

9.4 Which instructions are used for series and parallel connections of a single element?
(a) OR, AND (b) AND, OR (c) LD, AND (d) OUT, AND

9.5 When parallel elements are connected with a series block, which instruction is used?

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(a) ANDLD (b) LD (c) ORLD (d) OUTLD

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9.6 What is the working voltage level of a PLC system?

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(a) 1 V (b) 24 V (c) 12 V (d) 5 V

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9.7 Which system of network is not used to connect a computer to a PLC?

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(a) Ethernet (b) RS-232 (c) Fibre-optic cables (d) Wi-Fi

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9.8 What is the primary component of PLC programming?

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(a) AND gate (b) Logic and switching (c) Switching (d) Logic control

9.9 Which is an input relay connected to?

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(a) Control centre (b) Field device (c) Internal system (d) PLC
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Answers:
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9.1 (d) 9.2 (c) 9.3 (a) 9.4 (b) 9.5 (b) 9.6 (b) 9.7 (c) 9.8 (b) 9.9 (b)
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Chapter 10
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10.1 What does not affect signal attenuation in ground wave propagation?
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(a) Ground conductivity (b) Terrain roughness (c) Dielectric constant (d) Power of signal
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10.2 Which property of light confines a ray of light within the core of a simple optical fibre?
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(a) Refraction of light

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(b) Total internal reflection at the outer edge of cladding

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(c) Total internal reflection at the core cladding boundary

(d) Reflection from the fibre's plastic coating
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10.3 Which of the following is not a reason to use fibre-optic cables for point-to-point data
transmission?
(a) Need to assure data security
(b) Avoidance of ground loops
(c) Data-transfer rates too low to use metal cables
(d) Elimination of spark hazards

10.4 Which of the following describes a technique to achieve fault tolerance in optical networks
with minimum costs?
(a) Bypassing active elements
(b) Avoiding the usage of star couplers

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(c) Duplication of system properties
(d) Topological reconfiguration

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10.5 Which multiplexing technique transmits analog signals?
(a) FDM and TDM (b) TDM (c) WDM and TDM (d) FDM and WDM

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10.6 How many slots are there for a TDM link, if there are k signal sources of the same data rate?

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(a) k (b) k/2 (c) k  2 (d) 2k

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10.7 If a link transmits 4000 frames per second with 8 bits in each slot, what is the transmission
rate of the circuit in TDM? 6.
(a) 500 bps (b) 500 kbps (c) 32 kbps (d) None of these
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10.8 Which component is used to separate channels in a TDM receiver?

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(a) Band-pass filter (b) Differentiation (c) Integration (d) AND gates
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10.9 How much time is required by a geostationary satellite to complete one revolution in its
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orbit?
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(a) 48 h (b) 28 h (c) 24 h (d)16 h

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10.10 When a geostationary satellite is placed in the earth’s orbit, what is its relative speed with
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respect to earth?
(a) 20 km/h (b) 15 km/h (c) 0 km/h (d) 5 km/h
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Answers:
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10.1(d) 10.2(b) 10.3(c) 10.4(a) 10.5(d) 10.6(a) 10.7(c) 10.8(d) 10.9(c) 10.10(c)
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Chapter 11

11.1 What is the purpose of using bearings in a mechanical system?

(a) Minimization of friction
(b) Maximization of accuracy
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these

11.2 Which type of gear is used in a grass-cutting machine?

(a) Spun gear (b) Worm gears (c) Rack and pinion (d) Helical gears

11.3 In an automobile, which type of gear is used in differential?

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(a) Spun gear (b) Worm gear (c) Bevel gear (d) Helical gear

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11.4 Name the angle at which teeth are inclined in helical gears.

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(a) Sliding angle (b) Gear angle (c) Angle of inclination (d) Helix angle

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11.5 Which gear system has straight teeth to maintain 100% contact all the time?

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(a) Spun gear (b) Worm gear (c) Bevel gear (d) Helical gear

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11.6 Which ratio determines the ratio of angular speed of a pair of intermeshed gears?
(a) Spun ratio (b) Worm ratio (c) Gear ratio (d) Helix angle

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6.
11.7 In a three-gear wheels gear train, what are the names of end gears?
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(a) Idler and driver (b) Driven and driver (c) Driver and idler (d) Push gear and driver
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11.8 Which advantage is offered by a compound gear as compared to a simple gear?

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(a) Large gear ratio (b) Lower gear ratio (c) Equal gear ratio (d) None
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11.9 Which mechanism is used to convert a linear motion to a circular motion and vice versa?
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(a) Gear mechanism (b) Cain drive mechanism (c) Bearing mechanism (d) Slider–crank
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11.10 Which gear is suitable for connecting two non-parallel intersecting shafts?
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(a) Spun gear (b) Worm gear (c) Bevel gear (d) Helical gear
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Answers:
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11.1(a) 11.2(b) 11.3(c) 11.4(d) 11.5(a) 11.6(c) 11.7(b) 11.8(a) 11.9(d) 11.10(c)
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Chapter 12

12.1 Which type of energy is required by a solenoid to operate?

(a) Mechanically operated (b) Electrically operated (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
12.2 Which system requires a solenoid to control fluid flow?
(a) Control (b) Simple (c) Hydraulic (d) None of these

12.3 What happens to a solenoid when current is passed through it?

(a) Becomes a magnet (b) Becomes a relay (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these

12.4 When current passes through a coil, what happens to the soft iron of the relay?

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(a) It breaks (b) It is pulled (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these

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12.5 In the left-hand rule of motors, which parameter is pointed by your thumb?

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(a) Current (b) Magnetic field (c) Force experienced on the coil (d) None of these

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Answers:

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12.1(b) 12.2(c) 12.3(a) 12.4(b) 12.5(c)

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Chapter 13
6.
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13.1 What is the role of an accumulator in a fluid system?
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(a) To store a high-pressure fluid and release at a required system pressure

(b) To store a high-pressure fluid
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(c) Release the fluid at a required temperature

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(d) All of these

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13.2 Which of the following statements is correct about an air receiver?

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(a) It stores high-pressure air and releases air at any pressure

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(b) It stores high-pressure air but releases it at a constant air pressure

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(c) It stores high-pressure air but releases it at a constant volume.

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(d) All of these

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13.3 What is the direction of movement of a spool valve inside a cylinder?

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(a) Vertical (b) Horizontal (c) Stationary (d) None of these

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13.4 Which shape is used to represent a valve?

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(a) Triangular (b) Circle (c) Rectangular (d) Hexagonal

13.5 What is the number of ports in a 3/2 DCV?

(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1

13.6 Which equipment delivers a high-pressure fluid?

(a) Valve (b) Regulator (c) Pump (d) Filter

13.7 Which type of DCV is used for operation and control of a double-acting cylinder?
(a) 2/2 DCV (b) 3/2DCV (c) 5/2 DCV (d) 4/2 DCV

13.8 Which device is used in place of a pressure regulator in fluid flow?

(a) Relief valve (b) Pump (c) Converter (d) Spool valve

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13.9 A poppet valve is

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(a) a normally closed check valve

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(b) a normally closed check valve
(c) both an open and a closed check valve

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(d) none of these

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13.10 Which law is applicable to airflow in a pneumatic system?

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(a) Kirchhoff’s current law (b) Kirchhoff’s voltage laws (c) Pascal’s law (d) Newton’s law

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Answers: 6.
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13.1(a) 13.2(b) 13.3(b) 13.4(c) 13.5(b) 13.6(c) 13.7(c) 13.8(a) 13.9(a) 13.10(c)
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Chapter 14
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14.1 The rack-and-pinion system of gears is used for the conversion of

(a) rotational motion to translational motion (b) translational motion to rotational motion (c) both
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of these (d) none of these

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14.2 Which language is used to describe a mathematical model of a system?

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(a) English (b) Graphical (c) Mathematical (d) Mechatronics

14.3 Which is analogous to the mass of a mechanical system in an electrical system?

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(a) Current (b) Resistor (c) Resistor (d) Capacitor

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14.4 Which parameter is used to represent the fluid capacitance of a container?

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(a) Area of container (b) Outflow of container (c) Inflow to container (d) Volume of container
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14.5 When does the maximum current flow in an electrical system?

(a) R = XL (b) R = XC (c ) XC = XL (d) None of these
Answers:

14.1(c) 14.2(c) 14.3(d) 14.4(a) 14.5(c)

Chapter 15

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15.1 What is the use of MATLAB Simulink tool?

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(a) Dynamic simulation
(b) Control design

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(c) Data acquisition
(d) Data storage

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15.2 Which symbol is used for Simulink file extension?

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(a) .m

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(b) .mdl
(c) .mld

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(d) .dlm

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15.3 The program entered in the MATLAB workspace is
(a) used in Simulink blocks
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(b) not possible in Simulink blocks
(c) used in MATLAB command window
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(d) used after entering in Simulink window

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15.4 What is the name of the Simulink block used for multiplying two signals?
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(a) Multiply
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(b) Times
(c) Product
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(d) Transfer function

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15.5 What is the purpose of blocks in ‘Sources’ in Simulink Library?

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(a) To provide system inputs

(b) To provide system outputs
(c) To provide both system inputs and outputs
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(d) None of these

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15.6 Where is the Simulink output for a Simulink model seen?

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(a) In a scope
(b) In the workspace
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(c) In the plot in a figure

(d) All of these

15.7 Which block or command is used to create a vector of signals in Simulink?

(a) MATLAB commands
(b) Multiplexer block
(c) Vectors in Simulink
(d) Both (a) and (b)

15.8 Where are trigonometric functions implemented in Simulink?

(a) In a transfer function block
(b) In a signal generator block
(c) In a function block
(d) Either (b) or (c)

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15.9 What is the full form of VI?

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(a) Visible icon

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(b) Visible instruments

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(c) Virtual instruments
(d) Visible information

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15.10 How many times does the ‘for’ loop runs in the N = 21 program?

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(a) 19

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(b) 20

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(c) 22
(d) 21
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15.11 Which variable is used to stop VI program after the iteration is completed?
(a) I-variable
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(b) P-variable
(c) R-variable
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(d) K-variable
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15.12 Which type of data is available at the right side terminal of a block in the VI diagram?
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(a) Input data value

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(b) Output data value

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(c) Both input and output data

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(d) None of these

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15.13 In real-time plotting, which software is used?

(a) MATLAB
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(b) Simulink
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(c) LabVIEW
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(d) All of these

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15.14 Which component is required for a real-time system?

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(a) Target computer

(b) HMI
(c) CPU
(d) None of these
15.15 Which expression is correct for adding two arrays of matrices of the same rows and
columns?
(a) Vect C = Vect A + Vect B
(b) Mat C = Mat A + Mat B
(c) Scal C = Scal A + Scal B
(d) None of these

15.16 What is the purpose of using % in MATLAB?

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(a) For input data

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(b) For output data

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(c) For storing data

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(d) For entering comments

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15.17 What output will be generated by MATLAB command x = [1: 2: 9]?

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(a) x = 1 3 5 7 9
(b) x = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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(c) x = 1 2 9

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(d) x = 12

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15.18 Which features are incorporated with ‘fplot’ command in MATLAB?
(a) Limits, line specifiers 6.
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(b) Limits
(c) Specifiers
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(d) Colours
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15.19 Where input values are available to enter in the Simulink block and to define their values?
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(a) Simulink Library Browser

(b) Simulink model editor
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(c) MATLAB current directory

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(d) MATLAB workspace

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15.20 Which command is used to create a Simulink environment in MATLAB?

(a) >>simul
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(b) >>Simulink
(c) >>dspstartup
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(d) >>commstartup
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Answers:
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15.1 (a) 15.2 (b) 15.3 (a) 15.4 (a) 15.5 (a) 15.6 (a) 15.7 (b) 15.8 (b) 15.9 (c)
15.10 (d) 15.11 (a) 15.12 (b) 15.13 (d) 15.14 (a) 15.15 (a) 15.16 (d) 15.17 (a)
15.18 (a) 15.19 (b) 15.20 (b)
Chapter 16

16.1 Which input response to a system gives the Laplace transform of the system?
(a) Unit impulse
(b) Square function
(c) Unit step function
(d) Unit ramp function

d
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16.2 What is the transfer function of the system shown in Fig. 16.1?

r
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Fig. 16.1 System block

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1 𝐻 1 𝐺 𝐺
(d) 1−(𝐺1+𝐺2

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(a) 1−(𝐺 (b) (c) 1+(𝐺
1 +𝐺2 )𝐻 1−(𝐺1 +𝐺2 )𝐻 1 +𝐺2 )𝐻 1 2 )𝐻

6.
16.3 Which is the correct signal flow graph of the system shown in Fig. 16.1?
01
s2
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(a) (b)
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(c) (d)
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16.4 What is the actual damping of a second-order system whose root location is shown in Fig.
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16.2?
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● 𝑗𝜔
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2 + j5

2 − j5
●
Fig. 16.2
(a) 3 (b)5 (c)6 (d)2
16.5 At which time, the steady-state error is determined by the difference between the set value
of input and the output value?
(a) t = 𝑡𝑠𝑡 (b) t = 0 (c) t = time constant (d) t = ∞

d
16.6 What is the impact of a derivative feedback control system?

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(a) Decreases overshoot

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(b) Rise time increases

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(c) Increases steady-state error

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(d) No effect on steady-state error

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16.7 Which term is used for the time required for the response to reach at 50% of the final value?
(a) Rise time (b) Nothing (c) Delay time (d) Settling time

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16.8 What is the impact of an increase in the damping ratio of a system?

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(a) Rise time increases
(b) No effect on rise time
(c) Rise time is limited 6.
01
(d) Rise time decreases
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16.9 What is obtained using the Routh–Hurwitz criterion?

(a) Phase margin (b) Gain margin (c) Absolute stability (d) Relative stability
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16.10 Which property of a system is indicated by the location of the closed-loop conjugate pair
of poles on the 𝑗𝜔-axis?
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(a) Marginally stable (b) Stable (c) Unstable (d) Critically stable
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16.11 What is the impact of an increase in the type of an open-loop transfer function on system
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stability?
(a) Decreases (b) Increases (c) No change (d) None of these
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Answers:
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16.1 (a) 16.2 (c) 16.3(c) 16.4(d) 16.5(d) 16.6(b) 16.7(c) 16.8(d) 16.9(c)
16.10(a) 16.11(a)
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